The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the economic case for action, a joint study of the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), seeks to estimate the costs of premature deaths related to air pollution, to strengthen the case for action and facilitate decision making in the context of scarce resources.
... See More + An estimated 5.5 million lives were lost in 2013 to diseases associated with outdoor and household air pollution, causing human suffering and reducing economic development. Those deaths cost the global economy about US$225 billion in lost labor income in 2013 and more than US$5 trillion in welfare losses, pointing toward the economic burden of air pollution.
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The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the economic case for action, a joint study of the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), seeks to estimate the costs of premature deaths related to air pollution, to strengthen the case for action and facilitate decision making in the context of scarce resources.
... See More + An estimated 5.5 million lives were lost in 2013 to diseases associated with outdoor and household air pollution, causing human suffering and reducing economic development. Those deaths cost the global economy about US$225 billion in lost labor income in 2013 and more than US$5 trillion in welfare losses, pointing toward the economic burden of air pollution.
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The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the economic case for action, a joint study of the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), seeks to estimate the costs of premature deaths related to air pollution, to strengthen the case for action and facilitate decision making in the context of scarce resources.
... See More + An estimated 5.5 million lives were lost in 2013 to diseases associated with outdoor and household air pollution, causing human suffering and reducing economic development. Those deaths cost the global economy about US$225 billion in lost labor income in 2013 and more than US$5 trillion in welfare losses, pointing toward the economic burden of air pollution.
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The development objectives of the Lake Qaraoun Pollution Prevention Project for Lebanon are to reduce the quantity of untreated municipal sewage discharged into the Litani River and to improve pollution management around Qaraoun Lake.
... See More + This project has three components. 1) The first component, Improvement of municipal sewage collection, will finance activities that increase sewerage collection in areas where wastewater treatment plants have been constructed (or planned to be constructed), to maximize the use of these investments. It has four subcomponents as follows: (i) Expansion of sewage network to connect to the Zahlé Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP); (ii) Expansion of sewage network to connect to the Anjar WWTP; (iii) Expansion of sewage network to connect to Aitanit and other WWTP; and (iv) Design, supervision, environment and social consultancy services. 2) The second component, Promotion of Good Agricultural Practices, will promote the use of sustainable production systems among farmers in the upper Litani basin, by introducing Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), including reduced fertilizer application and selected Integrated Pest Management (IPM) measures - for example, reduced pesticides application. 3) The third component, Solid Waste, Water Quality Monitoring, Capacity Building, and Project Management, will improve pollution management around Qaraoun Lake through technical assistance. It has five subcomponents as follows: (i) Technical studies in solid waste management; (ii) Improvement in Water Quality Modeling - Litani River Authority (LRA); (iii) Capacity building of the Beqaa Water Establishment (BWE); (iv) Capacity building of the Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW); and (v) Project management.
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The development objective of the Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Improvement Project for Uganda is to improve utilization of essential health services with a focus on reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health services in target districts; and scale up birth and death registration services.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts are included : i) Occupational health safety (OHS) Risks for Contractors; ii) Injury to patients or healthcare staff by construction activities; iii) Traffic accidents; iv) Temporary disruption of healthcare services; v) Social misdemeanour by construction workers ; vi)Social impact of material transport. vii) Temporary scenic blight, Non compensation of PAPs; viii) air quality deterioration due to dust; ix) Improper management of construction waste and debris x) Improper management of construction site and surrounding environment, e.g. loss of vegetation cover, poor sanitation practices; xi) Community health risk due to improper waste management; xii) Occupational health and safety risks; xiii) Misuse or inability to use installed healthcare equipment; xiv) Lack of sustainability; xv) Air pollution from onsite medical waste incinerators. Some of the mitigation included : i) Contractors should provide all workers with requisite protective gear; ii) Contractor should provide onsite toilet and washing water for workers; iii) The water storage tank should be covered and properly managed to minimise mosquitoes breeding; iv) Contractors should cordon off areas under construction and regulate access to active sites by non-construction personnel at all times; v) Ensure good housekeeping and clean operations always immediately removing rubble strewn outside construction areas, and ensuring proper site layout in materials storage including designating escape routes and fire assembly point; vi) Avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce the risk of accidents vii) Position traffic guides at children crossings to control driver speeds; viii) Employ safe traffic control measures, including road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions and children crossings; ix) Advance relocation information should be shared with the affected patients for their planning mental preparedness; x) All construction workers should be orientated and sensitized about responsible sexual behavior in project communities.
