Submitted to: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater Environmental and Social Impact Cornish El Nil, El-Sahel, Assesment for Rural Clusters under d E Rowd Farag Water Treatment Plant Cairo, Egypt Phase 2 Tel: 20/ 24583591 – 24583596 of ISSIP II Fax: 20/ 24583884 Email: hcww@hcww.com.eg Assuit Governorate From: Final Report 12 El-Saleh Ayoub St., Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt 11211 Tel: + 20 2 27359078 – 2736 4818 October 2016 Fax: + 20 2 2736 5397 E-mail: genena@ecoconserv.com URL: http://www.ecoconserv.com Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II– Assuit 1 3ndDraft Environmental and Social Impact Assesment for Rural Clusters under Phase 2 of ISSIP II October 2016 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II i List of Abbreviations AST Above ground storage tank BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CAA Competent administrative authority CDA Community development association COD Chemical oxygen demand EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EHS Environment, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EM Environmental Management EMP Environmental Management Plan EMU Environmental Management Unit ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESIAF Environmental And Social Impact Assessment Framework Study ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FGD Focus Group Discussion FM Force Main FS Feasibility Study HC House Connections HCWW Holding Company for Water and Wastewater IC Inspection Chamber IFC International Finance Corporation ISO International Standards Organization ISSIP Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project LGU Local Governmental Unit MoH Ministry of Health NGO Non-Governmental Organisations NOPWASD National Organization for Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage PAP Project Affected Party PM Particulate Matter PW Potable Water PS Pumping Station RSU Rural Sanitation Unit SBR Sequencing batch reactors TDS Total Dissolved Solids TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen ToRs Terms of References TSS Total Suspended Solids USEPA United States Environment protection Agency UST Underground storage tank WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 ESIA OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF THE REPORT................................................................................. 3 1.3 REPORT STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment phase ............................................................................................... 5 1.4.1.1 General Methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.4.1.2 A. Probability of occurrence .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4.1.3 B. Spatial scale .............................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4.1.4 C. Temporal scale ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.4.1.5 D. Impact intensity ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.1.6 Integrated Assessment of Impact ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Social Impact Assessment Data Collection Methodology .................................................................. 7 1.4.2.1 Analysis of collected data........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.4.2.2 Study Sample ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.4.2.3 Constraints .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................... 12 2.2 SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION PERTINENT TO THE PROJECT ......................... 15 2.2.1 Egyptian legislation related to social aspects ...................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Egyptian legislation related to protection of Antiquities, archaeology and cultural heritage 15 2.2.3 Egyptian legislation related to environmental aspects....................................................................15 2.3 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................ 16 2.4 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS ...................................................................... 17 2.5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO SOCIAL ASPECTS ... 18 2.6 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ........................................................................................................................................................ 21 2.7 DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND GAP ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND WB REQUIREMENTS FOR KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ............................. 23 2.7.1 Air Quality .......................................................................................................................................................... 23 2.7.1.1 Regulations ................................................................................................................................................................. 23 2.7.1.2 Standards and limits............................................................................................................................................... 23 2.7.2 Water Quality.................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.7.2.1 Regulations ................................................................................................................................................................. 24 2.7.2.2 Standards and Limits for the reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation of tree forests (Decree 44 of Year 2000) ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 2.7.2.3 Standards and Limits for the drains’ water quality prior to being transferred to fresh watercourses for agricultural purposes only ....................................................................................................................... 26 2.7.2.4 Standards and Limits for discharging Treated Sanitary effluent into water drains ............... 27 2.7.3 Noise .....................................................................................................................................................................29 2.7.3.1 Regulations ................................................................................................................................................................. 29 2.7.3.2 Standards and Limits for Ambient Noise ..................................................................................................... 30 2.7.3.3 Standards and Limits for Noise Levels in the Work Environment .................................................. 31 CHAPTER 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................. 32 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 33 3.2 GRAVITY SEWERS AND HOUSE COLLECTION SYSTEM ...................................................................... 34 3.2.1 Location/Routing and Design .................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.2 Construction processes and resources used .......................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Operational processes and resources used ............................................................................................ 34 3.3 PUMP STATIONS AND FORCE MAINS......................................................................................................... 35 3.3.1 Location/Routing and Design specifications........................................................................................ 35 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II iii 3.3.2 Construction processes and resources used .......................................................................................... 33 3.3.3 Operational processes and resources used ............................................................................................ 33 3.4 WWTPS..................................................................................................................................................................... 34 3.4.1 Badary Existing WWTP .................................................................................................................................34 3.4.2 Shoutb New WWTP ........................................................................................................................................35 3.4.2.1 Design specifications and operational processes..................................................................................... 35 3.4.2.2 Screening chamber followed by grit removal system ............................................................................ 37 3.4.2.3 Inlet flow meter to register the amount of the incoming fluid and equalization Tank .......... 37 3.4.2.4 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor MBBR tanks.................................................................................................... 38 3.4.2.5 Final Sedimentation Tanks.................................................................................................................................. 38 3.4.2.6 Sand Filter ................................................................................................................................................................... 39 3.4.2.7 Chlorination contact tank .................................................................................................................................... 39 3.4.2.8 Chlorination building and chlorine cylinders store ................................................................................ 39 3.4.2.9 Sludge gravity thickener tanks .......................................................................................................................... 39 3.4.2.10 Sludge drying beds .................................................................................................................................................. 39 3.4.2.11 Ancillary facilities .................................................................................................................................................... 39 3.4.2.12 Fate of treated effluent and sludge.................................................................................................................. 40 3.4.2.13 Construction processes and resources used .............................................................................................. 40 3.5 PIPELINE CROSSINGS AND CROSSING STRUCTURES ......................................................................... 40 3.5.1 Crossings identified in Assuit Cluster .......................................................................................................40 3.5.2 Crossings identified in Badary Cluster ....................................................................................................41 3.6 FIGURES................................................................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIALBASELINE CONDITIONS ................................................ 43 4.1 LOCATION: ............................................................................................................................................................. 44 4.1.1 Shutb Village ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.1.1.1 Shutb PS 3 Location ................................................................................................................................................ 46 4.1.1.2 Shutb PS 1 Location ................................................................................................................................................ 47 4.1.1.3 Shutb PS 2Location ................................................................................................................................................. 47 4.1.1.4 Shutb New WWTP Location ............................................................................................................................... 49 4.1.3 Musha Village .................................................................................................................................................... 50 4.1.4 Refa Village ........................................................................................................................................................ 51 4.1.5 Deir Refa Village ..............................................................................................................................................52 4.1.6 Al Zawya Village ..............................................................................................................................................53 4.1.6.1 Al Zawya PS 2............................................................................................................................................................. 53 4.1.6.1 Al Zawya PS 1............................................................................................................................................................. 54 4.2 HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................... 56 4.2.2 Groundwater: .................................................................................................................................................... 57 4.3 CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................................................. 63 4.3.1 Temperature: ....................................................................................................................................................63 4.3.2 Rain:......................................................................................................................................................................63 4.3.3 Humidity: ............................................................................................................................................................63 4.3.4 Wind: ....................................................................................................................................................................64 4.4 AIR QUALITY ............................................................................................................................................................. 68 4.5 NOISE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 74 4.7 FAUNA ...................................................................................................................................................................... 77 4.8 GEOLOGY: ................................................................................................................................................................... 80 4.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................................................... 87 4.9.1 Assuit Governorate..........................................................................................................................................87 4.9.2 Target Districts (Assuit - Bedary) .............................................................................................................89 4.9.3 Target Villages ........................................................................................................................................... 9190 4.9.3.1 Location ...................................................................................................................................................................9190 4.9.3.2 Demographic profile .........................................................................................................................................9291 4.10 ARCHOLOGICAL SITES:............................................................................................................................. 10099 5 CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................ 104103 5.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................104103 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II iv 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING PHASES 105104 5.2.1 Noise Impacts ......................................................................................................................................... 105104 5.2.1.1 Overview of construction activities related to noise generation ........................................... 105104 5.2.1.2 Point sources of noise emissions .......................................................................................................... 105104 5.2.1.3 Noise impact assessment methodology ............................................................................................. 106105 5.2.2 Air Quality Impacts .............................................................................................................................. 110109 5.2.2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 110109 5.2.2.2 Air Quality Impact Significance .............................................................................................................. 110109 5.2.2.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 111110 5.2.3 Soil and groundwater Impacts ........................................................................................................ 112111 5.2.3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 112111 5.2.3.2 Soil and groundwater Impact significance ....................................................................................... 112111 5.2.3.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 113112 5.2.4 Water Quality Impacts ....................................................................................................................... 113112 5.2.4.1 Impact significance ...................................................................................................................................... 113112 5.2.5 Flora and Fauna Impacts .................................................................................................................. 114113 5.2.5.1 Flora and Fauna Impact significance ................................................................................................... 115114 5.2.5.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 115114 5.2.6 Occupational health and safety impacts ..................................................................................... 115114 5.2.6.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 115114 5.2.6.2 Occupational health and safety impact significance .................................................................... 116115 5.2.7 Community Safety ................................................................................................................................ 118117 5.2.7.1 Potential impacts .......................................................................................................................................... 118117 5.2.8 Visual impacts ........................................................................................................................................ 118117 5.2.8.1 Visual Impact Significance ........................................................................................................................ 118117 5.3 IMPACTS DUE TO ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES/PROCESSES DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE 119118 5.3.1 Impacts due to hazardous (H) and non-hazardous (NH) waste generation and handling of hazardous chemicals ............................................................................................................................................ 119118 5.3.1.1 Impact overview............................................................................................................................................ 119118 5.3.1.2 Impact Significance of NH waste generation ................................................................................... 119118 5.3.1.3 Impact Significance of hazardous waste generation and handling of hazardous substances 121120 5.3.1.4 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 122121 5.3.1.5 Mitigation measures for non-hazardous wastes ........................................................................... 122121 5.3.1.6 Monitoring measures for non-hazardous wastes ......................................................................... 122121 5.3.1.7 Mitigation measures for hazardous wastes ..................................................................................... 122121 5.3.1.8 Monitoring measures for hazardous wastes generated ............................................................ 123122 5.3.2 Impacts related to the creation of on-site workers and staff office camps.................... 123122 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DURING THE OPERATION OF THE WWTPS, PS, FM AND GRAVITY SEWERS ..............................................................................................................................................125124 5.4.1 Noise Impacts ......................................................................................................................................... 125124 5.4.1.1 Overview of operation activities related to noise generation ................................................. 125124 5.4.1.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 126125 5.4.2 Air emissions and Odor impacts ..................................................................................................... 127126 5.4.2.1 Overview and Impact significance........................................................................................................ 127126 5.4.2.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 128127 5.4.3 Soil and groundwater Impacts ........................................................................................................ 129128 5.4.3.1 Overview and Impact significance........................................................................................................ 129128 5.4.4 Water Quality Impacts ....................................................................................................................... 129128 5.4.4.1 Overview and Impact significance........................................................................................................ 129128 5.4.5 Flora and Fauna Impacts .................................................................................................................. 131130 5.4.5.1 Overview and Impact significance........................................................................................................ 131130 5.4.5.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 131130 5.4.6 Occupational Health and Safety ..................................................................................................... 131130 5.4.6.1 Overview and Impact significance........................................................................................................ 131130 5.4.6.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 133132 5.4.7 Community Safety ................................................................................................................................ 135134 5.4.8 Visual impacts ........................................................................................................................................ 135134 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II v 5.4.8.1 Overview and Impact significance........................................................................................................ 135134 5.5 IMPACTS DUE TO ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES/PROCESSES DURING THE OPERATION PHASE 136135 5.5.1 Risks associated with disposal and/or reuse of final treated effluent ............................. 136135 5.5.1.1 Risk of soil and groundwater pollution as a result of irrigation using noncompliant effluent or over-irrigation of the timber forest in Badary WWTP .......................................................................................... 136135 5.5.1.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 138137 5.5.1.3 Risk of water pollution during normal/as-designed operational procedures of Shutb WWTP 139138 5.5.2 Environmental impacts due to Sludge management ............................................................. 143142 5.5.2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 143142 5.5.2.2 Impact Significance and evaluation ..................................................................................................... 144143 5.5.2.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 146145 5.5.3 Impacts due to handling and disposal of non-hazardous wastes ...................................... 148147 5.5.3.1 Impact significance and evaluation...................................................................................................... 148147 5.5.3.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 149148 5.5.3.3 Mitigation measures for non-hazardous wastes ........................................................................... 149148 5.5.3.4 Monitoring measures for non-hazardous wastes ......................................................................... 150149 5.5.4 Impacts due to handling and disposal of hazardous substances and hazardous wastes150149 5.5.4.1 Impact evaluation due to handling of hazardous substances ................................................. 150149 5.5.4.2 Impact evaluation due to handling of hazardous wastes .......................................................... 151150 5.5.4.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures.................................................................................................. 151150 Mitigation measures for the handling and disposal of hazardous wastes .......................... 152151 5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS ................................................................................................................154153 5.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS ................................................................................................................154153 5.7.1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 154153 5.7.2 Identification of Potential Impacts during Construction...................................................... 155154 5.7.3 Identification of Potential Impacts during Operation Phase .............................................. 168166 5.7.4 Impacts on vulnerable groups ......................................................................................................... 170168 6 CHAPTER 6ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................ 173171 6.1 NO PROJECT ALTERATIVE ....................................................................................................................173171 6.2 ALTERNATIVES OF PIPING MATERIALS.........................................................................................174172 6.3 ALTERNATIVES FOR HOUSE CONNECTIONS................................................................................174172 6.4 ALTERNATIVES TO THE UTILIZATION OF SLUDGE ..................................................................174172 6.5 ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT .............................................175173 7 CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................. 179177 7.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMP ....................................................................................................................179177 7.2 ESMP INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP ...........................................................................................................179177 7.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPERVISION OF THE ESMP 180178 7.4 GRIEVANCE AND HANDLING COMPLAINTS AND CONCERNS ..............................................183181 7.4.1 Proposed Grievance Mechanism ..................................................................................................... 183181 7.5 EMERGENCY PLAN ...................................................................................................................................186184 7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGISTERS ..................................................................186184 7.7 ESMP ESTIMATED BUDGET..................................................................................................................186184 7.7.1 Required Human Resources and Training .................................................................................. 186184 7.7.2 Management and Monitoring budget .......................................................................................... 188186 7.8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING MATRICES ........189187 8 CHAPTER 8 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES216214 8.1 CONSULTATION OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................216214 8.2 CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY AND ACTIVITIES ....................................................................................217215 8.3 STRENGTHS AND LIMITATION OF CONSULTATION ....................................................................................217215 8.3.1 Strengths of the consultation ........................................................................................................... 217215 8.3.2 Limitation of the consultation ......................................................................................................... 218216 8.4 DEFINING STAKEHOLDERS ............................................................................................................................218216 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II vi 8.5 SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................................221219 8.5.1 Stakeholders’ Interviews ................................................................................................................... 221219 8.5.2 Public consultation .............................................................................................................................. 224222 8.5.2.1 Participants profile ...................................................................................................................................... 225223 8.5.2.2 Activities of the public Consultation.................................................................................................... 226224 CLOSING NOTE..................................................................................................................................................................236234 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II vii List of Tables Table ‎ 1-1 Scope of ISSIP II phase 2 _________________________________________________3 Table ‎ 1-2 ESIA report structure ____________________________________________________5 Table ‎ 1-3 Probability criterion adopted for the impact assessment________________________6 Table ‎ 1-4 Spatial Scale criterion adopted for the impact assessment ______________________6 Table ‎ 1-5 Temporal Scale criterion adopted for the impact assessment ____________________6 Table ‎ 1-6 Impact intensity criterion adopted for the impact assessment ___________________6 Table ‎ 1-7 Impact intensity criterion adopted for the impact assessment ___________________7 Table ‎ 1-9 - Distribution of Sample across clusters ____________________________________10 Table ‎ 1-10 - Profile of the participants in FGDs ______________________________________10 Table ‎ 1-11 - Number of interviewed stakeholders ____________________________________10 Table ‎ 2-2 detailed description of the Egyptian legislation related to the social aspects _______18 Table ‎ 2-3 Egyptian legislation related to Archaeology and cultural heritage ________________21 Table ‎ 3-1 Geographic scope of the ESIA and the project components_____________________33 Table ‎ 3-2 Distances between each PS and Residential areas (from border to border). ________33 Table ‎ 3-3 the design capacity of the existing WWTP, current operational flow, and expected flow is demonstrated in the following table. ______________________________________________34 Table ‎ 3-4 overview for the current status of the timber forest __________________________34 Table ‎ 3-5 Crossings identified in Assuit Cluster ______________________________________40 Table ‎ 3-6 Crossings identified in Badary Cluster ______________________________________41 Table ‎ 4-3 Groundwater levels within the project area _________________________________57 Table ‎ 4-4 GPS coordinates for samples locations _____________________________________60 4-6 8 hours average results (µg/m3) Assuit District _______________________________70 Table ‎ 4-7 8 hours average results (µg/m3) Badary District ______________________________70 Table ‎ Table ‎ 4-8 Ambient Noise Levels Readings Assuit District _______________________________74 Table ‎ 4-9 Ambient Noise Levels Readings Badary District ______________________________74 Table ‎ 4-10 - Labour Force at Assuit Governorate (Assuit Statistical Year Book, 2014)_________88 Table ‎ 4-11 – Access to potable water – Assuit governorate (Assuit Water Company, 2015) ___88 Table ‎ 4-12 - Proliferation rate of sewage services in Assuit governorate (Source: Assuit Water Company, 2015) ______________________________________________________________89 Table ‎ 4-13 - Population distribution at target districts (Assuit governorate statistical year book, 2014) ____________________________________________________________________________89 Table ‎ 4-14 - Healthcare facilities at target villages _________________________________ 9695 Table ‎ 5-1 Distances between each PS, WWTP and Residential areas (from border to border)106105 Table ‎ 5-2 Expected construction equipment and Sound Levels _____________________ 107106 Table ‎ 5-4 Treated effluent standards outlined in Law 93/1962 for reuse in irrigation (Decree 44 /2000) _________________________________________________________________ 137136 Table ‎ 5-5 - Land plots needed for the construction of the PS ______________________ 156155 Table ‎ 7-1 Environmental Management Plan during the construction phase ___________ 190188 Table ‎ 7-2 Environnemental Monitoring Matrix during the construction phase _________ 195193 Table ‎ 7-3 Environmental Management Matrix during the operation phase ___________ 198196 Table ‎ 7-4 Environmental Monitoring Matrix during the operation phase _____________ 209207 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II viii Table ‎ 7-5 Social Management plan ___________________________________________ 212210 Table ‎ 7-6 Social Monitoring Plan_____________________________________________ 214212 Table ‎ 8-1 - Stakeholders identified during the consultation________________________ 218216 Table ‎ 8-2 - Distribution of participants by geographic locations ____________________ 225223 List of Figures Figure ‎ 1-1 - Methodology and Data collection tools____________________________________8 Figure ‎ 2-1 EIA Procedure overview ________________________________________________14 Figure ‎ 3-1Clusters covered during the Second phase of the ISSIP II Project in Assuit governorate and their components _____________________________________________________________32 Figure ‎ 3-2 Aerial satellite maps showing the project components locations and onsite photo documentation for Assuit and Badary clusters respectively ____________________________33 Figure ‎ 3-3 WWTP Location, layout and closest receptors ______________________________34 Figure ‎ 3-4 Refa PS with closest settlement at 20m____________________________________35 Figure ‎ 3-5 Der Refa PS with closest settlement at 50m ________________________________36 Figure ‎ 3-6 Musha PS with closest settlement at 4m ___________________________________37 Figure ‎ 3-7 Zawya 1 PS with closest settlement at 11m_________________________________38 Figure ‎ 3-8 Zawya 2 PS with closest settlement at 15m_________________________________39 Figure ‎ 3-9 Shutb 1 PS with closest settlement at 80m _________________________________40 Figure ‎ 3-10 Shutb 2 PS with closest settlement at 5m _________________________________41 Figure ‎ 3-11 Shutb 3 PS with closest settlement at 5m _________________________________42 Figure ‎ 4-1 location of Assuit governorate ___________________________________________44 Figure ‎ 4-2 location of the Shutb PS 3 and the closest receptor __________________________46 Figure ‎ 4-3 location of the Shutb PS 1 and the closest receptor __________________________47 Figure ‎ 4-4 location of the Shutb PS 2 and the closest receptor __________________________47 Figure ‎ 4-5 Force main route from Shutb PS 2 to the New WWTP ________________________48 Figure ‎ 4-6 Distance between Shutb WWTP and the closest Residential areas ______________49 Figure ‎ 4-7 Shutb WWTP location and Al Zenar Drain __________________________________49 Figure ‎ 4-8 Musha PS location ____________________________________________________50 Figure ‎ 4-9 FM route from Musha PS to Shutb WWTP _________________________________50 Figure ‎ 4-10 Refa PS location _____________________________________________________51 Figure ‎ 4-11 FM route from Refa PS to Musha PS _____________________________________51 Figure ‎ 4-12 Deir Refa PS location _________________________________________________52 Figure ‎ 4-13 FM route from Deir Refa PS to Refa PS ___________________________________52 Figure ‎ 4-14 Al Zawya 2 PS location ________________________________________________53 Figure ‎ 4-15 Al Zawya 2 PS location ________________________________________________54 Figure ‎ 4-16 FM route from Zawya PS 1to WWTP _____________________________________54 Figure ‎ 4-17 location of the PS and the closest receptor in Al Nawamis Village ______________55 Figure ‎ 4-18 location of Badary WWTP the closest receptor Village _______________________55 Figure ‎ 4-19 distribution of canals and drains at the governorate ________________________56 Figure ‎ 4-20 underground aquifers at the governorate ________________________________58 Figure ‎ 4-21 depth of groundwater ________________________________________________59 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II ix Figure ‎ 4-22 surface water sampling _______________________________________________61 Figure ‎ 4-23 average monthly temperature in Assuit Governorate _______________________63 Figure ‎ 4-24 monthly relative humidity average ______________________________________64 Figure ‎ 4-25 average wind direction and speed all over the year _________________________66 Figure ‎ 4-26 wind rose __________________________________________________________66 Figure ‎ 4-27 average change in wind speed at the governorate __________________________67 Figure ‎ 4-28 Sulfur Dioxide annual average all over Egypt_______________________________68 Figure ‎ 4-29 Nitrogen Dioxide annual average all over Egypt ____________________________69 Figure ‎ 4-30 Particle Matter annual average all over Egypt ______________________________69 4-31 particulate 8 hours average results µg/m3_________________________________71 Figure ‎ 4-32 NO2 8 hours average results µg/m3 ______________________________________71 Figure ‎ 4-33 SO2 8 hours average results µg/m3 ______________________________________72 Figure ‎ 4-34 CO daily average results µg/m3 _________________________________________72 Figure ‎ Figure ‎ 4-35 noise levels in all locations _____________________________________________75 Figure ‎ 4-36 Tertiary and Quaternary formations at Assuit Governorate___________________80 Figure ‎ 4-37 rock formations spreading in different areas in Assuit governorate ____________82 Figure ‎ 4-38 geological elements for Assuit governorate _______________________________83 Figure ‎ 4-39 Topographic map of Assuit governorate __________________________________84 Figure ‎ 4-40 classification of Egypt according to seismic hazard __________________________86 Figure ‎ 4-41 Administrative Division of Assiut Governorate _____________________________87 Figure ‎ 4-42 – Administrative Map of Assuit LGU __________________________________ 9190 Figure ‎ 4-43 - Administrative map of Bedary LGU __________________________________ 9190 Figure ‎ 4-44- Types of houses at target villages ____________________________________ 9392 Figure ‎ 4-45 - Width of the main roads at villages __________________________________ 9392 Figure ‎ 4-46 - Width of streets at villages ________________________________________ 9392 Figure ‎ 4-47 - Houses across the canal at Mosha village _____________________________ 9392 Figure ‎ 4-48 - Community committee coordinator at Shotb village ____________________ 9796 Figure ‎ 4-49 - Status of land donated ____________________________________________ 9796 Figure ‎ 4-50 - Shotb 2 PS location ______________________________________________ 9796 Figure ‎ 4-51 - FGD sessions held at target villages __________________________________ 9897 Figure ‎ 4-52 - Historical Monuments at Shotb Museum ___________________________ 101100 Figure ‎ 4-53 – Study team meeting with Shotb Museum Officers ____________________ 101100 Figure ‎ 4-54 - Location of Shotb Museum ______________________________________ 101100 Figure ‎ 4-55 - Location of Deir Dronka in proximity to Refa and Deir Refa villages _______ 102101 Figure ‎ 5-1 Closest Protected area from the project sites __________________________ 114113 Figure ‎ 5-2 – Awareness sessions held by the RSU at Bedary district _________________ 159158 Figure ‎ 7-1 Environmental Management Set-up _________________________________ 182180 Figure ‎ 8-1- Ad published in El Masaa Newspaper, 11 February, 2016 ________________ 224222 Figure ‎ 8-2 - Distribution of Participants by Gender ______________________________ 225223 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II x ANNEXES ANNEX 1 STUDY TEAM– to be annexed ANNEX 2 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND MAPS FOR EACH VILLAGE ANNEX 3 BASELINE MEASUREMENTS ANNEX 4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION LISTS OF PARTICIPANTS ANNEX 5 CSC REPORT TEMPLATES ANNEX 6 WATER QUALITY MONITORING DATA ANNEX 7 AVAILABLE LAND ALLOCATION DOCUMENTS Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION While fresh drinking water is now regularly supplied to rural regions across Egypt, appropriate sanitation services do not have the same coverage. Wastewater services systems have been implemented in most cities and towns, however, small rural villages have been largely overlooked. This is because their remote locations and small populations make sanitation infrastructure especially costly for the government. Households in rural villages collect their sewage in cesspits and then evacuate the collected sewage into waterways or empty lands. The lack of sanitation in rural households is causing severe health, hygiene and environmental concerns. Sewage cesspits often leak into the surrounding environment and groundwater creating a significant health hazard, especially in areas where people rely on groundwater for drinking. In addition, the sewage discharged into watercourses has contributed to a noticeable degradation of freshwater resources, especially in Lower Egypt and the Nile Delta region. The increased in organic and pathogenic contamination poses a risk to soil and crops. In response to this situation the Government of Egypt (GoE) has initiated an ambitious plan for providing sanitation services to rural areas in the country. According to the National Rural Sanitation Strategy issued in 2008, the government aims to expand coverage of sanitation services to all villages in Egypt by the year 2022. In January 2009, the HCWW, with support from the World Bank (WB), launched the Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project (ISSIP). The purpose of the project is to extend basic sanitation services to rural areas and reduce pollution in irrigation and drainage canals to improve surface water quality and com at related health hazards. Based on the size of the population being served – two main types b of sanitation systems can be provided:  For settlements with more than 5000 inhabitants, a centralized system will be installed whereby sewage collection networks will be connected to a nearby Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)  For settlements with less than 5000 inhabitants and do not have a nearby WWTP, a decentralized system that discharges into a simple treatment facility will be installed. The first phase of ISSIP targeted unserved villages in the governorates of Gharbeya, Beheira and Kafr EI Sheikh. Centralized sanitation systems were implemented in about 222 villages and decentralized systems in about 120 villages. In order to widen the coverage areas of the ISSIP and to increase number of beneficiaries, the HCWW created a second phase known as ISSIP II in which the geographic coverage of the project was extended to Menoufeya and Sharkeya Governorates in Lower Egypt and Assuit and Sohag Governorates in Upper Egypt. ISSIP II has been further divided into two phases so far. Under the first phase of ISSIP II the project area encompassed In the second (and current) phase of ISSIP II the project area encompass establishing 9 pump station and 3 tertiary wastewater treatment plant as shown in the following table. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xii Table ‎ 0-1. Project components and their locations in Assuit governorate 2 Markaz 3 Village 4 Number of Pump 5 Wastewater Stations Treatment Plant WWTP 6 Assuit Governorate 7 Assuit 8 Refa 9 1 10 Shutb WWTP to be constructed 11 Dier Refa 12 1 13 Al-Zawya 14 2 15 Shutb 16 3 17 Musha 18 1 19 Bedary 20 Al-Nawamis 21 1 22 Existing bedary &Sahel Selim WWTP EcoConServ has been commissioned by the HCWW to complete the required ESIAs for the activities included in the second phase of ISSIP II. This report presents the executive summary of the ESIA for Assuit governorate. ESIA OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF THE REPORT Assessment of the environmental and social impacts is a prerequisite for implementing developmental projects both by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) and the WB. Accordingly this study has been prepared for performing an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), following Terms of Reference (ToRs) prepared by HCWW, aiming at providing a detailed analysis of the anticipated environmental and social safeguard issues associated with the second phase of ISSIP II; and to develop an environmental management and monitoring plan to be implemented during the construction and operation of the project. According to the EIA guidelines and procedures manual published by the Ministry of Environment – EEAA January 2009 (amended in October 2010). The ISSIP II project falls under category B projects. This ESIA report has been compiled as part of the EIA process in accordance with Egyptian environmental Law number 4 for the year 1994 amended by law number 9 for the year 2009 and Law 105 for the year 2015. It has taken into account the environmental regulations and requirements of funding institutions including the WB safeguard policies. The ESIA report will be submitted to the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) after reviewing and acceptance from HCWW and the funding institutions in order to seek environmental approval for the proposed project.The report includes the identification and evaluation of the potential environmental impacts due to the construction and operation of different components of the project. It also includes proposed mitigation and monitoring measures to control/minimize the effects of the identified negative impacts. The detailed findings included in this ESIA study will provide decision makers with the needed information in order to minimize the unfavorable impacts and develop the best compensation strategy, if needed. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xiii APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY The ESIA is a systematic process where the potential negative and positive impacts of the project on the bio-physical and socio-economic environment are identified, assessed and – if avoidance is not feasible - mitigated.The following sections include the methodologies that were adopted by the Consultant during the different stages of the ESIA process. Environmental Impact Assessment phase General Methodology The methodology that the Consultant used for the impact assessment was a semi-quantitative process, based on scores. The overall score for the significance of the impacts was evaluated taking into accounts the following four factors: A. Probability of occurrence B. Spatial scale C. Temporal scale D. Intensity of the impact (which also considers the sensitivity of the receptors) Table ‎ 0-2. Impact intensity criterion adopted for the impact assessment Impact Parameters Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Score Impact Scale Scale intensity of range Significance occurrence Site Short-term Negligible 1 1 1-8 Minor [1] [1] [1] Limited medium- Low 1 8 [2] term [2] [2] Area Long-term Medium 1 27 9-27 Moderate [3] [3] [3] Regional permanent High 1 64 28-64 Major [4] [4] [4] Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xiv Social Impact Assessment EcoConServ has adopted a multistage analysis strategy, several data collection methods and tools were applied using the Participatory Rapid Appraisal approach. This approach ensures that local community groups participated to the study. Data was collected in coordination with relevant stakeholders including local administration units (district and village levels) and the local NGO‟s. A number of quantitative and qualitative data collection tools were applied to ensure different community groups participated to the study. The consultant has also reviewed relevant secondary data sources such as: studies, reports and previous literature. The research team has conducted several field visits to assess the baseline conditions. The applied methodology in the social impact assessment can be summarized as follows: A. Secondary data: The consultant has reviewed previous studies, reports, data sources and information available on the internet, in addition to data provided by HCWW, such as the ESIAF for ISSIP project as well as the ESIAs for the first phase of ISSIP II. The consultant has also reviewed several data sources such as: the Human Development Report 2010, the Annual Statistical Yearbook, the 2006 National Census data, and the Description of Egypt by information in addition to statistical data available at the district and village information centers. B. Primary data: Primary data was collected using different methods such as in depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). Primary data sources are an important source for information that the consultant has used to provide deep understanding of the surrounding community as well as identify potential impacts related to the project. C. Field Observation The consultant has also applied the field observation data collection tool to support the findings at the current stage. Transect walks around the proposed construction sites were organized in coordination with the local community leaders and informants. An observation sheet was designed and completed by the survey team in addition to a group of photos to document the current situation. D. Stakeholder‟s Analysis: Stakeholder‟s analysis is one of the tools that helped the consultant identify relevant groups of stakeholders and their interest in the project as which may facilitate different project activities. Stakeholder‟s analysis is an important tool at the initial stages of the project which might contribute to define and mitigate several negative impacts at an early stage. Stakeholder‟s can help enhance the social benefits related to the project at the local community level. Analysis of collected data Data from the interviews and data sheets was carefully recorded. The consultant has reviewed the raw data for concluding experiences / sentences / lessons learnt to be added to the qualitative analysis of the data. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xv SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION PERTINENT TO THE PROJECT The legislations listed below represent the national legislation pertinent to the project: Egyptian legislation related to environmental aspects  Law 4 for Year 1994 for the environmental protection , amended by Law 9/2009 and Law 105/2015  Executive Regulation(ER) No 338 for Year 1995 and the amended regulation No 1741 for Year 2005, amended with ministerial decree No 1095/2011, ministerial decree No 710/2012, and ministerial decree No 964/2015  Law No 93 for Year 1962 for discharge on the public sewer network and protection and treatment of wastewater wastes and safe discard methods of the treatment by products, amended with Decree No 44 for Year 2000.  Law No 48 for Year 1982 for the protection of the Nile river, agricultural drains, ponds and aquifer from pollution, and the ER amended with Decree No 92 for Year 2013.  Law No 12 for Year 2003 for the protection, occupational health and safety for the workers, which is amending Law 137 for Year 1981 and its executive decrees.  Law No 102 for Year 1983 for natural habitats.  Law No 38 for Year 1968 for the public cleanliness, which is amended by Law No 31 for Year 1976.  Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for “Environmental Impact Assessment” 2nd Edition EEAA, January 2009 and its amended Lists in October 2010. Egyptian legislation related to social aspects  EEAA guidelines related to the Public Consultation; Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for “Environmental Impact Assessment” 2nd Edition January 2009 - Paragraph 6.4.3 Requirements for Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.1 Scope of Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.2 Methodology of Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.3 Documentation of the Consultation Results - Paragraph 7 Requirement and Scope of the Public Disclosure  Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement (The project will not result in resettlement activities.) - Law 94/2003 on the National Council for Human Rights (NCHR) - The Constitution (1971, amended in year 1980) - Constitutional Declaration 30th of March 2011 - Law 10/1990 on property expropriation for public benefit - Other laws governing expropriation  Protection of human rights  Law no. 94/2003 on establishing the National Council for Human Rights  Unified structure Law No 119 of year 2008  Presidential Decree No. 135 of year 2004 related to the establishment of WWHC Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xvi International requirements The WB has identified ten environmental and social safeguard policies that should be considered in its financed projects. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. WB Safeguards policy and their applicability to the ISSIP II project were investigated in the ESIA report. The key investigated safeguards policies and procedures during the preparation of Assuit ESIA are:  Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)  Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)  BP 17.50 Bank Disclosure Policy PROJECT DESCRIBTION The current phase will involve construction of nine (9) new pumping stations PSs, and one (1) Wastewater Treatment Plant WWTP in addition to the sewage network and force main at the targeted villages. The following Table shows the cluster covered under the second phase. Table ‎ 0-3. project components and their locations in Assuit governorate Wastewater # of Pumping Governorate Markaz Village Treatment Plant stations (PS) WWTP Refa 1 Deir Refa 1 Assuit Al Zawya 2 New Shutb WWTP Shutb 3 Assuit Musha 1 Existing Badary Bedary Al Nawamis 1 WWTP Sewage is collected in each village in the cluster through a network of gravity sewers which ends at the main pump station (PS). The collected sewage is pumped through the force-mains (FMs) - pressurized pipeline - directly to the existing WWTPs in each district which are located in desert areas. Figure 3-1 and 3-2 show an overview of the project at each district. The New WWTP design capacity is phased into two phases, phase two 39,000 m3 per day in 2050 and phase one 26,000 m3 per day in 2030. 2030‟s capacity will be reached after connecting Assuit cluster villages in addition to other 2 villages namely Drunka and Deir Drunka. The existing WWTP in Bedary is under commissioning and startup phase by the National Organization for Potable and Sanitary Drainage NOPSD which is responsible for constructing WWTPs in Egypt. Badary Existing WWTP The collected sewage from Nawamis Village will be sent to the existing Badary WWTPs which is located in a desert area.The WWTP is under commissioning and start-up phase by the National Organization for Potable and Sanitary Drainage NOPSD which is responsible for constructing Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xvii WWTPs in Egypt. After validating the construction integrity and confirming that the WWTP is in a safe, reliable and operational condition for Assuit Water and Wastewater Company satisfaction, the plant will be handed over to Assuit Wastewater Company for operation. The treated effluent generated from WWTP will be used for irrigating timber forests located close to the plant. It is expected that the plant will be handed over to Assuit Wastewater Company for operation in 4 months. The design capacity of the existing WWTPs, current operational flow, and expected flow is demonstrated in the following table. Table ‎ 0-4. The design capacity of the existing WWTP, current operational flow, and expected flow is demonstrated in the following table. Anticipated flow WWTPs Operational (m3/day) for the Served Design Flow in Village following years1 WWTP Cities/ Capacity 2017 villages 2017 2045 (m3/day) (m3/day) Sahel Seliem,- Al Nawamis 1044 2225 Badary 66,000 8,960 Badary City The following table provides an overview for the current status of the timber forest. Table ‎ 0-5. Overview for the current status of the timber forest Allocated Cultivated Cultivated Tree Land for Irrigation Area under WWTP area Species Timber System preparation2 (Feddan) Planted forest (Feddan) Badary 800 Feddan Surface 0 400 Khaya Water requirement for irrigation is depending on several factors including climate, tree age, tree size, citrus species and irrigation system. Average water consumption for each Timber forest is around 30 m3/day/feddan for surface irrigation system. In Badary cluster, the under preparation 400 feddan water requirements will be satisfied by the generated treated effluent and its annual increase. According to the HCWW, the WWTP will be further upgraded to advanced treatment “tertiary treatment” to enable discharging the treated water to the nearest water drain in the future. Hence, the area allocated for the Timber forest will accommodate around 33 % of the Plant total capacity while the rest will be discharged to the nearest water drain. In this regard, it should be 1According to the technical feasibility study, anticipated flow was estimated based on the design parameters, number of household, and clusters population 2 Preparationof cultivated Area: include installing of irrigation network, and seedbed preparation. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xviii noted that ESIA studies will be conducted for the plant upgrade and the new PSs which will connect other villages in the future. To date, no sludge has been extracted from the stabilization ponds in Badary WWTPs. In order for the sludge to reach amounts large enough to be extracted, it might take up minimum five years of operation. . Shoutb New WWTP Design specifications and operational processes The HCWW intends for the WWTP to be of a capacity 26,000 m3/d by year 2030, reaching a capacity of 39,000 m3/d by the year 2050. The WWTP will be located in Shutb village near Al Zenar drain as shown in Figure 3.2. The transformer capacity for the WWTP will be 2000 kilovolt Ampere. The plant will serve the following villages until 2050:  Shutb  Musha  Refa  Deir Rifa  Drunka  Deir Drunka Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xix Anticipated flow from the villages: Anticipated flow (m3/day) for the Village following years3 2017 2045 Shutb 2,045 3,905 Musha 3,622 6,916 Refa 1,671 3,190 Deir Refa 524 1,001 Al Zawya 4,521 8,634 Total 12,383 23,646 After connecting Drunka and Deir Drunka the plant capacity will reach around 75% from the design capacity. The remaining 15% will be in service in case of emergencies, overflow, or disposal of other villages‟ septic tanks in the WWTP. PIPELINE CROSSINGS AND CROSSING STRUCTURES The following main crossings have been identified in each cluster: Kindly refer to Annex 2 for detailed design of crossings. Crossings identified in Assuit Cluster Table ‎ 0-6. Crossings identified in Assuit Cluster Construction Village No. Crossing Type Location Type Network 2 crossing and Under Railway Open and Cut Shutb Force main 1 Force main Nagaa Hamadi Canal Open and Cut Musha 1 Force main Al Zenar Drain Open and Cut 1 Force main Musha Drain Open and Cut 3According to the technical feasibility study, anticipated flow was estimated based on the design parameters, number of household, and clusters population Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xx Construction Village No. Crossing Type Location Type 1 Force main Musha Canal Open and Cut Refa 1 Force main Gergaweya Canal Open and Cut 1 Force main Al Zenar Drain Open and Cut Network 1 Under Railway Open and Cut crossing 1 Force main Refa Drain Open and Cut Deir Refa 1 Force main Drain Open and Cut 1 Force main Sohageya Canal Open and Cut 1 Force main Street Open and Cut 1 Force main Zawya Canal Open and Cut 1 Force main Musha Drain Open and Cut 1 Force main Musha Canal Open and Cut Zawya 1 Force main Canal Open and Cut 1 Force main Gergawya Canal Open and Cut 1 Force main Refa Drain Open and Cut Crossings identified in Badary Cluster Table ‎ 0-7. Crossings identified in Badary Cluster Construction Village No. Crossing Type Location Type 1 Force main Al Nawamis Canal Open and Cut Al Nawamis 1 Force main AL Nawamis Drain Open and Cut 1 Force main Pouit Drain Open and Cut 1- Refa village: The PS will be constructed at Refa village at a site that is a public owned land. The land has already been allocated for the benefit of Sohag Water Company to establish the PS. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxi Figure 1. PS location in Refa village 2- Dier Refa village: The PS will be constructed at Dier Refa village near to Residential area 3- Al-Zawya village: Figure 2. PS location in Dier Refa village Two PS will be constructed at al-zawya village, the 1st one near to Residential area - and the 2nd one Near an electricity network, Figure 3. PS location in al-zawya (marine) village Figure 4- PS location in al-zawya (intertribal) village 4- Musha village: The PS will be constructed at Musha village at a site that is a public owned land. The land has already been allocated for the benefit of Sohag Water Company to establish the PS, and near to Residential area Figure 5- PS location in Musha village Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxii 5- Shutb village: A WWTP will be constructed near Shutb village, where the pump station from designated villages discharges the wastewater to it. This involves three pump station illustrated in following figures Figure 6. WWTP location in Shutb village - The (1st) PS will be constructed at Shutb village near to Residential area Figure 7- Ps (1) location in Shutb village - The (2nd) PS will be constructed at a cultivated area, currently the location is surrounded by agricultural land. The following figure shows the location of the PS: Figure 8- PS (2) location in Shutb village - The (3rd) PS will be constructed at Shutb village near to Residential area, Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II Figure 9- PS (3) location inxxiii Shutb village Markaz Bedary: 1- Al-Nawamis village: - The PS will be constructed at a cultivated area, currently the location is surrounded by agricultural land. The following figure shows the location of the PS: Figure 10- PS location in Al-Nawamis village BASELINE CONDITIONS Environmental and Social Baseline conditions were studied in the project different areas. The following sections provide the main characteristics of the environmental and social conditions. Water resources Assiut Governorate depends mainly on the Nile water for irrigation and drinking. The estimated amount of discharged water to Assuit governorate is about 1599 million m3 per year. The main canals at the governorate are: Ibrahimeya canal which serves to irrigate about 79407 feddans, Nag Hammadi West canal, which serves to irrigate about 141 thousand feddans and Nag Hammadi East canal which irrigates about 88 thousand feddans. Canals and drains in the vicinity of the project include: The following table illustrates canals and drains that are in direct contact with the project various components. Table ‎ 0-8. Canals and drains within the project area Governorate Markaz Village canal/drain Gergaweya Canal Refa Refa Drain Deir Refa Sohageya Canal Al Zawya Zawya Canal Assuit Assuit Nagaa Hamadi Canal Shutb Al Zenar Drain Musha Drain Musha Musha Canal Marawna Drain Bedary Al Nawamis Al Nawamis Canal Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxiv AL Nawamis Drain Pouit Drain Groundwater represents the second source of water at the governorate after surface water. Water is extracted from the quaternary aquifer of the Nile valley and the surrounding desert area. Groundwater is used at towns and villages in the valley as a main source for potable water. . Climate The wastewater treatment plant will be constructed at an agricultural area. The annual minimum recorded temperature is 15, the annual maximum recorded temperature is 30. The following figure highlights the average annual temperature recorded at Assuit meteorological station. Figure 11.average monthly temperature in Assuit Governorate Rain Climate data point to the lack of rainfall in the area in general. The highest rate of rainfall is 3.5 mm/year, the average was 0.7mm/year, which represents very limited amounts, causing no damage at all. Although the amount of rainfall is very limited, but storm water is among the main threats to Assuit in desert areas. Humidity The annual average humidity rate at Assuit governorate is 38%, the average annual evaporation rate is 14.2 mm. The following figure highlights the annual relative humidity rates. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxv Figure 12. monthly relative humidity average Air quality The national network for monitoring air quality currently operates 87 air quality monitoring stations. Stations extend all over Egypt, only 15 stations exist in Upper Egypt, and two stations at Assuit. The last state of the environment report for 2011, issued in 2012 indicates the following: Sulpher dioxide: The annual average of Sulpher dioxide concentrations decreased from 60 microgram/m3 in 1999 to 15 microgram/m3 in 2011. As highlighted in figure 4-30e. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxvi Figure13. Sulfur Dioxide annual average all over Egypt Nitrogen Dioxide: Air quality in Egypt suffers from the increase in Nitrogen Dioxide concentrations since 1999. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations have increased from 45 micrograms /m3 in 1999 to 60 micrograms /m3 in 2011 as indicated in Figure 4-30f. Figure14. Nitrogen Dioxide annual average all over Egypt Suspended Particle Matter: PM concentration exceeds the permissible limits, although the annual average concentration had decreased from 190 micrograms /m3 in 1999 to 140 micrograms / m3 in 2011 as highlighted in the following figures. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxvii Figur15. Particle Matter annual average all over Egypt Air Quality monitoring conducted by the research team: Although data collected from the National Monitoring Network that the air quality is not good in general, but the areas where the project will be established are rural areas free from sources of air pollution. This was noted from the air quality of the collected sample by the field team. The measured elements include: SO2, NOx, CO, TSP, and PM 10. The The results show that the air is free from the gaseous pollutants and the dust level is within the ambient air quality standard limits as presented in the following table. Air quality measurements were conducted at most of the PS locations and the new WWTP location. 0-9 8 hours average results (µg/m3) Assuit District Table ‎ Locations Location TSP PM10 NO2 SO2 CO Code (mg/m3) AA1 Shutb PS 3 143 78 23.73 9.71 1.44 AA2 Shutb WWTP 118 55 8.30 19.54 1.45 AA3 Musha PS 122 63 15.16 17.50 2.09 AA4 Refa PS 110 59 25.85 8.30 2.19 AA5 Der Refa PS 137 73 37.58 30.20 4.86 AA6 Zawya 2 PS 113 69 14.41 12.95 2.10 Guideline 230 150 150 150 10 0-10 8 hours average results (µg/m3) Badary District Table ‎ Location Code Location TSP PM10 NO2 SO2 CO (mg/m3) AA7 Al Nawamis PS 132 71 16.51 16.36 2.16 Guideline 230 150 150 150 10 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxviii Noise The area where the project will be constructed is characterized as residential area or surrounded by agriculture land. During the monitoring and evaluation of the site where the pump station and the new WWTP will be constructed, it was noted that the main sources for noise are the movement of cars and operation of water pumps. Flora In Assuit governorate area includes a clay agriculture land with cultivated crops of the typical cash crops grown in the Egyptian agricultural areas. Cotton, maize, wheat, clover, corn and beans are the common crops grown at different seasons in the agricultural land. The land in Assuit is fertile characterized by high yields. Corn wheat Three main groups of flora are found Assuit land according to their life span are perennials, biennials and annuals. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxix clover beans In what relate to commercial importance species no commercially important species are known within the project area. On the basis of plant longevity, the flora present at the Nile Valley is composed of 4 biennials, 99 perennials and 122 annuals. The perennial species ranges from fruticose or sulfruticose to herbaceous. Four biennial species are Melilotus albus, Apium graveolens, Chenopodium ambrosroides and Spergularia salina. The perennials flora include Actheorhiza bulbosa, Alhagi graecorum, Asparagus stipulars, Aster squamatus, Astraglus fruticosus, Atractylis carduus and others. Alhagi graecorum Asparagus stipularis The annuals flora include; Adonis dentate, Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Aumi majus, Anthemis borumuelleri and others. In the desert extend of the governorate there are five common plant species were recorded in the sand flat formation habitat at the area of investigation which covers the surroundings of the Project areas. These species were; Chenopodium album, Anabasis rticulate and Tamarix nilotica. Seismic hazards Egypt is located at the low risk areas (which represents a good opportunity for development. Yet it must be taken into consideration that the construction of the stations and the pipeline network must be conducted in compliance with the civil engineering codes. The codes take into consideration calculating the impacts related to seismic hazards on the station and network, in order to avoid any impacts caused by strong earth movements leading to leakage of sewage water and pollution to the groundwater aquifer. Soil Quality It is planned to construct the pipeline network and the pump stations at the villages of the clusters which are all considered rural areas with limited soil pollution. No industrial activities exist in the area and no new treatment plant will be established. Only existing treatment plants will be used, treated water from the plant is used for irrigation of forest trees Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxx Socio-economic profile Assuit Governorate Assiut is one of the governorates of Upper Egypt Region. The total area of Assiut governorate is 25926km2. Assiut is divided into 11 Markaz, 11 cities and 2 districts, which includes 55 affiliated Local Government Units, which includes 180 villages and 840 Kafr and Ezbas (Description of Egypt by information, 2010) Assiut governorate is bordered in the east by Assuit Eastern Mountain and the Red sea Governorate, in the West by Assiut Western Mountain and The New Valley Governorate, in The North by Menia Governorate, and by Sohag Governorate in the South. Assuit is considered the commercial center of Upper Egypt. The total population of Assiut governorate is about 3.76 million inhabitants (Egypt Description by Information, 2010). The percentage of urban population at the governorate is 27 % while the natural population increase is about 23.9 per thousand inhabitants. The labor force in Assiut is estimated at 27.45% of the population (Egypt Human Development Report, 2010). In general, the unemployment rate in urban areas is higher than in rural areas and about 39% of the labor force are working in agriculture. The governorate contributes to the industrial activities through major industries including: fertilizers, medicines, cement, petroleum, as well as small industries such as kleem, rugs, woods embellished with shells, and ivory products. Seven Figure 1316 -Administrative Division of industrial zones in the governorate's marakz were also Assiut Governorate established. Socio-economic description of targeted villages The following table shows the main socio-economic description of the targeted villages: Table 11 - Socio-economic profile of targeted villages District Village Population Number of Percentage of students (basic Poor People education) Assuit Refa, Deir Refa 24127 4873 69.77 Al Zawya 43978 9593 70.8 Shutb 20341 3981 63.83 Musha 38189 7731 47.17 Bedary Al Nawamis 10308 1719 77.8 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxxi Description of Sewage service at target villages Results from the FGDs show that most of the population depend on traditional sewage methods such as cesspits and septic tanks as well as evacuation services. Population suffers from several adverse impacts as a result of the evacuation services, such as: - Increased financial burden especially for poorer groups and female headed families. - Spread of diseases especially among children such asgastrointestinal problems and kidney failures - Increase of the groundwater level which has an impact on the foundations of the houses - Spread of insects and stray animals - Environmental risks related to discharge of sewage water in surface waterways and cultivated areas. - Impacts on the pedestrians as a result the spread of groundwater (especially among women and special need groups) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT The Consultant has assessed the environmental impacts of the different components of the ISSIP II phase II project in Assuit governorate during both the construction and operation phases. The project‟s components covered in the ESIA assessment include: 1. House connections and gravity sewers; 2. PSs including all sub-components; 3. FMs 4. Existing WWTPs 5. New WWTP in Shutb The construction and operation of some/all of the components of the project listed above will also create additional activities/processes such as: 1. Solid hazardous and non-hazardous waste generation during both construction and operation phases. 2. Liquid waste generation during construction and treated effluent discharge during operation. 3. Sludge generation, handling, storage and disposal/reuse, during operation of both WWTPs. 4. Development of on-site workers/staff workshops, offices and housing units during construction. The consultant has assessed the impacts due to the construction and operation of the main four components listed above, in addition to those resulting from the aforementioned additional four activities/processes. The key receptors which the Consultant has considered include 1) air (air quality and ambient noise); 2) Soil (soil quality, erosion, landscape); 3) water (water quality and resource consumption); 4)Biological environment (Flora and Fauna); 5)Human environment (Occupational health & safety, Community safety, Visual impacts, Cultural heritage and Archaeology impacts, traffic impacts and the Socio-economic and Health impacts) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxxii Environmental and Social impact during Construction phase: Positive Impacts Direct Impacts:  Creating job opportunities for skilled and unskilled during construction of the project different components.  Creating opportunities for companies working in contracting and construction of sewage networks.  Reviving economic activities for shops supplying construction materials in the area, due to selling necessary construction material.  Reviving some restaurants and small shops which sell meals for workers, especially were workers will be living in the villages. Indirect impacts: 1. Benefiting from developing uninhibited land plots that are causing spread of rodents and insects. Negative impacts:  The need for some land plots to establish the PSs. These plots are currently used in agriculture or waste collection which may adversely affect the community. However, that required areas are limited and then this effect is limited.  Noise generated during construction may have an inconvenient impact on the surrounding populations, especially that some plots are located near some sensitive receptors such as primary schools, youth centers and mosques as well as other residential areas.  Dust generated during excavation may have some health impacts especially on individuals who suffer from allergy  Storing of construction materials and excavation waste on the streets may affect the traffic.  Risks that accidents may occur as a result of failure to adhere to the safety and occupational health requirements among workers  Accidents may occur at the excavation sites especially among children in case there is failure to implement safety measures Environmental and Social impact during Operation phase: Positive impacts  Creating job opportunities for some engineers, labours and skilled workers at the PS  Provision of sewage service to a wide sector of the population according to the national plans to increase access to sanitation services  Diminishing the current problems related to sewage especially health problems  Increasing the market value of houses that will be connected to the sewage service  Other infrastructure services may be provided later to the community such as natural gas  Improving health conditions among the local population, especially school children who suffer as a result of the current sanitation conditions  Improving the quality of crops, as a result of increasing the quality of surface water which improves the health conditions among the local population Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxxiii  Upgrading the socio-economic conditions among the population as a result of relieving the burden of excavation cost  Improving the quality of surface water  Improving groundwater quality in most of the project areas through the prevention of sewage leaking into groundwater.  Although there may be limited impacts related to odours as a result of the PS or the WWTP, it is expected that positive impacts will lead to decreasing the odours and spread of insects significantly.  Improving the living conditions at target areas as a result of upgrading the health conditions, reducing water – borne diseases, relieving psychological pressures related to spread of foul odores, stagnant waters and insects. Negative impacts:  Spread of some foul odors to the surrounding residential areas  Noise related to the operation of the PS Sewage networks  Lack of regular maintenance may lead to technical problems that has an impact on the surrounding areas, such as sewage overflow  If the households are not connected properly, adverse impacts may occur on the network. Positive impacts on women and marginalized groups  The project has several positive impacts on women and marginalized groups, the sanitation system will spare women the effort of carrying water and getting rid of it in the septic tanks or on the streets. The improved health conditions especially among children will relief social burdens imposed upon women in this sense as they take care of sick children and elderly groups.  Provision of sewage services will benefit the mostly the poorest groups who suffer from financial burdens related to excavation. Poorest groups will also feel that the government is keen to improve their access to services.  Students will benefit from the project especially that the Water Company will hold awareness raising events at schools. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The objective of analysing different project alternatives is to evaluate the project options, which have been considered during the ISSIP II design phase, from the environmental perspective. This analysis of alternatives shall help in reaching/confirming optimum options for the project design from both the economic, social and environmental points of view. No Project Alternative The ISSIP II is expected to result in significant environmental improvement in the project areas. The existing situation, in which target areas are deprived from sanitation services, leads to major environmental and health problems to inhabitants. Even though there are some impacts associated with ISSIP II construction and operation as previously indicated, the overall environmental impacts are expected to be positive. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxxiv The ISSIP II institutional structure will have a Monitoring and Evaluation unit (M&E) to verify the expected improvements of ISSIP II to surface water quality. Operation of the ISSIP II will be designed to achieve maximum possible improvement, which will be continuously monitored by the M&E Unit. Alternatives of house connections Several alternatives exist for house connections, as follows: - Using existing septic tanks as barriers to allowing objectionable materials to enter the networks. - Using standard inspection chambers - Using individual interceptors for each household to enable preliminary settlement and to discharge wastewater to the network through overflow. The first alternative will reduce construction costs but is associated with risks of sewage infiltration to the groundwater. There are two reasons for this; the first is that these tanks are, in most cases, designed with an open bed to allow infiltration. The second is that some of these tanks may be leaking due to improper design or insufficient maintenance. Therefore, using existing cesspits and septic tanks should only be practiced after inspecting their quality and after ensuring there are no leakages or means of infiltration to the environment. The third alternative achieves reduction of solids loads entering the sewerage system, leading to better treatment results and a better quality of final effluent. The interceptors should be frequently cleared from sludge to maintain their settling efficiency. However, the application of interceptors has two disadvantages: the first is their extra cost, and the second is the risk associated with sludge disposal. Using the standard inspection chambers, is a conventional system with no foreseen environmental impacts. As compared with the interceptors solution, it will produce an effluent with a relatively lower quality. However, the PSs and WWTP are equipped with inlet screening chambers designed to handle an effluent of such typical quality. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) presented in this section reflects the implementation procedures and mechanisms as well as the roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the mitigation measures and monitoring activities for the expected impacts. The effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and environmental management plan will be monitored throughout the construction and operation phases of the project. Monitoring will be performed using calibrated equipment (where relevant) and standard techniques in order to ensure accuracy of the results. These results will be stored in an easy to access database and will be analysed and corrective/additional actions shall be undertaken as necessary. The following tables provide summary of the potential impact during construction and operation phases respectively. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxxv Table‎ 0-12. Summary of Impacts assessment during Construction Phase Overall Impact significance Activities causing the impact Overall Impact Soil & Surface Occupational Ambient Air Flora and Community Visual Traffic significance groundwater Water Health & noise Quality Fauna Safety Impacts Impacts Quality Quality Safety Construction of gravity sewers and house Moderate Minor Moderate Moderate Minor Moderate Major Minor Moderate connections Construction of PSs including all sub Moderate Minor Minor N/A Minor Moderate Moderate Minor Minor components Construction of FMs Moderate Minor Moderate Moderate Minor Moderate Major Minor Moderate Impacts due to non- hazardous waste N/A Minor Minor Minor N/A Minor Moderate Moderate N/A generation Impacts due to Hazardous Waste generation and N/A Moderate Moderate Moderate N/A Moderate Moderate Moderate N/A hazardous substances handling Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II– Assuit xxxvi Table‎ 0-13. Summary of Impacts assessment during Operation Phase Overall Impact significance Activities causing the impact Overall Impact significance Soil & Surface Occupational Ambient Air Flora and Community Visual groundwater Water Health & noise Quality Fauna Safety Impacts Quality Quality Safety Operation of gravity sewers and N/A Minor Moderate Moderate Minor N/A Major N/A house connections Operation of PSs including all Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Moderate Minor Minor sub-components Operation of FMs N/A Minor Moderate Moderate Minor N/A Major Minor Impacts due to non-hazardous N/A Minor Minor Minor N/A Minor Moderate N/A waste generation Impacts due to Hazardous Waste generation and hazardous N/A Moderate Minor Minor Moderate Moderate Moderate Minor substances handling Impacts associated with the disposal and/or reuse of final N/A Minor Moderate Moderate Minor Moderate Moderate N/A treated Effluent Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II xxxvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 1 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 1.1 BACKGROUND While fresh drinking water is now regularly supplied to rural regions across Egypt, appropriate sanitation services do not have the same coverage. Wastewater services systems have been implemented in most cities and towns, however, small rural villages have been largely overlooked. This is because their remote locations and small populations make sanitation infrastructure especially costly for the government. Households in rural villages collect their sewage in cesspits and then evacuate the collected sewage into waterways or empty lands. The lack of sanitation in rural households is causing severe health, hygiene and environmental concerns. Sewage cesspits often leakinto the surrounding environment and groundwater creating a significant health hazard, especially in areas where people rely on groundwater for drinking. In addition, the sewage dischargedinto watercourses has contributed to a noticeable degradation of freshwater resources, especially in Lower Egypt and the Nile Delta region. The increased in organic and pathogenic contamination poses a risk to soil and crops. In response to this situation the Government of Egypt (GoE) has initiated an ambitious plan for providing sanitation services to rural areas in the country. According to the National Rural Sanitation Strategy issued in 2008, the government aims to expand coverage of sanitation services to all villages in Egypt by the year 2030. In January 2009, the HCWW, with support from the World Bank (WB), launched the Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project (ISSIP). The purpose of the project is to extend basic sanitation services to rural areas and reduce pollution in irrigation and drainage canals to improve surface water quality and combat related health hazards. Based on the size of the population being served – two main types of sanitation systems can be provided:  For settlements with more than 5000 inhabitants, a centralized system will be installed whereby sewage collection networks will be connected to a nearby Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)  For settlements with less than 5000 inhabitants and do not have a nearby WWTP,a decentralized system that discharges into a simple treatment facility will be installed. The first phase of ISSIP-1 projecttargeted unserved villages in the governorates of Gharbeya, Beheira and Kafr EI Sheikh. Centralized sanitation systems were implemented in about 222 villages and decentralized systems in about 120 villages.In order to widen the coverage areas of the ISSIP and to increase number of beneficiaries, the HCWW created a second phase known as ISSIP II in which the geographic coverage of the project was extended to Menoufeya and Sharkeya Governorates in Lower Egypt and Assuit and Sohag Governorates in Upper Egypt. ISSIP II has been further divided into two phases so far. Under the first phase of ISSIP II the project area encompassed  The villages of Al Nawawra, Al Etmania and Wadi Al Sheih in the Badari District of Assuit Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 2 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit  The villages ofBeit Dawood, Al Kuraan, Nagaa Kweez, and Nagaa Maklad in the Gerga District of Sohag In the second (and current) phase of ISSIP II the project area encompasses: Table ‎ 1-1 Scope of ISSIP II phase 2 Governorate Markaz Village Al Muhamda Al Bahriya Sohag Dmno Al Mazalu Nag‟ Ragh Sohag Al Ghounamiya Balyana Al Samta Al Halafy Um Duma Tema Al Halaky Refa Deir Refa Assuit Al Zawya Assuit Shutb Musha Bedary Al Nawamis An ESIAF for ISSIP II project was conducted in January 2011, which included all the components of ISSIP II project. EcoConServ has been commissioned by the HCWW to complete the required ESIAsfor the activities included in the second phase of ISSIP II. This report presents the findings for Assuit governorate. 1.2 ESIA OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF THE REPORT Assessment of the environmental and social impacts is a prerequisite for implementing developmental projects both by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) and the WB. Accordingly this study has been prepared for performing an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), following Terms of Reference (ToRs) prepared by HCWW, aiming at providing a detailed analysis of the anticipated environmental and social safeguard issues associated with the current phase of the second phase of ISSIP II; and to develop an environmental management and monitoring plan to be implemented during the construction and operation of the project. According to the EIA guidelines and procedures manual published by the Ministry of Environment – EEAA January 2009 (amended in October 2010), the ISSIP II project falls under Category C projects. This ESIA report has been compiled as part of the EIA process in accordance with Egyptian environmental Law number 4 for the year 1994 amended by law number 9 for the year 2009 and Law 105 for the year 2015. It has taken into account the environmental regulations and requirements of funding institutions including the WBsafeguard policies. The ESIAreport will be submitted to the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) after review and acceptance from HCWW in order to seek the national environmental approval for the proposed project.The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 3 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit report includes the identification and evaluation of the potential environmental impactsdue to the construction and operation of different components of the project. It also includes proposed mitigation and monitoring measures to control/minimize the effects of the identified negative impacts.In general, the objectives of theESIAstudy were to:  identify the various elements that may affect human health and safety as well as have an impact on different ecosystems;  describe the environmental and social baseline conditions of the communities hosting the project in order to measure the severity of impacts related to it;  highlight and review the legislations under which the project will be implemented;  determine the social and environmental impacts in a quantitative manner whenever possible taking into account different projects activities at various stages (planning, construction, operation and decommissioning) and their impact on environmental and social issues;  compare the identified social and environmental impacts, against relevant local and international regulations and standards. This includes the WB safeguard policies;  propose, analyze and select the most appropriate alternatives based upon the analysis and evaluation of environmental and social concerns;  prepare the environmental and social management plan (ESMP) to mitigate adverse impacts (social and environmental). The ESMP includesperformance indicators and monitoring requirements for the impacts in accordance with relevant environmental and social laws and regulations.  Develop a monitoring program in order to identify; 1) any unexpected cases which may appear during the project‟s implementation; and 2) the effectiveness of the identified mitigation measures during implementation;  assess the capacity of the implementing bodies to apply the proposed social and environmental management and monitoring plans, as well as make recommendations for a capacity building program in case of identified gaps in the capacities of the implementing bodies with regards to social and environmental procedures;  analyze the stakeholders in order to investigate the possibility of community engagement during the implementation phase of the project.  consult and disseminate the project data at an early stage as well as after the completion of the ESIA study. Results from the early consultation meetings were taken into consideration in the ESIA study. Vulnerable groups were taken into consideration such as women, children, elderly, poor, minorities, and any other group that has seen to be vulnerable to social or environmental impacts. These groups are less capable of having access to decision makers within the community. The findings included in this ESIA study will provide decision makers with the needed information in order to minimize the unfavorable impacts and develop the best compensation strategy, if needed. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 4 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 1.3 REPORT STRUCTURE The structure of this ESIAreport is as shown in the Table below: Table ‎ 1-2 ESIA report structure Chapter Contents Contains a brief description of the proposed activity Chapter 1 Introduction, approach and an outline of the report structure. Outlines the and methodology approach to the ESIA study and summarizes the process undertaken for the project to date. Outlines the legislative, policy and administrative Chapter 2
Regulatory Framework requirements applicable to the proposed development. Includes a detailed description of the proposed Chapter 3
 Project Description activities. Chapter 4
