- ~~~25897 _ _1_ ~~~~~2002 -4 !~~~ S. i ~~~~~~~~ i - a IfV3A fl A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I~~rl Netherlands Portugal Thailand New Zealand Rockefeller Foundation Uganda Nigeria Romania United Kingdom Norway Russian Federation United Nations Development OPEC Fund for South Africa Programme International Development Spain United Nations Environment Pakistan Sweden Programme Peru Switzerland United States of America Philippines Syrian Arab Republic World Bank Trib ute to the CGIA CGIIAR Members African Development Commission of the International Bank European Community Development Research Arab Fund for Economic C6te d'lvoire Centre and Social Development Denmark International Fund for Agricultural Asian Development Arab Republic of Egypt Development Bank Finland Islamic Republic of Irai Australia Food and Agriculture Ireland Austria Organization of the United Nations Italy Bangladesh Ford Foundation Japan Belgium France Kellogg Foundation Brazil Germany aenya Canada India Republic of Korea China Indonesia Luxembourg Colombia Inter-American Mexico Development Bank * A. S. - SS * -5 -~~~~~~ . U . .6 * .6. * S IX Q ce. .51 l I i .& I .lii I LI- -AJ pi . .li& :z|| & -I i * . S I *d Sdl °~ i_ Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- z z off ix~~~~~~~~~ z z 0 S.~~~~~~~~~~~0 -J z 0 Q.- -~- -~~~ L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -z - A j' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~' s A : ~t-''5~. ~ta l Created in 1971, the Consultative Group through the release of New Rices for Africa on International Agricultural Research is a (NERICA), and a new corn variety bred for high- 58-member strategic alliance (including 22 developing quality protein is being planted on one million and 21 industrialized countries) supporting a network hectares in 20 countries. Efforts to improve food of 16 Future Harvest Centers that mobilize cutting- policies won the 2001 World Food Prize, a first for edge science to promote sustainable development by the field of agricultural economics reducing hunger and poverty, improving human nutri- tion and health, and protecting the environment. As a signal of growing confidence in the system, several developing and industrialized countries have As a strategic alliance, more than 8,500 CGIAR scien- expressed interest in joining the CGIAR alliance tists and staff are working in more than 100 coun- In 2001, the Rome-based International Fund for tries Their research generates global knowledge that Agricultural Development (IFAD) became a CGIAR is focused on local impact It is targeted to the spe- Cosponsor, joining key multilateral development cial needs, crops, and ecologies of poor farming, institutions in that role the Food and Agriculture communities worldwide Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the CGIAR research addresses almost every component of World Bank the agricultural sector-agroforestry, biodiversity, food, forage and tree crops, environmentally sound Advocating science-based approaches to solving farming techniques, fisheries, forestry, livestock, food some of the world's most pressing development policy, and agricultural research services, to name a problems lies at the heart of the CGIAR's mission All few Improvements in these areas promote growth benefits of CGIAR research are kept within the public and provide pathways out of poverty for poor people domain, freely available to everyone. CGIAR research supports the Millennium Development Goals, includ- A far-reaching reform program launched in 2001 is ing those laid out in the Convention to Combat helping increase the relevance and impact of CGIAR Desertification, the Convention on Biological research for achieving the Millennium Development Diversity, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Goals, expanding scientific partnership through the Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the launch of innovative Challenge Programs, and creat- Framework Convention on Climate Change ing new mechanisms to ensure that the quality of science continues to meet the highest international In 2001, CGIAR partners contributed $337 million, standards Research at the CGIAR-supported Centers representing the single largest investment in mobiliz- is helping launch a rice revolution in West Africa ing science for the benefit of poor people CONS U LTATIVE G RO UP ON I NTE R NAT IO NAL AG RIC U LTU RAL RES EARC H 3 In'a world in which 75 percent of people on one million hectares in 20 living in poverty depend on agriculture to countries, thereby boosting survive, investment in building agricultural growth food, nutrition, and income must be a priority Agriculture remains the single most security New Rices for Africa, important sector in the economies of most developing which combines the rugged- * countries, accounting for up to 50 percent of gross ness of local African rice domestic product species with the high produc- tivity traits of Asian rice, is In 2001 we began to see some indication that agricul- transforming agriculture in ture was back on the international agenda There was the humid West Africa region i renewed recognition that the creation of global public where rice imports top 3 5 goods, in the form of science and technology, has a million tons at a cost of $1 Ian Johnson visits CIMMYT history of creating agricultural growth and benefiting billion per year In Guinea poor populations and, most important, has enormous alone, these rice varieties, capacity to do so in the future planted on 90,000 hectares, saved $10 million in rice import bills in 2001 Studies indicate that in many countries with dynamic, growth-oriented agricultural sectors, science and tech- The development of integrated aquaculture and agricul- nology have been pivotal to development The evidence ture techniques and the adoption of no- or low-till farm- is clear that research plays a significant role in generat- ing practices are boosting both farm incomes and pro- ing new agricultural information, products, and tech- ductivity in Africa and Asia All of these initiatives, which nologies that support these healthy agricultural sectors were conducted in partnership with national programs, provide real benefit to poor people and to the planet Past investments in the application of science to solving problems of agricultural development have yielded 20 Most recently, CGIAR scientists have developed new percent average rates of return, with much higher wheat, derived from a cross between wheat and goat returns for some crops The development of high- grass, that is delivering 30 percent yield increases in yielding green revolution crop varieties, which began in dryland conditions, and test plantings indicate positive the late 1 960s, increased real incomes for small farm- potential for Maize ZM251, developed with South ers in southern India by 90 percent between 1973 and Africa No- and low-till farming alternatives promoted 1994 In addition, it is estimated to have preserved by a consortium of researchers are being increasingly over 300 million hectares of forests and grasslands, well received across South Asia thus conserving biodiversity and reducing carbon releases The valuable role of the Future Harvest Recognition of the critical importance of market securi- Centers of the CGIAR in the generation of the green ty-fair access to fair markets-motivated scientists revolution has been acknowledged widely and civil society organizations to work together to enable African producers to capitalize on international But there is much more to the Centers and partners of pigeonpea markets In another example of successful the CGIAR System The System's outstanding achieve- collaboration, CGIAR scientists and local community ments include developing quality protein maize (QPM), organizations in Indonesia developed a project in which which contains twice the amount of lysine and trypto- villagers farm trees that yield enough charcoal to enable phan of regular maize Currently, QPM is being planted them to establish successful businesses C O N S U LTAT I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N AT I O N A L A G R I C U LT U R A L R E S E A R C H In a sign of the growing recognition of the importance of Recognizing the need to continuously re-evaluate and sound policies, CGIAR agricultural economist and strengthen its alliances, in 2001 the CGIAR initiated a Director General of the International Food Policy reform program designed to increase positive impact Research Inslitute (IFPRI), Per Pinstrup-Andersen, won on the developing world, reposition the organization as the 2001 World Food Prize for his contributions to the a 21st century institution, strengthen both science and improvement- of agricultural research and food policy governance, and design new mechanisms to attract We are proud to have won this prestigious award con- potential funds for innovative and cost-effective global secutively for two years public goods research The establishment of the Executive Council and the Science Council will ensure But many challenges remain Sustainable food security the CGIAR System has access to world-class gover- requires intensification of agriculture, not extensifica- nance and science advice and that Members have real tion-intensification that is both socially and environ- opportunities to influence the alliance The establish- mentally responsible The green revolution failed to ment of the System Office will bring together in a take hold in Africa and yield differentials between cohesive and efficient manner the eight units that serve the alliance and ensure effective exchange of informa- __ ,~~~~, tion and knowledge Most importantly, the Challenge -X'~ ~ & -, - .* Programs, an innovative programmatic element designed to address regional and global issues of - worldwide relevance by mobilizing knowledge, tech- fj -S -*nology, and resources, were initiated Open to all stakeholders, the Challenge Programs will facilitate col- laborative research and potentially attract additional funding to the System | 1==1; The transformed CGIAR System is well positioned to 2 _S foster the creation of new alliances and the generation of new knowledge This edition of the CGIAR Annual Report includes con- =- @ eg _ tributions from partners who reflect the broad __a«sst, _§l alliance In particular we are delighted to include con- F g 5 _ .' a ; = S t '. tributions from the Rt Hon Clare Short, member of Parliament and secretary of state for international African and Asian countries indicate unrealized poten- development, United Kingdom, and Eliseo R Ponce, tial It is Imperative that we ensure access to informa- director, Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department tion and new technologies for those who have so fre- of Agriculture (Kagawaran ng Pagsasaka), Philippines, quently failed to benefit from new knowledge-rural both of whom provide valuable perspectives on the poor people reform process in recognition of our 30-year anniversary, Robert And new challenges continue to arise Climate change, McNamara, former World Bank president and found- widespread deforestation, and the spread of HIV/AIDS ing father of the CGIAR, generously agreed to share have a major impact on agriculture and require our some reflections from his long association with the attention The need for major investment in the genera- CGIAR Contributions from both the private for-profit tion of global knowledge continues But modern sci- and not-for-profit sectors reflect the importance of ence is expensive New alliances, new institutions, new partnerships in ensuring that research results have public-private partnerships are required to properly practical local impact address the challenges of funding and to apply cutting- edge science for the benefit of all people ME SSAG E FROM THE CH AIR MAN AND DI R ECTO R 5 77-.. - . The outstanding contributions from each of the CGIAR-supported Centers highlight the practical achieverments of 2001 and demonstrate the effect that new, global knowledge is having every day at the local level We would like to acknowledge the invaluable support of the CGIAR partners who contribute so much to the alliance The work of the CGIAR would be impossible without the participation and support of its Members, Cosponsors, national agricultural institutions, farmers' organizations, members of civil society, and members of the private sector Their contributions go far beyond the critical financial support that funds our work Contributions in time, energy, and intellectual commit- ment make our work possible We all know that the work of agricultural science is never cornplete We know that we must constantly strive for more efficient and effective ways of working Most of zill, we know that "business as usual" is not acceptable We look forward to continuing to work together with all of our partners to build a healthier, wealthier, and greener world Ian Johnson, CGIAR Chairman Francisco J B Reifschneider, CGIAR Director 6 C O N S U l.TAT I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N AT I O N A L A G R I C U LT U R A L R E S E A R C H g g X %f4h t¢--Former Presidenit World Banik andXl.-2..Hn-->.'