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The development objective of the Shaanxi Poor Rural Areas Community Development Project for China is to increase the per capita income and improve the living standard of farmers, especially the poor rural population, by supporting the development of project rural community industry ; to improve the basic public service of rural community and make mass farmers widely enjoy necessary basic public services by supporting the construction and development of public infrastructure of project community; to explore the new methods and new ways of constructing new rural communities in poor areas by supporting the development of agricultural economical cooperative organization of project community of poor counties; to realize the sustainable development of project community construction by strengthening the capacity building of poor areas and poor population.
... See More + Some mitigation measures are included : The road conditions and pavement situations are improved, which increase the safety and reduce the impact of noise and dust, and then improve the convenience of residents’ production and life; Tower, drill and other equipment’s and the mud pools will occupy the farmland and the process of digging well and drilling holes will produce mechanical noise; The leakage of the mud water and the water gushing of the piles and the water gushing will impact the water quality of the specific river crossed by the bridge; A small amount of packaging, fruit and vegetable residue produced by the manual inspection and delivery of cargo from storage, a small amount of cleaning waste produced during the overhaul of the refrigeration units; The impact of the malodorous gases generated in the process of stockpiling of the medium, on the environmental air; The washing waste water generated during the process of washing the stainless steel containers, mixers, filling machines, heating kettles etc. The waste water of cleaning persimmon; Impact of agricultural films and other solid waste on the soil and agricultural production; The malodorous gas pollution generated in the piggery, dry septic tanks and biogas slurry storage digesters; The impact of malodorous and harmful gas that generated in the process of biogas fermentation; During the process of biological composting, due to the drawback in the aspects of anti-seepage and anti-rainwater, it would affect the environment of surface water and groundwater; During the process of transportation and collection of garbage, the garbage might be scattered and cause the impact on the surrounding environment.
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The development objective of the Rapid Results Health Project for South Sudan is to improve decision making and to ensure that the health service activities planned under the project are environmentally sound and sustainable.
... See More + Some negative impacts and mitigation measures includes : Requirements for mainstreaming of Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) appoint county and state personnel,Weak capacity for environmental and social management at the state and county level stimulate operations of Payam and county (Health committees and Public health Officers), Opportunity to contribute to positive impact on natural resources management assign sufficient budget for support to programme activities, Mainstreaming WB safeguard policies in operation areas provide sufficient training and support to county officials to understand and apply WB safeguard policies,Cumulative impacts on some environmental resources carry out assessments of cumulative impacts on ground water, surface water resources, pastoral resources and biodiversity, sensitize health committees on issue of cumulative impacts. Optimum integration of technical advice with a demand-driven ,participatory approach sensitize communities to the range of technical advice available and their responsibility to choose which technical advice they require, Issues on relevant environmental laws to the communities provide information on relevant environmental laws to health committees and local communities.
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The revised development objective of Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management Project in India, is to strengthen the capacity of selected state pollution control agencies in the remediation of polluted sites and to support development of a framework to establish a national program for the remediation of polluted sites.
... See More + This restructuring extends the closing date of the project from September 30, 2015 to September 15, 2017 . The component costs are being revised as a result of the cancellation of approximately 10 million US dollars from the International Development Association (IDA) Credit account in December 2013 and of the proposed cancellation of 10.50 US million dollars from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Loan account through current restructuring.
