69562 Monitoring Performance of Electric Utilities Indicators and Benchmarking in Sub-Saharan Africa Prasad Tallapragada V.S.N. Maria Shkaratan Ada Karina Izaguirre Jaakko Helleranta Saifur Rahman Sten Bergman 2009 Monitoring Performance of Electric Utilities: Indicators and Benchmarking in Sub-Saharan Africa Prasad Tallapragada V.S.N. Maria Shkaratan Ada Karina Izaguirre Jaakko Helleranta Saifur Rahman Sten Bergman World Bank 2009   Table of Contents I. Introduction 4 II. Defining Key Performance Indices (KPIs) 6 III. Making Sense of Performance Monitoring Indicators 10 IV. Benchmarking Main Performance Indicators 18 Capacity Factor 18 Load Factor 20 Operating Ratio 23 Electric Power Consumption per Capita 25 Household Access to Electricity 30 Quality of Service, Customer Perspective: Outages and Delay with Connection 35 Residential Tariffs 38 Accounts Receivable 41 Cost Recovery Ratio 43 Operating Expenses Covered by Revenues 45 Annex I. Sources of Data 47 Annex II. Indicators of Power Utility Performance in Literature 47 Annex III. Glossary of Indicators and Terms 60 Annex IV. Country Data Tables 75 Annex V. Country Data Graphs 180 Literature 256 1    PREFACE This publication is an outcome of the initiative “Electric Utility - Capacity Assistance Project for Africa� (EUCAP), which was developed in the Africa Energy Group of the World Bank and financed by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). The initiative was prepared as a component of the Regional strategy plan to expand capacity in key African institutions and sectors. The core of the initiative is creation of a knowledge-based information-sharing network of African electric utilities to pursue the goal of improved utility efficiency. Knowledge-based cooperation among countries is receiving more and more emphasis in regional strategy and approaches to development in Africa. As the Africa Region’s Vice President Oby Ezekwesili emphasized in her recent speech “Focus on Innovation, Results, and Knowledge Agenda� (October 14, 2009), “a stronger focus on results and the knowledge agenda� have become crucially important as “the global crisis has led to stronger demand for development impact from the limited resources available�. Focus on knowledge-based cooperation was re-emphasized by Colin Bruce (Director of Strategy and Operations, Africa Region) who stressed “a tremendous appetite�… “to learn from best practices adopted in other countries�. The World Bank lending to infrastructure in Africa, a large part of which benefits the power sector, has been substantially increasing in the recent past. Talking to the press in 2005, Michel Wormser (Director of Strategy and Operations, Africa Region), said: “In 2000 we were lending about US$600 million to the African continent for infrastructure and this year we are going to lend US$1.8 billion. We are foreseeing a further 30% increase, so by the end of the next couple of years, we will probably be at US$2.4 billion to US$2.6 billion a year,� he said. This forecast was precise - the World Bank Africa infrastructure lending reached $2.4 billion in 2007. In 2009, the World Bank financing for infrastructure-related programs and projects in Africa reached US$3.3 billion. Almost 40% of it is power sector lending. Considering this high level of the World Bank's investment in the power sector, it is crucial to assure that the African power utilities have relevant capacity to use these resources efficiently and to their maximum benefit. The outcomes of the work under the umbrella of this initiative include creation of a comprehensive electricity sector database Africa Support Kiosk for Electric Utilities (ASK) and this publication. The initiative is planned to continue, with transferring the data and the data collection methodology to African partner institutions and with a set of activities aimed at building capacity of knowledge-sharing among African utilities. 2    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are very grateful to S.Vijay Iyer (Sector Manager, AFTEG) and Tjaarda P. Storm Van Leeuwen (Adviser, AFTEG) for their review, valuable guidance, advice and support throughout the preparation of the publication. Invaluable advice and general guidance of Inger Andersen (Director, AFTSN), John H. Stein (acting Director, AFTSN) and Jose Luis Irigoyen (Sector Manager, AFTSN) are highly appreciated. The authors would like to express special gratitude for the advice and support received from Amarquaye Armar (Program Manager, ESMAP). Cooperation with the AICD team was very important for the success of their work. The team expresses gratitude to Vivien Foster and Cecilia Briceno-Garmendia (AICD Task Team Leaders), Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, Fatimata Ouedraogo, Daniel Camos and Maria Shkaratan (AICD Energy sector team) for their valuable comments, many brain-storming meetings, cross-team support and day-to-day cooperation with the authors in relation to the database design. The authors are grateful to the AICD team for allowing the use of the AICD data in this publication. This publication was prepared as part of the Electric Utility Capacity Assistance Program (EUCAP) for Africa. The authors would like to thank Arun P. Sanghvi (AFTEG), and Abdolreza B. Rezaian (AFTEG), Marjorie K. Araya (ESMAP, AFTEG) and Marie Lolo Sow – team members of the Program – for their valuable involvement, ideas and support. The publication was made possible by close cooperation with the World Bank Institute team – Adarsh A. Desai, Arseny Malov, Kirill Puklyakov, Oxana Minchenko, Jeeyeon Seo, Steffen Janus – who designed the Africa Support Kiosk for Electric Utilities (ASK) website. The team is thankful for their expertise and high quality outcomes. Important advice and country specific information were provided by the entire AFTEG team and the ESMAP colleagues. Collaboration with the African Energy Commission (AFREC), Union of African Electricity Producers, Distributors and Conveyors (UPDEA) and partner governments was essential for this work. The authors are grateful to the managers and specialists of African power utilities for cooperation and sharing the utility level data. The authors appreciate being able to find valuable data necessary for analytical work in the following published sources: African Development Bank (AFDB), the United States Agency for the International Development (USAID), Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Agency (IEA), Demographic and Health Surveys, World Bank Group Enterprise surveys and IDA-14 Results Measurement System.     3    I. Introduction Performance of electric utilities is essential for the reform of the electricity sector in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. The World Bank is leading a number of initiatives to improve electric utility performance in SSA. The Africa Energy unit of the World Bank recently introduced the Electric Utility Capacity Assistance Program (EUCAP) for Africa. Among other activities, the EUCAP aims to collate relevant utility performance data within the context of the Bank operations, with the dual objective of assessing the impact of reforms and motivating utility management to achieve better outcomes. In order to reach this objective, performance benchmarking approach was developed. In this approach, benchmarking starts with the selection of the Key Performance Indices (KPIs) reflecting major elements of utility day-to-day operations, including technical, operational and financial. Then a framework to compare performance of the sector in various countries and among utilities using these indices is applied. Once the KPIs were identified and the benchmarking approach was developed, the next step consisted of compiling indicators corresponding to each KPI. Data for each indicator were collected from various published sources. When the needed indicators were not available from published sources, the data were obtained from the stakeholders (i.e., utility managers, engineers, planners, etc.). The resulting database Africa Support Kiosk for Electric Utilities (ASK)1 is the outcome of a major data collection and presentation effort by a World Bank team including specialists from the Africa Energy Group (AFTEG), Finance Economics and Urban Department (FEU) and the World Bank Institute (WBIGM). The objective was to collect data for the selected electricity sector indicators from all sources available and present them on the web in a form that would be useful for all types of potential audiences within and outside the World Bank: utility managers and specialists, policy makers, energy sector practitioners, researchers and wider public. The program responds to a critical need for a central database with comprehensive electricity sector data that has been expressed numerous times by both practitioners and researchers. The program was coordinated with the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) study to maintain consistency in indicator selection and data presentation. AICD study is one of the most important sources of data for the ASK database. The program also took into consideration the findings of a recent major electricity sector performance monitoring exercise – Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)                                                          1 The database can be found on the web: http://etoolsdev/ask4electricutilities_new/   4   electricity benchmarking study. The ASK database presents electricity sector data for the countries of the Sub- Saharan Africa. It is a comprehensive dataset and as such includes over 130 series and more than 23,000 data points for 47 countries and 42 electric utilities in Sub- Saharan Africa for the period from 1990 to 2007. It covers five areas: power system capacity, power system operations, service provision to customers and financial characteristics of the sector and the utility. In addition to being a centralized source of a wide range of power sector data, the ASK database offers an analytical framework to conduct comprehensive examination of the SSA power sector and utility performance with regards to their technical and commercial efficiency and financial soundness. This framework is reflected in the database structure and presentation on the web, the combination of which enable, in a simple and user friendly way, in-depth examination of the power utility and sector performance in the SSA region. The website users can view, compare, simulate and analyze the performance data of SSA electricity utilities, create a full picture of power sector performance in a particular country, or compare sector characteristics in different countries. The ASK database time series will be continued in the future to maintain the database over the years and provide information for longer-term electricity sector monitoring, which would help improve utility performance in a consistent manner, based on comparable time series data. The ASK database presents non-edited data, kept the same as they are in the original sources. Available data, when put together, in many cases forms time series with gaps and reveals the inconsistency in data from different sources. The ASK database authors did not edit or eliminate any of the data series, but rather aimed at making the database fully inclusive, consistent with its comprehensive character. At the same time, efforts were made to label the data in a clear way, so that the user can make an informed decision on data selection and validity. Alternatively, the user can choose to rely on the authors of the ASK database in the selection of the source for a particular indicator in cases when more than one source is available: the database marks one of the sources as preferred. The users have an option of editing the data and commenting on the data. Editing can be done using downloadable Excel files on the ASK website. The contact e-mail address for edits and comments is provided on the website, under the menu option “Challenge the data�. Potential contributions of the database’s users to fill the gaps, expand coverage, and resolve inconsistencies in the data, all of which are critical for increasing the value of the database, will be highly appreciated.   5   II. Defining Key Performance Indices (KPIs) The final set of KPIs, compiled after extensive discussions and consultations with practitioners, is presented in Table II.1. The KPIs form three categories: “Technical�, “Commercial� and “Technical and Operational Capabilities�. The table has the KPI’s name, code, unit of measurement and its broad definition. The final set of KPIs formed the basis for the indicators of the ASK database: each KPI was translated into one or more database indicators. After that, data corresponding to each indicator were collected from available published sources. Annex IV “ASK Database: Country Data Tables� presents a complete list of indicators and data from the ASK database for each of the Sub-Saharan Africa countries. Table II. 1. Final set of key performance indices Index Name Unit Broad Definition Technical Indices Generation ratio Measures to what extent installed capacity meets demand. Capacity/Demand Demand equals actual demand plus demand from connected customers who cannot be served. Cost of Electricity $/MWh Measures the cost of producing 1 MWh of electricity. Should Generation include the cost of power generated internally and procured externally by the utility. The total cost is divided by the total number of energy units sold. Off-grid/On-grid ratio Reflects how widespread independent grid demand is as Demand compared with on-grid demand. Due to high costs of off-grid power, low level of this indicator usually means opportunities for the utility to benefit from connecting off-grid customers to lower-cost power. Customers per km custome Measures electrification density of the utility. When both rs/km transmission and distribution length are included in the denominator, the measure is less clear, as it is affected by the “profile� of the utility of being transmission or distribution oriented. Therefore, it is best to have separate measures for transmission and distribution. System Losses % of (Electricity supplied to grid (GWh) – Total electricity billed supply (GWh))/ Electricity supplied to grid (GWh). Reflects utility’s effort in measuring theft/illegal connections, possibly augmented with overloaded system parts. Total losses combine technical and “non-technical� losses. Technical losses are typically between 5-10%, while “non-technical losses� can be 20- 30% and at local level as high as 50%. Number of Outages #/yr Measures quality of power supply. Consumer dissatisfaction per Year with service is often related to high level of outages. Outages can be caused by generation or network failures.   6   Index Name Unit Broad Definition Number of #/yr Reflects one of the most common reasons for outages and high Transformer Failures O&M costs. Could also reflect low oil based protection, due to per Year theft or non-availability of oil. Illegal Connection % of Estimates how widespread illegal connections are. Reflects Rate total utility’s ability to monitor their customers. connect ions Commercial Indices National, Urban and % Measures household electrification rate, including connection Rural Access to to the main grid and a local grid. This indicator might take into Electricity account off-grid connections. Connectivity # Number of new households in the country (or the utility area) Potential minus number of new connections per year. A growing value will indicate a growing problem. Tariff Settings and times/yr Measures utility’s ability to revise tariffs and adjust tariff Adjustments schemes in order to cover costs with revenues. For many utilities, tariff decisions are made politically and not on the cost basis. Often utilities are not compensated for resulting losses. Profit/Loss % Indicates to what extent the utility can have cost reflecting tariffs and keep control of investments, costs and bill payment. Customers/Employee ratio Measures labor efficiency of utility. The ratio tends to be higher in well-managed, efficient utilities. Staff cost/Total cost ratio Measures the weight of staff costs in the cost structure of the utility. Staff costs are a major factor of utility profitability. Customer Bill % Revenues collected / Total electricity billed. Shows Collection Rate effectiveness of the utility in bill collection. Total O&M % Operation and maintenance cost as a percentage of utility total Cost/Revenue revenue. Too low O&M cost may result in a need in very high investment and O&M cost in the future. Too high O&M cost indicate generic problems for the utility. Indices of Technical And Operational Capabilities Service Restoration Score Measures utility’s capability to restore power to as many (0-10) customers as possible in the shortest time possible. The score attempts to address typical questions, such as: Does the utility have an outage management and service restoration protocol in place? Are good utility practices being followed? Customer Service Score Measures ability of the utility to provide customer service such (0-10) as handling outages, billing payment, dispute resolution, etc. In-house Modeling & Score The index will assess the in-house capability in engineering Analysis Capability (0-10) computation and analysis, system modeling and planning. What software and hardware is available to engineers, planners and managers? Is it used?   7   Index Name Unit Broad Definition Ongoing Inventory of Score Indicates how the utility manages its assets and inventory of Spares and Assets (0-10) spare parts and equipment. Are good utility practices followed, e.g., is a GIS based facilities management system in use? Training and Score Assesses how the utility addresses its manpower requirement Manpower (0-10) from the apprentice linemen to the foremen and engineers. Is Development there a training and manpower development program in place? Program Information Score Assesses the extent of IT use in the operation and management Technology Use (0-10) of the distribution utility. These include remote telemetry, SCADA, database, etc. Does the utility use an Intranet? Does the utility have adequate web presence? Availability of Score Measures availability of necessary equipment for installation installation and (0-10) and maintenance of distribution system: vehicles, trucks, maintenance cranes, aerial lifts, etc. What percentage of the equipment is in equipment working order? Workshop and Repair Score Assesses availability and capacity level of workshop and Facilities (0-10) repair facilities in the utility. For example, can transformers and switchgears be repaired in-house? Technical standards Score Measures use of appropriate technical standards. Is there a used (0-10) single “one-system fits all� approach, or do standards vary depending on application, customer mix, local conditions, etc.? Are “low-cost� single-phase standards applied? Are planning procedures and guidelines updated? Utility management Score Measures autonomy of the utility. Is there a board? Who autonomy (0-10) appoints the Board members? What role has the board? How many directors are there in the utility? Are there incentives for efficiency in daily operations? Is management performance monitored? What is the role of the Energy Minister? Examples of scoring for selected KPIs: For the KPIs in the technical and operational capability category, some data were obtained from utility databases or from utilities directly via surveys and questionnaires. At the same time, some of the indices in this category were estimated by utility managers and specialists. For this purpose, a scale from 0 (non- existent) to 10 (best practice in the industry globally) was used. The minimum required by an SSA utility can be set at 5, as shown below for selected KPIs. Service Restoration: This index measures utility’s capability in restoring power to as many customers as possible in the shortest time possible. Does the utility have an outage management and service restoration protocol in place? Are good utility practices being followed?   8   Score Scoring guidelines Zero Utility with no service restoration plan in place 1-4 Utility with ad-hoc restoration procedures 5-7 Utility with service-restoration plans and procedures but with resource difficulties 8-10 Utility following “best utility practices� Customer Service: This index measures ability of the utility to provide customer service such as handling outages, billing payment, dispute resolution, etc. Score Scoring guidelines Zero Utility with no customer service department in place 1-4 Utility with poor or limited customer service 5-7 Utility with service-restoration plans and procedures but with resource difficulties 8-10 Utility following “best utility practices� Ongoing Inventory of Spares and Assets: The index indicates how the utility is managing assets and inventory of spare parts and equipment. Are good utility practices being followed, is a GIS based facilities management system currently in use? Score Scoring guidelines Zero Utility with no asset and inventory management system in place 1-4 Utility with rudimentary asset and inventory management system. 5-7 Utility with GIS-based asset and inventory management system but faced with resource shortages and difficulties 8-10 Utility following “best utility practices� Workshop and Repair Facilities: The index assesses availability and capability level of the utility workshop and repair facilities. For example, can transformers and switchgears be repaired in-house? Score Scoring guidelines Zero Utility with no in-house workshop and repair facility 1-4 Utility with minimal workshop and repair facility. 5-7 Utility with good workshop and repair facility but faced with resource shortages and difficulties 8-10 Utility following “best utility practices�   9   III. Making Sense of Performance Monitoring Indicators Each performance monitoring indicator should come in a package encapsulating its definition, analysis, recommendations and tools for improvement (DART): i. Definition of each indicator with a formula and sufficient detail for users to know unequivocally what data are included in the indicator. ii. Analysis of the importance of the KPI in measuring utility performance and operations. iii. Recommendations of methods and strategies to improve utility’s performance in such indicator, and iv. Tools of practical nature such as case studies and country experiences to help utility achieve an improvement (descriptions of methods to implement the recommended strategy or strategies, best practice stories, links to bidding packages, advice of experts in the relevant area regarding tackling a specific problem; etc.) Example of the DART framework: indicator of total system losses Summary Full name: Total system losses Short name: System losses Formula: (Electricity supplied to national grid - Total electricity billed) x 100/Electricity supplied to national grid Units: % Key importance of the KPI: Operationalizes overall distribution performance of utility (including technical and non-technical aspects). Customer service contribution: Availability, reliability, cost, customer relations. Note: Electricity supplied to national grid = Electricity generated (net)+Electricity imported- Electricity exported. Definition and analysis Total system losses is a popular indicator for measuring all losses that occur during the transmission and distribution of electricity from generating stations or points of purchase to end-use customers. Total system losses equal the difference between the power (GWh) supplied for consumption within the country and the power (GWh) billed to end users.   10   System losses = (In-country generation, net of plant own use (GWh) – Export (GWh) + Import (GWh)) – Electricity billed to customers) / (In-country generation, net of plant own use (GWh) – Export (GWh) + Import (GWh)) The main components of system losses are technical losses (e.g. heat or copper losses, magnetic losses, or transformation losses) and non-technical losses (e.g. meter failure, meter tampering or fraud, un-metered or illegal connections, or data encryption losses in billing, in other words, commercial losses, metering failures and theft). It provides more reliable and thus better comparable performance information than Technical and Non-technical losses, which are very difficult to separate. Total system losses, as referred here, do not include collection losses that occur due to customer unwillingness or inability to pay, failures in billing and collecting. For a vertically integrated utility total system losses equal combined Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses. However, the indicator can be broken into two parts: System losses of electricity transmission and System losses of electricity distribution. Each of them will comprise technical and non-technical losses. System losses are most often indicated as a percentage of total electricity supplied to the network, even though it can also be indicated in terms of an amount of energy (GWh). System losses is one of the most essential power sector indicators, especially for developing countries, as it provides information about power system efficiency and overall performance of a power utility in terms of energy that it procures, sells and bills to customers. Monitoring total system losses closely is crucial because of the multiple financial and commercial areas of performance it captures. Reducing system losses often provides one of the fastest ways to improve a utility’s financial performance. Regulators, governments and public interest groups are also interested in monitoring this indicator, as it has important implications for tariff calculations and required fiscal support to electricity companies. Limitations of the indicator System losses provide a good overview of a utility’s performance but the indicator is limited to be used on the system level: while providing an overall estimate of sector efficiency, the indicator of system losses does not help understand the sources of inefficiency. This happens due to the fact that system losses combine technical and all types of non-technical losses. Therefore, while estimating the   11   overall level of inefficiency, it does not define where the problems are – in the condition of the equipment, in sector management or in theft. Other loss measures are needed to better understand the sources of losses. Other limitations of the indicator arise from the way in which it is usually calculated. The level of system losses is usually a rough estimate rather than accurate value due to the following measuring issues: a) For measuring consumption precisely, metering of all consumption points is required. However, the level of metering is low in the region and usually total electricity billed in megawatts hours is estimated. b) There is a typical lag between reading the injection point meters and the consumption point meters. Meters at the injection points are all read once at the start of the month. Meters at the consumption points are read at different times during the month. One consumer’s meter could be read on one day of the month, and yet another consumer’s meter on another day. Generally, different categories of consumption have different billing cycles: meters of industrial connections are read once in a month, meters of residential connections are read once in two months and so on. At the same time, for the above formula to give a precise measure, all the injection and consumption point meters have to be read at the same time. The formula could have given a reasonable deduction even if all consumption points at least are read at the same time. c) To measure System losses correctly it is also essential to know the amount of units injected into the system. This can only happen if all injection points at different voltage levels and all grid interfaces are metered. However, this limitation of the indicator is minor, as a fairly accurate figure of units injected into the system can be verified with the commercial transactions between the utility and the power generators. Operational dimensions of the indicator Technical efficiency: The system loss indicator is a direct measure of the technical efficiency of a utility. Although not perfect, this indicator provides more reliable information on technical efficiency than other measures of losses (e.g. technical and non-technical) because the input data of the indicator is more verifiable than those of other indicators. Commercial efficiency: This dimension has two components: (a) non-technical losses due to billing and metering errors, theft of electricity among other causes and (b) collection efficiency that compares revenues collected against the bills issued. Given that the system losses indicator only addresses the first component of the commercial efficiency, this indicator cannot be used to assess the commercial efficiency of a utility.   12   Optimal range “Optimal� range of system losses varies from system to system. Total system losses typically range between 7% - 10% in developed countries while they are about 30%-50% in Sub-Saharan Africa. The most efficient utilities in the region report total system losses below 20%. Alternative indicators • Transmission losses, Distribution losses (In unbundled systems or for lower level view of losses) • Aggregated technical and commercial (AT&C) losses (For an overview including losses in collections) Benchmarking of the indicator Sub-Saharan African countries differ substantially according to the level of system losses, which ranges from 14.5% in Angola to 68% in Swaziland (Figure III.1a). The countries are quite evenly distributed within this range, with the mean level of losses at 27.5% and the median level at 23.8%. Countries with losses below 20%, the benchmark used to define good performers,2 are Angola (14.5%), Botswana (14.8%), Burundi (15.0%), Cape Verde (17.0%), Gabon (17.8%), Cote d'Ivoire (18.1%), Kenya (18.1%), Benin (18.2%) and Namibia (18.4%). At the other end of the scale are countries with the lowest performance according to this indicator – they have losses that exceed the good performance benchmark more than twice. These are Swaziland (with losses at 68.0%), Republic of Congo (losses at 55.6%), Togo (46.0%) and Zimbabwe (43%). In addition to comparing level of losses in a country with a benchmark, countries were compared to each other: they were ranked by their level of losses and then divided into quintiles.3 The mean losses in the top quintile (best performers, countries with the lowest level of losses) turned out to be 16.2%. The mean losses in the bottom quintile (worst performers, countries with the highest level of losses) appeared to be equal to 47.2%. Overall, Sub-Saharan African countries had a relatively flat trend in total system                                                          2 The 20% benchmark is used for good performers and is calculated as 10% of technical losses (a generally accepted level) plus 10% of commercial losses (assumption made here based on average reported level of system losses in developing countries). 3 Refers to 1/5 of a ranked sample.   13   losses in the period from 1999 to 2006. Compound annual reduction of the level of losses in the countries in the sample during this period did not exceed 10%, and compound annual increase in losses was at levels below 11% (Figure III.1b). Countries that achieved compound annual system losses reduction of more than 5% were Nigeria (9.57% reduction), Rwanda (7.52% reduction), Republic of Congo (6.26% reduction) and Ethiopia (5.2%). Rise in losses by more than 5% was observed in Benin (5.24% increase), Lesotho (5.57% increase) and Togo (8.71% increase). There are four patterns of system losses trends in Sub-Saharan African countries in the 1999-2006 period: 1. Most typical pattern is lack of material changes in the level of losses, both annually and from the beginning to the end of the period. Countries with this pattern are Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Lesotho, Kenya, Namibia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Tanzania. 2. Similarly, some countries did not produce substantial changes in system losses over the years 1999-2006. However, the trend was not consistently flat – there appears to be some variation in the level of the indicator from year to year. This applies to Republic of Congo and Senegal. 3. Yet another pattern is reflected in noticeable increase in the level of losses over the period, with consistent rise of the indicator from year to year. The only country in this group is Togo. 4. This pattern is opposite to pattern (3), representing a noticeable decrease in the level of losses over the period, with a stable improvement from year to year. There is one country in this group: Nigeria. While system losses differ substantially across countries, they are very similar among the sub-regions ranging from 23% in Eastern Africa to 29% in Central Africa (Figure III.2).   14   Figure III.1a. Total system losses as Figure III.1b. Compound growth in % of electricity sent to customers, losses, available years 1999-2006 latest year available 1999-2006 Angola Nigeria Botswana Rwanda Burundi Cape Verde Congo, Rep. Gabon Ethiopia Kenya Senegal Cote d'Ivoire Benin Cameroon Namibia Kenya Uganda Eritrea Lesotho Eritrea Mozambique Rwanda Ghana Ethiopia Madagascar Gabon Nigeria Sierra Leone Sudan Angola Niger Mozambique Namibia Mali Chad Equatorial Guinea Ghana Tanzania Mauritania Botswana Tanzania Madagascar Senegal Cameroon Cote d'Ivoire Chad Cape Verde Sierra Leone Zimbabwe Benin Togo Lesotho Congo, Rep. Togo Swaziland 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%   15   Figure III.2. System losses by sub-region, latest year available 2004-06 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Central Southern Western Eastern Strategies, recommendations and tools for improvement4 Following is a list of strategies and tools that have proven useful in reducing System losses: 1. Implement or improve energy accounting: 1.1. Improve power distribution company operations to accelerate power sector reform. 1.2. Conduct system energy balances to determine the main sources of electricity losses. 1.3. Perform targeted energy accounting by customer type and location, to pinpoint areas of highest losses. 1.4. Implement energy accounting throughout stages (geographic area, administrative area, electrical unit such as substation, feeder, transformer, etc.) to identify the locations where management should have more focus and create accountability. 1.5. Perform distribution transformer metering using remote transmission units (RTUs) to conduct energy audits. This method is cost effective. 1.6. Matching industrial production to electricity consumption is another method to conduct effective energy audits. There are established cost                                                          4 Sources of information about tools to address system losses: • Case study of the United Energy Distribution Company (UEDC) of Georgia: http://www.muirad.com/pages/images/uedc_story.pdf • Improving infrastructure service delivery, Commercial Reorientation of Electricity Sector Toolkit (CREST), 2006 • Ghana Energy Development and Access Project (GEDAP), 2004   16   accountancy practices to adopt this form of energy audit. 1.7. Maintain power factors at optimum levels by enforcing adequate capacitor compensation in the system. 2. Improve billing and collection: 2.1. Decrease share of estimated billings by increasing meters. 2.2. Enforce disconnection for non-payment. 3. Establish benchmarks of performance in areas of greatest loss (for both system losses as well as collection losses) to set targets and monitor improvement over time. 4. GIS/GPS-based inventory of all distribution infrastructures, such as poles and transformers. 5. Improve metering: 5.1. Install calibrated, tamper-resistant meters. 5.2. Periodically check current transformer (CT) ratios and ensure that they are updated in the billing database. 5.3. Implement automatic meter reading of high value customers. 5.4. Install dedicated transformers and meter high voltage consumption. For example, metering all customers above 20kW on the 11kV side results in an immediate reduction in losses and improvement of voltage profiles. 5.5. Locate pole mounted meters in a junction box on a pole and the meter counters on the customer premises. This has been found to be very useful in checking theft originating from electro mechanical or electronic credit meters. 5.6. Increase usage of prepayment meters, which are more difficult to bypass and tamper with. Some prepayment meters have a "split" counter, where the actual metering unit is placed on the pole and the counter is on the customer premises. This minimizes the possibility of tampering. 6. Special legislation to reduce electricity theft together with the strict enforcement of laws has been found to be a very effective mean to reduce system losses in some utilities, such as in Andhra Pradesh, India as presented in several energy seminars at the World Bank and through the "View Point" publication of the World Bank. 7. Converting to High Voltage Distribution System has many benefits for the effective operation of the utility. It reduces technical losses and non-technical losses by making it much more difficult to bypass the meter or connect directly to the network.   