-< Thirty years ago, Iwas glad to be associat ed with a group of farsighted colleagues In ;' A-; ^@,. Aj~~~~~~~~i creating thze CGIAR. David Bell of the Ford ' ,. Foundation, John Hannah of the United States Agency ,- -. r- p for International Development (USAID), George Harrar of the Rockefeller Foundation, and Frosty Hill of the Ford Foundation were foremost among them Today I am _ Zffi . happy to note the fruits of our efforts Unquestionably, broadening the impact of research into tropical agricul- ture has greatly helped reduce hunger and poverty Green revolution technologies, developed by the Future i Harvest Centers of the CGIAR and their partners in developing countries, have transformed agriculture in Asia and much of Latin America Center scientists are 69ta a B widely acknowledged for the excellence of their research and the significance of its impact Norman Borlaug, whose work on high-yielding wheat made a Cosponsors Founding Members, including the Ford major contribution to the green revolution, is a Nobel and Rockefeller Foundations and USAID, continue to laureate The CGIAR itself received the King Baudouin provide important support Twenty-two developing International Development Prize Nine out of fourteen countries (out of a total of 58 Members) have validated World Food F'rize laureates are from the CGIAR the CGIAR by joining it The Economist has reported that the green revolution's Past successes, however worthy, are not enough In our toolkit probably saved a billion people from starvation age of plenty, too many people are victims of absolute Numerous studies show that the new technologies poverty, hunger, conflict, and environmental degrada- helped reduce poverty by fueling economic growth and tion The CGIAR must therefore intensify its effective- resulted in the conservation of land and biodiversity ness within its own special niche Countries in which CGIAR-supported research has expanded beyond the agricultural research has made a significant impact will original goal of increased productivity to encompass need the fruits of agricultural research for many more natural resource management, capacity building, and years But the greatest need is in Sub-Saharan Africa policy research Alliances among the Centers, national Poverty is pervasive in most of the 47 countries of that research institutions, and others have grown The vitali- region A third of the people are undernourished Life ty and relevance of the CGIAR System have thus been expectancy is low It is here, therefore, that the CGIAR renewed periodically confronts its major challenges All of those involved in this enterprise deserve honor The tasks ahead are difficult and complex-in some and praise farmers, international and national scien- ways, more so than they were 30 years ago So I urge tists, managers, and donors The World Bank has the CGIAR not to forsake its mission Your efforts are anchored the CGIAR System in association with other needed You must stay the course THIRTY YEARS OF THE CGIAR 7 c~ n)*-, fj s S ' . tF - X I,~~~~~~~I Although the world's population has grown iMTh1 cSi©E $ @ $ R dramatically over the last 30 years, from )[ 0[B0UQ[S ED)W0X under four billion in 1970 to over SIX billion in 2000, increases in food production have largely outpaced it. This amazing success in increased food production Despite this success, however, nearly a billion people resulted in large part from the green revolution, which around the world who are largely dependent on agri- applied science and technology to the problems faced culture for their livelihoods live on less than $1 a day by farmers in developing counties. The new varneties Twice that number survive on less than $2 a day and of wheat, rice, and other crops developed by interna- go hungry In Africa, about a third of the population is tional research institutes In partnership with national undernourshed and the numbers are increasing. research syslems increased yields substantially and had This is unacceptable We must drastically improve the a major impact in reducing poverty in a number of livelihoods of rural poor people if we are to achieve the developing countries. key Millennium Development Goals of halving the 8 CO N S U LTATI V E G RO U P O N I NTE R N ATI O N A L AG R I CU LTU RA L R ES E ARC H proportion of people living in extreme poverty and with excellent results in terms of new varieties suit- reducing child mortality by two-thirds by 201 5 ed to drought-prone environments Elsewhere in South Asia, joint research by the International Most of the rural poor populations live in the semi-arid Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics areas of SoLth Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa These are (ICRISAT) and UK scientists focused on seed priming ecologically diverse regions with little or uncertain rain- of short-duration varieties of rice and legumes, fall, complex farming systems, and limited opportuni- offering the prospect of poor people growing two ties for irrigation The green revolution technologies crops on millions of hectares where only one crop succeeded in more favorable environments in develop- grew before ing countries The challenge we now face is to ensure that agriculture plays its full role in reducing poverty Good work is being done, but we need to do more to among people living in semi-arid environments remove the barriers between scientists and poor farm- ers and to enhance the focus of international and How is this lo be done? A broad approach is needed, national research systems on reducing hunger and one that encompasses improved trade, rural roads and poverty infrastructure, governance, and marketing systems But we also urgently need to help poor farmers access new Looking ahead, rapid global change inevitably will technologies to improve their current practices and affect poor people in developing countries most sen- enhance their livelihoods Some of these technologies ously. Changes may include widespread deforestation already exist, but they need to be adapted to local con- and land degradation, increased pressures on coastal ditions, others must be developed using modern scien- and marine ecosystems, and losses in biodiversity New tific approaches approaches to research and extension will be forced by global warming, water scarcity, the privatization of In recent years, the CGIAR has begun to focus on the research, globalization, HIV/AIDS, and advances in needs of poor farmers in more difficult environments information and communications technologies and Two examples biotechnology The CGIAR's strategic thinking must consider how each force for change will affect progress ii The CGIAR Is now devoting more than 40 percent toward the 2015 Millennium Development Goals of its resources to Africa and the results are becom- Some forces may have a significant impact on poverty ing evident better varieties of millets, maize, reduction before 201 5 (for example, HIV/AIDS, global- sorghum, beans, and cassava, improved animal ization), others, such as climate change and loss in bio- husbandry, multipurpose crops and trees, short- diversity, may be felt only over the longer term duration leguminous shrubs that improve soil fertili- ty, rotations that permit permanent cropping on The CGiAR is uniquely placed to turn rhetoric into reali- difficult soils in West Africa, varieties of rice, maize, ty, to assist with practical action But it will not do this and sweet potato that have enhanced nutritional if it continues with "business as usual " Success will value, seed treatment, fertilizer application, and require change and adaptation to change, and a sense pest management approaches These are the first of urgency The CGIAR will need to strive for maximum fruits of efforts that must be adopted more widely impact of science and technology on poor populations Cl In India, the International Rice Research Institute in the short, medium, and long term All of this change (IRRI) and the national agricultural research system and urgency points to the need for a balanced CGIAR have been using participatory approaches in select- strategy that combines research having rapid payoffs in ing improved varieties of crops Poor farmers-men poverty reduction with strategic research into medium- and wornen-are involved in the research process, and long-term problems, which will help sustain GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE FOR LOCAL IMPACT 9 progress in poverty reduction beyond 2015 And there are other dimensions, including the need to balance food production for poor consumers and direct assis- tance to help eliminate hunger among poor rural people The key elements for success appear to be the following I* Greater clarity about the needs of poor people, about iheir livelihood systems and priorities This means improving our understanding of who poor people are, where they live, and what their priori- ties are, efforts to ensure that scientists work close- ly with poor farmers and focus on pro-impoverished We must drastically farming systems, and more emphasis on such issues improve the liveli- as the links between soil and water conservation and food security, integrated aquaculture/agricul- hoods of rural ture systems, and under-utilized crops used by poor people if we poor people are to achieve the e Strengthened knowledge-delivery mechanisms to I, . tamable andprofitable entertprise cal forage seed industry We are lust beginning to grs - -.Z -And we-s'ee huge potential-for -- the biological and'c mmercial poten -< - imnproving the livelihbods of livestock Webelievethatvast areas-of the tial of improve pastures dfor producers and helping reverse envi-:.;. tropics can be transformed socially ested areas for:exarmple these-ne - -,'t p ronmental sdteoi,rpmially s snot o ve pcoved u - - \This may sound ambitious ;_but -we '-tamable ve-getative- coverag-e,but Toward these -ends we offer products -.-believe it is- possible And we ar '. have also substantially increased the -. and services that better enable live-' convinced that productive ne'w-,_, potential for animal production sto'ck' pro'ducers to compete in -the, hybrid forages able 'to withstand dis Continued support of research,in'the !,'i,-global economyOne'oftheseprod ,..eases,'drought,-and poorsoilspcan- public andprivatesectorsaslessen ucts is Brachiaria hybrid cvr .-Mulato playan rt oebyimproving -!,,tia rflly ouyrealizing the otential ofor. u---' ¢ . the first.in a-.series of-research prod - ->livestock nutrition,, l pwering produc-- -A-new forages to transform th liv -ucts under varietal-protection .th'at- : tion.-costs and protecting natural .---' stock culture and economy. , ;,'~';-has resulted,from our.-strategic . resources.. alliance wit thenentinlCne The challenges seemo ovrhelIn for Tropic Agriculture (CIAT) We Unlike a lot of other eed compa . But we believe there are pathways , weregrantec th;e production rights nies Papalotla evalu tes new -.. out of poverty,to borrow a phrase ' .as the resulttof an open, transparent hybrids with-livesockproducers.This '-fromCAT And -we are opening one of -.selection Jpfocss - ' . is an essential.part: ofour strategy-these pathways thrugh -sustainable'' for introducing newsicao f livestock production' 1-, C O N S U L T A T.IV E eG R O U P. O N' I N sT E R N A TIl jO N A L: A TRIAG Rl 0 L T E R A L- RESE A RCH-- C6 N SU * *X2- %G "-R -i' Ig A'C H'i For agricultural research to be meaningful, it made important and must focus on improving human well-being, impressive contributions creating wealth, and protecting the earth's in these development natural resources. In addition to scientific and tech- endeavors, especially in the areas of organizing at the nical excellence, the hallmarks of such research are community level, providing inputs and services, and participatory approaches, bottom-up planning, and testing, adapting, and disseminating new technologies strategies that actively engage farmers and stakeholders in problem identification and the search for solutions The story of the Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA) partnership demonstrates the importance of broad-based partner- Civil society involvement in agricultural research for ships in helping tackle a silent scourge-vitamin A defi- development has had a long history, and NGOs have ciency-and the value of partnerships with civil society VITAA Partnership Seeks Large-Scale Adoption of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes: A Food-Based 9. Approach to Vitamin A Deficiency in Africa By Ed Sulzberger of the VITAA Initiative On May 9, 2001, an international nearly all children under six years group of 7o agriculturists, health of age in Uganda, Rwanda, and experts, and nutritionists, convened Burundi, and roughly half of the by Centro Internacional de la Papa children in Tanzania. (CIP), launched what is believed to be the first crop-based initiative to attack A study by the International Center the tragic consequences of vitamin A for Women (ICRW), a VITAA partner "VITAA is drawing a great deal of deficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa. agency, has demonstrated that attention," says project coordinator African mothers can be motivated to Regina Kapinga, "because it offers an The VITAA initiative provides a plat- accept the new varieties, thus dis- immediate, common-sense solution form for 40 partner agencies from pelling the popular belief that African to a major public health problem. the health, nutrition, and agricultural taste preferences preclude the use of Our only difficulty is in meeting the sectors to extend the impact of a orange-fleshed varieties. The ICRW demand for planting materials." new series of orange-fleshed sweet study also suggests that the addition potatoes. The new varieties are of less than ioo grams of orange- Kapinga notes that seed distribution expected to have a major impact fleshed sweet potato to the daily centers will be established at key over the next five years on one of diet can prevent vitamin A deficien- locations in each VITAA partner coun- Sub-Saharan Africa's most important cies in children, pregnant women, try, mainly in collaboration with local public health problems. and lactating mothers. NGOs that have programs on house- hold nutrition, child health, and Vitamin A deficiency is a leading As a result of these findings, repre- income generation for women. cause of early childhood death and a sentatives from seven VITAA partner major risk factor for pregnant and countries agreed to promote orange- "Since sweet potato is a woman's lactating women. VITAA varieties are fleshed sweet potatoes in each of crop grown mainly for family use, it high in beta-carotene, which the the major production zones where only makes sense to channel the body uses to produce vitamin A. white-fleshed varieties are