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The objective of the Additional Financing for the Community and Social Development Project for Nigeria is to increase access by the poor to improved social and natural resources infrastructure services in a sustainable manner throughout Nigeria.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts include:(i) water logging and run-off may result from water wastage by children playing with the pump; (ii)waste water around the facility may become stagnant and a breeding factor for mosquitoes thereby increasing the incidences of malaria fever;(iii) the use of the hand pump by the community members on daily basis will be accompanied by generation and poor handling of solid waste; (iv) impatience at the borehole queue by community members may result to annoyance and fighting; there may be vandalizing of the installation; and (v) there may be poor water quality (salinity, PH and odour) as a result of non-compliance to drilling specification by the contractor. Some of the mitigation measures include: (a) develop detailed specific mitigation measures with relevant costs implication that will need to be achieved during and after sub-project implementation; (b) specify responsibilities and institutional arrangement that will be put in place to ensure that the mitigation measures are implemented; (c) providing detailed design criteria for specific mitigation measures to be implemented; (d) tracking to ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures at meeting the discharge standards; (e) integrating environment fully into the various activities of the proposed project and ensuring inclusion of environmental requirements into tender documents, continuing management and evaluation of the environmental performance of the project; and (f) provide implementation and monitoring schedule.
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This paper examines the effect of air pollution on labor supply in Lima, Peru. It focuses on fine particulate matter (PM2.5), an important pollutant for health according to the medical literature, and shows that moderate levels of pollution reduce hours worked for working adults.
... See More + The research design takes advantage of rich household panel data in labor outcomes to address omitted variables and allows investigation of whether the response to air pollution is non-linear. The analysis finds that the effect of moderate pollution levels on hours worked is concentrated among households with susceptible dependents, that is small children and elderly adults, while the highest concentrations affect all households. This suggests that caregiving is likely a mechanism linking air pollution to labor supply at moderate levels. Further evidence of this mechanism is provided using DHS data on children morbidity for the same time period. Finally, no evidence is found of intra-household attenuation behavior. For instance, there is no re-allocation of labor across household members, and earnings decrease with air pollution.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS7658 APR 28, 2016
Aragon,Fernando M.; Miranda Montero,Juan Jose; Oliva,PaulinaDisclosed
The objective of the Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care Project for Kenya is to improve the delivery and use of quality essential health care services in the targeted counties with a focus on reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (RMNCAH) services.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: small quantities of chemical or pharmaceutical waste may be collected together with infectious waste. Large quantities of obsolete or expired pharmaceuticals from hospital wards or stores should be well packaged and returned to pharmacy to await verification and later disposal; waste with high content of heavy metals (cadmium or mercury) should be collected separately and not incinerated or burned; aerosol containers may be collected with general health care waste once they are completely empty, provided that they are not destined for incineration; and clinical staff and waste operators should ensure that waste bags are tightly closed when they are about three quarters full. Waste should not be allowed to accumulate at the point of production. A routine program for their col-lection should be established as part of the health care waste management plan.
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The development objective of the Regional Disease Surveillance System Enhancement Project for Africa is to strengthen national and regional cross-sectoral capacity for collaborative disease surveillance and epidemic preparedness in West Africa.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) in urban areas, unregulated practices by both public, private hospitals and private waste collectors has resulted in dumping of medical waste (infectious and sharps) at municipal dump sites; (2) variations in the composition of waste raises serious issues at the local level which require different approaches with respect to necessary medical waste management procedures to be applied in order to achieve sustainability; (3) the disposal practise for sharps and used medical supplies are incinerated, disposed in pits or in the open, collected by specialized firms, mixed with general waste with the risk of infections at community level, exposure of garbage workers to infection; (4) responsibilities for waste management are not well defined in most Health Care Facilities (HCFs) except in tertiary and secondary HCFs; (6) general public, including children playing with hazardous items that they find in the waste outside the HCF when it is made accessible through improper Health Care Waste Management (HCWM); (7) the dumping of HCW in uncontrolled areas can have a direct environmental effect by contaminating soils and underground waters; and (8) improper burning or incineration of HCW, air can also be polluted causing illnesses to the nearby populations.
