The objectives of the Energy Sector Development Project are, through technical assistance, to strengthen the policy development and strategic framework for renewable energy and rural electrification, and to attract investors for the sustainable development of a new hydropower generator that will supply the Port Moresby grid.
... See More + The project has two components: (1) Technical assistance the energy sector policy and strategy development. This component focuses on the policy and strategy of the electricity sector with a focus on rural and renewable energy in PNG. It will also provide capacity building for the Government of PNG's role in development of the Naoro Brown hydropower project. (2) Technical assistance for preparation and planning for Port Moresby hydropower supply. This includes the preparation of the Naoro Brown hydropower project (approximately 80MW) to supply the Port Moresby grid, and improved planning related to hydropower supply for Port Moresby.
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Indoor air pollution (IAP), caused by the burning of solid fuels including biomass (mainly firewood and agricultural residues), animal dung, and coal in traditional cookstoves is a leading risk factor attributed to mortality and burden of disease.
... See More + More than half of the worlds population still relies on solid fuels for cooking and heating. In Indonesia, where about 40 percent of households (located mainly in rural and some peri-urban areas) still depend on biomass to meet their daily cooking needs, household burning of traditional biomass for cooking is a major health-risk factor. IAP caused by burning traditional biomass is responsible for an estimated 45,000 premature deaths each year. Women and children are particularly affected since they tend to spend more time in the kitchen or cooking area. Although the share of households using biomass has declined slightly in recent years, some 24.5 million households still use biomass as their primary cooking fuel.
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Bangladesh has made remarkable progress in raising living standards and reducing poverty, particularly in previously lagging regions. Rapid solar home system (SHS) expansion in Bangladesh to some 3 million rural households by early 2014 has drawn the attention of donors and governments of other countries.
... See More + The books broad aim is twofold: (a) to assess the welfare impact of SHS on households, and (b) to evaluate the present institutional structure and financing mechanisms in place, noting that households want cheaper systems and good quality service while suppliers require a reasonable market-based profit to stay in business. The study entailed an intensive empirical investigation based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data consisted mainly of a large-scale, nationally representative household survey with appropriate geographic spread. Conducted in 2012 by the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) and assisted by the World Bank, the household survey was designed to examine SHS benefits and costs. The book addresses a number of research issues, which are grouped according to general and gendered household impact, program delivery and monitoring of technical standards, market size and demand, and carbon emissions reduction. The book also analyzes household uses of solar-electric energy services. Typically, SHS models are used for lighting, powering fans and television sets, and charging mobile devices and other electrical equipment. Finally, the book evaluates the gender-disaggregated benefits and women's empowerment from SHS adoption. The gender analysis included two major research questions: (a) can the socioeconomic status of rural women be enhanced by increasing the opportunity to participate in alternative energy-service delivery, and (b) if SHS brings positive impacts in terms of social indicators, what additional efforts can supplement them to bring about a radical shift in gender roles and responsibilities. The book's findings show that better household lighting improves household welfare both directly and indirectly. The book has eight chapters. Chapter one is introduction. Chapter two describes the current status of Bangladesh's SHS expansion program, including salient features of system operation, as well as program delivery and financing. Chapter three reviews the role of electrification in rural development and international experience in using SHS as a complementary solution in remote off-grid areas. Based on the survey data findings, chapter four identifies the major drivers of SHS adoption and system capacity selection at the household and village level, while chapter five discusses and estimates the welfare benefits. Chapter six focuses on SHS market analysis and role of the subsidy, including consumers' willingness to pay and the potential impact of subsidy phase-out. Chapter seven turns to the quality of partner organization (PO) service and other supply-side issues, along with market constraints to meet future demand. Finally, chapter eight offers policy perspectives and a way forward.
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Publication 91349 OCT 08, 2014
Khandker, Shahidur R.; Samad, Hussain A.; Sadeque, Zubair K. M.; Asaduzzaman, Mohammed; Yunus, Mohammad; Haque, A. K. Enamul
The SREP- Supported Extended Biogas Project development objective is to promote large off-grid biogas energy generation in Nepal. SREP seeks to deliver two primary categories of benefits from the use of its financial support: (i) increased access to renewable energy and (ii) increased production of renewable energy.
... See More + The proposed SREP project will seek to benefit large off-grid biogas plants where sponsors are commercial enterprises or municipalities. The project consists of two components Technical Assistance and Financing of Investments. The Financing of Investments explains how AEPC will use government funds as per its published subsidy policy, to provide a capital cost buy-down and thereby to achieve financial closure for competitively selected large biogas investments led by the private sector.
