The development objective of the Zoonoses Control Project for Nepal is to enhance the country capacity for the prevention and control of infectious diseases that transmit between animals and humans (zoonoses) under a one health approach.
... See More + This restructuring paper, therefore, creation of a new category 'Compensation' for reallocation of USD 886,000 from category 'Training' to the newly established category.
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The development objective of the Zoonoses Control Project for Nepal is to enhance the country capacity for the prevention and control of infectious diseases that transmit between animals and humans (zoonoses) under a one health approach.
... See More + This restructuring paper, therefore, creation of a new category 'Compensation' for reallocation of USD 886,000 from category 'Training' to the newly established category.
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Ratings for the Avian Influenza Preparedness and Response Project for Bangladesh were as follows: outcomes were moderately satisfactory, risk to development outcome was high, Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and Borrower performance was moderately satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: the project design and scope should have been simpler by better balancing technical content against the limited local implementation capacity and tailoring the design accordingly. Bank and Borrower implementation performance can be substantially improved by a simpler project design, earlier institution of better Monitoring and Evaluation (M and E) quality, better cognizance of matching project funds and activities to already ongoing donor activities, quicker government action to recruit partner organization, if necessary for project implementation, and speedy internalization of incremental budgets associated with upgraded avian flu containment activities. Care should be taken to explicitly include all relevant agencies as implementing partners. Inadequate poultry farm biosecurity is the paramount constraint in containing avian influenza in Bangladesh, which should have been recognized during project preparation. Public awareness messaging is expensive and should be shifted from sole government financing to Public-Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements with private sector business stakeholders, under which the costs of circulating messages is borne as part of the goodwill advertising by businesses (i.e., poultry feed and drug companies, breeder farms and hatcheries). Risk-based epidemiology capacity should be developed quickly, so that the costs of disease control strategies becomes focused on the least-cost analysis of high risk areas, thereby limiting human physical resource costs whilst making interventions more effective and sustainable. Speeding up procurement in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) emergency operations needs full readiness for implementation prior to negotiation, greater Borrower cooperation, and more intensive Project Coordinating Unit (PCU) training. Limit the "sticker shock" of incremental operating and maintenance costs from upgraded laboratory and surveillance systems by a gradual, proportional shift from project to government funding during the project's lifespan, leading to full government financing by end of project. Emergency operations must be implemented as avian flu is a rapidly spreading infection.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR2177 JUN 27, 2013
Ratings for the Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response Project under the Global Program for Avian Influenza (GPAI) for Romania were as follows: outcomes were unsatisfactory, risk to development outcome was significant, monitoring and evaluation was negligible, Bank performance was moderately unsatisfactory, and Borrower performance was moderately unsatisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: countries that have already effectively controlled avian influenza outbreaks in poultry many not need an emergency project, but rather long term capacity building. The real emergency issue was European Union (EU) accession, but after accession was achieved the government lost interest in the project. The evaluation also notes that following this project, avian influenza is still a threat to Romania. Avian influenza risks cannot be minimized without ensuring adequate capacity in the animal health sector and adequate biosecurity in the poultry sector. Project designs that do not improve biosecurity on commercial farms or backyard systems will miss an opportunity to reduce the likelihood of avian influenza outbreaks.
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Project Performance Assessment Report 78781 JUN 24, 2013
Ratings for the Avian Influenza Control Project for Nepal were as follows: outcomes were moderately satisfactory, risk to development outcome was significant, Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and Borrower performance was moderately satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: investments in laboratory equipment and civil works may be inefficient if they outstrip the financial and technical capacity of staff to operate and maintain them. Failure to adjust compensation rates for inflation and other price increases can reduce the real value of compensation payments. Flat rate compensation mechanisms may be simple, but can cause problems when they do a poor job of tracking the value of what is compensated (for example, ducks may be worth much more than chickens). Attempts to control spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in poultry at the border may have limited effectiveness countries with long, porous borders. Containing an influenza epidemic or pandemic among humans is likely to be extremely difficult in countries with modest public health infrastructure. Collaboration with United Nations agencies can provide technical expertise that the World Bank lacks, but there can be delays in implementation if there is insufficient engagement of these agencies at a headquarters level. The lack of dedicated procurement expert can contribute to delays in implementation and an inability to meet emergency goals. Procurement capacity needs to be frontloaded to get good procurement plans finished early on, to hasten rollout of emergency projects. Culling birds at the source of an outbreak and nearby farms can be sufficient if done quickly enough. Vaccination of poultry may be the wrong strategy to use for reducing disease risk in low capacity countries.
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Project Performance Assessment Report 78317 JUN 17, 2013
The Avian and Human Influenza Facility (AHIF) is a multi-donor trust fund administered by the World Bank and supported by the European Commission and nine other donors.