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The development objective of the Regional Disease Surveillance System Enhancement Project for Africa is to strengthen national and regional cross-sectoral capacity for collaborative disease surveillance and epidemic preparedness in West Africa.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) in urban areas, unregulated practices by both public, private hospitals and private waste collectors has resulted in dumping of medical waste (infectious and sharps) at municipal dump sites; (2) variations in the composition of waste raises serious issues at the local level which require different approaches with respect to necessary medical waste management procedures to be applied in order to achieve sustainability; (3) the disposal practise for sharps and used medical supplies are incinerated, disposed in pits or in the open, collected by specialized firms, mixed with general waste with the risk of infections at community level, exposure of garbage workers to infection; (4) responsibilities for waste management are not well defined in most Health Care Facilities (HCFs) except in tertiary and secondary HCFs; (6) general public, including children playing with hazardous items that they find in the waste outside the HCF when it is made accessible through improper Health Care Waste Management (HCWM); (7) the dumping of HCW in uncontrolled areas can have a direct environmental effect by contaminating soils and underground waters; and (8) improper burning or incineration of HCW, air can also be polluted causing illnesses to the nearby populations.
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The development objective of the Regional Disease Surveillance System Enhancement Project for Africa is to strengthen national and regional cross-sectoral capacity for collaborative disease surveillance and epidemic preparedness in West Africa.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) in urban areas, unregulated practices by both public, private hospitals and private waste collectors has resulted in dumping of medical waste (infectious and sharps) at municipal dump sites; (2) variations in the composition of waste raises serious issues at the local level which require different approaches with respect to necessary medical waste management procedures to be applied in order to achieve sustainability; (3) the disposal practise for sharps and used medical supplies are incinerated, disposed in pits or in the open, collected by specialized firms, mixed with general waste with the risk of infections at community level, exposure of garbage workers to infection; (4) responsibilities for waste management are not well defined in most Health Care Facilities (HCFs) except in tertiary and secondary HCFs; (6) general public, including children playing with hazardous items that they find in the waste outside the HCF when it is made accessible through improper Health Care Waste Management (HCWM); (7) the dumping of HCW in uncontrolled areas can have a direct environmental effect by contaminating soils and underground waters; and (8) improper burning or incineration of HCW, air can also be polluted causing illnesses to the nearby populations.
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The Southern Africa Tuberculosis and Health Systems Support Project seeks to help ease the TB burden in the Southern Africa region by achieving the following overarching goals: (i) increase utilization of key TB control and occupational lung diseases services in targeted geographic areas of the four participating countries (Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia) and (ii) strengthen the sub-region’s capacity to address such conditions.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: maintain construction machinery regularly as recommended by dealers; workers must be provided with breathing masks to protect them from air pollution from paint smells, dust and particulates from refurbishment activities; construction and rehabilitation works must be carried out during the official government working hours; use machines that do not make a lot of noise; vehicles, plant and machinery must be regularly maintained as recommended by dealers; and provide appropriate containers across the works areas for waste disposal and easy collection to disposal site.
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The overarching goal of the Southern Africa Tuberculosis and Health Systems Support Project for Africa is to: (i) increase utilization of key TB control and occupational lung diseases services in Malawi and (ii) strengthen Malawi’s capacity to address such conditions.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: segregate wastes at the point of generation to enable appropriate and safe handling; waste should not be stored more than 24 hours before being destroyed; waste bins with puncture resistant containers inside (or thick plastic bags) must be placed inside the facilities and close to the patient; Ensure there is total incineration of wastes; install advanced incinerators which can reach high temperatures for long periods; sharps and metallic wastes must be incinerated; all infectious waste must be appropriately disinfected before disposal; and observe safe burial practices (i.e. no keeping of remains in the homes, contact with dead person, no washing of the remains, wearing protective clothes during burial).
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The overarching goal of the Southern Africa Tuberculosis and Health Systems Support Project for Africa is to: (i) increase utilization of key TB control and occupational lung diseases services in Malawi and (ii) strengthen Malawi’s capacity to address such conditions.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: segregate wastes at the point of generation to enable appropriate and safe handling; waste should not be stored more than 24 hours before being destroyed; waste bins with puncture resistant containers inside (or thick plastic bags) must be placed inside the facilities and close to the patient; Ensure there is total incineration of wastes; install advanced incinerators which can reach high temperatures for long periods; sharps and metallic wastes must be incinerated; all infectious waste must be appropriately disinfected before disposal; and observe safe burial practices (i.e. no keeping of remains in the homes, contact with dead person, no washing of the remains, wearing protective clothes during burial).
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