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Ratings for the Sustainable Energy Development Project for Rwanda were as follows: outcomes were satisfactory, the risk to global environment outcome was moderate, the Bank performance was satisfactory, and the Borrower performance was also satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: government leadership with a focus on results and impact is paramount in achieving expected impact from technical assistance. Financiers and project implementers should be aware that a strong and sustained government commitment is a key in driving the development agenda, especially where policy actions and incentives are required. Knowledge of specialized sectors, such as emerging RE technologies, sometimes hinders local entrepreneurs in venturing into such businesses because of a lack of local skilled labor. The approach of an entrepreneur incubator, helping to develop business plans and feasibility studies in addition to training local technicians and trainers at institutions, could be instrumental equipping small and medium start-up companies with the basic framework to understand the business, and take advantage of local skills. This is particularly important as small companies may not have adequate financial capacity to invest in training of their staff. Operations that target policy and institutional development need to be addressed holistically, as lack of one intervention could render the outputs of the support activities not attaining the intended outcome. In addition, lessons from this project also highlight the need for realism with regard to what the project and other complementary operations can directly influence.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR3092 JUL 30, 2014
Ratings for the Renewable Energy for Rural Economic Development Project for Sri Lanka were as follows: outcome was satisfactory, risk to development outcome was negligible to low, Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and Borrower performance was satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: local participation and involvement, suitably incentivized, is crucial to promoting distributed power generation activities. Involving the private sector effectively in a decentralized developmental effort requires flexibility in implementation arrangements and space for adapting to market conditions. An appropriate feed-in-tariffs policy and its consistent and transparent application are crucial to spur growth of small scale and non-conventional renewable energy generation. Investments in off-grid electrification can be underutilized or even abandoned in the event of a faster than expected arrival of the electricity grid. To mitigate this, the expansion of the grid should be coordinated with off-grid investments, and, where warranted, the off-grid facilities should be made grid-compatible to ensure continued utility.
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Project Performance Assessment Report 88547 JUN 25, 2014
This knowledge note is the second of three case studies that concerns scaling up access to electricity in Africa, Bangladesh, and Rwanda. Since its inception in 2003, Bangladesh's solar home system program has installed about three million electrification systems in rural households, two-thirds of them in the last three years.
... See More + The program is the most dynamic off-grid electrification program in the world, benefitting more than 15 million people and contributing about 130 MW in renewable energy generation capacity. The case study for Bangladesh is interesting, because off-grid electrification is crucial to reaching universal access. Achieving universal access to modern energy services is one of the three complementary objectives of the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative. Bangladesh's rural electrification program was initiated in 1977 with the creation of the Rural Electrification Board (REB). Yet, it was estimated that at the prevailing pace of grid electrification, Bangladesh was going to take 50 years to reach universal access. By 2002, it had become apparent that an off-grid approach was needed to complement efforts to extend the grid. When the World Bank's first RERED project was being designed in 2002, a two-pronged approach was adopted to promote the use of solar home systems in rural areas, thereby leveraging the country's renewable energy potential, while continuing to help the REB and rural cooperatives improve their operational and financial performance. The programs final design is a good example of how international experience and local know-how can come together to yield an innovative design that suits the country's circumstances. The project's design was flexible (with a range of subsidies and system sizes, for example), allowing for quick adaptation to evolving technology and market conditions, and to consumer feedback.
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Improving access to affordable and reliable energy services for cooking is essential for developing countries in reducing adverse human health and environmental impacts hitherto caused by burning of traditional biomass.
... See More + This paper reviews empirical studies that analyze choices of fuel and adoption of improved stoves for cooking in countries where biomass is still the predominant cooking fuel. The review highlights the wide range of factors that influence households cooking fuel choices and adoption of improved stoves, including socioeconomic (access and availability, collection costs and fuel prices, household income, education and awareness), behavioral (food tastes, lifestyle), and cultural and external factors (indoor air pollution, government policies). The paper also summarizes the evidence on the significant adverse health impacts from exposure to indoor smoke, especially among women and young children. In low-income households, perceived health benefits of adopting improved stoves and financial benefits from fuel savings tend to be outweighed by the costs of improved stoves, even after accounting for the opportunity cost of time spent collecting biomass fuel. The paper identifies knowledge and evidence gaps on the success of policies and programs designed to scale up the adoption of improved cookstoves.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS6903 JUN 01, 2014
The development objectives of the Second Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development Project for Bangladesh are to increase access to clean energy in rural areas through renewable energy and to promote more efficient energy consumption.
... See More + This project paper seeks the approval of the Executive Directors to provide an additional credit to the Bangladesh Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development II (RERED II) Project. The additional financing is required to scale up the access to electricity component supporting installation of solar home systems (SHS) in rural areas of Bangladesh. This project paper also seeks approval for a Level I restructuring of the RERED II project to: (1) close Component C (energy efficient lighting), (2) reallocate the US$17 million from Component C to Component A ($12 million - Access to electricity) and Component D ($5 million - Sector technical assistance), and (3) revise the RERED II Project Development Objective (PDO) to increase access to clean energy in rural areas through renewable energy to reflect the closure of Component C (the results indicators would also be revised in this regard). The original objective was to increase access to clean energy in rural areas through renewable energy and to promote more efficient energy consumption.
