92915 NAD Nias I II III The Power of Partnerships The Multi Donor Fund in Post-Disaster Aceh and Nias NAD Nias IV Foreword Few countries are tested as Indonesia was when the December 2004 tsunami struck. In the space Managed by the World Bank, the MDF was more than simply a trust fund. It was also of a few hours, Indonesia lost over 200,000 a partnership that included national and people. Over a half million more were displaced, local governments, donors, civil society, and in urgent need of food and shelter. Thousands communities. The MDF implemented a robust more lost their livelihoods. model for managing disaster response and reconstruction, pioneered approaches that drew But the Indonesian government rose to on the inputs and energy of disaster survivors, the challenge, setting in motion one of and addressed issues facing beneficiaries as the largest reconstruction efforts the world has they evolved over time. The MDF also served ever seen. The task was immense. A total of $6.7 as a knowledge exchange for the benefit of billion was contributed to the reconstruction disaster recovery efforts elsewhere in Indonesia effort by donors, NGOs, and the Indonesian and the world. government itself. Managing these funds and the many players involved required good This book tells the story of the MDF in Aceh planning, sound financial management, and and Nias’ recovery in pictures, each photograph ability to direct resources where and when they drawing attention to the many lessons we have were most needed. Today, the reconstruction learned along the way. Disasters will always effort is considered a great success, and offers be a part of the human experience. We hope, valuable lessons on disaster management. however, that what we have learned through our shared experience in Aceh and Nias will not The Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias only help others prepare for disasters, but also (MDF) played a key role in implementing serve as a reliable guide for managing future the government’s reconstruction efforts. reconstruction efforts. Armida S. Alisjahbana Zaini Abdullah Stefan Koeberie Julian Wilson STATE MINISTER FOR GOVERNOR PROVINCE COUNTRY DIRECTOR HEAD OF DELEGATION an effective partnership NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ACEH WORLD BANK EUROPEAN UNION Steering committee co-chairs in PLANNING Banda Aceh, June 2012. The Steering Committee was the decision making body of the MDF, co-chaired by the Government of Indonesia, the Government of Aceh, the World Bank, and the European Union. Initially, the Government of Indonesia was represented by the Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias (BRR). After April 2009, it was represented by the National Planning Agency (Bappenas). 2 Table of Contents T he human suffering was unprecedented, and  “ FOREWORD Preface the economic cost staggering. If there was ever a time Introduction for urgency, a time for decisiveness, this was it.” Chapter I Disaster Strikes Aceh and Nias 33 Chapter II The Multi Donor Fund 55 Chapter III Restoring Communities 75 Chapter IV Transport and Infrastructure 95 Chapter V Looking Ahead: Economic Development 111 Chapter VI Aceh and Nias Today 127 MDF Portfolio MDF Timeline Donor contributions Acronyms Acknowledgements 4 Preface There is no shortage of written material about the tsunami and earthquakes that devastated Aceh and Nias in 2004 and 2005. The Indonesian government, the World Bank, the United Nations, and many others have published plenty of studies, analyses and reports on the disaster and its aftermath. There is much to be learned from these materials—disaster experts, governments and relief organizations are already putting them to good use. But it is difficult for most of us to understand the impact of such terrifying disasters through reports and figures. We cannot really imagine what it means to lose 200,000 people in the space of a single morning. Nor do figures truly convey the huge effort that went into the reconstruction. Knowledge gained from reports and figures will not tell us what it was like to see your world torn apart, or to take part in the long, slow process of putting it back together. We can read the reports and hear the stories, but to understand more deeply, we need to see for ourselves. Pictures are much better at conveying the depth of personal tragedy, the impact of total devastation, and the sheer magnitude of the reconstruction. Through images, we can understand the joy survivors felt when they moved into new homes, rebuilt with their own hands, and feel the satisfaction which comes when economic opportunities enable people to prosper. The Multi Donor Fund—a partnership between the Indonesian government, donors, development partners, NGOs and others—played a major role in the reconstruction effort. Through the pictures in this book, we want the reader feel the impact of what the people of Aceh and Nias went through; the tragedy they experienced, the challenges they faced, and how they rebuilt their lives and communities with support from the Multi Donor Fund. We want to show you what the power of partnerships can do. 7 View from Geurute Mountain, Aceh Jaya. A village here was swept away by the tsunami. 8 9 Introduction Banda Aceh today is a bustling city. The downtown area is bursting with shops, selling everything from embroidered dresses to motorbike parts. Cafés and restaurants are full of people talking over meals or tapping out messages on their phones. The streets are newly-paved, with freshly-painted lines to keep the traffic —especially the unruly swarms of motorbikes—flowing smoothly. Banda Aceh is very much alive. But it hasn’t always been like this. Seven years an unprecedented tragedy into one of history’s ago the very same streets, the very same greatest humanitarian successes. MDF projects neighborhoods, were utterly devastated. rebuilt thousands of homes, repaired and It took one of the biggest reconstruction efforts expanded infrastructure, and built a foundation in history—smart planning, good organization, for economic growth. It improved local hard work, unprecedented international governance, brought women into the decision cooperation, and $6.7 billion—to get to making process, and protected the environment. this point. It pioneered new approaches to disaster response by building effective partnerships and The Multi Donor Fund—better known as the tapping into the strength of communities. MDF—was a highly successful partnership that supported the recovery of Aceh and Nias This book tells—or rather, illustrates—how after the devastating 2004 tsunami and 2005 the MDF played its part in the reconstruction earthquake. Led by the Indonesian government of Aceh and Nias. with support from donors, international agencies, civil society, and local communities, the MDF played a big part in turning REVITALIZED Both Aceh and Nias have returned to bustle and activity since the difficult days following the tsunami. The reconstruction effort provided homes, rebuilt infrastructure, and provided economic opportunities. 10 Disaster On an early Sunday morning in December 2004, a huge earthquake shook Banda Aceh, the capital of Indonesia’s northernmost province. The ground shook so violently that people had trouble staying on their feet; many sat on the ground until it passed. Buildings and houses cracked; some of them collapsed. After the earthquake, rescue teams moved into Banda Aceh had been battered, but along action to help victims. They didn’t realize that the coast things were much worse. There, the earthquake was nothing more than a prelude gigantic waves moving at tremendous speed Damage Statistics in Aceh to a much more devastating disaster. swept everything away. Homes, schools, 221,000 killed or missing in Aceh alone entire communities simply disappeared. 635,000 displaced; hundreds of It didn’t take long. About 30 minutes later, When it was over, the landscape was covered thousands lost livelihoods 140,000 houses destroyed the citizens of Banda Aceh saw the end of their in wreckage and debris. Cars were battered Damage estimated at $4.5 billion city as they knew it. Black, churning seawater and crushed, shattered houses lay in pieces. forced its way through the streets, slowly at Boats were left in the middle of city streets first, pushing shattered timber, trees, furniture, and on top of buildings. And then there were vehicles, and other debris along with it. People the bodies. Thousands of Acehnese—children, took refuge where they could, on the upper grandparents, people of all ages—were left floors of buildings, in trees, in Mosques. Many broken, drowned and crushed, tossed in with just ran, hoping to outpace the water. But some the debris and carried to wherever the water weren’t fast enough—they were caught up in took them. the surge, crushed by debris or pulled down into the grinding, murky water. The scale of the disaster left the local authorities paralyzed. Government offices were destroyed; This wasn’t just a flood. It was the deadliest roads were impassable, hospitals dysfunctional. tsunami in history. The earthquake had Telephones stopped working. Food and triggered huge tidal waves that fanned across drinking water were suddenly in short supply. the Indian Ocean, striking 14 countries. Thousands of people were injured and needed According to the United States Geological help. Hundreds of thousands more no longer Survey (USGS), a total of 286,000 people were had homes, and didn’t know where to go or killed. Thailand, Sri Lanka and India suffered what to do. significant losses of life, but no country suffered more than Indonesia. In Aceh alone, 221,000 people were killed or missing, and over a half million were left homeless. 