The development objective of the Strategic Cities Development Project for Sri Lanka is to contribute to the improvement of urban services and livability in selected strategic cities of Sri Lanka.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of land, loss of livelihood, damage to property or land, and loss of safety hazards. Mitigation measures include: (1) providing compensation for affected land at replacement cost as per land acquisition act (LAA); (2) providing three months advance notification for harvesting standing crops, or compensation for crop damage; (3) providing cash payment for unexpired period of rental for the affected portion of land or maximum of Lankan rupee (LKR) 25,000 to the leassee; (4) compensating for affected structure at replacement cost without deduction of any depreciation or salvageable materials; and (5) providing rental allowance of LKR 9000 per month for six months to allow the affected family to relocate.
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The objectives of the Kabul Municipal Development Program Project for Afghanistan are to: (i) increase access to basic municipal services through investments in critical infrastructure in selected residential areas of Kabul; (ii) redesign KM's financial management system to support better service delivery when reforms are implemented.
... See More + In the event of an eligible emergency or crisis, this operation will also enable early emergency response through the provision of a quick access to funding. Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: i) all heavy equipment and machinery shall be in full compliance with the national and municipal regulations for emissions; ii) stockpiled sand and aggregate shall be enclosed Stockpiled soil and sand shall be slightly wetted before loading, particularly in dry windy conditions; iii) proper construction management including training of operators and other workers to avoid pollution of water bodies caused by the operation of construction machinery and equipment; iv) providing sanitation arrangements at work sites and temporary accommodation facilities to avoid release of waste water and sewage to drains or water bodies; v) all hot mix plant, crushing plant, workshops, depots and temporary workers accommodation facilities shall be sited in approved locations; vi) formulation and strict enforcement of the regulations subsequent to an awareness program; and vii) ensure the proper facilities and resources available for timely sludge handling.
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The development objective of the Sustainable Groundwater Management in Southern African Development Community (SADC) Member States Project for Africa is to support sustainable management of groundwater at national and trans- boundary levels across SADC member states.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of trees, loss of crops, loss of land acquisition, loss of income, loss of asset, and loss of livelihood. Mitigation measures include: a) compensation for the permanent loss of crop fields will be covered through placing a value on the land based on the lost production potential of the land in question; b) compensation for the temporary loss of cropland and vegetable gardens will be determined on the basis of the production potential and the local market value of the crop over the period of temporary displacement, e.g. one season or one year. Local market values vary considerably throughout the country and unit rates will be determined in consultation with local agricultural experts, marketing organisations and local businessmen; c) for fruit trees, other trees of economic value and perennial crops the compensation will be based on a cash payment for lost production potential. This will be determined from the annual yield of the tree multiplied by the expected life of the tree in years multiplied by the unit market price of the product. These parameters are highly variable so that the level of compensation offered will need to be based on local production and market figures. In some cases it may be necessary to consider the age of the tree and the remaining productive lifespan of the tree in determining compensation entitlements; and d) for houses and other infrastructure the compensation value will be determined from standard unit values (e.g. cost per
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This case study describes the integration of women producers into agricultural investment programs in Zambia as well as how women's right to land influences women as it relates to the Irrigation Development Support Program (IDSP) in Zambia.
... See More + It is comprised of two interlinked studies, the first funded by the Trust Fund for Economically and Socially Sustainable Development (TFESSD) and the second through the Nordic Trust Fund (NTF) for Human Rights. The process, findings and recommendations of the first study are described in the internal paper 'Integrating Women Producers and their Organizations into Agricultural Investment Programs in Zambia (and Mali).' Agricultural and Environmental Services (AES) then commenced a follow-up study in close collaboration with NIRAS Zambia Consultants entitled 'Women's Land Ownership and Compensation Study in Zambia.' This study emerged as a necessity to know how the different land ownership practices and women's right to land influence women's position and achieving the IDSP objectives.
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The aim of this case study is to highlight, within the context of a gender pilot of the Peru Sierra Irrigation Project, how women's different needs were identified to facilitate their access to training and to increase their participation in the management of water users' organizations (WUOs).
... See More + It was designed upon the request of Peru's Ministry of Agriculture and included a gender diagnostic to assess barriers that hinder the attendance and equality of participation of women in trainings and meetings. Following the diagnostic participatory discussions around the importance for communities to include women in water management were held. In response to these diagnostics and subsequent discussions, the water users resolved to set specific targets for becoming more inclusive organizations, and shaped the content and timing of their activities to allow a greater number of women to participate. The Pilot improved women's technical skills, their positions in the WUOs, and self-esteem and has raised awareness among the community members about women's specific needs and expectations related to water management for irrigated agriculture. The participatory methodology used in this pilot was designed with the support of the World Bank gender action plan, and is currently being scaled up under the World Bank-financed Irrigation Subsector Project.
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This case study describes the integration of gender in the Second Participatory Rural Investment (PDCR), as described in the Final Evaluation Report: evaluacion final del PDCR and the project appraisal document (PAD).
