The development objective of the Emergency Natural Disaster Reconstruction Project for Vietnam is to reconstruct and rehabilitate infrastructure assets in disaster-affectedproject provinces (85 percent) and strengthen the capacity of the Government to effectivelyrespond to future disaster events (15 percent).
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures are includes : (i) requirements of land acquisition for construction works, which is inevitable, and or temporary disruptions of local people livelihood during construction time; (ii) During theconstruction time, there will be temporary impacts on people's agricultural productionas well as the potential impacts on the natural fishing of people in La tinh river area(Binh Dinh sub-project), bamboo harvesting (Ninh Thuan sub-project); (iii) rehabilitation of roadand/or road sections might limit or prevent local people from transpotation, which require through traffic to take different routes or reducing the number of lanes that can be used; (iv) involveroad rehabilitation, and or upgrading irrigation and flood control, households who living along or nearby proposed project road or do agricultural production at the project targeted areas may be potentially affected during the construction operation; (v) the contractor should work closely with local government to ensure the construction of the camps for workers and take into account factors that prevent / reduce the risk of negative impact on the daily lives and activities of ethnic minority people.
See Less -
Ratings for the Disaster Risk Management and Development Policy Loan project were as follows: outcome was satisfactory, risk to development outcome was moderate, Bank performance was satisfactory, and Borrower performance was satisfactory.
... See More + Lessons gleamed from the review are: (i) The CAT DDO proved to be a useful instrument in the Philippines for achieving the dual objectives of supporting fundamental DRM reforms and providing quick-release financing for disaster recovery and reconstruction. (ii) As with all policy reforms, in-depth analytical work and well-targeted technical assistance were critical for achieving results. (iii) In the context of this operation, there were multiple confusions over the purposes of a CAT DDO and the use of the loan proceeds, which call for further clarification in World Bank documents and better communication.
See Less -
Project Performance Assessment Report 114746 JUN 27, 2017
The development objective of South East Asia Disaster Risk Management Project for Lao People's Democratic Republic is to help reduce the risk of flooding and enhance disaster risk financing capacity within the Southeast Asia region.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: ( i) in case of productive land, for marginal loss of 10 percent of land, cash compensation at replacement cost which is equivalent to the current market value of land within the village, of similar type, category and productive capacity, free from transaction costs (taxes, administration fees), or Replacement land of similar type, category and productive capacity of land within or nearby the village, with land title; (ii ) with remaining land sufficient to rebuild houses or structures: (a) cash compensation at replacement cost which is equivalent to the current market value of land of similar type and category, and free from transaction costs (taxes, administration fees) and (b) district government to improve remaining residential land at no cost to Project Affected People/ Project Affected Households (PAP/PAH) (e.g., filling and leveling) so PAP/PAH can move back onto a plot; (iii) in case of Fishpond owner, if the currently held fish stocks will not be harvested before the project takes possession of the fishpond, then cash compensation for the projected mature value of fish stock held at the time of compensation; (iv) if standing annual crops are ripening and cannot be harvested, cash compensation at replacement cost equivalent to the highest production of crop over the last three years multiplied by the current market value of crops for the owners of crops and trees whether or not land is owned; (v) compensation at replacement cost for present or existing structures based on its present value to villagers or village households; (vi) cash compensation for Electricity Companies for the cost to dismantle, transfer and rebuild; (vii) for businesses (shops) cash compensation equivalent to the daily wage rate multiplied by the number of days of business disruption; and (viii) relocating PAP/PAH without any impact on business or source of incomes will be provided with cash or in-kind assistance equivalent to 16 kilograms of rice at current market value for three months per household member.
See Less -
Guatemala, one of the largest economies in Central America, made significant progress in achieving macroeconomic and democratic stability after a 36-year civil war.