12 13 Another Disaster in Nias On March 28, 2005, another earthquake struck Nias had also suffered from internal isolation. Damage Statistics in Nias the island of Nias, which lies 130 kilometers The road network within the island itself was Over 800 killed off the western coast of Sumatra. It had also in such poor condition that moving people or $392 million in damage been affected by the earthquake and tsunami, goods from one village to another was a time- Thousands of people homeless but the damage there was much less severe— consuming affair. This problem further isolated about 120 people died. The impact of the communities from each other and limited second earthquake was much worse. At least local economic opportunities, compounding 850 people died, and thousands more were the problem. The disasters—both the tsunami left homeless. Approximately 30 percent of and the earthquake—put a fragile society in buildings were destroyed, causing nearly $400 even greater danger. But they also drew million in losses. Transportation and other the attention of the entire world, giving Nias critical infrastructure were heavily damaged, an opportunity to engage with the rest of leaving the population without power or water. Indonesia and the global community. Frequent aftershocks kept the population on edge. A Challenge for Indonesia The disasters presented an enormous challenge The distinct, traditional wooden houses of Nias, to the Indonesian government. Although natural built on pillars and earthquake-resistant, largely disasters are common in Indonesia, the country survived. But even so, the disaster dealt a blow had never faced destruction on such a large to the island it could hardly afford. Nias has scale. The human suffering was unprecedented, always been disadvantaged by its isolation. and the economic cost staggering. If there was Distance, combined with poor transportation ever a time for urgency, a time for decisiveness, links, makes the island difficult to reach— this was it. a trip by ferry takes about 10 hours. Inputs necessary for modern farming, construction or light industry add to production costs, and outputs cannot compete with cheaper products elsewhere in the country. 14 15 Aceh & Nias ACEH IN BRIEF Aceh in Context Aceh’s population of nearly 4.5 million is over fisheries. These advantages might have made people were killed and the region became Located on Aceh is an autonomous province at the northern 98 percent Muslim. Islam was introduced to Aceh prosperous. But decades of isolation and economically isolated. The impact on livelihoods the northern tip of Sumatra tip of Sumatra with a unique place in Indonesian was significant. Farmers in conflict areas were the region by Arab traders and was firmly conflict kept it from reaching its potential. Capital city: Banda Aceh history. For centuries, the Sultanate of Aceh established there by the 16th century. Known as unable to harvest their crops, and people Population of 4.5 million Suffered from three was a powerful force in the region. In 1873, the “Veranda of Mecca,” Aceh is considered Cut off by Conflict throughout the province had limited access decades of conflict the Dutch invaded the province, triggering the gateway of Islam to Indonesia. In 1976, a rebel movement, Gerakan Aceh to markets. 98 percent Muslim resistance that lasted for decades. Merdeka (GAM), declared independence and The Japanese briefly took over the province The province lies along important trade routes fought intermittently against the Indonesian The sheer scale of the disaster made peace during World War II. After the war, Indonesia and is rich in natural resources. Historically, army until the tsunami struck. Although it never the only realistic option. A formal peace declared independence, and Aceh was oil, gas and mining have formed the backbone developed into a full-scale war, the conflict had agreement between GAM and the Indonesian incorporated into the new republic. of its economy, followed by agriculture and a devastating impact on Aceh. Almost 15,000 government was signed in August 2005, and 16 17 a former GAM leader, Irwandi Yusuf, was elected Nias in Isolation governor. Power was transferred peacefully Nias is an island off the western coast of in April 2012, when another key former GAM Sumatra with a total population of about NIAS IN BRIEF leader, Zaini Abdullah, was elected. 750,000. Fisheries and farming—mainly rubber Located on off the northwestern and cacao—make up most of its economic coast of Sumatra The end of the conflict was a positive activity, along with some tourism in the south. Capital city: Gunung Sitoli development for Aceh—without it, recovery However, its isolation and poor infrastructure Population nearly 800,000 Economy based on agriculture from the tsunami would have been impossible. limited access to both internal and external and fisheries But disaster recovery in a post-conflict context markets, leaving much of the population World-class surfing would be no easy task, and Aceh would not be in poverty. The island’s isolation has also Predominantly Christian able to do it alone. contributed to a unique culture and traditions. Most of the population is Christian, but retains many traditions from its pre-Christian history. Nias is known for distinctive wooden houses built on pillars, colorful festivals, and, to the outside world, outstanding surfing. Poverty and geographical isolation left Nias in a fragile state. With no comparative advantages, developing the economy and emerging from poverty remain stubborn problems. The destruction from the earthquake added a huge burden to an already-struggling population; it was not clear how Nias would manage to get back on its feet. ISOLATION Wooden footbridge in Nias. The isolation of the communities on the island limited economic opportunities and contributed to a high poverty rate. 19 Remains of a house destroyed by the tsunami. 20 21 The Aftermath Reconstruction Begins Government Takes the Lead Within weeks of the disaster, the Government The disaster showed the world extraordinary The Indonesian government acted quickly. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono declared of Indonesia’s National Planning Development human suffering. But it also showed a national disaster and ordered immediate assistance. Soldiers who had been sent to Aceh to Agency, Bappenas, led a damage assessment extraordinary human generosity—donations contain separatists found themselves helping victims instead. Shortly after the disaster, effort with support from the international donor streamed in from all over the world. Total the government opened Aceh to the outside world, allowing the relief effort to take on community. Its findings put hard numbers on assistance pledged by the Indonesian global dimensions. the catastrophe, making it possible to plan government and international donors reached and execute a reconstruction strategy. $6.7 billion. Hundreds of organizations began Nias faced similar problems with displaced people, heavily damaged areas, and a lack of food, water, working to rebuild Aceh and Nias. and shelter. For many, medical care was an overwhelming need. Post-disaster mobilization in Aceh Estimated damages in both Aceh and Nias meant that the resources and organization necessary for disaster response was already available. totaled nearly $5 billion, including houses, Responsibility for leading the reconstruction The island’s remoteness made it hard to reach, but relief began to arrive within one day of businesses, public buildings and infrastructure. effort had unexpectedly fallen to the Indonesian the disaster. These quick, initial efforts helped save many lives. But it was clear that a long- With farms, fishing boats and transportation government, which created the Agency for term, coordinated effort would be needed to help Aceh and Nias recover. networks destroyed, many people lost the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh the means to make a living. There was also and Nias (BRR) to manage and coordinate a huge amount of environmental damage. the process. From the beginning, BRR Debris lay everywhere. Arable land was announced that its goal wasn’t just to contaminated with salt; coral reefs and rebuild, but to “build back better.” mangroves were ripped up. Survivors had to endure more than personal tragedy and material losses—they also had to worry about their immediate survival in a world where absolutely nothing was working. 