This joint data center (JDC) literature review provides summaries of recently published research to encourage the exchange of ideas on topics related to forced displacement.
... See More + The paper explores the effects of climate change on distress-driven migration by examining how recent weather variations (from 2000 to 2014) in 103 countries translated into asylum applications to the European Union. The authors find a U-shaped relationship between the weather in a source country and the number of accepted asylum applications, i.e. temperatures that are too low or too high will lead to more numerous asylum applications. They suggest several mechanisms driving the sensitivity of asylum applications to temperature anomalies. The authors conclude that climate change, especially continued warming, will add another “threat multiplier” that induces people to seek refuge abroad.
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The debate on if and how to connect humanitarian assistance for refugees with national social protection systems can elicit polarizing views. Hence, it is not unusual to observe country-level approaches getting somewhat ‘stuck’ – especially where refugees represent a sizable share of the population: from a donor perspective, the question is how can governments be persuaded to be more inclusive; from a government standpoint, it faces disproportionate political and economic risks from “being left with the bill”; and from the international humanitarian agencies viewpoint, there might be quandaries on how to reconcile commitments to neutrality and independence with those to respecting the primary responsibility of governments.
... See More + These stylized views are legitimate, but their combined effect may generate competing narratives and little negotiating space among the multiple actors involved. The net result might be the endurance of a sub-optimal dual systems operating in parallel – one for refugees, one for citizens. The framework laid out in this paper attempts to facilitate the identification of workable pathways for progress among actors. Instead of framing the humanitarian-social protection links as an ‘either-or’ choice, the framework includes a more granular analysis of how collaborations may emerge around select programmatic ‘functions’, as well as the ‘degrees’ of possible connection between national and international support within a given function.
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Working Paper (Numbered Series) 142185 SEP 01, 2019
Seyfert,Karin; Barca,Valentina; Gentilini,Ugo; Luthria,Manjula M.; Abbady,ShereenDisclosed
Between April 28- May 3, 2019, a World Bank Group (WBG) mission consisting of Ahmed Faragallah, Senior Financial Sector Specialist (GFCFI) and Ghada Ismail, Financial Sector Specialist (GFCMW) visited Abu Dhabi, UAE to: (i) deliver with the Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) a joint a capacity building workshop to the Central Bank of Yemen (CBY); (ii) discuss with CBY representatives’ potential areas of technical assistance to transform payment system development recommendations listed in the IMF CBY needs Diagnostic into technical assistance tasks to address the gaps in payments systems; and (iii) strengthen and steer coordination with AMF through exploring with the AMF representatives’ potential areas of joint support to implement the TA agenda for CBY Yemen.
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This is a table of taxes, transfers and in-kind benefits, broken down by: interventions to be modelled, descriptions of the intervention according to legislations and operational rules; benchmark budget data; and comments.
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According to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Refugee Agency, by the end of 2017, nearly 70 million people worldwide were forcibly displaced - more than the entire population of the United Kingdom.
... See More + Governments, aid agencies, and non-government organizations (NGOs) have long provided humanitarian aid for refugees, addressing immediate needs such as food, water, and shelter. The need for sustainable, long-term solutions that mitigate the negative impacts of forcible displacement, uplift refugees, and support host communities is therefore becoming more acute. Indeed, the development community is increasingly focusing on empowering refugees as agents of their own lives and economic contributors - from providing skills training, to offering employment, and enabling access to financial products and services. Private sector actors are inherently well-positioned to enhance and scale these efforts, given their strategic capabilities and business models. Multinational corporations like Mastercard, regional, and national businesses such as Equity Bank and PowerGen, social enterprises like NaTakallam and Sanivation, and a range of others across industries, are demonstrating the potential roles of the private sector in supporting refugees and host communities.
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Kenya has been hosting refugees since 1970, with the numbers increasing significantly from the 1990s and peaking following the 2011 famine in Somalia.
... See More + The numbers have since dropped with the return of refugees, particularly Somali refugees, which began in 2014. However, the outbreak of conflict in South Sudan in 2013 has since led to an influx of new arrivals in the country. This report is a stock-taking of relevant studies and assessments pertaining to livelihoods of refugees and host communities in Kenya, analysing and consolidating them into one narrative regarding economic opportunities for refugees and host communities. They key messages emerging from that literature are covered in the report.
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Working Paper 135485 MAR 01, 2019
Manji,Farah Noorali Mohan; De Berry,Joanna PeaceDisclosed
There is an increasing amount of literature discussing the integration of humanitarian assistance into social protection systems or the linkage of disaster risk responses with specific social safety net programmes.