currently new varieties to the people who grown. The work, which will be have a vested interest in their suc- According to recent estimates, 50 community-based and focused on cess," she says. million African women and children women decisionmakers, also will stand to benefit from the new plant emphasize nutrition education and Deployment of the new varieties is types. Beneficiaries would include microenterprise development. scheduled to begin early in 2003. C 0 N S U LTAT I V E G R 0 U P 0 N I N T E R N AT I 0 N A L A G R I C U LT U R A L R E S E A R C H 13 ? t,I t1Ztv - 3, -- 4 A - _%; ½-- ~~~;, ~~~~~~~~~ L s-r'v~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' -- ~ ~ ~ ~~ V t -1 - 33133 ' po-' r~~~zt~~ ~ -~~r- r -7 7 Scientists at the 1 6 Future Harvest Centers 19 Outstanding Partnership for Sustainable Land of the CGIAR are constantly expanding and Management of Acid Soil Savannas. updating the frontiers of knowledge Their (CIAT) For characterizing the agroecology of acid research draws on the best of global knowledge but is soil savannas, and developing land quality indica- focused on local impacts Their efforts address virtually tors and land management practices for sustainable every component of the agricultural sector-agro- agropastoral systems forestry, aquaculture, biodiversity, biotechnology, crops, extension, farming techniques, forestry, livestock, natu- R Outstanding Scientific Support Team. ral resources, and food policies to name just a few (IRRI) Carlos Casal, Reynaldo de la Cueva, Luisito Caracuel, Julito Talay, Rodolfo Toledo, Alejandro Each year the CGIAR Science Awards acknowledge the Manio, Juan Alzona, Oscar Gonzales, and Leonida outstanding achievements of scientists throughout Mazeor work on hybr rice beding the System ~~~~~~~~~Nazarea For work on hybrid rice breeding the System E1 Outstanding Scientific Article. In 2001 the following individuals and teams were recognized (IRRI) Zhu Youyong, Chen Hairu, Fan Jinghua, Wang Yungyue, Li Yan, Chen Jianbing, Fan Jinkiang, Yang Shisheng, Hu Lingping, Hei Leung, CM Outstanding Scientist. Tom Mew, Paul Teng, Wang Zonghua, and (ICRISAT) Han C Sharma For research on pest con- Christopher Mundt For their article, "Genetic trol in chi(kpea, sorghum, and pigeonpea produc- Diversity and Disease Control in Rice," published in tion to increase farm productivity while cutting the Nature 406, 17 August 2000 use of pesticides, thereby reducing environmental pollution In the following summaries, the Centers highlight fur- ther examples of their achievements and demonstrate 2 Promising Young Scientist. the impact their work is having on the lives of poor (ILRI) Alex Kahi For research combining genetic farming communities and economic analysis with simulation models to assess alternative options in livestock breeding THE FUTURE HARVEST CENTERS OF THE CGIAR k, % -~V , ~ , M' ____________ "~ ~ Nevv'~Fdf'' :-s------ Through tine early morning mist, two Hmong women aping networks to can be seen cautiously negotiating the steep slope that promote informa- rises above a narrow, rocky canyon In northern Laos tion exchange, _ , From time to time, they halt at a spot where succulent and creating F!-'' .8 native vegetation IS growing Then, with sure, rapid attractive manuals _ N'-'-., strokes of their scythes, they cut leaves and stems, toss In different lan- _ them over their shoulders Into straw baskets on their guages to spread j_ backs, and continue the arduous ascent new knowledge _ A Laotian extension officer remarks, "They can easily The benefits of _| _ spend several hours a day gathering feed for their pigs the research are '-il'l = < , You wonder sometimes whether the women own the beginning to , syoates gu ragens edIt animals ot it's the other way around "show In four countries, farmer- fofedntopg In these remote hillside areas of Southeast Asia, live- disseminated their findings- at regular stock IS poor people's best bet-sometimes the only farmer meetings CIAT provided technical options, option for bulding sustainable livelihoods Yet, as soon assisted the research process, and trained field workers as upland farmers expand production, they quickly dis- Within five years, 1,700 farmers had begun experi cover the limits of local feed resources for sustaining menting with Improved forages A follow-up project In larger livestock populations SIX countries is bulding on this experience, with farmer- leaders as extension agents with responsibility for mul- To overcome such obstacles, Centro Internacional de tiplying the new plantng systems Today the forage Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) scientists are working with Innovations are benefiting some 4,000 farm families Inational institutes in SiX countres to offer farmers a full range of forage options This effort bulds on nearly In East Kalimantan, Indonesia, CIAT scientists studied three decades of international research that demon- the effects of new forage technologies on farmers' strates the effectiveness of tropical grasses and livelihoods before and after technology adoption legumes for Intensifying small-scale livestock produc- Cash income from the sale of livestock and manure tion while protecting and Improving the soil Drawing Increased 62 percent as a result of improved ruminant on 22,000) forage samples maintained at CIAT, scien- productivity Furthermore, farmers achieved labor say- tists have conducted extensive research on key species ings of 20 percent. This savings amounts to a 31 In tropical Africa, Asia, and Latin America The result IS percent Increase In Income from livestock, assuming a huge storehouse of knowledge about the multiple that the time saved is Invested In off-farm employment uses and adaptations of these forage species In differ- Case studies In Indonesia and Vietnam show that the ent climates and soils new technologies reduce the drudgery of fodder col- lection, especially for women The challenge Is to Incorporate superinor forages into complex farming systems on a large scale Doing so, In turn, reqoiires that knowledge from formal science be combined with farmers' insights, using participatory approaches CIAT scilentists and their national partners have been pursuing such approaches since the mid- 1990s wilh support from the Australian Agency for International Development and the Asian Development Bank Through Intensive training and networking, pro- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (tf AT) ect staff are building teams of national professionals Headquarters: Ca4i, Colombia skilled at Involving farmers in adaptive research, devel- www.ciat.cgiar.org 6 C O N SULTAT I VE G RO UP O N IN T ER NAT IO N AL AG RI C ULTU R AL RE SE A RC H Tropical forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate i all over the world But despite the constant stream of bad news, ihe people involved with forests have been . m working hard to make laws, create parks, fund pro- ects, and plant trees The problem is that many of their actions have? not provided the hoped-for results By generating new ideas, providing high-quality analysis, promoting dialogue, and encouraging learning, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) aims Ir to respond directly to the needs identified by forest stakeholders In West Kalimantan, Indonesia, local villagers are now producing valuable charcoal from trees that grow untended in abandoned areas Vitex pubescens, a tree that springs up on land after fires or after farms have been abandoned, yields a charcoal that is as good as Recognizing the strong market potential, farmers are that obtained from mangrove trees Rice does not working with researchers to identify the best methods grow well on the land and farmers find weeding the for cultivating trees on small plantations and for pro- rough fields too labor intensive But establishing small ducing charcoal local industries to grow Vitex for charcoal offers a way of making ihe land productive again The activity is very attractive to swidden farmers in West Kalimantan because they can grow the tree The idea of developing a Vitex industry originally came alongside their regular fields without extra labor Vitex from a local NGO, Yayasan Dian Tama (YDT), which also tolerates fire more than many other tree crops, collaborated with Tanjungpura University in Pontianak thus reducing the risk that farmers will lose their invest- to explore how local farmers could best profit from the ment The trees actually form a barrier to the wildfires grasslands The collaboration capitalized on the that plague the area Because the YDT is making an strengths of each partner for maximum impact YDT effort to disseminate information about the positive was the pivotal organization, it conducted research effects of these activities to a large number of parties, with the University and ClFOR providing scientific input. OXFAM UK has expressed interest in supporting similar YDT used i1s good rapport with local people and their work in Yogyajakarta Its interest was piqued by the contacts in the regional government while CIFOR made project's high level of community involvement and the connections to outside parties USAID initially spon- direct benefits reaching local communities sored this research and the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research has been funding it Apart from local impact, the collaboration has wider in 2001 and 2002 potential because grasslands are common in Indonesia and other countries In 2001 CIFOR was approached by The technology needed to produce the charcoal is rela- the private sector and by development agencies from tively simple and inexpensive, at most, communities New Zealand which expressed interest in the project have to invest in constructing kilns After four years, CIFOR is now working with YDT to apply the process one hectare of Vltex pubescens yields up to 18 metric more widely tons of charcoal, which earns farmers several hundred dollars when sold to charcoal factories in Pontianak, the closest city Four villages are participating in field trials, helping Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) researchers answer questions about planting methods, Headquarters: Bogor, Indonesia seed stock, fertilizer, and labor requirements www.cifor.cgiar.org T H E F U T U R E H A R V E ST C E N T E R S O F T H E C G I A R 17 DrgInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center tor passes cuts diesel ze a 's'.s~ >e;, (known as CIMMYT, Its Spanish acronym) are produc- and labor costs, allows ing up to :30 percent more grain than on t earier planting for high-yielding parents under tough, dryland conditions higherryaelds, and NTheir secrEtd The new wheats are descended from reduces carbon dioxide crosses be.ween different types of wheat and goat emissions Building on grass (one of wheat's wild relatives), which have given this success and the - Sudeh-PaI -Singh ofSultan'puLIrilageIn>- them drought tolerance These promising genotypes relationship of trust Uttar Pradesh, india,fe,sfsreduedd-tiIIage were identified from the many crosses of wheat and developed with farm- farming ' wild grass made at CIMMYT The new wheats are ers, the RWC is guiding meant for dry locations where farmers are changing experimentation with inno- farming practices to make better use of scarce water, vations such as sowing on raised soil beds, a practice control soil erosion, and maintain soil fertility that is even more water-efficient than zero tillage, as well as new cropping patterns Water scarcity is growing and in coming decades is expected to affect hundreds of millions of farmers In 2001, CIMMYT released two new, open-pollinated across South Asia who derive their food and livelihoods maize varieties designed for use by smallholder farmers from rice-vvheat crop rotations The Rice-Wheat in the drought-prone region of southern Africa Both Consortiurn for the Indo-Gangetic Plains (RWC), a varieties were developed jointly with South African CGIAR Systemwide initiative convened by CIMMYT, is researchers and other partners The variety ZM52 1 helping farmers test and adopt resource-conserving yields 30-50 percent more than do traditional varieties practices based on reduced tillage The savings are sub- under conditions of drought and low soil fertility The stantial zero tillage for wheat requires around one mil- second variety, named "Grace," is early maturing (and lion liters less water per hectare than do conventional thus can escape late-season drought), resists local dis- practices One method-the direct seeding of wheat eases, and has the flinty grain type preferred by farm- into paddy fields just after rice harvest-was used on ers Seed of the open pollinated variety is usually some 300,000 hectares in the region in the 2001-02 cheaper than hybrid seed, and that enables farmers to growing season, and its use is spreading practically as plant their saved grain if they do not have the means fast as manufacturers can make the tractor-drawn to buy fresh seed seeder An additional benefit an average reduction International Maize and Wheat mrnprovernent Center (CIMMYT) Headquarters: Mexico City, Mexico www.cimmyt.org 8 CCONS U LTAT IV E G R O UP ON IN T ER N ATI ON AL AG RIC U LT UR AL RES EAR CH gWe~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- In 2001, as the International Potato Center (CIP, for its initials in Spanish) celebrated its 30th anniversary, Center scientists estimated the annual benefits from its research at US$150 million--more than seven times CIP's annual budget This impact is channeled through carefully prioritized projects that are built on accumu- lated expertise and solid partnerships A few examples follow Vital Partneirship _ An expanding network of partners convened by CIP Is arves using orange-fleshed, beta carotene-rich sweet potato to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa, where lack of this critical micronutrient in the diet is a learning to handle chemicals safely and are applying leading cause of early childhood death