17   IV. Benchmarking Main Performance Indicators5 Capacity Factor Capacity factor is a ratio of actual generation of power to maximum capacity to generate. This indicator measures percentage of installed capacity that is utilized. Capacity factor provides information on how close the power supply system is to being overloaded or, in other words, to its limit defined by the level of installed capacity. When capacity factor is high (i.e., actual supply is approaching its capacity limit), there is a risk of system overload and power blackout. At the same time, high capacity factor reflects that power equipment usage is efficient6. Low capacity factor indicates inefficiency in equipment usage. Capacity factor is calculated as ratio of average hourly generation to maximum possible generation at the installed capacity level (before losses). It is usually expressed in percentage terms. Capacity factor = (Net annual electricity generated (MWh) / (24hours*364days)) / Installed capacity (MW) Capacity factor is an important indicator. However, in the African context, with a high percentage of non-operational equipment and highly uneven distribution of power load over time (during the day, the week, from season to season), resulting in low operational ratio and high load factor, its importance is reduced as compared to other regions. Therefore, it should be analyzed together with operational ratio and load factor – the indicators whose importance in Africa is higher than in the other regions. Capacity factor ranges from 23% in Swaziland to 94% in Uganda. Countries with capacity factor below 40% are Ethiopia (36%), Rwanda (35%), Cape Verde (34%), Congo, Dem. Rep. (32%), Niger (32%) and Swaziland (23%). Capacity factor above 80% can be observed in Botswana (84%) and Uganda (94%). (Figure IV.1a) Capacity factor in African countries also changes noticeably over time. To measure these changes, we calculate percentage difference between the minimum and the maximum levels of this indicator over the period 2000-05. The only country where this difference is low is Senegal (16%), while in the rest of the countries it is above 30%, with the highest level in Niger (78%) and Rwanda (77%). (Figure IV.1b)                                                          5 Source of data: ASK database, unless specified otherwise 6 This depends on the level of peak load – see section “Load factor� in this chapter.   18   Capacity factor in the four SSA sub-regions is as follows: according to capacity factor, Southern Africa (56%) and Eastern Africa (58%) are performing better than Western Africa (48%) and Central Africa (34%) (Figure IV.2). Figure IV.1a. Capacity factor, level, 2005 Figure IV.1b. Capacity factor, % variation, 2000-05 Swaziland Senegal Niger Congo, Dem. Rep. Cape Verde Kenya Rwanda Ethiopia Ghana Angola Nigeria Cape Verde Ghana Malawi Namibia Ethiopia Tanzania Kenya Uganda Zimbabwe Zambia South Africa Nigeria Lesotho Mozambique Rwanda Senegal Botswana Niger Uganda 0% 50% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure IV.2. Capacity factor, level, by sub-region, 2005 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Eastern Southern Western Central   19   Load Factor Load factor is a ratio of average annual load to maximum annual load. This indicator measures how much power is supplied on the average per unit of peak demand. Load factor provides information on how efficiently the power system equipment is used and, to a certain extent, helps understand how close the power supply system is to being overloaded. When load factor is high (i.e., average supply is only marginally below peak demand), equipment usage efficiency is high and vice versa. At the same time, when load factor is close to 100%, the system might be at its capacity limit and could collapse with potential increase in peak demand. 7 Load factor is calculated as ratio of average hourly supply (before losses) to peak annual demand of power. It is usually expressed in percentage terms. Load factor = (Annual electricity supplied (MWh) / (24hours*364days)) / Peak annual demand (MW) Load factor is a very important indicator for the SSA region. It is more reliable in the African context than many other efficiency indicators. In addition, this indicator is very useful for many SSA utilities, where a major objective is to reduce the cost of producing and supplying power, as it points to cases when equipment usage efficiency could be increased. Load factor levels differ considerably among the SSA countries, ranging from 10% in Benin to 100% in Cote d’Ivoire. Among 23 countries with available data, only five have load factor at a level below 50%: Namibia at 48%, Lesotho at 42%, Swaziland 31%, Botswana at 26% and Benin at 10%. Eight countries have healthy levels of load factor ranging between 70% and 86% - these are Madagascar, Congo, Dem. Rep., Senegal, Kenya, Angola, Zambia, South Africa and Nigeria (Figure IV.3a). Changes in load factor over time are very different across countries. To measure these changes, we calculate percentage difference between the minimum and the maximum levels of this indicator over the period 2000-05 (deviation). Load factor deviation can be very low at 4%-5% (Ethiopia, Lesotho, Cape Verde) or as high as 64% in Niger, 35% in Mozambique and 23% in Ghana. (Figure IV.3b)                                                          7 To make an informed conclusion about how close a power system with high load factor is to its capacity limit, load factor should be analyzed together with capacity factor, the latter showing how close average generation is to operating capacity (see “Capacity factor� section in this chapter).   20   Figure IV.3a. Load factor, level, 2005 Figure IV.3b. Load factor, % variation, 2000-05 Benin South Africa Botswana Swaziland Cape Verde Lesotho Namibia Namibia Niger Burkina Faso Senegal Zimbabwe Ethiopia Ghana Cape Verde Uganda Uganda Ethiopia Lesotho Tanzania Malawi Madagascar Nigeria South Africa Kenya Zambia Niger Angola Kenya Ghana Senegal Congo, Dem. Rep. Nigeria Madagascar Cote d'Ivoire Benin 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Average performance level according to load factor is similar in all four sub-regions of Sub Saharan Africa ranging from 58% in Southern Africa to 62% in Western Africa to 67% in Eastern Africa and to 84% in Central Africa (Figure IV.4). Figure IV.4. Load factor, level, by sub-region, 2005 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Central Eastern Western Southern   21   The three indicators – load factor, capacity factor and operating ratio – could be analyzed together in order to present a more complete picture of utility operational performance as related to electricity production. Combined analysis provides fuller understanding of power demand and supply, as well as capacity to supply. In particular, load factor can be used together with capacity factor to diagnose the problem. High level of capacity factor together with high level of load factor signals that capacity needs to be increased in order to avoid the danger of not meeting demand in the future. Alternatively, if capacity factor is high, but load factor is not high, the solution might be in creating incentives for customers to redistribute their power usage over time and use less during the peak hours. Countries that have high capacity factor along with a high load factor (South Africa, Zambia, Senegal), might be at the physical limit of their capacity to meet demand, when the only solution is to increase capacity. At the same time, countries with high capacity factor and low load factor might find solution in reducing variation in demand over time (Botswana, Lesotho) (Figure IV.5). Figure IV.5. Load factor and capacity factor, 2007 or latest year available 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Zimbabwe Malawi Swaziland Namibia Zambia Congo, Dem. Rep. Nigeria Uganda Tanzania Botswana Niger Senegal Cape Verde Ghana Ethiopia Kenya South Africa Lesotho Angola capacity factor load factor   22   Operating Ratio Operating ratio is the ratio of operating to installed capacity. It measures actual capacity of the power system as compared with nominal capacity and usually is expressed in percentage terms. The formula for calculating operating ratio is: Operating ratio = Operating capacity (MW) / Installed capacity (MW) Operating ratio provides information about the condition of the power sector assets. This information is important by itself, as it reflects the burden of unutilized assets for both the power sector and the fiscal system. In addition, it provides context to the analysis of other efficiency indicators, such as load factor and capacity factor. This indicator is quite important for African countries, where quantity and quality of power supply are major problems, both of which are directly related to the poor condition of the sector assets. It also points to cases, in which non-operational assets might create serious fiscal problems. Figure IV.6a. Operating ratio, level, 2007 Figure IV.6b. Operating ratio, % or last year available variation, 2000-07 Zimbabwe Ghana Benin Cape Verde Zambia Congo, Dem. Rep. Mozambique Uganda Lesotho Nigeria Cote d'Ivoire Niger Mozambique Cameroon Tanzania South Africa Kenya Malawi South Africa Niger Congo, Dem. Rep. Kenya Lesotho Malawi Senegal Benin Ghana Ethiopia Ethiopia Eritrea Nigeria Cape Verde Cameroon Uganda 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Operating ratio differs from 14% in Zimbabwe to a level close to 100% in Cameroon, Cape Verde, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, and Lesotho. Worrisome levels of the operating ratio – when it is below 50% - are Congo, Dem. Rep. (46%), Zambia (45%), Benin (36%) and Zimbabwe (14%). Healthy operating ratio at the level above 70% is observed in Cameroon, Cape Verde, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, Lesotho, Kenya, Niger, Malawi and South Africa (Figure IV.6a-IV.6b).   23   All four sub-regions of Sub Saharan Africa demonstrate relatively similar performance levels according to operating ratio, which falls within a narrow range from 64% in Southern Africa to 73% in Central Africa to 78% in Western Africa and to 81% in Central Africa (Figure IV.7). Figure IV.7. Operating ratio, level, by sub-region, 2007 or latest year available 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Eastern Western Central Southern There is a relationship among the three indicators described here – load factor, capacity factor and operating ratio. Operating ratio can be used to check if the low level of capacity factor can be explained by condition of the power system physical assets or by other reasons, most likely managerial inefficiency or theft. When both capacity factor and operating ratio are low (there are no such countries in our sample), at least one of the explanations for low capacity factor is condition of the assets. When capacity factor is low while operating ratio is high (the case of Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Niger, Ghana, Malawi, Kenya), the low capacity ratio cannot be explained by physical asset condition and other reasons should be assumed. (Figure IV.8) Figure IV.8 Capacity factor and operating ratio, 2007 or latest year available 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% capacity factor operating to installed capacity   24   Electric Power Consumption per Capita The indicator of annual per capita consumption of electricity reflects level and potential of the country economic development. It is also indicative of the power sector’s ability to benefit from the economies of scale in the sector. This indicator is an estimate of actual consumption per capita, which is difficult to measure directly in Sub-Saharan African countries. This estimate is calculated as total production of power plants in public system, net of normative transmission, distribution, and transformation losses, divided by total population. The indicator, however, does not account for either technical losses above the norm or commercial losses. Both types of losses are considered to be high in the region, although it is difficult to estimate their values in most of African countries. Therefore, the indicator provides an approximation of end-user consumption, with actual consumption being either equal or below the estimated level. SSA’s consumption of electricity is low by international standards, with the per capita mean at 542 kWh per year and the median at 160 kWh per year. When South Africa is excluded from the sample, the mean consumption of electricity in the region drops to as little as 156 kWh per year, while the median barely changes and equals 155 kWh per year. Such level of consumption is substantially below levels of the other regions: three times lower than in South Asia, 10 times less than in the Middle East, North Africa, Latin America, or East Asia, and 23 times beneath Europe and Central Asia (Table IV.1). The level of power consumption in SSA, excluding South Africa, is also 2.6 times lower than in IDA countries8. But it is close to the level of Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) countries. Correlation between electricity consumption and the level of development (measured as GNI per capita) is strong across regions and income groups, as well as within the Sub-Sahara Africa region. Correlation between these two indicators is very high at 96% among regions and groups of countries by income. For the 20 of the 47 African countries for which data are available, correlation between these two indicators is 75%. When South Africa – an outlier with per capita electricity consumption nine times above SSA mean and three times above the level of Namibia, the next largest consumer of power on per capita basis – is excluded from the sample, correlation increases to 87%.                                                          8 IDA countries borrow from the World Bank on special terms. These are 78 poorest nations, 39 of them in Africa, with GNI per capita below a threshold - in 2009, it was US$1,095. A few IDA countries exceed the threshold – these are small island economies lacking the creditworthiness needed to borrow from IBRD.   25   Table IV.1. Average annual per capita consumption of electricity, by region, income group and lending status, 2006 By Region (mean, unless indicated median): Sub-Saharan Africa Mean 542 Median 160 Mean without South Africa 156 Median without South Africa 155 East Asia & Pacific 1,669 Europe & Central Asia 3,835 Latin America & Caribbean 1,808 Middle East & North Africa 1,418 South Asia 453 By lending group and income (mean): HIPC 184 IDA blend 551 IDA only 221 IBRD only 2241 Low income 309 Lower middle income 1,269 Middle income 1,651 Upper middle income 3,242 High income 9,675 World 2,751 Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank The levels of annual electricity consumption per capita vary widely in the region (Figure IV.9, Figure IV.10). Of the 20 African countries with data, the countries in the top quintile of ranking are South Africa (4,847 kWh in annual electricity consumption per capita), Namibia (1,428 kWh/ capita), Botswana (1,406 kWh/ capita), Gabon (999 kWh/ capita) and Zimbabwe (953 kWh/ capita). The countries in the lowest quintile are Ethiopia (34 kWh/ capita), Tanzania (61 kWh/ capita), Benin (69 kWh/ capita), Congo, DR (91 kWh/ capita), Togo (94 kWh/ capita) and Sudan (94 kWh/capita). Growth in electricity consumption per capita also differs substantially across African countries (Figure IV.11). Eight countries (Ghana, Zimbabwe, Congo, Rep., Congo, Dem. Rep., Cote d'Ivoire, South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania) have compound annual growth rates in electricity consumption of less than 1% in 1997–2005, while countries with the highest annual growth rates are Sudan (10.1%), Angola (7.4%), Benin (6.7%), Namibia (6.1%), Nigeria (5.8%) and Botswana (5.4%). Mozambique is an outlier in the region reporting an annual growth rate of 38.6%. In addition, 12 African countries had electricity consumption growth rates lower than the annual   26   growth rate of the GDP in the studied period, suggesting the expansion of the electricity sector was not able to keep up with demand.9 Figure IV.9. Electricity consumption and per capita income, by income group and region, 2005 12,000 40,000 35,000 10,000 30,000 kWh/ capita/ year US$/ capita/ year 8,000 25,000 6,000 20,000 15,000 4,000 10,000 2,000 5,000 - - ECA LAC EAP MENA SSA SAS High Upper Middle Lower Low World income middle income middle income income income GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank, and EIA Figure IV.10. Electricity consumption and per capita income in selected Sub- Saharan African countries, 2005 6,000 6,000 5,000 5,000 kWh/ capita/ year US$/ capita/ year 4,000 4,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 - - Cote d'Ivoire South Africa Zambia Togo Tanzania Congo, DRC Namibia Botswana Gabon Ghana Cameroon Angola Kenya Nigeria Sudan Benin Ethiopia Senegal Congo, Rep. GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) Electricity consumption per capita, kWh/capita Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank, and EIA                                                          9 One percentage growth in GDP requires, on average, one percentage growth in the electricity supply so that electricity does not become a constraint for growth (see: Africa Infrastructure Diagnostic, World Bank, Washington DC, 2009).   27   Figure IV.11 Compound annual growth rate in electricity consumption per capita and GDP in selected African countries, 1997–2005 11% 9% compound growth, % 7% 5% 3% 1% Cote d'Ivoire Togo Zambia Tanzania Zimbabwe Sudan Angola Benin Namibia Nigeria Botswana Ethiopia Cameroon Gabon Kenya Ghana Senegal Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. -1% GNI per capita growth Growth in electricity consumption per capita Source: ASK database and World Development Indicators, World Bank The growth in electricity consumption per capita is highest in two groups of countries: those with lowest and those with highest consumption levels (Figure IV.12). However, within the first group of countries, characterized by lowest electricity consumption, the growth is lower when consumption is higher. This means that most of the countries at the very low end of the power consumption scale did not have noticeable improvement in consumption in the last eight years. At the same time, for the rest of the sample (except South Africa) – countries with high and medium consumption of power per capita – growth in consumption is clearly higher when consumption is higher. Figure IV. 12. Electricity consumption per capita in 2005 and compound annual growth rate in electricity consumption per capita in 1997–2005 11% 9% 7% 5% 3% 1% Tanzania Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Sudan Angola Benin Botswana Kenya Cote d'Ivoire Zimbabwe Ghana Senegal Namibia Nigeria Ethiopia Togo Cameroon Zambia Gabon -1% Source: ASK database and World Development Indicators, World Bank Correlation between per capita consumption of electricity and its annual compound growth in the 20 African countries studied is low or negative. It was at negative 18% in 1997–2005. However, when countries are compared with income-based benchmarks, a clearer picture emerges. In countries with consumptions below the HIPC benchmark, the average growth rate in consumption is the highest but the range across countries is also wide. For countries with consumption levels higher   28   than the HIPC average but lower than lower middle income average, the average growth rates are just around 1%. For countries with consumptions levels higher than the lower middle income average, the growth rates again are high, primarily driven by Botswana and Namibia. (Table IV.2) Table IV.2 Annul electricity consumption per capita in selected African countries and its compound annualized growth, by income-based benchmarks Benchmarks Countries in the group kWh: range and Growth,% mean (2005) (1997–2005) Below HIPC Ethiopia, Tanzania, Benin, Congo DR, 0.36% to mean Togo, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Angola, 34 to 170, 10.1%, Senegal, Congo Rep. and Cote d'Ivoire mean=111 mean=4.5% Above HIPC Cameroon, Ghana mean, below 191 to 243, LIC mean mean=231 0.8% Above LIC Zambia, Zimbabwe, Gabon mean, below 721 to 999, LMIC mean mean=891 1.2% Above LMIC Botswana, Namibia, South Africa 1,406 to 4,847, mean mean=2,560 4.0% Annual electricity consumption per capita and its growth differ substantially across sub-regions (Figure IV.13). The Southern Africa sub-region has highest consumption (1,583 kWh), even when South Africa is excluded (930 kWh). Central region has second highest consumption (362 kWh), while Western Africa (146 kWh) and Eastern Africa (82 kWh) fall far behind. Three regions (Southern, Eastern and Western) experienced annual growth rates of over 3% in 1995-2005, while the Central region’s annual growth rate was at 1%. Figure IV.13. Electricity consumption per capita, 2005, and its compound annual growth, 1997-05, by sub-region 1,800 4.5% 1,600 4.0% 1,400 3.5% kWh/capita/year 1,200 3.0% 1,000 2.5% % 800 2.0% 600 1.5% 400 1.0% 200 0.5% - 0.0% Eastern Western Central Africa Southern Southern Africa Africa Africa w/o Africa South Africa   29   Household Access to Electricity Household access to electricity is measured as percentage of households that are connected to an electric power source (grid or off-grid). It is calculated as follows: Household access to electricity = Number of households connected to electricity*100 / Number of households in the country Household access to electricity is a main indicator of power sector performance. It shows how advanced the sector is in achieving its developmental goal of connecting households and businesses. In addition to directly measuring household access, it can be used as a proxy for commercial access, because many commercial entities in SSA operate from household residences and also because it reflects availability of power in the country. However, household access cannot be used as a proxy for industrial access. Household access to electricity is defined as percentage of population with access to power out of population in the utility service area. Access data can come from many different sources, including utility records, Census estimates, and various survey outcomes. Here we use household survey data, thus accounting for household access from all sources including illegal connections. Household access to electricity is a very important indicator in the African context due to low current rates (see Table IV.3) and importance for the economy and society to increase them. Table IV.3 demonstrates that Africa differs substantially from other regions in household access to power, with rates more than three times below other regions. Low income African countries differ from the rest of the developing world even more: the difference is almost ten-fold, pointing to very low usage of electricity by connected households and businesses, as well as low industrial usage. Table IV.3. Access to electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa low and middle income countries (LICs and MICs) as compared to other developing regions SSA LICs Other LICs SSA MICs Other MICs Access to electricity (% households) 16% 41% 32% 88% Capacity (MW per million people) 37 326 251 648 Source: Yepes, T, J. Pierce, V. Foster, Making Sense of Africa’s Infrastructure Endowment: Benchmarking Approach, Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic, Working Paper #1, World Bank, 2009 There is a noticeable variation in the national level of access among SSA countries. It ranges from 3.5% in Chad to 93.6% in Mauritius (Figure IV.14a). Approximately   30   one-half of the countries have access level below 20% and the other one-half has access above 20%. Distribution of access is slightly skewed toward less electrified countries, with the mean level of 26.3% and the median level of 19.2%. Countries with access above 50% are Mauritius (93.6%), South Africa (69.7%), Cote D'Ivoire (58.9%), Guinea-Bissau (53.5%) and Nigeria (52.2%). Countries at the other end of the scale – those with access below 10% - are Chad (3.5%), Rwanda (4.8%), Central African Republic (6%), Malawi (6.9%), Niger (7.1%), Mozambique (8.1%) and Togo (8.9%). Sub-Saharan African countries range widely in their national electrification trend over the last decade. Annual compound growth in the population access to electricity from a point of time between 1995 and 2000 to another point of time between 2001 and 2005 varies from a negative 6.2% in Rwanda to a positive 21.8% in Lesotho (Figure IV.14b). The best performers, countries that achieved annual compound increase in access of more than 10% were Lesotho (21.79%), Togo (17.23%), Madagascar (17.02%), Kenya (15.38%), Mali (15.21%), Botswana (15.02%), Guinea-Bissau (13.95%), Gabon (11.49%), Benin (10.63%) and Burkina Faso (10.56%). The worst performers, countries with annual compound growth in access below 1%, were Rwanda (-6.20%), Mauritania (-4.85%), Zimbabwe (- 3.79%), Mauritius (-1.64%), Namibia (-0.96%), Sudan (0.00%), Zambia (0.38%), Niger (0.83%) and Uganda (0.86%). While it would be reasonable to anticipate that countries with higher achieved access rate have lower annual increase in access, the data do not support such hypothesis. In fact, mean annual growth in access is approximately the same for four out of five quintiles10 of countries ranked by access level: it ranges from 3.2% to 5.2% for the bottom and the top three quintiles, while reaching 12.5% in the second quintile, which combines countries with access level from 11% to 17%. Reversed analysis provides similar outcomes: contradictory to reasonable expectations, there is no relationship between increase in access and level of access to power. Mean access level for different quintiles of growth in access ranges from 30% in the bottom quintile to 34% in quintile 2, to 32% for quintile 3, dropping slightly to 25% for quintile 4 and finally to 23% in the top quintile. Difference in national access across SSA sub-regions is not high, although noticeable, with Southern and Western Africa reaching levels above 30% and thus performing on the average slightly better than Central and Eastern Africa, the regions with national access levels close to 25% (Figure IV.15)                                                          10 Refers to 1/5 of the sample ranked by access level.   31   Figure IV.14a. Household access, Figure IV.14b. Compound growth in national, latest year available 2002-2005 national access, available years 1995- 2001 Chad Rw anda Rw anda Mauritania Central African Republic Zimbabw e Malaw i Niger Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Togo Sudan Congo, Dem. Rep. Zambia Lesotho Sw aziland Niger Burkina Faso Uganda Kenya South Africa Ethiopia Ethiopia Madagascar Ghana Angola Sierra Leone Cameroon Mali Cote D'Ivoire Tanzania Guinea Uganda Nigeria Mauritania Guinea Mozambique Benin Senegal Sudan Eritrea Eritrea Chad Congo, Rep. Angola Zimbabw e Zambia Tanzania Gambia, The Comoros Namibia Malaw i Botsw ana Burkina Faso Comoros Cape Verde Benin Senegal Gabon Cameroon Guinea-Bissau Gabon Botsw ana Sao Tome and Principe Mali Ghana Nigeria Kenya Guinea-Bissau Madagascar Cote D'Ivoire Togo South Africa Lesotho Mauritius 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%   32   Figure IV.15. Household access, national, by sub-region, latest year available 2002-2005 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Southern Western Central Eastern Access to power in Africa is characterized by a large difference between urban and rural levels. Considering high variation in the level of urbanization across the region and the low density of population in rural Sub-Saharan Africa, it makes sense to include urban access in the analysis, in addition to the national access. Urban access is more evenly distributed among Sub-Saharan African countries than national access: the mean and the median are almost the same, 56% and 53% respectively. While urban access is substantially higher than national in all SSA countries, growth in urban access is lower than in national access. Urban access level ranges from 16% in CAR and Chad to 93% in Gabon (Figure IV.16a). Countries with urban access above 80% are Gabon (93.2%), South Africa (86.5%), Cote D'Ivoire (86.4%), Ethiopia (85.7%), Nigeria (84.9%), Cape Verde (83.1%) and Senegal (80.4%). Countries at the other end of the scale – those with urban access below 30% - are Central African Republic (15.6%), Chad (16.4%), Mozambique (25.0%), Rwanda (25.1%) and Lesotho (26.2%). Sub-Saharan African countries range widely in their urban electrification trend over the last decade. Annual compound growth in the urban access to electricity from a point of time between 1995 and 2001 to another point of time between 2002 and 2005 varies from a negative 10.37% in Rwanda to a positive 9.24% in Mali (Figure IV.16b). The best performers, countries that achieved annual compound increase in access of more than 5% were Lesotho (9.24%), Togo (7.2%), Madagascar (6.82%), Kenya (6.63%), Mali (6.27%), Botswana (5.71%) and Guinea-Bissau (5.56%). The worst performers, countries with negative annual compound growth in urban access, were Rwanda (-10.37%), Zimbabwe (-6.08%), Mauritania (-4.35%), Togo (-3.33), Ghana (-1.37), Mozambique (-0.52%), Eritrea (-0.41%) and Cameroon (-0.4%).   33   Figure IV.16a. Household access, urban, Figure IV.16b. Compound latest year available 2002-2005 growth in urban household access, available years 1995-2001 Central African Republic Rwanda Chad Mozambique Zimbabwe Rw anda Mauritania Lesotho Togo Malaw i Congo, Dem. Rep. Ghana Sierra Leone Mozambique Togo Eritrea Tanzania Niger Cameroon Mali Burundi Mauritania Cote D'Ivoire Uganda Zambia Nigeria Kenya Gabon Congo, Rep. Kenya Gambia, The Burkina Faso Tanzania Madagascar Malawi Benin Niger Sw aziland Sao Tome and Principe Zambia Burundi Senegal Guinea Uganda Zimbabw e Comoros Ethiopia Namibia Guinea Ghana Madagascar Cameroon Eritrea Burkina Faso Senegal Comoros Cape Verde Swaziland Nigeria Ethiopia Benin Cote D'Ivoire Chad South Africa Mali Gabon -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%   34   Quality of Service, Customer Perspective: Outages and Delay with Connection Two indicators – number of outages per year and number of days of delay in obtaining power connection11 – are used to measure the quality of customer service from the customer perspective. Customer perspective of service quality is an important indicator of utility performance. It provides feedback to the utility and, at the same time, can be used for enabling the customers to influence sector performance. Specifically important is information from customers about objective characteristics of service quality as opposed to customer perceptions. The best objective service quality indicators provided by customers and available for the African countries are number of outages per year and days of delay in obtaining power connection. These indicators are especially valuable because utility data measuring the same characteristics of utility performance are not always available or reliable in the region. Number of outages per year is the main indicator of service quality, especially in Africa, where it is very high as compared to other regions. Blackouts and brownouts are damaging for businesses and households from both economic and social points of view. They force customers to use expensive emergency power or invest in own generator. They reduce the amount of power that utilities provide to customers and thus negatively affects utility income. They damage equipment. They interrupt production process. They negatively affect social life and family activities. Days of delay in obtaining power connection is also an important indicator in the context of Africa, where increase in connectivity is a major task for the sector, considering the current low level of access, and where delays with connection are known to be high. The service quality data are obtained from surveys of enterprises12 and thus are related to business customers only. However, the sampling procedure provides that these indicators can be used to evaluate overall service quality. The number of outages estimated by these surveys would be approximately the same for residential customers, as surveys use samples of businesses that have different size and are located in all areas of the country, the procedure providing for equal likelihood of experiencing outages by residential end-users. In addition, delays with obtaining electricity connection are likely to be similar or even higher for residential                                                          11 Refers to the average wait, in days, experienced to obtain electrical connection from the day the enterprise applied for it to the day it received the service. 12 Source of data: The World Bank Enterprise Surveys: https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/   35   customers, who are less likely to be able to pay for them – therefore, using the indicator of business connections delay provides for conservative estimate. While many SSA countries have a high number of outages per year and long delays with electrical connection, the region’s performance according to both indicators is better than that of South Asia. SSA also has slightly lower level of outages that EAP and shorter delays with connections than MENA. The country annual average number of outages per year equals 164 in SSA as compared with 1,219 in South Asia, 171 in EAP, 99 in ECA, 53 in MNA and 36 in LAC. Delays with obtaining power connection are 35 days long in SSA, while taking 55 day in MNA, 49 in South Asia, 34 in LAC, 22 in EAP and 20 in ECA. (Figures IV.17a-IV.17b) In SSA countries, the number of outages per year ranges from six in South Africa to 407 in Guinea. Countries with the lowest number of outages per year are South Africa (6), Namibia (20), Botswana (21), Swaziland (30), Mozambique (38), Mauritania (45) and Zambia (50). The highest number of outages is observed in Guinea (407), Nigeria (321), Gambia (286), Niger (248), Congo, Dem. Rep. (213), Rwanda (164), Cameroon (152) and Cape Verde (150). Delays with obtaining electricity connection in the region can be as short as seven days (South Africa) or as long as 98 days (Malawi). The least delay is observed in South Africa (7 days), Mauritania (8 days), Nigeria (8 days), Cape Verde (8 days), Namibia (9 days) and Senegal (10 days). The countries with the longest delay are Angola (60 days), Gambia (64 days), Eritrea (65 days), Benin (72 days), Cameroon (79 days), Zambia (93 days) and Malawi (98 days). (Figures IV.18a-IV.18b) SSA sub-regions differ substantially in the number of outages per year. The best performance according to this indicator is observed in Southern region, with outages averaging 42 per year. Southern region is followed by Eastern Africa, which has 104 outages a year on the average. Central and Western regions experience more outages, with average country levels respectively at 170 per year and 171 per year. Figure IV.17a. Outages, country annual Figure IV.17b. Delays with average, by region, latest year available electricity connection, country annual average, by region, 2005 1,400 60 1,200 50 n u m b er o f d ays 1,000 number per year 40 800 30 600 20 400 10 200 0 - OECD Eastern East Asia Latin Sub- South Middle Latin Middle Eastern Sub- East Asia South Asia Europe & & Pacific America & Saharan Asia East & America & East & Europe & Saharan & Pacific Central Caribbean Africa North Caribbean North Central Africa Asia Africa Africa Asia   36   Figure IV.18a. Outages and delays with electricity connection, country annual average – sorted by outages 450 100 number of days of delay with number of outages per year 400 90 350 80 300 70 connection 60 250 50 200 40 150 30 100 20 50 10 - 0 South Africa Zambia Tanzania Namibia Botswana Swaziland Mozambique Mauritania Benin Ethiopia Kenya Angola Eritrea Ghana Burkina Cape Verde Cameroon Rwanda Gambia, the Nigeria Madagascar Guinea- Niger Mali Senegal Burundi Congo, Guinea Outages, number per year Delay in obtaining electrical connection (days) Figure IV.18b. Outages and delays with electricity connection, country annual average – sorted by delays 450 100 number of days of delay with number of outages per year 400 90 350 80 300 70 connection 60 250 50 200 40 150 30 100 20 50 10 - 0 South Africa Tanzania Zambia Congo DRC Mauritania Nigeria Cape Verde Namibia Mozambique Swaziland Rwanda Burkina Ghana Botswana Kenya Ethiopia Angola Gambia, the Eritrea Benin Cameroon Guinea- Niger Madagascar Senegal Burundi Mali Guinea Outages, number per year Delay in obtaining electrical connection (days) Variation among SSA sub-regions in the length of delay with obtaining power connection is relatively low. It ranges from 27 days in the Western region to 35 days in the Central region, then increases to 41 days in the Southern Africa and moves up to 45 days in Eastern Africa. (Figures IV.19a-IV19b) Figure IV.19a. Outages, country annual Figure IV.19b. Delays with electricity average, by sub-region, latest year connection, country annual average, available by sub-region, 2005 180 50 160 45 country average: number per year 40 140 35 120 number of days 30 100 25 80 20 60 15 40 10 20 5 - 0 Western Central Eastern Southern Western Central Southern Eastern   37   Residential Tariffs13 The structure of residential electricity tariffs differs substantially among the SSA countries. Some tariffs include a fixed monthly charge, which can be quite large. While all tariffs include the volume-based charge, which defines how much should be paid for each kWh consumed, the way it is structures differs from country to country: in some cases, the rate is flat – the same amount is charged per kWh for any level of monthly usage; some countries selected increasing block rates, with the charge per kWh rising from the first block consumed to the second and so on, with the highest charge per kWh applied to the highest block of consumption; other countries opted for decreasing block rates, with the price per kWh dropping as the amount of electricity used during the month increases. The blocks can be constructed in many different ways. In Sub-Saharan African countries, the number of blocks ranges from 1 (flat rate) to 11; the border between the first and the second block can be as low as 15 kWh or as high as 300 kWh; and the span of the variable charge for the first block stretches from 1 US cent per kWh to 23 US cents per kWh. Considering all the complications of the residential tariff structure, the best way to have a cross-country comparison of residential electricity tariffs is through effective tariffs, which measure price of kWh at different monthly consumption levels. The formula for effective tariff calculation is: t=a*x+c, where: b is volume-based charge per kWh, x is volume consumed, and c is fixed charge. In Sub-Saharan African countries, effective residential tariffs for a wide range of monthly consumption levels span from 2 US cents/kWh to 36 US cents/kWh (Table IV.4). While tariffs at the lower end of this range appear to be unsustainably below the efficient cost and cannot be sustainable, the tariffs at the upper end of the range are questionable in their affordability for the population, considering income levels in the observed countries. Figure IV.20 shows residential effective tariffs at 100 kWh per month, the level slightly above typical household consumption in Sub-Saharan African countries. Chad, Cape Verde, Madagascar, Uganda and Burkina Faso have the highest effective tariffs ranging from 20 US cents/kWh to 30 US cents/kWh. These tariffs are observed to be efficiently structured in their volume-based part: the second block is priced at a high level as compared to the first one14 and the border between the first and the second blocks is relatively low (at or below 50 kWh). However, efficiency of these tariffs in some of the countries is reduced due to inclusion of the                                                          13 This analysis was prepared for: Electricity Tariffs in SSA countries, Working paper, Africa Infrastructure Diagnostic, World Bank, Washington DC, 2009. 