Ratings for the Avian and Human Influenza Preparedness and Response Project for Uganda were as follows: outcomes were moderately satisfactory, the risk to global environment outcome was moderate, the Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and the Borrower performance was also moderately satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: for civil works contracts under execution, it is important for the Borrower's contract managers to supervise the contractor regularly (such as weekly) to establish the capacity/readiness of the contractor. The frequency of visits can be increased or reduced depending upon the contractor's strengths or other measures taken for noted poor performance. Adequately engaging key parliamentarians about the project's broad scope and the varied and persistent nature of the threats addressed under the project could have potentially facilitated an expedited and favorable consideration of the project in Parliament. It is particularly important that relevant parliamentary sectoral committees be closely associated with the project preparation process. With the growing and persistent threat from zoonotic diseases, a culture and effective modi operandi of collaboration between the ministries in charge of health and livestock are critical in ensuring adequate monitoring of, and rapid response to major zoonotic disease outbreaks.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR3144 JUN 30, 2014
Ratings for the Prevention and Management of Influenza Type Illness and Strengthening of Argentina's Epidemiological System Project for Argentina were as follows: outcome was satisfactory, risk to development outcome or global environment outcome was moderate, Bank performance was satisfactory, Borrower (of guaranteed loan) and implementing party performance was satisfactory, and Government performance was satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: Argentina's adoption of a high-risk targeted vaccination strategy against A-H1N1 influenza was effective in containing the epidemic. A comprehensive (human and animal) pandemic preparedness plan will benefit from moving from a response approach using emergency instruments to one that favors preventive risk reduction and risk management through regular country program and operations. High-risk groups can only be reached through an intense communication effort. Despite a short preparation period, it is important to avoid having tunnel vision and think broadly when designing emergency loans. The execution of projects within existing technical and administrative structures has significant positive externalities. A result-based financing (RBF) model is a valuable strategy to influence subnational government policies in federal systems. The World Bank should re-evaluate the objective of the emergency recovery loan instrument and its consistency with other fiduciary policies.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report 89199 JUN 25, 2014
The development objective of the Guizhou Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation Project for China is to develop and implement models for agricultural sector restructuring and modernization, improved organizational arrangements, and strengthened public service delivery in Guizhou's poverty stricken areas which increase rural income in an equitable and socially acceptable way.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: To properly settle down the problems caused by the project on the society, economy and environment and make sure the environment within the project area can meet the functional requirements of the environment; to control soil erosion due to the destruction of vegetation and soil excessive use of resources, and agricultural chemical pollution, maintain the integrity of the ecosystem, ecological balance and diversity as well as protect the rare and endangered species and ancient woods with great value; to control the emissions of noise, waste water and solid waste during the construction and operation period, and protect the air, sound and water in the surrounding environment; to meet the planting and aquaculture planning of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and protect the farmland, woodland and grassland in the protected areas; to respect local customs in ethnic minority areas, and protect minority activities, nature reserves, drinking water source, scenic areas, heritage areas, world heritage sites and forest parks from destroy.
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The development objective of the Guizhou Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation Project for China is to develop and implement models for agricultural sector restructuring and modernization, improved organizational arrangements, and strengthened public service delivery in Guizhou's poverty stricken areas which increase rural income in an equitable and socially acceptable way.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: To properly settle down the problems caused by the project on the society, economy and environment and make sure the environment within the project area can meet the functional requirements of the environment; to control soil erosion due to the destruction of vegetation and soil excessive use of resources, and agricultural chemical pollution, maintain the integrity of the ecosystem, ecological balance and diversity as well as protect the rare and endangered species and ancient woods with great value; to control the emissions of noise, waste water and solid waste during the construction and operation period, and protect the air, sound and water in the surrounding environment; to meet the planting and aquaculture planning of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and protect the farmland, woodland and grassland in the protected areas; to respect local customs in ethnic minority areas, and protect minority activities, nature reserves, drinking water source, scenic areas, heritage areas, world heritage sites and forest parks from destroy.
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The development objective of the Guizhou Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation Project for China is to develop and implement models for agricultural sector restructuring and modernization, improved organizational arrangements, and strengthened public service delivery in Guizhou's poverty stricken areas which increase rural income in an equitable and socially acceptable way.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: To properly settle down the problems caused by the project on the society, economy and environment and make sure the environment within the project area can meet the functional requirements of the environment; to control soil erosion due to the destruction of vegetation and soil excessive use of resources, and agricultural chemical pollution, maintain the integrity of the ecosystem, ecological balance and diversity as well as protect the rare and endangered species and ancient woods with great value; to control the emissions of noise, waste water and solid waste during the construction and operation period, and protect the air, sound and water in the surrounding environment; to meet the planting and aquaculture planning of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and protect the farmland, woodland and grassland in the protected areas; to respect local customs in ethnic minority areas, and protect minority activities, nature reserves, drinking water source, scenic areas, heritage areas, world heritage sites and forest parks from destroy.