and a major risk integrated pest management measures that reduce factor for pregnant women In May 2001 representa- pesticide use tives from partner institutions in Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda formally launched Models for Mountains Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA) VITAA works through The CIP-led Global Mountain Program (GMP) works to community and women's groups in the region in increase knowledge about mountain ecosystems, to preparing the sweet potatoes for large-scale deploy- promote integrated watershed development, and to ment In Kenya and Uganda, these groups are conduct- generate better livelihood opportunities CIP scientists ing on-farm trials on promising cultivars that include are developing powerful tools to study fragile highland both traditional varieties and improved breeding lines production systems, and more than 200 local profes- sionals have been trained to use them The program Urban Harvest also has studied eight "model" watersheds in the In 1999 the CGIAR launched the Strategic Initiative on Andes and the Himalayas, and in 2001 it produced CD- Urban and FPen-urban Agriculture (SIUPA) in response ROMs describing each watershed and the options for to the growing reliance on farming among city its development dwellers in cdeveloping countries Meeting in Hanoi in June 2000, members created a research framework China's Cooperation 88 called Urban Harvest and identified critical issues A CIP cross, known as Cooperation 88, is delivering Among these were serious waste problems associated massive yield gains over previously favored potato van- with starch-orocessing and pig-raising enterprises in eties in China, producing up to 60 tons per hectare Its Hanoi A year later, a collaborative project between CIP uniformly large tubers and shallow eyes make it ideal and IWMI had developed effective strategies for mini- for processing, an important characteristic in regions mizing the environmental impacts of the waste while that are moving from subsistence to a market econo- utilizing its nutrient content as fertilizer my By the end of 2001, less than seven years after its release, Cooperation 88 covered an estimated 20 per- Health First cent of the area devoted to potato in Yunnan province CIP and its collaborators are helping potato-farming and spilled over into neighboring Sichuan and families in El Carchi province, Ecuador, to reduce health Chongqing provinces Its seeds are being traded risks associated with pesticide use Studies published in across China's borders into Vietnam and Myanmar 2001 showed that pesticide poisoning is widespread and severe in El Carchi affecting most of the rural pop- ulation A modeling tool known as "tradeoff" analysis Centro internacional de la Papa (CIP) is helping farmers balance diverse and sometimes con- Headquarters: Limo, Peru flicting objectives Meanwhile, potato growers are www.cipotato.org THE FUTUR E HARVEST CENTERS OF THE CGI AR 9 h h When a technolmand labor was often unavalable Left in the fields too l ; l w | ri 1E6 late, vetch seed pods shatter and can cause a weed _, &p spreads beyond the their own They save up __ boundaries of research barley grownI/f to US$100 per hectare In stations and pilot devel- , , , labor cost and rent out opment projects, It can be said to have achieved suc- after uarsey. their mowers for a tidy cess Such IS the experience of the International Center profit for Agricultural Research In the Dry Areas (ICARDA) In promoting common vetch (V,c,a satlva) In Aleppo gov- Hundreds of farmers now grow vetch In the Al Bab ernorate, northeastern Syra, where In 2001 vetch area area and this accounts for some of the 7,000 hectares Increased sevenfold over the previous year of the crop grown throughout Aleppo governorate The technology also IS spreading to other provinces, In many marginal rainfed areas In Syra, population with help from ICARDA and Its community approach to growth IS leading to unsustainable production prac- research for development In this approach, a list of 10 tices More sheep are being put to graze, and the tra- potential options IS developed with the participation of ditional practice of leaving farmiand fallow between farmers Subsequently, farmers and other stakeholders barley crop is giving way to continuous barley cultiva- select five options to nvestigate From those five, the tion to feed sheep The results are degraded range and community selects two "best-bet" options and devel- cropland, erosion, loss of biodiversity, and a conse- ops an action plan The community approach helps quent loss of Income for farmers ensure that the rght strategy IS pursued, helps avoid costly erroneous assumptions that might hinder adop- iCARDA smrentists and their partners in Syria's national tion, and gives the farmers a sense of ownership After agriculturh l research system felt that if farmers learned that, a good crop, like a good Idea, sells Itself about the benefits of vetch in rotation with barley, they would surely adopf It Vetch is a nutritious feed crop that Impreoves sol fertilit y to fixing nitrogen from the air It provides additional feed, eases pressure on range- land, Improves livestock health, reverses soil degrada- tion, and Increases farmers' incomes In 1986 eight farmers In the community of Al Bab In Aleppo governorate were provided with seed and guid- ance In managing rotation trials The results were con- International Center for Agricultural Research vincing Barley planted after vetch yielded about 50 in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) percent mpre than barley grown after barley One sen- Headquarters: Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic ous problem remained Hand harvesting was expensive www.icarda.org C0 cO N SUL-rA T IVE G ROU P O N IN T ERN AT IO N AL A GRIC U L T UR AL R ES E ARC H -F i -M X~ --A CLARM _J h- The community-managed rice-fish systems divide the benefits proportionally among those who own land, In the rainy season in Asia, floods inundate vast areas in those who both own land and contribute to the oper- an annual cycle The inhabitants of these floodplains are ating costs of raising fish, and those who contribute among the poorest people in Asia Their lives and liveli- their labor The landless population falls in the last cat- hoods dependJ on the yearly floods to water the rice egory In many communities there is agreement that fields and yield harvests of fish The green revolution landless people may continue to catch the small native brought immense gains in productivity to irrigated farm- fish species but will leave cultured fish to grow for the ing systems where production quadrupled Other farm- benefit of landowners These native species are critical ing systems have not achieved their full potential In the to their day-to-day survival flood-prone system, there were "hungry" periods when the land was submerged beneath the floodwaters Productivity in these flood-prone ecosystems has increased dramatically Each hectare yields between 250 In traditional rice cultivation in floodplains, two van- and 1,500 kilograms of fish Rice yields have been main- eties of rice are sown at the beginning of the dry sea- tained, and because fewer pesticides and less weeding son The first, dry season rice, is harvested before the and plowing are required, the costs of rice production next flood arrives The second, deepwater rice, may be have dropped by 10 percent The rice-fish culture sys- harvested but also continues to grow or regrow as the tems are environmentally nondestructive and there is no floodwaters rise, thus providing a second, smaller crop at reduction in the catch of wild fish species the end of the wet season Indigenous fish that migrate into the rice fields with the floods also are harvested In field trial sites in Bangladesh, annual per capita income increased by about 16 percent in three years, In the 1980s, the introduction of irrigation, flood con- and fish consumption rose by about 2 percent Many trol schemes, and high-yielding irrigated rice varieties fish also were sold Communities neighboring the trial led to sixfold increases in rice yields But farmers aban- and demonstration sites have copied the technology doned deepwater rice and let the land lie fallow after the irrigated rice had been harvested because there was In Vietnam, the provincial government in the Red River not time before the rains began to establish the deep- delta is supporting the widespread application of the water rice The fish catch declined because of pesticides concurrent deepwater rice-fish technology as a conse- and flood control structures obstructed fish migration quence of the trials conducted by the World Fish Center and its partners at the Research Institute for Scientists at the World Fish Center saw opportunities to Aquaculture No 1 in Hanoi The Bangladesh increase food production in these flooded conditions Department of Agricultural Extension is bringing the The goal was to improve productivity while maintaining technology to farmers in project areas in two districts ecosystem balance and protecting biodiversity More pro- The NGO Proshika is planning to disseminate the tech- ductive methods of fish farming in deep-water rice sys- nology to 30 subdistricts Forty thousand hectares in tems had prcven to be too expensive for individual farm- Bangladesh are suitable for the technology with the ers A community-based management approach was potential to produce an estimated 400,000 tons of fish now adopted Very poor farmers and fishers in these per year worth some US$300 million flooded ecosystems are largely landless and survive on less than US$0 50 a day Fishing is an occupation of last resort, a means whereby even the poorest have The World Fish Center (ICLARM) customary rights to catch fish in the common waters Headquarters: Penang, Malaysia of each monsoon flood www.iclarm.org T H E F U T U R E H A R V E S T C E N T E R S O F T H E C G I A R 21 ICRAF X~ ^ family history, with planting material brought in from as far away as the farmer had ventured for off-farm - i On-farm diversity provides farmers with a range of options they cannot get from a single species Farmers need strong poles and flexible branches for construc- tion, and thus need several types of trees for this pur- pose The medicinal efficacy of certain species is higher m4 " 2 =.! . iz t a _ when used in mixtures Some trees used for timber or - +A 2 FALf76h'' a boundary demarcation grow faster, whereas others are heartier On-farm tree diversity means fruit, firewood, il 11r-'tgz ,0 | Sii 1ll E and charcoal are available year-round Interestingly, the study revealed that, as far as farmers are concerned, they have not reached a saturation point for diversity Those with wide diversity on their farms want more , -.-2-. ---i5- N ?'. e':: The study showed that many farmers are experiment- A D-you'ng far.mer One of the key goals of the International ing with new species on their farms Wider distribution near the-city Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) is of information could result in more rapid diversifica- of ofxisumu; I 1 westernfKenyar,; to intensify on-farm tree diversity Increasing tion Farmers who had experience with the perform- tra,sportstree Di civersity on farms gives farmers additional ance of many species opted for diversity By diversifying vr vays to improve their livelihoods and their tree populations, farmers are less vulnerable to LE ii-nproves the health of their ecosystems changes in market dynamics and a more diverse tree Although the need to increase tree diversity population is less vulnerable to pest and disease epi- on farms and in landscapes is widely accept- demics Whereas farmers want diversity mainly for dif- ed, little is really known about the existing ferentiation among and within products and services, clegree of diversity on farms Nor is much ecological research indicates that there is a positive known about effective and practical methods relationship between ecosystem diversity and ecosys- for gauging the extent of diversity tem stability and productivity To redress this lack of knowledge-and with an eye ICRAF promotes landscape management strategies that toward promoting diversification-in 2001 the Center successfully combine the objectives of improving the completed a detailed study designed to measure the livelihoods of farmers and conserving biodiversity The current diversity of tree species at the farm and village study demonstrates that in the tree agroecosystems level in four important African agroecosystems In an studied, there is more diversity on African farms than era of rapid deforestation, improving tree diversity is a previously was thought and farmers are willing to fur- challenging goal, but the study provides a strong ther increase diversity when they see the value in doing start-and some much needed good news species so And that is very good news indeed diversity on African farms in the four study areas is significantly greater than was previously thought Hundreds of farmers were interviewed in order to learn why they planted the trees they did and what they remembered about how individual trees came to be on World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) their farms Very often, the history of a particular tree Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya on a given farm was as individual as the farmer's own www.icraf.org 22 C O N S U L1 AT I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N AT I O N A L A G R I C U LT U R A L R E S E A R C H Pigeonpea IS no longer an exotic crop In eastern and 2, ; j, X southern Africa-It has been there too long But nowaV Ar ^;_ the crop is becoming more Important to farmers thanaa -1sl ever before, and its Importance is increasing every year Dl_i _ It all has t o do with money Farmers are tired of beingt , _ poor and man y of them view pigeonpea cultivation as their best be~t for prosperity - ml I Close rapport between the International Crops i Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) scientists and their counterparts In the national pro- g grams of the- region, particularly Tanzania's Department C Z 8 of Research and Development ancl the KenyaXXm Agricultural Research Institute, and NGOs such as- TechnoServe and Catholic Relief Services, is largely - _ B e _; responsible for the success of this new, demand-driven L approach to research The initiative is enthusiastically supported by various donors, notably the African Some of Development Bank and the Danish Agency for Development Assistance (DANIDA) By serving as a the m ost catalyst between farmers and the private sector, ICRISAT scientists have made significant contributions in-ipoverished in the development of public-private partnerships Recognizing the importance of cash income to farmers, farm ers in ICRISAT scientists set about identifying the demands of Afria a re end-users of pigeonpea Through consultation with frea private-sector traders and processors, ICRISAT identified m a kinn rg a varieties that satisfied different market niches, notably the export of processed pigeonpeas to international money from markets These included European health food shop- 0 keepers seeking bold cream-colored seeds as well as pigeon pea0 fresh vegetable exporters who prefer large green seeds with good storage life The result? Some of the most impoverished farmers in Africa are making real money from pigeonpea Exports from the reclion exceed 100,000 tons per annum, and in a major new development further south, a joint ven- ture has been established in Mozambique for exporting International Crops Research Institute for the pigeonpea to international markets In eastern Africa, Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) pigeonpea is no longer an emerging crop It has Headquarters: Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India arrived www.icrisat.org T H E F U T U R E H A R V E S T C E N T E R S O F T H E C G I A R 23 WM~~~. IFPW g M through more reliable means testing, and adopt a dis- N i|4X: wf S i g 2 | E ~tribution system that would reduce diversion of food ^ i_ 3 | | g | | ~~~~~~~~~grains to the black market X<'4 -Demonstrating how food programs and policies suc- ceed or fail in benefiting target populations is a central concern of IFPRI researchers and of donors who sup- port the research Policy research plays a vital role, informing, persuading, and influencing decsionmakers i x a. - about the merits of policy change Impact assessment is an important part of IFPRI's work Beyond the project or country level, however, it is more difficult to attribute policy changes to a specific research project, public policy, or program Often there are time lags between the release of research infor- In 2001 the International I mation, the formulation of Food Policy Research PROGRESA new policies, and their Institute's (IFPRI) in-depth evaluation showed that students implementation In Mexico's antipoverty program, PROGRESA (Programa November 2001 the de Educacibn, Salud, y Alimentacibn), which combines enter school Netherlands Ministry of education, health, and nutrition interventions in one at younger Foreign Affairs and IFPRI package, can dramatically improve families' ability to convened a group of reverse the cycle of intergenerational poverty PROGRE- ages and researchers to consider SA raised the rate of school enrollment for girls by 14 how better to measure the percent ancl for boys by 8 percent PROGRESA students experience impact of policy-oriented enter school at younger ages and experience less grade less grade research Participants iden- repetition, better grade progression, and lower dropout tified a number of ways rates The program's effects on health, household food repetition, for social scientists to consumption, and nutrition are striking both for chil- better grade increase their impact on dren (12 percent lower incidence of illness) and for policy, and prescribed adults (19 percent decrease in sick or disability days) progression, innovations like incorporat- IFPRI's rigorous impact assessment was instrumental in ing communications strate- persuading the Inter-American Development Bank to and lower gies into study design, and loan the Mexican government US$1 billion to expand dropout rates. field postings for PROGRESA researchers to better ana- lyze policy processes and IFPRI resear(hers evaluated Bangladesh's innovative responses The lessons Food for Education (FFE) program, which distributes from this symposium are helping donors, governments, staple foods to families in return for their children's and research institutions make policy-oriented social school attendance FFE improved household food secu- science research more effective in improving the lives rity, raised girls' enrollment significantly, and boosted of poor people children's eclucational levels by increasing overall school enrollment, promoting attendance, and reducing dropout rates To make the program more effective, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) IFPRI recommended ways for the government to raise Headquarters: Washlngton, D.C., the quality of FFE schools, target poor households United States of America www.ifpri.org 24 CONS U LTAT IV E G R O UP ON IN T ER NAT IO NA L AG RIC U LT UR AL RES EAR CH The Witch &Wee of IIT The single most severe biological constraint K A c= g d s-- sr to cereal production in Sub-Saharan Africafna Striga Co(n teo --1ri now can be better managed, thanks to new technologies developed by the International ige ri Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and its i'if>t.e Na research partners Using integrated pest ; > 4 managemen. and participatory research ,A tC -; approaches, IITA scientists are able to greatly reduce Another important crop damage, and many farmers participating in field project innovation is trials are reporting 80 percent yield increases in affect- defining "impact ed cereal crops pathways" that permit Stnga (commonly called "witch weed") is a parasitic identification of the plant that leaches nutrients from the roots of cereals best-bet options that (for example, maize, sorghum, millet, and rice), leaving farmers are adopting, them stunted with almost no grain These crops are an the modifications and important part of the diets and incomes of poor farmers amendments they In Sub-Saharan Africa the witch weed infests about 21 make, and the ways in million hectares of land and affects 100 million people which technologies and knowledge are IITA and its research partners used a multidisciplinary spreading approach to attacking the Strlga problem An integrat- ed pest man,agement approach empowers farmers by In one pilot village the ed Exa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~mpl o6,f ~Striga5:7, enabling them to choose from a basket of technologies impact pathway showed that use of Strnga h those best suited to their particular circumstances while management technologies spread on its Lparasit.z ging,a,,--- providing the required level of weed management own, from 6 farmers in 1999 to 112 farm- tin Some of the most innovative technologies build on the ers in 2001 The participatory technology Mkwa we strengths of existing farming systems For example, development approach in which team [ keN many farmers in northern Nigeria grow legume crops members see themselves as facilitators either in rotation or intercropped with a cereal This of farmer learning, is leading to learning, j , helps maintain soil fertility by using the nitrogen-fixing adaptation, and adoption of a complex but ' capability of the legume But some varieties of legumes valuable system also cause a higher proportion of Strlga seeds to ger- minate The Stnga that attacks cereals like maize, how- The challenge is to develop an extension approach that ever, cannot parasitize the legumes and so it dies This encourages the scaling up of such tried-and-tested process is ralher colorfully called "suicidal germination" approaches, but at a lower cost With support from the and the technology is called "trap cropping " The dis- UK government, IITA and its partners are promoting covery that the high genetic diversity of Strlga requires adoption of integrated Striga control and suitable screening of legumes to find effective trap crops for strategies for its extension among local, state, national, different locales is one of IlTAs important research con- and international institutions In this way, IITA ensures tributions, and has made it possible to recommend that research knowledge goes from global to local to legume varieties targeted to specific locations global again In a major research breakthrough, IITA's breeders also have succeeded in developing varieties of Striga-resistant maize This is an important achievement because trap cropping alone is not enough Str/ga-resistant cereals improve the control system Seed cleaning to remove International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Strlga seed, crop rotations, and weeding Stnga plants Headquarters: Ibadan, Nigeria before they set seed all enhance the package www.iita.org T H E F U T U R E H A R V E ST C E N T E R S O F T H E C G I A R 25 _LIVSTOCKKKEStARCHCH _bi I L T By supporting "informal" dairy A Smallholder Dairy Project (SDP) conducted a series of -t . j E producers and sellers with risk analyses needed to safeguard both public health policies better suited to their and dairy livelihoods Starting in 1999 with funds from circumstances, developing the United Kingdom's Department for International countries are taking advantage Development, staff from the Kenya Ministry of of the historic opportunity that Agriculture and Rural livestock now offers to lift mil- Development, the Kenya _ ,Affi _ lions of people out of poverty As the mar- Agricultural Research 1_ £ dairy Institute, and the Nairobi- With demand for foods of ani- ket for dairy based International Livestock mal origin expected to double produc Research Institute (ILRI) over the next 20 years in produts forged partnerships with the _ l_ developing countries, the dairy grows, dairy Kenya Dairy Board, Nairobi cow is fast becoming one of and Egerton Universities, the smartest investments a cows prove the Kenya Medical Research farmer can make Small-scale Institute, and the Kenya African farmers are already to be a good Ministry of Health These doing a brisk trade in dairy e institutions provided the 2 products Particularly in East Investment. breadth of scientific expertise Africa's three million dairy needed (in bacteriology, .j 1 1 households, dairying acts as a immunology, economics, epi- . ' -icash crop, generating more demiology, and clinical medicine) to better analyze the regular household income and risks to poor people posed by alternative dairy policies -'- 1 , jobs for the unskilled than do a l > Ed [ other enterprises In 2001 the project's policy recommendations were broadly adopted thereby enhancing milk marketing by -' Traditional milk markets- and for poor populations The recommendations pro- < t, which handle unpasteurized, vide more "carrots" (licensing, training) than "sticks" or "raw" milk-are (policing) to small-scale operators A new dairy devel- behind the dairy opment policy and revised dairy legislation now explic- - 1 BBEboom in many itly recognize the predominance of the raw milk trade developing coun- in Kenya, its importance to the poor population, and tries In Kenya, for the need for regulations and technologies to optimize example, where per the quality of raw milk capita consumption of liquid milk totaled 85 kilograms in 1999, traditional milk markets supply more than 80 Lessons from this research are being applied in other percent of the milk sold Compared with their commer- African countries through joint projects conducted by cial competitors, small-scale dairy agents provide African institutions, ILRI, and the FAO These projects cheaper milk to consumers and pay better prices to aim to build a framework suitable for all traders-small producers Despite these benefits, public officials con- and large, formal and informal-that will provide the cerned about the possible health risks of unpasteurized public with safe milk and protect dairy livelihoods and milk actively have discouraged the country's indigenous foods that are vital to poor people milk markets Kenya's dairy development authorities urgently needed more reliable information to make more judicious policies International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Headquarters: Nairobi, I(enya; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia www.cgiar.org/illri 26 C O N S U L T A T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H The International Plant Genetic ronments and disease pressures are identified and rec- Resources Institute (IPGRI) works ommended for further distribution These improved exclusively in partnership, often varieties now are enhancing the livelihoods of farmers through multicountry and multire- in countries as far apart as Cuba and Tanzania through gional activities The following three- to five-fold productivity increases. examples show how IPGRI's unique | ~ modus operandi offers local focus Enriching Diets with Tropical Fruits and impact complemented by broad Asia's tropical fruits are important sources of supple- * * * * application through adaptation and mentary food They offer a nutritionally balanced diet, 4iw - fi w R adoption of know-how from one enhance household incomes, and earn export revenue country to another IPGRI is coordinating a 10-country project on the con- servation and use of native tropical fruit biodiversity in In Situ Conservation of Agricultural which national partners are conducting research on Biodiversity On-Farm mutually agreed priority species-mango, citrus, Despite the oDenefits of improved varieties in many rambutan, jackfruit, litchi, and mangosteen To date, farming systems, in other systems seeds purchased collections with approximately 2,500 accessions have from the formal sector can represent