14 Setting second block tariffs high as compared with the first one helps achieve the combined goal of cost recovery and tariff affordability for the poor only if the tariffs are above costs.   38   fixed charge in the tariff (Madagascar, Uganda, Burkina Faso) and in others – due to insufficient variation between the first and the second block tariff (Cape Verde, Burkina Faso). Ethiopia, Congo, Dem. Rep., Malawi, Nigeria and Zambia have the lowest effective tariffs, not even reaching 5 US cents/kWh. In all these countries, tariffs are not structured efficiently: the volume based charges are very low and the fixed charge is included in the tariffs. Table IV.4. Effective residential tariffs by level of household monthly consumption 50kWh 75kWh 100kWh 150kWh 200kWh 300kWh 400kWh 450kWh Benin 12.6 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.1 19.7 22.5 23.5 Burkina Faso 20.6 20.2 20.0 19.9 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.4 Cameroon 17.2 15.1 14.1 13.0 12.5 12.3 12.3 12.2 Cape Verde 23.6 25.1 25.8 26.5 26.9 27.3 27.4 27.5 Chad 22.9 27.3 30.0 32.7 34.1 35.4 36.1 36.3 Congo 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 Côte d'Ivoire 9.6 11.1 11.9 12.6 13.0 13.4 13.6 13.6 Ethiopia 3.9 4.1 4.1 5.3 5.6 6.1 6.2 6.4 Ghana 8.7 8.4 8.2 8.0 7.9 7.8 9.1 9.6 Kenya 8.4 12.7 14.8 16.9 18.0 19.1 19.9 20.1 Lesotho 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 Madagascar 23.5 25.0 25.8 26.5 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.5 Malawi 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 Mozambique 9.6 7.7 6.8 7.4 7.7 9.0 9.6 9.8 Namibia 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 Niger 14.5 14.2 14.1 13.9 13.9 13.8 13.7 13.7 Nigeria 2.5 3.8 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.9 5.3 5.4 Rwanda 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 Senegal 18.6 16.4 15.2 14.1 13.5 13.0 12.7 12.6 South Africa 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 Sudan nav nav nav nav nav nav nav nav Tanzania 3.2 5.5 6.7 7.9 8.5 9.0 8.8 8.8 Uganda 19.5 20.7 21.4 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.8 22.8 Zambia 4.2 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 Based on trends in effective residential tariffs from low to high consumption levels, one can clearly distinguish four types of tariffs in Sub-Saharan African countries: 1. Effective tariffs increase steeply with rise in consumption. These tariffs are efficient from affordability perspective. Countries with such tariffs are Chad and Kenya. While Kenya is one of a few countries that achieve cost recovery, Chad is not – due to very high production costs. 2. Effective tariffs increase slightly with rise in consumption. These tariffs might be efficient from the point of view of affordability, but only marginally. Countries with such tariffs are Cape Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, Madagascar, Tanzania, and Uganda.   39   Most of them achieve cost recovery – those are Uganda, Madagascar, Cape Verde, - while Cote d’Ivoire is very close to it. 3. Effective tariffs are flat, do not change with growth in consumption. These tariffs do not provide any subsidy to the low income customers from the higher income ones and are inefficient from affordability perspective. From this point of view, they do not differ from flat rate tariffs. In addition, billing with IBT tariffs is more expensive than with flat tariffs, and therefore these tariffs increase utility expenses without providing any social benefit. Countries with this tariff type are Congo, Dem. Rep., Niger and Burkina Faso, all with tariffs below cost recovery level. 4. Effective tariffs decrease with increased consumption. Clearly, these tariffs are counterproductive from affordability point of view. In most of cases, these tariffs include a large fixed charge (Cameroon, Malawi, Zambia) and/or have low level volume-based part (Malawi, Zambia), or have the second block priced at a lower rate than the first one (Senegal). Figure IV.20. Effective residential tariffs at 100 kWh monthly consumption 30 25 20 US cents 15 10 5 0 Cote de Ivoire Zambia Tanzania South Africa Congo DRC Niger Madagascar Nigeria Ethiopia Mozambique Lesotho Ghana Namibia Benin Cameroon Rwanda Kenya Burkina Faso Uganda Cape Verde Chad Malawi Senegal   40   Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable is cash that customers owe to the utility for power supplied to them. The indicator of days of accounts receivable shows how fast the utility collects payments from customers. The lower this indicator, the more financially efficient the utility is. This indicator is calculated as: Accounts Receivable (Days) = 365 Days / (Annual Operating Revenues/Year-end Accounts Receivable)15 Another way to present the same formula is: Accounts Receivable (Days) = Year-end Accounts Receivable / (Annual Operating Revenues/365 Days)16 In either case, the outcome of the calculations gives the number of days it will take to collect outstanding accounts receivable considering past year’s experience with the average time gap between the day the service was provided and the day the payment was received. For SSA countries with data available, mean number of days utilities take to collect accounts receivable is quite high, amounting to almost four months (117 days) – however, the median is much lower at 2.5 months (78 days). Variation among countries is very high – from six days in Niger to 476 days in Nigeria. The best performers with respect to this indicator are the countries whose accounts receivable fall below two months: Niger (6 days), Rwanda (10 days), South Africa (46 days), Lesotho (56 days) and Namibia (60 days). The worst performers – countries with accounts receivable above six months are Benin (184 days), Ghana (206 days) and Nigeria (476 days). (Figure IV.21a) This indicator changes over time in all countries in the sample, however, there is no regular pattern – in some countries it increases, in other countries it decreases. Compound annual decrease in this indicator over the period of 4 years within the 2000-2006 time frame ranges from -3.2% in Senegal to +35.6% in Lesotho, with the mean at 10% and the median at 7%. The countries whose performance with regard                                                          15 The denominator of the equation is called turnover ratio=net sales / end-year receivables. Turnover ratio shows how many times the company turned over its receivables in a year. It is preferable to use average of end-year receivables for the current year and the previous year. 16 The denominator of the equation shows average daily revenue. Dividing accounts receivable by average daily revenue gives number of days daily average is called turnover ratio=net sales / end-year receivables. It is preferable to use average of end-year receivables for two years: the current one and the previous one.   41   to this indicator improved the most, are Lesotho (35.6% decrease), Benin (27.5% decrease), Rwanda (27.5% decrease), Uganda (19.5% decrease) and Niger (11.4% decrease). The worst performers are Senegal (3.2% increase), Nigeria (3.0% increase), Ghana (2.9% increase), Namibia (2.5% increase), Cape Verde (0.5% increase). (Figure IV.21b) Figure IV.21a. Accounts receivable Figure IV.21b. Compound annual (days), latest year available 2004-06 decrease in days of accounts receivable (%), period from earliest year available 2000-03 to latest year available 2004-06 500 40% 450 35% 400 30% % decrease 350 25% 300 days 20% 250 15% 200 150 10% 100 5% 50 0% 0 -5% S outh A frica South Africa Niger S enegal Rwanda Lesotho Nam ibia E ritrea Cam eroon Uganda Cape V erde B urkina Faso B enin Ghana Nigeria Niger Nigeria Ghana Namibia Cape Verde Eritrea Cameroon Burkina Faso Uganda Rwanda Benin Lesotho Senegal   42   Cost Recovery Ratio Cost recovery ratio can be measured17 as ratio of effective tariff18 to cost per kWh, expressed as percentage. It makes sense to use two such ratios: operational and total, the former based on operational cost and the latter on total cost, which has both operational and capital components. Together with the indicator of operating expenses covered by revenues, cost recovery ratio reflects utility ability to cover its expenditures with revenues. However, they differ: ratio of operating expenses to revenues takes into account actual consumption level, while cost recovery ratio ignores current consumption level and can be calculated for any theoretical level of consumption. Here we present cost recovery ratio calculated for a residential customer (household) consuming 100 kWh per month – a level close to average for SSA countries. Only in 10 out of 21 countries with available data effective tariffs cover operational costs and only in 6 of these countries effective tariffs cover total costs. This means that for more than half of the countries in the sample costs are not covered by tariffs even if investment is not included in the costs, and for more than three-quarters of the sampled countries, covering both operational cost and investment would require at least partial subsidization. Given that tariffs are high as compared with more developed regions19 and levels of incomes are lower20, further increase in effective tariffs is not likely to be affordable and the only feasible way to reduce sector losses occurring due to lack of cost recovery is cost reduction.21                                                          17 Cost recovery can be measured in a different way, for example, as ratio of unit revenue to cost. In this case it would reflect the price-cost-revenue collection relationship, while the proposed in this section tariff-to-cost ratio reflects the price-cost relationship, separated from the collection rate. 18 Effective tariffs measure electricity price per kWh at different monthly consumption levels. The formula for effective tariff calculation is: t=a*x+b, where: a is volume-based charge per kWh, x is volume consumed, and b is fixed charge. See section “Residential tariffs� in this chapter. 19 For comparison, recent residential prices in other regions are as follows: SAS – 4 US cents/kWh, EAP – 7 US cents/kWh, ECA – 7 US cents/kWh, LAC – 7 US cents/kWh, SSA – 13 US cents/kWh, OECD – 15 US cents/kWh (Source: Foster, V. and Cecilia Briceno- Garmendia, eds. Africa’s Infrastructure: A time for transformation, Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic, World Bank, Washington DC, 2009) 20 GNI per capita in PPP terms is PPP$1,861 in Sub-Saharan Africa, PPP$2,289 in South Asia, PPP$4,359 in East Asia, PPP$6,710 in Middle East and North Africa, PPP$8,682 in Latin America, PPP$9,791 in Europe and Central Asia, and PPP$35,586 in high income OECD countries. 21 Electricity Tariffs in SSA Countries, Working paper #8, Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic, World Bank, Washington DC, 2009   43   With respect to total cost recovery, the best performers are Uganda (174%), Madagascar (156%), South Africa (126%), Cape Verde (111%), Kenya (108%), Cameroon (101%) and Benin (99%). The list of best performers at the operating cost level is similar: Nigeria (154%), Namibia (161%), Kenya (177%), Ethiopia (197%), South Africa (214%), Madagascar (215%), Uganda (368%) and Benin (636%). (Figure IV.22a) The worst outcomes according to total cost recovery are in Zambia (38%), Rwanda (38%), Chad (36%), Malawi (34%) and Niger (33%). Similarly, the countries with the worst operating cost recovery are Nigeria (154%), Namibia(161%), Kenya (177%), Ethiopia (197%), South Africa(214%), Madagascar(215%), Uganda (368%) and Benin (636%). (Figure IV.22.b) Figure IV.22a. Cost recovery ratio (based on total cost) 200% 180% 160% 140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Zambia Tanzania South Africa Niger Madagascar Chad Rwanda Nigeria Ethiopia Ghana Namibia Lesotho Benin Cameroon Cape Verde Uganda Mozambique Burkina Faso Kenya Malawi Senegal Congo, Dem. Rep. Figure IV.22b. Cost recovery ratio (based on operating cost) 700% 600% 500% 400% 300% 200% 100% 0% Zambia Tanzania South Africa Congo (DRC) Madagascar Niger Chad Rwanda Mozambique Ghana Cameroon Lesotho Cape Verde Nigeria Kenia Malawi Senegal Burkina Faso Namibia Ethiopia Uganda Benin   44   Operating Expenses Covered by Revenues The indicator of operating expenses covered by revenues is a ratio of operating costs to revenues billed, expressed as percentage. As opposed to Days of accounts receivable, it does not take into account utility collection efficiency, but rather reflects whether the utility is capable of recovering its current expenditures at the existing consumption level and tariffs. This indicator is below 100% if operational cost is covered by revenues. To be able to recover costs that include capital expenses (in addition to operating expenses) and to account for non-collection, this indicator should be noticeably below 100%. In SSA countries, the indicator of operating expenses covered by revenues ranges from 20% in Tanzania to 158% in Chad, with the mean at 90% and the median at 97%. Sixty-five percent of the countries in the sample have this indicator at the level above 100% or below, but very close to 100%. The worst performers according to this indicator are: Chad (157%), Lesotho (111%), Cameroon (111%), Namibia (109%), Cape Verde (106%), Kenya (104%). The best performers are: Tanzania (20%), South Africa (45%), Rwanda (67%) and Benin (69%). (Figure IV.23a) It is important to mention that some of the factors of performance according to this indicator are outside of utility decision making power. This includes tariffs and certain elements of operating costs. For example, tariff levels are not defined by utility and in many of SSA countries are set below costs. Also, operating cost largely depends on source of generation and, with thermal generation, on oil prices. These examples show that the word “performance� used in the paragraph above does not necessarily mean “utility efficiency�. However, many components of the costs and collection level can certainly be optimized by utilities – therefore, the indicator of operating expenses covered by revenues can be improved with increased utility efficiency. Annual compound decrease in the indicator of operating expenses covered by revenues varies from 18.2% in Tanzania to -29.1% in Malawi, with the mean level at -1.8% and the median at -0.3%. The fastest improvement in this indicator occurred in Tanzania (18.2% decrease), Rwanda (6.5% decrease), South Africa (5.3% decrease) and Cameroon (5.1% decrease). This indicator worsened the most in Lesotho (35.6% increase), Benin (27.5% increase), Rwanda (27.5% increase) and Uganda (19.5% increase). (Figure IV.23b)   45   Figure IV.23a. Operating expenses covered by revenues, %, latest year available 2004-06 160% 140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Tanzania South Africa Rwanda Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Mozambique Uganda Kenya Cape Verde Namibia Cameroon Lesotho Chad Niger Malawi Senegal   Figure IV.23b. Annual compound decrease in operating expenses covered by revenues, %, from earliest year available 2000-03 to latest year available 2004-06 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% South Africa Tanzania Niger Malawi Lesotho Namibia Ghana Mozambique Kenya Burkina Faso Senegal Uganda Cape Verde Benin Cameroon Rwanda   46   Annex I. Sources of Data Data for the ASK database were sourced from published databases or statistics as well as directly from utilities via surveys and questionnaires. For the technical and commercial indicators of this benchmarking study, most of the data was gleaned from the following three sources: Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic, the Africa Power Sector Data Bank and the ASK Team Input Data for Electric Utilities Key Performance Indices; all three source databases were created at the World Bank. 1. International: Demographic and Health Surveys, MEASURE DHS, ICF Macro, 1990-2006, http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/search/search_survey_main.cfm?SrvyTp=typ e&listtypes=1 Economic Indicators and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA (International Energy Agency), 2006 Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Data, US Department of Energy, various years, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international Energy Statistics Database. IEA (International Energy Agency), http://www.iea.org Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) annual reports, various years World Energy Outlook, International Energy Agency, (IEA), various years 2. World Bank: Africa Development Indicators, World Bank, 2006 Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic, Power sector database, World Bank, 2009 Gassner, K., A. Popov and N. Pushak, An Empirical Assessment of Private Sector Participation in Electricity and Water Distribution in Developing Countries, Washington, DC, World Bank, 2008. IDA-14 Results Measurement System database, World Bank, 2009 Sub-Saharan Utility Performance and Benchmarking Study, Data Book, World Bank, 2006 The Little Data Book on Africa, World Bank, 2006 Development Data Platform (DDP) database, World Bank, 1990-2009 World Bank Group Enterprise Survey database, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org. World Development Indicators, World Bank, various years 3. Country and utility: Cote d'Ivoire’s electricity sector financial model, mimeo Eskom annual reports, South Africa, 2000-2006 Ethiopia Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) website, http://www.eepco.gov.et Ghana Energy Development and Access Project (GEDAP) publications Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) financial model, mimeo Sierra Leone electricity sector data sheet, mimeo Société Nationale d'Electricité ( SENELEC) website, http://www.senelec.sn   47   Annex II. Indicators of Power Utility Performance in Literature Literature review covers recent publications on electric utility performance benchmarking in SSA and other developing countries, concentrating on the selection of performance indicators used for comparative assessment of utilities as well as in gauging the impacts of sector reform on performance. A2. 1. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), Flagship Report, World Bank, 2009 The study involved creation of the electricity sector database for SSA countries that are currently undergoing power sector reform. Data for the study were collected in 2006-7. The study utilized a core set of indicators shown in Table A2.1 below. Table A2. 1. Indicators in the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic study Category Indicators Technical Electricity connections per employee (number) Efficiency Electricity purchased from IPPs (% of generated) Electricity purchased from IPPs, annual (GWh) Emergency generation capacity (% of operating) Emergency generation capacity (MW) Generation technology: coal (% of total) Generation technology: gas (% of total) Generation technology: hydro (% of total) Generation technology: oil (% of total) Installed generation capacity (MW) Installed generation capacity per mln. population (MW/mln popul.) Length of HV lines (66kV and above) (km) Length of LV lines (<34.5 kV) (km) Length of MV lines (34.5 kV to 66 kV) (km) Load served, on-grid, annual (GWh) Net electricity generated per capita, annual (kWh/capita) Net electricity generated, annual (GWh) Net import, annual (GWh) Operating generation capacity (% of installed) Operating generation capacity (MW)   48   Category Indicators Peak demand (MW) Peak demand on interconnected system (MW) Prepayment meters (% of operating meters) Reserve margin (%) Residential (LV) customers with operating meters (% of residential customers) Self generation capacity (MW) Self-generated capacity (% of operating) Self-sufficiency ratio (%) System capacity factor (%) System losses (% of generation) Coverage Population with access to power (% of pop. in utility service area) High and medium voltage customers (% of total number of customers) Number of high voltage customers (number) Number of high and medium customers (number) Number of low voltage customers (number) Number of all customers (number) Number of medium voltage customers (number) Usage Electricity billed per high voltage customer (kWh/customer Electricity billed per low voltage customer (kWh/customer) Electricity billed per medium voltage customer (kWh/customer) Electricity billed to commercial (MV) customer (GWh/year) Electricity billed to industrial (HV) customer (GWh/year) Electricity billed to residential (LV) customer (GWh/year) Quality Outages, duration, annual (hours/year) Outages, number, annual (number/year) Outages, volume load shed, annual (GWh/year) Pricing Average residential connection charge (LCU/connection) Average residential connection charge (USD/connection) Effective tariff, consumption 100kWh/mo (US cents/kWh) Effective tariff, consumption 150kWh/mo. (US cents/kWh) Effective tariff, consumption 200kWh/mo. (US cents/kWh) Effective tariff, consumption 300kWh/mo. (US cents/kWh) Effective tariff, consumption 400kWh/mo. (US cents/kWh) Effective tariff, consumption 500kWh/mo. (US cents/kWh) Effective tariff, consumption 50kWh/mo. (US cents/kWh)   49   Category Indicators Average cost of electricity, capital, historical (US cents/kWh) Financial Efficiency Average cost of electricity, operating, historical (US cents/kWh) Average cost of electricity, total, historical (US cents/kWh) Average cost of electricity, total, incremental, trade expansion scenario (US cents/kWh) Average cost of electricity, total, incremental, trade stagnation scenario (US cents/kWh) Average operational expenses, annual (LCU/kWh) Average operational expenses, annual (US cents/kWh) Average revenue, annual (US cents/kWh) Breakeven consumption based on operational cost (kWh) Breakeven consumption based on total cost (kWh) Collection ratio (% of billing) Historical cost recovery ratio (%) Household payment ratio (%) Implicit collection ratio (%) Incremental cost recovery ratio (%) Labor costs (% of operational costs) Labor costs, annual (LCU/year) Labor costs, annual (USD/year) Under-collection (% of GDP) Under-collection (% of revenue) Under-collection (% of total hidden costs) Operational costs (LCU/year) Operational expenses, total (USD/year) Revenue per HV customer, annual (USD/customer) Revenue per LV customer, annual (USD/customer) Revenue per MV customer, annual (USD/customer) Revenues (LCU/year) Revenues (USD/year) Sales to all customers (USD/year) Sales to commercial (MV) customers (LCU/year) Sales to commercial (MV) customers (USD/year) Sales to high and medium voltage customers (USD/year) Sales to high and medium voltage customers (% of total sales) Sales to industrial (HV) customers (LCU/year) Sales to industrial (HV) customers (USD/year) Sales to residential (LV) customers (LCU/year)   50   Category Indicators Sales to residential (LV) customers (USD/year) System losses (% of GDP) System losses (% of revenue) System losses (% of total hidden costs) Total hidden costs (% of GDP) Total hidden costs (% of revenue) Under-pricing (% of GDP) Under-pricing (% of revenue) Under-pricing (% of total hidden costs) General Household size in service area (number) Information Population (number of people) Population in service area (number of people) A2. 2. Benchmarking Analysis of the Electricity Distribution Sector in the Latin American and Caribbean Region, World Bank Report, 2007 This study benchmarked 249 utilities in 25 Latin American and Caribbean countries representing about 88% of the electricity sector in the region. The assessments were made at three levels, i.e., regional, country and utility, in determining performance levels and achievements of utilities. In the latter case, the 249 utilities were ranked according to their scores as being in the top 10%, middle 80%, or bottom 10% depending on the indicator being measured. Table A2.2 lists the core indicators used in the study. Table A2. 2. Core Indicators for the Latin America and Caribbean Region Benchmarking Study Category Indicator Description Technical and Energy Losses in Total Energy losses. Consist of technical Operational Distribution per Year (%) and non-technical (commercial) losses. Technical and Energy Losses in Non-technical or commercial losses (i.e. Operational Distribution per Year due to theft (illegal connections) and losses due to Non-technical Losses failure in the billing system) (Illegal Connections) (%) Technical and Energy Losses in Energy losses due to technical reasons (i.e. Operational Distribution per Year due to Dissipation of power in electrical system Technical Losses (%) components)   51   Category Indicator Description Technical and Energy Sold per Connection Ratio of Total energy sold per year to total Operational per Year (MWh) number of connections Technical and Energy Sold per Employee Ratio of the energy sold in MWh by the Operational (MWh) number of employees Technical and Length of Distribution Length (km) of the network reported by Operational Network (Km) voltage Technical and Number of Residential Ratio of the number of residential Operational Connections per Employee connections by the number of employees (Number) Technical and Total Electricity Sold per Total electricity supplied in MWh or the Operational Year (MWh) amount of electricity that was put on the network Technical and Total number of employees Total number of employees related to Operational (Number) electricity distribution activities Quality Average Duration of Number of hours-subscriber the system was Interruptions per Subscriber without power in a year, divided by the (Hours/year) total number of subscribers. The equivalent is SAIDI, System Average Interruption Duration Index calculated by dividing the sum of all customer interruption durations, in minutes, by the total number of customers served Quality Average Frequency of Average number of interruptions Interruptions per Subscriber experienced by a consumer unit during one (Interruptions/year) year. The equivalent is SAIFI, System Average Interruption Frequency Index calculated by dividing the total number of sustained customer interruptions by the total number of customers served Access Number of Residential Percentage of households connected in each Subscribers per 100 concession area (residential service Households in the coverage = residential connection / number Concession Area of households) (Residential Coverage) Access Total Number of Total number of connections (subscribers) Connections (number) in the utility area (i.e. Number of residential and non-residential connections) Access Total Number of Residential Total number of residential connections Connections (number) (subscribers) in the utility area Financial Average Industrial Tariff Average price per MWh of electricity sold ($/MWh) to industrial consumers, including both fixed and variable components, in local nominal currency   52   Category Indicator Description Financial Average Residential Tariff Average price per MWh of electricity sold ($/MWh) to residential consumers, including both fixed and variable components, in local nominal currency. Financial CAPEX (capital Expenditures to acquire, expand, repair, or expenditures) of the renovate fixed assets, implying the purchase distribution services per of goods and services whose benefits connection ($) extend beyond the year and add to the company's assets Financial CAPEX of the distribution Same CAPEX definition than above but services per MWh sold ($) divided by the total energy sold (in MWhs) Financial OPEX (operation Operating and maintenance costs, customer expenditures) of the service and accounts expenses, sales distribution services per expenses, administrative and general connection ($) expenses Financial OPEX of the distribution Same OPEX definition than above but services per MWh sold. ($) divided by the total energy sold Financial TOTEX (total expenditures) Sum of OPEX and CAPEX (TOTEX = of the distribution services OPEX + CAPEX) per connection ($) Financial TOTEX of the distribution Same TOTEX definition than above but services per MWh sold ($) divided by the total energy sold (in MWhs) A2. 3. Preparation of Electricity Sector Core Performance Indicators, Report, TEPCO and PA Consulting, World Bank, 2007 The study identified a core set of 10 electricity performance indicators from a short list of 22 commonly used indicators in utility benchmarking studies. Selection of core indicators was based on rating each for simplicity, comparability, relevance and flexibility, as well as on the inputs of utility managers and data availability in five utilities in Africa and Asia that were surveyed for the benchmarking study. The indicators were categorized into four broad areas, namely, Access, Affordability, Fiscal Dependence, and Efficiency. Table A2.3 lists the indicators selected for the study. Figure A2.3 shows a comparative chart constructed from the core performance indices and data for five selected countries.   53   Table A2. 3. Indicators Selected for the TEPCO/PA Consulting Study Indicator Description Household Electrification Rate (% ) Number of Households with a Commercial Connection / Total households Residential Consumption / National Residential Electricity Consumption per Year / Consumption Access Total Population (kWh/person/year) Connection Affordability (%) National Weighted Average Connection Fee / Poverty Level HH Income Income Affordability (%) Cost of Subsistence Electricity / Poverty Income Level System Affordability (km) Population Weighted Distance of Un-electrified Villages from the Grid Customers Contribution to Energy Collections from Customers / Energy Sent Out from ($/kWh sent out) Power Stations. Return on Capital Employed (%) Operating return / Capital Employed Aggregated Technical and 1- Performance Verification Index (PVI); PVI= Revenue Commercial Losses (index) recovered/ energy units received in the system Global Environmental Cost (kg Carbon Dioxide Emissions / Electricity Consumed C02 / kWh consumed) Electricity Elasticity of d(Total Annual Electricity Consumption) / d(GDP) GDP(number) Figure A2.3. Core Performance Indices of Five Countries   54   A2.4. Jamasb, Tooraj, Newbery, Davis and Pollitt, Michael, Core Indicators for Determining Performance of the Electricity Sector in Developing Countries, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #3599, 2005 The study provides a framework for benchmarking and analyzing utilities in developing countries undergoing sector reform. A set of core indicators spanning economic, social, technological and environmental aspects of sector reform is proposed. The indicators were chosen for their measurability, comparability and consistency as well as essentiality and complementarity in capturing reform impact on the utilities. Table A2.4 presents the indicators by category. The framework and core of indicators proposed in this study, while broad and exhaustive, are more useful for analyzing the impacts of utility deregulation. The study provided, however, useful insights, in particular, in relation to inclusion of economic, social and environmental dimensions into benchmarking studies in developing countries. Table A2.4. Core Indicators for Determinants and Performance of Electricity Sector in Developing Countries Category Indicators Electric Sector Electricity Generation Mix, Endowment and Electricity Consumption Characteristics Electricity Production Un-served Demand Electricity Intensity of GDP Number of Customers System Price to Cost ratio Sector Reform Date of Enactment of Reform Law State of Corporatization State of Privatization Unbundling of Generation, Transmission and Distribution Private Sector Participation Status of Retail Competition Market Structure Degree of Vertical Integration Number of Generation, Transmission and Distribution units Ownership of Generation, Transmission and Distribution units Wholesale Market Type and Size Access to Transmission Degree of Openness to Retail Marketing Role of IPPs, Type and Sizes Regulation, Governance Start Date of Regulator and Institution Transmission and Distribution Regulation   55   Category Indicators Open Access Market Structure Regulation Type of Regulator (Budget, Appointment, etc) Power and Transparency of Regulators Sector Performance System Load Factor Plant Availability Factor Technical/Non-Technical Losses in T & D Reliability and Security of Service End-user Prices Firm-Level Indicators Energy Sold Maximum Demand Total Number of Customers Total Network Length Total Energy Loss Quality of Service (Reliability and Security) Total Costs (Capital, O&M, etc), Revenues Generation Capacity (by type, fuel type, etc) Energy Production (by type, fuel type, etc) Load Factor (avg. load/max capacity) Macro-Level Indicators GDP Energy and Electricity Intensity per GDP Status of Economic Liberalization Country Risk Index Institutional, Political, Judicial Strength Foreign Aid Ratio of GDP Literacy Rate Economic Impacts Source and Size of Investments in G, T, and D Government Investment in G,T,D as % of public budget Social Impacts End-user Prices Level of Electrification (households connected) Consumption per Capita Environment CO2 Emission by Sector Pollutant Emissions (SO2, NOx, Particulates, VOC, etc.) A2. 5. Selection of Utility Distribution Key Performance Measures, Study Summary, PA Consulting Group and USAID- AFTEG, 2004 The study lists 25 key performance indicators grouped in three categories, namely, Technical, Commercial and Financial as shown Table A2.5. The study demonstrates in detail how each key indicator is computed from the data available at utilities. The study compares the KPIs of a subject utility with those of its peer, regional, best-in-class and benchmark utilities.   