The development objective of the Xian Sustainable Urban Transport Project for China is to improve accessibility and mobility in Xian while protecting its cultural heritage and reducing the environmental impact of urban transport system, with a focus on the Ming walled city.
... See More + In line with the Bank's operation policy for involuntary resettlement OP 4.12 and taking into consideration the City of Xian local laws and regulations, resettlement codes of practice and policies of the People's Republic of China. This Resettlement Action Plan has the following principles and objectives : avoid and minimize involuntary resettlement and land acquisition associated with road upgrading construction; land acquisition or resettlement will be entirely voluntary and be limited to situation were Project Affected Peoples (PAPs) will be the beneficiaries of services and facilities offered by the project; ensure that relocation sites chosen cause minimal disturbance to the livelihood and living standards of PAPs; provide recovery or compensation for the loss of land, working place, cultural property, trees and infrastructure, etc.; keep in tough with PAPs during the removal period for timely settlement of potential problems (disputes); finally, conduct meetings with residents (farmers), business and enterprise owners to notify them on the progress of the removal process and compensation standards.
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The development objective of the Xian Sustainable Urban Transport Project for China is to improve accessibility and mobility in Xian while protecting its cultural heritage and reducing the environmental impact of urban transport system, with a focus on the Ming walled city.
... See More + In line with the Bank's operation policy for involuntary resettlement OP 4.12 and taking into consideration the City of Xian local laws and regulations, resettlement codes of practice and policies of the People's Republic of China. This Resettlement Action Plan has the following principles and objectives : avoid and minimize involuntary resettlement and land acquisition associated with road upgrading construction; land acquisition or resettlement will be entirely voluntary and be limited to situation were Project Affected Peoples (PAPs) will be the beneficiaries of services and facilities offered by the project; ensure that relocation sites chosen cause minimal disturbance to the livelihood and living standards of PAPs; provide recovery or compensation for the loss of land, working place, cultural property, trees and infrastructure, etc.; keep in tough with PAPs during the removal period for timely settlement of potential problems (disputes); finally, conduct meetings with residents (farmers), business and enterprise owners to notify them on the progress of the removal process and compensation standards.
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The development objective of the Community Governance and Grievance Management Project for Solomon Islands is to establish durable arrangements, through Community Officers (COs), to assist communities to manage those conflicts that undermine community security, development and social cohesion.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: to improve outcomes of conflict management, the CO program will be strengthened by working with stakeholders to identify their key issues and develop strategies to address them. This may include identifying donor or other initiatives that improve and diversify employment prospects, and assist individuals and communities with anger management and management of substance abuse; COs will need ready access to and communication with the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force for conflicts that are beyond their writ, or threaten to escalate out of hand; at community mobilization stage, COs should collect baseline data on selected indicators both to identify local priorities and as a basis for subsequent monitoring and evaluation; alongside the project monitoring indicators, community members representing all groups should be encouraged in mobilization consultations to propose their own indicators, and invited to participate in monitoring them; and monitoring should include review and analysis of any grievances notified, whether to COs or to other village authorities, including data from health facilities on the incidence of gender-based violence or other assaults that have resulted in bodily harm that have come to notice of the authorities.
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The development objective of the Judicial Services and Smart Infrastructure Project for Azerbaijan is to improve the access, transparency, and efficiency of delivery of selected justice services.
... See More + The project comprises of four components. The first component, judicial service delivery improvements will finance two sub-components: access to justice and the expansion of e-Justice services. The second component, strengthening institutional capacity, efficiency, and monitoring and evaluation will finance technical assistance, training, and advisory services to improve the capability of key justice entities to make informed policy decisions and implement reforms. There are following four sub-components: (i) improvements to justice sector performance; (ii) strengthen the information systems management and operational capability of the ministry of justice (MOJ); (iii) communications, outreach, and change management activities aimed at facilitating stakeholder engagement in justice sector reforms; and (iv) strengthen the professional capacity of judges, of staff of courts and the MOJ, and of the justice academy. The third component, expansion and modernization of justice infrastructure will finance the construction and rehabilitation of about six courthouses and court complexes at locations selected in accordance with criteria set forth in the operational manual, through the carrying out of works and the provision of goods, consultants' services, and training. The fourth component, project management and coordination will strengthen the capacity of the MOJ in project management, monitoring, and coordination including audits of: (i) project financial statements, (ii) environmental and social safeguard compliance, and (iii) implementation of information and communications technology activities under the project, all through the provision of goods, consultants' services, and training, and the financing of incremental operating costs.
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The relationship between income inequality and crime has attracted the interest of many researchers, but little convincing evidence exists on the causal effect of inequality on crime in developing countries.