... See More + The nexus maybe seen through synergies via common frameworks, platforms and systems utilized. The Philippines continues to tackle the problems of poverty and vulnerability among its 100 million population. It lies in the “Pacific Ring of Fire” and is visited regularly by typhoons, ravaged by flooding, and occasionally hit by destructive earthquakes. It also has two long running conflicts with rebel groups that have displaced thousands of its citizens in hot areas. Despite being a middle income country and owing to the recurrent nature of crises, the country has a permanent presence of humanitarian actors (UN agencies, international, and national NGOs) ready to complement government efforts during emergencies. This specific case study showcases the linking of humanitarian assistance and social protection in two instances where cash transfer for relief and recovery by humanitarian agencies, the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), successfully “piggybacked” on the Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program (4Ps), a lead social protection programme of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), during the aftermath of typhoon Haiyan (2013).
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Governments in low and middle-income countries are increasingly investing in social protection, and also address many of their own people’s ‘humanitarian’ needs themselves.
... See More + For their international partners, who may have an important role in filling gaps when household needs exceed national capacity to meet them, support for the strengthening of national systems, combined with a shift from short-run to more durable approaches, is becoming a unifying framework for assistance. Some aspects of social protection and humanitarian assistance therefore seem to be on a converging trajectory. ‘Human(itarian) Capital?’ discusses findings from twelve country case studies exploring the linkages between humanitarian assistance, in its various interpretations, and national social protection systems. Specifically, the paper distills lessons on how humanitarian assistance and social protection systems might better coexist, the possible challenges and trade-offs emerging from practical experiences, and how to facilitate, inform, and accelerate future concerted action.
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Working Paper (Numbered Series) 132231 NOV 01, 2018
The development objective of Reintegration of Ex-combatants Project for Central African Republic is to support the social and economic reintegration of demobilized ex-combatants and improve access to socio-economic infrastructure and economic opportunities for host communities.
... See More + This restructuring requires the following changes: (i) changes in results framework; (ii) changes in components and component costs; (iii) changes in fiduciary arrangement; and (iv) change in disbursement estimates.
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The objectives of the Replication and Mainstreaming of Rekompak (Community-based Settlement Rehabilitation and Reconstruction) Project are to support the Republic of Indonesia in meeting the needs for disaster-resilient settlements for disaster-affected communities and to mainstream community-based processes into the national framework for disaster relief and mitigation.
... See More + The closing date for the Replication and Mainstreaming of Rekompak (Community-Based Settlement Rehabilitation and Reconstruction) will be extended from December 31, 2017 to March 31, 2018. This is in line with Government projection for completion of project period.
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Despite the high-level commitments made on using country systems, Somalia continues to trail other fragile states in critical dimensions, including the proportion of aid delivered “On Budget.”
... See More + Given the explicit focus on statebuilding in Somalia, the preferencing of short-term operational concerns over long-term government systems building appears to run counter to the international community’s stated objectives. No delivery modality is without risk; both country systems and alternative delivery channels have drawbacks. But these options also have differing strengths, depending on the type of project, sector or situation. In finding the right mix of tools, both government and international partners need to focus more on the statebuilding goals towards which they are jointly committed. This report examines donors’ decision-making about the use of country systems, exploring both the perceived and actual risks and benefits associated with it. It also articulates recommendations for improving and increasing the use of country systems, with relevance that extends beyond the Somali context. The report was financed with the generous support of the UN-WB Partnership Fund.
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This study presents the findings of a World Bank funded research on remittances and vulnerability in Somalia. The study is implemented by the Rift Valley Institute (RVI) and is part of the World Bank’s work related to social protection in Somalia.
... See More + The purpose of the study is to better understand the role that remittances play as a social safety net for families in Somalia. The study considers Somali processes of resource mobilization, distribution and support (focused on remittances) in order to inform policy and practice in relation to social protection and social safety nets in Somalia and Somaliland. The focus of the research is on sources, roles and uses of remittances, as well as on money transfer modalities. This study finds that remittances currently act as a crucial informal safety net, protecting people from potentially utilizing more harmful or negative household strategies and supporting households to meet basic needs. This study makes several recommendations related to the continuation of humanitarian support and the development of social protection policy and programming in Somalia. The study also identifies areas of further research that would help improve understanding of the role of remittances in Somalia. These recommendations are summarized immediately below and elaborated upon at the end of this report.
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