56   Table A2.5. Key Performance Indicators Selected for the USAID/AFTEG Study Indicators Description Technical Peak Demand Shortage (MVA) Estimated demand of the un-served load at the time of the system peak, i.e., the maximum one-hour demand of the load that was not served since load shedding was in effect at the time of the system peak. Energy Forecast Mismatch (MWh) If positive, the excess capacity that was forecast and not used; If negative, the additional load that was served in excess of the load that was planned. Power Availability (%) Percentage of time when power is available to the distribution company. Electricity Consumption Per Capita Per Capita Consumption (kWh) Load Factor (Per Unit) Ratio of actual energy delivered per hour on the average to maximum hourly demand. Transformer Failure Rate (%) Ratio of the number of transformers that were damaged or failed to the average inventory during the year. Overhead Line Failure Rate (Per Ratio of faults during the year to the average circuit Unit) length for the year. Billing Meter Failure Rate (%) Billing meter failure rate, i.e., Ratio of the number of billing meters that were discovered failed during the year to the average meter inventory for the year. Overhead "HT : LT" Ratio (Ratio) HT:LT Ratio, i.e., Ratio of the length of the primary circuits to the length of the secondary circuits. Commercial Number of Households with Access Households with access to electricity to Electricity (MVA) Energy Accounting (MWh) Commercial Losses (kWh) Collection Efficiency (%) The ratio of the amount of money collected to the amount of money billed to customers; for the sales and use of electricity, not for other regulated or un-regulated charges or businesses. Bad Debt on Collections (% of The ratio of the debt written off by the Financial billed) Department to the total amount of money billed to customers for the sale of electricity. Company Productivity Ratio 1 Number of customers per FTEE (Cust. per FTEE) Company Productivity Ratio 2 Circuit length of Network (Km per FTEE) Company Productivity Ratio 3 Total Peak Demand (unrestricted) per FTEE (MVA per FTEE)   57   Indicators Description Company Productivity Ratio 4 Sales per FTEE (LCU per FTEE) Average Elapsed Time to Provide Average time to provide residential connection, i.e., the New Residential Connection (Days) ratio of the total time to install all the new residential connections to the number of residential new connections Response to supply complaints Average hours to respond to supply-related complaints, (Hours ) i.e., the ratio of the total time elapsed to resolve all the supply-related complaints to the total number of cases Response to meter complaints Average time to attend to meter problem, i.e., the ratio (Days) of the total number of cases to the total response time elapsed to attend to all meter complaints Employee Training Index (Hours ) Average training hours per full time employee, the ratio of the total training hours to the average number of employees Financial Capital Utilization (%) Return on capital employed, i.e., the ratio of profit before interest and tax to the capital employed. Financial Leverage (Ratio) Debt to equity ratio, i.e., the ratio of total long-term liabilities to total shareholders' capital. Short Term Debt Servicing (Ratio) Current ratio, i.e., ratio of current assets to current liabilities. R&M Expense (LCU) Repair & Maintenance Expenses as % of Fixed Asset R&M Expense (LCU) Repair & Maintenance Expenses per 100 circuit miles Administrative Expense (LCU) Administrative & General Expenses per 1000 consumers O&M Expense (%) Return on capital employed, i.e., the ratio of profit before interest & tax to the capital employed. Debt Service Capability (Ratio) Debt to equity ratio, i.e., ratio of total long-term liabilities to total shareholders' capital. A2.6. Performance Monitoring & Benchmarking in an Electricity Sector in Transition, Presentation by J. O. Makoju, Power Holding Company of Nigeria Plc., World Bank, March 6- 10, 2006 The presentation focused on the need for performance monitoring and benchmarking in Nigeria, which, at the time, was unbundling its Electric Power Authority (NEPA) into regional holding companies and business units. The objective was to create the benchmarking framework that will be used to compare and contrast the performance of holding companies and utility business units. Table A2.6 lists some of the KPIs of the study, which   58   were selected in the context of utilities undergoing transition, as in the case in Nigeria. The KPIs are categorized according to each type of business unit, i.e., generation, transmission and distribution. Table A2.6. Key Performance Indicators: Electricity Sector in Transition, Nigeria Indicator Description Generation Business Units Generation Unit Cost (Naira/KWh) Total Expenditure/Total Energy Delivered Generation Utilization Index (ratio) Actual Generation (MW)/Available Capacity (MW) Capacity Utilization Index (ratio) Availability (MW)/Installed Capacity (MW) Fuel Cost per unit Generation Total Cost of Fuel/Total Energy Generated (Naira/MWh) Staff Cost Index (Naira/employee) Total Expenditure/Number of Employees Staff Productivity Index Total Energy Delivered/Number of Employees (MWh/employee) Breakdown Mtce. Index (ratio) No. of Breakdowns rectified/reported Plant Reliability Index (ratio) Time of Reporting Period/Total Downtime of Unavailable Units Transmission Business Units Grid Loss Ratio (ratio) Energy Dispatched to Distribution/Energy Received from Generation Transformer Capacity Utilization Transformer Max Load/Installed Capacity Index (ratio) Transmission Cost Index (ratio) Total Monthly Expenditure/Energy Received from Generation Staff Productivity (MWh/employee) Energy Received from Generation/Average Number of Employees Dispatch Unit Cost (Naira/MWh) Total Operation Expenditure/Energy Delivered to Distribution Transmission Losses (ratio) (Energy from Power Stations-Energy Delivered)/ Energy from Power Stations Distribution Business Units Fault Clearance Index - (ratio) Total Faults Cleared/Total Faults Reported Collection Efficiency (ratio) Total Monthly Cash Collection (Naira)/Monthly Billing Revenue (Naira) Capacity Utilization Index (ratio) Maximum Monthly Load (MW)/Installed Capacity (MW) Metering Ratio (ratio) Total Number of Customers Metered/Total Number of Customers Customer Complaints Response Time Time from Customer Enquiries/Time to Resolution (ratio)   59   Annex III. Glossary of indicators and terms I. Power system indicators and terms Distribution feeders, Length, Low voltage (up to 415V) (km) Total cumulative length of all feeders below 415V. Distribution feeders, Length, Medium voltage (415V to 11kV) (km) Total cumulative length of all feeders from 415V to 11kV. Distribution feeders, Total (number) Total number of feeders installed in the network. Distribution network length, All voltages (km) Total length of transmission and distribution networks in kilometers. NOTE: The figures may vary because some systems do not report lowest voltage networks. Categorizations for network voltage levels vary by source (e.g., some consider LV to be only up to 11kV or even lower). Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) Total length of distribution network below 34.5 kV. NOTE: Categorizations for network voltage levels vary by source (e.g., some consider LV to be only up to 11kV or even lower). Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5 to 66kV) (km) Total length of distribution network from 34.5 to 66 kV. NOTE: Categorizations for network voltage levels vary by source (e.g., some consider LV to be only up to 11kV or even lower). Distribution transformers, Average capacity (kVA) Total capacity of all distribution transformers divided by the number of distribution transformers. Distribution transformers, Total number, all ratings (number) Total number of distribution transformers installed of all ratings. Installed capacity, Coal-fired (MW) Total installed capacity of all coal-fired generation units. See "Installed capacity, Total (MW)" for definition of installed capacity.   60   Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) The combined installed capacity of all conventional thermal generation units (oil, gas, coal). See "Installed capacity, Total (MW)" for definition of installed capacity. Installed capacity, Gas-fired (MW) Total installed capacity of all gas-fired generation units. See "Installed capacity, Total (MW)" for definition of installed capacity. Installed capacity, Hydro-electric (MW) Total installed capacity of all hydro power units. See "Installed capacity, Total (MW)" for definition of installed capacity. Installed capacity, Nuclear (MW) Total installed capacity of all nuclear plants. See "Installed capacity, Total (MW)" for definition of installed capacity. Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) Total installed capacity of all of the isolated power plants or local grids that are not part of an interconnected network. Off-grid generation capacity does not include captive generation (industrial or commercial "inside the fence" capacity, e.g. mines, factories, etc.). See "Installed capacity, Total (MW)" for definition of installed capacity. Installed capacity, Oil-fired (MW) Total installed capacity of oil-fired generation units. See "Installed capacity, Total (MW)" for definition of installed capacity. Installed capacity, On-grid (MW) Total installed capacity of all units in the interconnected network(s). See "Installed capacity, Total (MW)" for definition of installed capacity. Installed capacity, Other renewables (MW) Total installed capacity of all non-hydro renewable generation units. See "Installed capacity, Total (MW)" for definition of installed capacity. Installed capacity, Total (MW) The maximum rated output of a generator, prime mover, or other electric power production equipment under specific conditions designated by the manufacturer. Installed generator nameplate capacity is commonly expressed in megawatts (MW) and is usually indicated on a nameplate physically attached to the generator. The series include installed IPP generation capacity but excludes captive generation and self-generation capacities.   61   NOTE: Available operating capacity may be significantly lower than installed capacity. Operating capacity, Total (MW) The average amount of generation capacity in functional condition, available for production. Operating generation capacity includes capacity under planned maintenance. The IEA defines operating capacity as "the sum of all individual plants’ maximum capacities available during a period of at least 15 hours per day." Rural isolated networks, Number of (number) The number of isolated networks in the rural areas. This includes local village networks, etc. Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) Total number of people served by the rural isolated networks. Substations, Total number, all voltage levels (number) Total number of substations of all voltage levels. Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) Total length of transmission network above 66 kV. NOTE: Categorizations for network voltage levels vary by source (e.g., some consider LV to be only up to 11kV or even lower). II. Operational indicators and terms Capacity factor, Annual (%) Electricity generation, Net (MWh) divided by Installed Capacity (MW) times 8760 hours, expressed as a percentage. The ratio of a power plant’s actual generation to its maximum potential generation over a certain time period. The “maximum potential� generation is determined by assuming continuous output at the power plant’s rated capacity. For example, a 10 MW plant operating for 10 hours would have maximum potential generation of 100 MWh; if it instead generated 50 MWh, it would have a capacity factor of 50 percent. Connections per employee (number) The number of connections divided by the number of full time equivalent employees. Demand, Annual on-grid (GWh) Total load served in the interconnected network(s) during the year in question. It is calculated as: "Electricity generation, net" plus "Electricity imported" and thus includes system losses.   62   Demand, Daily average (GWh) This can be calculated as Total energy served in a year divided by 365 days. Electricity exported (GWh) Total electricity sold to foreign countries. See "Electricity traded" for information on wheeling. Electricity generation, Net, Coal-fired (GWh) Net electricity generated by all oil-fired generation units. See "Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh)" for details on net generation. Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) Net electricity generation of all conventional thermal generation units (oil, gas, coal). See "Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh)" for details on net generation. Electricity generation, Net, Gas-fired (GWh) Net electricity generated by all coal-fired generation units. See "Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh)" for details on net generation. Electricity generation, Net, Hydro-electric (GWh) Net electricity generated by all hydro power units. See "Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh)" for details on net generation. Electricity generation, Net, Nuclear (GWh) Net electricity generated by all nuclear plants. See "Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh)" for details on net generation. Electricity generation, Net, Off-Grid (GWh) Net electricity generated by the isolated power plants or local grids that are not part of an interconnected network. Off-grid generation does not include captive generation (industrial or commercial "inside the fence" capacity, e.g. mines, factories, etc.). See "Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh)" for details on net generation. Electricity generation, Net, Oil-fired (GWh) Net electricity generated by all gas-fired generation units. See "Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh)" for details on net generation. Electricity generation, Net, On-Grid (GWh) Net electricity generated by all units in the interconnected network(s). See "Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh)" for details on net generation.   63   Electricity generation, Net, Other renewables (GWh) Net electricity generated by all non-hydro renewable generation units. See "Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh)" for details on net generation. Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) Total electricity generated by the utility or generation company and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) excluding captive generation (industrial or commercial "inside the fence" capacity, e.g. mines, factories, etc.). Net generation (as opposed to gross generation) excludes the energy consumed by the generating units and also excludes generation from hydroelectric pumped storage. The International Energy Agency (IEA) notes that "The difference between gross and net production is generally calculated as 7 per cent for conventional thermal stations, 1 per cent for hydro stations, and 6 per cent for nuclear, geothermal and solar stations. Hydro stations' production includes production from pumped storage plants." Electricity imported (GWh) Total electricity bought from foreign countries. See "Electricity traded" for information on wheeling. Electricity purchased from IPPs (GWh) Total amount of electricity purchased by the national generation and distribution companies from independent power producers (IPPs). Electricity purchased, Total (GWh) Total amount of electricity purchased by the national generation and distribution companies from independent power producers (IPPs) and foreign countries (net of exports). Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) Volume of electricity sales billed to high voltage (HV) industrial customers. See "Electricity sold, Total (GWh)" for details. Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) Volume of electricity sales billed to medium voltage (MV) commercial customers. See "Electricity sold, Total (GWh)" for details. Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) Volume of electricity sales billed to residential and low-voltage (LV) commercial customers. See "Electricity sold, Total (GWh)" for details.   64   Electricity sold, Total (GWh) The total volume (GWh) of electricity billed to national customers. NOTE: Might differ from power consumption, as the latter could be calculated to include non-technical losses. Electricity traded (GWh) Electricity imported minus Electricity exported. Amounts are considered imported or exported when they have crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country. If electricity is "wheeled" or transited through a country, the amount is shown as both import and export. Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) The number of full time equivalent employees is calculated as number of hours worked by full-time and part time employees divided by the number of hours in a full working day. Thus, employees working half time are to be counted as half an employee and so on. Load factor, Annual (%) Electricity generation, Net (MWh) divided by Peak demand (MW) times 8760 hours, expressed as a percentage. The load factor gives an idea of how the operating capacity of the generation companies is used. Losses, Distribution (%) Electricity delivered for national distribution minus Electricity billed (expressed as percentage). Thus, it is energy lost in distribution as percentage of energy delivered for distribution. Losses, Non-technical (%) Consist mainly of unmetered and unbilled consumption, including consumption through illegal connections and incorrect estimation of legal consumption due to tempering with meters and inadequate fixed billing (expressed as percentage of Net generation). NOTE: Non-technical losses can also be referred to as commercial losses. NOTE: Non-technical losses are difficult to measure separately from technical losses. Losses, Technical (%) Technical losses consist of resistance and iron core losses, which occur during the transmission and distribution process. NOTE: Technical losses are difficult to measure separately from non-technical losses.   65   Losses, Total system (%) Total load served (GWh) minus Electricity billed (GWh) divided by Total load served (GWh) (expressed as percentage). Total system losses is total amount of energy lost during transmission and distribution of electricity. System losses can be divided into technical and non-technical losses, the latter including theft, commercial and metering losses. They do not account for non-payment by end users. For technical losses, see "Losses, Technical (%)". Losses, Transmission (%) Total load served minus Electricity delivered for distribution divided by Total load served (expressed as percentage). Thus, it is energy lost in transmission as percentage of energy transmitted. Operating meters rate, Residential and low voltage business (%) Percentage of residential or low-voltage customers that have an operating meter. In practice, this may be approximated by percentage of customers who are billed based on metering (including prepayment metering) as opposed to consumption estimation. Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) Operating capacity divided by installed capacity, expressing as a percentage. Indicates the extent to which plant installed capacity is maintained for operation. Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) The maximum load of the interconnected system(s) during the year question. In case a country has multiple interconnected systems it is the sum of peak demands of each of these systems. Prepayment meters rate (%) The number of customers who have prepayment meters divided by the number of customers with operating meters (expressed as percentage). Reserve margin (%) Installed capacity less peak load, as a percentage of peak load. Sales per employee (MWh/employee) Total electricity sold divided by the full-time equivalent number of employees.   66   III. Financial indicators and terms Accounts receivable (days) Average number of days the utility takes to collect outstanding accounts receivable considering past year’s experience with the average number of days between service provision and payment receipt. Calculated as: [365 Days / (Annual Operating Revenues/Year-end Accounts Receivable]. Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (LCU) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) "Revenues from electricity billed" divided by "Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands)". Average connection charge, Residential customers (LCU) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Average connection charge, Residential customers (USD) The average connection charge is calculated by dividing total connection charges by the number of new customers. The difference between number of customers in a given year and the year before can be used as the number of new customers if the actual number of new connections is not available. Average electricity tariff, All customers (LCU/kWh) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) Total revenue from electricity billed divided by electricity billed (kWh). Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (USD/kWh) Revenue from residential customers divided by electricity billed to residential customers (kWh). Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) See the corresponding series in USD for a description.   67   Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) Operating expenses divided by Total load served. Capital expenditure, Total (LCU, millions) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Capital expenditure, Total (USD, millions) Capital expenditure includes all investments made by the company in plant property, equipment, and other infrastructure. Collection ratio (%) Revenue as percentage of billings. Calculated as: [Accounts receivables (year opening) + Revenue - Accounts receivables (year closing) ] / Billlings. Current ratio (number) Total current assets divided by total current liabilities. Debt-equity ratio (number) Total liabilities divided by total equity. Debt-service coverage ratio (number) Cash income divided by debt service liability. Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/month consumption level Price paid for 1 kWh if 100 kWh is consumed per month. The indicator is calculated using tariff schedules and includes fixed and volume-based electricity charges. Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, millions) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, millions) Total value of fixed assets as reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the year, excluding depreciation. Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (year) The year when fixed assets were last revalued. Historical Cost Recovery Ratio (%) Ratio of the effective residential tariff to the historical normative cost, expresses as percentage. Labor costs, Total (LCU, millions) See the corresponding series in USD for a description.   68   Labor costs, Total (USD, millions) Wages, expenses, and benefits of employees. Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) Operating expenses divided by revenues billed, expressed as percentage. Operating expenses, Total (LCU, millions) See corresponding series in USD for a description. Operating expenses, Total (USD, millions) Comprises all recurrent costs plus depreciation plus financial costs (such as debt service and interest charges, foreign exchange losses), before taxes. Operating ratio (%) Operating expenses as percentage of total revenue. Return on assets (%) Annual earnings divided by total assets, expressed as percentage. Return on equity (%) Net income divided by total equity, expressed as percentage. Revenue per employee (USD/employee) Total revenues divided by number of full-time equivalent employees. Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) Revenues from electricity billed per unit of electricity (kWh) billed Revenues from electricity billed (LCU, millions) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Revenues from electricity billed (USD, millions) Revenue from electricity sales only. Does not include revenue from connection charges or other services fees, or revenues from non-electricity activities. Revenues from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, millions) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Revenues from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, millions) Revenue from electricity billed to high voltage customers, the majority of whom are industrial customers.   69   Revenues from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, millions) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Revenues from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, millions) Revenues from electricity billed to medium voltage customers, the majority of whom are commercial customers. Revenues from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (LCU, millions) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Revenues from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (USD, millions) Revenues from electricity billed to residential and other low voltage customers (e.g., commercial). Revenues, Total (LCU, millions) See the corresponding series in USD for a description. Revenues, Total (USD, millions) Total revenue of the utility before indirect taxes Value of sales to commercial/MV customers, LCU/year Total annual value of electricity sales to commercial/MV customers, LCU Value of sales to commercial/MV customers, USD/year Total annual value of electricity sales to commercial/MV customers, USD IV. Service indicators and terms Access to electricity, Households, National (%) Household access to electricity, derived from household surveys' data, national level. Also referred to as household electrification rate. Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) Household access to electricity, derived from household surveys' data, rural households. Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) Household access to electricity, derived from household surveys' data, urban households.   70   Access to electricity, Households, utility data (%) Household access to electricity, derived from utility customer data, calculated as Residential customers divided by Population in the utility service area times Complaints about deficient service (number/year) The total number of complaints related to deficient service during the year in question. Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) Number of high voltage connections (mainly supplying industrial customers). Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) Number of medium voltage connections (mainly supplying commercial customers). Customers, Non-residential (thousands) Number of non-residential connections. Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) Number of residential connections. Customers, Total (thousands) Total number of utility connections. Delay in Obtaining an Electrical Connection for businesses (days) Average delay for businesses to obtain connection, derived from enterprise surveys. Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) Total electricity consumption divided by country population. Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) Electricity billed to residential and low-voltage customers divided by the number of residential and low voltage customers, divided by twelve to convert from annual to monthly data. Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) Consumption of electricity by residential users (GWh). Energy Statistics Database, International Energy Agency. Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) Electric power consumption measures production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants.   71   Energy Statistics and Balances of Non-OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, International Energy Agency. Outages for firms (days per year) Average number of days without electricity for commercial (business) customer per year, derived from enterprise surveys. Outages, Frequency rate (number/year) Average number of outages per customer, utility data. Outages, number in a typical month (number) Average number of outages per commercial (business) customer in a typical month, derived from enterprise surveys. Population with electricity (millions) Population with access to electricity. World Energy Outlook, International Energy Agency: data compiled from national and international sources. Population without electricity (millions) Population without access to electricity. World Energy Outlook, International Energy Agency: data compiled from national and international sources. Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) Value of sales lost due to power outages (based on Enterprise surveys) V. General indicators and terms Country GDP (in current USD million) GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used. World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any   72   product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant U.S. dollars. World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. Country population (millions) Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. The values shown are midyear estimates. World Bank staff estimates from various sources including census reports, the United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects, national statistical offices, household surveys conducted by national agencies, and Macro International. Exchange rate (LCU/USD, market rate, annual average) Average market exchange rate in the period in local currency per US dollar (from IMF). Household average size (number) The national average household size based on household survey data. Population density (people per sq. km) Number of people per square kilometer. Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) Percentage of population using biomass as their primary energy source for cooking fuel.     73 Annex IV. ASK Database: Country Data Tables NOTES REGARDING DATABASE APPROACH, SELECTION OF ASK DATA FOR THE COUNTRY DATA TABLES AND THE TABLE LABELS: The approach used by the authors of the ASK database is to collect and presents non-edited data, replicating the original sources. Data from one source might be inconsistent with data from other sources. The ASK database authors did not aim at increasing data consistency by editing or eliminating any of the data series or data points, but rather made an effort to create a fully inclusive database. At the same time, when the same indicator was available from more than one source, database authors selected one of these sources as primary, based on a combined criterion of data reliability, length of time series, and source accessibility for users. When an indicator was available from one source, this source was also marked as primary. Tables below contain data from primary sources. “New data� column is left blank to be used by the reader as a journal: for filling out with the data collected, e.g., during missions. “na� means “not available�. 75 Angola Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 12 2000 15 2004 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 41 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 10,260 1990 58,547 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 803 1990 1,284 2007 Country population (mln) 10.5 1990 17.0 2007 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 60 2006 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total (kWh/person) 60 1990 141 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 437 1992 1,236 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 630 1990 2,269 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 451 1992 855 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 832 1992 1,730 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 1,284 1990 2,590 2005 Household average size (number) na na 6.2 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 205 1992 332 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 412 1992 497 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 617 1992 830 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 25 1990 14 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 7.8 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 397 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 8.5 1990 13.3 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 95 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 1.6 2000 2.4 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 12 2000 14 2004 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 3.7 2006 76 Benin Earliest available year, Latest available year, New data 1990-2000 2003-2007 Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 15 1996 29 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 2.0 1996 12 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 35 1996 55 2003 Accounts receivable (days) na na 184 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) na na 11 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) na na 0.02 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 21 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 148 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 1,845 1990 5,428 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 273 1990 328 2007 Country population (mln) 5.2 1990 9.0 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) 0 2000 0 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 0.46 2000 0.48 2005 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 199 2000 306 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) na na 5.9 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 72 2004 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 2,788 2000 3,428 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 1,339 2000 1,762 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 14 2003 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total cons. (kWh/person) 34 1990 69 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to rrsidential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 618 2000 415 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 81 1992 225 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 174 1990 589 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 23 1992 104 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 1 2005 77 Earliest available year, Latest available year, New data 1990-2000 2003-2007 Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 23 1992 105 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 255 1995 595 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) na na 7 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 123 2000 127 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 123 2000 127 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 255 1995 595 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 1,684 2000 2,070 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) na na 464 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) na na 0.9 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 99 2005 Household average size (number) na na 4.9 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 15 1992 55 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 67 1995 67 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 18 2000 36 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 100 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 15 1992 122 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) na na 6,880 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) na na 13 2005 Losses, Non-technical (%) 15 2000 13 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 14 2000 18 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 39 2000 44 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 69 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) na na 35,778 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) na na 68 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 33 2000 36 2005 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 95 2000 120 2005 78 Earliest available year, Latest available year, New data 1990-2000 2003-2007 Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Population density (people per sq. km) 47 1990 79 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 95 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 1.4 2000 1.8 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 4.9 2000 6.5 2004 Prepayment meters rate (%) na na 6.8 2005 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 14 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) na na na na Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) na na na na Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) na na na na Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) na na na na Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (LCU, mln) na na na na Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (USD, mln) na na na na Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 300 2007 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 111 2000 111 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 6.5 2004 79 Botswana Earliest available year, Latest available year, New data 1990-2000 2003-2007 Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 22 2000 39 2004 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.04 2007 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) na na 0.10 2003 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 84 2005 Connections per employee (number) 960 2000 1,031 2003 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 3,792 1990 11,781 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 2,483 1990 4,625 2007 Country population (mln) 1.4 1990 1.9 2007 Customers, Total (thousands) 54 1997 109 2003 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 25 2006 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) 408 1996 1,415 2003 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 724 1990 1,406 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 97 1992 540 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 990 1990 2,581 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 1,088 1992 912 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 906 1990 971 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 340 1995 1,754 2005 Electricity purchased, Total (GWh) 278 1992 1,606 2003 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 95 1992 420 2003 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 941 1992 2,150 2003 Electricity traded (GWh) 340 1995 1,754 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 1,740 2000 2,086 2003 80 Earliest available year, Latest available year, New data 1990-2000 2003-2007 Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 217 1992 132 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 217 1992 132 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 6.4 1994 12 2003 Losses, Total system (%) na na 20 2004 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) na na 538 2003 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 1.7 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 434 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 2.4 1990 3.3 2006 Population with electricity (mln) 0.3 2000 0.7 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 1.2 2000 1.1 2004 Revenue from electricity billed (LCU, mln) na na 506 2003 