... See More + It was established in 2006 to respond to global concerns over the rapid spread of avian influenza and the costs associated with it: threats to public health, economic damage, and loss of livelihoods. AHIF grants to government agencies in developing countries support country-led efforts to: prevent and control avian influenza and other zoonotic diseases; and increase preparedness for pandemics and other complex disasters. In remote, landlocked Bhutan, outbreaks have been contained swiftly due to an intensive public awareness campaign and bio-security training for government supervisors, poultry businesses, and farmers. A US$2.5 million AHIF grant supported communications on the importance of prevention to the general public and to poultry farmers. Prevention is obviously essential, but success requires complex efforts to keep poultry healthy and uninfected along the entire poultry-handling chain: from family farmers and commercial poultry enterprises to marketing, public supervisory agencies, and border control teams. A lack of skills, knowledge, or resources at any point along the chain increases the risk of unsafe practices or of potential threats going undetected, creating an opening for the spread of disease. AHIF funded capital and other upgrades in diagnostic human and animal health labs and related services. These improvements allow the labs to perform their critical early disease detection and diagnosis roles and coordinate more effectively. Financing for transport helped rapid response teams deploy to outbreak sites and extended surveillance to potential disease hotspots in the poultry-handling chain from out-of-the way family farms to commercial enterprises, backyard poultry set-ups, and markets in villages and cities.
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During the quarter from January 1 to March 31, 2013 the status of grant activities within the Avian and Human Influenza (AHI) facility was as follows: no grants were closed or extended.
... See More + The regional grant to World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) for joint OIE or World Health Organization (WHO) work to develop and test assessment tool in East and South Asia and Eastern Europe was approved for $3.12 million. Cumulative disbursements reached $79.3 million (73 percent of signed grants) at the end of March 2013, compared to $77.6 million at the end of December 2012. This report covers the implementation progress of the six currently active grants: Cambodia, China, Mongolia, Nepal, South Asia Regional (SAR), and Vietnam.
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Ratings for the Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response Project for Nigeria were as follows: outcome was moderately satisfactory; risk to development outcome was significant; bank performance was satisfactory; borrower performance moderately satisfactory.
... See More + The objective of this project is to minimize the threat posed to the poultry industry and humans by highly pathogenic avian influenza infection and other zoonoses and to prepare for, control, and respond to influenza pandemics and other infectious disease emergencies in humans. This evaluation uses the statement in the financing agreement, which adds objectives to incorporate zoonotic and other infectious diseases beyond avian influenza. The objectives were not revised during implementation.
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Project Performance Assessment Report 75068 MAR 28, 2013
The objective of the Capacity Building for Emerging Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response in Mongolia Project is to enhance the national capacity in preparedness for and response to five priority zoonotic diseases, namely Avian Influenza (H5N1), brucellosis, hydatid disease (echinococcosis), anthrax and CCHF in Mongolia.
... See More + Negative measures include: air pollution, dust, noise pollution, flora and fauna, waste management, and ecology. Mitigation measures to reduce potential environmental impacts associated with these activities are 1) increased safety procedures for taking, packaging and shipment of specimens from the sites to designated laboratory; 2) selection of appropriate to Mongolian context, culling methods of poultry in case of outbreak; 3) selection of disinfects that are environmentally harmless or appropriate handling of disinfection chemicals for limiting their impacts to surface or ground water resources; 4) personal hygiene; and 5) prohibition of economic and other activity, the consequences of whose influence are unpredictable for the environment, and also the realization of projects which may lead to the degradation of natural ecological systems, a change and/or destruction of the genetic fund of flora, fauna and other negative changes in the environment.
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During the quarter ending on December 31, 2012, the status of grant activities within the Avian and Human Influenza (AHI) Facility are: one grant was closed; Tunisia ($0.65 million).
... See More + The total amount of signed grant agreements is $130 million. One grant, Mongolia ($2.9 million) has been activated and is now under implementation. Remaining pledge from the European commission of 2.35 million under East and South Asia trustee window has been received. One grant is in the pipeline; regional grant to OIE for Joint OIE/World Health Organization (WHO) work to develop and test assessment tool in East and South Asia and Eastern Europe ($3.0 million). Total disbursements reached $77.6 million (60 percent of signed grants), from $76.4 million at the end of September 2012.
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Ratings for the Avian and Human Influenza Control and Preparedness Project for Lao PDR were as follows: outcomes were satisfactory; risk to development outcome was high; Bank performance was satisfactory and borrower performance was also satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned includes: collaboration among sectors. The lesson is that collaboration across sectors is possible, but it requires substantial dedicated resources and an impartial lead partner. An emergency and interest from senior leaders, technical teams, agencies and partner countries help facilitate coordination as well. Excessive gaps between animal health and human health systems persist. The lesson is that the next emergency response to a zoonotic disease threat should endeavour to more adequately address a key factor giving rise to the emergency-the inability of country public health and veterinary systems to protect public health and economies from infectious disease outbreaks. A formal arrangement and positive incentives for cross-support will have facilitated the team's work with Ministry of Agriculture (MOA). Partner continuity between the emergency and a program for medium long-term systemic improvements will likely help the transition succeed. The participatory design of indicators and their alignment with the national plan's overarching objectives supported coordination. The systematic supervision approach encouraged coordination and is an example of best practice.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR856 DEC 19, 2012
Ratings for the Avian Influenza Control and Human Influenza Emergency Preparedness and Control Project for Haiti were as follows: overall outcome was moderately unsatisfactory, the risk to development outcome was moderate, and both the Bank and the Borrower performance were moderately unsatisfactory.