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This report was prepared by Practical Action Consulting for the Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES) initiative of the World Bank. Most of Sub-Saharan Africa continues to rely overwhelmingly on traditional fuels and cooking technologies, both of which are a major cause of death and illness as well as a range of socio-economic and environmental problems.
... See More + More than 90 per cent of the rural population of Senegal relies on solid fuels (charcoal and firewood in particular, but also dung and agricultural residues) to meet its household cooking needs. The primary objective of this study is, (a) to establish a baseline for the current level of penetration of four alternative cooking fuels in Senegal in a number of pre-identified regions, and (b) to assess the feasibility of adopting them in those regions. The four fuels are briquettes from charcoal dust and agricultural residues; ethanol, mainly from sugar cane residue (that is, molasses); pure plant oil (PPO) from locally grown, oil-bearing plants such as Jatropha curcas; and a household biogas system using mainly livestock waste. Against this background, the World Bank commissioned this study to assess the feasibility of promoting the use of a number of alternative cooking fuels in Senegal, which were pre-identified for possible support under its Sustainable and Participatory Energy Management Project (PROGEDE II). Four alternative fuels were analysed in terms of their potential for adoption by households for cooking, each in a different region of Senegal: (a) briquettes in Dakar, (b) ethanol in Saint-Louis, (c) biogas in Kaolack, and (d) pure plant oil (PPO) in Tambacounda. The study includes a baseline assessment of household cooking fuels in Senegal, including a number of alternative fuels, as well as an analysis of their potential supply chains. Its objective is to inform a range of relevant stakeholders, in particular the Ministry of Energy and Mines in Senegal, the World Bank's PROGEDE II, nongovernmental organisations, investors and private sector companies, about strategies to increase production of and access to these alternative fuels. The study also presents important lessons on each alternative fuel deriving from household surveys in each region, a review of the relevant literature, interviews with stakeholder organisations, and focus group discussions (FGDs).
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The Government of Bangladesh, with help from the World Bank and other donors, has provided aid to a local agency called Infrastructure Development Company Limited and its partner organizations to devise a credit scheme for marketing solar home system units and making these an affordable alternative to grid electricity for poor people in remote areas.
... See More + This paper uses household survey data to examine the financing scheme behind the dissemination of these solar home systems, in particular the role of the subsidy; the factors that determine the adoption of the systems in rural Bangladesh; and the welfare impacts of such adoption. The paper finds that while the subsidy has been declining over time, the demand for solar home systems has seen phenomenal growth, mostly because of technological developments that have made the systems increasingly more affordable. Households with better physical and educational endowments are more likely to adopt solar home systems than poor households. The price of the system matters in household decision making -- a 10 percent decline in the price of the system increases the overall demand for a solar panel by 2 percent. As for the benefits, adoption of a solar home system improves childrens evening study time, lowers kerosene consumption, and provides health benefits for household members, in particular for women. It is also found to increase women's decision-making ability in certain household affairs. Finally, it is found to increase household consumption expenditure, although at a small scale.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS6724 DEC 01, 2013
Samad, Hussain A.; Khandker, Shahidur R.; Asaduzzaman, M.; Yunus, Mohammad
This review on public expenditure and institutional analysis of the climate policy of Morocco states that climate change is a major challenge for the development of the Moroccan economy.
... See More + Anticipated impacts arise from high costs for strategic sectors. Climate change is an opportunity to put the country on the path of green growth and needs, in terms of adaptation, will have significant budgetary implications. The Government of Morocco has decided to conduct a Public Expenditure and Institutional Analysis on climate policy (RDPAI Climate) to improve its ability to manage public expenditure related to climate change. The methodology for conducting the RDPAI Climate aimed to ensure its feasibility and added value. The review of best practices at the international level suggests that institutional and operational framework of climate policy should: 1) be supported by a strong leadership capable of uniting all the actors of public policy: 2) sitting on a legislative and regulatory ensuring the legitimacy of the actors of climate policy, the sustainability of their action and guaranteeing them the means to achieve the objectives set, normative measures and projects the device; 3) establish mechanisms for mobilizing and allocating funding and consistent measures of incentives for private behavior in an integrated and planned implementation of mitigation and adaptation projects approach; 4) mobilize national scientific and technical expertise to supply an information system on greenhouse gas emissions, vulnerability to the effects of CC and evaluation of policies and projects; 5) organize around the goals of climate policy, communication, education and training, consultation and accountability of all public and private stakeholders, sectoral and territorial levels, including through a formal process of monitoring and evaluation of the actions of the political climate.