22 23 The Multi Donor Fund In early 2005, the Indonesian government representatives from the Indonesian requested the establishment of a multi donor government, the World Bank, donors, and fund to support the reconstruction of Aceh and civil society. Its role was to coordinate with all The MDF’s donors were Nias with the World Bank as its trustee. Fifteen stakeholders, agree on a common approach and the European Commission, donors contributed to the MDF, providing grants strategy, work out policies and procedures, and the Netherlands, the United totaling $655 million. The MDF’s mandate was ultimately approve projects. Kingdom, the World Bank, Sweden, initially set to end on June 30, 2010, reflecting Denmark, Norway, Germany, Canada, Belgium, Finland, a long-term commitment to Aceh and Nias. A Secretariat managed by the World Bank the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Later, it was extended until December 31, 2012. provided the organization and administrative the United States, New Zealand backbone to manage the overall program— and Ireland. Multi donor trust funds already existed as reporting, monitoring and evaluation, financial a mechanism for donors to pool their funds management and communications. This inclusive and resources, improving efficiency and governance model was the foundation of coordination. The benefits of this model to the MDF’s success. the Indonesian government were clear— it could deal with a single body rather than Sequencing the Evolving Needs of Survivors many; pooled funds would be easier and Once the immediate response was over— cheaper to administer; and resources could be burying the dead, providing food, water, focused where they were most needed in line temporary shelter and medical care to with government strategy. For donors, survivors—the government’s strategy was to the model offered a transparent, cost-efficient rebuild Aceh and Nias over the long term, taking way to put their funds into action quickly. into account the changing needs of survivors throughout the recovery process. Making Partnerships Work For the MDF to succeed, it was important that The MDF followed a phased approach which the government, donors, and other stakeholders closely mirrored this strategy. First, it rebuilt have an inclusive mechanism for discussing homes, communities and local transportation issues and agreeing on decisions quickly. services. The next phase concentrated on major The basic system drew from existing World infrastructure work to provide transportation, Bank governance models, but was expanded water and sanitation, waste management, to include other players in the overall and other public services. Efforts to improve COLLABORATION reconstruction effort. government’s capacity to deliver public services Multi-donor trust funds are financing mechanisms that pool contributions and manage environmental impact began in from many donors to support A key part of the MDF’s governance structure tandem. Finally, the focus turned to economic an agreed program of activities. was its Steering Committee, which consisted of development and disaster preparedness. They have proven to be effective instruments for cooperation in post- disaster situations. 24 25 Achievements The MDF’s contribution to the successful reconstruction of Aceh and Nias was significant. It financed physical reconstruction, including houses, roads, ports, water treatment facilities, and thousands of rural infrastructure assets. It enabled a diverse partnership to create new approaches for post-disaster reconstruction and build prosperous, resilient communities. The MDF model did not treat beneficiaries A Model for Post-Disaster Reconstruction as passive recipients of aid, but as active The MDF’s model for post-disaster participants in the reconstruction process. reconstruction and development was a proven The MDF also fostered a culture of disaster success. It created a structure enabling different preparedness, giving people the power to help stakeholders—from government to donors to themselves in the event of future disasters. beneficiaries—to work together to plan, finance Finally, it laid the groundwork for the economic and implement successful projects. Lessons development of Aceh and Nias, an effort which from the MDF were successfully adopted by will provide ongoing benefits long after the Java Reconstruction Fund, another multi the MDF’s work is finished. donor trust fund, after the 2006 earthquake and tsunami, and later, the eruptions of Mt. Merapi. Rebuilding Other countries, including Haiti and Pakistan, Coordination by the Indonesian government studied the MDF model when planning their through the BRR ensured that the MDF did not own post-disaster strategies. duplicate the efforts of other development organizations. Its contribution to the physical Community-Based Decision Making rebuilding of Aceh and Nias was significant, A key innovation implemented by the MDF was PARTNERS complementing the reconstruction efforts of to involve local communities in projects, from Pak Teuku Setia Budi, the Provincial the Indonesian government and other donors. planning to building. In many disaster scenarios, Secretary of Aceh Province, with survivors play little role in rebuilding their lives— Shamima Khan, Manager of the Secretariat of the MDF. The MDF rebuilt or rehabilitated: they wait for assistance to come to them. But in The Secretariat, managed by • Nearly 20,000 houses Aceh and Nias, community leaders and groups, the World Bank, provided organizational and administrative • Over 3,000 km of village roads including women, had direct input in planning. support for MDF activities. • Nearly 10,000 local infrastructure projects, For example, they collectively decided where to including wells and irrigation channels build their villages and what local infrastructure • Over 1,200 public buildings, including schools to build. This approach led to better • Five national and international ports reconstruction decisions, higher beneficiary satisfaction, and lower costs. This community- based approach for building housing and local infrastructure has been formally adopted by the Indonesian government as part of its disaster response policy. 26 27 Disaster Risk Reduction disasters, manage disaster response projects, In a country prone to natural disasters, and administer public services. But the MDF teaching the population how to respond when model also recognized that long-term disaster earthquakes, tsunamis or other natural disasters reconstruction must include economic strike can greatly increase chances for survival. development if communities are to thrive. Disaster risk reduction was embedded in most The MDF strengthened key economic sectors in MDF projects. Several projects focused on Aceh and Nias such as cocoa, coffee, fishing and disaster risk reduction exclusively, with activities agriculture, providing thousands of people with such as building and marking escape routes, new livelihoods. teaching schoolchildren what to do during earthquakes, and establishing a permanent The MDF demonstrated what the power tsunami research center at Syiah Kuala University of partnerships can accomplish. It aligned in Banda Aceh. The MDF helped the Indonesian a group of donors behind the Indonesian government develop an entire curriculum on government to tackle an extraordinary disaster risk reduction that has been adopted as challenge—rebuilding Aceh and Nias after official policy and applied nationally. horrific natural disasters—and did so efficiently, effectively, and transparently. And it also had Beyond the MDF the full engagement of local governments and Empowering people and government was one communities. The lessons identified during of the MDF’s greatest accomplishments. Local this seven-year journey will prove invaluable to communities learned new skills and can now future victims of natural disasters in Indonesia take responsibility for their own development, and elsewhere. using proven methods which give a voice to all members of society. Government gained Materials are being shared online as they are the knowledge and tools to plan for future developed at www.multidonorfund.org. LIVELIHOODS RESTORED Rosmawar was able to set up her own kiosk and buy some land with a microfinance loan obtained through the MDF. Many women used microfinance capital to set up their own small businesses. 28 29 John Doe Acehnese Saman Dancing 30 31 Chapter I 33 Disaster Strikes Aceh and Nias On Sunday morning December 24, 2004, an earthquake struck Aceh. Thirty minutes later a deadly tsunami scoured the coastline. The tsunami appeared without warning and infrastructure, the lack of the basic necessities left over 200,000 people dead or missing in of life, and the abrupt loss of livelihoods left a matter of hours. Just three months later, on survivors endangered and vulnerable. March 28, 2005, an earthquake devastated Nias, an island off the west coast of Sumatra, The government of Indonesia responded with killing nearly 1,000 people and causing a successful reconstruction effort, one of widespread destruction. the largest in history, in partnership with donors and relief agencies from around the world. The depth of human suffering and loss incurred Overall support for reconstruction totaled by these disasters was unimaginable, and made $6.7 billion. worse by the physical hardships imposed on the survivors. The damage to housing and LEADERSHIP The Indonesian government, with support from its partners, led one of the biggest and most successful disaster reconstruction efforts in history. 