... See More + The following are among the more important project lessons: (1) Close coordination and cooperation between animal health and human health are key to successful implementation of investments. (2) The establishment of a medium to long-term prevention and control program is required. The lesson for this project and other animal health interventions is that even if responding to a disease specific emergency, interventions also need to focus on systemic improvements and basic capacity building which are sustainable in the medium to long term. (3) Mitigation measures to close a financing gap should be part of appraisal. (4) Institutional strengthening in project management is the pillar to success in fragile contexts, in particular for emergency operations. (5) A flexible and timely response is critical.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR2628 DEC 12, 2012
Ratings for the Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) for India were as follows: outcomes were moderately satisfactory, the risk to development outcome was moderate, the Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and the Borrower performance was also moderately satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) was a major contributor to the overall burden of diseases in India even at the time when the project was designed. It should have been treated as a core and essential public health function or activity rather than an undervalued, one-off research. However, NCD risk factor surveillance survey was seriously delayed and was implemented only in several provinces rather than as a nationally representative activity. NCD surveillance was eventually integrated inton the National NCD Program and would be sustained. Diseases' risks and occurrences exist unevenly among different subgroups or communities and tend to impact more seriously on the socially and economically vulnerable ones. Implementation of TDAP will not only improve equity of the project but also efficiency. Unfortunately, the importance of TDAP was undervalued and its implementation seriously delayed which may potentially reduce and delay benefit accruable to the tribal groups. The restructuring in 2010, prioritized 9 best performing states and their selection was based on the ranking of their performance to date, based on a mix of process indicators such as: (i) provision of trained staff dedicated to the IDSP, (ii) establishment of surveillance mechanisms, (iii) reporting coverage and effective outbreak response, and fulfillment of the Bank's fiduciary requirements. However, while this was a pragmatic decision, such prioritization came at a cost of important equity considerations and risk based surveillance rationale since infectious diseases usually reside in the lagging states that have lower capacity and which deserve more attention and help instead of less. Also, 'best performing' could and should be interpreted as the incremental progress by comparing the measurements of performance and achievements between the starting points and the end points, rather than end points only.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR2203 NOV 30, 2012
The overall project development objective (PDO) of the Avian and Human Influenza Control and Preparedness Emergency Project is to support the implementation of the Cambodia Comprehensive Avian and Human Influenza (AHI) National Plan contributing to minimize the threat posed to humans and the poultry sector by AHI infection in Cambodia, and to prepare for, control, and respond if necessary to a human influenza pandemic.
... See More + The changes include: (a) modifications of the results framework; (b) a reallocation of Grants proceeds; and (c) certain changes to the percentage of financing for the International Development Association (IDA) Grant and the AHI Facility Grant as well as creation of a new disbursement sub-category for the Policy and Human Resources Development (PHRD) Grant. Progress towards achievement of the PDO is rated as moderately satisfactory, and implementation progress is rated as satisfactory. Current disbursements stand at USD 8,585,587 or 78 percent for all three financing sources combined (as of September 30, 2012). The PDO remains relevant and is a priority for the Kingdom of Cambodia. Continuous efforts are being made in capacity building (including training in rapid response, monitoring and reporting, and infection control measures) and institutional organization, and the pandemic preparedness procedures have been established and continue taking hold, together with an extension of the technical service contracts with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (for institutional strengthening and technical assistance in animal health, particularly avian flu) and with the World Health Organization (WHO) (for technical assistance and capacity building in response to the threat of avian flu).
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The overall project development objective (PDO) of the Avian and Human Influenza Control and Preparedness Emergency Project is to support the implementation of the Cambodia Comprehensive Avian and Human Influenza (AHI) National Plan contributing to minimize the threat posed to humans and the poultry sector by AHI infection in Cambodia, and to prepare for, control, and respond if necessary to a human influenza pandemic.
... See More + The changes include: (a) modifications of the results framework; (b) a reallocation of Grants proceeds; and (c) certain changes to the percentage of financing for the International Development Association (IDA) Grant and the AHI Facility Grant as well as creation of a new disbursement sub-category for the Policy and Human Resources Development (PHRD) Grant. Progress towards achievement of the PDO is rated as moderately satisfactory, and implementation progress is rated as satisfactory. Current disbursements stand at USD 8,585,587 or 78 percent for all three financing sources combined (as of September 30, 2012). The PDO remains relevant and is a priority for the Kingdom of Cambodia. Continuous efforts are being made in capacity building (including training in rapid response, monitoring and reporting, and infection control measures) and institutional organization, and the pandemic preparedness procedures have been established and continue taking hold, together with an extension of the technical service contracts with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (for institutional strengthening and technical assistance in animal health, particularly avian flu) and with the World Health Organization (WHO) (for technical assistance and capacity building in response to the threat of avian flu).
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