Environmental and Describes the environmental and social baseline Social Baseline conditions in the project region. Describes and assesses the potential environmental and socio-economicimpacts of the proposed project Chapter5Environmental and on different receptors and describes relevant Social Impact assessment mitigation measures. Cumulative impacts are also qualitatively assessed. Chapter 6 Analysis of Alternatives Describes and assesses the project alternatives Chapter7Environmental and Describes the identified mitigation measures in the Social Management Plan environmental management and monitoring plan Chapter 8 Public Consultations Describes the public consultation activities 1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY The ESIA is a systematic process where the potential negative and positive impacts of the project on the bio-physical and socio-economic environment are identified, assessed and – if avoidance is not feasible -mitigated.The following sections include the methodologies that were adopted by the Consultant during the different stages of the ESIA process. 1.4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment phase 1.4.1.1 General Methodology The methodology that the Consultant used for the impact assessmentwas a semi-quantitative process, based on scores. The overall score for the significance of the impacts was evaluated taking into accounts the following four factors: E. Probability of occurrence F. Spatial scale G. Temporal scale H. Intensity of the impact (which also considers the sensitivity of the receptors) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 5 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 1.4.1.2 A. Probability of occurrence Three probability levels were used as shown in the Table below Table ‎ 1-3 Probability criterion adopted for the impact assessment Probability score Criterion 1 High and very high probability of occurrence, 75-100% confidence that the impact will take place 0.5 Medium probability of occurrence, 25-75% confidence that the impact will take place 0.25 Low probability of occurrence, less than 25% confidence that the impact will take place 1.4.1.3 B. Spatial scale Table 1-4shows the different scores adopted by the Consultant in order to quantify the impact based on its area of influence. Table ‎ 1-4 Spatial Scale criterion adopted for the impact assessment Score Criterion 1 (Site) Impact area is up to 1 km2 2 (Limited) Impact area is up to 10 km2 3 (Area) Impact area is up to 100 km2 4 (Regional) Impact area exceeds 100 km2 1.4.1.4 C. Temporal scale Table 1-5 shows the different scores adopted by the Consultant in order to quantify the impact based on the expected duration of the impact of concern. Table ‎ 1-5 Temporal Scale criterion adopted for the impact assessment Score Criterion 1 (Short-Term) Impact duration up to 3 months 2 (Medium-Term) Impact duration from 3 months to 1 year 3 (Long-Term) Impact duration from 1 to 3 years 4 (Permanent) Impact duration for more than 3 years 1.4.1.5 D. Impact intensity Table 1-6 shows the different categories for the expected impact intensity and the scoring criteria. The sensitivity of the receptor is taken into account when determining the relative intensity. Table ‎ 1-6 Impact intensity criterion adopted for the impact assessment Score Criterion 1 (Negligible) Environmental changes are within the existing limits of natural variations 2 (low) Environmental changes exceed the existing limits of natural variations. Natural environment is completely self-recoverable. 3 (Medium) Environmental changes exceed the existing limits of natural variations and result in damage to the separate environmental components. Natural environment remains self-recoverable. 4 (High) Environmental changes result in significant disturbance to particular environmental components and ecosystems. Certain environmental components lose self-recovering ability. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 6 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 1.4.1.6 Integrated Assessment of Impact The overall assessment (i.e.score) for the impact of concern will be the multiplication result of the B. Spatial score, C. Temporal score, and D. Intensity score. The overall score will determine the category of severity (i.e. impact significance) based on the score range it falls into. Table 7 shows the upper and lower limits of each impact significance category, assuming a probability of occurrence of 1 (A. Probability score). Table ‎ 1-7 Impact intensity criterion adopted for the impact assessment Impact Parameters Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Score Impact Scale Scale intensity of range Significance occurrence Site Short-term Negligible 1 1 1-8 Minor [1] [1] [1] Limited medium- Low 1 8 [2] term [2] [2] Area Long-term Medium 1 27 9-27 Moderate [3] [3] [3] Regional permanent High 1 64 28-64 Major [4] [4] [4] 1.4.2 Social Impact Assessment Data Collection Methodology EcoConServ has adopted a multistage analysis strategy, several data collection methods and tools were applied using the Participatory Rapid Appraisal approach. This approach ensures that local community groups participated to the study. Data was collected in coordination with relevant stakeholders including local administration units (district and village levels) and NGO‟s. A number of qualitative data collection tools were applied to ensure balanced representation of different beneficiary groups. The consultant has also reviewed relevant secondary data sources such as: studies, reports and previous literature. The research team has conducted several field visits to assess the baseline conditions. The applied methodology in the social impact assessment can be summarized as follows: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 7 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Source of information Secondary data Primary Data Secondary resources Observations review: and site visits Qualitative tools 1- Legislatives 1- observation 1- FGDs 2-National sheets 2- In-depth reports 2- Site visit interviews 3- Websites and checklist internet Figure ‎ 1-1 - Methodology and Data collection tools E. Secondary data: The consultant has reviewed previous studies, reports, data sources and information available on the internet, in addition to data provided by HCWW, such as the ESIAF for ISSIP project as well as the ESIAs for the first phase of ISSIP II. The consultant has also reviewed several data sources such as: the Human Development Report 2010, Assuit Statistical Year Book 2014, the Annual Statistical Yearbook, the 2006 National Census data, and the Description of Egypt by Information in addition to statistical data available at the district and village information centers. F. Primary data: Primary data was collected using different methods such as Semi structured interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). Primary data sources are an important source for information that the consultant has used to provide deep understanding of the surrounding community as well as identify potential impacts related to the project. G. Field Observation and Transect Walks: The project team carried out the transect walks and observations in all districts of the project area (6 target villages at Assuit governorate). Field observation is considered a data collection tool to support the findings at the current stage. Transect walks were carried on, in coordination with the local community leaders and informants, surveying different villages streets, buildings, sanitations facilities in homes. Observations recorded and integrated on the relevant sections in addition to documentation using photos. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 8 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit H. Public Consultation: Finally a public hearing session was carried out at one of the target villages. The results are presented in details in Chapter 8. I. Stakeholder‟s Analysis: Stakeholder‟s analysis is one of the tools that helped the consultant identify relevant groups of stakeholders and their interest in the project as which may facilitate different project activities. Stakeholder‟s analysis is an important tool at the initial stages of the project which might contribute to define and mitigate several negative impacts at an early stage. Stakeholder‟s can help enhance the social benefits related to the project at the local community level. Table ‎ 1-8 - Stakeholders Identification Stakeholders group Roles HCWW Is the owner of the project, the main government authority concerned with supervising the project activities and implementation of the project. Assiut Water Company Is the local stakeholder responsible for implementation of the project at Assiutvillages. The company is also responsible for grievance mechanism during construction and operation EEAA Is the authority responsible for approving the ESIA study as part of the implementation requirements. EEAA regional office in Environment department is responsible for of approving the Assuit ESIA (form B), as well as monitoring the implementation of ESMP. Local Governmental Units Are responsible for providing and financing infrastructure at main and satellite villages services at local areas. They are also able to coordinate among different development projects and initiatives. Natural leaders at the local The main stakeholders, they have the experience and the community knowledge and they have a strong impact on the local community especially at rural areas. Beneficiaries (community Are the main beneficiaries from the project, may be subject to members, schools, some positive/negative impacts. They play a significant role in government authorities) project success and sustainability. NGO‟s Participating in providing sanitation services or loans from donor bodies to serve the community Evacuation service Are the main group which will be affected as a result of the providers, and current project, they will lose their job opportunities. sanitation services 1.4.2.1 Analysis of collected data Data from the interviews and data sheets was carefully recorded. The consultant has reviewed the raw data for concluding experiences / sentences / lessons learnt to be added to the qualitative analysis of the data. 1.4.2.2 Study Sample Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 9 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit The study sample is distributed as follows: Table ‎ 1-9 - Distribution of Sample across A. The consultant has conducted 14 FGD sessions clusters distributed across the different target districts and villages, District Number of total number of participants is 97 persons. FGD sessions The consultant ensured to represent the different Assuit Cluster 10 community target groups. FGD is a qualitative tool that is meant to have an insight of the views of the participants Bedary Cluster 4 towards the project. The following table Total 14 (Table ‎ 1-10Table ‎ 1-10) presents the profile of the participants in the conducted FGDs: Table ‎ 1-10 - Profile of the participants in FGDs Variable Frequency Percentage Male 63 64.9 Gender Female 34 35.0 Total 97 100 20-30 years 13 13.4 30-45 years 28 28.8 Age 45-60 years 42 43.2 Above 60 years 14 14.4 Total 97 100 Illiterate 20 20.6 Basic & Vocational Education 13 13.4 education College Technical 43 44.3 University 21 21.6 Total 97 100 B. In depth interviews with stakeholders The consultant has conducted 30 interviews with relevant stakeholders at different levels; the following table presents the distribution of stakeholders according to their relevance: Table ‎ 1-11 - Number of interviewed stakeholders Stakeholder type Number of interviewed persons Assuit Water Company 7 Executive authorities at Assuit 7 governorate District Authorities 4 Local Government Units at village levels 7 Local community leaders 5 Total 30 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 10 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 1.4.2.3 Constraints A. Time constraints Time constraints were an important factor that prevents using supportive quantitative tool for gathering information. As the deep views were strongly recommended, qualitative information was gathered. This problem was overcome by widening the scope and number of data gathering through the FGDs and in-depth interviews. B. Women Participation Women participation in public sessions was difficult due to cultural issues in rural areas of upper Egypt (women cannot travel alone from a district to another or to move to other places to participate in public events, they are not used to participate in public activities, lack of interest, it is not accepted for a women to participate in such activities without having a permission of the head of the house and in his presence, and lack of awareness of women on their roles in the development process in general). All of the previously mentioned reasons reduced the participation of women in the public consultation especially old women and illiterates. However, to ensure that rural women and vulnerable people‟s voices were heard, FGDs and in - depth interviews with women were carried out in participants homes, in some cases in the presence of the head of the house (husband, brother, or son). When the head of the house was not present it was not easy to convince women to talk about their problems in relation to sanitation. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 11 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit CHAPTER 2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 11 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 2 CHAPTER 2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK This Chapter describes the legal and administrative framework for the proposed project. It lists the national laws and international requirements pertinent to the project. Following an overview of the requirements of international institutions and international conventions, the requirements of Egyptian legislation are compared with those of the WB Environmental and Social Policy, and presented in a tabular form of gap analysis. 2.1 NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK The following is a description of the different national authorities and institutions of relevance to this project. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) is an authorized state body regulating environmental management issues. Egyptian laws identify three main roles of the EEAA:  It has a regulatory and coordinating role in most activities, as well as an executive role restricted to the management of natural protectorates and pilot projects.  The agency is responsible for formulating the environmental management (EM) policy framework, setting the required action plans to protect the environment and following-up their execution in coordination with Competent Administrative Authorities (CAAs).  EEAA is responsible for the review and approval of the environmental impact assessment studies as for new projects/expansions undertaken. The Environmental Management Unit (EMU) at the governorate and district level is responsible for the environmental performance of all projects/facilities within the governorates premises. The governorate has established EMUs at both the governorate and city/district level. The EMUs are responsible for the protection of the environment within the governorate boundaries and thus are mandated to undertake both environmental planning and operation-oriented activities. The EMU is mandated to:  Follow-up on the environmental performance of the projects within the governorate during both construction and operations to ensure the project abides by laws and regulations as well as mitigation measures included in its EIA approval. Investigate any environmental complaints filed against projects within the governorate  The EMUs are affiliated administratively to the governorate yet technically to EEAA. The EMUs submit monthly reports to EEAA with their achievements and inspection results.  The governorate has a solid waste management unit at the governorate and district level. The units are responsible for the supervision of solid waste management contracts. Law 4/1994 stipulates that applications for a license from an individual, company, organization or authority, subject to certain conditions, require an assessment of the likely environmental impacts. The Competent Administrative Authorities (CAAs) are the entities responsible for issuing licenses for project construction and operation. The EIA is considered one of the requirements of licensing. The CAAs are thus responsible for receiving the EIA studies, check the information included in the documents concerning the location, suitability of the location to the project activity and ensure that the activity does not contradict with the surrounding activities and that the location does not contradict with the ministerialdecrees related to the activity. The CAA Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 12 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit forwards the documents to EEAA for review. They are the main interface with the project proponents in the EIA system. The CAA is mandated to:  Provide technical assistance to Project Proponents  Ensure the approval of the Project Site  Receive EIA Documents and forward it to EEAA  Follow-up the implementation of the EIA requirements during post construction field investigation (before the operation license) Figure 2.1 demonstrates the process procedures. After submission of an ESIA for review, the EEAA may request revisions in the ESIA report within 30 days, including additional mitigation measures, before issuing the approval of the report. In case of disapproval, HCWW will have the right to issue anappeal within 30 days from its receipt of the EEAA‟s decision. It should be noted that once the ESIA has been approved, the ESMP as will be presented in the report, will be considered an integral part of the project; and the HCWW will be legally responsible for the implementation of that plan, depending on their involvement in the construction or operation process. It is therefore worth mentioning that the HCWWmust ensure that all mitigation measures and environmental requirements described in the ESMP will be clearly referred to in the tender documents for the construction works, the construction contracts, and have been respected. HCWW will follow-up on the construction contractor to ensure that the ESMP is adequately implemented in the construction phase. On October 2015, law 105 for the year 2015 was issued to amend Law 4 and law 9. The recently issued law addresses many aspects pertinent to coal usage in cement sector and power generation, as well as Imposes administrative fees for reviewing EIA studies by EEAA before issuing the approval. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 13 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Figure ‎ 2-1 EIA Procedure overview Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 14 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 2.2 SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION PERTINENT TO THE PROJECT The legislations listed below and described in more details in the following sections represent the national legislation pertinent to the project: 2.2.1 Egyptian legislation related to social aspects  EEAA guidelines related to the Public Consultation;Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for “Environmental Impact Assessment” 2nd Edition January 2009 - Paragraph 6.4.3 Requirements for Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.1 Scope of Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.2 Methodology of Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.3 Documentation of the Consultation Results - Paragraph 7 Requirement and Scope of the Public Disclosure  Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement (The project will not result in resettlement activities.) - Law 94/2003 on the National Council for Human Rights (NCHR) - The Constitution (1971, amended in year 1980) - The Constitution (2014, articles 33 and 35) - Law 10/1990 on property expropriation for public benefit and its amendments by law number 1/2015. - Other laws governing expropriation  Protection of human rights  Unified structure Law No 119 of year 2008  Presidential Decree No. 135 of year 2004 related to the esablishment of WWHC 2.2.2 Egyptian legislation related to protection of Antiquities, archaeology and cultural heritage  Law 117/1983 2.2.3 Egyptian legislation related to environmental aspects  Law 4 for Year 1994 for the environmental protection , amended by Law 9/2009 and law 105 for the year 2015  Executive Regulation(ER) No 338 for Year 1995 and the amended regulation No 1741 for Year 2005, amended with ministerial decree No 1095/2011, ministerial decree No 710/2012, and ministerial decree No 964/2015  Law No 93 for Year 1962 for discharge on the public sewer network and protection and treatment of wastewater wastes and safe discard methods of the treatment by products, amended with Decree No 44 for Year 2000.  Law No 48 for Year 1982 for the protection of the Nile river , agricultural drains, ponds and aquifer from pollution , and the ER amended with Decree No 92 for Year 2013.  Law No 12 for Year 2003 for the protection, occupational health and safety for the workers, which is amending Law 137 for Year 1981 and its executive decrees.  Law No 102 for Year 1983 for natural habitats.  Law No 38 for Year 1968 for the public cleanliness, which is amended by Law No 31 for Year 1976. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 15 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit  Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for “Environmental Impact Assessment” 2nd Edition EEAA, January 2009 and its amended Lists in October 2010. 2.3 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS International funding agencies, such as the WB require that the projects they finance to be in compliance with both the country‟s national standards as well as their own environmental and social policies. Therefore, in addition to the national regulations, the project aims at complying with the WB safeguard policies and guidelines. The policies help to ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of investment projects. They also support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects into the decision-making process. In addition, the policies promote environmentally sustainable development by supporting the protection, conservation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats. The ISSIP II project in Assuit Governorate is classified as category C project by EEAA, which requires mandatory Environmental Impact Assessment as it may have moderate implications on the environment. The project is classified as Category Baccording to the WB classification criteria. The WB has identified ten environmental and social safeguard policies that should be considered in its financed projects. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. WB Safeguards policy and their applicability to the ISSIP II project are described in the Table below: 2-1 WB Safeguard Policies Status Table ‎ Safeguard Policy Triggered Justifications (Yes/NO) Environmental Yes The project is classified as CategoryB. Assessment A comprehensive analysis of the negative impacts and (OP/BP 4.01) mitigation measures is described in the following chapters. Natural Habitats No The Sites is assessed as rural areas, with no endangered (OP/BP 4.04) species and low density of wildlife. Forests (OP/BP No The Sites is assessed as rural areas, with no endangered 4.36) species and low density of wildlife. Pest No The proposed project will not involve purchasing or using Management Pesticides. (OP 4.09) Physical Cultural No The ESIA for the proposed project identifies no sites of Resources cultural or religious significance to local communities. In (OP/BP 4.11) addition, chance finds procedures will be included Indigenous No No indigenous people are present in project areas. Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) Involuntary No The project will not result in resettlement activities. Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) An RPF has been prepared for the project in 2011 to be readily available as guidelines in case OP4.12 is triggered. However after the project design was completed and the process of obtaining land took place it was clear that OP4.12 will not be triggered since the lands acquired for the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 16 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Safeguard Policy Triggered Justifications (Yes/NO) PSs and WWTP are either public property or donated to the project voluntarily by the local community.(Detailed description of land original ownership , land acquisition and land approvals are presented in Chapter 3 - Section 3.6, and detailed assessment and due diligence of land acquisition are presented in Chapter 5 – Section 5.6.8) Safety of Dams No Not relevant to the proposed project (OP/BP 4.37) Projects on No Not relevant to the proposed project International Waterways (OP/BP7.50) Projects in No Not relevant to the proposed project Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) The WBG General EHS guidelines have been considered during the course of the study. These Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable to WB and are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable costs by existing technology.Also the General EHS Guidelines cover four areas of international good practice, these are:  Environmental;  Occupational Health & Safety (OHS);  Community Health & Safety (CHS); and  Construction and Decommissioning. According to the WBG EHS Guidelines for wastewater and ambient water quality, the quality of wastewater effluent should comply with national or local standards for sanitary wastewater discharges. Accordingly, the main benchmarks for the wastewater effluent quality for the ISSIP II, phase I project are the national standards which will be presented later in the following sections. 2.4 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS Egypt has signed and ratified a number of international conventions that commit the country to conservation of environmental resources. The following is a list of the key conventions:  International Plant Protection Convention (Rome 1951)  African convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources (Algeria 1968)  UNESCO Convention for the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage (Paris, 16 November 1972)  Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (CITES) (Washington 1973)  Basel Convention on the control of trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal (1989) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 17 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit  United Nations framework convention on climate change (New York 1992). The convention covers measures to control greenhouse gas emissions from different sources including transportation.  United Nations Framework Convention on climate change and Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto 1997)  Convention on biological diversity (Rio de Janeiro 1992), which covers the Conservation of habitats, animal and plant species, and intraspecific diversity.  Convention for the protection of the ozone layer (Vienna 1985)  Convention for the prevention and control of occupational hazards caused by carcinogenic substances and agents (Geneva 1974)  Convention for the protection of workers against occupational hazards in the working environment due to air pollution, noise and vibration (Geneva 1977).  ILO core labor standards: core labor standards are to be adhered to/reached during the project implementation. Egypt has been a member state of the ILO since 1936, and has ratified 64 conventions that regulate the labor standards and work conditions. In 1988, Egypt has ratified the Occupational Safety and Health Convention of 1979 (No 152). 2.5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO SOCIAL ASPECTS Table below presents a more detailed description of the Egyptian legislation related to the social aspects Table ‎ 2-2 detailed description of the Egyptian legislation related to the social aspects Title of legislation Summary and how this legislation applies to this project Year EEAA ESIA guidelines related to the Public Consultation Based on Law Consultation of the community people and concerned 1994 number 4/1994 on parties with the needed information about the project. All Environmental stakeholders should be invited. Paragraph 6.4.3 of Law Protection 4/1994 on Environmental Protection provides detailed information on the scope of public consultation, methodology and documentation Paragraph 6.4.3 Requirements for Public Consultation in the EEAA ESIA Guidelines4  Paragraph 6.4.3.1 Scope of Public Consultation  Paragraph 6.4.3.2 Methodology of Public Consultation  Paragraph 6.4.3.3 Documentation of the Consultation Results  Paragraph 7 Requirement and Scope of the Public Disclosure 4EEAA (2009) Guidelines and Foundations for the Procedures of ESIA.Arabic publication, second edition. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 18 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement (The project will not result in resettlement activities) On Property Expropriation for Public Benefit. It Law 10/1990 describes acquisition procedures as follows: 1990 1. Expropriation procedures start with the declaration of public benefitbased on the relevant presidential decree. The decree includes a memorandum explaining the project including a complete plan for the project and expected construction (Law 59/1979 & Law 3/1982 provided that the Prime Minister issues the decree); 2. The decree and the accompanying memorandum must be published in the official newspapers; • A copy of the decree should be published at the main offices of the relevant local Government unit. This law has specified, through Article 6, thecomposition of the valuationcommittee. The committee is formed at the Governorate level, and is composed of a representative from the relevant Ministry‟s Surveying Body (as President), a representative of the Agricultural Directorate, a representativeof the Housing and Utilities Directorate, and a representative of the Real Estate Taxes Directorate in the Governorate. The compensation shall be estimated according to the prevailing market prices at the time of the issuance of the Decree for Expropriation. Amendments in 2015 has specified the period allowed for submitting a grievance to be 15 days and allowed additional 30 days to submit all relevant documents Law 577/54, which was later amended by Law 252/60 and Law 577/1954 Law 13/162, and establishes the provisions pertaining to the 1954 expropriation of real estate property for public benefit and improvement. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 19 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Law No. 27 of 1956, which stipulates the provisions for Law 27/ 1956 expropriation of districts for re-planning, upgrading, and 1956 improvement, and the amended and comprehensive Law No.10 of 1990 on the Expropriation of Real estate for Public Interest. The first article of Law No. 27 of 1956 allows for the expropriation of districts for their improvement, upgrading, re-planning, and reconstruction. Article 24 of Law 577/54 also stipulates that in case only partial expropriation of real estate property is required, and the remaining un-expropriated part will not be of benefit to the owner; the owner shall be given the right to submit a request within 30 days (beginning from the date of final disclosure of the list of the expropriated property) for the purchase of the entire area. It should be noted, that the new law has not restricted the right to request the purchase of the remaining un- expropriated portion of real estate regardless whether it is a building or land. Articles 802-805 acknowledge the right for private Civil code ownership. 1948 131/1948  Article 802 states that the owner, according to this law, has the sole right of using and/or disposing his property.  Article 803 defines what is meant by land property  Article 805 states that no one may be deprived of his property except in cases prescribed by Law and would take place with fair compensation. Protection of communities Human Rights Laws The Law on Establishing the National Council for Human Law no. 94/2003 Rights (NCHR) aims to promote, ensure respect, set values, 2003 raise awareness and ensure adherence with human rights. At the forefront of these rights and freedoms are the right to life and security of individuals, freedom of belief andexpression, the right to private property, the right to resort to courts of law, and the right to fair investigation and trial when charged with an offence. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 20 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 2.6 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE 2-3 Egyptian legislation related to Archaeology and cultural heritage Table ‎ Laws and regulations related to archaeology Definition of monuments Article 1 defines a monument as a building or movable property produced by different civilizations or by art, sciences and literature and religions from prehistoric era and during successive historical eras until a hundred years ago or historical buildings. Article 2 states that any building or movable property that has an historical, scientific, religious, artistic or literary value could be considered as a monument whenever the national interest of the country impose its conservation and maintenance without adherence to the time limit contained in the preceding Article no.1 Article 5 of the law states that the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) is the competent authority responsible for antiquities in Egypt Article 20 states that licenses of construction in archaeological sites or land are not permitted, and it is prohibited to make any installations or landfills or digging channels or constructing roads or agricultural land or for public benefits in the archaeological sites or land within its identified border lines. Law 117/1983 Also, Article 20 states that a buffer zone around the monument or the site is defined as three kilometres in the uninhabited areas or any distance determined by the SCA to achieve environmental protection of the monument in other areas (article 20-Ch.1).The provisions of this article (20) apply to land SCA considers, based on verified studies, as potential monuments sites. The provisions of this article are applicable to desert areas or areas where quarrying work is licensed. Article 22 states that: construction permits within the immediate vicinity of archaeological sites at populated areas could be issued by the competent authority, after the approval of SCA. The competent authority must state in the permit; the conditions which the SCA emphasizes to guarantee that the building does not have a negative visual impact on the monument and its direct buffer zone that protects the archaeological and historical surroundings. The SCA has to pronounce its decision concerning the request for issuing construction permit within 60 days of the submission date, otherwise, the elapsing of this period is considered as a rejection of the request. During Construction Article 23 states that the SCA should take the necessary steps to expropriate land that is found in or kept in place and registered according to the roles of this Law. (Article 23- Ch.1). [These roles are defined in the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 21 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Laws and regulations related to archaeology second chapter of the Law 117 – articles 26-30]. Article 24 states that everyone who finds by chance the part or parts of a fixed monument in its place must promptly inform the nearest administrative authority within forty-eight hours Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 22 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 2.7 DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND GAP ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND WB REQUIREMENTS FOR KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Whenever there is a discrepancy between national requirements and international requirements, the most strict requirements shall be adopted 2.7.1 Air Quality 2.7.1.1 Regulations Issue Requirements of Egyptian legislation Requirements of WB Reference Inflections Reference Inflections Article 34 of Law Standards for Ensure the 4/1994 amended by law ambient air OP 4.01 environmental 9/2009, 105/2015 and quality sustainability of Article 34 of its WBGGENERAL investment projects Air Quality Executive Regulation EHS (ERs), and Decree GUIDELINES Air Emissions and 710/2012 Annex 5 of ambient air quality the ERs (Section 1.1, WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines) 2.7.1.2 Standards and limits Issue Requirements of Egyptian Requirements of WB legislations (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Ambient air Ambient air pollutants Ambient air pollutants parameters threshold threshold (Egyptian ) According to WHO Exposure period 1 hr 8 24 1 1 hr 8 24 1 hr hr year hr hr year Carbon monoxide 30 10 N/ N/A N/ N/A N/ N/A CO µg/m3 A A A Sulfur dioxide SO2 350 N/A 150 60 N/ N/A 125 N/A µg/m3 A Nitrogen oxides 300 N/A 150 60 200 N/A N/ 40 NOx µg/m3 A Particulates PM10 N/A N/A 150 70 N/ N/A 150 70 µg/m3 A Particulates PM2.5 N/A N/A 80 50 N/ N/A 75 35 µg/m3 A TSP µg/m3 N/A N/A 230 125 N/ N/A N/ N/A A A Ozone 180 120 N/ N/A N/ 160 N/ N/A A A A All parameters are in (µg/m3) unless otherwise noted. N/A = not applicable; (Highlighted Vales shall be followed by the project) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 23 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 2.7.2 Water Quality 2.7.2.1 Regulations Issue Requirements of Egyptian legislations Requirements of WB Reference Inflections Reference Inflections Article 51, The Drains Ambient Ensure the Executive water quality before OP 4.01 environmental Regulations of reaching main sustainability of Law 48 for the watercourse investment projects year 1982 amended with Ministerial Decree 402 / 2009 and Ministerial Decree 92/2013 Article 52, The Maximum limits for WBG Discharges of process Executive discharging treated GENERAL wastewater, sanitary Regulations of sanitary wastewater EHS wastewater, wastewater Law 48 for the into drains GUIDELINES from utility operations year 1982 Table 1.3.1 or storm water to amended in 2013 surface water should and Ministerial not result in Water Quality Decree 92/2013 contaminant concentrations in excess of local ambient water quality criteria Ministerial Controlling the WBG Discharges of industrial Decree No. discharge of GENERAL wastewater, sanitary 44/2000 wastewater into the EHS wastewater into public amending Law sewage system and GUIDELINES or private wastewater 93/1962 public network, treatment systems should meet the pretreatment and monitoring requirements of the sewer treatment system into which it discharges. Ministerial Standards for reuse Decree No. of treated wastewater 44/2000 in irrigation of tree amending Law forests 93/1962 Ministerial It encompasses this Decree No. statement: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 24 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Issue Requirements of Egyptian legislations Requirements of WB 44/2000 “Wastewater amending Law discharge licenses 93/1962 must be acquired from the concerned authorities during the construction and operation phase” Law 38/1967 and Concerning its executive cleanliness and regulations sanitation and also (decree 134/1968) regulates the collection, transportation, storage and disposal of solid waste. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 25 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 2.7.2.2 Standards and Limits for the reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation of tree forests (Decree 44 of Year 2000) Reuse of treated water in Reuse of treated water in Parameter irrigation of some edible irrigation of timber forest crops BOD5 (ppm) 40 300 COD (ppm) 80 600 TSS (ppm) 40 350 O&G (ppm) 10 NI Nematodes (no. of cells or eggs/ 1 5 Liter) Fecal coliform (MPN/100 ml) 1,000 NI TDS (ppm) 2,000 2,500 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) % 20 25 Chlorides (ppm) 300 350 Boron (ppm) 3 5 Cadmium (ppm) 0.01 0.05 Lead (ppm) 5 10 Copper (ppm) 0.2 NI Nickel (ppm) 0.2 NI Zinc (ppm) 2 NI Arsenic (ppm) NI NI Chromium (ppm) NI NI Molid betrays (only green fodders) 0.01 NI (ppm) Manganese (ppm) 0.2 0.2 Iron (ppm) 5 NI Cobalt (ppm) 0.05 NI 2.7.2.3 Standards and Limits for the drains‟ water quality prior to being transferred to fresh watercourses for agricultural purposes only According to Article 51 of the ER of Law 48/1982 amended by Decree 402/2009 Standards&Limits (mg/l) Parameter TotaldissolvedsolidsTSS 1000≤ Temperature Maximum difference of 3°C as compared with the receiving watercourse Dissolved Oxygen 5≥ pH min 6.5 andmax8.5 BOD ≤30 COD ≤50 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 26 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Standards&Limits (mg/l) Parameter TotalNitrogen (TN) 15 TotalP (TP) 3 Oil&Grease ≤3 Mercury ≤0.001 Fe ≤3 Mn ≤2 Cu ≤1 Zn ≤2 Phenol ≤0.05 As ≤0.01 Cd ≤0.03 Cr ≤0.05 Free Cyanide ≤0.01 Pb ≤0.1 Ni 0.1 Se 0.01 Coliform 100 cm3 5000 2.7.2.4 Standards and Limits for dischargingTreated Sanitary effluent into water drains Egyptian Requirements: Parameter Standards and Limits (mg/l) Temperature Does not exceed the temperature of the receiving receptor by more than 3 pH 6-9 BOD 60 COD 80 Dissolved Oxygen ≥4 Oil & Grease 10 Total Dissolved Solids Does not exceed 2000 Total Suspended Solids 50 H2S 1 Free Cianides 0.1 Total P - NH3 - TN - Phenol 0.05 Mercury 0.01 Pb 0.1 Cd 0.003 Arsenic 0.05 Se 0.1 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 27 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Parameter Standards and Limits (mg/l) Cr 0.1 Cu 0.5 Ni 0.5 Zn 2 Fe 3.5 Total Coliform 5000 (100cm3) World Bank Requirements: - - According to WBG EHS general guidelines, limits for discharging treated wastewater to surface water is subject to the compliance with national standards for sanitary wastewater discharges. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 28 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 2.7.3 Noise 2.7.3.1 Regulations (Egyptian requirements ) (WB requirements) Article Inflections Reference Inflections Article 42 of Law Maximum Ensure the 4/1994 amended by law allowable limits OP 4.01 environmental 9/2009 and Article44 of for ambient sustainability of ERs (amended by noise intensity investment projects Decree 1095/2011 amended by Decree Maximum 710/2012). exposure duration WBG Presents Noise Level Noise GENERAL EHS Guidelines GUIDELINES Table 1.7.1 Identify maximum Table 2.3.1 increase in background noise levels at the nearest receptor location off-site. Presents noise limits for different working environments Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 29 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 2.7.3.2 Standards and Limits for Ambient Noise Egyptian Law 4 Requirements Requirements of WB (Table 1.7.1 of the WBG General EHS Guidelines) Permissible limit One hour LAeq for noise (dBA) intensity decibel DAY Receptor Day Night NIGHT 7 a.m. time time TYPE OF AREA 10 p.m. to 10 07:00 – 22:00 - to 7 a.m. p.m. 20:00 07:00 Sensitive Areas ( schools- Residential; hospitals- public parks- rural areas) 50 40 Institutional; 55 45 educational Residential areas in with limited Industrial; traffic and public services are 55 45 70 70 Noise commercial available Residential areas in the city where 60 50 commercial activities are available Residential areas located adjacent to roads which width is less than 12m, and workshops or 65 55 commercial or entertainments activities are found Areas located adjacent to roads which width is 12m or more, or 70 60 light industrial areas. Industrial areas (heavy industries) 70 70 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 30 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 2.7.3.3 Standards and Limits for Noise Levels in the Work Environment Egyptian Law 4 Requirements Requirements of WB (Table 2.3.1 of the WBG General EHS Guidelines) Maximum Permissible Noise Equivalent Maximum [Level Equivalent To Decibel (A)] Location level LAmax TYPE OF PLACE AND ACTIVITY At The Beginning Of 2014 /activity LAeq,8h ,fast Work place with up to 8 hour shifts Heavy Industry (nodemand or and aiming to limit noise hazards on 85 85 dB(A) 110 dB(A) oral communication) sense of hearing* Noise Light industry(decreasing 50-65 Hospitals, clinics, public offices, etc 80 110 dB(A) demand for oral communication) dB(A) Administrative offices – control rooms Open offices, control rooms, 45-50 65 N/A service counters or similar dB(A) Work rooms for computers, typwriters Individual offices(no 40-45 70 N/A or similar equipment disturbingnoise) dB(A) Work rooms for activities requiring 30-35 60 Hospitals 40 dB(A) routine mental concentration dB(A) *: If the measured noise at the workplace increased over the maximum allowable limit by 3 dBA, the exposure period shall be reduced to half of the exposure period. In addition, wearing proper ear muffs is a must. Noise level at any time at the work place shall not exceed 135 dBA Noise shall be measured inside working environment in LAeq unit in accordance with ISO 9612/ ISO 1996 or Egyptian standards Depending on the activity as demonstrated in the above table. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 31 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit CHAPTER 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 32 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 3 CHAPTER 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 INTRODUCTION5 The main objectives and the need for the phase 2 in ISSIP II are presented in Chapter 1. In this Chapter, the location/routing, design specifications and construction activities and operational parameters for the different components of the current phase of ISSIP II project in Assuit governorate will be addressed. The current (second) phase of the ISSIP II Project in Assuit governorate will involve providing sewerage collection and treatment services for twodistinct village clusters within the districts or Marakez of Assuit and Badary. The current phase will involve construction of nine (9) new pumping stations PSs, and one (1) Wastewater Treatment Plant WWTP in addition to the sewage network and force main at the targeted villages. The following Table shows the cluster covered under the second phase. Table ‎ 3-1 Geographic scope of the ESIA and the project components Wastewater # of Pumping Governorate Markaz Village Treatment Plant stations (PS) WWTP Refa 1 Deir Refa 1 Assuit Al Zawya 2 New Shutb WWTP Shutb 3 Assuit Musha 1 Existing Badary Bedary Al Nawamis 1 WWTP Sewage is collected in each village in the cluster through a network of gravity sewers which ends at the main pump station (PS). The collected sewage is pumped through the force-mains (FMs) - pressurized pipeline - directly to the existing WWTPs in each district which are located in desert areas. Figure 3-1 and 3-2 show an overview of the project at each district. The New WWTP design capacity is phased into two phases, phase two 39,000 m3 per day in 2050 and phase one 26,000 m3 per dayin 2030. 2030‟s capacity will be reached after connecting Assuit cluster villages in addition to other 2 villages namely Drunka and Deir Drunka. The existing WWTP in Bedary is under commissioning and startup phase by the National Organization for Potable and Sanitary Drainage NOPWASD which is responsible for constructing WWTPs in Egypt. The project will be operated by Assuit Water and Wastewater Company.This chapter includes therefore a detailed description of the following: 1. Location/routing, design, construction and operational parameters of the WWTPs,gravity sewers and house connections in each of the covered villages; the gravity sewers is a shallow system placed under the roads. 5In order to allow for a smooth navigation of this chapter, the Figures have been compiled following the end of the text. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 33 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 2. Location/routing, design, construction and operational parameters of the PSs andFMs in each of the covered villages. 3. Canals‟ and roads‟ Pipeline crossings and design details of the crossing structures The aim of the information included in this chapter is to serve as the basis for impact identification during construction, operation and decommissioning phases (as will be described in Chapter 5). It also serves as the basis (in addition to the baseline conditions described in Chapter 4) to the analysis of alternatives described in Chapter 6. Please note: the project description presented in this chapter is primarily based on the Feasibility Studies (FS) as well as data and surveying maps provided and prepared by the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater. 3.2 GRAVITY SEWERS AND HOUSE COLLECTION SYSTEM 3.2.1 Location/Routing and Design The gravity sewers and house collection system represent the first component of the sewage collection and treatment network. This is a network of pipelines, which connects individual houses to transfer the raw sewage to the village‟s PS. From there the FMs will transfer the collected amount to the next village and/or to the central WWTP. Annex 2 shows the network of gravity sewers designed for the following villages respectively:  Refa  Deir Refa  Al Zawya  Shutb  Musha  Al Nawamis 3.2.2 Construction processes and resources used The construction activities of the gravity sewers will involve digging, pipeline placement, pipeline connection welding, and then surfacing. The construction site will be mainly within the road network. Sensitive receptors along the route have been identified and will be presented in details in Chapter 4 (Baseline conditions) and Chapter 5 (Impact Assessment). It is expected that during construction, the following activities will take place: - Spoil storage and transport/disposal of excess materials. - Storage of the raw materials such as pipelines, Portland cement, sand, and gravel. - Concrete mixing and pouring; water will be added to the cement sand gravel mix. - Steel reinforcement storage, welding, and bending. - Wood will be used to mold the concrete during the civic works. 3.2.3 Operational processes and resources used The operation of the gravity sewers involves the movement of sewage by gravity under its own weight starting at the individual houses and ending at the PSs. Regular Maintenance activities are expected for the manholes in order to prevent blocking and in order to increase the efficiency of the gravity sewers. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 34 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 3.3 PUMP STATIONS AND FORCE MAINS 3.3.1 Location/Routing and Design specifications The project will involve the construction and operation of nine PSs. Locations of the PSs arepresented in Table 3-1. The area of land needed for the different PS sites will be around 400 m2/each site in average. The exact area and layout depends on the area of land available. Figures 3.3 to 3.11 show the site layout of the PS in the following villages, respectively:  Refa  Shutb 2  Deir Refa  Shutb 3  Al Zawya 1  Musha  Al Zawya 2  Nawamis  Shutb 1 As observed in Figures 3-3 to 3-11, each PS site comprises of the following components: o The inlet pipeline with a diameter of 400mm, which introduces the collected wastewater from the villages‟ houses. o The wet well for the pump station where the inlet sewage is discharged and pumped into the PS. The wet well is equipped with three pumps (including one standby) and a basket screen to protect the pumps and prevent solids and refuse flowing with sewage water to entering the pump sump. o The FM‟s line output. The FM pipe has a diameter of 250mm, which heads to the following village within the cluster of concern. o Flow measuring devices; o The site also comprises of a generator unit supplied with a fuel storage tank, a guard room and a warehouse, and is surrounded with a fence of a height of 2.3m above ground. o The site comprises of a monorail crane to serve the pumps and a rotary crane for lifting the screen. The following Table illustrates distances between each PS and Residential areas (from border to border). Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 35 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Table ‎ 3-2 Distances between each PS and Residential areas (from border to border). Distance between Pumping stations Governorate Markaz Closest residential (PS) area and PS (m) Refa 20 Deir Refa 50 Al Zawya 1 11 Al Zawya 2 15 Assuit Assuit Shutb 1 80 Shutb 2 5 Shutb 3 5 Musha 4 Bedary Al Nawamis 300 3.3.2 Construction processes and resources used The construction activities of the PSs will involve conventional activities related to the construction of reinforced concrete components. The activities will involve digging down to the foundation level, construction of needed isolated footings, and construction of the main cesspit, guard room warehouse and fence. The activities will also involve the installment of pipelines and pumps, special pieces and valves, connection welding, and completing all the electrical work needed. The construction activities will be located within the allocated site. Sensitive receptors around the PS site have been identified and will be presented in details in Chapters 4 and 5. It is therefore expected that during the construction of the PS, the following activities will take place: - Storage of the raw materials such as pipelines (maximum 6 layers high separated by timber blocks) , pumps, masonry, Portland cement sacks, sand, and gravel, wood plates (to mold the concrete and for the windows and door frames), fuel and water. - Concrete mixing and pouring; water will be added to the cement- sand -gravel mix - Steel reinforcement storage, welding, and bending - Spoil storage and transport/disposal of excess spoil. 3.3.3 Operational processes and resources used The operation of the PS involves the operation of two pumps (in addition to one stand-by) in order to pump the collected wastewater. The pumps have the following specifications: o Discharge will be 30 l/s o Total head required will be 28m o Maximum rpm of 1500 o Pump casing made of grey cast iron o Pump motor will be squirrel cage, induction type with IP-68 enclosure o Velocity at suction opening of the pump shall not exceed 4m/sec Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 33 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 3.4 WWTPs 3.4.1 Badary Existing WWTP The collected sewage from Nawamis Village will be sent to the existing Badary WWTPs which is located in a desert area. Kindly refer to Annex 2 for Gravity sewer network, Force main route for each cluster. The WWTP is under commissioning and startup phase by the National Organization for Potable and Sanitary Drainage NOPWASD which is responsible for constructing WWTPs in Egypt. After validating the construction integrity and confirming that the WWTP is in a safe, reliable and operational condition for Assuit Water and Wastewater Company satisfaction, the plant will be handed over to Assuit Wastewater Company for operation. The treated effluent generated from WWTP will be used for irrigating timber forests located close to the plant. It is expected that the plant will be handed over to Assuit WasteWater Company for operation in 4 months. The design capacity of the existing WWTPs, current operational flow, and expected flow is demonstrated in the following table. Table ‎ 3-3 the design capacity of the existing WWTP, current operational flow, and expected flow is demonstrated in the following table. Anticipated flow WWTPs Operational (m3/day) for the Served Design Flow in Village following years6 WWTP Cities/ Capacity 2017 villages 2017 2045 (m3/day) (m3/day) Sahel Seliem,- Al Nawamis 1044 2225 Badary 66,000 8,960 Badary City The following table provides an overview for the current status of the timber forest. Table ‎ 3-4 overview for the current status of the timber forest Allocated Cultivated Cultivated Tree Land for Irrigation Area under WWTP area 7 Species Timber System preparation (Feddan) Planted forest (Feddan) Badary 800 Feddan Surface 0 400 Khaya Water requirement for irrigation is depending on several factors including climate, tree age, tree size, citrus species and irrigation system. Average water consumption for each Timber forest is around 30 m3/day/feddan for surface irrigation system. In Badary cluster, the under preparation 400 feddan water requirements will be satisfied by the generated treated effluent and its annual increase. According to the HCWW, the WWTP will be further upgraded to advanced treatment “tertiary treatment” to enable discharging the treated water to the nearest water drain in the future. 