34 35 ACEH INDONESIA NIAS SUMATRA KALIMANTAN SULAWESI WEST PAPUA IN THE PATH OF DISASTER The epicenter of the earthquake that triggered Epicenters of Earthquakes the tsunami lay 250 kilometers off the west coast of Sumatra, 30 kilometers beneath the ocean Banda Aceh, Capital of Aceh Province floor. At 9.1 on the Richter scale, it was one of the most powerful earthquakes in over 100 years. The earthquake triggered the deadliest Gunung Sitoli, Capital of Nias tsunami in recorded history, striking 14 countries JAVA and killing 286,000 people, some as far away as BALI East Africa. Indonesia had the most victims, with 221,000 people killed or missing. Several months later, on March 28, 2005, an 8.6 magnitude earthquake struck near Nias, 130 kilometers off the west coast of Sumatra. At least 850 people were killed and thousands were left homeless. Although not as deadly as the Aceh tsunami, the earthquake caused widespread damage throughout Nias and nearby Simeulue Island. 36 37 FIRST RESPONSE Indonesian soldiers were among the first to react to the catastrophe, clearing away debris and providing aid to a shattered population (left). DEVASTATION Debris lay scattered throughout Pasar Aceh in the business district of Banda Aceh (top left). The tsunami reached the center of the city of Banda Aceh, several kilometers from the shore. Many people were saved by taking refuge in the city’s Grand Mosque. They could only watch helplessly as the torrent raged through the streets, carrying debris—and victims— along with it (top center). A woman walks by an upturned vehicle and debris in Meulaboh, the capital of Aceh Barat (top right). Located on the west coast of Aceh, Meulaboh was badly hit by the tsunami. 39 Lhoknga, Aceh Besar The power of the tsunami was strongest at the shore, where it snapped coconut trees in half like toothpicks. Entire villages by the ocean were swept away in minutes. Lhoknga, a town on the outskirts of Banda Aceh, was completely destroyed. molorem exceria ducil elluptaerem que as id ut optatii scientus il ipsumque peritium rem fugit apidus assita sinuAt aut es endantu. Emolute laute exerior eptatu.Facia core soluptat estiumqui doloritio inum sit rem simi, utempore ditatem postor 40 41 THE TSUNAMI’S POWER Few reminders of the tsunami are as powerful as the PLTD Apung 1, a 2,600 ton power-generating barge that was left in the middle of a residential neighborhood several kilometers from shore (left). Today the ship serves as a memorial to the tragedy and has become one of Banda Aceh’s most famous landmarks. SURROUNDED BY DEATH Soldiers begin the gruesome job of removing corpses from the debris (top left). The thousands of bodies left behind by the tsunami posed a serious health risk to the surviving population. Many victims were never identified and were buried in mass graves. HUMAN SUFFERING Many survivors of the tsunami experienced unfathomable grief and hardship. Besides the lack of food, water and shelter, they had to cope with the deep emotional pain of losing loved ones. Many survivors spent days, even weeks, looking for lost relatives in the hope that somehow they would be found alive (top right). 43 A damaged mosque, once surrounded by houses, stands alone in the tsunami-ravaged village of Cot Jempa in Aceh Besar. 45 WASTE AND DEBRIS Waste management in Aceh was a major problem because of the huge amount of debris created by the tsunami. Clearing tsunami wreckage was a serious challenge; finding space to dump it was another. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK Existing landfills were not able to cope with the volume, and some waste materials were potentially harmful to the environment. 47 HUMANITY AT ITS BEST A helicopter delivers much-awaited supplies to tsunami survivors in Calang. In the immediate aftermath of the disaster there were shortages of food, water and basic supplies (top left). Indonesians and the global community responded generously with supplies, funding, and expertise. In Nias, a Muslim woman and a Catholic nun work together to distribute food to earthquake survivors (top center). In the face of disaster, people of different nationalities and faiths put aside their differences and worked together. A foreign doctor examines a child in Nias (top right). EXTENDING REACH Workers unload biscuits supplied by the American Red Cross under an MDF- financed project implemented by the World Food Program (WFP). The project enabled supplies and materials to reach disaster-affected areas, including remote areas of Nias and Simileu Islands. 48 SURVIVOR After the tsunami, many Acehnese were left with nothing but their memories and grief. 50 51 Surviving The Tsunami GETTING BY A father in Nias transports his child across a bridge in Nias by bicycle. Much of the local infrastructure was damaged or destroyed across the island. 52 Hemawati REBUILDING HOMES  hen the earthquake of December 26, 2004 W her house, and few of the nearly 2,000 villagers The earthquake and tsunami reduced many homes to rubble. Shortly after struck Banda Aceh, Hemawati packed her bags survived. Hemawati, a civil servant in Banda the disaster, the hard work of clearing and fled her house with her two children. A few Aceh, later participated in the MDF’s housing away the debris began. Many days earlier, she had seen a program on television reconstruction program. She supervised  organizations, coordinated by BRR, began to rebuild houses and villages. about a massive earthquake and tsunami, and the construction of her own earthquake-resistant Unlike most other programs, the MDF’s was alarmed. Her fears were confirmed when house, where she lives today with her husband housing reconstruction project directly involved survivors in the design and she saw an old man running towards her village, and children. In spite of the horror of  construction of their own houses. warning that the sea was coming up the shore. the disaster, she feels safe in her new home. H  emawati’s hasty decision saved her family.  “When a large earthquake hit in April 2012,  Her village, Jeulingke, located in a sub-district  my house did not crack,” she said. “It proves  of Banda Aceh, was totally destroyed by  the house is strong.” the tsunami. There was barely a trace left of TRANSPORT LINKS BROKEN The road between Lamno and Calang, a key transportation artery along the western coast of Aceh, was badly damaged by the disaster. 53 Chapter II 55 The Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias The MDF was a highly successful partnership that made significant contributions to the reconstruction of Aceh and Nias. It also left behind a legacy that will save lives when disasters strike again. THE MDF AT A GLANCE Formed at the request of the Indonesian government, donors, international institutions, Established at the request of government, the MDF represented 15 donors— NGOs, civil society, and local communities. the Indonesian government: the European Union, the Netherlands, The government of Indonesia, through the BRR, Consisted of 15 donors the United Kingdom, the World Bank, Sweden, Bappenas, and the provincial governments of contributing $655 million Operated from May 2005 – Denmark, Norway, Germany, Canada, Belgium, Aceh and North Sumatra, led and coordinated December 2012 Finland, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its work. Focused on housing, infrastructure, the United States, New Zealand and Ireland— and economic development who pooled $655 million, nearly 10 percent The MDF proved to be a highly successful Incorporated community driven of total reconstruction funds. But the MDF partnership. Through its efforts, it turned development, environmental sustainability, and disaster risk was more than a funding instrument. It devastation into success, and created reduction in its approach. was a partnership between the Indonesian opportunity out of tragedy. REBUILDING TOGETHER Construction site of the Blang Bintang Regional Landfill, implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 56 Lake Takengon, Central Aceh. 59 A PHASED APPROACH The MDF adopted a phased approach to address the needs of disaster survivors. In the first phase, it financed reconstruction of housing and local infrastructure with involvement of local communities (above). COMMUNITY DRIVEN New house under construction in Blang Oi, Banda Aceh under the Rekompak house reconstruction project (right). Beneficiaries took responsibility for reconstructing their own homes and communities. 60 REBUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE Workers in Nias build bridge (left) and a reinforced dock (above). Building roads and other large infrastructure formed the second phase of the MDF’s program, forming crucial links to the rest of Indonesia and the world. 63 RECONNECTING COMMUNITIES Community members construct a paved road to their isolated village in Gido, Nias, through a project implemented by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Roads financed by the MDF helped connect remote areas of Aceh and Nias to larger population centers, creating greater economic opportunities. 64 65 USING LOCAL RESOURCES With beneficiaries involved in the construction of village infrastructure, people earned income and learned new skills in the aftermath of the disasters. The ILO’s road construction projects used local resources where possible to maximize economic benefits in Aceh and Nias. WOMEN IN RECONSTRUCTION Women played an integral part in all stages of the MDF’s community- driven programs, from planning to implementation. 