Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) is one of five areas of focus of the World Bank's Reproductive Health Action Plan 2010-2015 (RHAP), which recognizes the importance of addressing ASRH as a development issue with important implications for poverty reduction.
... See More + Delaying childbearing and preventing unintended pregnancies during adolescence has been shown to schooling, future employment, and earnings (Greene & Merrick, 2005). Early marriage often marks the beginning of exposure to the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Research has shown that adolescent marriage is associated with unplanned pregnancy, rapid repeat childbirth, inadequate use of maternal health services, and poor birth outcomes, among other negative maternal and child health outcomes (Godha, Hotchkiss, and Gage, 2013; Raj & Boehmer, 2013; Santhya, 2011). Furthermore, research in Ethiopia has found that adolescent females who marry before the age of 15 are at higher risk of intimate partner violence and coercive sex than those who marry between ages 15-18 (Erulkar, 2013). At the 65th World Health Assembly, representatives agreed that early marriage is a violation of the rights of children and adolescents. Early marriage is illegal in most of the places where it occurs. It limits young girls' autonomy, knowledge, resources, and decision-making power (World Bank, 2014). Adolescent marriage is also much more likely to affect females than males: in the developing world, 16 percent of females are married in comparison to 3 percent of males (UNFPA, 2013).
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Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) is one of five areas of focus of the World Bank's Reproductive Health Action Plan 2010 - 2015 (RHAP), which recognizes the importance of addressing ASRH as a development issue with important implications for poverty reduction.
... See More + Delaying childbearing and preventing unintended pregnancies during adolescence has been shown to improve health outcomes and increase opportunities for schooling, future employment, and earnings (Greene & Merrick, 2005). The key messages relayed in this brief are as follows: Early age at sexual debut puts young people - particularly females - at an increased risk for unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, maternal mortality and morbidity; An analysis of data from six countries showed that adolescent sexual activity is closely tied to marital status. In all six countries studied, nearly all ever-married adolescent women have had sexual intercourse, but almost all those never-married have abstained, except in Burkina Faso and Nigeria where less than one quarter of never-married women have had sexual intercourse; The age at sexual debut is also closely linked to age at marriage. Over one third of ever-married women had sexual intercourse before age 15 in Nigeria (38 percent), Bangladesh (37 percent), and Niger (37 percent); In Burkina Faso and Nigeria, sexual activity is lowest among never-married adolescent women with no education (15 percent and 7 percent, respectively).
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The extractive industries sector has been vital to the local economy of Papua New Guinea for over 20 years. Extractives have contributed substantially to government revenues but also face challenging social issues and significant environmental impacts in many areas.
... See More + A persistent challenge has been ensuring that extractives benefits reach local communities, including women and children. Research shows that benefits tend to be captured by men, while the impacts of social disruption and environmental harm fall most heavily on women and children.
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This paper uses cross-section data for 107 countries to explore the relationship between gender inequality and economic growth. The paper departs from the literature by using a broad measure of gender inequality that goes well beyond gender inequality in education, which has been the focus of most studies.
... See More + Another novelty of the paper lies in exploring heterogeneity in the growth-gender inequality relationship. The results confirm that greater gender inequality is strongly associated with lower economic growth. However, this negative relationship between gender inequality and growth is entirely due to the relatively poor countries, with the relatively rich countries showing no such relationship. The findings have important implications for the design and targeting of gender-specific policies.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS7172 JAN 01, 2015
Amin, Mohammad; Kuntchev, Veselin; Schmidt, Martin
The development objective of the Agricultural Development Support Project for Myanmar is to increase crop yields and cropping intensity in the selected existing irrigation systems in Bago East, Nay Pyi Taw, Mandalay, and Sagaing regions.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) cash compensation at replacement cost, equivalent to the current market value of land within the village, of similar type, category and productive capacity, free from transaction costs (taxes, administration fees); (2) rehabilitation assistance to at least restore the livelihoods and standards of living, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher; (3) civil works will be adjusted to avoid loss of income and standing crops; and (4) cash compensation for loss of income or assets on a net basis.
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This paper studies an innovative welfare program in Chile that combines a period of frequent home visits to households in extreme poverty, with guaranteed access to social services.