6According to the technical feasibility study, anticipated flow was estimated based on the design parameters, number of household, and clusters population 7 Preparationof cultivated Area: include installing of irrigation network, and seedbed preparation. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 34 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Hence, the area allocated for the Timber forest will accommodate around 33 % of the Plant total capacity while the rest will be discharged to the nearest water drain. In this regard, it should be noted that ESIA studies will be conducted for the plant upgrade and the new PSs which will connect other villages in the future. To date, no sludge has been extracted from the stabilization ponds in Badary WWTPs. In order for the sludge to reach amounts large enough to be extracted, it might take up minimum five years of operation. Sludge generated from different sources (grit, primary sludge, and secondary sludge) in the WWTP will be stabilized and pumped to the drying beds which are located in the WWTP vicinity. Afterwards, sludge samples will be collected and analyzed by the plant laboratory department to assess sludge compliance with the national requirements for using sludge as soil fertilizers as well as obtain the approval of the Ministry of Agriculture before being sold in auctions or disposed of in the nearest non-hazardous waste landfill/dumpsite. If the results show that the sludge possess hazardous characteristics, the sludge shall be sent for disposal in Nasreya Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Centre in Alexandria. Other plausible alternatives include the use as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in cement factories (i.e. Assiut Cement) as will be discussed in more details in Chapter 5. 3.4.2 Shoutb New WWTP 3.4.2.1 Design specifications and operational processes The HCWW intends for the WWTP to be of a capacity 26,000 m3/d by year 2030, reaching a capacity of 39,000 m3/d by the year 2050. The WWTP will be located in Shutb village near Al Zenar drain as shown in Figure 3.2. The transformer capacity for the WWTP will be 2000 kilovolt Ampere. The plant will serve the following villages until 2050:  Shutb  Musha  Refa  Deir Rifa Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 35 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit  Drunka  Deir Drunka Anticipated flow from the villages: Anticipated flow (m3/day) for the Village following years8 2017 2045 Shutb 2,045 3,905 Musha 3,622 6,916 Refa 1,671 3,190 Deir Refa 524 1,001 Al Zawya 4,521 8,634 Total 12,383 23,646 After connecting Drunka and Deir Drunka the plant capacity will reach around 75% from the design capacity. The remaining 15% will be in service in case of emergencies, overflow, or disposal of other villages septic tanks in the WWTP. The WWTP comprises of the components listed in the following subsections: 8According to the technical feasibility study, anticipated flow was estimated based on the design parameters, number of household, and clusters population Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 36 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 3.4.2.2 Screening chamber followed by grit removal system Typically, the first device encountered by the wastewater entering the plant is the screening chamber. The screening chamber comprises of four mechanical and one manual screen. The screened materials will be collected in a skip(s). The skips shall be fabricated from epoxy steel sheets of 3mm thickness with a capacity of 1m3 . The screening chamber shall have a by-pass for emergency cases fitted with a manual screen. Removal of grit and grease follows screening of large diameter/coarse materials and will take place in a horizontal-flow grit chamber. 3.4.2.3 Inlet flow meter to register the amount of the incoming fluid and equalization Tank An inlet flow meter is installed to register the amount of the incoming fluid. As wastewater does not flow into WWTPs at a constant rate, reflecting the living habits of the area served, flow equalization tanks will be installed. The main purpose of the flow equalization tanks is to dampen these variations so that the wastewater can be treated at a nearly constant rate. Flow equalization is usually achieved by collecting and storing the received wastewater in the equalization basins from which the wastewater is pumped at a constant rate to the treatment units. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 37 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 3.4.2.4 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor MBBR tanks MBBR technology derives its name from the used media for biological treatment. As demonstrated in the following figure the MBBR process involves using thousands of polyethylene biofilm carriers that have a lighter density than water. The biofilm is grown on the carriers that are kept in movement by the introduced air from the blower. The moving bed utilizes the whole tank volume for biomass growth and is kept within the tank by an outlet sieve. The moving bed uses around 2/3 of the tank volume to provide around 450 m2/m3 for the biofilm growth area. The biofilm thickness is controlled through controlling the turbulence in the tank as the abrasion is limiting growth when carriers are colliding. Contrary to Activated Sludge Reactor, MBBR technology does not require any sludge recirculation. According to the plant design, two tanks will be used in phase 1. The tanks will be made of reinforced concrete.Sewage treatment involves the following stages: 1) Filling; where the flow rate of the incoming effluent and rate of oxygen introduced to the reactor are adjusted so that to maintain suitable food to microorganism F/M ratio. 2) Reaction; in this stage the wastewater is subjected to aeration The noise level from the air blower shall not exceed 85dB. The air shall be diffused near the bottom of the tank. The duration of aeration will depend on the composition of the wastewater and degree of nitrification. 3.4.2.5 Final Sedimentation Tanks Settling or air-off stage; where aeration stops and the sludge settles leaving the treated fluid composing the layer above the sludge bottom layer. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 38 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 3.4.2.6 Sand Filter After MBBR and sedimentation units are highly efficient for removing of biodegradable colloidal and soluble organics. By using multimedia sand filters, the possible residual suspended solids will be removes including unsettled microorganisms before disinfection. Sand filters will be backwashed during regular maintenance schedule. 3.4.2.7 Chlorination contact tank This is where the chlorine solution is injected. Two chlorinators will be sued (including one standby). The capacity will be 15kg/h and the design dose is 15 g/m3. 3.4.2.8 Chlorination building and chlorine cylinders store The chlorine equipment will be installed in a separate building. The building shall comprise of three rooms; room 1 for the apparatus; room 2 for the boosting pumps; and room 3 for storing the chlorine cylinders. 3.4.2.9 Sludge gravity thickener tanks Two tanks shall be used, each with a depth of 3.5m and a diameter of 7m. The target is to achieve a concentration of thickened sludge of 0.05. The tanks will be supplied with an access bridge to provide convenient access to the drive. 3.4.2.10 Sludge drying beds The number of drying beds shall be 30and shall be able to accommodate a sludge depth of 0.12m. The thickened sludge from the gravity thickener tanks shall be conveyed by gravity to the drying beds. The target moisture content for the dried sludge would be about 20% (w/w). 3.4.2.11 Ancillary facilities Ancillary facilities include overhead traveling as well as mono-rail cranes. The site will comprise of portable dewatering pumping units. The following equipment is expected to be present onsite:  Working benches  Radial and tilting saw machine  Portable electric welding machine  Oxy-acetylene cutting and welding equipment  Portable compressor  Turning and screw cutting lathe  Measuring instruments and Gauges Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 39 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit  Chemical and Bacteriological laboratory equipment 3.4.2.12 Fate of treated effluent and sludge The treated effluent will be continuously discharged to El Zenar drain. Sludge will be dried and treated on site, as mentioned above. Sludge samples will be collected and analyzed. Based on the analysis results, the sludge will be disposed of at the nearest landfill; or reused following one of the options as stated in Chapter 6. If the results show hazardous characteristics as will be discussed in more details in Chapter 5, the sludge shall be sent for disposal in Nasreya Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Centre in Alexandria. 3.4.2.13 Construction processes and resources used The construction activities of the WWTP will involve conventional activities related to the construction of reinforced concrete components. The activities will involve digging down to the foundation level, construction of needed isolated footings , and other needed civic works. The activities will also involve the installment of pipelines and pumps, special pieces and valves, connection welding, and completing all the electrical work needed. The construction activities will be located within the allocated site. It is expected that during the construction of the WWTP, the following activities will take place: - Storage of the raw materials such as pipelines (maximum 6 layers high separated by timber blocks) , pumps, masonry, Portland cement sacks, sand, and gravel, wood plates (to mold the concrete and for the windows and door frames), fuel and water - Concrete mixing and pouring; water will be added to the cement- sand -gravel mix - Steel reinforcement storage, welding, and bending - Spoil storage and transport/disposal of excess spoil. Work Force Facilities Necessary facilities for the WWTP Workforcewill be provided such as, potable water cabinet. The facilities will be temporary places during construction phase. It is foreseeable that labor temporary facilities will generate municipal solid waste, and sanitary wastewater 3.5 PIPELINE CROSSINGS AND CROSSING STRUCTURES The following main crossings have been identified in each cluster: Kindly refer to Annex 2 for detailed design of crossings. 3.5.1 Crossings identified in Assuit Cluster Table ‎ 3-5 Crossings identified in Assuit Cluster Construction Village No. Crossing Type Location Type Network 2 crossing and Under Railway Open and Cut Shutb Force main 1 Force main Nagaa Hamadi Canal Open and Cut Musha 1 Force main Al Zenar Drain Open and Cut 1 Force main Musha Drain Open and Cut Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 40 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit Construction Village No. Crossing Type Location Type 1 Force main Musha Canal Open and Cut Refa 1 Force main Gergaweya Canal Open and Cut 1 Force main Al Zenar Drain Open and Cut Network 1 Under Railway Open and Cut crossing 1 Force main Refa Drain Open and Cut Deir Refa 1 Force main Drain Open and Cut 1 Force main Sohageya Canal Open and Cut 1 Force main Street Open and Cut 1 Force main Zawya Canal Open and Cut 1 Force main Musha Drain Open and Cut 1 Force main Musha Canal Open and Cut Zawya 1 Force main Canal Open and Cut 1 Force main Gergawya Canal Open and Cut 1 Force main Refa Drain Open and Cut 3.5.2 Crossings identified in Badary Cluster Table ‎ 3-6 Crossings identified in BadaryCluster Construction Village No. Crossing Type Location Type 1 Force main Al Nawamis Canal Open and Cut Al Nawamis 1 Force main AL Nawamis Drain Open and Cut 1 Force main Pouit Drain Open and Cut Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 41 ESIA for Phase 2 of ISSIP II- Assuit 3.6 FIGURES Sewage Force PS Al Existin Existing Existing Network Main in Al NAwa g PS Force WWTP NAwamis mis Pouita Main Badary Figure ‎ 3-1Clusters covered during the Second phase of the ISSIP II Project in Assuit governorate and their components Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 32 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Shutb PS 3 Shutb PS 2 Shutb PS 1 Musha PS Shutb WWTP Refa PS Nawamis PS Al Zawya 2 PS Al Zawya 1 PS Deir Refa PS Figure ‎ 3-2 Aerial satellite maps showing the project components locations and onsite photo documentation for Assuit and Badary clusters respectively Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 33 Figure ‎ 3-3WWTP Location, layout and closest receptors Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 34 Figure ‎ 3-4Refa PS with closest settlement at 20m Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 35 3-5Der Refa PS with closest settlement at 50m Figure ‎ Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 36 3-6Musha PS with closest settlement at 4m Figure ‎ Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 37 Figure ‎ 3-7Zawya 1 PS with closest settlement at 11m Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 38 Figure ‎ 3-8Zawya 2 PS with closest settlement at 15m Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 39 Figure ‎ 3-9Shutb 1 PS with closest settlement at 80m Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 40 Figure ‎ 3-10Shutb 2 PS with closest settlement at 5m Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 41 Figure ‎ 3-11Shutb 3 PS with closest settlement at 5m Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 42 CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 43 4 CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS 4.1 LOCATION: Assiut Governorate is located on the 2 banks of the Nile River, It extends to160 km length from Badari and Sedfa South to Dayrout North. The width of the valley ranges from 10 to 20 km.As for the boundaries of Assiut, it is surrounded by Minia governorate from the north, the Red Sea Governorate from the east, the New Valley from the west and Sohag from the south.The governorate is located between the Red Sea and New Valley Governorates as shown in Figure4-1. The distance between Assiut city and Cairo is about 375 km. Figure ‎ 4-1 location of Assuit governorate There are 11 administrative Districts (Markaz) in Assiut, each consisting of a capital city of the same name of the District. It also includes 56 municipalities followed by 235 village and 844 affiliates and rural residential community as shown in Table4-1. Figure 4-41shows the administrative division for the governorate. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 44 No. district No. of Cities No. of municipalities No. of mother villages 1 Assiut 1 8 29 2 Dayrout 1 7 41 3 Al Qusiya 1 4 21 4 Manfalout 1 7 24 5 Abo Teeg 1 4 12 6 Sidfa 1 4 17 7 Al Ghanyim 1 2 7 8 Abnoub 1 4 16 9 Al Fath 1 6 23 10 Sahel Selim 1 3 16 11 Al Badari 1 7 19 Total 11 56 235 Table ‎ 4-1Administration distribution Specific location at each village within the ESIA scope is presented in the following subsections. Kindly refer to Annex 02 for drawings and maps. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 45 4.1.1 Shutb Village In Shutb Village, 4 main components will be installed including 3 pumps stations and WWTPthe following figures are depicting the surroundings of the main components9: 4.1.1.1 Shutb PS 3 Location Residential Buildings 5m Fire Station Railway Figure ‎ 4-2 location of the Shutb PS 3 and the closest receptor The PS will be installed close to a residential area. The closest potential receptor is the residential buildings which are located 5 m north of the PS. The force main from Shutb PS 3 to Shoutb PS 1, as illustrated in figure 3-1, will be installed within the existing road and will cross a railway10. 9 Discussion of the land ownership issues is detailed in section 5.7.2 10 Assuit Water Company has requested the approval of the railway authority. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 46 4.1.1.2 Shutb PS 1 Location Residential Building Figure ‎ 4-3location of the Shutb PS 1 and the closest receptor The PS will be installed in an agricultural area. The closest potential receptor is residential building which is located 80 m north of the PS proposed location. The force main from PS 1 to PS 2, as illustrated in figure 3-1, will be installed within the existing roads and will cross Nagaa Hamadi canal. Impacts on the road will occur during construction since there will be need to excavate in this area. Impacts during operation will be minimum. 4.1.1.3 Shutb PS 2 Location Residential Buildings Figure ‎ 4-4location of the Shutb PS 2 and the closest receptor The PS will be installed within a residential area in a state owned land. The PS proposed location is currently being used by the residents in the area as a dump site as illustrated in the figures above. The closest potential receptor is residential buildings which are located Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 47 5 m north of the PS proposed location. The RSU will conduct more stakeholders engagement activities to ensure acceptance of the local community. It was noted during the fieldwork from discussion with the neighbours that in general they accept the construction of the PS at these locations, since they are currently used as dumpsites. Construction of the pump station will ensure clearing of the waste quantities piled in the plot. Starting form Shutb PS 2 the Force main will be positioned within the existing road up till reaching the new WWTP. After 100 m from Shutb PS 2 the Force main will crossNagaa Hamadi channel. The distance between Shutb PS 2 and the New WWTP is around 4 Km. Also the Force main will cross Al Zenar Drain few meters before reaching the WWTP Crossing Naga Hamady Canal Force main Route Crossing Al Zenar Drain Figure ‎ 4-5Forcemain route from Shutb PS 2 to the New WWTP Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 48 4.1.1.4 Shutb New WWTP Location The WWTP will be installed an agricultural area in the bank of Al Zenar drain. The following figures the location of WWTP. The closest residential areas are Shutb village and Mush Village which are located around 2 Km northeast and southeast of the proposed WWTP location respectively. 2 Km 3.5 2 Km Km Figure ‎ 4-6 Distance between Shutb WWTP and the closest Residential areas Figure ‎ 4-7Shutb WWTP location and Al Zenar Drain Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 49 4.1.3 Musha Village The PS will be installed within a residential area in a state owned land. The PS proposed location was used as a slaughter house as illustrated in the following figures. The closest potential receptor is residential building which is located 4 m west of the PS proposed location. Residential Buildings Figure ‎ 4-8Musha PS location Starting form Musha PS the Force main will be positioned within the existing road up till reaching the new WWTP. The force main will cross Musha drain and Al Zenar Drain before reaching the WWTP. The distance between the PS 2 and the New WWTP is around 4 Km. Crossing Musha Drain Crossing Al Force main Zenar Drain Route Figure ‎ 4-9FM route from Musha PS to Shutb WWTP Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 50 4.1.4 Refa Village The PS will be installed within an agricultural area in a state owned land. The closest potential receptor is residential building which is located 20 m Northeast of the PS proposed location. Residential Buildings Figure ‎ 4-10Refa PS location The force main from Refa PS to Musha PS, as illustrated in figure 3-1, will be installed within the existing roads. The force main will cross Al Araya Canal before reaching Demno PS. Crossing Al Zenar Drain Crossing Musha Drain Force main Route Crossing Gergawya Canal Figure ‎ 4-11FM route from Refa PS to Musha PS Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 51 4.1.5 Deir Refa Village The PS will be installed within an agricultural area in a state owned land. The closest potential receptor is residential building which is located 20 m Northeast of the PS proposed location. Residential Buildings Figure ‎ 4-12 Deir Refa PS location The force main from Refa PS to Musha PS, as illustrated in figure 3-1, will be installed within the existing roads. The force main will cross Sohageya Canal and Refa Drain before reaching Refa PS. Crossing Drain Force main Route Crossing Refa Drain Crossing Sohageya Canal Figure ‎ 4-13FM route from Deir Refa PS to Refa PS Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 52 4.1.6 Al Zawya Village Two PSs will be installed in Al Zaywa Village. As indicated in the following subsections. Both locations at Al Zawya village are agricultural donated land. 4.1.6.1 Al Zawya PS 2 Al Zawya PS 2 will be installed close to a residantial area. The closest potential receptor is residential building which is located 15 m northwest of the PS proposed location. Figure ‎ 4-14 Al Zawya 2 PS location Force Maine from PS2 to PS1 will be installed within the existing road for about 1.5 Km. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 53 4.1.6.1 Al Zawya PS 1 Al Zawya PS 1 will be installed close to a residantial area. The closest potential receptor is residential building which is located 15 m northwest of the PS proposed location. Figure ‎ 4-15 Al Zawya 2 PS location The force main from Zawya PS to Shutb WWTP, as illustrated in figure 3-1, will be installed within the existing roads. The force main will cross Gergawya Canal and Musha Drain before reaching the WWTP. The Force Maine route is approximately 10 Km. CrossingMusha Drain Crossing Gergawya Canal Force main Route Figure ‎ 4-16FM route from Zawya PS 1to WWTP Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 54 4.1.7 Al Nawamis Village The PS will be installed within anagricultural area, specifically pomegranate fields. The closest potential receptor is residential buildings which are located 300 m north the PS proposed location. Marawna Drain Figure ‎ 4-17 location of the PS and the closest receptor in Al Nawamis Village The force main from Al Nawamis PS to Pouit PS as illustrated in figure 3-1, will be installed within the existing roads for approximately 3.5 Km. The force main will cross Al Nawamis Canal, AL Nawamis Drain and Pouit Drain before reaching the existing Pouit PS. The existing Badary WWTP is located 500 east of the closest residential area as demonstrated in the following Figure. Figure ‎ 4-18 location of Badary WWTP the closest receptor Village Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 55 4.2 Hydrology 4.2.1 The surface water: Assiut Governorate depends mainly on the Nile water for irrigation and drinking. The estimated amount of discharged water to Assuit governorate is about 1599 million m3 per year. The main canals at the governorate are: Ibrahimeya canal which serves to irrigate about 79407 feddans, Nag Hammadi West canal, which serves to irrigate about 141 thousand feddans and Nag Hammadi East canal which irrigates about 88 thousand feddans. Figure ‎ 4-19 distribution of canals and drains at the governorate Canals and drains in the vicinity of the project include: The following table illustrates canals and drains that are in direct contact with the project various components. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 56 Table ‎ 4-2 Canals and drains within the project area Governorate Markaz Village canal/drain Gergaweya Canal Refa Refa Drain Deir Refa Sohageya Canal Al Zawya Zawya Canal Assuit Nagaa Hamadi Canal Shutb Al Zenar Drain Assuit Musha Drain Musha Musha Canal Marawna Drain Al Nawamis Canal Bedary Al Nawamis AL Nawamis Drain Pouit Drain 4.2.2 Groundwater: Groundwater represents the second source of water at the governorate after surface water. Water is extracted from the quaternary aquifer of the Nile valley and the surrounding desert area. Groundwater is used at towns and villages in the valley as a main source for potable water. Following Figures describe the groundwater aquifer at the governorate, and show the depth of the groundwater. Table ‎ 4-3Groundwater levels within the project area Governorate Markaz Village GW depth (m) Refa Between 20 - 50 Deir Refa Between 20 - 50 Assuit Al Zawya Between 20 - 50 Assuit Shutb Between 20 - 50 Musha Between 20 - 50 Bedary Al Nawamis Between 6- 20 Assuit Company for water and wastewater is conducting continuous monitoring of the ground water quality in Refa, Deir Refa, Al Zawya, Shutb, and Musha. Kindly refer to Annex 3 groundwater quality in Refa, Deir Refa, Al Zawya, Shutb, and Musha. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 57 Figure ‎ 4-20 underground aquifers at the governorate Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 58 Figure ‎ 4-21 depth of groundwater Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 59 4.2.3 Water Quality Water Quality based on the monitoring activities conducted by the research team: A- Water Quality Criteria: When gathering ambient water quality samples, it is crucial that samples be collected in a consistent and proper manner with the appropriate equipment, so the analytical results or field measurements will reflect the environmental conditions at the time of sampling. One field trip was carried out to Assuit governorate to collect water samples from Al Zenar Drain. Samples were collected to obtainwater quality baseline of the drain before starting the construction of the WWTP, also to have an idea for the future changes (improvement or deterioration). B-Water Quality Sampling Methodology: The planning and sampling methodology are confined to the monitoring of natural bodies of fresh water (surface water). Methods are determined by a number of factors: the type of material being sampled, sediment sample; the type of sampler (grab, composite or integrated); the quality parameter being analyzed which in turn determines the kind of container; the amount of sample; whether the sample is analyzed in situ or sent back to a laboratory and the method of preservation. C-Parameters measured in-situ Specific variable tested in the field; this completed by using a hand-held meter field instrument. Specific variables also are tested in a laboratory environment with the correct equipment. Parameters that measured immediately were Temperature, and pH D-Parameters measured in laboratory Laboratories analysis can provide additional parameters to be analyzed. Generally, these analysis includes what are demand as a conventional parameters nutrients (such as different form of nitrogen and phosphorus), oxygen budget (COD, and BOD), cations and anions (such as sodium, potassium, sulfates, chloride, ….. etc), and metals (such as iron, copper, lead, ……etc.) also some bacteriological analysis (total and fecal coliforms). The GPS coordinates for samples locations are shown in the following table. Table ‎ 4-4 GPS coordinates for samples locations 11 # Location Sample N coordinates E coordinates type 1 Al Zenar drain Surface 26°49'44.2" 31°22'26.3" water E-Sample Collection and Analysis Water samples collected and analyzed done by team from the National Research Center for surface and ground water by means of hand pumps and canals. All data analyzed are summarized in the following table for each site and it is illustrated in annex 3. 11 The following numbers (AA1 - 6) are representing the respective location in the following figures Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 60 Figure ‎ 4-22 surface water sampling D-The Analysis results: Table ‎ 4-5 water samples analysis results for Al Zenar Drain Egyptian Parameters Unit Al Zenar Drain Standards Limits pH - 8.26 6-9 Electric conductivity (EC) µS 1037 N/A Maximum difference of 3°C O Temperature C 17 as compared with the receiving watercourse Does not exceed Total dissolved solids mg/L 601 2000 Total suspended solids mg/L 52 50 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mgO2/L 45 80 Biological oxygen demand 60 mgO2/L 18 (BOD) Total alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 196 N/A Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 61 Egyptian Parameters Unit Al Zenar Drain Standards Limits Biocarbonateas alkalinity as N/A mg/L 196 CaCO3 Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/L ND N/A Hydroxide as CaCO3 mg /L ND N/A Chloride mg Cl-/L 200 300 Sulfate mg SO4/L 181 N/A Ammonia mg NH4+/L 1.1 N/A Nitrate mg NO3-/L 0.3 N/A Sodium mg Na/L 184 N/A Potassium mg K/L 9 N/A Lead mg Pb/L < 0.01 5 Arsenic mg As/L < 0.01 N/A Copper mg Cu/L < 0.01 0.2 Nickel mg Ni/L < 0.01 0.2 Zinc mg Zn/L < 0.01 2 Iron mg Fe/L < 0.01 5 Total Heavy Metals mg /L < 0.01 N/A Calcium Mg Ca/L 74 N/A Magnesium mg Mg/L 28 N/A Total coliform MPN/100 ND 5000 ml Fecal coliform MPN/100 ND 1000 ml Shigella MPN/100 ND N/A ml Salmonella MPN/100 ND N/A ml ND: Not detected – N/A: Not available G- Findings Al Zenar drain water quality at the project siteis incompliance with the national environmental legislations. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 62 4.3 CLIMATE 4.3.1 Temperature: The wastewater treatment plant will be constructed at an agricultural area. The annual minimum recorded temperature is 15, the annual maximum recorded temperature is 30. The following figure4-23 highlights the average annual temperature recorded at Assuit meteorological station. Figure ‎ 4-23 average monthly temperature in Assuit Governorate 4.3.2 Rain: Climate data point to the lack of rainfall in the area in general. The highest rate of rainfall is 3.5 mm/year, the average was 0.7mm/year, which represents very limited amounts, causing no damage at all. Although the amount of rainfall is very limited, but storm water is among the main threats to Assuit in desert areas. 4.3.3 Humidity: The annual average humidity rate at Assuit governorate is 38%, the average annual evaporation rate is 14.2 mm. The following figure highlights the annual relative humidity rates. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 63 Figure ‎ 4-24 monthly relative humidity average 4.3.4 Wind: Based on the data recorded at the Egyptian Meteorological Authority, at Assuit station (station no 62393), the average wind speed at the area is 8.1 MPH. This speed varies between seasons. The maximum recorded wind speed is during Spring and Summer, the least speed occurs during Autumn and Winter. Following figure shows the average change in wind speed at the governorate, with regards to wind direction based on the recoded data at the station. The prevalent wind direction is towards the west or the south west. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 64 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 65 Figure ‎ 4-25 average wind direction and speed all over the year Figure ‎ 4-26wind rose Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 66 Figure ‎ 4-27average change in wind speed at the governorate Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 67 4.4 Air Quality The national network for monitoring air quality currently operates 87 air quality monitoring stations. Stations extend all over Egypt, only 15 stations exist in Upper Egypt, and two stations at Assuit. The last state of the environment report for 2011, issued in 2012 indicates the following: Sulpher dioxide: The annual average of Sulpher dioxide concentrations decreased from 60 microgram/m3 in 1999 to 15 microgram/m3 in 2011. As highlighted in figure 4-30e. Figure ‎ 4-28Sulfur Dioxide annual average all over Egypt Nitrogen Dioxide: Air quality in Egypt suffers from the increase in Nitrogen Dioxide concentrations since 1999. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations have increased from 45 micrograms /m3 in 1999 to 60 micrograms /m3 in 2011 as indicated in Figure 4-30f. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 68 Figure ‎ 4-29Nitrogen Dioxide annual average all over Egypt Suspended Particle Matter: PM concentration exceeds the permissible limits, although the annual average concentration had decreased from 190 micrograms /m3 in 1999 to 140 micrograms / m3 in 2011 as highlighted in the following figures. Figure ‎ 4-30Particle Matter annual average all over Egypt Air Quality monitoring conducted by the research team: Although data collected from the National Monitoring Network that the air quality is not good in general, but the areas where the project will be established are rural areas free from sources of air pollution. This was noted from the air quality of the collected sample by the field team. The measured elements include: SO2, NOx, CO, TSP, and PM 10. The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 69 The results show that the air is free from the gaseous pollutants and the dust level is within the ambient air quality standard limits as presented in the following table. Air quality measurements were conducted at most of the PS locations and the new WWTP location. 4-6 8 hours average results (µg/m3) Assuit District Table ‎ Location TSP PM10 NO2 SO2 CO LocationsCode (mg/m3) AA1 Shutb PS 3 143 78 23.73 9.71 1.44 AA2 Shutb WWTP 118 55 8.30 19.54 1.45 AA3 Musha PS 122 63 15.16 17.50 2.09 AA4 Refa PS 110 59 25.85 8.30 2.19 AA5 Der Refa PS 137 73 37.58 30.20 4.86 AA6 Zawya 2 PS 113 69 14.41 12.95 2.10 Guideline 230 150 150 150 10 4-7 8 hours average results (µg/m3) Badary District Table ‎ Location Location TSP PM10 NO2 SO2 CO Code (mg/m3) AA7 Al Nawamis 132 71 PS 16.51 16.36 2.16 Guideline 230 150 150 150 10 Air Quality results Analysis In general there are two main factors affecting the ambient air concentration of a certain pollutant emitted from a certain source or sources in a selected area:  The intensity of the emissions (e.g. concentration and flow rate) from the source or sources.  The uncontrollable atmospheric dispersion conditions which include but not limited to (wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, rain fall, atmospheric turbulence, solar radiation intensity and atmospheric pressure). Other than the emissions generated from vehicles, there are very few sources of air pollutants present in the proposed project. All the recorded rests showed compliance with the national and international guidelines for ambient air quality. Moreover most of the data recorded were way below the national guidelines which indicates that the ambient air quality in the project areas is very. This can be attributed to the absence of any major industrial sources. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 70 Guidelines 200 Guidelines 150 100 TSP 50 PM10 0 AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 AA5 AA6 AA7 Locations Figure ‎ 4-31 particulate 8 hours average results µg/m3 150 Guidelines 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 37.58 40 23.73 25.85 NO2 30 15.16 14.41 16.51 20 8.3 10 0 AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 AA5 AA6 AA7 Locations Figure ‎ 4-32 NO28 hours average results µg/m3 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 71 150 Guidelines 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30.2 SO2 30 19.54 17.5 16.36 20 9.71 12.95 8.3 10 0 AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 AA5 AA6 AA7 Locations Figure ‎ 4-33 SO28 hours average results µg/m3 CO mg/m3 10 9 8 7 6 4.86 5 4 3 2.19 2.09 2.1 2.16 2 1.44 1.45 CO 1 0 AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 AA5 AA6 AA7 Locations Figure ‎ 4-34 CO daily average results µg/m3 Particulate measurements (TSP and PM10): Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 72 Concerning the T.S.P measurements the maximum concentration during the measurements was 143 µ g/m3 recorded in AA1 however the minimum concentration recorded was 110 µg/m3 recoded in AA4. Moreover the PM10 maximum concentration during the measurement was 78 µg/m3 recorded in AA1 however the minimum concentration recorded was 55 µg/ recoded in AA2. All the results were complying with law 4/1994 for Environment protection and its amendments by law No.9/2009 and the executive regulation issued in 1995 and its amendments no. 710 in 2012 and no. 964 in 2015”. Gaseous air pollutants: Concerning the nitrogen dioxide measurements the maximum concentration during the measurement was 37.58 µ g/m3 in AA5 however the minimum concentration recorded was 8.30 µg/m3 in AA2.Moreover the sulphur dioxide measurement the maximum concentration during the measurement was 30.20 µ g/m3 in AA5 however the minimum concentration recorded was 9.71 µ g/m3AA1.Furthermore the carbon monoxide measurement the maximum concentration during the measurement was 4.86mg/m3 in AA5 however the minimum concentration recorded was 1.44mg/m3in AA1.All the results were complying with law 4/1994 for Environment protection and its amendments by law No.9/2009 and the executive regulation issued in 1995 and its amendments no. 710 in 2012 and no. 964 in 2015”. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 73 4.5 Noise The area where the project will be constructed is characterized as residential area or surrounded by agriculture land. During the monitoring and evaluation of the site where the pump station and the new WWTP will be constructed, it was noted that the main sources for noise are the movement of cars and operation of water pumps. Environmental measurements show the level of noise, as explained in the following tables. Table ‎ 4-8 Ambient Noise Levels ReadingsAssuit District Cod Locatio Sound Level Equivalent & Percentile Permissible Limits e n Recordings in dBA for 24 Hours LAeq (dBA) LAe LA1 LA5 LA9 LA9 LCpea Nationa Internationa q 0 0 0 5 k l l Shutb 42.4 AA1 45.74 34.64 26.72 24.93 111.95 65 70 PS 3 5 Shutb 43.4 AA2 48.42 39.54 35.89 31.81 120.45 65 70 WWTP 3 Musha 55.5 AA3 59.9 43.9 36.13 44.77 99.7 65 70 PS 4 58.8 AA4 Refa PS 55.23 49.41 38.7 35.8 108.96 65 70 7 Der 54.4 AA5 51.75 48.67 37.05 31.65 106.56 65 70 Refa PS 3 Zawya 2 49.6 AA6 60.34 35.62 30.4 29.83 125.34 65 70 PS 7 Table ‎ 4-9 Ambient Noise Levels Readings Badary District Cod Locatio Sound Level Equivalent & Percentile Permissible Limits e n Recordings in dBA for 24 Hours LAeq (dBA) LAe LA1 LA5 LA9 LA9 LCpea Nationa Internationa q 0 0 0 5 k l l 47.1 AA7 47.35 50.54 48.44 41.69 89.67 65 70 AA7 9 The results of ambient noise measurements were compared to the national and international permissible limits. As for the group of measurement locations near the proposed project site (AA1 to AA8); it can be noted that all readings recorded comply with both national and international standards, as shown in the following Figure. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 74 LAeq 80 70 60 50 40 LAeq 30 20 10 0 AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 AA5 AA6 AA7 Figure ‎ 4-35 noise levels in all locations 4.6 Flora In Assuit governorate area includes a clay agriculture land with cultivated crops of the typical cash crops grown in the Egyptian agricultural areas. Cotton, maize, wheat, clover, corn and beans are the common crops grown at different seasons in the agricultural land. The land in Assuit is fertile characterized by high yields. Corn wheat Three main groups of flora are found Assuit land according to their life span are perennials, biennials and annuals. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 75 clover beans In what relate to commercial importance species no commercially important species are known within the project area. On the basis of plant longevity, the flora present at the Nile Valley is composed of 4 biennials, 99 perennials and 122 annuals. The perennial species ranges from fruticose or sulfruticose to herbaceous. Four biennial species are Melilotus albus, Apium graveolens, Chenopodium ambrosroides and Spergularia salina. The perennials flora include Actheorhiza bulbosa, Alhagi graecorum, Asparagus stipulars, Aster squamatus, Astraglus fruticosus, Atractylis carduus and others. Alhagi graecorum Asparagus stipularis The annuals flora include; Adonis dentate, Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Aumi majus, Anthemis borumuelleri and others. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 76 In the desert extend of the governorate there are five common plant species were recorded in the sand flat formation habitat at the area of investigation which covers the surroundings of the Project areas. These species were; Chenopodium album, Anabasis rticulate and Tamarix nilotica. 4.7 FAUNA Because thousands of years of intensive human activities, the modern Nile Valley and Delta have been converted to a man-made ecosystem. Animals now inhabiting the region are those that are able to tolerate human activities or those that can avoid contact with the human. The intensive cultivation and widespread use of agrochemicals have contaminated the region adversely affecting many of the native animals. Birds: The characteristic birds in governorate include Egretta alba alba (common), Egretta ibis ibis (rare), Corvus corone saradoniux (common), Streptopelia scnegalenis aegyptiaca (common) and Fringilla montifringilla (common). Egretta ibis ibis According to Birdlife international sensitivity mapping tool for migratory soaring birds, the proposed project poses no risk to migratory soaring birds as no soaring birds tracks were recorded within 50 km of the WWTP location. Mammals: Forty mammalian species are known in the Nile Valley at the present time (Anon, 1993). Rodents are the most common in the project areas inhabiting the cultivated fields. The most common species are Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Acomys cahirinus cahirinus, Arvicanthis niloticus, Gerbillus gerbillus gerbillus and Gerbillus andersoni andersoni. Insectivora were represented by Crocidura nana and Hemiechinus auritus aegyptius . Rhinopoma hardwickei arabium,Taphozous perforatus, Taphozous nudiventris, Otonycteris hemprichi, Tadarida aegyptiaca were the dominant Chiroptera (Bats) species. Carnivora were represented by Vulpes vulpes and Mustela nivalis. Perissodactyla was represented by Equussp. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 77 gerbillus Crocidura Invertebrates Some insects such as locusts, beetles, butterfly and some spiders were observed. Reptiles: 34 species of reptiles were recorded in the Nile Valley and Delta (Anon, 1993). Common reptiles at the project area include Trapelus mutabilis, Tarentola annularis annularis, Mesalina guttulata, canthodactylus boskianu Hemidactylus turcicus, Chalcides ocelltus, Coluber florulentus, Natrix tessellate, Psammophis sibilans, Telescopus shara, Varanus niloticus, Mabya quinquetaeniata and Naja haje. These reptiles live at both vegetation and desert environments within the governorate area. Tarentola annularis Trapelus mutabilis Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 78 rats lizard Based on the investigation conducted by the Consultant, no endangered species have been identified within the project affected area. Aquatic flora: The dominant species of the aquatic canal banks in the Nile Valley includes: Phragmites australis, Cynodon dactylon, Imperata cylindrica, Typha domindensis, Arthrocnemum macrostachyu, Inula crithmoides, Juncus acutus, Zygophylum aegypticum, Frankenia hirsuta, Echinops spinoslssimus and Alhagi maurorum. Aquatic fauna: Amphibians: In the Nile Valley there are four species of amphibians are known. Characteristic amphibians include Rana ridibunda, B. viridis, Ptychadena mascareniensis and Bufo regularis. Bufo regularis Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 79 4.8 Geology: Assiut consists of some of sedimentary rocks and loose sediments, caused by Tertiary and Quaternary formations as follows: 1. Tertiary Formations: can be traced to Eocene and Pliocene eras. A. Eocene formations: Eocene is the second era during Tertiary formations. Most of its formations composed of limestone stroked out with layers of clay and flint. Limestone forms most of the flood plain, with overlooking steep edges. Rainfall has previously caused dramatic dissolving of these rocks and opening a number of valleys, with estuaries towards the end of the flood plain. These rocks were affected by mechanical and chemical erosion factors causing fragmentation and melting of most of its surface parts. Figure ‎ 4-36 Tertiary and Quaternary formations at Assuit Governorate Source: Environmental Description B. Pliocene Formations: Pliocene represents the fifth and final era of the Tertiary age. Its formations appear in a narrow part of the western side of the Nile valley. Most of the formations are marine sediments, representing layers from limestone, sandstone, marble and clay. 2. Quaternary Formations: It consists mainly of loose sediments from two types: dry valley sediments and floodplain sediments. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 80 A. Floodplain sediments: Flood plain sediments can be traced on both sides of the River Nile. They consist of modern loam sediments carried by the Nile River from its headwaters South in Ethiopia. River Nile was the main source carrying these segments each year during the flood season. Sediments used to cover both sides during high water level season thus covering the floodplain and adding to it a new layer of silt each year. This served the renewal of soil fertility which stopped after the construction of the High Dam. Floodplain sediments increase in roughness as we get closer to the river, and become smoother away from the river. The coarse sediments carried by the flood waters first fell and deposited directly on both sides of the river. The soft sediments remained dissolving in the water and later deposited on the surface floodplain away from the river banks. Floodplain soil: The floodplain generally consists of four types of soil, based on classification and productivity: first, second, third and fourth class soil. The degree of salinity is not noticeable as most of the soil is of normal salinity arable lands. Most of the land of the governorate is originally formed of: Clay Soil: Covers large areas of the floodplain, alluvial soil is sometimes interspersed with dark brown clay formations. The thickness of the clay soil in some places is only about 60 cm showing sandy soil or yellow sandy clay or yellow or gray clay loam or loam underneath. Sand Soil: Carried by the wind at the west border of the cultivated valley. Surface Calcareous soil: swept away from the western hills by flood water, can be cultivated. Following Figure shows distribution of spreading rock formations at different areas in Assuit. The figure includes rock distribution of different types, ages and formations, depending only on rock formation and chemical composition. Silt and clay sediments can be found in Nile Valley as well as the surrounding rocks, sandstones and gravel. It can also be found in limestone and dolomite formations. Areas covered in sand and gravel are most suitable for construction based on stability, withstanding pressures and inability to collapse. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 81 Figure ‎ 4-37 rock formations spreading in different areas in Assuit governorate Source: Assuit Environmental profile The figure 4-37 highlights the geological elements of Assuit governorate. Rock formations appear and are classified according to their geological ages and their interconnectedness. It shows also locations of the most important geological formations such as faults, cracks and breaks which represent the most unsafe areas for construction. It shows also rock sequences and their extensions. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 82 Figure ‎ 4-38 geological elements for Assuit governorate Source: Feasibility study EGEC Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 83 Figure4-38 shows the topographic map of Assuit governorate, showing the land slope in Badara district towards the valley. Figure 4-39 shows the contour lines of the mountain and desert area, neighbouring the project area. It is characterized by the valley of Abou Sheih where the treatment station will be constructed. Figure ‎ 4-39 Topographic map of Assuit governorate Source: Feasibility study EGEC Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 84 Seismic hazards: Figure 4-39 shows seismic Hazard, indicating that Egypt is located at the low risk areas (five categories) which represents a good opportunity for development. Yet it must be taken into consideration that the construction of the stations and the pipeline network must be conducted in compliance with the civil engineering codes. The codes take into consideration calculating the impacts related to seismic hazards on the station and network, in order to avoid any impacts caused by strong earth movements leading to leakage of sewage water and pollution to the groundwater aquifer. Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 85 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit . Figure ‎ 4-40 classification of Egypt according to seismic hazard Source: www.who-eatlas.org Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 86 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 4.9 Socio-economic characteristics In this section the consultant will use a three level approach to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the project target areas. The approach will describe the target areas on the level of the governorates, then districts and finally the villages‟ level. The following structure presents the levels that will be explained: 1. Assiut Governorate Level 2. District level a. Assiut District b. Bedary District 3. Village level a. Assiut cluster villages: Refa, Dier Refa, Musha, Shutb, Al-Zawya b. Bedary cluster villages: Al-Nawamis 4.9.1 Assuit Governorate Overview Assiutis one of the governorates of Upper Egypt Region. The total area of Assiut governorate is 25926km2. Assiut is divided into 11 Markaz, 11 cities and 2 districts, which includes 55 affiliated Local Government Units, which includes 180 villages and 840 Kafr and Ezbas (Description of Egypt by information, 2010) Assiut governorate is bordered in the east by Assuit Eastern Mountain and the Red sea Governorate, in the West by Assiut Western Mountain and The New Valley Governorate, in The North by Menia Governorate, and by Sohag Governorate in the South. Assuit is considered the commercial center of Upper Egypt. The total population of Assiut governorate is about 3.76 million inhabitants (Egypt Description by Information, 2010). The percentage of urban population at the governorate is 27 % while the natural population increase is about 23.9 per thousand inhabitants. The labor force in Assiut is estimated at 27.45% of the population (Egypt Human Development Report, 2010). In Figure ‎ 4-41Administrative Division of general, the unemployment rate in urban areas is higher than Assiut Governorate in rural areas and about 39% of the labor forceare working in agriculture.The governorate contributes to the industrial activitiesthrough major industries including: fertilizers, medicines,cement, petroleum, as well as small industries such as kleem,rugs, woods embellished with shells, and ivory products.Seven industrial zones in the governorate's marakz were alsoestablished. Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 87 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Table ‎ 4-10 - Labour Force at Assuit Governorate (Assuit Statistical Year Book, 2014) Total Labour Number of Number of Unemployment Force employed unemployed rate Total 903735 817979 81961 10.6 population - Access to potable water in Assuit governorate In Assiut, the overall households with access to clean potable water is about 98%, the villages that make part of the ISSIP-2 project are mainly supplied by underground water. The need for long term and large investments for the construction of surface water treatment plants has led to depending on underground water as the main supply for drinking water at target areas. In Assuit, the total produced potable water amounted for 510,362 m3/day, with 122 liter/day of individual share in produced water. Findings from the field visits and transect walks revealed that access to potable drinking water is considerably high in the project area. The following table presents the access to potable water at Assuit governorate, 4-11Table ‎ (Table ‎ 4-11): Table ‎ 4-11 – Access to potable water – Assuit governorate (Assuit Water Company, 2015) Access to potable water Unit Values Access to potable water % of the population 98% Areas served by surface water % of the population 50% supply Areas served by artesian water % of the population 50% supply Number of large filtration Number 9 plants > 150 liters/sec Number of small filtration Number 4 plants < 150 liters/sec Mobile filtration plants Number 25 Groundwater treatment plants Number 233 Potable water produced per m3 510362 day Daily per capita share of Liter/day 122 produced drinking water Total length of potable water Km 6,602,021 network - Sewage conditions at Assuit governorate The existing sanitation system at Assuit governorate depends mainly on cesspits for households and septic tanks for institutional buildings. In some cases houses even discharge directly to the surface or ground water. Septic tanks have several adverse impacts such as leakage to the surrounding groundwater. In several cases the population resorts to constructing deeper septic tanks to minimize the high cost of evacuation process. This practice increases the underground water table level and causes direct pollution. Given that the underground water represents the Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 88 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit main source of drinking water at most of the villages which further inflates the pollution problem. 4-12Table ‎ The following table (Table ‎ 4-12) shows the sewage service coverage in Assuit governorate: Table ‎ 4-12 - Proliferation rate of sewage services in Assuit governorate (Source: Assuit Water Company, 2015) Access to sanitation Unit Values Number of cities (Urban) Cities 3 Number of villages (Rural) Villages 7 Number of WWTPs WWTP 5 Number of PSs PS 30 Total Gravity lines Total length in kms 378,019 Total FMs Total length in kms 84,903 Total treated waste water m3/day 147,000 4.9.2 Target Districts (Assuit - Bedary) This section highlights the main socio-economic features of the target districts: - Administrative division The project will be implemented in two clusters that spread across six districts, as follows: - Assiut district: consists of one city, 7 local government units, 22 villages and 85 ezbas. - Bedary district: consists of one city, 7 local government units, 12 villages and 131 ezbas. - Population Assiut district has the highest urban population 50.5%, while Bedary has lower percentage among the urban population 15.6% respectively. The following table (Table ‎4-13Table ‎ 4-13) presents the distribution of urban and rural population among target districts: Table ‎4-13 - Population distribution at target districts (Assuit governorate statistical year book, 2014) District Rural/Urban Population Number of Males Females Total households Assuit Urban 273672 235484 509156 122496 Rural 257942 240234 498176 100654 Total 531614 475718 1007332 223150 Bedary Urban 29734 29177 58911 12534 Rural 109512 109156 218668 44857 Total 139246 138333 377579 57391 Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 89 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 90 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 4.9.3 Target Villages This section highlights the main socio-economic profile of the target villages: 4.9.3.1 Location A. Assuitcluster villages The five target villages (Refa- Dier Refa- Musha- Shutb- Al-zawya) are affiliated to Assiut Local Government Unit. Figure ‎ 4-42 – Administrative Map of Assuit LGU B. Bedary cluster villages There is one target village: Al- Nawamis, it‟s affiliated to Bedary Local government Unit. Figure ‎ 4-43 - Administrative map of Bedary LGU Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 91 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 4.9.3.2 Demographic profile The following section describes the main socio-economic characteristics of the target villages (Data from Information centers at LGU and District Councils): 1. Area District Villages Total Area Cultivated area Housing areas in (km2) in feddans feddans Assiut Musha 4938 4484 384 Shutb 2479 2206 198 Bedary Al-Nawamis 678 814 2. Population District Villages Males Females Total Population Number % Number % 2014 Assiut Refa- Dier / 12574 11553 24127 52.1 47.8 Refa Musha 10711 51.2 10180 48.7 20891 Shutb 20453 52.1 18768 47.8 39221 Al-Zawya 23128 52.5 20850 47.4 43978 Bedary Al-Nawamis 5241 50.8 5067 49.1 10308 3. Education District Villages Number of enrolled Poverty rate students (Primary – preparatory - Azhar) Assiut Refa- Dier / Refa 4873 69.77 Musha 3981 63.83 Shutb 7731 48.17 Al-Zawya 9593 70.8 Bedary Al-Nawamis 1719 77.8 Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 92 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 4. Housing and living conditions Most residents at the target villages live in extended family houses which include more than one family, with an average of 6 rooms per house. Most dwellings are privately owned by the residents and well served by electricity, potable water but not served by sanitation facilities. Based on the field visits, it was noted that most of areas are mainly cultivated areas interspersed with some residential areas. There were various types of buildings at the residential area, most of the houses are built Figure ‎ 4-44- Types of houses at target villages with red brick and some are built with clay. Most of the houses were built informally; there is no clear planning activity for the village. Informal construction has increased substantially in the last 5 years leading to expansion of the urban areas. The type of building was almost similar; the main material used for building was red brick. The levels of building varied between two to three floors at the maximum. Figure ‎ 4-45 - Width of the main roads at villages Villages in Assuit are characterized by relatively wider streets. The width of roads varied between 6 to 20 meters, which indicates that there may be limited disruption to traffic during the construction activities. Most of the roads are paved sandy roads but not paved with Asphalt. Figure ‎ 4-46 - Width of streets at villages Looking closely at the type of roads in these areas, it is noticed that the most common type is sandy roads, which is a characteristic of semi urban areas. It is also noticed that most of the streets can fit the projected sanitation network. In some cases some houses will not be able to be connected as a result of the waterways. Figure ‎ 4-47 - Houses across the canal at Mosha village Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 93 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5. Sewage and sanitation The most common form of sanitation used by population in the project area is the unlined pit latrine located inside the house as well as cesspits and septic tanks.More than 90% of the interviewed community members during the field work were dissatisfied with the current sanitation services at their area. Results from the FGDs show that the community members consider that the current sanitation system has several adverse impacts, which can be summarized in the following: - Burdens related to evacuation and maintenance of septic tanks: Evacuation and maintenance of the septic tanks represent a heavyburden to the local households. Respondents reported that they have to call the evacuation cars and then they have to wait for long time until the car arrives. Families suffer also from the negative impacts related to cleaning of the septic tanks such as the spread of odors and insects. Respondents also noted the difficulty of contacting the evacuation cars (especially public ones). They had to wait for a long period up to a week or two until the car arrives. In this case they have to call private cars which are more expensive. Evacuation cars frequently are reported to evacuate the discharged directly either to canals or remote areas which causes negative environmental impacts. It has to be noted that another factor that inflates the negative impacts is that some households in order to avoid these negative impacts resort to digging deeper tanks which has more adverse impacts on contamination of the underground water table. - Increased financial burden especially for poorer groups and female headed families: Respondents noted that the cost of evacuation of septic tanks ranges between 120 LE/month to 250 LE/month (50 to 60 LE each time). The cost of maintenance of the septic tanks ranges also between 500 LE to 1500 LE, which represents a huge financial burden to some families. - Spread of diseases especially among children: Respondents indicated that the sewage conditions have some negative impacts on the health conditions causing the spread of several diseases such asgastrointestinal problems and kidney failures. Respondents also noted to the spread of skin diseases in the target villages. Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 94 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit - Spread of foul odours: This impact is specific to women and childrensince they are the groups that spend most times at home. Female respondents mentioned that the odours have a strong negative impact on them psychologically. - Increase in the groundwater level: The current sanitation situation has led to the rise in the ground water level which has several negative impacts on the structure of houses. Respondents from the sample were worried about the foundations of their houses which represents a risk to their investment in building the houses. - Spread of insects and stray animals: Respondents indicated that they have to be very cautious about disposing of wastes at the surrounding areas. The spread of waste combined with the leakage from the septic tanks causes spread of insects and rodents. Families are aware of health risks related to these negative impacts. - Environmental risks: Related to discharge of evacuated water in surface waterways and cultivated areas. The sample indicated that in several cases the evacuation car disposes of the water to the surrounding canals which causes more pollution. - Impacts on the mobility and traffic: The spread of sewage overflows at the target villageslimits the mobility of pedestrians especially among women and special need groups. - Pollution caused by disposal of polluted water at the streets: Families indicated that they dispose of used water after cleaning or cooking by throwing in the streets. This leads to several adverse impacts. It has been noted through the field investigations that there is an important informal group working in the area of sewage disposal. They are involved in emptying the septic tanks and the collected sewage effluents, which is usually done under the least hygienic conditions. This group lives in very poor conditions in regard to hygiene, education, nutrition, and health. They are usually exposed to many physical and health hazards due to their direct contact with sewage. Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 95 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 6. Health conditions It was noted from the data provided by the information centers at the target villages the availability of several healthcare services at the villages, although data from the interviews and the FGDs show that most of the offered services lack adequate staffing or lack necessary medicines. The following table (Table ‎ 4-14Table ‎4-14) shows the available healthcare services at the villages: Table ‎ 4-14 - Healthcare facilities at target villages Service Refa / Dier Shutb Musha Al-zawya Al-Nawamis Refa Public - - - - - Hospital Public - 1 1 - 1 Clinic Health 1 - 1 1 1 office Health unit 1 1 - 1 1 Emergency - 1 1 - - Mother and - - - - - child center Family 2 - - 1 - planning center Private 8 2 25 1 - clinic Pharmacy 1 1 1 - 1 Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 96 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 7. Social concerns - Community participation to ISSIP – 2 Project Land allocation at ISSIP-2 (Phase II) in Assuit governorate was mainly initiated and led by the local community committee. The committee members were quite active and eager to finalize the land allocation process. The Community committee has led an awareness campaign to collect donations from the village members to buy the land plots for the PSs and WWTP at Shotb. The local mosques and churches invited the local community to participate in order to be included in phase II of the ISSIP-2 project. Figure ‎ 4-48 - Community committee coordinator at Shotb village The committee has issued receipts and documented the amounts collected from the community Figure ‎4-49 - Status of land donated for the construction of the phase II cluster members. Donations were documented in case Site Land ownership some houses cannot be connected then they will be Shotb (WWTP) Donation paid back their donation amounts.The community Shotb 1 (PS) Donation committee hadpaid fair compensation to the land Shotb 2 (PS) Donation owners.They have ensured paying the market price Shotb 3 (PS) Public property that is prevailing in the areas. Even in the cases Mosha (PS) Public property where the owner ask for slightly higher prices, the Refa (PS) Public property community committee agreed to pay this higher Dier Refa (PS) Public property value to ensure satisfaction of the owners. In cases Al-Zawya 1 (PS) Donation of land donation, the price and the share of each of Al-Zawya 2 (PS) Donation the households are discussed with the community Al-Nawamis Donation members to ensure that they agree. The community committee played also a major role for facilitating the required documents and approvals and monitoring in order to issue the final land allocation decree. It has to be noted that the committee members have documented all the legal and necessary on-going process. Figure ‎ 4-50 - Shotb 2 PS location Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 97 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit - Awareness about the ISSIP-2 project Respondents during the FGDs indicated that they are aware of the ISSIP – 2 project. Most of the respondents have heard that a sewage project will be implemented in the surrounding areas. Community members were eager to participate and have actively donated to the land allocation process. They held high expectations that the project will be implemented soon. Figure ‎ 4-51 - FGD sessions held at target villages Some respondents indicated that they have participated to the donation since they have invested in constructing their houses and would like to ensure safety of the structures. The lack of sanitation represents for them a real threat to their investments. “Brides prefer to get married at the cities, here she won‟t enjoy Community members expressed their high interest in the project. taking a shower.. The cesspit They were willing to support the project in different forms such would immediately get full”.. A as tolerating the construction activities or providing support to female participant at FGD at the contractor. It was noticed that traditional ties between Mosha village neighbors and extended family members are strong, as demonstrated by patterns of sharing and mutual assistance, particularly in rural areas. This tradition will contribute to the provision of labor required for internal excavation and connection works. Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 98 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 8. Vulnerable groups Vulnerable groups are identified as those groups that might be the highest affected by the project due to poverty and social exclusion. For example, they include, women heads of households, disabled, people living in poverty and abject poverty and currently marginalized youth are categorized among them. The analysis of vulnerability that might occur due to the project implementation, it might be summarized as follow: 1. Vulnerability due to deprivation of the project: In general any poor person who cannot have access to the sanitation network due to defects inside the house or streets or lack of financial resources will be considered as vulnerable group as they will not benefit from the project. 2. Vulnerability due to accidents: Those poor marginalized groups that will suffer due to accidents are considered as vulnerable, particularly, in case of not being able to get proper treatment. Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 99 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 4.10 ARCHOLOGICAL SITES: Monuments from Ancient Assuit Ancient Assuit was the capital of the Thirteenth Nome of Upper Egypt (Lycopolites Nome) around 3100 BC. It was located on the western bank of the Nile. The two most prominent gods of the Ancient Egyptian Assuit were Anubis and Wepwawet, both funerary deities. Ancient Egyptian monuments discovered in Assuit include; the Asyut necropolis(west of the modern city), tombs which date to dynasties Nine, Ten and Twelve, and the Ramessid tombs of Siese and Amenhotep. A large Byzantine Treasure was discovered near the city in the early twentieth century and is now dispersed amongst a number of museums in the West. The hoard is composed of some of the most elaborate jewelry to survive from late antiquity. Assuit was the end of 40 Day Road that connected the city to Darfur through the Selima and Kharga Oases. The history of the road, known by local herders asDarb al-Arba'in, goes back over 700 years. It was used as a pathway for great caravans of up to 12,000 camels at its peak in the 14th century Deir el-Muharraq The Deir el-Muharraq (Arabic: ‫الدير المحرق‬, ad-Deir al-Mu‟arraq), is also known as the Muharraq Monastery, the Burned Monastery, the Virgin Mary monastery, and the Mount Koskam monastery. It is an Orthodox Coptic Christian monastery complex, one of the oldest monasteries in the world, located in Assuit. The Deir el-Muharraq complex is located on the Nile just south of El- Qusiya. The monastery is unusual, being one of the few Coptic ones in Egypt not located in the Sahara Desert. The monastery complex has three churches:  12th century Virgin Mary's Ancient Church (with 16th and 19th century domes additions),  19th century Nepclassical style St. George Church (1878-1880),  Mid-20th century Holy Virgin Mary's Recent Church (1940-1964). The Church of al-Adhra (Church of the Virgin) at the monastery was built over an ancient cave. It is claimed that Mary and Jesus spent six months and ten days here on their flight into Egypt from Herod. The altar stone is dated 747 CE. Shotb Museum and historical site Shotb village is located 8 kms south of Assuit city. The village dates back to the pharaonic era, where it was considered Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 100 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit the center of the eleventh county. The ancient name is Shes Hotb which later became known as Shotb. Shotb is home for several archeological monuments. It also has a museum where several ancient monuments exist. It has to be noted that monuments at Shotb are within the village, hence there will be impacts during construction of the FM. The project will have to obtain the approval from the ministry of Antiquities before construction to ensure no damage occurs to historical sites. Figure ‎ 4-52 - Historical Monuments at Shotb Museum Figure ‎ 4-53 – Study team meeting with Shotb Museum Officers Figure ‎ 4-54 - Location of Shotb Museum Deir Refa Deir Refa is located near Deir Dronka, and is the site of three historical churches. Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 101 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Figure ‎ 4-55 - Location of Deir Dronka in proximity to Refa and Deir Refa villages Holding Company for Water and Waste Water (HCWW) 102 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 103 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5 CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5.1 INTRODUCTION The Consultant has assessed the environmental impacts of the different components of the ISSIP II phase II project in Assuit governorate during both the construction and operation phases. The project‟s components covered in the ESIA assessment include: 6. House connections and gravity sewers; 7. PSs including all sub-components; 8. FMs 9. Existing WWTPs 10. New WWTP in Shutb The construction and operation of some/all of the components of the project listed above will also create additional activities/processes such as: 5. Solid hazardous and non-hazardous waste generation during both construction and operation phases. 6. Liquid waste generation during construction and treated effluent discharge during operation. 7. Sludge generation, handling, storage and disposal/reuse, during operation of both WWTPs. 8. Development of on-site workers/staff workshops, offices and housing units during construction. The consultant has assessed the impacts due to the construction and operation of the main four components listed above, in addition to those resulting from the aforementioned additional four activities/processes. The key receptors which the Consultant has considered include 1) air (air quality and ambient noise); 2) Soil (soil quality, erosion, landscape); 3) water (water quality and resource consumption); 4)Biological environment (Flora and Fauna); 5)Human environment (Occupational health & safety, Community safety, Visual impacts, Cultural heritage and Archaeology impacts, traffic impacts and the Socio-economic and Health impacts) . The environmental impact assessment methodology that the consultant has adopted is presented in details in Chapter 1. This encompasses of a semi-quantitative assessment that considers the following:  Probability of the impacts  Spatial and temporal scale  Intensity of the impacts (which encompasses the sensitivity of receptors, pathway of influence and the reversibility nature of the impact) 104 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING PHASES 5.2.1 Noise Impacts 5.2.1.1 Overview of construction activities related to noise generation As described in Chapter 3, the construction/installation of the different components of the project (WWTP, FMs, PSs, gravity sewers and house connections) will include the activities listed below:  Preparation and leveling of the land.  Excavation works to the required depth for the trenches needed to install the gravity sewers and FMs and also for some of the components of the central WWTP and PSs such as the sumps and reactors. It should be noted that most of the upper soil layer of the selected roads are composed of compacted silt-clay or sand and that the gravity sewers is a shallow system and will be installed in the middle of the roads. During excavation, there is a high probability that the contractor might encounter groundwater, which he will have to withdraw and dispose of.  Trench preparation following excavation including leveling, constructing the pipe foundation, and welding/connecting the pipes.  Installation of manholes and catch basins for rainwater collection.  Construction of Reinforced concrete elements and other civil works.  Installation of cranes, steel bridges, pumps and other electrical equipment. The sewage network in Shutb and Zawya will also include the construction of additional special structures such as a railway crossing structure. 5.2.1.2 Point sources of noise emissions Various mechanical/electrical equipment, will be needed during the construction activities described in the previous section. These include bulldozers, trucks, pavers, and other equipment. The operation of these equipment are the main potential source of noise emissions during the construction and decommissioning phases. The vulnerable groups who are susceptible to the construction noise are the following: - Onsite Workers; who are the most exposed to the highest noise levels generated from different construction activities due to their proximity to the noise sources. - Neighboring communities and other sensitive receptors (such as students at schools and other educational institutes, patients at hospitals , etc.). The following Table illustrates distances between each component (PS, and WWTP) and residential areas (from border to border). 105 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Table ‎ 5-1 Distances between each PS, WWTP and Residential areas (from border to border) Distance to the Pumping stations Closest Governorate Markaz (PS) residential/sensitive area (m) Refa 20 Deir Refa 50 Al Zawya 1 11 Al Zawya 2 15 Assuit Shutb 1 80 Assuit Shutb 2 5 Shutb 3 5 NEW WWTP 2000 Musha 4 Bedary Al Nawamis 300 There are sensitive receptors which were identified during the site visits close to the proposed locations of the PSs are presented in Figures 4-2 to 4-17. 5.2.1.3 Noise impact assessment methodology Tools and equipment that will be utilized during the construction phase are not selected yet; however these were identified based on the Consultant‟s experience and data collected by the Consultant from other similar projects. Table 5.2 includes a list of this construction equipment and their expected noise levels (Society of Automotive Engineers SAE). The equipment was categorized based on the different activities expected during the construction phase of the ISSIP II project. 106 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Table ‎ 5-2 Expected construction equipment and Sound Levels Equipment Sound Level at operation in dB(A) (20 feet from the equipment) Average Range Activity 1 - Earth Moving Front End Loader 88 85-91 Back Hoe 86.5 79-89 Bull Dozer 96 89-103 Roller 90 79-93 Grader <85 Truck 96 89-103 Paver* 101 100-102 Activity 2 – Concrete mixing: Concrete Mixer <85 Concrete Pump* < 85 Activity 3 – pipe installation Crane* 100 97-102 Derrick <85 Power Units: Generators <85 Compressors <85 Other Equipment: Poker Vibrator 94.5 87-98 Compressed Air Blower 104 Power Saw 88.5 78-95 It is expected that each of the three presented activities in Table 5.2 will take place in a different time frame. The Consultant has assumed that the noise emitted from each of the expected activities could be further increased due the noise emitted from power generators, air compressors, etc and has assumed that a 95 dB at source would be representable of such interactions. The noise propagation from source has been modeled according to ISO 9613-2 and the significance of the noise impacts, when considering the sensitivity and proximity of the different receptors is described in the following section. 107 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.2.1.4 Noise Impact Significance Construction of Shutb PS 3, Shutb PS 2, and Musha PS The nearest receptorsto the three PSs proposed locationsare located 5 m away and would be affected by levels of noise ranging between 65 and 75 dB. These are the highest noise level that the nearest receptor to the site may be subjected to. The noise will be of intermittent nature and the intensity will drop down as the center of noise emissions moves away from the receptor. The construction of each site is not expected to exceed a 12 months period. Based on that, the noise impacts due to the construction of the three PSs should be considered of Moderate significance. Construction of Refa PS, Al Zaywa 1 PS, and Al Zawya 2 PS The nearest residential buildingsare located 20, 15, and 11 m away from the proposed site forthe three PSs respectively. The level of noise generated during the different construction activities which will reach the boundaries of the nearest residential building will be in the range of 60 - 65 dB. This is the highest noise level that the nearest receptor may be subjected to. It will be of intermittent nature and the intensity will drop down as the center of noise emissions moves away from the receptor. Also the current noise baseline measurement in in the three PSs locationsare around 60 dB. The construction of the whole site is not expected to exceed a 12 months period. Based on that, the noise impacts due to the construction of the Three PSsshould be considered of Moderate significance. Construction of Deir Refa PS, Shutb 1 PS, and Al Nawamis Ps It was clear from the site visits that the residential areas in the three villages are located 50, 80, and 300m respectively from the three proposed locations for the PSs. According to the modeling results, the level of noise generated during the different construction activities which will reach the boundaries of the residential building will not exceed 50 dB. The potential generated noise will therefore mainly affect the workers on site). Therefore the impact should be therefore considered of Minor significance. Construction of Shutb WWTP (New WWTP) The noise emitted during the construction of the WWTP will decrease from 95 dB at source down to 50dB at around 50 m away from source. The source is a moving point, the location of which depends on where the main construction activities are taking place. It was clear that no residential units or other receptors are located around the WWTP, and the closest residential areas are located 2000 m from the WWTP‟s location. The potential generated noise will mainly affect the workers on site. The impact should be therefore considered of Minor significance. It should be fully controlled by applying proper health and safety procedures as detailed in the following sections. Construction of gravity sewers and FMs in the three clusters It is expected that the noise generated during the construction of gravity sewers would exceed the allowable 50dB because the construction activities are actually being performed in the middle of the roads opposing the houses (<10m distance) and other receptors (i.e. schools). However, the construction activities for the gravity sewers are expected to last for a short period of time in 108 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit front of each house and/or school. This impact should be considered of Moderate significance due to the potential high noise levels. The activities involved in the installation of the FMs are similar to those of the gravity sewers and should also be considered of Moderate significance. The Table below shows the results of the evaluation of the construction noise impacts of the main project‟s components (PSs, Gravity sewers and FMs) Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Noise Impacts due to the construction of Gravity sewers and FM 1 1 3 3 9 PS – Shutb 3 1 3 2 3 18 PS – Shutb 2 1 3 2 3 18 PS – Musha 1 3 2 3 18 PS –Refa 1 3 1 3 9 PS – Al Zaywa 1 1 3 1 3 9 PS – Al Zawya 2 1 3 1 3 9 PS – Deir Refa 1 2 1 2 4 PS – Shutb 1 1 2 1 2 4 PS – Nawamis 1 2 1 2 4 WWTP 1 2 1 2 4 5.2.1.4 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures On site Construction noise shall be mitigated to ensure a safe work environment by implementing an on-site occupational health and safety plan, which considers national and international requirements. The plan shall include the following measures:  Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in noise critical areas  Training on how and when to use protective hearing equipment shall be conducted as part of the workers‟ induction sessions.  Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant. Other mitigation measures to reduce the noise impacts off-site - at the nearest sensitive receptors – include the following:  Optimize the use of noisy construction equipment and turn off any equipment if not in use.  Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles  Stop all construction activities during the night  Communicate the construction schedule with neighboring communities and sensitive receptors  Implement a complaints handling system 109 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Monitoring measures  Measuring the ambient noise level in noise critical areas (on site), using a portable noise meter. Additional measures would include measurements at the nearest sensitive receptors especially in Shutb and Musha villages.  Investigate noise complaints from workers and neighboring communities in the affected locations. 5.2.2 Air Quality Impacts 5.2.2.1 Overview Besides the noise generated during the construction of the different components of the project as described in Section 5.2.1. Air quality at both the construction site and at the nearest receptors could be affected due to the following: - dust emissions - Exhaust of power generators and vehicles transferring the raw materials and/or those disposing the excavated soil and construction waste. - Exhaust of construction equipment The following air pollutants are foreseeable for most of the construction activities: - Fugitive dust emissions ( PM10, PM2.5) - NOx and SOx - CO in case of old motors 5.2.2.2 Air Quality Impact Significance During the construction of gravity sewers and FMs, dust emissions will negatively impact ambient air quality. This is particularly significant during the excavation activities required for installing the gravity sewers and FMs. These activities will be in close proximity to the houses as indicated before (less than 10m away). The impact will be therefore disturbing; however, it is of a temporary nature– digging activities are expected to last from one to two days in front of each house. The problem of dust emissions might arise from the storage of spoil until being lifted and transferred to the designated disposal sites. Exhaust of trucks or equipment will have negligible or very low impact, since using those trucks and equipment will be intermittent and expected to be only during the day. The air quality impacts due to the construction of gravity sewers and FMs should be considered of Minor significance During the construction of the PSs, excavation activities will be mainly limited to the site, which will have a lower impact as compared to the excavation required during the construction of gravity sewers and FMs. The construction of the PSs will last around 9-12 months. During this period, trucks bringing raw materials and those transferring spoil and construction waste will be moving to and out of the site on a regular basis, thus affecting the receptors exposed to the roads leading to the different 110 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit PS sites. However, this impact will be of temporary and intermittent nature. The air quality impacts due to the construction of the PSs should be also considered of Minor significance. During the construction of the WWTP, excavation activities will be mainly limited to the site, which will have a lower impact as compared to the excavation required during the construction of gravity sewers and FMs. The construction of the WWTP will last around 16 months. During this period, trucks bringing raw materials and those transferring spoil and construction waste will be moving to and out of the site on a regular basis, thus affecting the receptors exposed to the roads leading to the WWTP site. However, this impact will be of temporary and intermittent nature. The air quality impacts due to the construction of the WWTP should be also considered of Minor significance The Table below shows the evaluation of the air quality impacts. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Air Quality Impacts due to the construction of Gravity sewers 1 1 2 3 6 and FM PSs 1 2 1 3 6 WWTP 1 2 1 3 6 5.2.2.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures Implement a construction site management plan including the following measures:  Store construction materials in pre-identified storage areas.  Cover friable materials during storage.  Wet the network of unpaved roads on site. The use of water should be restricted to extremely active areas.  Regulation of speed to a suitable speed (20 kmh) for all vehicles entering the village‟s boundaries.  Implement preventive maintenance program for vehicles and equipment working on site and promptly repair vehicles with visible exhaust fume. 111 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Monitoring Measures  Investigate dust complaints from workers and residents of affected villages  Measure HC, CO and opacity for construction machinery using a gas analyzer  Visual inspection of vehicles and equipment operating along the gravity sewer and FM route or entering the site of the PS 5.2.3 Soil and groundwater Impacts 5.2.3.1 Overview Typical construction activities may result in soil and groundwater contamination due to the following:  Uncontrolled disposal of hazardous liquids such as spent oils, paints, or any other chemicals/additives used in concrete making and finishing works.  Leaching of solid wastes which are randomly disposed of. Potential impacts on soil other than contamination include:  Soil erosion  Loss of resources if the excavated soil is not segregated and reused as an alternative to transport and use of additional materials from outside the site. 5.2.3.2 Soil and groundwater Impact significance During the construction of gravity sewers and FMs The top soil layers will be excavated. Groundwater might be encountered but the probability is low because the depth to groundwater ranges between 20 and 50m. Normally the excavated soil will be filled back in the trench thus minimizing the level of disturbance and/or the loss of some soil amounts as waste. The quality of the soil and groundwater will also be affected considering the large spatial context of the gravity sewers and FMs network, if special controls related to waste management were not taken into accounts. In general the soil and groundwater impacts during the construction of the gravity sewers and FMs should be considered of Moderate significance and will be controlled by applying the mitigation measures related to waste management and by maximizing the reuse of the excavated soil. During the construction of the WWTP and PSs Similar to the construction of the gravity sewers and FMs but only limited to the PS and WWTP sites, the impacts related to the soil and groundwater quality and loss of resources will take place during the excavation works needed for the construction of some components of the PSs and WWTP. In general the soil impacts during the construction of the PSs should be considered of Minor significance and will be controlled by applying the mitigation measures related to waste management and by maximizing the reuse of the excavated soil. 112 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Soil and groundwater Impacts due to the construction of Gravity sewers 1 1 3 3 9 and FM PSs 1 1 2 3 6 WWTP 1 1 2 3 6 5.2.3.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures  Design and construct an impermeable protective base layer underlying areas with potential hazardous liquids storage or use  Implement a site construction management plan including segregation and reuse options of excavated soil. Monitoring measures  Document the amount of soil disposed of, and the amount of soil brought to the site. 5.2.4 Water Quality Impacts 5.2.4.1 Impact significance During the construction of gravity sewers and FMs The planned routing for the gravity sewers and FMs will involve several crossings under some canals and drains as previously presented in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. Dumping any of the excavated soil and/or construction wastes in the water stream will have a negative impact on the flow as well as the quality of the water. The Water Quality impacts during the construction of the gravity sewers and FMs should be considered of Moderate significance and will be controlled by applying the mitigation measures related to waste management which will be presented in the current chapter (Section 5.3.1) During the construction of the PSs No impacts are foreseen during the construction of the PSs. but there is a potential risk of polluting Al Zenar drain during the construction of the WWTP. The water Quality impact during the construction of the WWTP should therefore be considered of Moderate significance and will be controlled by applying the mitigation measures related to waste management which will be presented in the current chapter. 113 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Soil and groundwater Impacts due to the construction of Gravity sewers 1 2 3 3 18 and FM Other PSs N/A WWTP 1 2 3 3 18 5.2.5 Flora and Fauna Impacts 5.2.5.1 Overview The Consultant has conducted baseline surveys in order to assess the presence and distribution of ecologically sensitive species and habitats along the proposed project‟s sites. Consequently, it was concluded that no endangered faunal or floral species have been recorded at the project‟s areas as similarly recorded in the conduced ESIA framework for ISSIP II project and ESIA for ISSIP II phase1 ESIA in Assuit governorate. All recorded species are under the “Least Concern” category. The closest protected area to the projects sites is Wadi Al Assuity Natural Reserve which is located 12 Km North of Nawamis City and 8 Km from Pouit PS. As indicated in the following Figure. Figure ‎ 5-1 Closest Protected area from the project sites 114 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.2.5.1 Flora and Fauna Impact significance Fauna related impacts Although some faunal species of mammals, birds, reptiles and insects exist at the project‟s area, faunal impacts are not likely to be significant given the small scale of the development relative to the extent of similar intact habitats in the area. The evaluation of the impacts on fauna is illustrated in the Table below, and should be considered negative with MINOR significance yet this impact can be reduced/eliminated if appropriate mitigation measures are implemented. Flora related Impacts The flora existing in the proposed sites for the PSs, and the WWTP as mentioned above , do not belong to the endangered species category. So the impact of the project‟s construction on the floral species should be considered on MINOR significance. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Flora and Fauna impacts Gravity 1 1 3 2 6 sewers, FM, PSs, and WWTP 5.2.5.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures No specific mitigation and monitoring measures are needed, they are included under other impacts 5.2.6 Occupational health and safety impacts 5.2.6.1 Overview Construction sites are considered the most potentially hazardous and accident-prone parts of any working environment. Excessive exposure to these construction site hazards exposes workers to injury and possible death. To prevent this, contractors should be aware of all possible dangers that can be encountered during normal business operations. According to the safety and health standards every employee shall have sound knowledge of their susceptibility to harm or injury in the workplace. 115 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.2.6.2 Occupational health and safety impact significance Listed below are the main six construction site hazards identified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), all of which will be encountered during the construction of the different components of the ISSIP II project. 1- Excavation and Trenching – OSHA has recognized excavation and trenching as the most hazardous construction site operation. 2- Falls – Falling from scaffolding over six feet or a fixed ladder over twenty feet is the most dangerous and common construction site hazard. The usual cause of this incident is slipping, tripping and using unstable ladders. There are many reasons for fall hazards and to eliminate such risks, employers must have a fall protection program as part of any overall workplace safety and health program. 3- Stairways and Ladder – According to OSHA‟s construction safety and health standards, stairways and ladders are important sources of injuries and fatalities among construction workers. 4- Scaffolding –The most potential risk of scaffolding is due to moving scaffold components; scaffold failure related to damage to its components; loss of the load; being struck by suspended materials; electrical shock; and improper set-up. Construction workers who assemble and dismantle scaffolding and work platforms at construction sites face the risk of serious injuries due to falls. 5- Use of Heavy Construction Equipment –The main causes of such accidents include: ground workers struck when a vehicle is backing up or changing direction; equipment rollovers that injure the operator; mechanics run over when brakes are not properly set; and ground workers crushed by falling equipment from backhoes, buckets, and other moving construction vehicles. 6- Electrical Hazards - Electricity is one of the greatest hazards to workers on site. Power line workers, electricians and electrical engineers work continuously work with electricity can face exposure to this hazard on a daily basis. Due to the high probability of occurrence and the high risk involved, the occupational safety and health impacts during the construction of the WWTP should be considered of MAJOR significance and it should be considered of Moderate significance during the construction of PSs, gravity sewers and FMs due to the relatively lower risks involved. The impacts will be controlled to a large extent by applying the mitigation measures listed below. Mitigation measures The Contractor shall adopt an Occupational Health and safety plan during the construction phase. According to OSHA standards the main mitigations measures to prevent common construction hazards are: • Workers must follow safety standards and use protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and excavating 116 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit • Workers should be trained to identify and evaluate fall hazards and be fully aware of how to control exposure to such risks as well as know how to use fall protection equipment properly. • Workers must comply with OSHA‟s general rule for the safe use of ladders and stairways • The scaffolding hazard shall be addressed as stated by OSHA standards. They give specific requirements for the maximum load, when to use scaffolding, bracing systems and the use of guardrails. • To prevent Heavy Construction Equipment risk, workers should follow all construction safety guidelines necessary to eliminate the exposure to such injuries and accidents • The best way to prevent the Electrical hazard is for the workers to be at a safe working distance away from the power lines. Other precautionary measures include guarding and insulating of the vehicle from which they might work. This would help prevent electrical hazards from injuring them while working. The Occupational Health and safety plan shall also include the Egyptian Labor law No. 12 for 2003 and the international construction standards requirements, including , but not limited to , the following measures:  Identification of hazard sources to workers  Eliminating the sources of hazards  Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to how to use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).  Inspection and testing of all equipment and machines  Appointing an Accident Prevention Officer at the site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents  Designation of restricted areas, such as construction sites  Preparation of an emergency response plan  Provision of necessary rescue equipment  Elaboration and management of a safety guarantee plan  Provision of appropriate and sufficient first aid equipment Monitoring measures  Regular reporting of any accidents, as well as records and reports on health, safety and welfare of workers  Continuous monitoring of all hazardous events.  Regular inspection of workers against pathogenic agents and provision of immunization when needed 117 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.2.7 Community Safety 5.2.7.1 Potential impacts  Excavation and Trenching – this is recognized as the most hazardous operation during the construction phase for the surrounding community, because most of the excavation will be performed in narrow streets which increase the probability of members of community falling into the trenches. The slurry/mud waste generated from the excavation would slip the passengers, the solid wastes generated would trip them. All these events increase the probability of falling and increase the danger of excavations operations. The risks of excavation and trenching operation increase when they occur; - Besides the railway line and or - On both sides of water ways. Excavation and trenching could also affect the structural integrity of the village‟s house s, since many are old and weak.  Electrical shock- Electricity is one of the greatest hazards to people passing by the construction site. Power cords will be used which may cause electrical shock if not well maintained and/or they were left hang out freely. Mitigation measures  To prevent Excavation and Trenching accidents and injuries, both the contractors and workers must follow safety standards and use protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and excavating. The sides of the trenches should be strengthened by wood or aluminum reinforcement sheets installed on both sides of the excavated trench, in critical areas (adjacent to existing houses and near canals and drains).  Using fences and warning signs during the construction phase  Using protective barriers and safe walkways  Appointing of an officer on site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents and/or to respond to accidents.  Provision of appropriate and sufficient of first aid equipment on site  The construction contractor should bear the cost and responsibility to coordinate with the local authorities to prevent damage to underground utilities and restoration of the affected structure. 