66 CREATING OPPORTUNITIES BUILDING CAPACITY Shop in Sabang, Pulau Weh, Seamstresses in their workshop in Lhee Blang an island one hour north of Banda village, Aceh Besar. The MDF opened new Aceh by ferry. Small businesses economic opportunities to women by teaching and entrepreneurs benefitted from business and technical skills (top left). the third phase of the MDF’s work, which strengthened key economic sectors and built local capacity. SUPPORTING KEY SECTORS Men carry blocks of ice used in the fishing industry, an important livelihood in both Aceh and Nias. MDF support strengthened key sectors, including agricultural products and fisheries, creating jobs and laying the foundation for growth (top right). 68 IMPROVING COMPETITIVENESS The MDF introduced best practices for production and marketing of coffee, rubber, cacao and other products (above). NEW TECHNIQUES Woman splices stems from high- quality coffee plants from Sulawesi to stems and roots acclimated to Acehnese soil (right). 70 71 From Illegal Logger to Forest Ranger COORDINATION Kuntoro Mangkusubroto, Director of the Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias (BRR), speaks at a steering committee meeting. Muktar LEFT Muktar once earned his living as an illegal logger He feels much more needs to be done to change Muktar prepares for another day in his new role as forest ranger. Protecting operating in the upland forests of Aceh province. attitudes. “A part of my job involves going in the environment of Aceh and Nias Illegal logging is a serious environmental threat to schools and talking to schoolchildren about were important components of all to Aceh’s Leuser and Ulu Masen ecosystems, forest and wildlife conservation,” he says. “We MDF projects. the largest contiguous forested area in Southeast tell them about the forest being the rightful Asia. “We were all illegal loggers around here,” home of the wildlife.” ABOVE Muktar on the job. In Aceh’s extensive said Muktar. “You couldn’t count on other jobs.” forest ecosystems, the MDF’s work helped reduce conflicts between wildlife and communities that put But the Aceh Forest and Environment Project livelihoods at risk and endangered (AFEP) gave Muktar the chance to protect  animals such as the rare Sumatran the forest instead of harming it—he became elephant. It also provided alternative employment which reduced incentives a forest ranger. Through training provided by to illegally harvest wood from Fauna and Flora International (FFI), Muktar Aceh’s forests, providing alternative livelihoods which reduced incentives learned how to work with elephants and conduct to illegally harvest wood from search and rescue missions. Aceh’s forests. INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION The international community played a major role in the reconstruction of Aceh and Nias by providing funding and expertise. The MDF, with its transparent governance structure, served as a platform for formulating strategies and sharing knowledge. 73 Chapter III 74 75 Restoring Communities After the immediate needs of survivors were met, the BRR began a massive housing reconstruction project. As part of this project, the MDF rebuilt nearly 20,000 homes across Aceh and Nias. What distinguished the MDF’s approach was disaster risk reduction in its programs, helping the way it included communities in the process people become more confident and resilient. of rebuilding. People had input into the design of their houses and the layout of communities. The MDF projects demonstrated that Survivors also contributed much of the labor the community-driven approach is effective in to rebuild their own homes, which drove down post-disaster situations. This approach has been costs, taught valuable skills, and gave people adopted by the government for its post-disaster a sense of ownership. housing reconstruction policy and has been replicated in other parts of Indonesia. Beyond its involvement in construction, the MDF created a procurement system that virtually eliminated misuse of funds. It also embedded A NEW START Children in their newly-built neighborhood in Tubuk Lancang, Pidie Jaya district, Aceh. Their community was rebuilt with support from the MDF’s Rekompak project, which provided housing in 130 villages. More than 97 percent of the rebuilt houses are occupied. The project was implemented by the Ministry of Public Works (MPW). 76 77 COMMUNITY-LED APPROACH Community group at the early stage of rebuilding a house (left). Before construction could begin, villagers agreed on the location and ownership of individual plots. The MDF facilitated community meetings to plan the layout of villages (top left). With support and training provided by Rekompak, tsunami survivors designed and rebuilt their own houses (top middle, right). GENDER BALANCE The MDF approach gave voice to both men and women in deciding how to rebuild their villages. Women often chose projects that had an impact at the family level, for example, to provide clean water. Men tended to favor larger projects such as road and bridge construction. By including both perspectives in the planning process, communities made better, more balanced decisions. 78 RESTORATION Houses under construction in Lambung Village, Banda Aceh, where 885 of 1,241 inhabitants were killed by the tsunami. 80 81 COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT In addition to reconstructing New homes built under Rekompak were housing (top left), Rekompak designed to be earthquake-resistant to provided grants to rebuild reduce vulnerability to future disasters. community infrastructure in The project used high-quality materials 180 villages, directly benefiting and verified that construction standards more than 79,000 people with were met. village roads (top right), drainage systems, bridges, and public water and sanitation facilities. LOCAL RESOURCES The project also provided technical management training and stimulated local economies by providing jobs. Local construction materials were used whenever possible to reduce costs and further boost local economies. 83 A PERSONAL TOUCH The MDF’s Rekompak project enabled beneficiaries to make decisions about the design and construction of their own houses. As a result, Rekompak houses have an personal touch. This reconstruction model was replicated successfully in Central Java and Yogyakarta. 84 85 Lambung Village, Banda Aceh, after reconstruction under the MDF’s Rekompak project. 86 EARLY WARNING Men install an antenna as part of a tsunami warning system in Amandraya, Nias Selatan. 88 REDUCING RISKS Simulation drill exercises by elementary school students (top left, center). Residents move quickly along a pre-defined escape route during the tsunami simulation drill in Ulee Lheu, Banda Aceh (top right). DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Middle-school students practice delivering first aid (left) to commemorate Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) day. The Ministry of Home Affairs and the Government of Aceh implemented DRR programs and made it part of the school curriculum. 91 Nias: A Traditional House Restored NEW SCHOOLS The MDF built over 650 earthquake resistant schools in Aceh and Nias, including this kindergarten in Krueng Sabee village, Aceh Jaya. A Unique Cultural Heritage A UNIQUE CULTURE Inhabitants of Bawo Mata Luo in Nias Selatan building. Nias culture has not been written down The MDF promoted the preservation of cultural say their village is twelve generations old. It so for us preserving our houses is preserving  heritage in Nias, which is one of contains over 120 traditional houses, some over the culture. I may be poor but people respect me the few remaining communities 200 years old. as a cultured Nias man because of my house.” with megalithic traditions. Nias is also known for its wooden houses, Hikmat is keenly aware that cultural heritage is which are built on pillars and are Pak Hikmat is the tenth generation to live in  also important for tourism and for his  earthquake resistant. the 167 year-old family house, and this is the first own income. time restoration work is taking place. During PRESERVING HERITAGE The Nias Heritage Museum in the 2005 earthquake, the back of the house “I’m also a craftsman, I carve wood, and I  Gunung Sitoli (right). A stone was destroyed and repaired with concrete. But had a craft shop for visitors. I carved some of megalith stands by the entrance. now, with funding from the MDF, the front of the wood into statues. But tourism has been the house is being renovated using traditional declining here for a few years now. I’m not materials, preserving its cultural significance. sure why, maybe because we’re just not being promoted enough. In the past some surfers  “The renovation of the house is a sacred process would come by, but they just think about  for us,” Hikmat explains. “We draw from many waves. We need to be marketed as a cultural  of our old traditions when we are restoring and heritage destination.” LAND RIGHTS SECURED A man proudly shows his land certificate in Aceh. The MDF assisted the National Land Agency in securing land property rights and developing a computerized land records management system. This project, implemented by the National Land Agency (BPN), distributed over 220,000 land title certificates, of which more than 60,000 were issued to women or jointly with women. 