... See More + Prudent macroeconomic management enabled an annual average growth of 4.2 percent between 2004 and 2007. However, the global economic crisis of 2008-2009 had a significant impact on the country. Remittances - a key driver of Guatemala's economy, dropped by 9.5 percent in 2009. Exports to the US, its main trade partner, also fell. Guatemala is also challenged by significant exposure to natural disasters. Between 1902 and 2005, the country experienced 62 natural disasters, which affected approximately six million people. Since 1969, Guatemala has been building institutions in order to better respond to events affecting its macroeconomic stability. Since 2005, the country has taken significant steps to move from a reactive to a proactive approach to addressing disaster risk by investing in risk mitigation measures.
See Less -
Costa Rica is a small, middle-income country with substantial exposure to natural disasters, including earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions.
... See More + According to a World Bank funded natural disaster study, Costa Rica ranks number two in the world among countries most exposed to multiple hazards, with 80 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product, or GDP and 78 percent of Costa Rica's population in high-risk areas. Costa Rica has built an efficient disaster response system and established an effective system of building codes, environmental standards, and land use planning to mitigate the impact of natural disasters. It has also made substantial progress in strengthening its institutional and legal framework and mainstreaming catastrophe risk management in its national development program.
See Less -
Every year on average, natural disasters cause damages worth an estimated US$284 million in the Pacific Island Countries (PICs). Over any 50 year period, there is a 50 percent chance that the region will suffer losses in excess of US$1.3 billion, or 8 percent of the regional GDP.
... See More + In the aftermath of a natural disaster, governments need cash immediately to start recovery efforts while maintaining essential public services. Traditionally, Pacific Island countries have relied on donor assistance to meet such needs. The disbursement of donor assistance, though, is more suitable for medium-term reconstruction rather than immediate liquidity. Governments of these countries often face serious liquidity shortages after a disaster, which has reduced their capacity to respond quickly to emergencies. Working together since 2007, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, the Government of Japan, the Asian Development Bank, the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, and the World Bank are helping the Pacific Island countries increase financial resilience to natural and climate-related disasters through the Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative (PCRAFI) and the Pacific Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance Program (PDRFI). A key component of the program is a catastrophe risk insurance pilot operation that is designed to cover a portion of each participating country's fiscal exposure. This is the first-ever capital markets insurance transaction covering tsunamis. The pilot has also helped build capacity in the countries to eventually enter into financial contracts for catastrophe risk transfer on their own.
See Less -
Mexico is vulnerable to a number of natural hazards, including hurricanes, large earthquakes, floods, and volcanic eruptions. In 1985, two earthquakes of magnitudes 8.0 and 7.5, respectively, killed more than 10,000 people and destroyed 100,000 housing units in the country.
... See More + When such natural disasters occurred, the government had to shift budgetary resources away from planned public infrastructure expenses into reconstruction efforts. To avoid this problem, in 1996 the government created a fund for natural disasters, FONDEN, to which it transfers budgetary funds for disaster relief and reconstruction efforts. In addition, Mexico developed an institutional framework for disaster preparedness involving risk assessment, risk reduction, the promotion of a culture of prevention, and insurance. With these initiatives, Mexico moved from an ex-post response to natural disasters to an ex-ante preparedness approach.
See Less -
Ratings for the Seismic Risk Mitigation Project for Turkey were as follows: outcomes were highly satisfactory, the risk to development outcome was low or negligible, the Bank performance was satisfactory, and the Borrower performance was highly satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: risk reduction investments, whose outcomes (minimization of losses and fatalities) will become visible only in the event of a major disaster, require a long-term policy dialogue with public authorities facing competing demands on resources. Inclusion of functional upgrades (to modern service provision standards) makes disaster risk reduction investments for public facilities and assets more effective and sustainable. Early involvement of project beneficiaries and multiple stakeholders in the planning and execution of the retrofitting/reconstruction was crucial to successful project implementation. Integrating well-designed public awareness and disaster preparedness programs with physical investments builds buy-in for risk reduction, the benefits of which may only be demonstrated in the event of a disaster. For contract-intensive lending operations with long implementation periods, financial risk management measures are crucial to deliver project outcomes. Financial risk management was based on scenario-based cash-flows and disbursement projections that accounted for factors such as fluctuations in exchange rate and delays in execution of contracts. This type of modeling allowed for an efficient use of project funds and timely implementation of a large and complex program of geographically dispersed physical works.