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Disease risks to humans, animals, and plants are determined by interconnected environmental variables that affect incidence, transmission, and outbreak.
... See More + Climate change affects many of the environmental variables that lead to disease. Regardless of the species involved, the impacts can ultimately affect the health, livelihood, and economic security of humans. The objective of this World Bank economic and sector work is to build on scientific and operational knowledge of early action tools to help practitioners reduce the risks of key climate-sensitive infectious diseases by strengthening risk management systems for disease outbreaks. The report includes an assessment of known interventions such as the establishment of surveillance systems, the development of region and nation-specific disease outlooks, the creation of climate-sensitive disease risk maps, and the construction and implementation of early warning advisory systems. This research highlights the need for better understanding of the evolving interactions between the environment and emerging and reemerging disease pathogens. It also points to the inseparable interactions between animal health and human health, which climate change appears to be reinforcing and even diversifying. The assessment looks at investments that can lead to the development of these tools, working toward reducing global climate-sensitive disease risk. Because of the breadth of species affected by climate-sensitive disease, it has been helpful to select a model through which the specific impact of climate change and disease can be traced. In this instance, livestock has been chosen, given its significant global presence, economic importance, and susceptibility to disease outbreak. The livestock sector plays a vital role in the economies of many developing countries. Globally it accounts for 40 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP).
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Working Paper (Numbered Series) 84956 APR 01, 2014
The development objective of the Zoonoses Control Project for Nepal is to enhance the country capacity for the prevention and control of infectious diseases that transmit between animals and humans (zoonoses) under a one health approach.
... See More + This restructuring paper, therefore, creation of a new category 'Compensation' for reallocation of USD 886,000 from category 'Training' to the newly established category.
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The development objective of the Zoonoses Control Project for Nepal is to enhance the country capacity for the prevention and control of infectious diseases that transmit between animals and humans (zoonoses) under a one health approach.
... See More + This restructuring paper, therefore, creation of a new category 'Compensation' for reallocation of USD 886,000 from category 'Training' to the newly established category.
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Ratings for the Avian Influenza Preparedness and Response Project for Bangladesh were as follows: outcomes were moderately satisfactory, risk to development outcome was high, Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and Borrower performance was moderately satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: the project design and scope should have been simpler by better balancing technical content against the limited local implementation capacity and tailoring the design accordingly. Bank and Borrower implementation performance can be substantially improved by a simpler project design, earlier institution of better Monitoring and Evaluation (M and E) quality, better cognizance of matching project funds and activities to already ongoing donor activities, quicker government action to recruit partner organization, if necessary for project implementation, and speedy internalization of incremental budgets associated with upgraded avian flu containment activities. Care should be taken to explicitly include all relevant agencies as implementing partners. Inadequate poultry farm biosecurity is the paramount constraint in containing avian influenza in Bangladesh, which should have been recognized during project preparation. Public awareness messaging is expensive and should be shifted from sole government financing to Public-Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements with private sector business stakeholders, under which the costs of circulating messages is borne as part of the goodwill advertising by businesses (i.e., poultry feed and drug companies, breeder farms and hatcheries). Risk-based epidemiology capacity should be developed quickly, so that the costs of disease control strategies becomes focused on the least-cost analysis of high risk areas, thereby limiting human physical resource costs whilst making interventions more effective and sustainable. Speeding up procurement in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) emergency operations needs full readiness for implementation prior to negotiation, greater Borrower cooperation, and more intensive Project Coordinating Unit (PCU) training. Limit the "sticker shock" of incremental operating and maintenance costs from upgraded laboratory and surveillance systems by a gradual, proportional shift from project to government funding during the project's lifespan, leading to full government financing by end of project. Emergency operations must be implemented as avian flu is a rapidly spreading infection.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR2177 JUN 27, 2013
Ratings for the Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response Project under the Global Program for Avian Influenza (GPAI) for Romania were as follows: outcomes were unsatisfactory, risk to development outcome was significant, monitoring and evaluation was negligible, Bank performance was moderately unsatisfactory, and Borrower performance was moderately unsatisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: countries that have already effectively controlled avian influenza outbreaks in poultry many not need an emergency project, but rather long term capacity building. The real emergency issue was European Union (EU) accession, but after accession was achieved the government lost interest in the project. The evaluation also notes that following this project, avian influenza is still a threat to Romania. Avian influenza risks cannot be minimized without ensuring adequate capacity in the animal health sector and adequate biosecurity in the poultry sector. Project designs that do not improve biosecurity on commercial farms or backyard systems will miss an opportunity to reduce the likelihood of avian influenza outbreaks.