... See More + This paper estimates this effect in a unique context: Mexico's Drug War. The analysis takes advantage of a unique data set containing inequality and crime statistics for more than 2,000 Mexican municipalities covering a period of 20 years. Using an instrumental variable for inequality that tackles problems of reverse causality and omitted variable bias, this paper finds that an increment of one point in the Gini coefficient translates into an increase of more than 10 drug-related homicides per 100,000 inhabitants between 2006 and 2010. There are no significant effects before 2005. The fact that the effect was found during Mexico's Drug War and not before is likely because the cost of crime decreased with the proliferation of gangs (facilitating access to knowledge and logistics, lowering the marginal cost of criminal behavior), which, combined with rising inequality, increased the expected net benefit from criminal acts after 2005.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS6935 JUN 01, 2014
The overall objectives of the Empowering Poor Communities and Micro-entrepreneurs in the Georgia Tourism Sector Project is to generate employment and increase household incomes for poor and vulnerable communities in the Kakheti and Imereti regions by supporting them to (i) start/grow micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in the tourism sector and (ii) implement small works for the conservation and maintenance of cultural heritage sites.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of asset, loss of land acquisition, loss of crops and trees, loss of income, and loss of livelihood. Mitigation measures include: involuntary resettlement is to be avoided or at least minimized; compensation and rehabilitation provisions provide affected persons with opportunity to improve, or at least restore, pre-project incomes and living standards; affected Persons should be fully informed and consulted on Land Acquisition and Resettlement compensation options; affected persons' socio-cultural institutions should be supported/used as much as possible; compensation will be paid at replacement cost to affected persons, without deduction for depreciation or any other purpose; lack of legal title should not be a bar to compensation or alternative forms of assistance as needed to achieve policy objectives; particular attention should be paid to households headed by women and other vulnerable groups; land acquisition and resettlement should be conceived and executed as a part of the project, and the full costs of compensation should be included in project costs and benefits; and compensation and resettlement subsidies will be fully provided prior to clearance of right of way/ground levelling and demolition.
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The new social insurance law introduced by the Jordanian government in 2010 was created in part to improve the likelihood of womens employment through non- and gender specific changes.
... See More + This study, which comprised individual interviews and focus groups with Jordanian women and men, employers and opinion leaders, was designed to elicit an understanding of their awareness and knowledge of the new law, designed to increase womens employment - primarily the maternity insurance provision. Those affected by the law remained largely uninformed. Many employers communicated that they did not perceive it as cost neutral for their firms. Participants who were aware of the law, viewed the changes positively and believed with the right circumstances, the law could increase female employment.
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Working Paper (Numbered Series) 89187 JUN 01, 2014
The objective of the Second Additional Financing for the Road Sector Assistance Project for Sri Lanka is to identify and to develop mitigation plan to ensure that all communities are benefited without any discrimination through identifying all kinds of adverse impacts of the project area, its influence on the community during and after the construction of roads.
... See More + Negative measures include: loss of yields, loss of crops, loss of asset, loss of income, and loss of livelihood. Mitigation measures include: a) if perennial crops are involved, cost for re-establishment of crops elsewhere and compensation for lost yields up to one year at market price; b) timber and fruit trees lost will be valued at present age, overall life expected and lost income or output from the tree and compensated without deducting the salvage value; c) the project will pay replacement cost at prevailing market price to rebuild the assets used for livelihood and pay a lump sum (i.e. two months earning); d) ensure prompt compensation and proper resettlement; and e) the livelihoods of all persons should be re-established and their standard of living improved.
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The report draws on the conceptual framework of the world development 2012: gender equality and development, and the regional report on gender equality, opening doors: gender equality in the Middle East and North Africa.
... See More + The report's analytic approach is unique in threading together three bodies of evidence and analysis to shed new light on significant trends and causes underpinning the large gender disparities in the country. The report presents: i) a fresh look at available survey data on human development and socio-economic indicators in the country; ii) a brief history and in-depth analysis of the most critical legal barriers to women's and girl's full participation in Yemeni society; and iii) insights from a rich qualitative dataset collected in January 2011.The findings especially highlight the powerful roles of social norms and legal rights and entitlements in placing women and girls at a disadvantage and constraining not only faster progress on gender equality but also the country's economic development. The objectives of this report are two-fold: first, to take stock of the status of gender outcomes in Yemen and understand the forces that are driving the strong gender inequalities; and second, drawing on these insights and outcomes of the study, to highlight promising areas for policy action in this crucial transition period. The report explores how individual aspirations and opportunities in the areas of education, family formation, and labor force participation are constrained by the severe gender gaps in Yemeni society.
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Women in Development and Gender Study 87820 JUN 01, 2014
The objective of the Metro Manila Water and Wastewater Improvement Project for Philippines is to improve wastewater services in Metro Manila. Negative measures include: loss of land, loss of asset, loss of income, loss of crops, and loss of livelihood.