See Less -
Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR3698 JUN 25, 2016
Climate change has considerably increased the likelihood of experiencing extreme weather events. Governments in developing countries have a limited capacity to smooth the losses created by extreme weather, and could potentially benefit from the introduction of disaster funds, that is, ex-ante budgeting allocations for post-disaster reconstruction.
... See More + So far the implementation of disaster funds has been limited, in part because it is still unclear whether disaster funds provide a cost-effective way of coping with these losses. By taking advantage of the sharp rules that govern the municipal-level eligibility for reconstruction funds in Mexico, this paper provides some of the first estimates of the impact of disaster funds on local economic activity. The main finding is that access to disaster funding boosts local economic activity between 2 and 4 percent in the year following the disaster. Another finding is that the positive impact of disaster funds on local economic recovery can persist for as long as a year and a half after the disaster. Consistent with these findings, we additionally show that access to disaster funding leads to a large and sustained 76 percent increase in the growth of local construction employment. This labor market impact slightly precedes the overall increase in local economic activity.
See Less -
Policy Research Working Paper WPS7714 JUN 21, 2016
De Janvry,Alain F.; del Valle,Alejandro; Sadoulet,Elisabeth Marie L.Disclosed
Those at risk from natural disasters are typically under-protected, possibly because they expect benefactors such as governments and donors to come to their aid.
... See More + Yet when relief comes, it is often insufficient, delayed or misallocated. Benefactors may wish to commit to provide an efficient amount of fast well-targeted relief, and leave the rest up to recipients, but such commitments are difficult. This article analyses how transferring risk to third-parties such as private insurers may help resolve these commitment problems. Using a simple model of disaster risk finance is used to identify three distinct commitment problems and then show how various properties of risk transfer schemes can help to resolve these problems. The paper illustrates how these commitment problems play out using examples from around the world, and demonstrates where risk transfer schemes seem to have helped in practice. Overall, the findings show that the benefits of such schemes depend on the relative severity of the different commitment problems.
See Less -
Policy Research Working Paper WPS7720 JUN 21, 2016
In the past decades, natural disasters have caused substantial human and economic losses in Central America, with strong adverse impacts on gross domestic product per capita, income, and poverty reduction.
... See More + This study provides a regional perspective on the impact of hurricane windstorms on socioeconomic measures in the short term. Apart from modeling the socioeconomic impact at the macro and micro levels, the study incorporates and juxtaposes data from a hurricane windstorm model categorizing three hurricane damage indexes, which lends a higher level of detail, nuance, and therefore accuracy and comprehensiveness to the study. One standard deviation in the intensity of a hurricane windstorm leads to a decrease in growth of total per capita gross domestic product of between 0.9 and 1.6 percent, and a decrease in total income and labor income by 3 percent, which in turn increases moderate and extreme poverty by 1.5 percentage points. These results demonstrate the causal relationship between hurricane windstorm impacts and poverty in Central America, producing regional evidence that could improve targeting of disaster risk management policies toward those most impacted and thus whose needs are greatest.
See Less -
Policy Research Working Paper WPS7692 JUN 01, 2016
Ishizawa Escudero,Oscar Anil; Miranda Montero,Juan JoseDisclosed
The development objective for the Sindh Resilience Project for Pakistan is to mitigate flood and drought risks in selected areas and to strengthen Sindh's capacity to manage natural disasters.
... See More + It has comprises three components. The first component, strengthening disaster and climate risk management will primarily focus on key disaster management institutions in terms of strengthening operational systems and capacities at the provincial and district levels. In addition, the component will support other departments at the Government of Sindh – through the Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) Sindh to develop greater fiscal resilience through strengthening financial capacity and risk financing mechanisms, and mainstream disaster risk reduction in development planning and budgeting processes. It has four sub- components. (i) improving risk identification and Using risk information for development decision-making, (ii) strengthening disaster risk management agencies, (iii) enhancing fiscal resilience, and (iv) project implementation support to PDMA Sindh. The second component, improving infrastructure and systems for resilience will primarily support restoration and improvement of embankments at high risk sites along the Indus for protection against riverine floods as well as construction of small rainwater-fed recharge dams in drought prone regions in Sindh. In addition the component will assist the Sindh irrigation department towards implementing project interventions and increasing operational efficiency. It has four sub-components. (i) flood protection works, (ii) construction of small recharge dams to address drought and flash flooding risks, (iii) technical assistance to Sindh irrigation department and (iv) project implementation support to Sindh irrigation department. The third component, contingent emergency response will allow the government to request to reallocate financing from other project components to partially covers emergency response and recovery costs. This component can also be used to channel additional funds should they become available for such an emergency.