5.2.8 Visual impacts 5.2.8.1 Visual Impact Significance During the construction of gravity sewers and FMs Only temporary visual impacts will be caused during the construction of the gravity sewers and force mains, resulting mainly form the over ground storage of excavated soil and raw materials (i.e. pipes, pipe connections, cement sacks, concrete mixers, construction wastes, etc). However, due to the short period of exposure and reversibility nature of this impact, it should be considered of MINOR significance. During the construction of the central WWTP and PSs 118 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit During the construction of the central WWTP and PSs, the project would gradually change the aesthetics and landscape of the areas where the PSs and WWTP will be constructed. However, the expected heights of the PSsare comparable to surrounding buildings and will beacceptable. The Visual impacts due to the construction of the WWTP and PSs should be considered of MINOR significance. No mitigation measures are required expect constructing an interim fence around the site in order to improve the aesthetics as well as reducing other environmental impacts until the construction of the designed concrete fence. 5.3 IMPACTS DUE TO ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES/PROCESSES DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE 5.3.1 Impacts due to hazardous (H) and non-hazardous (NH) waste generation and handling of hazardous chemicals 5.3.1.1 Impact overview This section presents an evaluation of the environmental impacts due to H and NH waste generation during the construction phase. The following are the types of wastes expected to be generated on site during the construction of the PSs, the WWTP and also during excavation and installation activities for the gravity sewers and FMs Non Hazardous wastes  Food residuals  Paper, plastics, and glass  Concrete, bricks  Steel, metals  Wood  Excavated soil  Water collected during dewatering activities (potentially contaminated with sewage)  Old cesspit content  Sewage and waste resulting from on site workers‟  Empty Sacks Hazardous wastes  Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)  Empty chemical containers  Spent chemicals and oils 5.3.1.2 Impact Significance of NH waste generation The NH wastes generated on site during the construction phase normally have a high recycling potential. If not recycled they would be sent to landfills or randomly dumped and burned, which would be a loss of natural resources. Random dumping and accumulation of wastes on or around the site would cause a negative visual impact to workers as well as users of the surrounding areas. It could also block the roads, increase the rate of accidents. Accumulated wastes may be burned, 119 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit a practice commonly found in Egypt, which could emit toxic emissions especially if plastic substances were among the waste streams. Accumulation and/or uncontrolled disposal of organic wastes (food residuals) would also result in potential impacts on the health and hygiene of both general public and on-site workers by attracting vermin to the site such as birds, rodents or insects which can act as disease vectors. This will result in spread of disease, and disruption of the natural ecosystem. Odor may also be generated following long periods of accumulation due to the decomposition of some organic wastes, which will be an annoyance to both general public and on-site workers. Leaching to soil may occur in areas where accumulated waste is in direct contact with the soil. This would lead to a direct impact on the groundwater quality. Liquid wastes may be encountered during the evacuation of existing cesspits, also construction site sewage will need to be evacuated. This waste will be of non-hazardous nature but will have to be properly disposed of in order to prevent potential contamination to soil, groundwater and surface water. In addition to the generated NH waste, Shutb PS 2 location is currently used by the local residents as a dump site. Before excavation accumulated waste should be sent to the closest landfill. The evaluation of impacts due to non-hazardous waste generation during the construction phase is illustrated in the Table below. Some impacts are considered of Moderate significance, mainly due to the proximity of receptors. The impact of NH waste generation is expected to be fully controlled by implementing the mitigation and monitoring measures listed in the following section. Evaluation of impacts due to non-hazardous waste generation Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (P) (C) (A) (B) Non-hazardous Waste generation Loss of natural 1 3 1 1 3 resources Health impacts 1 3 2 2 12 Soil and 1 3 1 2 6 groundwater Surface water 1 3 1 2 6 Occupational 1 3 1 1 3 health and safety Air quality due to 0.5 3 1 2 3 open burn Visual Impacts 1 3 1 3 9 120 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.3.1.3 Impact Significance of hazardous waste generation and handling of hazardous substances Hazardous wastes may also be generated during the construction phase as listed in Section 5.3.1.1. The storage and disposal of these waste streams have to be carefully performed as to abide by the existing legal framework (Chapter 2). In addition to that, these hazardous wastes if not handled, stored and disposed of according to engineering best practice would have major and irreversible effect as follows:  Mishandling and uncontrolled disposal of hazardous liquid and solid wastes would have major health impacts for on-site workers, inhabitants in the project‟s area of influence, people who get in contact with waste during transportation and disposal, and flora and fauna exposed to such wastes.  Uncontrolled disposal of hazardous wastes, in particular in liquid form, would cause soil contamination through direct contact or leaching.  There is a high possibility that uncontrolled disposal of hazardous wastes may affect the groundwater quality, through extended leaching.  Air quality could also be affected since uncontrolled dumping of hazardous and non- hazardous materials would result in most of the cases to open burning and potential release of toxic emissions. The impacts listed above are evaluated as presented in the Table below. Most of the impacts should be considered of Moderate significance and will be fully controlled by implementing the mitigation and monitoring measures listed in the following section. Evaluation of impacts due to hazardous waste generation Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (P) (A) (B) (C) Hazardous Waste generation Loss of natural 1 3 1 1 3 resources Health impacts 1 3 2 4 24 Soil and 1 3 1 3 9 groundwater Surface water 1 3 1 3 9 Occupational health 1 3 1 4 12 and safety Air quality due to 1 3 1 4 12 open burning Visual Impacts 1 3 1 3 9 121 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.3.1.4 Mitigation and monitoring measures A waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of construction waste (hazardous and non-hazardous) shall be developed and implemented by the construction contractors and made applicable to all sub- contractors. This plan shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and disposal. The waste management plans should also refer to health and safety procedures, and emergency procedures for containing and managing accidental spillages. 5.3.1.5 Mitigation measures for non-hazardous wastes  Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams during each phase of project implementation  Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams  Dispose of non-recycled wastes in the nearest landfill (including waste generated from clearing Shutb PS 2 location); the location of which needs to be confirmed at the beginning of the construction phase.  Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by the PIU/HCWW.  Portable water cabinets for the WWTP workforce will be provided on site to provide hygienic work environment for the work force. Portable water cabinets are supplied with an external tank for sewage storage.  WWTP construction contractor shall contract the competent authority for safe disposing of generated sewage For liquid wastes (dewatered liquid during excavation);  Evacuation of closed/demolished household cesspits and construction site sewage to the nearest existing WWTP in consultation with and after getting approval of RSU/PIU  Estimate of dewatered liquid volume during the digging works  Collect and analyze samples of the dewatered liquid  Arrange for disposal by tankers in the nearest existing WWTP in consultation with and after getting approval of the CSC and RSU/PIU 5.3.1.6 Monitoring measures for non-hazardous wastes  Regular inspection of the waste storage area (for PS‟s and WWTPs‟ sites)  Regular inspection of the site(s) in general to identify random disposal of waste materials, specifically during the installation of gravity sewers and FMs.  Regular inspection of the waste disposal manifests.  Visual inspection to water cabinet connections and sewage storage tank to ensure that there is no leakage 5.3.1.7 Mitigation measures for hazardous wastes a) General measures  All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at the beginning of construction works. At the time of producing this study, the nearest (only) hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria.  The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed. 122 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit  Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified by the contractor b) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site The Contractor shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the contractor‟s in-house staff or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant appointed by the contractor. c) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.:  It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste.  The storage area must have a water supply  A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. d) Emergency Response For the purpose of first response, when a hazardous substance release is first discovered or witnessed, the individual of concern who had to be previously trained would initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. The individual will take no further action beyond self-evacuation and notification. The aim of the response at this level is limited to protect nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. No trials are performed at this stage to actually stop the release. This level of response includes;  actions to contain the release from a safe distance  prevent its spreading  evacuation 5.3.1.8 Monitoring measures for hazardous wastes generated  Regular inspection of the hazardous waste storage area  The spent oil containers are inspected monthly for leaks or any other form of damage and are kept in good condition.  Regular inspection of the site to identify randomly dumped hazardous waste materials.  Inspection of HW disposal receipts and manifests. 5.3.2 Impacts related to the creation of on-site workers and staff office camps The majority of the workforce will be sourced from local communities and will live locally. No on-site camps will be therefore required except individual accommodation for the guards at the different project‟s sites. Some management offices will be located at the PS sites in addition to other interim sewage and potable facilities which will be constructed. Potential impacts include soil, groundwater and health impacts due to unsuitable waste and sewage management, which should be considered of MINOR significance due to the expected 123 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit low amounts. Waste management mitigation measures identified under Section 5.3.1 should be sufficient to fully control this impact. 124 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DURING THE OPERATION OF THE WWTPs, PS, FM and GRAVITY SEWERS 5.4.1 Noise Impacts 5.4.1.1 Overview of operation activities related to noise generation With regards to both the expected noise generated during operation and the proximity of sensitive receptors (which was presented in details in Section 5.2.1), the most critical component of the ISSIP II project in Assuit with regards to noise impacts during the operation phase will be the operation of the PSs. Two motors will be operating in each PS, submersible in wet well. Their specifications are as follows: - Speed (r.p.m) will not exceed 1500rpm - The pump motor shall be of squirrel cage induction type with IP-68 enclosure - Required head (28m) and working range (22-31m) - Expected discharge is 30 L/s Based on the specifications listed above, the expected noise level could be estimated at 75dB at source. The noise propagation from source has been modeled according to ISO 9613-2 and the significance of the noise impacts, when considering the sensitivity and proximity of the different receptors is described in the following section. Given the fact that the 9 PSs layout is similar and the pumps will be submersible in wet well, it was concluded that noise outside the fence that is surrounding the PS building will not exceed 40 dB. Therefore the impact is considered minor in all PS locations; however special attention should be given to the PSs that are located within 10 m from residential area as indicated in Table 5-1. Operation of gravity sewers and FMs No foreseen impacts during normal operation. Operation of the New WWTP and the Existing WWTP For Shutb WWTP (New WWTP), The noise emitted during the operation of the WWTP may reach 75 dB , close to the operating pumps. From the site visit, it was clear that no residential units or other receptors are located around the WWTP (Table 5.1). The potential generated noise will therefore mainly affect the workers on site and with the implementation of the mitigation measures listed below, the impact could be fully controlled. The impact should be therefore considered of Moderate significance. The existing WWTP in Al Badary is located 500m west of Al Badary city in a desert area. Given the fact that the Pumps are enclosed in buildings, it is expected that the noise emitted from the WWTP will not exceed 50 dB at the closest residential building The Table below shows the results of the evaluation of the operation noise impacts of the main project‟s components (WWTPs, and PSs) 125 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Noise Impacts due to the operation of Gravity sewers 1 1 1 1 N/A and FM PSs 1 4 1 1 4 WWTPs 1 4 1 3 12 5.4.1.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures Off site:  Cultivate and maintain a tree belt around the site where feasible  Implement a complaints system to investigate any noise complaints from neighboring communities. On site noise emissions control during operation shall be achieved by implementing an occupational health and safety plan, which considers national and international requirements. This to ensure a safe work environment and to ensure that on-site noise levels stay within the allowable limits. The plan shall include the following measures:  Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in noise critical areas  Training on how and when to use protective hearing equipment shall be conducted as part of the workers‟ induction sessions.  Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant.  Regular maintenance of all equipment Monitoring measures  Measuring the ambient noise level in noise critical areas, using a portable noise meter and at the nearest sensitive receptors as previously indicated in Chapter 4.  Investigate noise complaints from workers and neighboring communities in the affected location 126 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.4.2 Air emissions and Odor impacts 5.4.2.1 Overview and Impact significance The only source of air emissions within the PSs and WWTPs sites will be the stand-by diesel generators. The impacts of such emissions are considered to be of Minor Significance as the generators will be only turned on during power cut-offs. The compliance of generators emissions with Law 4/1994 standards will be sufficient to safeguard against unacceptable air emissions impacts to the surrounding areas. It should be noted that noise generated during the operation of standby generators have been neglected because it will of an interim nature and the dominant sound level will be that of the pumping sets – please refer to Section 5.4.1 for the operational noise impact assessment. Within the WWTPs, odors are expected to be generated near the inlet open channels and screens; oxidation ponds, and sludge storage areas. It was found that odor generated from WWTPs could be one of the main problems facing the operation of the WWTPs as identified by neighboring communities and populations12. Odors are the products of decomposition of organic matter. The main constituent of these odors is hydrogen sulphide (H2S) due to its relatively high concentration in wastewater. Table 5.2 indicates the concentration of different chemicals found in wastewater and sludge and their detection threshold by people. Table ‎ 5-3 Thresholds for odour detection and recognition associated with wastewater13 Odorous compound Detection threshold Recognition threshold (ppm volume) (ppm volume) Ammonia 17 37 Chlorine 0.08 0.314 Dimethyl Sulphide 0.001 0.001 Diphenyl Sulphide 0.0001 0.0021 Ethyl Mercaptan 0.0003 0.001 Hydrogen Suphide <0.0002114 0.00047 Indole 0.0001 - Methyl Amine 4.7 - Methyl Mercaptan 0.0005 0.001 Skatole 0.001 0.019 It has been established that such odors are a cause of direct irritation and can also be a health threat through toxicological routes. Irritation could evolve in to psychological stress after prolonged exposure which could lead to loss of appetite, reduced water consumption, impaired respiration, nausea and vomiting. Socioeconomic impacts, which will be discussed in more detail, associated with places of offensive odors have the ability to lower the living standards of the communities, affecting people‟s dignity and value of life. However, we should not neglect the fact that there is a biological difference from one person to another which allows each person to react to such odors differently. This is why impacts associated with odors are sometimes subjective. Not to mention the level of tolerance that some people develop over time. This is of particular 12Sniffer. 2008. Human Health and the Environmental Impacts of Using Sewage Sludge on Forestry and for Restoration of Derelict Land. 13Tchobanoglous, G. and Franklin L. B. 1991.Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. 14The WHO guidelines for detection of H2S is 0.2-2 µg/m3 (about 0.0002 to 0.002 ppm)), for recognition is 0.6-6 µg/m3 (about 0.0006-0.006 ppm) while the guideline value to protect against substantial annoyance is 7 µg/m3 (about 0.007 ppm) 127 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit interest to workers at the pump stations and WWTPs which will naturally acquire high odor tolerance. In the vicinity of the existing WWTPs, there are no nearby sensitive receptors. Closest residential clusters are located more than 500 m east (Up Wind) of the existing Badary WWTP, and 2,000 m the new Shutb WWTP. It is not therefore expected that the nearest villagers from Badary WWTP (considering the current situation) will be affected by odor generated, which will result from the increase in the capacity of the plant due to the implementation of Phase 2 of the ISSIP II project. The impact on such receptors should be considered of MINOR significance. In Shoutb WWTP the closest receptor is located 2000 m away from the WWTP therefore the impact is considered of MINOR significance. Impacts due to unpleasant odors within the site have a high probability of occurring. It is a permanent impact of any WWTP as long as it is in operation. Odors will be limited to the plant area; hence the spatial impact is moderate. The intensity will also be moderate since any changes due to odor emissions are reversible and the affected receptors will be self-recoverable. The overall impact assessment indicates that the intensity of odors within the site taking into account all conditions, will be of Moderate significance. Odor generated form the operation of the PSs are expected to be minimal and the impact should be considered of Minor Significance, however special attention should be given to the PSs that are located close to the residential areas. During the operation of gravity sewers and force mains, no odour impacts are expected except in the case of any leakage. This should be temporary and immediate repair shall be implemented. The impact should therefore be considered of Minor significance. 5.4.2.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures 1. Maintain efficient performance of treatment efficiency in both WWTPs 2. Establish close communication with the neighboring areas, establish a complaints handling system and assign a staff member in each WWTP to receive odor complaints. This could be done through posters and the distribution of brochures that illustrate the right to complain, and the contacts information of the responsible staff, and the RSU officer assigned to supervise the plant. 3. Supplied standby generators to PSs and WWTPs should be checked with suppliers for their emission standards. Monitoring measures 1. Record odor complaints received from neighboring areas. The record should include name of the person who has made the complaint, time of complaint, GPS location of the affected area, time and duration of unacceptable odor. Complaints records should be reported in monthly reports. The RSU should analyze odor complaints on monthly basis and document how each complaint was confronted 2. Measure CO, SO2, total hydrocarbons (HC) and NOx annually using onsite gas analyzer. 128 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.4.3 Soil and groundwater Impacts 5.4.3.1 Overview and Impact significance Operation of gravity sewers and FMs Potential impacts on soil and groundwater during the operation phase may arise from any leak developing in the system. The impact should be considered of Moderate significance with respect to gravity sewers and Force mains (the impact is more critical with respect to FMs due to the higher pressure and the higher rate of contaminant migration to the surrounding soil and groundwater. The contact with the surrounding soil in all cases will be direct. The probability of the impact occurrence will depend on the quality assurance during the construction works and the impact‟s duration will depend on the response time to the leak until the repair works start. Operation of the WWTP and PSs Potential impacts on soil and groundwater during the operation of the WWTP and PSs will also arise from potential leaks. However, these should be considered of Minor Significance because of the following:  All the units of the WWTP and PSs are constructed over a sealed concrete base layer which prevents direct contact with the underneath soil and allow for repair time.  Tanks and ponds are all sealed.  The leaks will be mostly visible as compared with potential leaks in the gravity sewers and force mains which will be hidden underground. Other potential impacts on soil and groundwater are due to waste generation, sludge management and also due to Effluent use in irrigation of the timber forest. Mitigation measures  Implement a leak detection plan Monitoring measures  Regular inspection of all components of PSs and WWTPs for any potential leaks  Regular inspection of water quantity in the timber forest 5.4.4 Water Quality Impacts 5.4.4.1 Overview and Impact significance During the operation of gravity sewers and FMs Impacts on water quality might arise from potential leaks in the canal/drain crossing areas. Potential receptors included in Table 4-1. This will directly affect the surface water quality. The impact should be temporary until repair action are implemented and will have low probability of occurrence. The impact should be considered of Moderate significance During the operation of the WWTPs and PSs 129 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit The key impact on the surface water during the operation of the WWTPs and PSs will result from the reuse of the treated effluent in irrigation, disposal of the treated effluent in Al Zenar Drain and also related to sludge management will be covered in details in the following sections). Other than these, no impacts on the surface water quality would be expected during the operation of the WWTP. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Soil and groundwater Impacts due to the construction of Gravity 0.5 4 3 3 18 sewers and FM PS N/A WWTP 0.5 4 1 3 6 130 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.4.5 Flora and Fauna Impacts 5.4.5.1 Overview and Impact significance Although some faunal species of mammals, birds, reptiles and insects exist at the project‟s area, faunal impacts are not likely to be significant given the small scale of the development relative to the extent of similar intact habitats in the area. The evaluation of the impacts on fauna is illustrated in the Table below, and should be considered negative with MINOR significance yet this impact can be reduced/eliminated if appropriate mitigation measures are implemented. Flora Impact significance The flora existing in the proposed sites for the PSs and WWTPs, as mentioned above , do not belong to the endangered species category. So the impact of the project‟s operation on the floral species should be considered on MINOR significance. It should be noted that significant potential impacts would occur due to sludge management and/or treated effluent reuse (both impacts will be evaluated in the following sections). Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Flora and Fauna impacts All 1 4 2 1 8 5.4.5.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures No specific mitigation and monitoring measures are required 5.4.6 Occupational Health and Safety 5.4.6.1 Overview and Impact significance Workers are often exposed to dangerous conditions during tank opening and venting; manual pumping and stripping; breaking or dismantling components and piping; and pressure washing, mucking, and scaling. A dangerous atmosphere may expose workers to the risk of death, incapacitation, injury, chronic or acute illness, or impaired ability to escape unaided from a confined or enclosed space. When working on the maintenance of sewage systems, special attention should be given to good hygiene practices, proper use of personal protective equipment and safe confined space entry procedures. The workers may be exposed to the known and unknown dangers of handling treated or untreated sewage and gray water tanks during pipelines, equipment and tank opening, entry, cleaning and related operations. Related components/operations include: piping, aeration, vacuuming, settling, treatment tanks and apparatus, sewage-contaminated water tanks or waste oil 131 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit tanks, bilges, or sumps, and valves, pumps, grinders, macerators and other contaminated equipment. Hazard identification attributed to the operation and maintenance of gravity sewers and force mains network Atmospheric hazards Atmospheric hazards include oxygen-deficiency and flammable or toxic gases such as methane and hydrogen sulfide. Methane gas is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but is highly flammable and is considered an asphyxiant. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is also colorless and flammable, but it is highly odorous and extremely toxic to humans. At approximately 100–150 ppm of H2S, the olfactory nerve is paralyzed after a few breaths. Within a very short time, the sense of smell disappears, giving a false sense that the harmful gas has gone away. These gases are detectable only using proper instruments. Physical hazards Physical hazards include slips, trips, and falls on slippery and sloping surfaces; limited access and egress; corroded ladder rungs; and obstructions by piping and other structures. There is also the risk of receiving punctures and cuts from sharp edges and/or may wall collapses. Biological hazards Biological hazards include pathogens (e.g., viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasitic worms, fungi) and other infectious microorganisms that can cause illnesses such as hepatitis, typhoid fever, dysentery and cholera. Inhaling or ingesting contaminated mists may result in serious illnesses. Hazard identification attributed to the operation and maintenance of WWTPs and PSs Mechanical hazards Mechanical hazards include energized equipment; rotating machinery; and waste stream leaks. Before any servicing is performed where energization or startup is adopted, all energy sources must be identified and isolated, and the machinery, equipment, or system rendered inoperative. Chemical hazards Chemical hazards include exposure to ammonium compounds, formaldehyde, chlorine products, sodium hydroxide, odorous compounds, sodium hydroxide, odor-control and sewage- biodegrading enzymes, sanitizers, biocides, cleaning agents, pharmaceutical drugs, hormones and heavy metals. Among the listed above, chlorine is key with regards to the operation of Shutb WWTP. Chlorine compounds are toxic, can be harmful if inhaled and would cause respiratory tract burns,and would also cause skin and eye burns Due to the potential severity of the occupational health and safety accidents, the impacts should be considered of Major significance. They should be controlled to a large extent by the implementation of the mitigation measures listed below. 132 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.4.6.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures The project‟s operator shall implement an occupational health and safety plan, which shall include, but not be limited to, the following measures; 1-Immunization Ensure routine vaccinations for workers for influenza, tetanus, and Hepatitis “A” (according to Consultations with the institute‟s physicians). 2- Safe Practices and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) During maintenance activities, liquid contact with exposed skin shall be avoided, by using full- body impervious suits in addition with using rubber boots, gloves, hard hats and eye protection. Using the Respirator instrument is based on an evaluation of respiratory hazards in the workplace and other relevant workplace and user factors. During cleaning operations performed outside the pipelines and man halls, where the atmosphere is not Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health, the worker(s) wears supplied-air or air-purifying respirator with organic vapor HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Arresting cartridge). A first-aid kit must be readily available on site (where the maintenance occurred); an eyewash and flushing station, neutralizing solutions, cleaning equipment, and emergency medical services. All the workers exposed to the last mentioned hazards must have the suitable and effective PPE, since for example the filters after certain duration time can become blocked or saturated. The PO must implement an administrative system, which enables workers to replace damaged PPE with new PPE. 3-Training Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to select and use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 4- Control Measures Prior to entering and/or maintenance  Assess and review sewage systems, components and piping.  Perform jobsite safety and health analyses and be aware of all associated risks and hazards. Inform all workers involved of the risks and hazards determined by the jobsite safety and health analyses.  Post warning signs and labels.  Secure all toilets, urinals, drains, pumps, and sewage treatment systems.  Isolate, close, secure, divert, de-energize, lockout and apply tags-plus applications to all valves, piping and associated equipment.  When confined space entries are performed, have a trained rescue team with the proper rescue equipment available at the job site, or notifying the outside designated rescue team 133 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit in advance that employees are working in a confined space on the sewage system so they can prepare to respond in the event of an emergency.  Follow confined space entry testing and permitting procedures. If feasible, use sample ports to test for atmospheric contaminants inside the tank or / and pipeline manholes.  Cautiously and deliberately remove bolts and nuts off manholes and piping, while staying alert to any immediate change of conditions, and be prepared to take necessary action.  Use appropriate tools and operating procedures.  Install and use adequate exhaust ventilation devices, ducting, lighting, and tank-cleaning equipment. Immediately following the piping being broken or the tank opened, apply or insert ducting to begin exhaust ventilation. Pipe all exhausts downwind, overboard, or away from people.  Cover and isolate all work areas with disposable plastic sheeting to prevent possible contamination.  pumping and drain all residual products flush tanks and piping systems  Check for residual pressure or vacuum effects in tanks and piping.  While remaining outside the tank, continue to test the atmosphere inside the tank remotely for safe conditions.  Before beginning tank cleaning operations, while wearing the appropriate PPE, clothing and respiratory protection, cautiously enter the tank for an internal inspection.  Chlorinate or sanitize the tanks and piping systems when necessary. 5-Post-Work Cleanup • Remove contaminated clothing and bag for proper disposal or decontamination. • Shower or wash face, arms, hands and legs with soap, using a substantial amount of water. • Disinfect equipment (e.g., using iodine compounds, bromine, chlorine, ozone, or their equivalent) and wash contaminated spaces, decks and bulkheads with detergent, sanitizer, or bleach. • Dispose of or re-wash rubber boots, gloves, eye goggles, face shields and respirators with a disinfectant solution. • Wash contaminated clothing separately. • Do not enter other spaces while still wearing contaminated clothing. 134 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.4.7 Community Safety Potential impacts during the operation phase:  Falling in open manholes: The hazard start when the manholes‟ cover is ; a) left opened; b) Not properly fixed; and/or Brocken  Engulfment: This hazard has two scenarios, the first occurs when the sewage water flows out the pipeline network ; the second is the risk of falling in the hidden manholes or deep pits under the waste water . Mitigation measures - Using fences and warning signs during maintenance periods and/or close the roads - Regular inspection for all the components of the sewage system especially the manholes cover and take instantaneous measurements for correction. - Preventive maintenance program - Adjust the maintenance schedules away from the rush hour 5.4.8 Visual impacts 5.4.8.1 Overview and Impact significance During the operation of gravity sewers and FMs No foreseen impacts During the operation of the New WWTP and PSs The project will change the aesthetics and landscape of the areas where the PSs and WWTP will be located. However, the impact will be relatively acceptable when considering the height of adjacent buildings. The visual impacts due to the operation of the WWTP and PSs should be considered of MINOR significance. No mitigation measures are foreseen, expect developing a suitable landscape (tree belt) around the site. 135 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.5 IMPACTS DUE TO ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES/PROCESSES DURING THE OPERATION PHASE 5.5.1 Risks associated with disposal and/or reuse of final treated effluent 5.5.1.1 Risk of soil and groundwater pollution as a result of irrigation using noncompliant effluent or over-irrigation of the timber forest in Badary WWTP The treated effluent from the existing WWTP will be reused for the irrigation of the nearby tree forests as described in Chapter 3. For such purpose, it has to comply, as a first step with the limits outlined in Table 5.4, according to the Egyptian legislation. Compliance with the treated wastewater standards is the first phase of getting approval to use the effluent for irrigation. However, the effluent for any reason may become not compliant with the standards, hence containing harmful amounts of compounds. This could have then a direct impact on the irrigated soil and could leach to the groundwater. The risk would depend on the area of land irrigated and the degree of unconformity of the treated effluent. One of the reasons for producing a non-compliant effluent is the use of the bypass line, in case of emergencies in the WWTP units. The existence of this bypass line is considered a necessity for the hydraulic protection of the WWTP; therefore it is an engineering requirement in the Engineering Code of Practice in Decree 169/1997. Accordingly the risks of using this line will be an environmental issue. Although the possibilities may be low, the environmental consequences will be acute and could lead to soil contamination. Another reason for producing a non-compliant effluent would be if plant‟s maximum capacity has been reached due the increase in the household connections. The hydraulic assessment of the 3 plants shows that the maximum expected flow in 2045 will not reach the plants maximum design capacity as shown in chapter 3. As long as the collected wastewater is within each plant‟s maximum capacity, there are no foreseen impacts of the soil or groundwater quality. The WWTP in Badary is under commissioning and startup phase by the National Organization for Potable and Sanitary Drainage NOPWASD which is responsible for constructing WWTPs in Egypt. After validating the construction integrity and confirming that the WWTP is in a safe, reliable and operational condition for Assuit Water and Wastewater Company satisfaction, the plant will be handed over to Assuit Wastewater Company for operation. As per the plant design,it is foreseen that the effluent quality generated from the WWTP will be in compliance with the more strict limits in the following Table. The treated effluent generated from the WWTP will be used for irrigating timber forests located close to the plant. It is expected that the plant will be handed over to Assuit Waste Water Company for operation in 4 months. Risk of soil and groundwater pollution may arise from excessive irrigation of the timber forest. Excess water will leach through soil to the groundwater, contributing to the degradation of groundwater quality and increase the salinity of the soil. According to FAO Crop Water Information data base, the Average water consumption for timber species is approximately 30 m3/day/feddan for surface irrigation system. 136 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Therefore, it was concluded by HCWW that the area under in timber forest allocated land will be able accommodate the effluent from the current served villages , as well as the effluent generated from connecting the ISSIP II phase II village in Al Badary Cluster. Due to the potential soil contamination and groundwater, this impact should be considered of Moderate significance. The mitigation measures in the ESMP have concentrated on reducing these possibilities to the minimum. 5-4 Treated effluent standards outlined in Law 93/1962 for reuse in irrigation (Decree 44 /2000) Table ‎ Reuse of treated water in Reuse of treated water in Parameter irrigation of some edible irrigation of timber forest crops BOD5 (ppm) 40 300 COD (ppm) 80 600 TSS (ppm) 40 350 O&G (ppm) 10 NI Nematodes (no. of cells or eggs/ 1 5 Liter) Fecal coliform (MPN/100 ml) 1,000 NI TDS (ppm) 2,000 2,500 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) % 20 25 Chlorides (ppm) 300 350 Boron (ppm) 3 5 Cadmium (ppm) 0.01 0.05 Lead (ppm) 5 10 Copper (ppm) 0.2 NI Nickel (ppm) 0.2 NI Zinc (ppm) 2 NI Arsenic (ppm) NI NI Chromium (ppm) NI NI Molid betrays (only green fodders) 0.01 NI (ppm) Manganese (ppm) 0.2 0.2 Iron (ppm) 5 NI Cobalt (ppm) 0.05 NI Notes:NI: Not identified 137 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Impact assessment of final effluent production and disposal Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity (P)*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Risks associated With disposal and/or reuse of final treated effluent Risk of soil pollution due to 0.50 4 2 3 12 non-conformity with normal operating procedures WWTP Risk of soil pollution and 0.5 4 3 3 18 groundwater contamination due to over-irrigation 5.5.1.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures 1. Implement preventive maintenance Programme to all structures and electromechanical equipment in PSs and WWTP. The supplier of each equipment should provide a preventive maintenance schedule for supplied equipment. Implementing this schedule should be part of the WWTP and PS operational manual. 2. In case the influent is totally bypassed to the receiving tree forest, the PIU-EM should be immediately be notified with the reasons, durations and applied control measures for such event. The PIU-EM should directly notify the PSC and EEAA with the incidents. After returning to normal operation mode, reasons for using the bypass line should be analyzed to prevent repeating these incidents in future. This should be considered during the analysis of the results of the regular monitoring program. In addition to the measures listed above, assessment of soil and groundwater contamination should be undertaken. 3. Prevent over-irrigation in the timber forests to maintain the species in healthy condition and avoid soil and groundwater contamination. Monitoring measures 1. Continuous monitoring of PS and WWTP incoming and outgoing discharges. Daily averages should be calculated and documented 2. Twice-a –week monitoring of influent and effluent water quality at WWTPs should be undertaken. Monitoring should include analysis of COD, TSS, TKN and total P. 3. Monthly monitoring of full Law 93/1962 parameters (amended by Decree 44 for Year 2000) mentioned in Table 5-2. 4. Monitoring of Effluent quantity used for irrigation in each Timber Forest 5. Annual audits of the WWTPs to review performance efficiency shall be undertaken by an environmental consultant. The audit should include reviewing all monitoring data throughout the year and recommendations to improve efficiency as appropriate. 138 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.5.1.3 Risk of water pollution during normal/as-designed operational procedures of Shutb WWTP The ISSIP II project proposes secondary treatment processes followed by disinfection of the final effluent at Shutb WWTP. The WWTP is designed to generate treated water which is compliant with legal standards outlined in Law 48/1982, as shown in Table 5.3 (Reference should be made to Chapter 2 for the full Legal Framework). Egyptian legislation prohibits the discharge of treated effluent into fresh water canals. So the treated effluent can only be discharged into drains if its quality is compliant with the standards outlined in Table 5.3. In Assuit, the treated effluent will be discharged into Al Zenar Drain. Table 5.3: Acceptable standards for discharge of treated wastewater into drains and the designed effluent limits from Shutb WWTP. Parameter Standards and Limits (mg/l) Effluent Limits design (mg/l) Temperature Maximum difference of 3°C as compared Maximum difference of 3°C as compared with the receiving watercourse with the receiving watercourse pH 6-9 6-9 BOD 60 20 COD 80 40 Dissolved Oxygen ≥4 ≥4 Oil & Grease 10 5 Total Dissolved Solids Does not exceed 2000 Does not exceed 2000 Total Suspended Solids 50 20 H2S 1 1 Free Cyanide 0.1 0.1 Total P (TP)* - - N as NH3* - - TotalNitrogen (TN)* - - Phenol 0.05 0.05 Mercury 0.01 0.01 Pb 0.1 0.1 Cd 0.003 0.003 As 0.05 0.05 Se 0.1 0.1 Cr 0.1 0.1 Cu 0.5 0.5 Ni 0.5 0.5 Zn 2 2 Fe 3.5 3.5 Total Coliform (100cm3) 5000 5000 The production of chlorination byproducts is another environmental issue, in which the most environmental concerns come from trihalomethanes (THMs) 15 and haloacetic acids (HAA5) 16 which result from the reaction of chlorine with the organic matter in water. The issue of THMs 15THMs are a group of four main substances which are chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform The five haloacetic acids of concern are monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, 16 monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid 139 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit and HAA5 risks are more commonly related to drinking water supplies, in which the disinfectants reacts with the organic matter in the water source and produces THMs and HAA5. According to the USEPA17, there are debates in the scientific community about the health effects of THMs and HAA5. Although there is no concrete proof on the health effects of these products, the USEPA believes that there are enough evidence to regulate THMs and HAA5, these evidence advice that they could be carcinogenic and could have reproductive and development effects. Therefore the USEPA has regulated the disinfection process in water supplies so as THMs and HAA5 concentration should not exceed 80 and 60 parts per billions (ppb) respectively as an annual average in drinking water. - The application of chlorine to wastewater final effluent is expected to produce more THMs and HAA5, than the produced quantities in water supplies, because of the relatively high organic matter in final effluent. However the risks associated with chlorinated final effluents are significantly less than those associated with drinking water supply in terms of oral exposure of people. On the other hand, THMs and HAA5s may have effects on aquatic life, but the toxicity data and transport routes through the food chain are not quite clear. The disinfection process/chlorine dosage has been designed according to the Egyptian engineering codes with respect to the dosage and the residual concentration of chlorine. Also the WWTP is equipped with a sand filter to remove any organic traces from the effluent generated from MMBR and Sedimentation basins. Site assessment indicated that villagers do not rely on Al Zenar drain for any drinking water purposes and having complied with the legislation standards, the risk of polluting the water quality in the drain should be considered of MINOR significance under normal operation procedures. It is expected that the quality of the drain water shall gradually improve. This will be monitored by applying the monitoring program included in the ESMP. Risk of water pollution due to non conformity with normal operating procedures It is expected that the quality of Al Zenar Drain will improve over time following the implementation of ISSIP II project. However, pollution issues may arise upon noncompliance with the designed operational procedures and/or diverting from the required treatment steps such as the circumstances listed below:  Failure to allow sludge to settle or to empty sludge as it accumulates  Excess or shortage of chlorine required for the disinfection process.  Shortage or unavailability of spare parts and any maintenance related shortcomings. Excess or shortage of chlorine required for the disinfection process The process of disinfection, which is the final step following the secondary treatment includes combining chlorine gas with the effluent in a tank for 30 minutes. Adding excess chlorine to the effluent could allow the production of harmful chlorinated products. These products will pollute the treated effluent and affect its quality negatively. On the other hand, a shortage of chlorine or an insufficient amount of it will also harm the disinfection 17 Source URL ://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/icr/dbp_health.html 140 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit process. The ratio between chlorine and the quantity of effluent has to be controlled at all times to maintain the quality of the treated effluent. Shortage or unavailability of spare parts and any maintenance related shortcomings It is essential for the WWTP to have regular scheduled maintenance. This will guarantee an effluent that is compliant with the standards. However, any delays in scheduled maintenance, unavailability of spare parts and operation of the plant without fixing technical problems could have a negative effect on the quality of the effluent. In addition, during any repairs or maintenance, the plant should not operate. Hence, back up lines should be available to handle the influent during such times. Otherwise influent will accumulate and cause environmental problems such as unpleasant odours or it will be treated inefficiently. Accordingly, we expect potential water pollution in Al Zenar Drain due to the degradation of the quality of the effluent. The probability of the risks discussed above is low and if took place, will be of temporary nature until resolving the problem . Due to the length of the drain and the absence of villagers‟ activities, the impact should be considered of MINOR significance. Normal quality assurance for the operational procedures will result in good control of such impacts. Risk of water pollution to using the by-pass line Discharge of raw sewage directly to Al Zenar drain through the bypass line, in case of emergencies in the WWTP units, may take place. The existence of this bypass line is considered a necessity for the hydraulic protection of the WWTP, therefore it is an engineering requirement in the Engineering Code of Practice in Decree 169/1997. Accordingly the risks of using this line will be an environmental issue. Although the possibilities may be low, the environmental consequences will be acute and could lead to a worse water quality as compared with the current situation due to the concentrated contaminants in the by-passed wastewater. Therefore this impact should be considered of Moderate significance. The mitigation measures in the ESMP have concentrated on reducing these possibilities to the minimum. Risk of water pollution to external factors - Discharge of shock loads of wastewater from cesspits or areas out of the scope of the proposed project overloading the tank Issues may arise from external factors which are not related to the WWTP operation and which could also affect the quality of the inlet water and consequently that of the outlet and receiving drain. In general, such external factors were identified as follows: - Risk of discharge of shock loads of wastewater from cesspits or areas out of the scope of the proposed project overloading the tank There are many rural villages, Izbas and satellites outside the scope of the WWTP and pipeline network. These areas currently have cesspits for sewage collection and the cesspits are emptied by contractors when needed. The creation of a WWTP nearby could allow residents of nearby villages and Izbas and/or cesspit evacuation contractors to dump their sewage in to the pipeline network of the WWTP and PS. The design of the WWTP takes into account possible future growth of targeted villages and is expected to have the capacity of 39,000m3/day by the year 2050. However, this is planned to be implemented over two stages, limiting the capacity of the plant during the first years of operation. 