... See More + This evaluation, done in 2012 and 2013, consisted in measuring the quantitative and qualitative achievements of the PDCR (Projecto de Desarrollo Concurrente Regional in Spanish) according to the objectives formulated in the design and subsequent adjustments of the project (2009-13). The PDCR project is being implemented by the Plurinational Government of Bolivia with the objective of reinforcing the National Policy of Decentralization initiated after the enactment of the popular participation law in 1994. The objective of this case study is to briefly recount the process of gender mainstreaming into the components and activities of the PDCR, focusing on the positive outcomes identified by the evaluators. To understand this process, a general project background and setting are presented in the first part, followed by a short explanation of the objectives, design and implementation. The subsequent sections explain the innovative aspects of the experience, the benefits and impacts, the limitation and constraints, the lessons learned and some guidelines and recommendations for wider applicability.
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Several studies have explored the relationship between economy-level crime rates or individual-level crime and economic growth. However, few studies have examined the relationship between economic growth and crime against firms.
... See More + This study uses data for about 12,000 firms in 27 developing countries and finds that economic growth is negatively associated with crime. This relationship is stronger for small and medium firms than large firms. The study also explores several economy-wide factors and their influence on the growth-crime relationship for small and medium enterprises. The results are robust to various sensitivity checks.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS6768 FEB 01, 2014
The pension and old age security systems that originated in Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been effective in sharply reducing poverty rates among the elderly throughout Europe.
... See More + However, in many countries of the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, these systems now comprise the single largest expenditure item in the government budget. Current demographic trends in the region, however, suggest that further reforms will be needed. This report presents the historical evolution of pension systems in Europe, showing how policy makers were able to use the expanding population pyramid, with large younger cohorts and small older cohorts to expand the coverage and increase the generosity of pension systems. Levels of benefits were increased and the duration of retirement increased over time, making pension systems more expensive, with each generation receiving more generous benefits than the generation before. This report focuses on the impact of the break in this demographic evolution, whereby the prognosis for the future population structure is likely to resemble a column or even an inverting pyramid, with smaller cohorts of working age population expected to support larger cohorts of elderly retirees. Despite the demographic challenges, ECA countries do not have to roll back the progress they have made in reducing poverty among the elderly. Changes in pension policy will need to be accompanied by policies to increase labor market flexibility so as to encourage older workers to remain in the work force. Such policies include incentives for employers to provide lifelong learning and training specifically geared to older workers, and make workforce adaptations which allow older workers to retain a high level of productivity. Governments may also need to re-examine the efficiency of their revenue administration systems to help finance not just pensions, but all other societal needs. This report goes into each of these accompanying policies, but concludes that none of these by itself can address the impact of the demographic challenges that are underway. A combination of policies will be required to effectively face the challenges. The report concludes that the inverting population pyramid clearly presents challenges to the provision of old age security, but consistent policy choices to return the pension system to parameters similar to those in the 1970s can result in sustainable systems of old age security.
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The development objective of the Strategic Cities Development Project for Sri Lanka is to bring about city transformation through strategic investments by leveraging on the city or city region's particular cultural and economic assets.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of land, loss of tenancy, permanent and full loss of private residential structure and commercial property, land safety hazards, impact of mobility, and loss of livelihood due to relocation. Mitigation measures include: (1) providing compensation at replacement cost for affected land as per land acquisition act (LAA); (2) compensating for standing crops, or income losses; (3) providing compensation for affected structure at replacement cost without deduction of any depreciation or salvageable materials; (4) training, credit access, and skill training support for maximum two youths (one male and one female) from the resettled families for livelihood strengthening with the help of non-governmental organizations (NGOs); and (5) undertaking necessary traffic management measures for facilitating mobility.
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The Social Protection Administration II Project for Armenia is intended to help with a roll-out of the integrated social protection service delivery and, along with significant elements of the technical assistance, includes an investment component aimed at the improvement of physical infrastructure of the Integrated Social Service Centers (ISSCs).
... See More + Works carried out within the framework of the project that may potentially require resettlement, movement, rehabilitation or any form of compensation, are mostly the construction works. External communications in construction territories (water supply/disposal, gas and electricity supply) that assume temporary/permanent use or occupation of territory under the ownership of other agencies could be affected. Refurbished and newly constructed centers will be established exclusively in areas owned by state or community, which do not pose significant resettlement risks.
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Transactional sex is believed to be an important risk-coping mechanism for women in Sub-Saharan Africa and a leading contributor to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
... See More + This paper uses data from a panel of women in rural Tanzania whose primary occupation is agriculture. The analysis finds that following a negative shock (such as food insecurity), unmarried women are about three times more likely to have been paid for sex. Regardless of marital status, after a shock women have more unprotected sex and are 36 percent more likely to have a sexually transmitted infection. These empirical findings support the claims that transactional sex is not confined to commercial sex workers and that frequently experienced shocks, such as food insecurity, may lead women to engage in transactional sex as a risk-coping behavior.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS6751 JAN 01, 2014
The development objective of the Transmission Efficiency Project (TEP) is to improve the technical and operational performance of National Power Transmission (NPT) in providing reliable and energy efficient electricity transmission services in Vietnam.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures includes: a) if house or other structure is only partially being affected by the project and the remaining areas are not convenient to using, the house or structure will be acquired at full replacement cost, without depreciation; b) tenants, who have leased a house for residential purposes will be provided with a cash grant of six months rental fee at the prevailing market rate in the area, and will be assisted in identifying alternative accommodation; c) affected household (BAH) will be compensated for the loss of standing crops at market price, productive trees will be compensated at replacement cost; d) financial and physical resources for resettlement and rehabilitation will be made available and as where and when required; and e) the previous level of community services and resources will be maintained or improved.