See Less -
This paper presents a model to assess the socioeconomic resilience to natural disasters of an economy, defined as its capacity to mitigate the impact of disaster-related asset losses on welfare, and a tool to help decision makers identify the most promising policy options to reduce welfare losses due to floods.
... See More + Calibrated with household surveys, the model suggests that welfare losses from the July 2005 floods in Mumbai were almost double the asset losses, because losses were concentrated on poor and vulnerable populations. Applied to river floods in 90 countries, the model provides estimates of country-level socioeconomic resilience. Because floods disproportionally affect poor people, each $1 of global flood asset loss is equivalent to a $1.6 reduction in the affected country's national income, on average. The model also assesses and ranks policy levers to reduce flood losses in each country. It shows that considering asset losses is insufficient to assess disaster risk management policies. The same reduction in asset losses results in different welfare gains depending on who benefits. And some policies, such as adaptive social protection, do not reduce asset losses, but still reduce welfare losses. Asset and welfare losses can even move in opposite directions: increasing by one percentage point the share of income of the bottom 20 percent in the 90 countries would increase asset losses by 0.6 percent, since more wealth would be at risk. But it would also reduce the impact of income losses on wellbeing, and ultimately reduce welfare losses by 3.4 percent.
See Less -
Policy Research Working Paper WPS7663 MAY 09, 2016
Since 2013 The World Bank Group has partnered with the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery and the U.K. Department for International Development to address some of these gaps in evidence and methodologies.
... See More + The Disaster Risk Finance Impact Analytics Project has made significant contributions to the understanding of how to monitor and evaluate existing or potential investments in disaster risk finance from a development perspective, and to the evidence base for where such investments have development impact.This note summarizes the findings of this project, presenting the key messages of a book, a technical report, and 14 research papers, categorized into four themes.
See Less -
As a country highly vulnerable to disasters, Indonesia has made a remarkable achievement in bringing disaster risk management to the forefront of its development agenda.
... See More + The Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia Program is the World Bank engagement with the Government of Indonesia supported by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The program, which started in 2009, has the rare opportunity to complement the full cycle of National Mid Term Development Plan for 2009-2014, which also coincides with the conclusion of the Hyogo Framework for Action. This report summarizes the works undertaken under the program providing information about the context in which he Government is building its Disaster Risk Management institutions and capacities, and highlighting the key activities of the program in leveraging the Government’s efforts. The activities were organized following the five-pillar structure of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) adopted by the GFDRR. The report aims to capture the experiences and lessons in making DRM becomes everybody’s business, and to confirm that such a mainstreaming approach is possible, even in the context of a highly vulnerable, geographically diverse, and socially complex country like Indonesia.
See Less -
This is a statement by Rt. Hon. Helen Clark, Administrator of the United Nations Development Program and Chair of the United Nations Development Group at the 93rd meeting of the Development Committee held on April 16, 2016.
... See More + The 70th anniversary year of the United Nations in 2015 was a watershed year for development. United Nations Member States reached four major agreements: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030; the Addis Ababa Action Agenda at the Third International Conference on Financing for Development; and the new global climate change agreement at COP21 in Paris. The challenges of fragility and conflict are becoming increasingly complex and often spill over to neighboring countries and beyond. Around 1.4 billion people now live in fragile contexts and that number is projected to grow to 1.9 billion by 2030. Fragile environments can become fertile breeding grounds for the trafficking of people, weapons, and drugs, and/or violent extremism.
See Less -