141 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Overloading the plant and dumping any wastewater from areas that are not covered is foreseen to be of risk to the quality of the treated effluent. Any overloading to the plant beyond its capacity, especially at the beginning of its operation, will not allow for the proper treatment process to occur. The quality of the generated effluent is foreseen to be affected as a result, impacting several of its receptors. This impact should be considered of Moderate significance. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity (P)*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Risks associated With disposal and/or reuse of final treated effluent Risk of water pollution 1 4 2 1 8 during normal operating procedures Risk of water pollution due 0.10 4 2 3 3 to non-conformity with normal operating procedures Risk of water pollution due 0.25 4 3 3 18 to usage of by-pass line Health impacts due to usage 0.3* 4 3 3 9 of by-pass line Risk of water pollution due 1 4 2 3 12 to external factors *Criteria for health impact assessment - % refer to probability of occurrence  Length of main drain (short = 30% , long = 0% )  Availability of village clusters directly on the drain (available clusters= 30% , no clusters = 0% )  Groundwater level (high =30%, low = 0%) 5.5.1.6 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures 1. Implement preventive maintenance Programme to all structures and electromechanical equipment in PSs and WWTP. The supplier of each equipment should provide a preventive maintenance schedule for supplied equipment. Implementing this schedule should be part of the WWTP and PS operational manual. 2. In case the influent is totally bypassed to the receiving drain, the PIU-EM should be immediately be notified with the reasons, durations and applied control measures for such event. The PIU-EM should directly notify the PSC and EEAA with the incidents. After returning to normal operation mode, reasons for using the bypass line should be 142 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit analyzed to prevent repeating these incidents in future. This should be considered during the analysis of the results of the regular monitoring program. Monitoring measures 1. Continuous monitoring of PS and WWTPs incoming and outgoing discharges. Daily averages should be calculated and documented 2. Daily monitoring of influent and effluent water quality at WWTPs should be undertaken. The daily monitoring should include analysis of COD, TSS, TKN and total P. 3. Monthly monitoring of full Law 48/1982 parameters 4. Monthly monitoring of BOD, TSS, coliform organisms and in-situ analysis of temperature, pH, conductivity in Al Zenar Drain. This monitoring should be undertaken by the M&E unit of the ISSIP, and the results should be communicated with the PIU. Monitoring shall include the following location (where baseline measurements of water quality have been undertaken); 5. An annual audit of the WWTP to review performance efficiency shall be undertaken by an environmental consultant. The audit should include reviewing all monitoring data throughout the year and recommendations to improve efficiency as appropriate. 5.5.2 Environmental impacts due to Sludge management 5.5.2.1 Overview The design of both WWTPs incorporated in the ISSIP II project in Assuit, results in the generation of sludge. The sludge is then sent to the drying beds for the drying and stabilization processes. No specific treatment process for the sludge has been incorporated for in the WWTP design or recommended. Also, no recommendations regarding suitable sludge applications have been identified. Following discussions with the RSUs, potential management options include the following: - Disposal in landfills/dumpsites - Use in agricultural lands as soil fertilizers - Use as Refuse Derived Fuel for the cement industry Using one or more of the options listed above would depend on the quality of the sludge and the approval of Ministry of Agriculture for using the sludge for agricultural land applications, which could not be identified at the time of producing the study. All potential options have been therefore assessed for their potential environmental impacts. Sludge contains nitrogen and phosphorus, which are beneficial constituents to soil. Law 93/1962 , as well as Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC both encourage the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. However, they regulate its use in such a way as to prevent harmful effects on water, air, soil, vegetation, animals and humans. However, the sludge could also include high amount of heavy metals, pathogens and bacteria which could have negative impacts and health hazards and render it a hazardous waste. Identification of potential impacts 1. Impacts associated with sludge handling, drying and treatment within the WWTP premises 2. Impacts due to sludge transport 3. Impacts associated with sludge disposal 143 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 4. Impacts associated with sludge applications on agricultural lands 5.5.2.2 Impact Significance and evaluation Impacts associated with sludge handling, drying and treatment within each WWTP premises In both WWTPs, Sludge is expected to generate odor, mostly near sludge storage areas. The significance of this impact in WWTPs is reduced since both plants are located far from residential areas as indicated previously. Air quality and odor impacts due to the WWTP processes (including sludge management) have been covered in details in previous sections. Based on the quality of the sludge generated, which will be confirmed through chemical analysis of collected samples, sludge may possess hazardous characteristics (i.e be classified as a hazardous waste). Handling should therefore in all cases be performed with care, as the sludge represents a high negative health risk due to its pathogens content. Incomplete/inefficient drying followed by incomplete stabilization would increase the pathogenic and odor impacts presented above. Treatment/stabilization should be performed on site as will be detailed in the mitigation measures presented below. Impacts due to sludge transport Transportation of sludge from the WWTPs to the nearest landfill or transporting it to nearby agricultural lands will require the use of trucks to accommodate the amount of sludge generated. These vehicles are a source of emissions that would affect the air quality. Motor vehicle emissions were found to contain NOx, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. There is a potential soil contamination and odor emissions risk if vehicles were not completely sealed during transport. Upon assessing the impacts of emissions from the transportation vehicles, it was found that the impact would be intermittent. The spatial impacts would be limited to hundred meters around the WWTP. In terms of the impact intensity on the environment, the air emissions could cause environmental changes that result in damage to the separate environmental components, however, the natural environment remains self-recoverable. Overall, air emissions due to sludge transport should be considered of MINOR significance. Noise impacts are also expected to take place due to the transportation of sludge. However, due to the intermittent nature and average noise level expected, the noise impacts due to sludge transport should be considered of MINOR significance. 144 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity (P)*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Sludge Transport Air quality and 1 3 1 2 6 odour Ambient Noise 1 3 1 2 6 Impacts associated with sludge disposal Based on the sludge analysis, the landfill category, either hazardous or non-hazardous, will be identified. If found non-hazardous, it will be sent to the nearest dumpsite/landfill. The closest landfill site from both WWTPS are: Badary WWTP 10 Km Sahel Selim Landfill Shutb New WWTP 15 Km Air Port Landfill If hazardous, it will have to be sent to the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria. Landfill disposal of sludge shall be practiced by licensed waste contractors, the process could be easily monitored by the RSU/PMU. However, the landfill disposal of sludge has the following risks/negative environmental impacts:  Loss of resources  Waste directives in many parts of the world prohibit the disposal of organic wastes (or place an upper limit of around 5% of total organic carbon in the waste for it to be accepted for disposal). The potential of applying similar laws in Egypt during the life cycle of the project exit and this puts a risk on the sustainability of the landfill disposal option.  Although the waste contractor could be monitored, random/illegal dumping of the sludge on agricultural lands or water streams still remains possible. Impacts of sludge on water include eutrophication, potentially leading to hypoxia which causes reduction in specific fish and aquatic animals‟ populations. Also, sludge leakage back to canals and drains will offset positive environmental impacts of the WWTP. The overall assessment indicates that the impacts due to landfill disposal of sludge generated from both WWTPs should be considered negative of minor significance due to the relatively low amount expected to be generated and hence a low probability of contaminating soil and surface water. An alternative and preferred disposal method such as the reuse as RDF in cement industry and have fewer environmental risks as compared with the application on agricultural lands (which is discussed below). Impacts associated with sludge application on agricultural lands in the WWTPs If sludge is sufficiently dried and treated/stabilized, prior to being reused (i.e. applied to land), there is no foreseen environmental and health impacts upon condition that sample analysis proves that sludge does not possess hazardous characteristics The main environmental and health risks arise from incomplete/absence of sludge stabilization. In such case, there is an increased risk that the sludge might contain high pathogen content. 145 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Potential health hazards to human and animal health could arise from the application of sludge to agricultural crops because dumping raw sludge on agricultural lands could lead to the production of contaminated crops, especially if applied directly to plants. The consumption of these crops, their handling by vendors, and any contact with soil by farmers may also have biological and health impacts. These are also considered some of the main form of human exposure to agricultural sludge contaminants18. Studies have shown that fluid bio solids found in sludge, treated or untreated, adhere to forage crops19. The effects of such compounds and pollutants on humans are dependent on the amount of soil and crops ingested by livestock. Due to the high health risks involved and the direct contact with soil which could occur, the impacts associated with sludge application on agricultural lands should be considered of Moderate to high significance with respect to both soil and health, as illustrated in the Table below. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity (P)*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Sludge application to agricultural lands Soil and agricultural land 0.5 3 3 3 13.5 contamination due to application of untreated sludge Human health issues and 0.5 3 4 4 24 diseases 5.5.2.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures Sludge handling and treatment  Following the drying process, the stabilization of sludge using quicklime should be implemented on site if sampling of the dried sludge indicated compliance with national requirements in all parameters except the pathogenic content (table 5-5) 18 Smith, S. R. (2000): Are controls on organic contaminants necessary to protect the environment when sewage sludge is used in agriculture?.- Prog. In Environ., 2, 129-146. 19Chaney, R. L., J. A. Ryan, and G. A. O'Connor (1998): Pathway Analysis of Terrestrial Risks from PCBs in Land-Applied Biosolids Based on Field Measured Transfer Coefficients.- Proc. Conf. Management of Fate of Toxic Organics in Sludge Applied to Land. Apr. 30 to May 2, 1997. Copenhagen, Denmark. Dept. Environ. Sci. Eng., Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen. 146 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit  The sludge and lime should be thoroughly mixed. A pH not less than 12 and a temperature not less 55°C should be maintained for at least 2 hours after mixing.  A manual for sludge treatment shall be developed and should be annually revised based on the actual sludge quality, actual quantity, news laws and regulations.  Workers handling sludge, or working near sludge tanks in the WWTPs should wear suitable gloves and boots. Hygiene instructions should be disseminated to workers, before they start working. These instructions should be clearly illustrated in posters placed in the offices and rest rooms of workers. Sludge application on land (if proven feasible by PIU): It is very important to ensure that sludge is of adequate quality for reuse. The quality of the sludge has to fulfill the quality standards for heavy metals as indicated in Table 5.5 according to the Executive Regulations of Law 93/1962 , and the US EPA threshold concentrations of heavy metals of sludge to be applied on agricultural land (whichever is lower). The monitoring activities for assessing the sludge quality and the effectiveness of the treatment are included in the sludge management monitoring activities in the ESMP.  Sludge must not be applied to soil in which fruit and vegetable crops are being grown, or less than ten months before fruit and vegetable crops are to be harvested.  Grazing animals must not be allowed access to grassland or forage land less than three weeks after the application of sludge.  Treated Sludge shall not be used as fertilizer unless it has been tested and approved by (i) the competent administrative authority within the Ministry of Housing, (ii) the Ministry of Health and (iii) EEAA after preparing an EIA for the production, distribution, utilization and disposal process, if necessary.  Health precautions and buffer zones should be respected and indicate that the application of sludge should be within the following ranges according to soil type (law 93/1962): 8-14 m3/feddan/year for thick soil, 10-16m3/feddan/year for medium soil and 12- 20m3/feddan/year for light soil Sludge Use as RDF (if proven feasible by PIU):  Dried sludge could be sent to cement factories as RDF according to a contractual agreement between HCWW and the Cement Company. In that case the need for lime treatment should be reconsidered if it will affect the calorific value/properties of the sludge.  If the sludge was found hazardous (based on the sludge sampling results), it shall be handled by workers wearing PPE and transported by a licensed contractor to a cement factory licensed to incinerate hazardous wastes. Sludge disposal in landfill:  If sludge cannot be reused, the right landfill category must be determined. Based on the chemical analysis of the sludge, it should be sent to the respective landfill (HW landfill or non HW landfill). 147 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Table‎ 5 Egyptian and USEPA standards for land application of sludge 5--‎ Parameter Concentration limit Concentration limit Cumulative Pollutant (Law 93/1962) (USEPA Part 503.13) Loading Rate (USEPA Part 503.13) Zinc 2,800 mg/kg 2,800 mg/kg 2,800 kg/ha Copper 1,500 mg/kg 1,500 mg/kg 1,500 kg/ha Nickel 420 mg/kg 420 mg/kg 420 kg/ha Cadmium 39 mg/kg 39 mg/kg 39 kg/ha Lead 300 mg/kg 300 mg/kg 300 kg/ha Mercury 17 mg/kg 17 mg/kg 17 kg/ha Molybdenum 18 mg/kg Deleted in 1994 Deleted in 1994 Selenium 36 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 100 kg/ha Arsenic 41 mg/kg 41 mg/kg 41 kg/ha Monitoring measures  The project operator should undertake continuous monitoring of pH of immature sludge drying beds. Logs of pH values should be used for controlling the lime dosing.  Taking representative sludge samples (every 6months or whenever sludge is being sold) and analyze it according to requirements of Law 93/1962  Periodical medical examination for the workers and lab analysis 5.5.3 Impacts due to handling and disposal of non-hazardous wastes 5.5.3.1 Impact significance and evaluation Non-hazardous wastes are expected to be generated during the operation of the PSs and WWTP. These will result from the cleaning and scrubbing of inlet filters (contaminated solid particles), as well as from the daily activities of workers. The latter will comprise of a mix of food residual, plastic and paper packages. The first potential impact would be the contamination of soil, groundwater and/or surface water due to the uncontrolled disposal of contaminated solid wastes. Another potential impact would be the loss of natural resources (for recyclables) if recycling has not been implemented. Other impacts would include negative visual impacts if waste is accumulated in front or around the PSs and the WWTPs. Burning of the accumulated wastes would impact the air quality around the PSs and the WWTPs sites, and could emit toxic emissions especially if plastic substances were among the waste streams. Accumulation and/or uncontrolled disposal of organic wastes (food residuals) would also result in potential impacts on the health and hygiene of both general public and on-site workers by attracting vermin to the site such as birds, rodents or insects which can act as disease vectors. This will result in spread of disease, and disruption of the natural ecosystem. Odor may also be generated following long periods of accumulation due to the decomposition of some organic wastes, which will be an annoyance to both general public and on-site workers. The evaluation of impacts due to non-hazardous waste generation during the operation phase is illustrated in the Table below. Most of the impacts should be considered of Moderate significance, which is mainly due to the proximity of receptors (with respect to the PSs). The 148 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit negative impact of non-hazardous waste generation is expected to be fully controlled by implementing the mitigation and monitoring measures listed in the following section. Evaluation of impacts due to non-hazardous waste generation Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (P) (A) (B) (C) Non-hazardous Waste generation Loss of natural 1 4 1 1 4 resources Health impacts 1 4 2 2 16 Soil and 1 4 1 2 8 groundwater Surface water 0.5 4 2 2 8 Air quality due to 0.5 4 1 2 4 open burn Visual Impacts 1 4 1 3 12 5.5.3.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures A waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of potential non-hazardous wastes shall be developed and implemented by the project‟s operator. This plan shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and disposal. 5.5.3.3 Mitigation measures for non-hazardous wastes  Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams  Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams  Dispose of non-recycled wastes in the nearest landfill.  Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by EEAA.  Prepare schedule for solids and oils removal from household separation unit. Sludge from household interceptors and septic tanks should be discharged to the WWTP.  Remove oil from oil separators in restaurants and bakeries and dispose it in domestic solid waste disposal sites20  Daily removal of PS screens waste to domestic solid waste disposal sites  Stabilizing separated grit with lime, dry it in separate drying beds and dispose dry grit in domestic solid waste disposal sites 20It has been assumed that new separators will be installed according to adequate engineering specs. It has been also assumed that the oil has been oxidized to an extent that it is not considered flammable thus not considered as hazardous waste. 149 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit HCWW/PIU should adopt the measures listed above and ensure that the all waste relevant information (types, amounts, disposal methods, etc..) are included in the environmental register of the plant. 5.5.3.4 Monitoring measures for non-hazardous wastes  Regular inspection of the waste storage area (for PS‟s and WWTP‟s sites)  Regular inspection of the waste disposal manifests. 5.5.4 Impacts due to handling and disposal of hazardous substances and hazardous wastes 5.5.4.1 Impact evaluation due to handling of hazardous substances As mentioned in the project description chapter some of the hazardous substances required for operation processes include diesel for standby generators, lubricating oils and laboratory chemicals. In Shutb WWTP: Chlorine gas has a distinctive, strong smell, and light yellow color. Chlorine is considered toxic at certain levels and upon inhalation or swallowing could be poisonous. Due to its nature, chlorine gas settles in low elevation when it is released making it more of a hazard to the health of workers and residents living near the WWTP. In order to comply with the Executive Regulations of Law 4/1994 the concentration of chlorine in the working environment should not exceed 1.5 mg/m3 for long term (8-hours) exposure, and should not exceed 2.9 mg/m3 for short term exposure. Designing chlorine buildings for WWTP should follow the precautions for safe storage and handling outlined by the Egyptian Engineering Code for Design and Execution of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Decree 169/1997. Any increase in the specified amount of chlorine for treatment would affect the quality of the final effluent negatively. Moreover, the chlorination byproducts which are produced as a result of chemical reactions of water with chlorine pose risk to human health upon ingestion. Precautions are taken and warning signs to prevent people from drinking treated wastewater are currently in place for other WWTPs in Egypt. In addition, people are generally reluctant to drink the treated effluent since they know its source. The project design and planning indicated that steel chlorine cylinders needed for the treatment and disinfection processes are to be returned to the vendor for replenishing; reducing risks associated with the disposal of empty chlorine cylinders. In Shutb and Badary WWTPs Diesel and lubricating oils will be used and usually have some hazardous and toxic properties. However, the workers handling them are expected to have high awareness regarding their risks. The higher risk in this regard will be that associated with the necessary disposal of empty containers. Impacts on soil (and groundwater) quality could result from fuel storage tank leakage. Secondary containment shall be therefore incorporated in the design as to ensure a minimum of 110% external volume. Laboratory chemicals comprise of many hazardous substances and liquids. The health risks due to the handling of hazardous substances should be considered of MAJOR significance However, implementing safety induction classes, operational health and safety procedures in addition to 150 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit implementing the normal laboratory operating procedures including the preparation of COSSH forms and wearing PPE ensure that the impact‟s significance is reduced. 5.5.4.2 Impact evaluation due to handling of hazardous wastes Hazardous wastes may also be generated during the operation phase such as spent oils and empty chemical containers. The storage and disposal of these waste streams have to be carefully performed as to abide by the national legal framework (Chapter 2). In addition to that, these hazardous wastes if not handled, stored and disposed of according to engineering best practice would have major and irreversible effect as follows:  Mishandling and uncontrolled disposal of hazardous liquid and solid wastes have major health impacts for on-site workers, inhabitants in the project‟s area of influence, people who get in contact with waste during transportation and disposal, and flora and fauna exposed to such wastes.  Uncontrolled disposal of hazardous wastes, in particular in liquid form, would cause soil contamination through direct contact or leaching.  There is a high possibility that uncontrolled disposal of hazardous wastes may affect the groundwater quality, through extended leaching.  Air quality could also be highly affected since uncontrolled dumping of hazardous and non-hazardous materials would result in most of the cases in open burning and potential release of toxic emissions. The impacts listed above are evaluated as presented in Table below. Most of the impacts should be considered of Moderate significance and will be fully controlled by implementing the mitigation and monitoring measures listed in the following section. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (P) (A) (B) (C) Hazardous Waste generation Loss of natural 1 4 1 1 4 resources Health impacts 1 4 2 3 24 Soil and 1 4 1 3 12 groundwater Air quality due to 1 4 1 4 16 open burning Visual Impacts 1 4 1 2 8 5.5.4.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures for handling of hazardous substances 151 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 1. Empty chlorine cylinders, should be collected at a certain location inside the chlorine building before being returned to the supplier. The vendor who will supply the WWTP with chlorine cylinders should take waste cylinders back on the same truck. This process should be documented in manifests that should be signed by the vendor. 2. Diesel ASTs should be surrounded with impermeable bund with a capacity equal to the AST capacity. Any leaked diesel from ASTs should be pumped to diesel trucks until the leakage in AST has been repaired. No USTs should be used in the project. Mitigation measures for the handling and disposal of hazardous wastes A waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of potential hazardous wastes shall be developed and implemented by the project‟s operator. This plan shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and disposal. The waste management plans should also refer to health and safety procedures, and emergency procedures for containing and managing accidental spillages. HCWW/PMU should adopt the measures listed below and ensure that all waste relevant information (types, amounts, disposal methods, etc..) are included in the environmental register of the plant. In addition to that, a separate hazardous waste register (according to the Egyptian Laws) has to be prepared , containing all information relevant to the generation , handling and disposal of hazardous wastes. a) General measures  All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at the beginning of the operation phase. At the time of producing this study, the nearest and only hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria.  The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed.  Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified at the beginning of the operation phase. b) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site The operator shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the operator‟s in-house staff (PMU-EM and RSUs or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant). c) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.:  It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste. 152 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit  The storage area must have a water supply  A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. d) Emergency Response For the purpose of first response, when a hazardous substance release is first discovered or witnessed, the individual of concern who had to be previously trained would initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. The individual will take no further action beyond self-evacuation and notification. The aim of the response at this level is limited to protect nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. No trials are performed at this stage to actually stop the release. This level of response includes;  actions to contain the release from a safe distance  prevent its spreading  evacuation Monitoring measures  Chlorine leak detectors with continuous sensors should be provided for chlorine detection. Any leakage incident should be documented by Shutb WWTP operator in the monthly reports along with taken measures and the adequacy of the emergency ventilation system.  Diesel leaks from ASTs will be detected through visual observation. Any leakage should be documented in monthly reports, along with measures taken by the operator to contain the leakage.  Records of empty containers returned to vendors, or contaminated soil transported to hazardous waste facilities should be kept in the WWTP, along with signatures of hazardous waste facility operator acknowledging receipt of the containers.  Registering the amount of hazardous waste sent for disposal and archiving the collection and disposal receipts. This shall be done in the form of a waste register as required by the Egyptian law.  Regular inspection of the waste storage area  Regular inspection of the site to identify random disposal of waste materials  The containers should be inspected monthly for leaks or any other form of damage and are kept in good condition.  Regular inspection of the site to identify randomly dumped hazardous waste materials. 153 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 5.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 5.7.1 Methodology Social impact assessment focuses on identifying potential impacts on the human dimension for the ISSIP-II (phase 2) project at target villages. The social impact was considered to the surrounding social receptors: nearby population, utilities, infrastructure, transport, health, employment and political issues. Social impact assessment is a tool to ensure the needs and voices of all beneficiary groups as well as vulnerable groups are taken into account. As well as propose effective measures for managing and minimizing the negative impacts. Although it is difficult to calculate socio-economic impacts in a quantitative method, but assessment was conducted based on several indicators that allows measuring relevant impacts in a quantitative methodology, the consultant used the following methodology: Impact Parameters Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Score Impact Positive Scale Scale intensity of range Significance or occurrence Negative Site Short- Negligible 1 1 1-8 Minor Positive [1] term [1] [1] Limited medium- Low 1 8 [2] term [2] [2] Area Long-term Medium 1 27 9-27 Moderate Negative [3] [3] [3] Regional permanent High 1 64 28- Major [4] [4] [4] 64 It is envisaged that the project will have a positive impact on the community with the increase of access of targeted population in Assuit governorate to improved hygiene, public health and sanitation services. Additional positive implications of the project, is the reduction of current load of pollution on soil, air, water and socioeconomic parameters of the environment as a result of the inappropriate management and disposal of sewages in the designated areas. It is believed that implementation of the proposed project will promote the local economy, living standard of people, urbanization, and urban ecological environment protection. The main types of social impacts that occur as a result of the ISSIP - II project related changes were grouped into the following categories: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 154 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Social Impact Description Land use impacts Impacts related to the land allocation process Political impacts Impacts related to political stability at the project target areas Lifestyle impactson the way people behave and relate to family, friends and cohorts on a day-to-day basis Cultural impacts on shared customs, obligations, values, language, religious belief and other elements which make a social or ethnic group distinct Community on infrastructure, services, voluntary organisations, activity impacts networks and cohesion Quality of life on sense of place, aesthetics and heritage, perception of belonging, impacts security and livability, and aspirations for the future Health impacts on mental, physical and social wellbeing, although these aspects are also the subject of health impact assessment 5.7.2 Identification of Potential Impacts during Construction This section presents the analysis of socio-economic impacts during the construction activities. Construction phase consists of the following activities: 3. Construction of Pump Stations 4. Construction of Gravity sewers and FMs 1. Land use and land acquisition Construction activities present potential impacts to land uses that could have long-term effects in certain circumstances. Construction of the current project has two types of impacts: Permanent: Construction of PS, FM and gravity sewers Land plots needed for the construction of the PS: the only loss will be on existing vegetation, in other cases there is a positive impact related to developing uninhibited land plots that are causing spread of rodents and insects (currently used as open dumpsite). The construction of the PS during the current phase of the ISSIP- 2 project requires the following land allocations: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 155 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 5-5 - Land plots needed for the construction of the PS21 Table ‎ District Villages Area Status Impact Impact on Status of Owner Negotiation Process livelihood Shotb 29400m2 Donation – Assuit Executive Cultivated – loss of Fair. (annex- 7agreement WWTP council decree 27/2014, vegetation22 for price increase). awaiting approvals from No impact, Owners requested and Irrigation owners Inherited, large plot were given a price increase harvested their (relatively wealthy in negotiation with the crops before owners)24 community. delivering 23 Annex - 7 sample of Assuit community donation documents Shotb 2 910 m2 Donation – awaiting Cleared – positive No impact, 5 owners, part of a Fair 25 governorate executive council low impact (will be currently used larger plot approval cleared of as open accumulated waste) dumpsite Shotb1 480 m2 Donation - Allocated – Decree Cultivated – loss of Owner notified Inherited, owner has Fair 711/2014 vegetation of cut-off date a larger plot 21 In case of the donation, the donor signs the donation in the name of the Local Government Unit, then the governorate reallocates the land to the Water Company formally after approval of the public estate department at the governorate. In case of sale, the title formally becomes under the name of the water company. 22The general practice in the holding company is to wait until farmers harvest their crops and then receive the plots. In case there is an immediate need to receive the plot the farmer is compensated for the loss of crops. In the current case, all farmers were previously notified to harvest their crops and not to plant again and all sites were cleared as of February 2016 23Cut-off date was announced February, 2016. Owners/tenant were notified to harvest their crops. They delivered the land after fully harvesting crops. No case of crop damage occurred. 24 Owners requested that their names would be acknowledged for the donation and the WWTP would be named after them. 25Itwas confirmed during the field work on case by case basis, that the owners received prices that are equivalent or higher than market price, prevalent market prices were asked during the interviews. It was also discussed with community leaders that land owners who sold their land have larger plots, no small owners were asked to sell their land. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 156 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final District Villages Area Status Impact Impact on Status of Owner Negotiation Process livelihood Harvested crops before delivering land Shotb 2 300 m2 Public property – documents Cleared – no No impact None None submitted to public estate dept impact at the governorate Mosha 889.6 m2 Public property – allocated Cleared – no No impact None None decree 502/2014 impact Refa 900 m2 Public property – Assuit Cultivated – loss of Tenant was None None executive council decree vegetation informed and number 26/2014 harvested crops before cut-off date Deir Refa 752.5 m2 Public property – allocated – Cleared – no No impact None None decree 1336/2014 impact Al-Zawya 1 780 m2 Donation - documents Cleared – no Urban land Public employee Fair submitted to public estate dept impact (within at the governorate construction area) Al-Zawya 2 600 m2 Donation - documents Cleared – no Urban land Teacher Fair submitted to public estate dept impact (within at the governorate construction area) Al-Nawamis 840 m2 Donation – donation contract Cultivated – loss of Owner Owner has a larger Fair not yet legalized vegetation harvested crop plot Bedary before delivering land Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 157 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final The ESIA team has paid several visits to the locations of the plots designated for the construction of the PS‟s and WWTP. Surrounding neighboring communities were invited for interviews/discussions regarding the current land use. The site visits were conducted by the ESIA team‟s Social Expert and Assuit RSU‟s members, during February 2016. The results of the field visits and the discussions reflected no type of any illegal customary ownership of these plots of lands. As well, no tenants were located on the lands. Based on the above, OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement was not triggered for the project in Assuit Governorate. All approvals associated with the lands listed above are included in Annex 2. Due to the fact that some land plots will be cleared of waste and rehabilitated, the impact level is considered “low”. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (P) (A) (B) (C) Shotb WWTP 1 4 1 2 8 Shotb 1 1 4 1 2 8 Shotb 2 1 4 1 2 8 Shotb 3 1 4 1 2 8 Mosha 1 4 1 1 4 Refa 1 4 1 2 8 Deir Refa 1 4 1 1 4 Al-Zawya 1 1 4 1 1 4 Al-Zawya 2 1 4 1 1 4 Al-Nawamis 1 4 1 2 8 - For the FM and Gravity sewers: no permanent land allocations are required, only impacts related to destruction of trees, bushes and roadside vegetation by construction activities causing a public property loss. Temporary: Storing of Equipment and construction material Temporary occupation of land may be required. Most of the time, it will be in a public area (road for example). However, in case temporary use of land may result in the alteration of previous use or agricultural production, the loss for the previous user should be fully and fairly compensated during the period of occupation by the project. Temporary occupation of land could raise some issues related to poor sanitation arrangement and improper methods used for disposal of solid wastes and effluents. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 158 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Due to the extensive excavation required for this project, and the relative uncertainty on adequate measures to be taken by the contractor for temporary land allocation, the impact level is considered “Moderate”. Temporary land use Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 3 1 3 1 9 Moderate Negative Mitigation Measures Permanent Land Acquisition  Awareness raising activities: are crucial to mainstream people‟s expectations from the project and ensure their ownership of the project. It should be noted that the RSU is conducting on-going awareness raising activities with the local community. These activities need to be strengthened and be based on a solid methodology to reach a wider range of the target communities. Building the capacity of the SDO is crucial to effectively structure the community engagement efforts.  Community participation: has been a crucial element for securing the needed land plots for the project. It is important to continue with awareness raising activities during the implementation of the project. Figure ‎ 5-2 – Awareness sessions held by the RSU at Bedary district  Selection of plots: Currently the selection of the location of land plots for the PS is done in consultation with the local community. The technical requirementsare stated by the water company, which are mainly related to select a plot at a low ground level area. The community members consult together and select several plots. The company representatives then decide from a technical point of view the appropriateness of one plot. It is recommended to prepare clear selection criteria and to advertise them. This will ensure that community members have a justification of the selection process. The company then proceeds with the design process based on the primary location. It is important to have different options of land plots during the design process to ensure that Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 159 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final no pressure will have to be exercised on the company later during the process of purchasing land.  Land Valuation process: Land valuation process should be based on realistic market prices, after consulting with different actors at the local level  Ensure fair negotiation process for sellers: Negotiations with the seller should be conducted in a fair and transparent manner. Involving community leaders is necessary to ensure the seller is paid a fair price. In some cases the sellers ask for a higher price than the usual as they feel the need of the local community for establishing the sewage network. The negotiation process in this case requires longer time than needed.  Documentation of the negotiation process:ensure the RSU keeps documents (electronic and paper formats) of all transaction, payment method and procedure, possible price reduction and other essential terms.  Grievance mechanism: The grievance mechanism is mainly functioning through the project level GRM. The RSU-SDO is responsible to receive grievances. The GRM should be advertised as part of the projects ensuring clear signs including contacts of the SDO are added during construction. And different stakeholders at the village level are aware to refer any complaints to the SDO.  All land donation or sale cases will follow the described procedure above to determine and document that land donations are voluntary. Temporary land occupation  Increase awareness and outreach activities during the construction activities about the grievance mechanism and about community health and safety measures. RSU is currently holding awareness raising activities at villages where construction activities are taking place at villages of phase I.  Contractors for the Project activities will require construction operators to attend to the health and safety of their workers, maintain and cleanup campsites and to ensure the utmost preservation of land use environment and deliver the site after work completion in a condition that is similar or better than pre-project condition.  Involve local stakeholders (community leaders or trusted NGO‟s) in the strategy to ensure the community involvement and ownership of the project.  Fencing the construction area, to reduce disturbance to nearby population  Signage and Markings: provision of informational and directional signs posted prior to the construction. Announcements using local broadcasts to inform local community of health and safety measures to avoid accidents.  Pedestrian crossings can be also provided at proper locations. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 160 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final  Ensure equipment used on site will not be moved during the day to avoid more traffic disruption  Develop a communication strategy to raise awareness of the community members on health and safety measures. 2. Community impacts Construction works are always seen as a nuisance to nearby residents, traffickers and pedestrians as a result of detour actions, dust and air emissions, noise generated, abundance of workers in the area and in general the disruption of quality of life. Identified impacts: a) Impacts on other infrastructure networks, especially drinking water, which may lead to disruption of other services. Most of the underground infrastructure pipelines (such as water or telecommunication) do not have accurate documentation for its routes and depths. Therefore, the risk of breaking infrastructure lines is relatively high. Normally the contractor takes caution by applying manual excavation to avoid such situations where he is obliged to pay for the damage. Breaking a water supply pipe may result in cutting the supply to a number of residential units, which may, if it takes place for a long period, direct residents to use other sources of water which may be either expensive or unsafe. The effects of cutting telecommunication cables during excavation are mainly socioeconomic, due to cutting possible personal and business communications. Due to the extensive excavation required for this project, and the relative uncertainty in the location of existing infrastructure, the impact level is considered “medium”. Impact on Infrastructure Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 4 2 2 1 16 Moderate Negative Mitigation measures - Conducting some surveillance activities to detect any available pipelines or networks (water or electricity) - Coordination with the Local Governmental Units and the water and network companies to repair any damages. The contract should pay for this cost. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 161 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final b) Impacts on the mobility as a result of the excavation on the traffic and movement within the village. Subsequently, mobility especially among women and disabled groups  Impacts on mobility at village streets due to the accumulation of construction materials and dust that will result from digging. From a social perspective, this impact might affect the mobility at the villages especially for women and disabled groups. This concern was raised during the consultation with the local community several times. Due to the extensive excavation required for this project, and the relative concerns from the community about the mobility at the internal streets, the impact level is considered “medium”. Impact on Mobility Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 4 2 2 1 16 Moderate Negative Mitigation measures  Provide alternate routes to be used for residents away from the work sites.  Strict monitoring of the compliance of the contractor with traffic diversion plan in order to ensure implementation of relevant procedures during construction.  Signage and Markings: provision of informational and directional signs posted prior to the construction. Announcements using local broadcasts to inform local community of disruptions.  Pedestrian crossings can be also provided at proper locations.  Fencing the construction area, to ensure safety of pedestrians at the local areas  Ensure equipment used on site will not be moved during the day to avoid more traffic disruption c) Impacts on Traffic  The villages consist of a network of rural roads that carries lowest traffic volume than the main roads. Disruptions to traffic due to the construction would be more effective at the smaller roads. Excavation work would mean almost blocking from streets at some villages. But given that the traffic volumes are limited at local streets with relatively low speed: Due to the low traffic volumes, the impact level is considered “low”. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 162 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Impact on traffic Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 4 2 2 1 16 Moderate Negative Mitigation measures  Increase signage on the roads and improve existing ones.  Increase traffic control.  Traffic department to grant excavation license limited to specific hours d) Disruption due to accumulation of waste in front of houses  Potential temporary inconvenience as result of the construction activities. This could be in the form of accumulation of wastes (both construction and domestic waste in the construction areas, associated odor, air emissions, especially dust as a result of excavation. These impacts are of temporary nature and will be of moderate severity, particularly since in some cases the construction areas may be 4-5 meters away from residential areas, where the streets are quite narrow. Due to the extensive excavation required for this project, and the community will to support the excavation activities, the impact level is considered “moderate”. Impact on accumulation of waste in front of Overall houses Score Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 2 2 4 1 8 Moderate Negative Mitigation measures  Conduct education and awareness campaigns on environmental and health issues.  Integrate protection measures nearby schools and densely populated areas e) Impacts on Safety  Influx of workers and vehicles may have adverse impacts on community health and road safety It is important to notice that when workers are coming to the area they may be carrying communicable diseases or may not adhere to the local culture. In most cases from other similar projects the situation can be inflated if the Due to the fact that in many cases the contractor does not comply with safety and health requirements, this impact is considered “severe” Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 163 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Impact on Safety Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 2 2 8 1 32 High Negative Mitigation measures  Use local labour whenever possible. The contractor must be instructed to employ labour from the local areas whenever possible to mitigate any unnecessary influx of outsiders to the local communities.  Ensure that the workers are adhereing to the local culture through awareness raising activities.  