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (LCU, mln) na na 118 2003 Revenue, Total (LCU, mln) na na 507 2003 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 1.4 2006 81 Burkina Faso Earliest available year, Latest available year, New data 1990-2000 2003-2007 Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 6.1 1992 11 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 0.6 1992 0.8 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 29 1992 52 2003 Accounts receivable (days) 235 2000 145 2005 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) 154 2000 262 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (LCU) na na 210,000 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (USD) na na 398 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) 95 2000 89 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) 0.13 2000 0.17 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 33 2005 Collection ratio (%) 70 2000 96 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 156 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 3,101 1990 6,767 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 175 1990 260 2007 Country population (mln) 8.9 1990 15 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) 0 2000 0 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 0.61 2000 0.75 2005 Customers, Non-residential (thousands) 0.5 1992 0.7 2003 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 181 2000 255 2005 Customers, Total (thousands) 70 1992 256 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) 6.2 2000 0.6 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 20 2006 Distribution feeders, Length, Medium voltage (415V..11kV) (km) 1,019 2000 1,623 2005 Distribution feeders, Total (number) 104 2000 107 2005 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) 1,929 1992 4,393 2003 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 3,722 2000 4,892 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 1,019 2000 1,623 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 1,105 2000 1,517 2005 82 Earliest available year, Latest available year, New data 1990-2000 2003-2007 Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 20 2006 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 1,073 2000 1,329 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 170 1992 415 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 20 1992 100 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) 27 2000 59 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 191 1992 516 2005 Electricity purchased, Total (GWh) na na 125 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 0 2000 0 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 136 2000 198 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 195 2000 339 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 331 2000 537 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 1,325 2000 1,428 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) 105,638 2000 151,900 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) 148 2000 288 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 85 2005 Household average size (number) na na 6.4 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 64 1992 148 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 25 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 14 1992 32 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 31 2000 47 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 75 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 78 1992 180 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) 6,101 2000 8,670 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) 8.6 2000 16 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) na na 11 2005 Losses, Non-technical (%) 12 2000 13 2005 83 Earliest available year, Latest available year, New data 1990-2000 2003-2007 Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Losses, Total system (%) na na 8.0 2004 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 764 1994 180 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 86 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) 31,432 2000 47,894 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) 44 2000 91 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 100 2000 100 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 10 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 105 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 32 1990 52 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 95 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 1.6 2000 0.9 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 10 2000 12 2004 Prepayment meters rate (%) 10 2000 10 2005 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 20 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) 0 2000 0 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) 0 2000 0 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) 11,672 2000 20,672 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) 16 2000 39 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low voltage business (LCU, mln) 19,874 2000 35,198 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low voltage business (USD, mln) 28 2000 67 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 300 2007 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 1,105 2000 1,517 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 425 2000 588 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 3.9 2006 84 Burundi Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 3.9 1998 na na Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 0.9 1998 na na Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 61 1998 na na Country GDP (in current USD mln) 1,132 1990 974 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 152 1990 101 2007 Country population (mln) 5.7 1990 8.5 2007 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 24 2006 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 2.0 1992 2.0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 104 1992 135 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 106 1992 137 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 29 1995 34 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 29 1995 34 2005 Household average size (number) na na 4.9 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 11 1992 12 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 32 1992 45 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 43 1992 57 2005 Losses, Total system (%) na na 15 2004 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 12 2006 Population density (people per sq. km) 222 1990 318 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 99 2004 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 11 2006 85 Cameroon Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 29 1991 47 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 8.7 1991 16 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 63 1991 77 2004 Accounts receivable (days) 100 2000 74 2004 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) 100 2000 299 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (LCU) na na 150,000 2004 Average connection charge, Residential customers (USD) 211 2000 283 2004 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) 53 1992 61 2003 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) 18 2000 67 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) 0.03 2000 0.13 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 52 2000 50 2005 Collection ratio (%) 78 2000 94 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 180 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 11,152 1990 20,644 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 718 1990 695 2007 Country population (mln) 12 1990 19 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) 0.03 2000 0.03 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 1.12 2000 1.26 2005 Customers, Non-residential (thousands) 1.1 1992 1.2 2003 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 495 2000 527 2005 Customers, Total (thousands) 369 1992 505 2003 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 79 2006 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 10,116 2000 10,560 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 10,392 2000 11,135 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 6,760 2000 6,874 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/month cons. level (US cents) na na 14 2003 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption 192 1990 196 2005 86 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year (kWh/person) Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 1,318 2000 2,035 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 340 1992 548 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 2,345 1990 3,490 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 71 1992 216 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 2,624 1992 3,874 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) 28 2000 52 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 2,697 1992 4,090 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 1,482 2000 1,444 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 583 2000 748 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 653 2000 1,072 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 2,718 2000 3,264 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 4,015 2000 2,934 2005 Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (year) 2001 2001 na na Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 101 2005 Household average size (number) na na 3 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 97 1992 94 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 80 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 530 1992 808 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 24 2000 24 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 20 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 627 1992 902 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) 15,647 2000 40,492 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) 22 2000 77 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 32 2000 24 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 36 2000 31 2005 87 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Losses, Transmission (%) 3.0 2000 5.1 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 46 1994 902 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 117 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) 49,100 2000 219,086 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) 69 2000 415 2005 Operating meters rate, Residential and low voltage business (%) 80 2000 85 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 93 2000 100 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 13 2006 Population density (people per sq. km) 26 1990 39 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) 83 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 3.0 2000 7.7 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 12 2000 8.7 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 11 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) 10,470 2000 9,916 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) 15 2000 19 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) 22,700 2000 45,599 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) 32 2000 86 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. and low voltage business (LCU, mln) 35,200 2000 83,110 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. and low voltage business (USD, mln) 49 2000 158 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 808 2007 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 6,781 2000 6,603 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 1,881 2000 1,881 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 3.9 2006 88 Cape Verde Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) na na 45 2001 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) na na 18 2001 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) na na 83 2001 Accounts receivable (days) 120 2000 123 2005 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) 153 2000 247 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (LCU) na na 10,000 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (USD) 86 2000 113 2005 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (USD/kWh) 0.15 1998 0.16 2004 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) 18 2000 18 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) 0.15 2000 0.21 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 10 2000 6.5 2005 Capital expenditure, Total (LCU, mln) 100 1998 427 2004 Capital expenditure, Total (USD, mln) 1.0 1998 4.8 2004 Collection ratio (%) 99 2000 91 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 112 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 339 1990 1,434 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 852 1990 1,447 2007 Country population (mln) 0.4 1990 0.5 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) 0 2000 0 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 0.89 2000 2.26 2005 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 44 2000 71 2005 Customers, Total (thousands) 26 1997 78 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) (3.1) 2000 2.1 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 7.8 2006 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 537 2000 889 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 293 2000 536 2005 Distribution transformers, Average capacity (kVA) 250 2000 250 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/month consumption level na na 26 2006 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low 1,156 2000 1,127 2005 89 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year voltage business customers (kWh/month) Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 141 1992 233 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 142 2000 236 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 6.3 2000 20 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 31 2000 61 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 51 2000 80 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 88 2000 162 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 686 2000 659 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) 664 2000 15 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) 5.6 2000 0.17 2005 Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (year) 1999 2000 na na Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 111 2005 Household average size (number) na na 4.9 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 20 1992 78 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) na na 2.3 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 95 2005 Installed capacity, Other renewables (MW) 2.0 2000 2.0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 20 1992 78 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) na na 450 2003 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) na na 4.6 2003 Losses, Distribution (%) 14 1998 19 2004 Losses, Non-technical (%) 2.0 2000 5.0 2005 Losses, Technical (%) 12 2000 12 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 14 2000 17 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 42 2000 78 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 120 2005 90 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) 1,544 2000 2,941 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) 13 2000 33 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 100 2000 100 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 13 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 27 2000 44 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 88 1990 129 2006 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 16,429 2000 42,471 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 18 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) 91 2000 318 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) 0.8 2000 3.6 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) 405 2000 896 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) 3.4 2000 10 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (LCU, mln) 810 2000 1,559 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (USD, mln) 7 2000 18 2005 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 2.0 2000 5.0 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 4.3 2006 91 Central African Republic Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 3.0 1994 na na Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 0.3 1994 na na Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 8.0 1994 na na Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) 51 1992 na na Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (USD/kWh) 0.19 1992 na na Connections per employee (number) 129 1992 na na Country GDP (in current USD mln) 1,488 1990 1,712 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 271 1990 228 2007 Country population (mln) 3.0 1990 4.3 2007 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 17 1992 24 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 77 1992 85 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 94 1992 109 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 62 1992 na na Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 477 1992 na na Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 21 1992 21 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 22 1992 18 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 43 1992 39 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) 707 1992 na na Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) 2.7 1992 na na Losses, Total system (%) na na 6.0 2004 Outages, Frequency rate (number/year) 61 1998 na na Population density (people per sq. km) 4.8 1990 6.9 2006 92 Chad Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 2.3 1996 3.5 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 0.1 1996 0.3 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 9.4 1996 16.4 2004 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) na na 996 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) na na 407 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) na na 0.77 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 46 2005 Collection ratio (%) 90 2000 83 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 43 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 1,739 1990 7,085 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 181 1990 260 2007 Country population (mln) 6.1 1990 10.8 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) na na 0 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) na na 0.07 2005 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) na na 20 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) na na 3.6 2005 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 223 2000 243 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 108 2000 124 2005 Distribution transformers, Average capacity (kVA) 160 2000 250 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 149 2000 168 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 30 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) na na 2,459 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 79 1992 95 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 93 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) 8.0 2000 11.0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 79 2000 95 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) na na 0 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) na na 28 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) na na 49 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) na na 78 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) na na 471 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) na na 35,387 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) na na 67 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 36 2005 Household average size (number) na na 5.9 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 29 1992 29 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 100 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 5.0 2000 5.0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 29 1992 29 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) na na 2,251 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) na na 4.3 2005 Losses, Total system (%) na na 33 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 29 1995 29 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 240 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) na na 31,741 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) na na 60 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 100 2000 100 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 4.9 1990 8.3 2006 94 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 95 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 32 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) na na 0 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) na na 0 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) na na 4,995 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) na na 8.2 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (LCU, mln) na na 10,558 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (USD, mln) na na 20 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 0 2000 0 2005 95 Comoros Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 29 1996 45 2002 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 20 1996 33 2002 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 52 1996 75 2002 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 250 1990 449 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 416 1990 371 2007 Country population (mln) 0.4 1990 0.6 2007 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 13 1992 18 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 2 1992 2 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 15 1992 20 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 4 1992 4 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 1 1992 1 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 5 1992 5 2005 Losses, Total system (%) na na 5 2004 Population density (people per sq. km) 234 1990 330 2006 96 Congo, Dem. Rep. Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) na na 10 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) na na 1.5 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) na na 34 2005 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) na na 74 2004 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.03 2004 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 82 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 9,350 1990 8,955 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 202 1990 94 2007 Country population (mln) 38 1990 62 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) na na 0.01 2004 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) na na 1.2 2004 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) na na 359 2004 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 21 2006 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 11,653 2000 16,433 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 3,096 2000 4,470 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 2,797 2000 2,847 2004 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 4.0 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total cons. (kWh/person) 119 1990 91 2005 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 4,530 1990 5,350 2005 Electricity exported (GWh) 196 1995 1,800 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 18 1992 19 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 5,993 1992 7,332 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) na na 125 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 6,011 1990 7,341 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 58 1995 6.0 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 1,127 2000 854 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 900 2000 844 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) na na 5,742 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) (138) 1995 (1,794) 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 5,200 2000 6,142 2005 97 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 12 2005 Household average size (number) na na 5.3 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 59 1992 33 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 96 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 2,772 1992 2,410 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 91 2000 91 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 3.6 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 2,831 1992 2,443 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 31 2000 35 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) na na 1,000 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na na 46 2004 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 18 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 1,012 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 17 1990 27 2006 Population with electricity (mln) 3.4 2000 9.1 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 47.5 2000 46.9 2002 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 4.3 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) na na 11,741 2004 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) na na 30 2004 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low voltage business (LCU, mln) na na 10,551 2004 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. and low volt. business (USD, mln) na na 27 2004 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 49 2000 49 2004 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 5,547 2000 5,547 2004 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 5.6 2006 98 Congo, Rep. Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) na na 34 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) na na 15 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) na na 51 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 2,799 1990 7,646 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 1,154 1990 1,103 2007 Country population (mln) 2.4 1990 3.8 2007 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 169 1990 160 2005 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 410 1990 576 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 3.0 1992 1.0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 421 1992 351 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 493 1990 356 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 115 1995 418 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 115 1995 418 2005 Household average size (number) na na 5.1 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 29 1992 29 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 89 1992 92 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 118 1992 121 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 20 1990 56 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 7.1 1990 10.8 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 84 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 0.6 2000 0.8 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 2.4 2000 3.2 2004 99 Cote d’Ivoire Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 37 1994 59 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 14 1994 37 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 70 1994 86 2005 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) 169 2000 253 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) 133 2000 133 2003 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) 0.19 2000 0.23 2003 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 58 2005 Capital expenditure, Total (LCU, mln) 32,475 1996 na na Capital expenditure, Total (USD, mln) 63 1996 na na Connections per employee (number) na na 57 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 10,796 1990 19,570 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 649 1990 548 2007 Country population (mln) 13 1990 19 2007 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 2.50 2000 2.59 2005 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 763 2000 876 2005 Customers, Total (thousands) 435 1994 879 2005 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 11,500 2000 14,900 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 15,500 2000 17,300 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 6,738 2000 7,263 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 12 2006 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 150 1990 170 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 1,802 2000 1,759 2005 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 1,913 1990 3,165 2005 Electricity exported (GWh) 315 1995 750 2007 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 628 1992 3,882 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 1,038 1992 1,423 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) 12 2000 4.0 2005 100 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 2,899 1995 5,376 2007 Electricity imported (GWh) 34 1995 0 2005 Electricity purchased from IPPs (GWh) 2,949 2000 3,809 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 1,517 2000 1,463 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 1,517 2000 1,463 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 1,375 2000 1,541 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 1,490 2000 1,541 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 34 1995 (1,397) 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 2,939 1994 1,400 2001 Household average size (number) na na 5.3 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 278 1992 480 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 46 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 42 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 895 1992 604 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 11 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 7.0 2000 6.4 2003 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 1,173 1992 1,084 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) na na 22.3 2007 Losses, Total system (%) na na 22.6 2007 Losses, Transmission (%) na na 4.4 2007 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 456 1995 1,084 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 142 2003 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) 198,549 2000 203,196 2003 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) 279 2000 350 2003 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na na 100 2007 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 606 2005 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 74 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 8.0 2000 3.3 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 8.0 2000 54 2004 101 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 125,805 1995 na na Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 1.00 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) na na 44,783 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) na na 85 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) 74,772 2000 87,649 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) 105 2000 166 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. and low voltage business (LCU, mln) 91,881 2000 116,820 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. and low voltage business (USD, mln) 129 2000 222 2005 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 42 2000 42 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 4,300 2000 4,400 2005 102 Equatorial Guinea Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Country GDP (in current USD mln) 132 1990 9,923 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 611 1990 8,207 2007 Country population (mln) 0.3 1990 0.5 2007 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 16 1992 25 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 2 1992 3 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 18 1992 28 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 4 1992 10 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 1 1992 3 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 5 1992 13 2005 Losses, Total system (%) na na 25 2004 103 Eritrea Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 23 1995 32 2002 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 2.1 1995 3.0 2002 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 81 1995 78 2002 Accounts receivable (days) 109 1998 67 2002 Average electricity tariff, All customers (LCU/kWh) 0.83 1998 1.19 2002 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) 0.11 1998 0.13 2007 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) 0.80 1994 1.50 2003 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (USD/kWh) 0.14 1994 0.10 2003 Connections per employee (number) 132 1994 277 2003 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 477 1992 1,201 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 135 1992 156 2007 Country population (mln) 3.2 1990 4.8 2007 Current ratio (number) 1.6 1998 0.6 2002 Customers, Non-residential (thousands) 15 1992 24 2003 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 57 1992 86 2003 Customers, Total (thousands) 70 1992 109 2003 Debt-equity ratio (number) 0.8 1998 0.9 2002 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 65 2006 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) 858 1998 1,412 2003 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 36 1992 92 2004 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 151 1994 273 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1994 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Other renewables (GWh) 1.0 1997 1.0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 183 1992 286 2003 Electricity purchased, Total (GWh) 4.1 1992 2.8 2003 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 117 1992 214 2003 104 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 991 1994 771 2003 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 60 1994 114 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1994 0 2007 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) na na 20 2007 Installed capacity, Total (MW) na na 134 2007 Losses, Distribution (%) 12 1998 18 2003 Losses, Total system (%) 18 1998 22 2002 Operating capacity, Total (MW) na na 134 2007 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) 57 1994 273 2003 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) 11 1994 20 2003 Operating ratio (number) 0.9 1998 0.9 2002 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na na 100 2007 Outages for firms (days per year) na na 94 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 79 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 0.7 2000 0.9 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 3.4 2000 3.5 2004 Return on assets (%) (20) 1998 20 2002 Return on equity (%) 15 1998 13 2002 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 19,765 1994 29,360 2003 Revenue from electricity billed (LCU, mln) 106 1994 314 2003 Revenue from electricity billed (USD, mln) 19 1994 23 2003 Revenue, Total (LCU, mln) 107 1994 314 2003 Revenue, Total (USD, mln) 20 1994 23 2003 105 Ethiopia Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 13 2000 14 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 0.4 2000 1.9 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 76 2000 86 2005 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) na na 41 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (LCU) 103 2000 67 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (USD) na na 7.0 2005 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.06 2006 Average electricity tariff, Resid. cust. & low volt. business (LCU/kWh) 0.20 1992 0.5 2004 Average electricity tariff, Resid. cust. and low volt. business (USD/kWh) 0.07 1992 0.1 2004 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) 0.17 2000 0.17 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) 0.02 2000 0.02 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 41 2005 Capital expenditure, Total (LCU, mln) 1,512 1997 1,800 2004 Capital expenditure, Total (USD, mln) 225 1997 208 2004 Collection ratio (%) 78 2000 97 2005 Complaints about deficient service (number/year) 34,891 2000 31,200 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 84 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 12,083 1990 19,395 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 130 1990 174 2007 Country population (mln) 48 1990 79 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) na na 0.1 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 79 2000 112 2005 Customers, Non-residential (thousands) 66 1993 110 2004 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 508 2000 777 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) 5.2 2000 4.7 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 44 2006 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 7,601 2000 11,869 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 9,126 2000 12,841 2005 106 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 5,469 2000 8,894 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 4.1 2004 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total cons. (kWh/person) 23 1990 34 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 969 2000 929 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 405 1992 711 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 1,082 1990 2,585 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 