only a minority of been identified or established, and 1,000 new acces- those planted in farmers' fields in any one year-less sions have been collected The project has significantly than 3 percent of rice in Nepal, 5 percent of sorghum enhanced the level of research and information sharing in Burkina Faso, and 13 percent of durum wheat in among countries and has raised awareness of the Morocco IPGRI is working with farmers, NGOs, and importance of indigenous fruits, thereby providing community-based organizations in nine countries to partner countries with a strong base for genetic establish ancl apply a knowledge base to support on- improvement and long-term production increases farm conservation of local crop varieties as a key com- ponent of agricultural biodiversity Drawing on an Coconuts for Combating Poverty understanding of the effect of management practices Ninety-six percent of the world coconut crop is pro- and the important role played by gender, age, and eth- duced by smallholder farmers who earn $200 or less nic grouping, the project has strengthened the survival per year A major reason for this poverty is a lack of of local varieties It has generated a portfolio of devel- research support and access to usable research results opment options to enhance the benefits of local crop The International Coconut Genetic Resources Network diversity to rural livelihoods and ecosystem health The (COGENT), which is coordinated through IPGRI, works project's output has been instrumental in setting up the with 38 countries to support coconut-growing commu- Convention on Biological Diversity's new work program nities COGENT is collaborating with partners in 1 5 of on agricultural biodiversity and thus has vastly expand- the countries to develop a package of income- ed its reach generating, village-level industries based on multiple uses of coconut genetic diversity The strategy has the Sharing Improved Banana Varieties potential to increase incomes up to ten-fold by intro- The International Musa Testing Program (IMTP) joins ducing high-value varieties via community-managed the International Network for the Improvement of nurseries, by developing value-added products from Banana and Pl'antain (INIBAP), national agricultural the kernel, husk, shell, water, wood, and leaves, and research systems (NARS), and the world's five major by promoting improved intercropping systems that Musa breeding programs, including that of IITA, in include livestock and fodder production evaluating trials in 22 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America INIBAP plays a pivotal role, harmonizing evaluation procedures and facilitating access to International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) improved material indexed to ensure freedom from dis- Headquarters: Maccarese (Fiumicino) Rome, Italy ease Varieties that perform well over a range of envi- www.ipgri.org T H E F U T U R E H A R V E S T C E N T E R S O F T H E C G I A R 27 -gTA Ceanr, reeer ic" Tty1 Rice feeds almost half of the world's population and covers about 11 percent of the earth's arable area, so By the end of 2001, about 60 percent of the rice ' Women it has great potential to affect human health and the farm households in the Indlca rice area of Yunnan pulling rice environment Working closely with partners in several Province had adopted the mixed planting of rice f seedilngs national programs, scientists from the International varieties and the area under mixtures had expand- experiment Rice Research Institute (IRRI) have been able to get ed to 102,667 hectares In 2001, in Sichuan -mixture in thousands of farmers to reduce their insecticide use in Province the technique was evaluated on more Gejiu, the Mekong River delta of Vietnam, and have provided than 3,000 hectares In addition to cutting back on - Yunnan Province,- new methods to help rice growers in China cut back the need for chemicals, mixture plantings yielded China on chemical use while boosting incomes The innova- an average of 0 7 ton per hectare more than tions in Vietnam this year won one of the world's hybrid rice alone The diversification concept also major environmental awards, the $25,000 Saint has been extended to control diseases and insect Andrews' Environmental Prize pests in other major crops in Yunnan, particularly wheat and broad beans As part of a rice-wheat First launched in 1994 in the Mekong delta-one of cropping system, wheat and broad beans are the great rice bowls of Asia-the research and subse- planted during winter on more than 250,000 quent campaign marked a milestone in rice production hectares in Yunnan for two reasons First, it clearly identified the damage caused by insecticide overuse that kills off friendly In the Philippines, field trials have shown that varietal insects and encourages pests that otherwise would mixtures could reduce the incidence of tungro, a serious have been kept in control Second, it developed a rice virus disease in the tropics In the Mekong delta and completely new way of communicating important central Vietnam where disease resistance has become information to farmers ineffective in commonly grown varieties, diversification experiments are being planned to control rice blast After testing their campaign in the Mekong delta, where almost two million rice growers were persuaded Responding to growing demand, IRRI released an inter- to cut back on using harmful and unnecessary farm active CD-ROM on tropical rice, titled RicelPM that pro- chemicals, the research partners launched a similar vides a comprehensive source of information and train- campaign in northern Thailand's Sing Bun province on ing material for improving the management of rice World Environment Day 2001 The Saint Andrews' prize pests, diseases, and weeds money is being used to extend the campaign to another million rice farmers in Vietnam's Red River delta Other features of RiceIPM include a diagnostic key that assists in shortlisting the likely causes of observed rice Meanwhile, in southern China, in what the New York disorders, a series of interactive, multimedia keys that Tlmes has described as a "stunning success" in one of lead to help in identifying insects found in rice, and a the "largest agricultural experiments ever," IRRI scien- customized search engine that provides a rapid means tists found in 2000 a new way to control a major dis- of directing the user to specific topics to be found on ease in rice without using any chemicals By planting the CD and to links to Web sites that offer additional different types of rice alongside each other, they found topical information There also are sections on pest they could almost completely control the spread of rice ecology, crop checking, fact sheets on major insect blast, a disease that reduces harvests and costs the rice pests, rats, diseases, weeds, nutrient deficiency, and industry millions of dollars a year Known in scientific toxicity, crop growth and pest damage, pest manage- circles as "exploiting biodiversity for sustainable pest ment options, and decisionmaking and economics management," the idea is hardly new to many farm- ers. But what was new was the cutting-edge science International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) involved in finally showing farmers how to use this Headquarters: Los Bafios, Philippines strategy to achieve maximum effect www.irri.org 28 C O N S U L TA T I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N AT I O N A L A G R I C U LT U R A L R E S E A R C H Modern agricultural biotechnology poses enormous challenges to industrial and developing countries alike The decision making and the safe and appropriate handling of to tackle these challenges, to what extent, and how GMOs are linked directly to the training and experience can only be made on the basis of a thorough under- of the people involved During 2001 ISNAR constructed standing of the technology and its implications (partic- a framework for biosafety capacity building under the ularly for environmental health and safety) The deci- Cartagena Protocol and, in collaboration with the sion becomes all the more pressing as the opportuni- Global BioDiversity Institute, developed training courses ties to use genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on biosafety for countries in increase Working with the Virginia Polytechnic Sub-Saharan Africa A total Institute and Virginia Tech, and supported by funds ISNAR has of 500 participants from 43 from the governments of Japan, the Netherlands, been assist- countries attended five Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, the International regional training courses Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) con- ing countries tinued to strengthen its expertise in biosafety during in taking a With a long-term approach 2001 and to make that expertise available to develop- to biosafety and a reputa- ing country institutions as part of the ISNAR strategic and tion for objective, balanced Biotechnology Service (IBS) The timing could not have reporting, ISNAR is making been better systematic a significant contribution to approach to the development of biosafe- International consensus on biosafety (the environmen- d ty systems worldwide-a tally safe application of modern biotechnology) was the design role it expects to expand reached under the Cartagena Protocol in 2000 From and imnle- further in future This its unique perspective of linking international and expansion will occur by national agricultural research, ISNAR has been assisting mentation increasing collaboration countries in taking a strategic and systematic approach with African and Asian to the design and implementation of efficient biosafety of efficient NARS, FAO, and other inter- systems The analysis of wider issues, such as the biosafety national organizations in impact on poor farmers, international trade, the envi- IBS's work on decision-sup- ronment, ancl consumer acceptance, should guide the systems. port tools, training, capacity development and implementation of legal frameworks, building, and research biosafety measures, and regulatory systems No country should be pressured into establishing piecemeal biosafety procedures simply because an application to import GMOs has been made by powerful groups and a response is urgently required Nonetheless, such is often the case and so the importance of the systematic focus being Lindertaken by ISNAR is increased International Service for National Agriculturat Research (ISNAR) An equally inriportant element relates to people Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands Clearly, the quality of biosafety review and decision- www.isnar.cgiar.org T H E F U T U R E H A R V E S T C E N T E R S O F T H E C G I A R 29 1W MI at!hp Miaimiz In 2001 the International Water Management Institute .t _ (IWMI) focused on forming new strategic partnerships ~;59 that tapIts expertise and feed the Institute's research i t $+4t?S ,il>* - < output Into broader networks in the development and Sg In India, the IWMI-Tata Water Policy Program draws on " identify and analyze promising approaches to the "' / r @ country's water management challenges Thisreerc resea ch s^;,i,;^ !l ^, Policy Brietig seriesj ' t In Africa, IWMI IS an active participant In the African .- ~ ~ ; ' * Water Task Force, which brings together the leaders of Buecket an+1*; ;A*i44st---t 014<4 sAF i-i-k r " ' -Stt:*.., ,; = .. '. . '77' 7 b ~F- and W * C Z n<4C>90,vr*'J f QsS>ww w , . S -WZ GF, to,,, .t ,Y, ..................................................^. r^'>,,-'' .,iM' 0li i s, CGIAR Members support the Future Harvest current ratio, remained healthy Highlights of the Group's Centers and programs of their choice, and 2001 financial performance are shown in table 1, with each Center directly receives and expends comparative information for the previous four years these funCds Thus, the CGIAR financial results presented here are a consolidation of the financial Contributions results of the 16 international Centers The results are For the Centers supported by the CGIAR, 2001 marked reported in LiS dollars another year of stable financial support 1 The overall level of support of $337 million in 2001 compares with CGIAR's 20C) Financial Goals $331 million in 2000, and with an average level of As in past years, the CGIAR's financial goals in 2001 approximately $332 million for the 1997-2001 period were to attract sufficient resources to enable it to In 2001, 55 of the 58 Members2 contributed $314 implement its approved work program for the year and million ($312 million in 2000), the remaining $23 mil- to maintain its strong financial position The financial lion came from a broad range of sources, including targets for 2001 approved at International Centers' nonmember foundations and developing countries Week 2000 (ICWOO) were Table 2 lists the contributions for 1997-2001 by El to raise' $340 million in funding from Members, contributor which would be supplemented by $15 million in Center income to implement a work program of The increase in total contributions from 2000 to $355 million 2001 is illustrated by Member group in figure 1 E to maintain the same levels of financial position Contributions were higher from North America, from and operating ratios as in the previous year foundations, and from the European group, and they partly offset the substantial decline in contributions Overall Financial Outcome from the Pacific Rim Contributions by nonmembers The overall 2001 result confirms that the CGIAR was increased by $3 9 million, from $19 2 million in 2000 successful in achieving its financial targets The system to $23 1 million in 2001 registered a modest operating deficit ($2 million) in 2001 on total resources of $353 million against total Contributions from North American Members increased expenditures of $355 million Total resources consisted by $3 5 million, or 7 percent, largely as a result of of $337 milliDn in Member funding (1 percent below higher