... See More + Mitigation measures include: a) effects on income and resources will be avoided or minimized in assets acquisition that result in displacement of people; b) displace persons (DPs) are provided with sufficient compensation and assistance for lost assets, income sources, and livelihood that will assist them to improve, or at least maintain their pre-sub-project standard of living; c) special attention is given to affected vulnerable groups, such as poverty groups, the handicapped, women-headed households, people with weak or absent tenure rights, etc; and d) where relocation is considered necessary, the lot owner of the proposed relocation site will also be entitled to compensation for his/her land, and depending on his/her choice, the compensation may be in cash or in the form of replacement land, of the same value, within or outside the relocation site.
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The objective of the Second Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) Environmental Sanitation Project for Vietnam is to improve the environmental conditions in selected areas of HCMC.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: compensation for the removal of graves and tombs will include the cost of excavation, relocation, reburial and other related costs which are necessary to satisfy customary requirements. Compensation in cash will be paid to each affected family or to the affected group as a whole as is determined through a process of consultation with the affected community; in the case of the affected households is equipped with telephone system, water meter, electric meter, cable TV, internet access (subscription), wells, these shall be compensated according to unit price of installing new units offer service in accordance with the service providers regulations ; in cases where community infrastructure such as schools, factories, water sources, roads, sewage systems are damaged and the community wishes to reuse them, the project will ensure that these are restored or repaired as the case may be, at no cost to the community; and cash compensation for land temporarily acquired in the form of rent which is at least equivalent to the net income that will have been derived from the affected property during the period of disruption.
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The development objective of the Municipal Services Emergency Project for Lebanon is to address urgent community priorities in select municipal services, targeting areas most affected by the influx of Syrian refugees.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of asset, loss of land acquisition, loss of structure, loss of crops and trees, loss of income, and loss of livelihood. Mitigation measures include: acquisition of land and other assets, and resettlement of people will be minimized as much as possible. Where land acquisition is unavoidable, the project will be designed to minimize adverse impact on the project affected persons, or PAPs, especially the vulnerable groups; all PAPs will be compensated, relocated and rehabilitated, if required, so as to improve their standard of living, income earning capacity and production capacity, or at least to restore them to pre-project levels; Resettlement plans will be implemented following consultations with the PAPs, and will have the endorsement of the PAPs; and any acquisition of, or restriction on access to resources owned or managed by PAP as common property will be mitigated by arrangements ensuring access of those PAP to equivalent resources on a continuing basis.
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This document provides a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for the Urban Local Government Development Project (ULGDP) for Ethiopia. The project objectives of this Resettlement Policy Framework are to: (i) as far as possible ensure that involuntary resettlement and land acquisition is avoided or where it is necessary, is minimized, by exploring all viable alternatives; (ii) where involuntary resettlement and land acquisition is unavoidable, resettlement and compensation activities are prepared and implemented by providing sufficient investment resources according to GOE Proclamation and Regulations; and (iii) persons displaced by the ULGDP will be meaningfully consulted.
... See More + The project standard of living adversely affected, whether or not the project affected persons (PAPs) must move to another location; Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is a resettlement instrument (document) to be prepared when ULGDP investment project locations are identified. In such cases, land acquisition leads to physical displacement of persons, and/or loss of shelter, and /or loss of livelihoods and/or loss, denial or restriction of access to economic resources. RAPs are prepared by the party impacting on the people and their livelihoods. RAPs contain specific and legally binding requirements to resettle and/or to compensate the affected party before implementation of the project activities causing adverse impacts. The project measures to mitigate the impact of resettlement on any host communities, including: (a) consultations with host communities and local governments; (b) arrangements for prompt tendering of any payment due the hosts for land or other assets provided to resettlers; (c) arrangements for addressing any conflict that may arise between resettlers and host communities; and (d) any measures necessary to augment services (e.g., education, water, health, and production services) in host communities to make them at least comparable to services available to resettlers.
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Using data from 144 village-level governments in India's Tamil Nadu state, this paper investigates political reservations for women and whether the gender of village government leaders influences the provision of village public goods.
... See More + A knowledge test of village government presidents and a survey about the interaction between village presidents and higher-level officials reveal that female village government presidents have much lower knowledge of the village government system than do their male counterparts and have significantly less contact with higher-level government officials. Although male and female presidents provide similar amounts of some public goods, there is strong evidence that village governments led by a woman built fewer schools and roadstwo public goods that require relatively more contact and coordination with higher-level officials.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS6854 MAY 01, 2014
Land is one of the most valuable assets for rural people. Despite strong recent economic growth and overall development, gender disparities in access to and control over land remain pervasive in the East Asia region.
... See More + Women remain less likely to own land than men and, even when they do, their holdings are likely to be smaller and less valuable than those of men. Therefore, effective policies aiming to reduce gender disparities in land ownership, increase female land holdings, and improve women's livelihoods must take context-specific constraints into consideration. In recent years, several countries in the region have made headway toward increasing ownership and control over land by women. This note offers an overview of land titling, land administration and management, as well as post disaster reconstruction projects in the East Asia region. It provides an account of gender actions that helped improve women's access to land. The note concludes by summarizing lessons learned that can be used to inform future interventions.
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