94 1992 40 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 1,127 1992 2,823 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) 33 2000 49 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Other renewables (GWh) 60 1992 1.0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 1,202 1990 2,872 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) na na 388 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 319 2000 521 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 492 2000 722 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 1,351 2000 2,069 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 8,047 2000 10,582 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) 5,792 2000 19,334 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) 724 2000 2,148 2005 Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (year) 2000 2000 2000 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 46 2005 Household average size (number) na na 4.9 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 62 1992 75 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 89 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 372 1992 668 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 10 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 20 2000 30 2005 107 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Installed capacity, Other renewables (MW) 30 1992 11 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 464 1992 754 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) 104 2000 146 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) 13 2000 16 2005 Load factor, Annual (%) 59 2000 57 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 15 1992 22 2001 Losses, Technical (%) 19 2000 17 2005 Losses, Total system (%) na na 23 2004 Operating capacity, Total (MW) na 1995 721 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 34 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) 173 2000 372 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) 22 2000 41 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na na 96 2007 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 5.1 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 328 2000 521 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 46 1990 77 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 95 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 3 2000 11 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 61 2000 61 2004 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 7,725 1997 11,057 2001 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 6.1 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) na na 151 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) na na 17 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) na na 645 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) na na 72 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. and low volt. business (LCU, mln) na na 289 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. and low volt. business (USD, mln) na na 32 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 111 2007 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 102 2000 107 2005 108 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 6,275 2000 6,534 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 0.9 2006 109 Gabon Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 30 2000 35 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 90 2000 93 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 5,952 1990 10,654 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 4,683 1990 4,435 2007 Country population (mln) 0.9 1990 1.3 2007 Customers, Total (thousands) 110 1997 na na Distribution network length, All voltages (km) 2,994 1997 na na Electricity consumption, Annual per cap. of total consumption (kWh/cap.) 951 1990 999 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 232 1992 600 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 873 1990 1,290 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 311 1992 705 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 708 1992 806 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Other renewables (GWh) 8 1992 9 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 978 1990 1,569 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 883 1997 na na Household average size (number) na na 4.6 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 144 1992 244 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 166 1992 170 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 310 1992 414 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 11 1990 18 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 3.6 1990 5.1 2006 Population with electricity (mln) 0.4 2000 0.7 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 0.8 2000 0.7 2004 110 The Gambia Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 34 1993 na na Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 18 2000 na na Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 51 2000 na na Country GDP (in current USD mln) 317 1990 643 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 316 1990 340 2007 Country population (mln) 1.0 1990 1.7 2007 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 64 2006 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 67 1992 145 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 67 1992 145 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 29 1992 29 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 29 1992 29 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 24 2006 Population density (people per sq. km) 96 1990 166 2006 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 12 2006 111 Ghana Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 31 1993 48 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 6.0 1993 24 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 75 1993 77 2003 Accounts receivable (ECG) (days) na na 172 2005 Accounts receivable (VRA) (days) na na 206 2005 Average annual revenue per resid. or low voltage customer (ECG) (USD) na na 146 2005 Average annual revenue per resid. or low voltage customer (VRA) (USD) na na 91 2005 Average cost of generation (ECG) (USD/kWh) na na 0.06 2004 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.08 2006 Average electricity tariff, Resid. cust. &low volt. business (ECG) (LCU/kWh) 5.3 1992 695 2003 Average operating expenses per kWh (ECG) (LCU/kWh) na na 690 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (VRA) (LCU/kWh) na na 1,400 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (ECG) (USD/kWh) na na 0.08 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (VRA) (USD/kWh) na na 0.16 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 45 2005 Collection ratio (%) na na 86 2005 Connections per employee (ECG) (number) na na 271 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 5,886 1990 15,246 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 210 1990 307 2007 Country population (mln) 16 1990 23 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (ECG) (thousands) na na 0.04 2005 Customers, High voltage industrial (VRA) (thousands) na na 0.06 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (ECG) (thousands) na na 0.17 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (VRA) (thousands) na na 32 2005 Customers, Non-residential (ECG) (thousands) 268 1992 853 2003 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (ECG) (thousands) na na 1,008 2005 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (VRA) (thousands) na na 170 2005 Customers, Total (ECG) (thousands) 343 1992 1,094 2003 Customers, Total (VRA) (thousands) na na 203 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio(VRA) (number) na na 3.8 2004 112 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 24 2007 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 8.2 2006 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total cons. (kWh/person) 291 1990 266 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to residential and low voltage business customers (ECG) (kWh/month) na na 1,833 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to residential and low voltage business customers (VRA) (kWh/month) na na 1,241 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 1,229 1992 1,234 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 4,526 1990 5,989 2005 Electricity exported (GWh) 455 1995 639 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 39 1992 1,372 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 6,536 1992 5,276 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 5,721 1990 6,788 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 60 1995 815 2005 Electricity purchased from IPPs (GWh) na na 328 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (ECG) (GWh) na na 492 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (VRA) (GWh) na na 1,139 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (ECG) (GWh) na na 584 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (VRA) (GWh) na na 542 2004 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (ECG) (GWh) na na 1,849 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (VRA) (GWh) na na 211 2005 Electricity sold, Total (ECG) (GWh) na na 3,762 2005 Electricity sold, Total (VRA) (GWh) na na 7,904 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) (395) 1995 176 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (ECG) (number) na na 4,848 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (VRA) (number) na na 3,424 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (ECG) (LCU, mln) na na 5,617,426 2004 Gross fixed assets, Book value (VRA) (LCU, mln) na na 24,000,000 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (ECG) (USD, mln) na na 624 2004 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) na na 2,650 2005 Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (VRA) (year) na na 2001 2003 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average na na 62 2005 113 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) Household average size (number) na na 4.3 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 115 1992 292 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 7.0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 53 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 1,072 1992 1,198 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 34 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 1,187 1992 1,490 2005 Labor costs, Total (ECG) (LCU, mln) na na 250,469 2005 Labor costs, Total (VRA) (LCU, mln) na na 437,293 2005 Labor costs, Total (ECG) (USD, mln) na na 28 2005 Labor costs, Total (VRA) (USD, mln) na na 48 2005 Losses, Distribution (ECG) (%) 19 1992 25 2003 Losses, Non-technical (ECG) (%) na na 14 2005 Losses, Technical (ECG) (%) na na 11 2005 Losses, Total system (ECG) (%) na na 25 2005 Losses, Total system (VRA) (%) na na 28 2005 Losses, Transmission (VRA) (%) na na 3.3 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 946 1994 1,490 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (ECG) (%) na na 95 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (VRA) (%) na na 164 2005 Operating expenses, Total (ECG) (LCU, mln) na na 2,600,177 2005 Operating expenses, Total (VRA) (LCU, mln) na na 5,347,706 2005 Operating expenses, Total (ECG) (USD, mln) na na 287 2005 Operating expenses, Total (VRA) (USD, mln) na na 589 2005 Operating meters rate, Residential and low voltage business (VRA) (%) na na 89 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na na 100 2005 Outages, Frequency rate (ECG) (number/year) na na Na na Outages, Frequency rate (VRA) (number/year) na na 1,380 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 10 2007 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 1,325 2005 114 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Population density (people per sq. km) 68 1990 101 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 88 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 8.7 2000 11 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 11 2000 11 2004 Prepayment meters rate (VRA) (%) na na 28 2005 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 8.0 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (ECG) (LCU, mln) na na 284,493 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (VRA) (LCU, mln) na na 3,012,070 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (ECG) (USD, mln) na na 31 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (VRA) (USD, mln) na na 332 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Med. voltage commercial (ECG) (LCU, mln) na na 437,563 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Med. voltage commercial (VRA) (LCU/year) na na 97,900 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Med. voltage commercial (ECG) (USD, mln) na na 48 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Med. voltage commercial (VRA) (USD, mln) na na 11 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low volt. busin. (ECG) (LCU, mln) na na 1,331,362 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low volt. busin. (VRA) (LCU, mln) na na 139,640 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low volt. busin. (ECG) (USD, mln) na na 147 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. and low volt. busin. (VRA) (USD, mln) na na 15 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 230 2007 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 6.0 2007 115 Guinea Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 16 1999 20 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 1.5 1999 2.8 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 54 1999 64 2005 Average cost of generation (USD/kWh) na na 0.05 2005 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.06 2006 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 2,667 1990 4,564 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 346 1990 404 2007 Country population (mln) 6.0 1990 9.4 2007 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 16 2006 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 324 1992 345 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 178 1992 420 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 502 1992 765 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) na na 1,400 2001 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 143 1992 145 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 43 1992 129 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 186 1992 274 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 34 2006 Population density (people per sq. km) 25 1990 37 2006 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 14 2006 116 Guinea-Bissau Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 41 2000 54 2002 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.45 2006 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 244 1990 357 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 183 1990 130 2007 Country population (mln) 1.0 1990 1.7 2007 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 21 2006 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 41 1992 60 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 41 1992 60 2005 Household average size (number) na na 7.6 2003 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 11 1992 21 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 11 1992 21 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 9.2 2006 Population density (people per sq. km) 36 1990 59 2006 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 5.3 2006 117 Kenya Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 11 1993 16 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 3 1993 5 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 43 1993 50 2003 Accounts receivable (KENGEN) (days) 8 2000 na na Average annual revenue per resid. or low voltage customer (KPLC) (USD) 236 2000 230 2005 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.08 2007 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 56 2000 58 2005 Capital expenditure, Total (KPLC) (LCU, mln) 589 1995 1,847 2004 Capital expenditure, Total (KPLC) (USD, mln) 11 1995 23 2004 Collection ratio (KPLC) (%) na na 99 2005 Connections per employee (KPLC) (number) na na 227 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 8,591 1990 29,509 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 449 1990 458 2007 Country population (mln) 23 1990 38 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (KPLC) (thousands) 0.388 2000 0.447 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial ((KPLC) thousands) 3 2000 3 2005 Customers, Non-residential (KPLC) (thousands) 67 1992 191 2004 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (KPLC) (thousands) 501 2000 730 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio (KENGEN) (number) 3 2000 5 2004 Debt-service coverage ratio (KPLC) (number) na na 13 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 41 2007 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) 12,773 1992 na na Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 15,162 2000 23,422 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 2,181 2000 3,081 2005 118 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 15 2006 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 116 1990 138 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to residential and low voltage business customers (KPLC) (kWh/month) 2,311 2000 2,026 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 877 1992 1,120 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 2,729 1990 4,928 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 138 1992 1,664 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 2,768 1992 2,996 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) 10 2000 11 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Other renewables (GWh) 258 1992 842 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 3,164 1990 5,502 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 170 1995 28 2005 Electricity purchased from IPPs (GWh) 465 2000 957 2005 Electricity purchased, Total (KPLC) (GWh) 240 1992 222 2003 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (KPLC) (GWh) 1,398 2000 1,776 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (KPLC) (GWh) 724 2000 885 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (KPLC) (GWh) 1,158 2000 1,478 2005 Electricity sold, Total (KENGEN) (GWh) 3,831 2000 4,280 2005 Electricity sold, Total (KPLC) (GWh) 3,717 2000 4,379 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 170 1995 28 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (KENGEN) (number) na na 1,480 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (KPLC) (number) 5,907 2000 4,988 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (KENGEN) (LCU, mln) na na 67,706 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (KPLC) (LCU, mln) na na 22,285 2004 Gross fixed assets, Book value (KENGEN) (USD, mln) na na 891 2005 119 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Gross fixed assets, Book value (KPLC) (USD, mln) na na 282 2004 Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (KENGEN) (year) na na 2005 2005 Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (KPLC) (year) na na 2002 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 108 2005 Household average size (number) na na 5 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 156 1992 409 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 58 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 604 1992 677 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 5 2000 5 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 27 2005 Installed capacity, Other renewables (MW) 45 1992 125 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 805 1992 1,211 2005 Labor costs, Total (KENGEN) (LCU, mln) 2,338 2000 1,496 2005 Labor costs, Total (KPLC) (LCU, mln) 4,340 2000 4,172 2005 Labor costs, Total (KENGEN) (USD, mln) 31 2000 20 2005 Labor costs, Total (KPLC) (USD, mln) 57 2000 55 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 21 2000 18 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) na 1994 1,061 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (KENGEN) (%) na na 29 2004 Operating expenses covered by revenue (KPLC) (%) na na 181 2004 Operating expenses, Total (KENGEN) (LCU, mln) 9,742 2000 6,501 2005 Operating expenses, Total (KPLC) (LCU, mln) 27,720 2000 51,339 2004 Operating expenses, Total (KENGEN) (USD, mln) na na 86 2005 120 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Operating expenses, Total (KPLC) (USD, mln) 365 2000 650 2004 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na 2000 88 2005 Outages for firms (days per year) na na 84 2006 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 7 2007 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 708 2000 884 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 41 1990 64 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 81 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 2 2000 5 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 28 2000 29 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (KPLC) (US cents/kWh) na na 14 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (KPLC) (LCU, mln) 8,576 2000 10,891 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (KPLC) (USD, mln) 113 2000 143 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Med.voltage commercial (KPLC) (LCU, mln) 5,426 2000 6,509 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Med.voltage commercial (KPLC) (USD, mln) 71 2000 86 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low volt. busin. (KPLC) (LCU, mln) 8,989 2000 12,742 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low volt. busin. (KPLC) (USD, mln) 118 2000 168 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 110 2007 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 4,759 2000 6,099 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 3,450 2000 3,988 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 6 2007 121 Lesotho Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) na na 6.8 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) na na 0.8 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) na na 26 2004 Accounts receivable (days) na na 56 2005 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.05 2007 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) na na 0.5 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) na na 0.07 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 65 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 95 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 615 1990 1,600 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 376 1990 550 2007 Country population (mln) 1.6 1990 2.0 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) na na 0.15 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) na na 3.4 2005 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) na na 38 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 51 2003 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) na na 646 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 7.2 2006 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) na na 3,520 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 350 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 195 1999 350 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 324 1995 13 2005 Electricity purchased from IPPs (GWh) na na 36 2005 122 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) na na 124 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) na na 124 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) na na 135 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) na na 354 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 324 1995 13 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) na na 439 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) na na 62 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) na na 10 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 63 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 98 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 75 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 2.1 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 75 1998 75 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) na na 34 2003 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) na na 4.2 2003 Losses, Total system (%) na na 20 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 72 2000 72 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 89 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) na na 143 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) na na 24 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 96 2000 96 2005 Outages, Frequency rate (number/year) na na 84 2005 123 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 85 2000 94 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 53 1990 66 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 83 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 0.1 2000 0.2 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 2.0 2000 1.9 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 7.1 2005 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) na na 41 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) na na 467 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 8.5 2003 124 Liberia Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Country GDP (in current USD mln) 384 1990 725 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 203 1990 140 2007 Country population (mln) 2.14 1990 3.75 2007 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 282 1992 319 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 282 1992 319 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 251 1992 188 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 251 1992 188 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 22.18 1990 37.16 2006 125 Madagascar Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 9.2 1992 20 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 1.9 1992 11 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 47 1992 53 2003 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.14 2006 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 79 2005 Collection ratio (%) na na 86 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 3,081 1990 7,326 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 271 1990 246 2007 Country population (mln) 12 1990 20 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) 0.003 2000 0.003 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 0.9 2000 0.9 2005 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 295 2000 401 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 58 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 26 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 1,141 2000 1,101 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 238 1992 396 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 342 1992 650 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) na na 180 2004 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 580 1992 1,046 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 21 2000 17 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 239 2000 278 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 336 2000 442 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 617 2000 754 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) na na 1,345,802 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) na na 672 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 156 2005 126 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Household average size (number) na na 4.7 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 114 1992 122 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 57 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 106 1992 105 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 43 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) na na 80 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 220 1992 227 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) na na 139,905 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) na na 70 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 21 2000 24 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) na na 140 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 100 2000 62 2005 Outages for firms (days per year) na na 78 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 112 2000 140 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 21 1990 33 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 98 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 1.2 2000 2.7 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 14 2000 15 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 46 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 340 2007 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 6.6 2005 127 Malawi Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 3.2 1992 6.9 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 1.1 1992 2.2 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 20 1992 30 2004 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.03 2007 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) 0.8 1999 2.7 2003 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (USD/kWh) 0.0 1999 0.03 2003 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) na na 8.0 2004 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) na na 0.06 2004 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 43 2000 60 2005 Capital expenditure, Total (LCU, mln) 159 1993 na na Capital expenditure, Total (USD, mln) 36 1993 na na Collection ratio (%) na na 96 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 1,881 1990 3,552 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 132 1990 151 2007 Country population (mln) 9.5 1990 14 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) 0.9 2000 0.7 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 18 2000 30 2005 Customers, Non-residential (thousands) 12 1993 na na Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 62 2000 125 2005 Customers, Total (thousands) 46 1992 135 2003 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) na na 2.0 2004 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 98 2006 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) 6,458 1994 9,250 2002 128 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 3.5 2006 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 4,448 2000 3,024 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 15 1992 28 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 768 1992 1,369 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 783 1992 1,397 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 483 2000 491 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 139 2000 180 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 276 2000 377 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 902 2000 1,055 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 2,251 1992 2,249 2003 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) na na 22,311 2004 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) na na 205 2004 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 34 2005 Household average size (number) na na 4.5 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 39 1992 27 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 91 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 146 1992 283 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 3.2 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 185 1992 310 2005 Load factor, Annual (%) na na 56 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 21 1992 na na Losses, Total system (%) na na 33 2004 129 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Operating capacity, Total (MW) 148 1997 261 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 172 2004 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) na na 6,389 2004 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) na na 59 2004 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na na 84 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 77 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 242 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 100 1990 144 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 95 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 0.5 2000 0.9 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 9.9 2000 12 2004 Prepayment meters rate (%) 2.0 2000 14 2005 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 9,123 1995 16,654 2003 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 3.2 2005 Revenue, Total (LCU, mln) 348 1995 3,649 2003 Revenue, Total (USD, mln) 23 1995 38 2003 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 23 2006 130 Mali Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 6 1995 17 2002 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 0.4 1995 4.9 2002 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 22 1995 40 2002 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.16 2004 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) 112 2000 110 2003 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (USD/kWh) 0.16 2000 0.19 2003 Capital expenditure, Total (LCU, mln) na na 9,028 2003 Capital expenditure, Total (USD, mln) na na 16 2003 Connections per employee (number) 337 2000 433 2003 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 2,421 1990 6,863 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 213 1990 289 2007 Country population (mln) 7.7 1990 12 2007 Customers, Non-residential (thousands) 0.5 1995 0.9 2003 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 66 1995 130 2003 Customers, Total (thousands) 66 1995 154 2004 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 48 2007 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 63 1992 204 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 208 1992 240 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 271 1992 444 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 243 1995 464 2003 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 1,034 2000 1,073 2003 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 42 1992 125 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 45 1992 155 2005 131 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Installed capacity, Total (MW) 87 1992 280 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) 2,716 1998 6,461 2003 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) 4.6 1998 11 2003 Losses, Distribution (%) 22 1995 27 2003 Losses, Total system (%) na na 25 2004 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) 24,431 1999 41,202 2003 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) 40 1999 71 2003 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 4.4 2007 Population density (people per sq. km) 6.3 1990 10 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 98 2004 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 52,930 2000 82,211 2003 Revenue, Total (LCU, mln) 38,978 2000 51,266 2003 Revenue, Total (USD, mln) 55 2000 88 2003 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 1.8 2007 132 Mauritania Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) na na 18 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) na na 1.6 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) na na 42 2005 Connections per employee (number) 157 1999 na na Country GDP (in current USD mln) 1,020 1990 2,644 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 419 1990 480 2007 Country population (mln) 2.0 1990 3.1 2007 Customers, Total (thousands) 20 1992 84 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 7.5 2006 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) na na 1,200 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 113 1992 212 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 26 1992 36 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 139 1992 248 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 154 1999 na Na Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 492 1992 805 2005 Household average size (number) na na 6.5 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 44 1992 110 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 61 1992 65 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 105 1992 175 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 26 1999 na na Losses, Total system (%) na na 26 2004 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 3.7 2006 Population density (people per sq. km) 1.9 1990 3.0 2006 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 3,316 1992 208 2001 Revenue, Total (LCU, mln) 142 1992 52 2001 Revenue, Total (USD, mln) 1.6 1992 0.2 2001 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 1.6 2006 133 Mauritius Earliest available year, Latest available year, 2003- 1990-2000 2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 100 2000 94 2004 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.1 2004 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) 0.8 1992 1.1 2003 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (USD/kWh) 0.05 1992 0.04 2003 Collection ratio (%) 100 1992 100 2003 Connections per employee (number) 355 1992 947 2003 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 2,383 1990 6,363 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 2,535 1990 4,700 2007 Country population (mln) 1.2 1990 1.2 2007 Customers, Non-residential (thousands) 25 1992 36 2003 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 212 1992 302 2003 Customers, Total (thousands) 237 1992 339 2003 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 23 2005 