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Project Performance Assessment Report 78781 JUN 24, 2013
Ratings for the Avian Influenza Control Project for Nepal were as follows: outcomes were moderately satisfactory, risk to development outcome was significant, Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and Borrower performance was moderately satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: investments in laboratory equipment and civil works may be inefficient if they outstrip the financial and technical capacity of staff to operate and maintain them. Failure to adjust compensation rates for inflation and other price increases can reduce the real value of compensation payments. Flat rate compensation mechanisms may be simple, but can cause problems when they do a poor job of tracking the value of what is compensated (for example, ducks may be worth much more than chickens). Attempts to control spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in poultry at the border may have limited effectiveness countries with long, porous borders. Containing an influenza epidemic or pandemic among humans is likely to be extremely difficult in countries with modest public health infrastructure. Collaboration with United Nations agencies can provide technical expertise that the World Bank lacks, but there can be delays in implementation if there is insufficient engagement of these agencies at a headquarters level. The lack of dedicated procurement expert can contribute to delays in implementation and an inability to meet emergency goals. Procurement capacity needs to be frontloaded to get good procurement plans finished early on, to hasten rollout of emergency projects. Culling birds at the source of an outbreak and nearby farms can be sufficient if done quickly enough. Vaccination of poultry may be the wrong strategy to use for reducing disease risk in low capacity countries.
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Project Performance Assessment Report 78317 JUN 17, 2013
The Avian and Human Influenza Facility (AHIF) is a multi-donor trust fund administered by the World Bank and supported by the European Commission and nine other donors.
... See More + It was established in 2006 to respond to global concerns over the rapid spread of avian influenza and the costs associated with it: threats to public health, economic damage, and loss of livelihoods. AHIF grants to government agencies in developing countries support country-led efforts to: prevent and control avian influenza and other zoonotic diseases; and increase preparedness for pandemics and other complex disasters. In remote, landlocked Bhutan, outbreaks have been contained swiftly due to an intensive public awareness campaign and bio-security training for government supervisors, poultry businesses, and farmers. A US$2.5 million AHIF grant supported communications on the importance of prevention to the general public and to poultry farmers. Prevention is obviously essential, but success requires complex efforts to keep poultry healthy and uninfected along the entire poultry-handling chain: from family farmers and commercial poultry enterprises to marketing, public supervisory agencies, and border control teams. A lack of skills, knowledge, or resources at any point along the chain increases the risk of unsafe practices or of potential threats going undetected, creating an opening for the spread of disease. AHIF funded capital and other upgrades in diagnostic human and animal health labs and related services. These improvements allow the labs to perform their critical early disease detection and diagnosis roles and coordinate more effectively. Financing for transport helped rapid response teams deploy to outbreak sites and extended surveillance to potential disease hotspots in the poultry-handling chain from out-of-the way family farms to commercial enterprises, backyard poultry set-ups, and markets in villages and cities.
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During the quarter from January 1 to March 31, 2013 the status of grant activities within the Avian and Human Influenza (AHI) facility was as follows: no grants were closed or extended.
... See More + The regional grant to World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) for joint OIE or World Health Organization (WHO) work to develop and test assessment tool in East and South Asia and Eastern Europe was approved for $3.12 million. Cumulative disbursements reached $79.3 million (73 percent of signed grants) at the end of March 2013, compared to $77.6 million at the end of December 2012. This report covers the implementation progress of the six currently active grants: Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Nepal, South Asia Regional (SAR), and Vietnam.
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Ratings for the Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response Project for Nigeria were as follows: outcome was moderately satisfactory; risk to development outcome was significant; bank performance was satisfactory; borrower performance moderately satisfactory.
... See More + The objective of this project is to minimize the threat posed to the poultry industry and humans by highly pathogenic avian influenza infection and other zoonoses and to prepare for, control, and respond to influenza pandemics and other infectious disease emergencies in humans. This evaluation uses the statement in the financing agreement, which adds objectives to incorporate zoonotic and other infectious diseases beyond avian influenza. The objectives were not revised during implementation.
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Project Performance Assessment Report 75068 MAR 28, 2013
The objective of the Capacity Building for Emerging Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response in Mongolia Project is to enhance the national capacity in preparedness for and response to five priority zoonotic diseases, namely Avian Influenza (H5N1), brucellosis, hydatid disease (echinococcosis), anthrax and CCHF in Mongolia.
... See More + Negative measures include: air pollution, dust, noise pollution, flora and fauna, waste management, and ecology. Mitigation measures to reduce potential environmental impacts associated with these activities are 1) increased safety procedures for taking, packaging and shipment of specimens from the sites to designated laboratory; 2) selection of appropriate to Mongolian context, culling methods of poultry in case of outbreak; 3) selection of disinfects that are environmentally harmless or appropriate handling of disinfection chemicals for limiting their impacts to surface or ground water resources; 4) personal hygiene; and 5) prohibition of economic and other activity, the consequences of whose influence are unpredictable for the environment, and also the realization of projects which may lead to the degradation of natural ecological systems, a change and/or destruction of the genetic fund of flora, fauna and other negative changes in the environment.
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