93 Chapter IV 94 95 Transport and Infrastructure Both Aceh and Nias had suffered from isolation before the disaster, which limited economic development and opportunities for their people. Nias, an island off the western coast of Sumatra, systems, water treatment plants, and thousands was isolated by its location. Aceh was cut off of smaller projects. This infrastructure helped because of its decades-old conflict. Heavy connect people in Aceh and Nias to the outside damage to infrastructure made the problem world and improved the overall quality of life. much worse. At the same time, the MDF focused on Early work focused on getting materials into preserving the environment. It introduced best Aceh and Nias to support the reconstruction practices in waste management and developed effort. Later, the MDF supported projects like a project that trained rangers, many of whom the Calang-Lamnor road along Aceh’s West were former combatants and illegal loggers, to Coast, port reconstruction, flood control protect Indonesia’s forests and wildlife. RECONNECTING Construction of the port in Gunung Sitoli, Nias. The MDF contributed to the development of transportation networks in Aceh and Nias by supporting the reconstruction of ports, roads, and bridges. Ports were reconstructed as part of the Infrastructure Reconstruction Financing Facility (IRFF), implemented by the Ministry of Public Works and supported by the World Bank. 96 97 BUILDING BACK BETTER Construction of the Kuala Bubon bridge in Meulaboh, Aceh Barat. To prevent flooding during high tide, the road levels were raised during reconstruction (top left). Water drainage system (top right). MANAGING WATER Employee of Sabang’s water utility maintains the newly-built water supply system (right). 98 99 The Malahayati port in Aceh Besar. 100 101 CONNECTING COMMUNITIES Bridge construction along the Aceh-Calang road. The road was the main transportation route for materials between Banda Aceh and the west coast of Aceh. The MDF funded a project to maintain a 103 kilometer stretch to ensure uninterrupted overland access to tsunami- affected communities. SUPPORTING GROWTH Tourism on Pulau Weh, an island one hour north of Banda Aceh by ferry, relies on the road from Sabang to Iboih Village in Gapang Bay, a world-class diving location. The MDF improved access across the island, greatly increasing local economic growth. 103 CREATING ACCESS Workers put the final touches on a bridge in Nias built by a project implemented by the ILO using environmentally-friendly construction methods that require minimal maintenance. 105 MANAGING WASTE Modern landfills and efficient waste management systems do more than keep the Banda Aceh area clean. They also protect the environment and provide livelihoods for trash collectors, who recycle plastic bottles and cardboard. MODERN LANDFILLS Regional sanitary landfill construction in Blang Bintang, Aceh Besar district, implemented by the UNDP. The landfill serves Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar districts (right). 106 107 Spinning Garbage into Gold Ainal Mardhiah RECYCLING When Ainal Mardhiah was teaching English at producing and selling crafts made from recycled Recycling waste extends the life of landfills, protects the environment, a local NGO, the Lamjabat Foundation, she had waste. “There is a market for handicrafts such and provides livelihoods. no idea she would become a recycling expert. as bags, wallets, tissue boxes, flowers, and other But when the foundation began working with household items,” says Ainal, a mother of four. the Tsunami Recovery Waste Management The women can now contribute to their families’ Programme (TRWMP), she discovered she income without having to leave home or their had a knack for making household items and children. And there’s another big plus: the supply handicrafts and from discarded materials. of raw material is practically endless. TRWMP initially focused on clearing tsunami waste, but later introduced modern solid waste management systems to Aceh. It also set up women’s groups and provided coaching on SAFE CONSTRUCTION Concrete piles to support a road crossing in Meulaboh, Aceh Barat. New infrastructure built by the MDF was designed to withstand earthquakes. 109 Chapter V 110 111 Looking Ahead: Economic Development The MDF recognized that livelihoods must be restored for post-disaster communities to prosper. Building on its successes in restoring the capacity of officials involved in regulating communities and infrastructure, the MDF and supporting these sectors. It also worked stimulated economic development in key sectors through cooperatives to ensure that new including cacao, coffee, rice and fisheries. knowledge will continue to be taught after Besides the infrastructure vital for connecting the program closes. businesses to suppliers and markets, Aceh and Nias need to improve their business-enabling Developing the economies of Aceh and Nias is environments and upgrade business and a long-term job that will go far beyond the MDF, technical skills. The MDF started this process and will remain a challenge for national and by introducing good practices, strengthening provincial governments in the years to come. supply chains, and building SUPPORTING KEY SECTORS Coffee farmer inspects young plants in Aceh’s Gayo region. Coffee is one of the key sectors in Aceh and Nias supported by the MDF through the Economic Development Financing Facility, implemented by the Ministry of Disadvantaged Areas (KPDT) and the Government of Aceh. 112 113 BUILDING LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ENHANCING POTENTIAL The MDF supported cacao research Aceh’s climate is well suited to growing so that best practice knowledge cacao, the main ingredient in chocolate. is available in Aceh. It also built However, limited knowledge of best the capacity of government agencies practices and poor access to markets has involved in the sector. kept the sector from reaching its potential. The MDF provided training in farming and processing practices, developed cooperatives, and support for exports. 114 115 DRIVING EMPLOYMENT Agriculture, fisheries, cattle breeding and other livelihoods contribute significantly to the economies of Aceh and Nias and provide employment (top). The MDF provided sector-specific assistance and training to improve local knowledge. TRADITIONAL LIVELIHOODS Traditional salt maker in Bireuen (left). By developing key economic sectors, the MDF built on its successes in reconstruction and created a platform for future growth and employment. 116 NEW BUSINESS SKILLS Emping crackers, a popular snack made from melinjo nuts, are produced by women’s cooperatives using traditional techniques in Pidie, Aceh. The MDF provided training and better technology to improve their products and management of their cooperative. As a result, six women’s groups increased their capacity eight-fold using custom- designed presses. SUPPORTING COOPERATIVES The MDF worked also worked with cooperatives to improve production and marketing of rice, processed fish, livestock and other products. Many MDF-supported cooperatives were run by or include women. WOMEN IN BUSINESS Women packaging emping crackers (opposite). 118 FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS A man displays rice seeds that were distributed by the MDF in Nias Selatan (left). The MDF supported the rice sector from planting to processing. It established Farmer Field Schools which introduced a rice intensification system in 25 villages, provided training in new rice producing techniques to cooperatives. It also supported an automated rice processing plant. SUPPORTING A STAPLE Farmers work in rice paddies in Nias. The MDF supported rice farmers with seeds, fertilizers, hand tractors and other inputs to increase their rice production (top left). Agricultural worker displays her harvest in Nagan Raya district of Aceh (top right). 120 Growing Quality Coffee in Central Aceh COFFEE CULTURE Roasting coffee beans in Central Aceh. The culture of coffee is deeply embedded in Aceh, which produces high-quality Gayo Arabica in the cool highland region near Lake Takengon. Irmaini Though Ibu Irmaini worked on coffee farms In the past women worked as paid labor and  CAFFEINATED GOLD Introduced by the Dutch, coffee is now all her life, she had never had any training in were paid per can of beans, so they would pick  a major contributor to Aceh’s economy. coffee cultivation. But in 2011, the International as much as possible regardless of the color of  Organisation for Migration (IOM), as part of the bean. Now we know choosing the higher BUILDING KNOWLEDGE the Economic Development Financing Facility quality is more important. We want heavy cans To strengthen this critical sector, the managed by the World Bank, began field schools with quality beans!” MDF introduced improved coffee farming, processing and distribution for coffee farmers in the districts of Aceh Tengah methods to Aceh. It also supported and Bener Meriah. So far, over 500 farmers  Before the tsunami, this area suffered a coffee development research center at a local university in Takengon. have improved their cultivation and  significantly during the conflict—farmers  processing techniques and have also gained  were constantly afraid of losing their lives.  