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) na na 7,007 2003 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 763 1992 1,996 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 112 1992 125 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 875 1992 2,122 2005 Electricity purchased, Total (GWh) 140 1992 755 2003 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 249 1992 553 2003 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 688 1992 1,607 2003 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 1,940 1992 1,697 2003 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 261 1992 596 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 59 1992 59 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 320 1992 655 2005 134 Losses, Total system (%) na na 8 2004 Outages, Frequency rate (number/year) 2,031 2000 2,773 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 521 1990 617 2006 Population with electricity (mln) 1 2000 1 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 0 2000 0 2004 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (LCU, mln) 532 1992 1,835 2003 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (USD, mln) 34 1992 66 2003 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 48,167 1992 109,766 2003 Revenue, Total (LCU, mln) 1,454 1992 5,197 2003 Revenue, Total (USD, mln) 93 1992 186 2003 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 3 2005 135 Mozambique Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 6.6 1997 8.1 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 2.1 1997 1.1 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 26 1997 25 2003 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) na na 220 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (USD) na na 56 2004 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.08 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) na na 0.06 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 72 2005 Collection ratio (%) 77 1995 92 2002 Connections per employee (number) na na 99 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 2,463 1990 7,752 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 193 1990 347 2007 Country population (mln) 14 1990 21 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) na na na na Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 1.2 2000 1.5 2005 Customers, Non-residential (thousands) 21 1992 30 2002 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 173 2000 316 2005 Customers, Total (thousands) 132 1992 219 2002 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) na na 4.5 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 13 2007 Distribution feeders, Length, Medium voltage (415V..11kV) (km) 5,871 2000 6,185 2005 Distribution feeders, Total (number) 69 2000 69 2005 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) 5,937 1994 6,429 2002 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 3,263 2000 3,265 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 3,167 2000 3,167 2005 Distribution transformers, Average capacity (kVA) 91 2000 142 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 56 2000 54 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 6.8 2006 136 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 40 1990 450 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 2,263 2000 1,523 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 252 1992 448 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 548 1990 9,243 2005 Electricity exported (GWh) 483 1997 12,001 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 86 1992 38 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 322 1992 13,131 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) 45 2000 13 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 454 1990 13,285 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 600 1995 9,588 2005 Electricity purchased from IPPs (GWh) 245 2000 19 2005 Electricity purchased, Total (GWh) 436 1992 13 2002 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) na na na na Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 444 2000 535 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 392 2000 481 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 1,014 2000 1,307 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 600 1995 (2,413) 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 3,271 2000 3,194 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 71 2005 Household average size (number) na na 4.8 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 280 1992 204 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 94 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 2,078 1992 2,136 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 5.6 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 11 2000 7.7 2005 137 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Installed capacity, Total (MW) 2,358 1992 2,340 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 12 2000 18 2005 Losses, Non-technical (%) 6.0 2000 12 2005 Losses, Technical (%) 6.0 2000 6.0 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 26 2000 25 2005 Losses, Transmission (%) 7.0 2000 6.3 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 83 2005 Operating meters rate, Residential and low voltage business (%) na na 27 2004 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 3.2 2007 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 225 2000 285 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 17 1990 27 2006 Population with electricity (mln) 1.3 2000 1.3 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 16 2000 19 2004 Prepayment meters rate (%) na na 73 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 7.6 2005 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 66 2000 71 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 3,255 2000 3,568 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 2.5 2007 138 Namibia Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 20 1992 31.7 2000 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 4.2 1992 13.2 2000 Accounts receivable (NamPower) (days) 53 2000 60 2005 Accounts receivable (Nored) (days) na na 94 2005 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) na na 196 2005 Average cost of generation (NamPower) (USD/kWh) na na 0.03 2003 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.04 2007 Average operating expenses per kWh (NamPower) (LCU/kWh) na na 0.2 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (Nored) (LCU/kWh) na na 0.81 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (NamPower) (USD/kWh) na na 0.03 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (Nored) (USD/kWh) na na 0.12 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 38 2000 46 2005 Capital expenditure, Total (NamPower) (LCU, mln) 4.0 2000 6.1 2004 Capital expenditure, Total (Nored) (LCU, mln) na na 0.01 2003 Capital expenditure, Total (NamPower) (USD, mln) 0.6 2000 0.9 2004 Capital expenditure, Total (Nored) (USD, mln) na na 0 2003 Connections per employee (Nored) (number) na na 337 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 2,350 1990 6,740 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 1,596 1990 2,265 2007 Country population (mln) 1.4 1990 2.1 2007 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (Nored) (thousands) na 1.9 2005 Customers, Non-residential (NamPower) (thousands) 2.5 1998 3.3 2003 Customers, Non-residential (Oshaka) (thousands) na na 0.4 2004 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (Nored) (thousands) na na 32 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio (NamPower) (number) na na 8.7 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 9.2 2006 Distribution feeders, Total (number) 176 2000 197 2005 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) na na na na 139 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 12,656 2000 22,072 2005 Distribution transformers, Average capacity (kVA) 7,710 2000 9,071 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 114 2000 133 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 12 2006 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 1,047 1991 1,428 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (Nored) (kWh/month) na na 1,931 2005 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 1,539 1991 2,884 2005 Electricity exported (GWh) na na 78 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 35 1995 47 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 1,641 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 0 1990 1,709 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 950 1995 1,567 2005 Electricity purchased, Total ((NamPower) GWh) 877 1998 1,045 2003 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (Nored) (GWh) na na 70 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (Nored) (GWh) na na 62 2005 Electricity sold, Total (Oshaka) (GWh) na na 43 2004 Electricity sold, Total (NamPower) (GWh) 1,978 2000 3,363 2005 Electricity sold, Total (Nored) (GWh) na na 131 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 950 1995 1,489 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (Nampower) (number) 831 2000 891 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (Nored) (number) na na 85 2004 Employees, Total full time equivalent (Oshaka) (number) 10 2000 31 2004 Employees, Total full time equivalent (Reho) (number) na na 20 2004 Gross fixed assets, Book value (NamPower) (LCU, mln) 4,133 2000 6,639 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (Nored) (LCU, mln) na na 175 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (NamPower) (USD, mln) 590 2000 1,107 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (Nored) (USD, mln) na na 29 2005 Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (Nampower) (year) 1996 2000 2001 2005 Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (Nored) (year) na na 2002 2003 140 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 62 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 31 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 0 1992 15 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 62 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 249 1992 249 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 6.6 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 249 1992 393 2005 Labor costs, Total (NamPower) (LCU, mln) 109 2000 121 2005 Labor costs, Total (Nored) (LCU, mln) na na 11 2005 Labor costs, Total (NamPower) (USD, mln) 16 2000 20 2005 Labor costs, Total (Nored) (USD, mln) na na 1.8 2005 Losses, Distribution (Nored) (%) na na 20 2005 Losses, Distribution (Oshaka) (%) na na 13 2004 Losses, Distribution (Reho) (%) na na 10 2001 Losses, Total system (%) 14 1991 18 2005 Losses, Total system (NamPower) (%) na na 9.0 2004 Losses, Total system (Oshaka) (%) na na 13 2004 Operating capacity, Total (NamPower) (MW) na na 360 2007 Operating expenses covered by revenue (Nored) (%) na na 91 2005 Operating expenses, Total (NamPower) (LCU, mln) 240 2000 680 2005 Operating expenses, Total (Nored) (LCU, mln) na na 95 2005 Operating expenses, Total (NamPower) (USD, mln) 34 2000 113 2005 Operating expenses, Total (Nored) (USD, mln) na na 16 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 100 2000 92 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 1.7 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 320 2000 403 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 1.7 1990 2.5 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 63 2004 141 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Population with electricity (mln) 0.6 2000 0.7 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 1.2 2000 1.4 2004 Prepayment meters rate (%) na na 98 2005 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 12 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (Nored) (LCU, mln) na na 66 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (Nored) (USD, mln) na na 11 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. and low voltage business (Nored) (LCU, mln) na na 38 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low voltage business (Nored) (USD, mln) na na 6 2005 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 101 2000 115 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 7,377 2000 8,490 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 1 2006 142 Niger Earliest available year, Latest available 1990-2000 year, 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 4.4 1992 7.1 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 0.2 1992 0.5 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 27 1992 39 2005 Accounts receivable (days) 12 2000 6.4 2005 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) 151 2000 275 2005 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) 88 1995 86 2003 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (USD/kWh) 0.2 1995 0.2 2003 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) 58 2000 140 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) 0.1 2000 0.3 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 24 2000 25 2005 Collection ratio (%) 96 2000 96 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 118 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 2,481 1990 4,170 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 193 1990 169 2007 Country population (mln) 7.8 1990 14 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) 0 2000 0.002 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 0.7 2000 0.7 2005 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 80 2000 125 2005 Customers, Total (thousands) 44 1992 107 2003 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) 5.0 2000 5.7 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 21 2006 Distribution feeders, Length, Low voltage (upto 415V) (km) 470 2000 660 2005 Distribution feeders, Length, Medium voltage (415V..11kV) (km) 355 2000 465 2005 143 Earliest available year, Latest available 1990-2000 year, 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Distribution feeders, Total (number) 703 2000 706 2005 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) 1,155 1992 2,629 2003 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 1,119 2000 1,333 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 1,085 2000 1,844 2005 Distribution transformers, Average capacity (kVA) 230 2000 230 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 672 2000 672 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 14 2003 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 1,551 2000 1,612 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 161 1992 234 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) 29 2000 31 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 161 1992 234 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 190 1995 220 2005 Electricity purchased from IPPs (GWh) 5.6 2000 3.8 2005 Electricity purchased, Total (GWh) 160 1992 275 2003 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 0 2000 0 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 0.2 2000 0.2 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 125 2000 202 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 236 2000 333 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 190 1995 220 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 1,104 2000 1,063 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) 79,218 2000 2,192 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) 111 2000 4.2 2005 Household average size (number) na na 6.4 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 31 2005 144 Earliest available year, Latest available 1990-2000 year, 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 63 1992 105 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 60 2000 55 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 69 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 63 1992 105 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) 3,375 2000 4,504 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) 4.7 2000 8.6 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 7.0 2000 7.0 2005 Losses, Technical (%) 16 2000 16 2005 Losses, Total system (%) na na 25 2004 Losses, Transmission (%) 10 2000 9.4 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) na na 92 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 166 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) 21,639 2000 45,325 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) 30 2000 86 2005 Operating meters rate, Residential and low voltage business (%) 81 2000 85 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 91 2000 88 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 21 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 38 2000 50 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 6.2 1990 11 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 97 2004 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 40,247 1995 47,876 2003 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 16 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) 0 2000 0 2005 145 Earliest available year, Latest available 1990-2000 year, 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) 0 2000 0 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) 13,846 2000 12,770 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) 19 2000 24 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (LCU, mln) 8,660 2000 18,134 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (USD, mln) 12 2000 34 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 29 2007 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 703 2000 706 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 796 2000 1,062 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 2.5 2006 146 Nigeria Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 45 1999 52 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 28 1999 34 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 84 1999 85 2003 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) 157 2000 62 2005 Average electricity tariff, All customers (LCU/kWh) 3.9 2000 6.4 2005 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) 0.04 2000 0.05 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) 3.93 2000 2.62 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) 0.03 2000 0.02 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 89 2000 74 2005 Capital expenditure, Total (LCU, mln) na na 20,987 2005 Capital expenditure, Total (USD, mln) na na 160 2005 Collection ratio (%) 63 2000 69 2004 Connections per employee (number) na na 127 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 28,472 1990 165,690 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 370 1990 472 2007 Country population (mln) 94 1990 148 2007 Current ratio (number) 1.4 2000 1.3 2005 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) 13 2000 17 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 432 2000 651 2005 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 1,289 2000 3,760 2005 Customers, Total (thousands) 2,737 2000 4,500 2005 Debt-equity ratio (number) 0.7 2000 0.2 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) 0 2000 3.4 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 7.7 2007 147 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Distribution feeders, Length, Low voltage (upto 415V) (km) 70,799 2000 126,032 2005 Distribution feeders, Length, Medium voltage (415V..11kV) (km) 77,027 2000 92,163 2005 Distribution feeders, Total (number) na na 680 2005 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 70,799 2000 126,033 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 66,192 2000 80,990 2005 Distribution transformers, Average capacity (kVA) 5,526 2000 5,526 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) na na 1,790 2004 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 3.4 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 88 1990 127 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 5,693 2000 2,903 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 4,340 1992 7,684 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 8,291 1990 17,895 2005 Electricity exported (GWh) 198 2000 273 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 8,249 1992 14,655 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 5,998 1992 7,871 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 13,463 1990 23,539 2005 Electricity purchased from IPPs (GWh) na na 3,443 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 2,490 2000 4,708 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 3,057 2000 5,779 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 5,773 2000 10,915 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 11,320 2000 21,402 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) (19) 1998 (20) 2004 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 33,986 2000 31,668 2004 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) na na 118,411 2005 148 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) na na 904 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 45 2005 Household average size (number) na na 4.7 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 3,540 1992 3,960 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 60 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 23 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 2,419 1992 1,938 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) na na 8.8 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 15 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 5,959 1992 5,898 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) na na 29,568 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) na na 226 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 41 2000 29 2005 Losses, Transmission (%) 24 2000 8.5 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) na na 3,300 2007 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 78 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) na na 61,696 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) na na 471 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 33 2000 56 2005 Outages, Frequency rate (number/year) 792 2000 956 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 27 2007 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 2,499 2000 3,774 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 104 1990 159 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 85 2004 149 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Population with electricity (mln) 51 2000 61 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 76 2000 71 2004 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 10,242 2000 24,341 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 2.8 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) 10,086 2000 24,790 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) 99 2000 189 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) 6,687 1998 34,763 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) 12,226 2000 23,114 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) 120 2000 176 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (LCU, mln) 16,281 2000 30,780 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (USD, mln) 160 2000 235 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 5.0 2007 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 135,230 2000 586,165 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 9,925 2000 11,173 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 8.9 2007 150 Rwanda Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 2.3 1992 4.8 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 0.5 1992 1.3 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 31 1992 25 2005 Accounts receivable (days) na na 10 2005 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) na na 61 2004 Average connection charge, Residential customers (LCU) na na 60,000 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (USD) na na 107 2005 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.20 2007 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) na na 191 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) na na 0.34 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 43 2005 Collection ratio (%) na na 83 2005 Complaints about deficient service (number/year) na na 29,000 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 189 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 2,584 1990 3,320 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 229 1990 271 2007 Country population (mln) 7.3 1990 10 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) 0 2000 0 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 0.3 2000 0.2 2005 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 46 2000 70 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 18 2006 Distribution feeders, Length, Low voltage (upto 415V) (km) 1,900 2000 1,900 2005 Distribution feeders, Length, Medium voltage (415V..11kV) (km) 989 2000 989 2005 Distribution feeders, Total (number) 35 2000 41 2005 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) na na 2,030 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) na na 1,207 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 15 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low na na na na 151 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year voltage business customers (kWh/month) Electricity exported (GWh) 5.0 1995 10 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 4.0 1992 5.0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 170 1992 90 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 174 1992 95 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 14 1995 120 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) na na na na Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) na na na na Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) na na na na Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 134 2000 157 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 9.0 1995 110 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 318 2000 372 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) na na 28,154 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) na na 50 2005 Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (year) na na 2004 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 38 2005 Household average size (number) na na 5.0 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 4.0 1992 4.0 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 96 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 30 1992 27 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 34 1992 31 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) 33 2000 2,539 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) 0.1 2000 4.6 2005 Losses, Non-technical (%) na na 12 2005 Losses, Technical (%) na na 11 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 34 2000 23 2005 152 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Operating capacity, Total (MW) na na 31 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 0 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) na na 30,131 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) na na 54 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 100 2000 100 2005 Outages, Frequency rate (number/year) na na 4,298 2005 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 14 2006 Population density (people per sq. km) 296 1990 384 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) 100 1998 100 2004 Prepayment meters rate (%) na na 65 2005 Revenue, Annual, Average US cents/kWh na na 22 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) na na na na Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) na na na na Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) na na 4,063 2004 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) na na 7.0 2004 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (LCU, mln) na na 2,386 2004 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (USD, mln) na na 4.1 2004 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 26 2007 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 21 2000 22 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 370 2000 370 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 8.7 2006 153 Sao Tome and Principe Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 48.4 2000 na na Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 35 2000 na na Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 60 2000 na na Country GDP (in current USD mln) na na 145 2007 Country population (mln) 0.1 1990 0.2 2007 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 7.0 1992 8.0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 8.0 1992 10 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 15 1992 18 2005 Household average size (number) na na 4.6 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 4.0 1992 3.0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 2.0 1992 6.0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 6.0 1992 9.0 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 121 1990 162 2006 154 Senegal Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 26 1992 47 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 2.2 1992 16 2005 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 59 1992 80 2005 Accounts receivable (days) 71 2000 83 2005 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) 168 2000 268 2005 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.2 2006 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) 70 1994 82 2003 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (USD/kWh) 0.13 1994 0.14 2003 Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) 97 2000 110 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) 0.14 2000 0.21 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 47 2000 66 2005 Capital expenditure, Total (LCU, mln) 26,732 1999 15,406 2001 Capital expenditure, Total (USD, mln) 43 1999 21 2001 Complaints about deficient service (number/year) 24,725 2000 52,405 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 257 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 5,717 1990 11,151 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 439 1990 509 2007 Country population (mln) 8 1990 12 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) 0.004 2000 0.003 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) 1.0 2000 1.1 2005 Customers, Non-residential (thousands) 66 1999 90 2002 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) 391 2000 598 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) 0 2000 1.1 2005 155 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 9.4 2007 Distribution feeders, Length, Low voltage (upto 415V) (km) 3,998 2000 6,760 2005 Distribution feeders, Length, Medium voltage (415V..11kV) (km) 4,893 2000 7,844 2005 Distribution feeders, Total (number) 116 2000 127 2005 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) 3,998 2000 6,760 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) 4,549 2000 6,827 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) 2,524 2000 3,285 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 15 2006 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 99 1990 151 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) 1,471 2000 1,673 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 153 1992 997 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 780 1990 1,777 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 960 1992 1,955 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 264 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) 58 2000 88 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Other renewables (GWh) 0 1992 4.0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 901 1990 2,544 2005 Electricity purchased from IPPs (GWh) 154 2000 721 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 185 2000 172 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 389 2000 536 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 575 2000 1,001 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 1,149 2000 1,710 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 1,726 2000 2,328 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) 268,338 2000 373,029 2005 156 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) 377 2000 708 2005 Gross fixed assets, Date of last revaluation (year) 1983 2000 1983 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 64 2005 Household average size (number) na na 5.0 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 231 1992 300 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) 19 2000 33 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 96 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 231 1992 300 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) 12,766 2000 18,262 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) 18 2000 35 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 16 2000 19 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 19 2000 21 2005 Losses, Transmission (%) 4.4 2000 3.2 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 344 1995 365 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 140 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) 111,826 2000 188,219 2005 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) 157 2000 357 2005 Outages for firms (days per year) na na 26 2006 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 12 2007 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 246 2000 374 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 41 1990 63 2006 157 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 41 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 2.9 2000 3.8 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 6.6 2000 7.8 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 15 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) 10,261 2000 9,817 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) 14 2000 19 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (LCU, mln) 28,089 2000 40,363 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (USD, mln) 39 2000 77 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (LCU, mln) 46,803 2000 84,472 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (USD, mln) 66 2000 160 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 100 2007 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 20 2000 22 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) 345 2000 1,017 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 5.0 2007 158 Seychelles Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Country GDP (in current USD mln) 369 1990 728 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 5,645 1990 7,408 2007 Country population (mln) 0.1 1990 0.1 2007 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 103 1992 208 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 103 1992 208 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 28 1992 95 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 28 1992 95 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 152 1990 184 2006 159 Sierra Leone Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) na na 17 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) na na 3.2 2003 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) na na 35 2003 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0 2007 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 650 1990 1,672 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 250 1990 235 2007 Country population (mln) 4.1 1990 5.9 2007 Customers, Total (thousands) na na 32 2007 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 216 1992 245 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 216 1992 245 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 38 2000 20 2006 Household average size (number) na na 6.2 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 124 1992 114 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 2.0 1992 4.0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 126 1992 118 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 38 2000 37 2006 Population density (people per sq. km) 57 1990 80 2006 160 Somalia Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Country GDP (in current USD mln) 917 1990 na na Country population (mln) 6.72 1990 8.7 2007 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 249 1992 270 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 0 1992 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 249 1992 270 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 70 1992 80 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 0 1992 0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 70 1992 80 2005 Losses, Total system (%) na na 18 2004 Population density (people per sq. km) 10.71 1990 13.46 2006 161 South Africa (utility data are for Eskom only) Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 63 1998 na na Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 37 1998 na na Accounts receivable (Eskom) (days) 64 2000 47 2003 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (Eskom) (USD) 87 2000 151 2005 Average cost of generation (Eskom) (USD/kWh) na na 0.02 2004 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.03 2007 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (Eskom) (LCU/kWh) na na 0.40 2005 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (Eskom) (USD/kWh) na na 0.06 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (Eskom) (LCU/kWh) 0.07 2000 0.15 2005 Average operating expenses per kWh (Eskom) (USD/kWh) 0.01 2000 0.02 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 72 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 112,014 1990 277,581 