... See More + Program impacts are identified using a regression discontinuity design, exploring the fact that program eligibility is a discontinuous function of an index of family income and assets. The analysis finds strong and lasting impacts of the program on the take-up of subsidies and employment services. These impacts are concentrated among families who had little access to the welfare system prior to the intervention.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS7180 JAN 01, 2015
Development and humanitarian actors currently engaged in Somalia face the challenge of delivering assistance in such a way that it is supportive of peace and state building, addresses the acute vulnerability, and dependence of large shares of the population while operating in a still insecure and changing environment.
... See More + Forced displacement is a key feature of the current political economy context of Somalia. The necessity of addressing displacement is partly due to the scale and duration of the phenomenon. Displacement dynamics have fundamentally reshaped Somali culture in multiple ways. The purpose of this study is to inform the Bank and other development and humanitarian actors on the scale, characteristics, and political economy dimensions of displacement in Somalia. The study was undertaken between February and June 2013 by a team from the Tana Copenhagen. The conceptual framework for the study was based on one for political economy assessments. In this context the report presents, introduction; history, causes, and characteristics of displacement in Somalia; current internally displaced person (IDP) situation; prospects for return; vulnerabilities and development needs of the displaced; political economy challenges; and development for IDPs - recommendations.
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The objective of the Tamil Nadu Sustainable Urban Development Project for India is to demonstrate improved urban management practices and improve urban services delivery in a financially sustainable manner.
... See More + The Integrated Storm Water Drainage sub-project activities - storm water drain construction - will take place in the roadsides and canals and will not involve acquisition of private land or transfer of any Government land. However, this sub-project will displace 467 non-title holders (squatters) who are staying along the canals and require to be resettled in line with the process and provisions of Environmental and Social Management Framework. Effected people are proposed to be relocated to the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board tenements that are already constructed and ready to be occupied. The choice of alternative sites will be discussed with displaced families. Independent consultants will assess the changes in the living standards of the affected families after one year of their resettlement. The grievance committee will deal with complaints.
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For every three years a country is affected by major violence (defined as deaths due to war or excess homicides comparable to a major war), economic growth lags behind by 2.7 percentage points.
... See More + Citizen security issues impact women and men differently. For example, women are more likely to be assaulted or murdered by someone they know - in fact, worldwide the share of homicides by an intimate partner was six times higher for female victims compared with male victims (39 percent versus 6 percent, respectively). Boys who witness intimate partner violence (IPV) during childhood are more likely to exhibit delinquent behavior and to perpetrate IPV in adulthood. And girls who witness violence are more likely to experience IPV in adulthood.
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The development objective of the Uttar Pradesh Core Road Network Development Project for India is to: (i) improve quality, safety, and sustainability of targeted state highway corridors; and (ii) introduce better road management practices.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) providing assistance to vulnerable encroachers, squatters, and kiosk as per resettlement and rehabilitation (R and R) policy; (2) providing employment to the local population; (3) providing drainage facility in all urban areas; (4) providing compensation at replacement value; and (5) ensuring that footpath and safety railing is provided in every urban area.
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The development objective of the Uttar Pradesh Core Road Network Development Project for India is to: (i) improve quality, safety, and sustainability of targeted state highway corridors; and (ii) introduce better road management practices.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) providing assistance to vulnerable encroachers, squatters, and kiosk as per resettlement and rehabilitation (R and R) policy; (2) providing employment to the local population; (3) providing drainage facility in all urban areas; (4) providing compensation at replacement value; and (5) ensuring that footpath and safety railing is provided in every urban area.
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The objective of the Third Village Investment Project for Kyrgyz Republic is to building the local capacity for participatory planning of the process of development and improvement of the access to social and economic infrastructure among local residents by means of rural community grants.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of asset, loss of structures, loss of income, and loss of livelihood. Mitigation measures include: particular attention should be paid to socially vulnerable groups, such as ethnic minorities, female headed households, elderly households etc. and appropriate assistance should be provided during the resettlement process and to help them improve their livelihoods; land acquisition and resettlement should be conceived of and executed as a part of the project, and the full costs of compensation should be included in the project costs and benefits; compensation or rehabilitation assistance should be provided prior to displacement or any project-related activity that may cause harm to the PAPs; compensation will be provided for community assets identified through the socioeconomic survey. In all cases these will be provided in kind and new facilities will be constructed or the old facilities repaired if partially impacted by the project; and compensation will be paid for the lost income during the construction period (time lag between losing the income and re-establishment). This will be estimated based on records of the daily or monthly income of the affected parties.