a better understanding of the demands of  “We still tried to cultivate, but it was dangerous the international coffee markets. for us. We’d hear explosions, and were often traumatized.TTDuring the day, both sides would The IOM field school taught her and her fellow come with their guns and take our coffee away, farmers about seeding, trimming, making the coffee we had laid out to dry. So of course compost, and organic farming. “I even pick our coffee yields were very small at that time.  coffee differently now,” she says. “I know which But things are better now. We hope that peace shades of red to pick, as this signifies the quality. stays forever.” 123 WOMEN IN BUSINESS The MDF recognizes that empowering women can have a large impact on family income. In Lam Cot village, Aceh Besar, the MDF supported a producer group making karah cake, a traditional snack, by providing small loans. Members of the group were able to revitalize their production and earn more income. 124 Chapter VI 126 127 Aceh and Nias Today Today, a visitor to Aceh or Nias would be hard-pressed to find obvious signs of disaster. New houses, buildings and roads have long since replaced devastation. People go about their business in markets, inevitably must, and have greater opportunities cafés, shops, and in thousands of thriving to engage with the economic and social life small businesses. It is abundantly clear that of Indonesia. reconstruction was a big success. They can also take pride in knowing that The restoration of Aceh and Nias will not, of they were part of a partnership that built course, bring back the victims. Lost family and a highly successful model for disaster relief and friends will be remembered with sorrow for preparedness. The value of the lessons learned decades to come. But today, the people of Aceh through the MDF experience will be carried and Nias are prepared to face disasters, as they forward for generations. RESTORED View from the bridge in Peunayong, Banda Aceh. Today Banda Aceh is a clean and beautiful city. 128 129 FISH MARKET Fishermen at the Lampulo Fish market in Banda Aceh. This area was one of the most badly hit during the tsunami. Today it is the best place to get fresh fish in the city (left). BACK TO LIFE Life in disaster-stricken areas is back to normal, though painful memories remain. Woman selling vegetables at the Peunayong Market in Banda Aceh (top left). Man making traditional coffee in one of Banda Aceh’s famous coffee shops (top right). 130 SMILING AGAIN Farmer shows a sample from the rice harvest. After many hardships, the people of Aceh and Nias now have the opportunity to build their own futures. 132 133 RECONNECTED Men cross a newly-built bridge on Nias by motorbike. Today, the citizens of Nias have much improved transport links both on the island and with Sumatra. 134 135 TRADITION CONTINUES A traditional house in South Nias. An MDF funded project implemented by the ILO supported the preservation of the unique heritage and traditions of Nias (top). BANDA ACEH’S LANDMARK Many people saved themselves during the tsunami by taking refuge in the Grand Mosque. Located at the heart of the city, it is one of Banda Aceh’s most famous landmarks (right). 136 A SUCCESSFUL COLLABORATION Max Pohan of the National Planning Agency and Stefan Koeberle, World Bank Country Director, congratulate the Heads of the regencies of Aceh and Nias (left). Both local and national governments formed an important part of the partnership which made the MDF a success. The MDF held its last Steering Committee meeting and marked the end of its seven-year mission in June 2012. All project activities concluded at the end of 2012. 139 A RESTORATION OF LIFE The tsunami and earthquake may have seemed like the end of the world to their victims in Aceh and Nias. Today, few if any signs of that destruction remain. The reconstruction effort was a success. The MDF is proud of its contribution to this effort. This partnership did not only leave behind houses, infrastructure, and restored livelihoods; it left behind a legacy. Today, Indonesia has tools at its disposal learned through the MDF experience that will help it when future disasters strike. This will be the long-term legacy of the MDF. 140 ANNEXES 143 MDF Portfolio The MDF’s portfolio was designed to meet the changing needs of Aceh and Nias as they progressed from recovery to rebuilding infrastructure to laying the foundations of economic development. Consisting of 23 projects in six outcome areas, the projects were implemented by government and non-government partners, including national and provincial governments, agencies of the United Nations, international development institutions, and non-governmental organizations. Environmental sustainability, gender, capacity building and disaster risk reduction were important cross-cutting elements of the MDF program throughout its life cycle. 1. Recovery of Communities 2. Recovery of Large Infrastructure and Transport The first group of MDF projects supported recovery of communities, with a focus on housing The MDF, working in partnership with the Government of Indonesia, contributed significantly and local infrastructure. Using a community-driven approach and implemented by government, to the reconstruction of large infrastructure in Aceh and Nias. These projects restored these programs enabled disaster survivors to re-establish their communities and begin transportation links and critical infrastructure, thereby improving people’s lives and providing rebuilding their lives. new economic opportunities. The Community-based Settlement The Community Recovery through the Urban The Banda Aceh Flood Mitigation Project The Sea Delivery and Logistics Progamme Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project, Poverty Program (UPP) provided support (BAFMP), implemented by Muslim Aid and (SDLP) met the urgent recovery transportation better known as Rekompak, used a community- for reconstruction to urban communities managed by the World Bank, repaired pumping needs for construction materials in Aceh and driven approach to rebuild homes and local to rehabilitate and develop community stations, flood valves, and drainage systems Nias. Implemented by the WFP, it also provided infrastructure in Aceh and Nias. Implemented infrastructure in municipalities in Aceh. UPP damaged by the tsunami to protect the central training for better management of ports and by the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) and repaired urban infrastructure, rebuilt schools business area of Banda Aceh from storm and disaster-risk reduction. managed by the World Bank, Rekompak rebuilt and other public buildings and provided tidal flooding. nearly 15,000 houses and restored basic scholarships. The project was implemented by The Tsunami Recovery Port Redevelopment infrastructure to 180 villages. the MPW and managed by the World Bank. The Infrastructure Reconstruction Enabling Programme (TRPRP) rehabilitated damaged Program (IREP) and its companion project, ports in Aceh and Nias so that equipment The Community Recovery through the The Kecamatan-based Reconstruction and the Infrastructure Reconstruction Financing and materials could be supplied to isolated Kecamatan Development Project (KDP) Rehabilitation Planning in Nias Project (KRRP) Facility (IRFF), planned, designed, and built communities. The project, implemented by was part of a national program and partly was a community-based recovery and planning strategic infrastructure such as roads, water the UNDP, also provided designs and technical funded by the MDF. Through KDP, the MDF project for reconstruction in Nias. Implemented systems and bridges in Aceh and Nias. Co- support for reconstructing major sea ports. assisted communities in Aceh and Nias to by the MHA and managed by the World Bank, financed by BRR, the projects were implemented plan and manage the reconstruction of rural it rebuilt houses, schools, public buildings, and by the MPW and managed by the World Bank. T  he Rural Access and Capacity Building infrastructure, schools, clinics, and other public village infrastructure. Project (RACBP) helped residents of buildings. It also provided business training and The Lamno-Calang Road Maintenance Project participating districts in Nias effectively use loans. The project was implemented by The Reconstruction of Aceh Land (LCRMP) maintained a key road from Lamno to improved rural transport infrastructure and the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and Administration System (RALAS) restored Calang to ensure overland access to tsunami- services to take advantage of economic managed by the World Bank. land property rights and a computerized land affected communities on Aceh’s west coast. opportunities and social services. records management system. Over 220,000 land The project was implemented by the UNDP. Implemented by the ILO, it also included title certificates were issued, nearly one-third a cultural heritage component. to women. Implemented by the National Land Agency (BPN) and managed by the World Bank. 144 145 3. Economic Development 4. Strengthening Governance 5. Enhancing the Recovery Process 6. Sustaining the Environment and Livelihoods and Capacity Building Restoring livelihoods is an important The MDF encouraged good governance In order to strengthen government Throughout the recovery process, the MDF part of disaster recovery. These projects