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 3,152 1990 3,718 2007 Country population (mln) 35 1990 48 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (Eskom) (thousands) 5 2000 5 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (Eskom) (thousands) 32 2000 43 2005 Customers, Non-residential (Eskom) (thousands) 107 2000 129 2006 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (Eskom) (thousands) 2,948 2000 3,475 2005 Customers, Total (Eskom) (thousands) 3,054 2000 3,604 2005 Debt-service coverage ratio (Eskom) (number) 5.7 2000 3.7 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 7.3 2003 Distribution feeders, Length, Low voltage (upto 415V) (km) na na 7,875 2005 Distribution feeders, Length, Medium voltage (415V..11kV) (km) na na 137 2005 162 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Distribution network length, All voltages (km) na na 42,988 2005 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) na na 277,047 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) na na 21,187 2005 Distribution transformers, Average capacity (kVA) na na 291 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) na na 305,402 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 4,431 1990 4,847 2005 Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (Eskom) (kWh/month) 2,140 2000 2,336 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 19,394 1992 36,231 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 155,988 1990 227,296 2005 Electricity exported (GWh) 5,554 1996 13,122 2006 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 147,056 1992 214,893 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 1,319 1996 1,141 2006 Electricity generation, Net, Nuclear (GWh) 11,775 1996 11,293 2006 Electricity generation, Net, Other renewables (GWh) 0 1992 300 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 175,754 1996 228,480 2006 Electricity imported (GWh) 149 1995 11,079 2005 Electricity purchased from IPPs (Eskom) (GWh) 5,294 2000 9,758 2005 Electricity purchased, Total (Eskom) (GWh) 29 1996 10,310 2006 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (Eskom) (GWh) 90,609 2000 92,883 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (Eskom) (GWh) na na 7,143 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (Eskom) (GWh) 6,308 2000 8,117 2005 Electricity sold, Total (Eskom) (GWh) 178,192 2000 205,567 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) (2,851) 1995 (2,343) 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (Eskom) (number) 39,857 1996 29,697 2006 163 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Gross fixed assets, Book value (Eskom) (LCU, mln) 81,770 2000 59,523 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (Eskom) (USD, mln) 11,681 2000 9,921 2005 Household average size (number) na na 3.8 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 87 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 32,448 1992 38,020 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 6.0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 550 1992 661 2005 Installed capacity, Nuclear (MW) 1,842 1992 1,800 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 2.0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 34,840 1992 40,481 2005 Labor costs, Total (Eskom) (LCU, mln) 5,385 2000 9,317 2005 Labor costs, Total (Eskom) (USD, mln) 769 2000 1,553 2005 Load factor, Annual (%) 64 1996 70 2006 Losses, Total system (%) 8 2000 10 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 36,563 1996 39,810 2006 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 73 2005 Operating expenses, Total (Eskom) (LCU, mln) 14,838 2000 30,070 2005 Operating expenses, Total (Eskom) (USD, mln) 2,120 2000 5,012 2005 Operating meters rate, Residential and low voltage business (%) 100 2000 100 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 97 2000 98 2007 Outages for firms (days per year) na na 6.0 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 27,967 1996 33,461 2006 Population density (people per sq. km) 29 1990 39 2006 Population with electricity (mln) 28 2000 33 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 15 2000 14 2004 164 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Prepayment meters rate (%) na na 85 2006 Revenue per employee (Eskom) (USD/employee) 109,035 1996 217,176 2005 Revenue, Annual, Average (Eskom) (US cents/kWh) na na 16 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (Eskom) (LCU, mln) 11,243 2000 13,598 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (Eskom) (USD, mln) 1,606 2000 2,266 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (Eskom) (LCU, mln) 185 2000 1,563 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Medium voltage commercial (Eskom) (USD, mln) 26 2000 261 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (Eskom) (LCU, mln) 1,794 2000 3,142 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (Eskom) (USD, mln) 256 2000 524 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) na na 48,970 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 0.4 2003 165 Sudan Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 30 2000 30 2004 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.09 2007 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 12,409 1990 46,228 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 272 1990 527 2007 Country population (mln) 26 1990 39 2007 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 49 1990 94 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 701 1992 1,566 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 1,282 1990 3,478 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 512 1992 2,717 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 1,078 1992 1,227 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 1,515 1990 4,124 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 275 1992 451 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 9 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 19 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 225 1992 350 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 66 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 500 1992 801 2005 Losses, Total system (%) na na 25 2004 Operating capacity, Total (MW) na na 801 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) 100 2000 100 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 11 1990 16 2006 Population with electricity (mln) 9 2000 11 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 22 2000 25 2004 166 Swaziland Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 27 2000 na na Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 12 2000 na na Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 48 1997 na na Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.1 2003 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 23 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 1,115 1990 2,894 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 1,342 1990 1,547 2007 Country population (mln) 0.8 1990 1.1 2007 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 17 2006 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 202 1992 265 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 202 1992 195 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 404 1992 460 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 618 1995 872 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 618 1995 872 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 79 1992 87 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 43 1992 60 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 122 1992 147 2005 Losses, Total system (%) na na 68 2004 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 2.5 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 172 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 45 1990 66 2006 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 2.5 2006 167 Tanzania Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 6.8 1992 11 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 1.3 1992 1.6 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 24 1992 39 2004 Average annual revenue per residential or low voltage customer (USD) na na 158 2005 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0 2005 Average electricity tariff, Resid. cust. & low volt. business (LCU/kWh) 18 1992 na na Average electricity tariff, Resid. cust. & low volt. business (USD/kWh) 0.1 1992 na na Average operating expenses per kWh (LCU/kWh) 89 2000 125 2004 Average operating expenses per kWh (USD/kWh) 0.1 2000 0.1 2004 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 50 2005 Collection ratio (%) na na 94 2005 Connections per employee (number) na na 124 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 4,259 1990 16,181 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 267 1990 354 2007 Country population (mln) 25 1990 40 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (thousands) na na 0.5 2005 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (thousands) na na 1.3 2005 Customers, Non-residential (thousands) 1.8 1992 2.8 2001 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) na na 549 2004 Customers, Total (thousands) 222 1992 551 2004 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) na na 4.6 2004 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 44 2006 Distribution feeders, Length, Low voltage (up to 415V) (km) na na 21,786 2005 Distribution feeders, Length, Medium voltage (415V..11kV) (km) na na 4,933 2005 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) na na 824 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) na na 1,952 2005 Distribution transformers, Average capacity (kVA) na na 1,463 2005 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) na na 7,798 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 6.7 2006 Electricity consumption, Annual per cap. of total cons. (kWh/person) 51 1990 61 2005 168 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (kWh/month) na na 1,940 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 553 1992 1,163 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 1,441 1992 2,013 2004 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 156 1992 120 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 1,634 1992 1,760 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Off-grid (GWh) na na 88 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 1,790 1992 1,880 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 0 1995 136 2005 Electricity purchased from IPPs (GWh) na na 2,045 2005 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (GWh) 523 2000 1,091 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (GWh) 309 2000 392 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 1,025 2000 1,145 2005 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 1,857 2000 2,628 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 0 1995 136 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) na na 4,783 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 42 2005 Household average size (number) na na 4.8 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 1.0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 177 1992 324 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 18 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 53 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 329 1992 557 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) na na 33 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 25 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 506 1992 881 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) 12,446 2000 20,038 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) 16 2000 18 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 25 1992 20 2003 Losses, Total system (%) 20 1990 27 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 260 1994 848 2005 169 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 114 2004 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) 71,605 2000 214,037 2004 Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) 90 2000 197 2004 Operating meters rate, Residential and low voltage business (%) na na 95 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na na 96 2005 Outages for firms (days per year) na na 61 2006 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 12 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 531 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 29 1990 45 2006 Population with electricity (mln) 3.5 2000 4.2 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 30 2000 34 2004 Prepayment meters rate (%) na na 4.2 2005 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 18,123 1993 na na Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 7.5 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (LCU, mln) 37,745 2000 79,517 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, High voltage industrial (USD, mln) 47 2000 70 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Med. voltage commercial (LCU, mln) 31,724 2000 36,654 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Med. voltage commercial (USD, mln) 40 2000 32 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low volt. business (LCU, mln) 61,283 2000 105,487 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Resid. & low volt. business (USD, mln) 77 2000 93 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 631 2007 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) na na 3,456 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 10 2006 170 Togo Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 15 1998 na na Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 2.4 1998 na na Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 41 1998 na na Country GDP (in current USD mln) 1,628 1990 2,493 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 270 1990 239 2007 Country population (mln) 4.0 1990 6.6 2007 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 87 1990 94 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 144 1992 274 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 343 1990 587 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 84 1992 103 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 128 1992 73 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 212 1992 176 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 310 1995 486 2005 Electricity traded (GWh) 310 1995 486 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 30 1992 18 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 4.0 1992 3.0 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 34 1992 21 2005 Losses, Total system (%) na na 30 2004 Population density (people per sq. km) 73 1990 118 2006 Population with electricity (mln) 0.4 2000 1.0 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 4.1 2000 5.1 2004 171 Uganda (utility data are for UEDCL) Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 6.8 1995 8.9 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 1.5 1995 2.5 2004 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 40 1995 49 2004 Accounts receivable (UEDCL) (days) na na 106 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (UEDCL) (LCU) na na 279,000 2005 Average connection charge, Residential customers (UEDCL) (USD) na na 156 2005 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.1 2005 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (UEDCL) (LCU/kWh) 52 1992 170 2003 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (UEDCL) (USD/kWh) 0.05 1992 0.09 2003 Average operating expenses per kWh (UEDCL) (LCU/kWh) na na 183 2004 Average operating expenses per kWh (UEDCL) (USD/kWh) na na 0.1 2004 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 68 2000 96 2005 Collection ratio (UEDCL) (%) na na 77 2005 Connections per employee (UEDCL) (number) na na 169 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 4,304 1990 11,771 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 180 1990 324 2007 Country population (mln) 18 1990 31 2007 Customers, High voltage industrial (UEDCL) (thousands) na na 0.7 2004 Customers, Medium voltage commercial (UEDCL) (thousands) na na 23 2004 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (UEDCL) (thousands) na na 239 2004 Customers, Total (UEDCL) (thousands) 111 1992 263 2003 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 33 2006 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) 2,664 1992 16,645 2003 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) na na 8,514 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) na na 8,820 2005 Distribution transformers, Average capacity (kVA) na na 833 2004 Distribution transformers, Total including all ratings (number) na na 4,021 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 21 2006 172 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Electricity consumption, Average monthly sales to Residential and low voltage business customers (UEDCL) (kWh/month) na na 1,558 2004 Electricity exported (GWh) 115 1995 170 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 9.0 1992 3.0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 973 1992 1,980 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 982 1992 1,983 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 0 1995 0 2005 Electricity purchased, Total (UEDCL) (GWh) 4.4 1992 19 2002 Electricity sold, High voltage industrial (UEDCL) (GWh) na na 554 2005 Electricity sold, Medium voltage commercial (UEDCL) (GWh) na na 137 2005 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (UEDCL) (GWh) na na 344 2005 Electricity sold, Total (UEDCL) (GWh) na na 1,035 2004 Electricity traded (GWh) (115) 1995 (170) 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (UEDCL) (number) na na 1,513 2004 Gross fixed assets, Book value (UEDCL) (LCU, mln) na na 256,900 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (UEDCL) (USD, mln) na na 144 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 174 2005 Household average size (number) na na 5.1 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 7.0 1992 3.0 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 85 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 155 1992 318 2005 Installed capacity, Off-grid (MW) na na 3.0 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 12 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 162 1992 321 2005 Labor costs, Total (UEDCL) (LCU, mln) na na 27,445 2004 Labor costs, Total (UEDCL) (USD, mln) na na 15 2004 Losses, Total system (%) 40 1990 20 2004 Operating capacity, Total (MW) na na 226 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (UEDCL) (%) na na 120 2004 173 Earliest available Latest available year, year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Operating expenses, Total (UEDCL) (LCU, mln) na na 4,944 2005 Operating expenses, Total (UEDCL) (USD, mln) na na 97 2004 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na 2000 70 2005 Outages for firms (days per year) na na 71 2006 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 11 2006 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) 253 2000 366 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 91 1990 152 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 96 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 0.9 2000 2.4 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 23 2000 25 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (UEDCL) (US cents/kWh) na na 8.7 2005 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (UEDCL) (LCU, mln) na na 66,339 2003 Revenue from electricity billed, Residential and low voltage business (UEDCL) (USD, mln) na na 34 2003 Revenue, Total (UEDCL) (LCU, mln) 22,710 1992 156,038 2003 Revenue, Total (UEDCL) (USD, mln) 20 1992 80 2003 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 300 2007 Substations, Total including all voltage levels (number) 60 2000 60 2005 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) na na 1,140 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 10 2006 174 Zambia Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 19 1992 19 2002 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 1.5 1996 2.9 2002 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 44 1996 49 2002 Average electricity tariff, All customers (USD/kWh) na na 0.02 2007 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) 93 2000 95 2003 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (USD/kWh) 0.03 2000 0.02 2003 Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 85 2005 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 3,288 1990 11,363 2007 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 373 1990 386 2007 Country population (mln) 8.1 1990 12 2007 Customers, Residential or low voltage business (thousands) na na 284 2003 Customers, Total (thousands) 127 1992 304 2003 Debt-service coverage ratio (number) na na (11) 2005 Delay in obtaining an electrical connection for businesses (days) na na 93 2007 Distribution network length, All voltages (km) na na 10,280 2003 Distribution network length, Low voltage (<34.5kV) (km) na na 8,514 2005 Distribution network length, Medium voltage (34.5..66kV) (km) na na 8,820 2005 Effective residential tariff at 100 kWh/mo consumption level (US cents) na na 2.9 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 754 1990 721 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 615 1992 1,458 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 6,123 1990 8,278 2005 Electricity exported (GWh) 1,500 1995 243 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 57 1992 56 2005 175 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 7,663 1992 8,794 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 8,013 1990 8,850 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 20 1995 465 2005 Electricity purchased, Total (GWh) 326 1992 1,007 2003 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 6,399 1992 8,383 2003 Electricity traded (GWh) (1,480) 1995 222 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 5,300 1992 3,691 2003 Gross fixed assets, Book value (LCU, mln) na na 3,499,240 2005 Gross fixed assets, Book value (USD, mln) na na 784 2005 Historical cost recovery ratio (average effective residential tariff/average historical normative cost recovery tariff) (%) na na 38 2005 Household average size (number) na na 5.4 2005 Installed capacity, Coal (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 116 1992 80 2005 Installed capacity, Gas (% of total) na na 0 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (% of total) na na 93 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 1,670 1992 1,698 2005 Installed capacity, Oil (% of total) na na 5.3 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 1,786 1992 1,778 2005 Labor costs, Total (LCU, mln) na na 782,641 2005 Labor costs, Total (USD, mln) na na 175 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 30 2000 18 2005 Losses, Transmission (%) 5.4 2000 2.9 2005 Operating capacity, Total (MW) 1,184 2000 1,184 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenue (%) na na 72 2005 Operating expenses, Total (LCU, mln) na na 564,742 2005 176 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Operating expenses, Total (USD, mln) na na 127 2005 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na na 67 2007 Outages for firms (days per year) na na 30 2006 Outages, Number in a typical month (number) na na 4.2 2007 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 1,330 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 11 1990 16 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 85 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 1.2 2000 2.2 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 8.9 2000 10 2004 Revenue, Annual, Average (US cents/kWh) na na 5.0 2005 Rural isolated networks, People served (thousands) na na 130 2007 Transmission network length, High voltage (>66kV) (km) na na 1,140 2005 Value lost due to power outages (% of sales) na na 3.6 2007 177 Zimbabwe Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 28 1992 34 2002 Access to electricity, Households, Rural (%) 3.4 1994 15 2002 Access to electricity, Households, Urban (%) 80 1994 72 2002 Average electricity tariff, Residential customers and low voltage business (LCU/kWh) 0.10 1992 na na Capacity factor, Annual (%) na na 54 2005 Connections per employee (number) 1,282 1995 1,786 2001 Country GDP (in current USD mln) 8,784 1990 3,418 2005 Country GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) 642 1990 428 2005 Country population (mln) 10 1990 13 2007 Customers, Total (thousands) 333 1992 517 2001 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 861 1990 953 2005 Electricity consumption, Residential (GWh) 1,572 1992 2,884 2004 Electricity consumption, Total (GWh) 9,028 1990 12,504 2005 Electricity exported (GWh) 1.0 1995 0 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Conventional thermal (GWh) 4,771 1992 4,174 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Hydro (GWh) 2,880 1992 5,776 2005 Electricity generation, Net, Total (GWh) 9,362 1990 10,269 2005 Electricity imported (GWh) 1,000 1995 3,013 2005 Electricity purchased, Total (GWh) 2,027 1992 4,066 2001 Electricity sold, Residential and low voltage business (GWh) 1,572 1992 2,349 2001 Electricity sold, Total (GWh) 10,264 1992 11,972 2001 Electricity traded (GWh) 999 1995 3,013 2005 Employees, Total full time equivalent (number) 7,903 1995 5,654 2002 178 Earliest available year, Latest available year, 1990-2000 2003-2007 New data Indicator Data Year Data Year Data Year Installed capacity, Conventional thermal (MW) 1,405 1992 1,345 2005 Installed capacity, Hydro (MW) 633 1992 754 2005 Installed capacity, Total (MW) 2,038 1992 2,099 2005 Losses, Distribution (%) 7 1992 11 2002 Losses, Total system (%) 9 1990 43 2004 Operating capacity, Total (MW) na na 300 2007 Operating-to-Installed capacity ratio (%) na na 14 2007 Peak load, Annual, On-grid (MW) na na 2,066 2005 Population density (people per sq. km) 27 1990 34 2006 Population using biomass as primary cooking fuel (%) na na 73 2004 Population with electricity (mln) 5.0 2000 4.5 2004 Population without electricity (mln) 7.6 2000 8.7 2004 Revenue per employee (USD/employee) 28,129 1995 98,585 2002 Revenue, Total (LCU, mln) 0.8 1992 33 2002 Revenue, Total (USD, mln) 85 1992 557 2002 179 Annex V. ASK Database: Country Graphs 180 Angola Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2004 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 160 140 120 kWh/person 100 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 181 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 182 Benin Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1996 2001 2003 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 700 600 500 400 days 300 200 100 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 2005 183 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 80 70 60 kWh/person 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 184 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 185 Botswana Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2002 2004 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 1600 1400 1200 kWh/person 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 186 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 2 1 0 2006 187 Burkina Faso Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1992 1998 2003 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 250 200 150 days 100 50 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 188 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2006 189 Burundi Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1998 National Rural Urban Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2006 190 Cameroon Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1991 1998 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 160 140 120 100 days 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 191 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 250 200 kWh/person 150 100 50 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 150% 120% 90% 60% 30% 0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 192 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2006 193 Cape Verde Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 160 140 120 100 days 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 194 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 200% 180% 160% 140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2006 195 Central African Republic Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 16% 8% 6% 3% 0.3% 0.7% 0% 1994 2000 National Rural Urban Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 196 Chad Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 16% 20% 9% 2% 4% 0.1% 0.3% 0% 1996 2004 National Rural Urban Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 197 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 198 Comoros Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1996 2002 National Rural Urban Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 199 Congo, Dem. Rep. Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 National Rural Urban Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 140 120 100 kWh/person 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 200 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 20 15 10 5 0 2006 201 Congo, Rep. Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 National Rural Urban Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 200 160 kWh/person 120 80 40 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 202 Cote d'Ivoire Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1994 1998 2002 2005 National Rural Urban Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 200 180 160 140 kWh/person 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 203 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 2001 2002 2003 204 Eritrea Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1995 2002 National Rural Urban Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 205 Ethiopia Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 86% 76% 80% 60% 40% 13% 14% 20% 0.4% 1.9% 0% 2000 2005 National Rural Urban Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 40 35 30 kWh/person 25 20 15 10 5 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 206 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2004 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 207 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2006 208 Gabon Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2005 Rural Urban Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 1100 1000 900 800 kWh/person 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 209 Gambia, The Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 National Rural Urban Outages, number in a typical month (number) 25 20 15 10 5 0 2006 210 Ghana Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1993 1998 2003 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 200 160 120 days 80 40 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 211 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 400 350 300 kWh/person 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 212 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 10 5 0 2007 213 Guinea Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1999 2005 National Rural Urban Outages, number in a typical month (number) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2007 214 Guinea-Bissau Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2002 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 10 5 0 2006 215 Kenya Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1993 1998 2003 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 9 8 7 6 5 days 4 3 2 1 0 2000 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 216 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 160 140 120 kWh/person 100 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 217 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 10 5 0 2007 218 Lesotho Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 350 300 250 200 days 150 100 50 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 219 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 220 Madagascar Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1992 1997 2003 National Rural Urban Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 221 Malawi Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1992 2000 2004 National Rural Urban Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 222 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 200% 160% 120% 80% 40% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 80 60 40 20 0 2006 223 Mali Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1995 2001 2002 National Rural Urban Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 5 4 3 2 1 0 2007 224 Mauritania Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2005 National Rural Urban Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 10 8 6 4 2 0 2006 225 Mozambique Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1997 2003 National Rural Urban Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 500 400 kWh/person 300 200 100 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 226 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 200% 160% 120% 80% 40% 0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 10 5 0 2007 227 Namibia Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1992 2000 National Rural Accounts receivable (days) 62 60 58 56 54 days 52 50 48 46 44 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 228 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 1,600 1,400 1,200 kWh/person 1,000 800 600 400 200 - 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 229 Niger Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1992 1995 2005 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 20 16 12 days 8 4 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 230 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 200% 160% 120% 80% 40% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 25 20 15 10 5 0 2006 231 Nigeria Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1999 2003 National Rural Urban Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 200 150 kWh/person 100 50 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 232 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2003 2004 2005 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 233 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2007 234 Rwanda Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1992 2001 2005 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 20 16 12 days 8 4 0 2003 2004 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 235 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 20 15 10 5 0 2006 236 Senegal Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1992 1997 2001 2005 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 100 90 80 70 60 days 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 237 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 200 150 kWh/person 100 50 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 400% 350% 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 238 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 20 15 10 5 0 2007 239 Sierra Leone Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2003 National Rural Urban Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 20 15 kWh/person 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 240 South Africa Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2003 National Rural Accounts receivable (days) 100 90 80 70 60 days 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 241 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 5000 kWh/person 4500 4000 3500 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 242 Sudan Access to electricity, Households, National (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2002 2004 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 100 80 kWh/person 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 243 Swaziland Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 National Rural Urban Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 244 Tanzania Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1992 1996 1999 2004 National Rural Urban Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 100 80 kWh/person 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 245 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 246 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 20 15 10 5 0 2006 247 Togo Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1998 2000 National Rural Urban Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 140 120 100 kWh/person 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 248 Uganda Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1995 2000 2004 National Rural Urban Accounts receivable (days) 300 250 200 days 150 100 50 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 249 Losses, Total system (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 Operating expenses covered by revenues (%) 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 2002 2003 2004 Operating-to-installed capacity ratio (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 250 Outages, number in a typical month (number) 20 15 10 5 0 2006 251 Zambia Access to electricity, Households (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1996 2001 2002 National Rural Urban Capacity factor, Annual (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Electricity consumption, Annual per capita of total consumption (kWh/person) 1000 800 kWh/person 600 400 200 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 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