contributions from the United States, which the goal set at ICWOO) and $16 million in Center- contributed $454 million in 2001 compared with generated income The CGIAR was in a strong financial $42 1 million in 2000 Contributions from Canada position at the end of the year net assets totaled $189 remained stable at the 2000 level Foundations million, compared with $203 million in 2000, and liq- increased their support in 2001 by $2.6 million The uidity indicators, such as cash, working capital, and Rockefeller Foundation's contribution grew from EX EC UT IV E SUM MARY OF T HE 2 0 0 1 CG IA R F INA NC IA L RES U LTS 35 Table i. CGIAR Program and Resource Highlights, 1997-2001 ACTUAL 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Center income (miUtions of US dollars) Agenda funding 319 338 328 331 337 (percent of which is unrestricted) 64% 61% 54% 50% 42% Center earned income 13 13 13 14 16 Other income (nonagenda, and so on) 14 0 0 0 0 Advance/draw on reserves TOTAL 345 351 341 345 353 Membership agenda support (millions of US dollars) Europe 141 148 126 128 131 Pacific Rim 40 44 49 44 37 North America 51 53 52 54 57 Developing Countries 11 13 15 14 14 International and Regional Organizations 63 62 66 66 67 Foundations 6 7 6 7 9 Nonmembers 7 12 15 19 23 TOTAL 319 338 329 331 337 Top three contnrbutors World Bank World Bank World Bank World Bank United States United States United States Japan United States World Bank Japan Japan United Stites Japan Japan Staffing (number) Internationally recruited staff 862 893 907 955 958 Support stalf 8,016 7,458 7,721 7,583 7,527 Agenda piograin expendituies (percent) Increasing productivity 40% 37% 34% 36% 35% (percent of which is germplasm enhancement/breeding) 19% 18% 18% 18% 18% Protecting the environment 17% 19% 20% 18% 19% Saving biodiversity 11% 11% 10% 10% 9% Improving policies 11% 12% 13% 14% 14% Strengthening NARS 21% 21% 23% 22% 23% (percent of which is training) 8% 8% 9% 9% 9% TOTAL (millions of US dollars) 333 337 347 338 355 Object expenditures (percent) Personnel 51% 50% 50% 49% 49% Supplies/services 36% 37% 38% 39% 40% Travel 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% Depreciatior, 6% 6% 5% 5% 4% Regional expenditures (percent) Sub-Saharani Africa 41% 41% 42% 42% 43% Asia 30% 32% 32% 32% 32% Latin America and the Caribbean 17% 18% 17% 17% 16% Central and West Asia and North Africa 12% 10% 9% 9% 9% Result of operations 124 136 (64) 66 (1 7) Center financial information Net assets 316 323 263 203 189 Unappropriated net assets 43 52 44 62 79 Appropriated net assets 273 271 219 141 110 Annual Cenler cost change (percent) 0 0 0 0 0 Short-term liquidity indicator Working capital (days expenditure) 114 127 122 112 129 Current ratio 1 72 1 8 1 63 1 74 1 88 Longer-term sustainability indicator Operating fund/revenue (percent) 13% 15% 13% 18% 22% Fixed asset indicators Capital expenditure (millions of US dollars) 21 7 22 2 17 9 14 9 159 36 Capital expenditure/depreciation (percent) 105% 110% 100% 93% 104% Table 2. CGIAR Contributions to the Research Agenda by Member Group 1997-2001 (millions of US dollars) MEMBERS 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Europe Austria 18 23 23 18 21 aelgium 5 5 6 0 6 8 4 7 45 Denmark 111 77 14 0 1 10 10 6 European Commission 23 1 24 9 6 0 22 3 21 7 1Finland 21 2 1 15 15 15 France 4 9 5 9 5 9 6 0 6 0 Germany 16 6 16 3 1 55 102 12 3 Ireland 0 8 1 0 0 9 0 8 1 5 Italy 4 0 3 0 32 32 3 7 L-uxembourg 0 7 0 7 0 7 1 3 0 8 Netherlands 14 5 14 7 1 16 1 37 12 2 N4orway 7 2 8 3 8 9 77 8 3 Portugal 0 3 0 3 05 0 4 0 3 Spain 1 8 11 0 9 12 12 Sweden 7 1 9 3 10 3 9 4 9 2 Switzerland 20 9 227 228 18 3 1 57 UJnited Kingdom 10 2 1 15 139 14 9 19 2 Subtotal 140 6 147 6 125 8 128 3 130 8 North Anmerica Canada 12 9 123 1 23 1 14 1 16 United States 38 3 40 5 39 4 ' 421 45 4 Subtotal 51 2 52 8 517 535 570 Flacific Rim Australia 6 6 78 81 85 72 Japan 335 35 3 40 0 34 6 29 2 New Zealand 0 4 0 4 0 5 0 7 S.ubtotal 40 0 435 48 5 435 371 Developing and traiiaitisn ecoilornes Eiangladesh 01 01 0 3 0 3 0 2 Elrazil 0 5 0 7 0 4 0 4 0 4 China 05 0 5 0 7 1 0 0 9 Colombia 26 25 2 7 2 3 2 5 C6te dilvoire 0 2 01 0 1 0 1 0 1 Egypt,Arab Republic ol 1 1 14 1 4 1 4 1 3 India 0 8 0 8 0 7 0 8 0 8 Indonesia 0 5 0 1 0 4 0 2 0 3 Iian, Islamic Republic ol 15 20 1 8 1 7 1 7 Kenya 0 5 0 4 0 1 0 3 Korea, Republic of 0 6 0 9 0 8 0 9 1 1 Mexico 05 0 6 1 7 18 1 3 Nligeria 01 10 1 6 10 0 0 Pakistan 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 6 Peru 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 6 Philippines 0 4 0 7 0 3 0 4 0 2 Russian Federation 0 0 Saudi Arabia 0 0 South Africa 0 5 0 6 0 5 0 6 0 5 Syria 05 05 Thailand 0 5 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 1 Uganda 0 3 0 3 Subtotal 10 8 13 4 14 7 13 7 13 6 Foundations Ford Foundation 3 2 31 2 6 2 6 2 7 Kellogg Foundation 0 3 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 Rockefeller Foundation 21 3 4 3 5 4 0 6 3 Subtotal 56 6 8 6 2 6 6 9 2 International and regiorial organizations AIDE 1 8 3 8 4 4 6 0 6 9 AFDB 10 0 8 23 12 0 3 Akrab Fund 10 15 19 17 1 6 FAO 0 3 0 6 0 2 0 2 0 4 lDB 4 5 2 1 1 5 1 4 0 5 ID)RC 2 4 2 4 3 0 23 25 FlAD 3 1 4 0 6 9 5 8 6 6 Opec Fund 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 4 UJNDP 4 5 3 2 2 1 1 8 1 6 LINEP 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 7 0 7 World Bank 45 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 Subtotal 64 0 63 7 67 7 66 3 66 5 Oither Donors 8 1 11 9 15SO 19 2 23 1 Total 320 340 330 331 337 3 Figure 1 Contributions to CGIAR Millions of US dollars 150 1 20 2000 2001 .0 Europe International North Pacific Developing Non-CGIAR Foundations & regional America Rim countries members organizations $4 million in 2000 to $6 3 militon in 2001 Contributions the largest contributor among the developing coun- from nonmriember foundations were stable at $5 million tries Support from international institutions was stable at $66 5 million, representing 18 percent of total Contributions from European Members increased by contributions $2 5 million, or 2 percent In particular, higher contri- butions were received from the United Kingdom ($19 Disbursements million), Germany ($12 million), and Norway ($8 3 mul- There was a slight improvement in the disbursements lion) Stable contributions from most other European picture in 2001 when only 12 percent of funds Members, including the European Commission, more remained outstanding at the end of the year, com- than offse-, modest exchange-related declines in other pared with 18 percent at the end of 2000 When com- cases pared with the normative schedule, however, the pace of disbursement continues to present a challenge to Contributions from Pacific Rim Members declined from the Centers' cash flow, a situation that could become $43 5 million in 2000 to $37 1 million in 2001, largely more difficult as targeted funding increases as a per- as a result of Japan decreasing its contribution by $5 4 centage of total funding million, or 8 percent Half of that decrease reflects an actual reduction in the contribution and the other half Resource Allocation resulted from exchange losses Contributions by In overall terms, expenditures in 2001 amounted to Australia and New Zealand remained stable at the $355 million, 4 percent higher than those in 2000 2000 level Resource allocation at the Center level is governed largely through research projects established in the The 21 developing countries that are Members of the context of CGIAR activities These allocations are sum- CGIAR maintained their support at $13 6 million-the marized at the system level by Center and by object of same level as in 2000-providing approximately 4 per- expenditure, and are illustrated by activity and develop- cent of the total Colombia maintained its position as ing region 38 C O N S U LTAT I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N AT I O N A L A G R I C U LT U R A L R E S E A R C H Figuie 2 Expenditures by Center Millions of IJS dollars 4o 30 _ 20 Distribution of Expenditures among Centers Figure 2 Figure 3 Expenditures by Object shows the distribution of expenditures by CGIAR Centers in 2001 The distribution remained broadly in line with expenditures by Center in 2000 Expenditures by Object The trend toward reduced per- sonnel spending continued in 2001 Personnel costs amounted to 49 percent of the total costs in 2001, compared with an average of 55 percent in the mid- 1990s The total number of staff continued to decline as well there were 8,485 in 2001 compared with 8,638 in 2000 Approximately 958 staff members were recruited internationally, a number essentially unchanged r'rom 2000 A significant reduction in inter- nationally recruited staff (IRS) by several Centers was offset by a similar increase at IWMI, which almost dou- Personnei bled its IRS (omplement from 26 to 49 Expenditures 49% by object are indicated in figure 3 m Supplies and Services Allocations by Activity Amounts allocated in 2001 to the five principal CGIAR activities-increasing produc- Travel tivity, protecting the environment, saving biodiversity, 7% improving policies, and strengthening national agricul- -U-- Depreciation tural research systems-are shown in figure 4 These 4% allocations are broadly congruent with those of the last several years E X E C U T I V E S U M M A RY O F T H E 2 0 0 1 CG I A R F I N A N C I A L R E S U LTS 39 Figure 4 Allocations by Principal Activity Figure 5 Allocations by Developing Region Increasing Productivity Sub-Saharan Africa 35% 43% m Strengthening NARS ,r.7g Asia 23% L 32% 1 Protecting the Environment L Latin America and Caribbean 19% 16% I7 Improving Policies X West Asia and North Africa 14% 9% m Saving Biodiversity ___ 9% Allocations by Region Allocations by region are shown precautionary cost reduction measures, such as expendi- in figure 5 The CGIAR's investment in Sub-Saharan ture curtailment and staff separations These measures, Africa increased from 42 percent in 2000 to 43 percent which are continuing in 2002, are somewhat concen- of total investment In 2001 Investment in Asia trated at Centers with large field operations (for exam- remained at 32 percent Allocations targeted to Latin ple, ICRISAT, IITA, ILRI, IRRI, CIP, and CIMMYT) These America and the Caribbean decreased from 1 7 percent circumstances led to deficit spending at eight Centers, to 16 percent Investment in West Asia and North Africa with deficits ranging from $0 5 million to $2 million remained at 9 percent of the total amount allocated Conclusion Center Perspectives The 2001 results confirm the continued stability of The stability noted at the system level reflects a range CGIAR finances in the aggregate As in the last several of outcomes at the individual Centers Funding for years, however, there is wide variability in financial per- eight Centers was within 4 percent (plus or minus) of formance among the 16 Centers, and that suggests a funding levels in 2000 Three Centers were funded at 6 need for continued vigilance at the Center level percent or higher levels, and funding for the remaining Furthermore, Members need to address the system- five Centers contracted by approximately 7 percent level issue of slow disbursements Following a continuing decline in unrestricted support, Compliance with Financial Guidelines unrestricteci funding levels ranged from 31 percent to The Centers are independent institutions governed by 45 percent at most Centers, and averaged 42 percent their respective boards of trustees In the interest of (compared with approximately 50 percent in recent transparency and consistency in financial practices and years) As a consequence, during 2001 Centers initiated the presentation of financial information, the Centers C O N S U LTAT I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N AT I O N A L A G R I C U LT U R A L R E S E A R C H follow financial guidelines issued by the CGIAR Secretariat In the following finance-related areas, these guidelines seek to promote "best practices" in the CGIAR financial management, accounting, budgeting, internal audit, and procurement Developed with the input of Center finance personnel, external financial experts, ancl Secretariat staff, the guidelines are The CGIAR's financial amended as required to reflect changing practices and to ensure that the CGIAR's practices are in conformity goals in 2001 were to with those cenerally accepted worldwide Guidelines covering ac(ounting policies and the preparation of attract sufficient externally audited annual financial statements are par- ticularly relevant in this regard The most recent update resources to enable of these guidelines took effect in 1999 and brought CGIAR pracl ices up-to-date with the current practices it to implement its of not-for-profit organizations approved work pro- As part of the annual review of the substantive finan- cial performance, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) is gram for the year and reviewing the externally audited 2001 Center financial statements lo ensure compliance with CGIAR policy to maintain its strong and reporting guidelines PwC will verify Center com- pliance with existing policy and reporting guidelines financial position. and ensure ihat any departures have resulted in no material misstatement of the financial information Endnotes 1 This report does not include a discussion of the World Bank's support allocated to the CGIAR Secretariat and the Technical Advisory Committee/intErim Science Council Secretariat In 2001 this support amounted to $5 million 2 For presentation purposes, these 58 Members are divided into four distinct groups industrialized countries (21), developing coun- tries (22), foundations (3), and international and regional organizations (12) Industrialized countries can be further divided along geo- graphical lines into three subgroups Europe, North America, and the Pacific Rim E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y O F T H E 2 0 0 1 C G I A R F I N A N C I A L R E S U LT S 41 A-'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~AS