and strengthened the capacity of local capacity to manage the recovery effort, committed to protecting the environment. strengthened important sectors which communities and district governments. the MDF provided technical assistance The MDF played an important part in provide employment and income to Aceh It encouraged the development of civil and operational support to BRR and other post-disaster cleanup and long-term waste and Nias, paving the way for long-term society organizations involved in the government agencies. management. It also worked to protect economic growth. reconstruction process. the ecosystems of Aceh and Nias. The Aceh Economic Development Financing The Capacity Building for Local Resource- The Aceh Government Transformation The Tsunami Recover Waste Management Facility (EDFF) promoted post-tsunami based Rural Roads (CBLR3) strengthened Program (AGTP) provided strategic support Programme (TRWMP) helped local government economic recovery. Managed by the World the capacity of district government and small- to the government of Aceh to provide clear, recycle and dispose of tsunami waste, Bank, the EDFF was implemented by scale contractors to undertake local road works. the capacity and institutional strength to take rehabilitate waste management infrastructure, the Ministry for Development of Disadvantaged Implemented by the ILO. over projects, resources, and assume oversight and implement sustainable solid waste Areas (KPDT) and the Government of Aceh. of reconstruction and recovery programs after management systems. It also promoted waste- The project provided sub-grants to support The Support for Poor and Disadvantaged the closure of BRR in April 2009. The project management-related livelihoods. Implemented growth in key sectors including coffee, cocoa, Areas Project in Aceh and Nias (SPADA) was implemented by the MHA and Provincial by the UNDP. rice, meat and fisheries. project, implemented by KPDT and managed by Government of Aceh and managed by the World Bank, strengthened local participation the UNDP. The Aceh Forest & Environment Project The Nias Islands Livelihoods and Economic in development planning, promoted private (AFEP) worked closely with communities, civil Development Program (LEDP) provided investment and job creation, and improved Making Aceh Safer through Disaster society and government to protect the Leuser training to improve technical and business health, education and dispute resolution Risk Reduction in Development (DRR-A) and Ulu Masen forests from illegal logging and skills for livelihoods and overall economic services. The project complemented a national established disaster risk reduction in Aceh’s promoted sustainable forest management. development. Implemented by KPDT and program funded by a World Bank loan. local government agencies, its public and Managed by the World Bank, the project was managed by the World Bank, the project also private partners, and local communities. implemented by Fauna & Flora International developed skills within local government for Support to Strengthen the Capacity and The project was implemented by the MHA and (FFI) and Leuser International Foundation (LIF). implementing livelihoods programs in Nias. Role of Civil Society Organizations (CSO) Provincial Government of Aceh, and managed implemented by the UNDP, built the capacity of by the UNDP. local civil society organizations in Aceh and Nias Learn more about MDF projects at to enhance grass-roots participation in The Nias Island Transformation www.multidonorfund.org. the reconstruction process. Programme (NITP), managed by the UNDP and implemented by the MHA and local governments in Nias, enhanced district capacity to successfully complete the recovery process and reduce risks from future natural disasters. Technical Assistance to the BRR and Bappenas (TS-R2C3), managed by the UNDP, supported BRR in managing the overall recovery process. After BRR closed in April 2009, the project worked with Bappenas. 146 147 MDF Timeline 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 December January February February July March April June April 2012 Massive earthquake Government of Indonesia SDLP starts. SPADA starts. AGTP starts. MDF EDFF starts. Rekompak closes. KRRP and AFEP close. Zaini Abdullah elected triggers Asian tsunami. requests establishment of closing date extended governor of Aceh. President Susilo Bambang a multi donor trust fund. to December 2012. Yudhoyono declares March March April May December a national disaster. CBLR3 starts. IRFF starts. NITP starts. BRR closes. CSO closes. IREP, AGTP, and SPADA close. May March November DRR-A closes. Nias earthquake. DRR-A starts. April December June October IREP starts. LCRMP and TRPRP close. RALAS closes. LEDP starts. June April IRFF, NIP, TRWMP, RACBP, MDF established. SDLP and TA to BRR September October BRR established. and Bappenas close. AFEP and BAFMP start. RACBP starts. Final Steering May Committee meeting. October December 1st MDF Steering LCRMP starts. BAFMP, KDP and UPP Committee meeting. November projects close. International conference November June marks closing of the MDF KRRP starts. RALAS project starts. and JRF. CBLR3 and EDFF close. December July Yusuf Irwandi elected TA to BRR and Bappenas December governor of Aceh. project starts. IRFF and LEDP close. MDF closes on December 31. August KDP and UPP projects start. Peace agreement ends Aceh conflict. MDF TIMELINE October The Multi Donor Fund spanned nearly eight Rekompak project starts. years, from 2005 to the end of 2012. This period December. TRPRP and CSO was one of tremendous economic, social projects start. and political change, largely influenced by the overall reconstruction effort and the end of the three-decade conflict in Aceh. 148 149 Donor  Acronyms Contributions ADB IRFF Contributions CONTRIBUTORS Asian Development Bank Infrastructure Reconstruction Financing Facility ($ MILLION) European Union 271.31 AFEP JRF Aceh Forest and Environment Project Java Reconstruction Fund Netherlands 146.20 Bappeda KPDT United Kingdom 68.50 Regional Development Planning Agency Ministry of Disadvantaged Areas World Bank 25.00 Bappenas MDF National Development Planning Agency Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias Sweden 20.72 BPN MHA Canada 20.22 National Land Agency Ministry of Home Affairs Norway 19.57 BRR MPW Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Ministry of Public Works Denmark 18.03 Aceh and Nias Rekompak Germany 13.93 DRR Community-Based Settlement Rehabilitation and Disaster Risk Reduction Reconstruction Project Belgium 11.05 EDFF UNDP Economic Development Financing Facility United Nations Development Programme Finland 10.13 GAM USGS  Asia Development Bank 10.00 Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, the Free Aceh Movement United States Geological Survey United States 10.00 ILO WFP International Labour Organisation World Food Programme New Zealand 8.80 Ireland 1.20 TOTAL CONTRIBUTIONS 654.67 All dollar amounts are U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated 150 151 Acknowledgements THE POWER OF PARTNERSHIPS Photos The Multi Donor Fund in Antara News Agency Post-Disaster in Aceh and Nias Akil Abduljalil Tarmizy Harva Published by Kris Hedy Multi Donor Fund/ World Bank Mosista Pambudi Jakarta - Indonesia Vicki Peterson www.multidonorfund.org Irwansyah Putra Nur Raihan Lubis Contributors Isra Safril Shamima Khan Evelyn Klein Schiphorst Safriza Sofyan Kristin Thompson Anita Kendrick Abbie Trayler-Smith Shaun Parker Khoerudin Wahya Fabio Scarpello Heifer International Inge Susilo ILO Photo Collection MDF Photo Collection Concept UNDP Photo Collection Puni Indrayanto Design and Publishing Project Manager Red and White Publishing Eva Muchtar Tel +62 21 65300085 Email info@rwpublishing.co.id Writers www.rwpublishing.co.id David Lawrence Rosaleen Cunningham Printing Nur Raihan Lubis Indonesia Printer Editor Copyright © 2012, Multi Donor Fund Kate Redmond CERITIFIED RECYCLED PA P ER 152 V VI VII NAD Nias The December 2004 tsunami, which killed over 200,000 people in Aceh, Indonesia’s northernmost province, was a stark reminder of the country’s vulnerability to disasters. This tragedy was followed by the devastating 2005 earthquake in Nias, the 2006 earthquakes and tsunami in Java, and the 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi, each event reinforcing the natural fragility of the archipelago. While disasters are inevitable, being a disaster victim is not. The Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias (MDF), a partnership between the Indonesian government, donors, development agencies, NGOs and local communities, provided successful models and approaches for recovering from and preparing for natural disasters. This book shows how the MDF helped communities in Aceh and Nias recover from unimaginable devastation. It is more than a story of survival in the face of tragedy. It is a story of how decisive leadership, good planning, financial support, technical expertise and sound project execution can restore life to shattered communities. It is a story of how a nation can learn from its experiences and contribute to the global body of knowledge. The MDF did more than rebuild. It also showed that the power of partnerships can overcome unthinkable challenges and leave behind a valuable legacy. VIII