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The objective of the Second Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project for India is to assist the Highways Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu, in improving the road services over its core road network (CRN) in terms of capacity enhancement, better maintenance and lower accident fatalities.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (i) resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs; (ii) where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits and displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs; and (iii) displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
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The objective of the Karnataka Urban Water Supply Modernization Project for India is to improve water service quality to a continuous supply across the three project cities of Hubli-Dharwad, Belgaum and Gulbarga in the state of Karnataka, through the establishment of sustainable service delivery arrangements at Urban Local Body (ULB) level.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of asset, loss of structures, loss of income, and loss of livelihood. Mitigation measures include: resources such as cultural properties and community assets shall be conserved (by means of special protection, relocation, replacement, etc.) in consultation with the community; encourage consultation with communities in identifying environmental and social implications of projects; pay special attention to marginalized and vulnerable groups and secure their inclusion in overall public participation; provide compensation and assistance to project affected persons, or PAPs prior to any displacement or start of civil works; and guarantee entitlements and compensation to affected people as per the R&R policy as established in this document. This will ensure compensation and assistance sufficient to improve or at least restore livelihoods to levels experienced before the project.
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The development objectives of the Electricity Supply Reliability Project for Armenia are to increase the reliability and capacity of the transmission network and to reduce energy consumption of social public buildings.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of land, loss of crops and trees, buildings, agriculture land, loss of business. Mitigation measures include: 1) agricultural land impacts will be compensated at either in cash at market or cadastral value (whichever the highest) plus a 15 percent allowance or through replacement land equal in value/productivity to the plot lost acceptable to the Project Affected Persons (PAPs); 2) buildings will be compensated to all APs irrespective of the house registration status in cash at replacement cost plus a 15 percent allowance; 3) crop compensation will be paid both to landowners and tenants based on their specific sharecropping agreements; 4) cash compensation at market rate based on type, age and productivity of trees; 5) permanent losses for business activity will be compensated in cash equal to a 1-year net income based on tax declaration; and 6) indemnity for lost wages for the period of business interruption up to a maximum of 6 months.
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The development objectives of the Electricity Supply Reliability Project for Armenia are to increase the reliability and capacity of the transmission network and to reduce energy consumption of social public buildings.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of land, loss of crops and trees, buildings, agriculture land, loss of business. Mitigation measures include: 1) agricultural land impacts will be compensated at either in cash at market or cadastral value (whichever the highest) plus a 15 percent allowance or through replacement land equal in value/productivity to the plot lost acceptable to the Project Affected Persons (PAPs); 2) buildings will be compensated to all APs irrespective of the house registration status in cash at replacement cost plus a 15 percent allowance; 3) crop compensation will be paid both to landowners and tenants based on their specific sharecropping agreements; 4) cash compensation at market rate based on type, age and productivity of trees; 5) permanent losses for business activity will be compensated in cash equal to a 1-year net income based on tax declaration; and 6) indemnity for lost wages for the period of business interruption up to a maximum of 6 months.
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The objective of the Uttar Pradesh Core Road Network Development Program Project for India is to: (i) improve quality, safety and sustainability of targeted state highway corridors and; (ii) to introduce better road management practices.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: all vehicles delivering materials to the site shall be covered to avoid spillage of materials; the contractor shall take every precaution to reduce the level of dust emission from the hot mix plants and the batching plants up to the satisfaction of the Engineer in accordance with the relevant emission norms; all crushers used in construction shall confirm to relevant dust emissions control as legislated. Clearance for siting shall be obtained from the UP Pollution Control Board Alternatively, material can be procured from licensed crusher only; dust screening vegetation will be planted on the edge of the Right of Way (RoW) for all existing roadside crushers; maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular and proper, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, to keep noise from these at a minimum; and blasting shall be carried out only with permission of the Engineer. All the statutory laws, regulators, rules, etc., pertaining to acquisition, transport, storage, handling and use of explosives shall be strictly followed.
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