l I . , I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IS -- -v~ - i~#- im 5- I VhCGA t J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 1* -i -, - CGIAR MAembers COUNTRY KEY REPRESENTATIVE KEY COOPERATING INSTITUTION Australia Robert J Clements Australian Center for International Agricultural Research Austria Walter Rill Federal Ministry of Finance Bangladesh Zahurul Karim Ministry of Agriculture Belgium Luc Sas Ministry of Foreign Affairs Brazil Alberto Duque Portugal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply, Embrapa Canada lain C MacGillivray Canadian International Development Agency China Longyue Zhao Ministry of Agriculture Colombia Luis Arango-Nieto Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development C6te d'lvoire Kassoum Traore Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources Denmark Klaus Winkel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, DANIDA Arab Republic of Egypt Youssuf Amin Wally Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Finland Anna-Liisa Korhonen Ministry of Foreign Affairs France Gilles Saint-Martin Ministry of Foreign Affairs Germany Hans-Jochen de Haas Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development India Panjab Singh Ministry of Agriculture, ICAR Indonesia Abdul Fattah Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Islamic Republic of Iran Behzad Ghareyazie Ministry of Agriculture Ireland Brendan Rogers Department of Foreign Affairs Italy Gioacchino Carabba Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan Toshinori Mitsunaga Ministry of Foreign Affairs Kenya Wilfred Mwangi Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Republic of Korea Kyung-Han Ryu Ministry of Agriculture Luxembourg Georges Heinen Ministry of Finance Mexico Jorge Kondo-Lopez Ministry of Agriculture Netherlands Adrian Koekoek Ministry of Foreign Affairs New Zealancl Keneti Faulalo Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Nigeria Olatunde Oloko Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Norway Aslak Brun Ministry of Foreign Affairs Pakistan Zafar Altaf Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Livestock Peru Ricardo Sevilla Panizo Ministry of Agriculture Philippines Eliseo R Ponce Department of Agriculture Portugal Armando Trigo Abreu Ministry of Finance Romania lle Sarbu Ministry of Agriculture and Food Russian Federation Vicktor Dragavtsev Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences South Africa Bongiwe Njobe Ministry of Agriculture and Land Affairs Spain Adolfo Cazorla Ministry of Agriculture Sweden Eva Ohlsson Ministry of Foreign Affairs, SIDA WHO'S WHO IN TH E CG IAR I N 200 1 COUNTRY KEY REPRESENTATIVE KEY COOPERATING INSTITUTION Switzerland Dora Rapold Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Syrian Arab Republic Issam El-Zaim Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Reform Thailand Somsak Singholka Department of Agriculture Uganda Joseph Mukiibi Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry, and Fisheries United Kingdom Andrew J Bennett Department for International Development United States of America Emmy M Simmons United States Agency for International Development FOUNDATION REPRESENTATIVE Ford Foundation Michael E Conroy Kellogg Foundation Rick Foster Rockefeller Foundation Robert W Herdt INTERNATIC)NAL AND REPRESENTATIVE REGIONAL ORGANIZATION African Development Bank Akililu A Afework Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development Mervat Wehba Badawi Asian Development Bank Joseph B Eichenberger Commission of the European Community Uwe Werblow Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Jacques P Eckebil Inter-American Development Bank Ruben Echeverria International Development Research Centre Peter Cooper International Fund for Agricultural Development Rodney Cooke OPEC Fund for International Development Y Seyyid Abdulai United Nations Development Programrne Alvaro Umana United Nations Environment Programrne Shafqat Kakakhel World Bank Robert L Thompson CGIAR REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES Africa Seyfu Ketema (Ethiopia) Asia S D G Jayawardene (Sri Lanka) Pacific Samison Ulitu (Fiji) Europe Ervin Balazs (Hungary) LAC Compton Lawrence Paul (Dominica) MENA Osman A A Ageeb (Sudan) 44 C O N S U LTAT I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N AT I O N A L A G R I C U LT U R A L R E S E A R C H * S S Executive Council Regional Fora: Mustafa Yaghi Hans-Jochen de Haas (Germany) (from October 2001) (AARINENA) Ruth Haug (Norway) lain C MacGillilvray (Canada) Chairman: lari Johnson Foundations: Robert W. Herdt 'Toshinori Mitsunaga (Japan) Cosponsors: (The Rockefeller Foundation) Bongiwe Njobe (South Africa) Jacques P. Eckebil, FAO Alberto Duque Portugal (Brazil) Robert L Thompson, World Bank Civil Society: Glilles Saint-Martin (France) Rodney Cooke, IFAD Ann Waters-Bayer, NGOC Emmy M Simmons Sam Dryden, PSC (United States) CDC: Meryl Wlilliams Robert L Thompson (World Bank) CBC: John Vercoe Executive Secretary: Carl-Gustaf Thornstrom (Sweden) TAC/iSC: Emil Javier Francisco J B Reifschneider Longyue Zhao (China) GFAR: Rajendra Paroda CBC Chair: Kurt Peters (ICLARM) Interim Executive Councit CDC Chair: Hank Fitzhugh (ILRI) OECD/DAC (from May to October 2001) TAC Chair: Emil Javier Americas: Jonathan Conly Chairman: Ian Johnson NGOC Chair: Ann Waters-Bayer (United States) CGIAR Director: PSC Chair: Sam Dryden Asia-Pacific: Toshinori Mitsunaga Francisco J B Reifschneider GFAR Chair: Rajendra Paroda (Japan) Cosponsors: Secretary: Selc,uk Ozgediz Europe: Gilles Saint-Martin Jacques P Eckebil (FAO) (France), Ruth Haug (Norway), Frank Pinto (UNDP) Advisory Committees Klaus Winkel (Denmark) Robert L Thompson (World Bank) Membership: Technical Advisory Committee Developing Countries Guda Abdullah (Nigeria) (TAC was phased out on December 31, Americas: Alberto Duque Portugal (deceased) 2ooi, and was replaced by an Interim (Brazil) Luis Arango-Nieto (Colombia) Science Council in early 2002) Sub-Saharan Africa: Bongiwe Andrew J Bennett Emil Q Javier, Chair Njobe (South Africa) (United Kingdom) Shellemiah O Keya, Asia-Pacific: Longyue Zhao Ian Bevege (Australia) Executive Secretary (China) Rodney Cooke (IFAD) Michael Cernea CWANA: Issam El-Zaim (Syria) Christine E Grieder (Switzerland) Elias Fereres WHO'S WH0 I N TH E CG IAR I N 200 1 Hans Greoersen (ex-officio) Mutizwa Mukute Marcio de Miranda Santos, IPGRI Richard R Harwood Patrick Mulvany Enrico Porceddu, IITA Alain de Janvry Antonio Quizon Martha B Stone, ICRISAT (Ragnhild Maria Antonia Fernandez Martinez Peter Rosset Sohlberg until February 2001) Oumar Niangado Juan Sanchez Hirofumi Uchimiya Jean Marc von der Weid Center Directors Committee (CDC) Lucia de Vaccaro (left In 2001) Meryl Williams, ICLARM, Joachim F von Braun CDC Chair Vo-Tong Xuan Private Sector Committee Stein W Bie, ISNAR Usha Barvale Zehr R N Sam Dryden, Chair Ronald P Cantrell, IRRI Claudio Barriga William D Dar, ICRISAT TAC Standing Panel on Impact Badrinarayan R Barwale Adel El-Beltagy, ICARDA Assessment (SPIA) Wallace D Beversdorf Hank Fitzhugh, ILRI Hans Gregersen, Chair Robert Horsch (until December 31, 2001) Ruben Echeverria Seizo Sumida Dennis Garrity, ICRAF Christina David Barry Thomas (Pedro A Sanchez untl (until February 2001) Florence Wambugu September 30, 2001) Frans L Leeuw Peter Hartmann, IITA (until February 2001) Science Partnership Committee (Lukas Brader until November Hermann Waibel (dissolved in May 2001) 2001) Werner Arber, Chair Geoffrey C Hawtin, IPGRI Genetic Ressources Policy R James Cook David Kaimowitz , CIFOR Committee Mouin Hamze (Jeffrey A Sayer until March M S. Swarninathan, Chair Lydia Makhubu 2001) Robert Beri.ram Sudha Nair Kanayo F Nwanze, WARDA Ronald P Cantrell Satohiko Sasaki Per Pinstrup-Andersen, IFPRI Jose T Esquinas-Alcazar Jose Israel Vargas (CDC Chair until October 2001) Carmen Felipe-Morales Timothy Reeves, CIMMYT (left In 2001) Center Committees Frank Rijsberman, IWMI Christine E Grieder Joachim Voss, CIAT Geoffrey C Hawtin Committee of Board Chairs (CBC) Hubert Zandstra, CIP Bernard Le Buanec John E Vercoe, ILRI, CBC Chair (CDC Executive Secretary Marcio de Miranda Santos Kurt J Peters, ICLARM Jean-Plerre Jacqmotte) Godwin Y Mkamanga (CBC Chair until November 2001) Timothy Reeves Sjarifuddin Baharsjah, IRRI Public Awareness and Resource Renato Salazar Klaas Jan Beek, IWMI Mobilization Committee Carl-Gustaf Thornstrom Lucie Edwards, ICRAF William Dar, Chair Robert D Havener, ICARDA Klaus Leisinger Partnership Committees Lauritz Broder Holm-Nielsen, CIAT lain C MacGillivray Lindsay Innes, WARDA Alex F McCalla NGO Committee David R MacKenzie, CIP Kanayo Nwanze Ann Waters-Bayer, Cochair Jagmohan S Maini, CIFOR Ruth Raymond Monica Kapiriri, Cochair Alex McCalla, CIMMYT Timothy Reeves (left in 2001) Christian Castellanet (left In 2001) (Walter P Falcon until Francisco J B Reifschneider Julian Francis Gonsalves Apnl 2001) John Riggan Assetou Kanoute Moise C Mensah, ISNAR Ebbe Schioler Dwi R Muhtaman (left In 2001) Geoff Miller, IFPRI Robert L Thompson 46 CONS U LTAT IV E G R O UP ON IN T ER NAT IO NA L AG RIC U LT UR AL RES EAR CH Alexander von der Osten CGIAR 1971-2001 (left January 31, 2001) Meryl Williarns CGIAR Chairs, 1971-2001 Hubert Zandstra Ian Johnson, 2000- (Chair until October 2001) Ismail Serageldin, 1994-2000 V Rajagopalan, 1991-1993 Standing Committees Wilfried Thalwitz, 1990-1991 (dissolvecl in May 2001) W David Hopper, 1987-1990 S Shahid Hussain, 1984-1987 CGIAR Oversight Committee Warren Baum, 1974-1983 AndrewJ Bennett, Chair, Richard H Demuth, 1971-1974 United Kingdom Mervat W El Badawi, Arab Fund CGIAR Director, 2001- Juan L Restrepo, Colombia Francisco J B Reifschneider, 2001- Gilles Saint-Martin, France Ruth Haug, Norway CGIAR Executive Secretaries, 1972-2001 Emmy M Sirnmons, Alexander von der Osten, 1989-2001 United States of America Curtis Farrar, 1982-1989 Bongiwe Njcbe, South Africa Michael Lejeune, 1975-1982 Longyue Zhao, China Harold Graves, 1972-1975 CGIAR Finance Committee TAC Chairs, 1971-2001 Robert L Thompson, Chalr Emil Q Javier, 2000- World Bank Donald Winkelmann, 1994-1999 Robert Clements/lan Bevege, Alex McCalla, 1988-1994 Australia Guy Camus, 1982-1987 Francisco J 13 Reifschneider, Brazil Ralph Cummings, 1977-1982 Bruce Howell, Canada Sir John Crawford, 1971-1976 Hans-Jochen de Haas, Germany Rodney Cooke/Shantanu Mathur, TAC Executive Secretaries, 1971-2001 IFAD Shellemiah Keya, 1996- Umaru Al Kaleri, Nigeria Guido Gryseels, 1995-1996 Hiroaki lsobe/Tetsushi Kondo, John Monyo, 1985-1994 Japan Alexander von der Osten, 1982-1985 Carl-Gustaf Thornstrom, Sweden Philippe Mahler. 1976-1982 Christine E Grieder, Switzerland Peter Oram, 1971-1976 W HO 'S W HO IN T HE CG IA R IN 2 00 1 4 ADB Asian Development Bank IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute AFDB African Development Bank IPM integrated pest management CBC Committee of Board Chairs IRM integrated rice management CBSS community-based seed systems IRRI International Rice Research Institute CDC Center Directors Committee IRS internationally recruited staff CIAT International Center for Tropical iSC Interim Science Council Agriculture (Centro Internacional de ISNAR International Service for National Agricultural Agricultura Tropical) Research CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research NARS national agricultural research systems CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement NERICA New Rices for Africa Center NGO nongovernmental organization CIP International Potato Center (Centro NGOC NGO Committee Internacional de la Papa) OECD/DAC Organisation for Economic Co-operation I COGENT International Coconut Genetic Resources and Development/Development Assistance Network Committee CWANA Central and West Asia and North Africa PLAR Participatory Learning and Action Research DAC Development Assistance Committee PRIGA Participatory Rice Improvement and (of the OECD) Gender/User Analysis FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the PROGRESA Programa de Educaci6n, Salud, y United Nations Alimentaci6n FFE Food for Education PSC Private Sector Committee GFAR Global Forum on Agricultural Research PVS participatory varietal selection GMO genetically modified organism PwC PricewaterhouseCoopers GMP Global Mountain Program OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation IBS ISNAR Biotechnology Service and Development ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research OPEC Organization of Petroleum-Exporting ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Countries A Research in the Dry Areas QPM quality protein maize ICLARM World Fish Center RCW Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo- ICRAF World Agroforestry Center Gangetic Plains ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for SDP Smallholder Dairy Project the Semi-Arid Tropics SIMA Systemwide Initiative on Malaria and -B ICRW International Center for Women Agriculture IDB Inter-American Development Bank SIUPA Strategic Initiative on Urban and Pen-urban IDRC International Development Research Agriculture Centre SPIA Standing Panel on Impact Assessment IFAD International Fund for Agricultural SWMNET Soil Water Management Network Development TAC Technical Advisory Committee IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute USAID United States Agency for International IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Development ILRI International Livestock Research Institute UNDP United Nations Development Programme ; -A IMWI International Water Management Institute UNEP United Nations Environment Programme INIBAP International Network for the Improvement VITAA Vitamin A for Africa of Banana and Plantain WARDA West Afrca Rice Development Association 48 C O N S U LTAT I V E G R O U P O N I N T E R N AT I O N A L A G R I C U LT U R A L R E S E A R C H P * AA p*- A .@ *..* . 0  * *p p P A3A : P k .;,. * * * * A - ,P A .0:. *- . .- ***-  ** p P g. 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