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Working Paper 87557 DEC 01, 2013
Liverani, M. Andrea; von Thadden, Mme Sylke; Hamilton, M. Kirk E.; Touati, M. Manaf; Demangel, M. Pierre; Aouab, Mme Jehanne; Bekhechi, M. Mohammed; Belghazi, M. Saad; Gehne, Mme Katja
The development objective of the Rural Electrification Hybrid System Project for Mali is to expand access to modern energy services in rural areas of the recipient and to increase renewable energy generation in target areas.
... See More + There are three components to the project. The first component of the project is service improvement and extension of existing mini-grids. This component will increase renewable energy generation capacity in existing rural power stations supplying rural mini grids and expand those mini-grids, through: addition of approximately 4.8 MWp of capacity through hybrid systems, including photovoltaic panels, inverters, batteries and control electronics, and mini-grid extension and densification. The second component of the project is development of off-grid lighting markets and energy efficiency. This component aims to: catalyze the markets for off-grid lighting and solar lanterns in targeted rural areas, and improve energy efficiency and promote a rational and efficient use of electricity on targeted mini-grids. The third component of the project is project management support and capacity building. This component supports project management and implementation, capacity building and technical assistance to rural energy sector stakeholders, monitoring and evaluation.
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Today more than half of China's population relies on solid fuels (biomass and coal) for cooking and heating. Each year, household air pollution linked to solid fuel combustion accounts for more than a million premature deaths in China.
... See More + Many residents, mainly in rural areas, are likely to continue using solid fuels in the near future. Scaled-up access to clean-burning, fuel-efficient stoves can mitigate the health risks to households. It is also consistent with China's strategy to promote energy conservation, emissions reduction, and green energy in villages. There is an opportunity to build on earlier efforts to accelerate household access to clean cooking and heating. In the 1980s and 1990s, China had the world's most successful national stoves program, but recent policies and programs have tended to be fragmented. An integrated strategy is provided for strengthening institutional capacity and building an enabling environment, developing a thriving market and household demand, and adopting a results-based financing approach.
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Today more than half of China's population relies on solid fuels (biomass and coal) for cooking and heating. Each year, household air pollution linked to solid fuel combustion accounts for more than a million premature deaths in China.
... See More + Many residents, mainly in rural areas, are likely to continue using solid fuels in the near future. Scaled-up access to clean-burning, fuel-efficient stoves can mitigate the health risks to households. It is also consistent with China's strategy to promote energy conservation, emissions reduction, and green energy in villages. There is an opportunity to build on earlier efforts to accelerate household access to clean cooking and heating. In the 1980s and 1990s, China had the world's most successful national stoves program, but recent policies and programs have tended to be fragmented. An integrated strategy is provided for strengthening institutional capacity and building an enabling environment, developing a thriving market and household demand, and adopting a results-based financing approach.
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This study provides an overview of current and future bioenergy developments, describes the impacts related to poverty and the environment, assesses the opportunities and challenges, and outlines how future World Bank activities related to bioenergy may be linked to poverty alleviation and environmental protection.
... See More + This study examines both solid biomass and liquid biofuels, identifying opportunities and challenges at the regional and country levels. The development of bioenergy presents both opportunities and challenges for economic development and the environment. It is likely to have significant impacts on the forest sector, directly, through the use of wood for energy production, and indirectly, as a result of changes in land use. The impact of bioenergy on poverty alleviation in developing countries will depend on the opportunities for agricultural development, including income and employment generation, the potential to increase poor peoples' access to improved types of bioenergy; and the effects on energy and food prices. Five main messages emerge from this report: solid biomass will continue to be a principal source of energy; developments in bioenergy will have major implications for land use; tradeoffs, including those related to poverty, equity, and the environment, must be evaluated when choosing a bioenergy system; there is considerable potential for making greater use of forestry and timber waste as a bioenergy feedstock; and the climate benefits of bioenergy development are uncertain and highly location and feedstock specific.
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The objective of the Increased Access to Modern Energy Project is to improve reliability and efficiency of, and access to, modern energy services in Benin.
... See More + The changes to the project are, as follows: (i) canceling activities that have not advanced and are impossible to implement before the credit closing date and canceling the corresponding financing amounting to (in SDR) the equivalent of US$ 15.5 million; (ii) modifying the components by adding activities that reflect new government priorities; (iii) reallocating credit proceeds in accordance with the revised project description and corresponding procurement plan; (iv) amending the results framework to reflect revised indicators and targets that correspond to the new activities; (v) simplifying and strengthening the implementation arrangements by reducing the number of implementation agencies from four (4) to two (2); and (vi) extending the credit closing date by one year from June 30, 2015 to June 30, 2016 to allow for the completion of activities.
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