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The development objective of the Transmission Efficiency Project (TEP) is to improve the technical and operational performance of National Power Transmission (NPT) in providing reliable and energy efficient electricity transmission services in Vietnam.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures includes: a) if house or other structure is only partially being affected by the project and the remaining areas are not convenient to using, the house or structure will be acquired at full replacement cost, without depreciation; b) tenants, who have leased a house for residential purposes will be provided with a cash grant of six months rental fee at the prevailing market rate in the area, and will be assisted in identifying alternative accommodation; c) affected household (BAH) will be compensated for the loss of standing crops at market price, productive trees will be compensated at replacement cost; d) financial and physical resources for resettlement and rehabilitation will be made available and as where and when required; and e) the previous level of community services and resources will be maintained or improved.
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The development objective of the Transmission Efficiency Project (TEP) is to improve the technical and operational performance of National Power Transmission (NPT) in providing reliable and energy efficient electricity transmission services in Vietnam.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures includes: a) if house or other structure is only partially being affected by the project and the remaining areas are not convenient to using, the house or structure will be acquired at full replacement cost, without depreciation; b) tenants, who have leased a house for residential purposes will be provided with a cash grant of six months rental fee at the prevailing market rate in the area, and will be assisted in identifying alternative accommodation; c) affected household (BAH) will be compensated for the loss of standing crops at market price, productive trees will be compensated at replacement cost; d) financial and physical resources for resettlement and rehabilitation will be made available and as where and when required; and e) the previous level of community services and resources will be maintained or improved.
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The Zhengzhou Urban Rail Project for China seeks to improve sustainable mobility in Zhengzhou by providing integrated and accessible public transport of suitable capacity and quality along the Line three corridor from Xinglongpu Lu to Hang Hai Dong Lu station.
... See More + This resettlement plan addresses the issues of land acquisition and compensation and resettlement of affected individuals and groups. It is ascertained that the project will have social impacts related to the need for land acquisition and demolition of a number of structures like houses or enterprises. This necessitates the formulation of a resettlement action plan. Properties affected by acquisition for project include houses, enterprises, public institutions, stores, vegetable fields, cultivated land, garden and forestland. Vulnerable populations include elderly persons, single parent families, orphans, poor families, disabled individuals, and ethnic minorities. This document details the measures to be taken in the case of land acquisition, such as compensation, temporary resettlement allowance, house expropriation subsidies, property management subsidies, house demolition compensation, relocation costs and rewards, and traffic allowance for the middle and primary school students, to ensure that affected individuals do not sustain significant losses.
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The Drina Flood Protection Project for Bosnia and Herzegovina seeks to provide increased protection from flood events to agricultural and commercial interests and communities in the project areas.
... See More + This resettlement policy framework addresses the issue of resettlement for the flood management project in the Gorazde area. The implementation of this project might require partial or complete involuntarily land acquisition or the establishment of easement or some other legal right over specified land. This necessitates the presence of a legal and policy framework to provide guidelines for land acquisition and its consequences for the affected individuals or groups, and the measures to be taken to ensure that no significant loss occurs for those affected. Vulnerable groups identified include older people, women and children, indigenous people, ethnic minorities, refugees, and handicapped individuals. Measures such as adequate compensation, alternative settlements, alternate livelihoods or scope to continue practicing current livelihoods are examined to achieve feasible and satisfactory solutions for affected people.
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This paper examines the current status of justice and dispute-resolution mechanisms in Bangladesh, ranging from the formal justice system to the traditional shalish (a form of dispute resolution), and focuses on the costs and benefits of utilizing nongovernmental organization (NGO)-led legal services programs as an alternative form of justice delivery and dispute resolution for the poor, with a focus on women and girls.
... See More + In particular, this paper takes a closer look at a the Human Rights and Legal Aid Services (HRLS) program of BRAC, a leading NGO that works to empower the poorest and most vulnerable in Bangladesh and eleven other countries across the world. HRLS provides a combination of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC)-led shalish, human rights community based education, community mobilization through a corps of community-based outreach workers (known as shebikas), and recourse to the courts via a network of panel lawyers if needed. This paper will examine the successes of this model in rural Bangladesh as well as the challenges it faces in making an impact on solving the justice problems of the poor and contributing to gender equity. Ultimately, it aims to present a case study that illustrates the strengths and challenges of a legal empowerment model that is quickly gaining traction around the world.
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Working Paper (Numbered Series) 84662 JAN 01, 2014