Strict measures should be enforcedEnforce for the contractor to ensure compliance with the safety and health requirements of the workers; including regular monitoring by the WSC during construction.  and aAdding the conditions of compliance with health and safety regulations to the contracts (fines can be applied in case of non-compliance).  Ensure that alternative safe routes are identified and announced to the local communities in the cases where local roads are occupied with construction works.  Comply with work places legal requirements and stringent safety regulations should be observed to avoid work accidents.  Provision of protective professional Equipment  Instituting safety drills, disaster preparedness and management programs  Strict measures should be enforced for the contractor to ensure compliance with the safety and health requirements of the workers; including regular monitoring by the WC during construction and adding the conditions of compliance with health and safety regulations to the contracts (fines can be applied in case of non-compliance). f) Impacts on road quality, it is widely known that the contractors do not usually rehabilitate the streets. Subsequently, there is a high probability of street conditions deterioration Due to the norm that the contractor does comply with requirements to rehabilitate the streets, the impact level is considered “moderate”. Impact on Rehabilitation of streets Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 2 2 4 1 16 Moderate Negative Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 164 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Mitigation measures  A time plan should be developed for street rehabilitation  Inform the local community with any potential delay of street rehabilitation  Paving the streets immediately after the construction. That should be done by specialized companies or the contractors but not by the Local Governmental Units  Monitor the process of street rehabilitation and realistic fines should be applied on the entities responsible of street rehabilitation g) Impacts on the integrity of old buildings near the excavation areas, which may cause impacts on the occupants. Due to the norm that the contractor does not comply with safety requirements during excavation the impact level is considered “high”. Impact on Integrity of old buildings Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 2 2 8 1 32 High Negative Mitigation Measures:  Boreholes should be used to identify the type of soil and the potential impacts on the current structures.  For loose types of soils, trenches should be reinforced using wood/metal sheets.  Measuring ground water levels before construction  Strict measures should be enforce to ensure compliance of the contractor with the safety requirements for excavation. 3. Quality of Life impacts The project is likely to result in several positive social impacts, particularly related to the creation of job opportunities and reviving economic activities.  Creating job opportunities for construction companies.  The contractor usually hires around 60 workers, technicians and engineers during construction of the pump stations and FM, divided as follows: 3 engineers, 3 administrative support staff, 35 skilled workers (drivers, artisans..etc) and 20 non skilled workers generally from the local community (for excavation and construction works).  Most of the created job opportunities are distributed among males, which limits the benefit of marginalized groups from available work opportunities. This impact is considered “low”. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 165 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Creating job opportunities Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 2 2 2 1 8 Minor Positive Mitigation measures  Provide jobs primarily for community members, simultaneously saving on the cost of employing people from outside the governorates and encouraging community acceptance of the project. Accord local community employment for unskilled and semi-skilled as a priority.  Reviving economic activities  Reviving economic activities for shops supplying construction materials in the area through providing services to the construction workers.  Reviving some restaurants and small shops which will sell meals for workers.  Increase the rental of local buses and vehicles to move the workers and the equipment to and from the construction sites. This impact is considered “low”. Reviving economic activities Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 2 2 2 1 8 Minor Positive  Loss of income for the groups that work in evacuation of septic tanks Due to the possible limited opportunities for those workers in evacuation, this impact is considered “moderate” Loss of income for evacuation workers Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 2 2 4 1 16 Moderate Negative Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 166 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Mitigation measures  Involve local NGO‟s in providing training for this group of workers to create alternative job opportunities  Involve unskilled workers in the construction works whenever possible Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 167 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 4. Political impacts a) All activities related to the construction phase will take place within the proposed villages which will be associated with land acquisition. Most of the secured land plots have been provided using a donation scheme, in case some of the village members who participated in donation are not connected later to the sewage service, this may create political conflicts among community members, governorate and Assuit Water Company which may cause delays. Due to potential instability among the community members, this impact is considered “moderate” Loss of income for evacuation workers Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 2 2 4 1 16 Moderate Negative Mitigation measures  Conduct education and awareness campaigns on issues related to household connections.  Transparency of the collection process through involvement of local community leaders 5.7.3 Identification of Potential Impacts during Operation Phase As noted above, the project is likely to result in several positive social impacts, particularly related to the creation of job opportunities. The project will contribute to the improvement of the health conditions at target villages, in turn, will be reflected on the quality of life among different target groups. The project will engender feelings of wellbeing and pride within different communities as new developmental projects are being implemented in order to enhance the living conditions of community members. Such feelings are important for the communities. The project will not result in negative social changes like involuntary resettlement or change the demographical or the traditional lifestyle of area communities. The only potential negative impact of relevance to resettlement is the potential temporary land acquisition during construction. 1- Provision of sewage services to wide sector of the community as part of the government development plan to deliver quality services to citizens.  Ending the current problems related to sewage and sanitation.  Increasing the value of houses after connecting to the sewage network.  Possibility for provision of other infrastructure services afterwards such as natural gas. Due to the positive impacts on the local community this impact is considered “Major”. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 168 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Provision of Sanitation services Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 3 4 4 1 48 Major Positive 2- Health impacts  Improving the health conditions of the population especially school children  Improving the quality of produced vegetables and fruits, which are currently irrigated with untreated water  Improving the quality of the groundwater, as the wastewater leaking from septic tanks will cease since most of the drinking water is provided by artesian wells at the target villages Due to the positive impacts on the health conditions at the local community this impact is considered “Major”. Health impacts Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 3 4 3 1 36 Major Positive 3- Impacts on Livelihood  Improving the socio-economic conditions of families by saving the amounts paid currently for evacuation services. This was posing a lot of economic burden upon families. Households will benefit from the savings of wastewater evacuation.  Creating job opportunities for engineers, technicians and non-skilled workers at PS. Ten job opportunities are expected to be offered in the stations, including 4 opportunities for the local community (administrative and services). This impact is considered “moderate”. Impacts on livelihood Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 3 2 2 1 12 Moderate Positive Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 169 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 4- The project will help to replace destructive and frustrated sentiments that are currently prevalent within the communities. This impact is considered “moderate”. Impacts on sentiments of belonging Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 3 2 3 1 18 Moderate Positive Negative Social Impacts during Operation It is unlikely that the normal operation of the PS will create any significant negative social impacts. However, fears were expressed about the possibility that some leakage or odour may occur on the surrounding houses or agricultural lands in the area, which are unlikely. Since these impacts will be limited to leakage or odours at the surrounding neighbouring at the PS, This impact is considered “low”. Impacts in case of malfunction of PS Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Impact Positive or Scale Scale intensity of Significance Negative occurrence 2 2 2 1 8 Minor Negative Mitigation measures  Provision of alternative power station in case of power disruptions to avoid adverse impacts on the local community 5.7.4 Impacts on vulnerable groups This project will provide several positive impacts in addition to some negative impacts on vulnerable groups such as: Positive Impacts 1. The project has several positive impacts on women, since it will ease the burden of carrying water to throw it away in the septic tank or the street. Improving the living conditions of community members especially children, which reduces the risk of illness. Mothers have to care for sick children at the house. 2. Providing sanitation services for free for the poorest groups. This will make poorest groups feel that the government cares for them and is concerned with their welfare. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 170 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 3. School children will benefit from the project. Awareness raising seminars can be held at schools. Negative impacts 1. There is a potential that children and elderly will be impacted during construction activities. 2. Created job opportunities will only be limited to males. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 171 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 172 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 6 CHAPTER 6ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The objective of analyzing different project alternatives is to evaluate project options, which have been considered during the ISSIP II Second phase, from the environmental perspective. This analysis of alternatives shall help in reaching/confirming optimum options for the project design from both the economic and environmental perspective. 6.1 NO PROJECT ALTERATIVE The ISSIP II is expected to result in significant environmental improvement in the project areas. The existing situation, in which target areas are deprived from sanitation services, leads to major environmental and health problems to inhabitants. Even though there are some impacts associated with ISSIP II construction and operation as previously indicated, the overall environmental impacts are expected to be positive. Environmental improvements expected from the ISSIP, over the existing situation include: - Improving surface water quality in the project areas. Although there are risks of discharging noncompliant effluent to drains as discussed earlier, overall the pollution loads received in water courses will be significantly reduced, because currently a large ratio of the generated sewage is discharged by tankers to drains. Although the rate of sewage generation could increase as a result of the project, due to expected increase of water consumption as reaction to the availability of sanitary drainage, the better effluent quality discharged will make the received load of each pollutant much lower. - Improve the quality of groundwater and the high water table in most of the project areas, through preventing infiltration of sewage to groundwater - Although there may be odor problems associated with operation of WWTP and PSs, the impacts of odors and vectors problems are expected to significantly improve. In the existing situation the infrequent evacuation of cesspits and land discharge of sewage makes the odors/vectors problems much more acute and disperse than the expected impacts around WWTPs and PSs. - The socioeconomic benefits of the project significantly overweigh the expected impacts. The ISSIP II shall upgrade the quality of life of inhabitant, through improving public health, reducing water borne diseases, improving psychological stress resulting from odors, vectors, stagnant water, unavailability of appropriate urban drainage, …etc. Although there may be few economically effected groups such as inhabitants of neighboring lands to WWTPs and PSs and cesspits evacuation contractors, much more groups will gain economic benefits such as workers in construction and operation and owners of served areas with the sanitation services, in which real estate prices are expected to raise. The overall environmental and social advantages are believed to significantly overweigh the disadvantages, especially when the ESMP is implemented. Moreover, the ISSIP II will directly contribute to achieving the objectives of the IIIMP, which target significant improvement to water resources management in the project area. The ISSIP II institutional structure will have a Monitoring and Evaluation unit (M&E) to verify the expected improvements of ISSIP II to surface water quality. Operation of the ISSIP II will be designed to achieve maximum possible improvement, which will be continuously monitored by the M&E Unit. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 173 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 6.2 ALTERNATIVES OF PIPING MATERIALS There are no direct preferences for piping materials from the environmental and social points of view related to the direct impacts of the ISSIP. However, the preferences will be based on the life cycle analysis of these piping materials. Using asbestos pipes is completely not allowed in the ISSIP II, due to the problems associated with its disposal during the project maintenance and/or decommissioning. 6.3 ALTERNATIVES FOR HOUSE CONNECTIONS Several alternatives exist for house connections, as follows: - Using existing septic tanks as barriers to allowing objectionable materials to enter the networks. - Using standard inspection chambers - Using individual interceptors for each household to enable preliminary settlement and to discharge wastewater to the network through overflow The first alternative will reduce construction costs but is associated with risks of sewage infiltration to the groundwater. There are two reasons for this; the first is that these tanks are, in most cases, designed with an open bed to allow infiltration. The second is that some of these tanks may be leaking due to improper design or insufficient maintenance. Therefore, using existing cesspits and septic tanks should only be practiced after inspecting their quality and after ensuring there are no leakages or means of infiltration to the environment. The third alternative achieves reduction of solids loads entering the sewerage system, leading to better treatment results and a better quality of final effluent. The interceptors should be frequently cleared from sludge to maintain their settling efficiency. However, the application of interceptors has two disadvantages: the first is their extra cost, and the second is the risk associated with sludge disposal. Using the standard inspection chambers, is a conventional system with no foreseen environmental impacts. As compared with the interceptors solution, it will produce an effluent with a relatively lower quality. However, the PSs and WWTP are equipped with inlet screening chambers designed to handle an effluent of such typical quality. 6.4 ALTERNATIVES TO THE UTILIZATION OF SLUDGE The sludge generated from WWTPs could be utilized in conditioning agricultural lands, after being subjected to a stabilization and hygienization process as previously discussed in Chapter 5. Sending to cement factories as RDF is a second option, and the third option is to dispose of it in landfills. Various environmental risks associated with these options have already been discussed. The utilization of sludge as RDF is the preferred option, followed by the use on agricultural land, providing there are safe concentration levels of heavy metals, safe biological properties, and safe land application rates followed according to the specifications of Law 93/1962 and the guidelines of USEPA. The reason for this preference over landfill disposal is that volume of waste received in disposal sites will be reduced and an equivalent quantity of fuel/chemical fertilizers, associated with an environmental cost for their production, will be saved. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 174 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final On the other hand, the sustainability of using sludge as a land conditioner will be doubtful if the costs for sludge quality monitoring are not covered by revenues from sale of the sludge. In other words if revenue from the sale of sludge does not cover the extra WWTP operating costs resulting from stabilization processes and monitoring activities recommended in the ESMP, it will be better to go for the disposal alternative. Although land disposal of sludge will be practiced by a waste contractor as mentioned in the EMP, the process26 could be easily monitored by the RSU to check its compliance with the waste disposal contract. However, as previously presented in Chapter 5, the landfill disposal of sludge has the following risks/negative environmental impacts:  Loss of resources  Waste directives in many parts of the world prohibit the disposal of organic wastes (or place an upper limit of around 5% of total organic carbon in the waste for it to be accepted for disposal). The potential of applying similar laws in Egypt during the life cycle of the project exit and this puts a risk on the sustainability of the landfill disposal option.  Although the waste contractor could be monitored, random/illegal dumping of the sludge on agricultural lands or water streams still remains possible.  Nearby disposal sites have not been identified during the site visits at most of the villages and the practice of waste burning has been observed. So the risk of not finding a close disposal site exists. The co-composting of sludge with solid waste is a fourth option and will result in environmental benefits but the main disadvantage will be that the handling of sludge will not be within the control of the ISSIP. Adequate sludge handling methods, in terms of the safe application of land will not be guaranteed in the composting plant location. Furthermore, the mixing with solid waste may cause degradation of the sludge quality as a land conditioner because most of the existing solid waste composting plants do not separate impurities efficiently, especially glass. However, the conclusion which could be made is that under the current conditions, the following options are listed in order of preference:  RDF  Stabilization and soil fertilizer  Controlled landfill disposal.  Co-composting with solid waste 6.5 ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Options for biological treatment include: - MBBR - Trickling filters - Rotating Biological Contactors - Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blankets - Stabilization ponds Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 175 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final The first four alternatives depend on engineered methods for enabling aerobic bacteria to stabilize organic matter in wastewater. Whereas stabilization ponds utilize on natural systems for the stabilization process. The stabilization ponds alternative is less expensive in operation while achieving similar treatment objectives. The disadvantage is the large area requirements which will lead to a greater loss of agricultural land. Therefore the stabilization ponds alternative is the least preferable. The technology which will be used in Shutb WWTP for biological treatment is the MBBR technology. MBBR technology main advantage is the small foot print requirement in the plant design comparing to similar capacities in other technologies. Given that the area allocated for the WWTP is limited, he MBBR technology is favored. Also the technology eliminates the need for return activated sludge systems which reduces the requirements for subsequent filtration steps and eases the operation to meet discharge requirements. 6.5 DISINFECTION ALTERNATIVES The proposed project design includes disinfection of the final effluent through chlorination. The M&E unit of the project will evaluate the effectiveness of such disinfection procedures by monitoring coliform bacteria at selected receiving drain locations. The chlorination of the final effluent will produce carcinogenic THMs and TAA5s (as previously explained), other available means of disinfection include: - Using ozone disinfection, which in addition to being associated with high operating costs beyond the affordability of the local communities, the process produces bromate which has similar adverse health effects as THMs and TAA5s - Ultra Violate (UV) disinfection, which should be associated with fine filtration processes in order to effectively kill bacteria. However, such system is believed to be much more expensive than the chlorination system. The advantages of using chlorination are: - Elimination or reduction of pathogens in the final effluent, which in turn will reduce the numbers of pathogens in receiving drains. This will have direct environmental and health benefits in protecting people from possible infections during their contact with the drain‟s water. A high percentage of villagers are expected to benefit from this,, especially women and children who might use watercourses for cleaning and bathing. - Reduction of the organic load of the final effluent, as the application of chlorine provides chemical oxidation to the effluent and reduces oxygen demand On the other hand the main disadvantage is the production of THMs and TAA5s which can potentially have indirect effects on drinking water supplies and on freshwater marine life. The UV disinfection will be the best alternative in case proven to be feasible. Otherwise, it is believed that the advantages of chlorination outweigh the disadvantages due to its direct benefits for many people using the drains. Furthermore, de-chlorinating the wastewater after sufficient chlorine contact time will significantly reduce the risks of chlorine by-products. The application of sulphur dioxide or sodium thiosulphate as de-chlorination agents will slightly reduce dissolved oxygen and raise the oxygen demand (in terms of BOD and COD) and therefore the plant designer should consider more effective biological treatment to balance this effect. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 176 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 6.6 Alternatives for securing the land The HCWW applies several measures to ensure securing the land is conducted with minimal impacts on the livelihood of the local community and on voluntary basis (either for donation or willing buyer willing seller). The following section presents a brief description of these measures: During design phase: - The consultant responsible for the design, explores several designs in order to ensure that the land needed can be easily secured. Priority is given to public owned land without uses within the area. In case no public lands are available, the design tries to avoid land plots close to housing areas to meet the required standards for the distance. - The design also takes into consideration technical requirements: proximity to drain for WWTP and ground level for PS. - The design takes into consideration formal requirements by Ministries of Health and Agriculture. - After identifying potential several plots, the consultant and the WSCs team start to examine the options with the community members through close consultation. In the meantime, communities are normally engaged even at earlier stages of land plots‟ selection. The technical requirements are discussed with representatives from community members in order to nominate several land plots that meet the technical requirements. - Finally owners of those plots are approached in order to select who from the owners would be willing to sell. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 177 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 178 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 7 CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMP The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) presented in this chapter reflects the implementation procedures and mechanisms as well as the roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the mitigation measures and monitoring activities for the expected impacts as outlined in Chapter 5. Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring matrices have been prepared for the actions to be taken during the full Project cycle:  Tables 7.1 and 7.2: Environmental Management and monitoring matrices during the construction (and decommissioning) phase  Tables 7.3 and 7.4: Environmental Management and monitoring matrices during the operation phase  Tables 7.5 and 7.6: Social Management and social monitoring matrices respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and environmental management plan will be then monitored throughout the construction and operation phases of the project. Monitoring will be performed using calibrated equipment (where relevant) and standard techniques in order to ensure accuracy of the results. These results will be stored in an easy to access database and will be analyzed and corrective/additional actions shall be undertaken as necessary. The Operator of the WWTP will adopt the environmental monitoring program. The results of the program should continuously check/refine the environmental management plan 7.2 ESMP INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP The project will be implemented through the following institutional setup: Project Steering Committee (PSC): will have mandate of providing guidance and ensure coordination between different project stakeholders. The steering committee will be headed by the Minister of Housing and Urban Development and will include representatives from NOPWASD, HCWW, the RSUs in the four governorates, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Health and Population, Ministry of Social Affairs and Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of International Cooperation. Ministry of Agriculture and Social Solidarity – to be represented Project Implementation Unit (PIU): The PIU is established at the HCWW and is responsible for the overall management of the project, coordinating between different project units, and implementation of main investment contracts. The PIU will also have overall supervision on the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) component of the ISSIP project Rural Sanitation Units (RSUs) which are established within the four governorates with mandate of planning, social mobilization / awareness, tendering, construction supervision, in addition to delegation of operation and maintenance tasks, and supervision of their performance. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 179 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Local Government Units: They are the local government relevant stakeholder, responsible for securing necessary land for construction of the pump stations as well as facilitating issuing necessary permits. They are also considered a main actor in handling complaints. 7.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPERVISION OF THE ESMP The mitigation measures and monitoring activities that are recommended shall be implemented according to the institutional set-up shown in Section 7.2. Tables 7-1 to 7.6 present the responsibilities of different stakeholders for mitigation measures and monitoring activities during the construction and operation phases. The current environmental management scheme is as follows: - PIU: Roles and responsibilities:  Overall supervision for the environmental performance of the project.  Monitoring compliance with the ESMMP through follow up on the reporting presented by the RSUs.  Report regularly to the WB on the implementation of the ESMMP. - Environmental Management Expert (PIU-EM): Roles and responsibilities:  Supervising environmental performance of PIU, Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs) and M&E.  Responsible for assigning specialized environmental experts for specific tasks, as will be indicated later in the mitigation measures, liaising with the RSU for support from other stakeholders and project counterparts. - Social Development Officer (PIU-SDO): Roles and responsibilities:  Work in partnership with the different stakeholders to support and facilitate implementation of the project.  Ensure participatory approaches to support implementation of community initiatives (related to land acquisition - donation).  Manage and coordinate relevant events and activities  Facilitate communication and negotiation with the target communities and relevant government stakeholders  Monitoring of the implementation of the Social Management plan through reporting from the RSUs  Coordinate and foster partnerships with relevant stakeholders including Local Government Units and civil society initiatives  Reporting on the land acquisition process: ensuring a diligent, transparent and well documented process is followed in acquiring land for the project. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 180 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final SDO should participate in the proposed capacity building activities to be able to successfully conduct his role. Such as the following capacity building topics:  OP 4.12 World Bank regulations, Egyptian Legal requirements  Effective communication and negotiation skills  Mechanisms for building effective community participation  Monitoring and evaluation of ESMP  Effective handling of grievance mechanisms (including documentation)  Data collection and analysis methodology  Participatory Rapid Approach - Each RSU has one Environmental Regional Officer (RSU- ERO) and one Social Regional Officer (RSU-SRO), report on environmental management and monitoring activities as assigned to them in Tables 7.1 to 7.4. PIU-EM will provide CSCs with checklist of items to report on environmental measures taken during construction; these checklists will be part of the tender document for Construction Supervision Consultants. RSU is responsible for liaising between different environmental and social management and monitoring activities undertaken at the local level, and the PIU-EM and PIU-SDO respectively. The RSU-ERO will also supervise contractors during construction to ensure the implementation of the ESMMP which became an integral part of the contractual procedure starting phase II. On building the capacities of the RSU – SRO on awareness and information sharing: It is important to develop a framework for awareness and information sharing with the local community. This framework should be based on the principles of strategic communication. This framework needs to analyze strategically the local community and provide a solid framework on addressing any risks that may emerge. - The M&E will report to the PIU-EM on their activities, so as to take necessary actions to maintain water quality improvement expectations of the ISSIP Implementation of the ESMMP should be adapted to the local community in order to maximize the positive impacts and minimize negative impacts, especially among the most vulnerable groups such as (farmers, village population and women). These groups should be consulted during the construction to ensure their views are taken into account and appropriate actions are taken to mitigate the negative impacts. Consultation with the local community and the relevant stakeholders are among the requirements for the success of the ESMMP which is also a role that should be enhanced for the RSU-SRO. The organizational setup for the ISSIP and the input of the environmental and social management team is illustrated in Figure 7.1. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 181 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Project Steering Committee Project Implementation Monitoring and Unit (HCWW) Evaluation Unit (HCWW) PIU-EM andSDO RSUs RSU-ERO RSU-SRO CSCs Figure ‎ 7-1 Environmental Management Set-up Reporting on ESMMP  Currently reporting on the ESMMP measures is done on a monthly basis. The RSU presents a monthly report to the PIU about the implementation of the ESMMP. The report.  Monthly reports are presented to the PIU-EM and PIU-SDO who is responsible to ensure that the EMP measures are implemented in due course according to the progress report.  The monthly report27 include monitoring on the following activities: implementation of the ESMMP – Grievances – Community engagement activities and the contractor compliance with the ESMMP  The PIU-EM and PIU-SDO report to the PIU manager  The PIU reports to the World Bank on quarterly basis  Currently all RSUs use the same forms.  It is recommended to document all the received forms or grievances in the same manner. Ensure proper documentation of all activities. It would also be important the RSU members do not change regularly to ensure they are more familiar with the procedures and the local community. 27 The monthly report is presented regularly since September, 2015. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 182 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 7.4 GRIEVANCE AND HANDLING COMPLAINTS AND CONCERNS Special committees will be established at the central and governorate level of the company to handle grievances or concerns of local residents. Establishing a grievance mechanism is perceived as a key proactive measure to ensure that the concerns of local communities are sufficiently handled in an efficient manner and that feedback loops are closed 7.4.1 Proposed Grievance Mechanism Grievances and redress represent one of the important processes that should be tackled carefully during the project implementation. Grievance system should ensure that complaints are properly handled without delay that may negatively affect the project. This part explains the following: 1. Institutional responsibility for handling grievances 2. Grievance mechanism sensitive to group vulnerability (women, poor, illiterate and disabled) 3. Grievances channels 4. Response to grievances 5. Role of local NGO‟s 6. Disclosure of grievances 7. Monitoring of grievances In general all grievances and communications must be registered and the actions taken/responses should be tracked and recorded. Proper administration and internal records of stakeholder complaints and communications are essential for transparency and quality of Assuit Water Company, responsiveness and reporting to stakeholders on the resolution of grievances. A best practice standard is to acknowledge all complaints within 10 days. Due to the complexity of some of the complaints, not all of them can be resolved immediately. In this case medium or long-term corrective actions are required, which needs a formal procedure recommended to be implemented within 30 days: 1. The aggrieved person (community member or workers 28) has to be informed of the proposed corrective measure. 2. In case no corrective action is required, the petitioner should also be informed accordingly. 3. Implementation of the corrective measure and its follow up has to be communicated to the complainant and recorded in the grievance register It must be noted that the Grievance mechanism depends mainly on the project level GRM. The RSU-SRO is the main channel for receiving grievances. The Water Company in general applies an open door policy in coordination with the Local Governmental Units as well as the community leaders who refer any grievances to the SRO. A. Institutional responsibility for handling grievances The RSU is the main responsible entity for handling grievances. The PIU-SRO will work in close collaboration with the Local Government Unit, to investigate the submitted grievance. The main responsibilities for the PIU-SRO are as follows: 28The current grievance mechanism allows community members as well as construction workers to submit their grievances. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 183 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final i. Raise awareness among the local community about grievance mechanism. ii. Collect complaints received by different communication modes iii. Document received grievances iv. Direct grievances to the concerned bodies v. Follow up on proposed procedures vi. Document, report and disclosure of grievances vii. Monitor grievance handling activities - Community awareness must be raised towards the grievance mechanism using the following: brochures that will be produced and distributed to different stakeholders, PAPs, NGO‟s, LGUs, mosques and churches. - It must be noted that during the field visits it was clear that the PAPs are not aware of the grievance channels except the LGU. Hence it is necessary to have more advertising of the grievance procedures in the future. It is also recommended to use social media tools such as facebook pages or whats app application. - Activities should be documented carefully, electronic documentation of the received grievances is recommended as well as all relevant documents related to each complaint. - A monthly report must be prepared about submitted grievances, how they were handled, level of satisfaction and the report must be published over the website. B. Grievances’ tiers: Complaints could be submitted by multiple intake points including submission by hand, mail or by email. Following are the procedures that must be applied to highlight grievance mechanisms: Tier 1: 1. The RSU – SRO should conduct more awareness raising activities about the grievance mechanism, such as more community meetings or posters. 2. The RSU – SRO will raise awareness among community members of the grievance mechanism, and the person they have to address grievances to. He will be responsible for documenting activities related to received grievances and will follow up on taken measures. The expected time should be 15 days. 3. The RSU – SRO is responsible for documentation of the received grievances. 4. The RSU – SRO is responsible to direct the grievance to relevant internal department at the water company or other stakeholders 5. The RSU – SRO is responsible for informing the local community of the outputs of the grievances. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 184 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Tier 2: In case no resolution was reached, the petitioner should resort to the second level as follows: 1. A grievance mediation committee will be formed from the concerned LGU and other stakeholders. It should be responsible for discussing problems that were not solved and propose solutions and make decision. This committee should mediate with the PAPs. 2. The mediation committee should convene periodically and petitioners should attend these meetings. B. Grievances channels Given the diversity of socio-economic characteristics among the PAPs appropriate grievance mechanisms must be identified to communicate with them, and the following are the main channels of communication to submit complaints: 1. RSU-SRO (project level GRM) 2. The hotline „125‟ 3. Website, facebook page and other social media The RSU-SRO will raise awareness among community figures and local NGO‟s in order to refer any complaints to the SRO. These are not considered as an official grievance channel but they play a role in referring any complaints: (Religious institutions in the area (mosques and churches), NGO‟s, local public units and community leaders). C. Response to grievances Responses to grievances will be conducted through the following channels: 1. Response should be conducted using the same channel for submitting the grievance. Written grievances must be replied in written format. Grievances submitted via the website should be replied by email. In cases of phone calls the RSU-SRO should call the PAPs to inform them of the resolution. 2. The second channel should be religious institutions in the area (Mosque or Church) 3. Grievances should be responded to within the identified time limit, to give the community the sense of responsibility towards their concerns and taking effective measures to solve arising issues. D. Monitoring grievances All grievance activities should be monitored in order to verify the process. The following indicators should guide the monitoring process: 1- Grievance register: Received grievances per month (Channel the grievance was submitted, gender, age, basic economic status of the complainants should be mentioned) 2- Type of grievance received (according to the topic of the complaint) 3- Number of grievances solved 4- Dissemination of activities taken 5- Level of satisfaction with solutions 6- Documentation efficiency 7- Efficiency of response to grievance provided ( efficiency in time and action taken) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 185 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final E. Disclosure of grievances All grievances and communications will be registered and the actions taken/responses given will be disseminated through the LGU, NGOs and Assuit Water Company website. Frequently asked questions can be added to the website which would include responses to recurrent grievances and methods for handling them. This report must be published through the website of the water company, the NGO‟s and the LGU. 7.5 EMERGENCY PLAN -An emergency plan during the operation phase shall be developed by a specialized agency and in accordance with the rules and standards for safety and security and under the supervision of competent authorities. - During the construction phase, the contractor will be responsible for the preparation of the emergency plan for the construction sites. - The emergency plan will include the following measures:  identify stakeholders  Fire-fighting plan  Emergency response plan for spills and leaks of hazardous substances and oils.  First Aid and Injury Plan  Evacuation plan in case of emergency - A competent team of employees will be identified to work with the project‟s emergency team and shall receive certified training. - Emergency scenarios shall be developed and run regularly. 7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGISTERS The Environmental Register (ER) and Hazardous Waste Register will be developed in accordance with Appendix 3 of Law No. 4 of 1994, amended by Law No. 9 of 2009 and Law No. 105 of 2015 using the Guidelines for environmental registers issued by the Department of Environmental Inspection at EEAA . The Contractor and Project Operator will be responsible for the issuance of the ER under the supervision of the HCWW. 7.7 ESMP ESTIMATED BUDGET 7.7.1 Required Human Resources and Training The PIU-EM, SDO and RSU-ERO will be recruited on full-time basis for the project. At least 2 RSU-EFS should be recruited for each RSU, so as to back each other‟s in site supervision of construction works and to help the RSU-ERO in supervision and reporting. The following Table summarizes the required human resources for environmental management of the ISSIP II phase II for Assuit governorate, their correspondent qualifications and estimated salaries. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 186 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Human Resources Staff Member Number Recruited Minimum Qualifications Estimated by annual cost PIU-EM 1 PIU - Environmental degree L.E. 110,000 - 10 years technical experience - 5 years environmental management experience - Experience in wastewater treatment PIU -SDO 1 PIU Social degree L.E 110,000 - 10 years technical experience - 5 years social management experience RSU-ERO 2 RSUs - Technical degree L.E. 83,000 - 5 years technical experience - Experience in wastewater treatment RSU-SRO 2 RSUs - Technical degree L.E. 83,000 - 5 years technical experience Total for 2 governorates L.E 386,000 Total for Assuit L.E. 193,000 The following training courses are recommended for the environmental staff, to acquire know- how for the tasks assigned to them. The training budget covers the four governorates. Training requirements Institutional Time Estimat Components Participants Comments Support schedule e cost Project characteristics and legal aspects, PIU staff Training environmental members A week programs on 25,000 impacts, mitigation Before RSU at the training, field the ESMP and L.E per measures, monitoring, implementation water visits. WB session evaluation, reporting, company regulations documentation (shapes and figures) PIU staff Once before Environmental Environmental members 25,000 implementation auditing and auditing, check lists RSU at the L.E per A week training then once every inspection and reporting water session two years company PIU staff Once before Documentatio Data analysis methods members 25,000 implementation n and data and documentation RSU at the L.E per A week training then once every analysis water session year company Preparing Communication skills, RSU at the Once before reports, public outreach, social water and 25,000 A week training implementation community surveys, sampling, wastewater L.E per and on job then once every outreach, data analysis and company session training two years social surveys preparing report Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 187 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Institutional Time Estimat Components Participants Comments Support schedule e cost and inspection -RSU at the water and Handling options for wastewater sludge Once before company 25,000 Safe handling Safety measures implementation -Farmers L.E per and reuse of Legal framework then once every -Water Users session Three days sludge) year Associations, Health risks -NGOs Adequate and Water quality Once before RSU at the 30,000 One week consistent implementation water and L.E per water quality Testing procedures then once every wastewater session monitoring two years company Sampling procedures Relevant standards Total Cost for Assuit governorate 155,000 7.7.2 Management and Monitoring budget The total budget for the management and monitoring plans as presented in Tables 7.1 to 7.6 is as follows During Construction (presented for a total of two years) Management (L.E) 5,000 Monitoring (L.E) 130,800 During Operation (annual cost) Management (L.E) 257,522 Monitoring (L.E) 120,000 It is worth noting that the presented costs do not include the following expenses, for certain measures recommended in the ESMP, because they are already included in the main project budget: - Survey of existing WWTP and the correspondent improvements (if any) for these WWTPs to qualify them for receiving ISSIP wastewaters - Geotechnical investigations for PSs and WWTP - PPE for workers - Delays of chance finds - Warning signs - Cost of lime - Installation of oil/solid separators at commercial units to prevent sewers clogging - Annual efficiency assessment for WWTPs - Subsidies for unaffordable groups of community Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 188 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 7.8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING MATRICES Tables 7.1 to 7.6 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 189 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Table ‎ 7-1 Environmental Management Plan during the construction phase Estimated Cost of Main activities Institutional Responsibility Project Means of Implementation / Supervision Potential Impact causing the Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsibility for of Direct Phase Supervision Total Costs29 impact Implementation Supervision Assumptions (L.E.) Implement a construction site management plan including the following measures:  Store construction materials in pre-identified storage areas.  Cover friable materials during storage. Construction of WWTP, PSs,  Wet the network of unpaved roads on site. The use of water should be Construction CSC Field - Contractor cost in Air Quality Impacts restricted to extremely active areas. Construction normal bid price 0.0 FMs and Contractor PIU/RSU supervision  Regulation of speed to a suitable speed (20 km/h) for all vehicles - Normal CSC price gravity sewers entering the village‟s boundaries.  Implement preventive maintenance program for vehicles and equipment working on site and promptly repair vehicles with visible exhaust fume. On site Construction noise shall be mitigated to ensure a safe work environment by implementing an occupational health and safety plan, which considers national and international requirements. The plan shall include the following measures: Construction of  Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in noise critical areas Contractor cost in WWTP, PSs, Construction CSC Field Construction normal bid price 0.0 FMs and  Training on how and when to use protective hearing equipment shall be Contractor PIU/RSU supervision - Normal CSC price gravity sewers conducted as part of the workers‟ induction sessions.  Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant. Ambient noise impacts Off-site construction noise shall be mitigated as follows:  Optimize the use of noisy construction equipment and turn off any equipment if not in use.  Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles Contractor cost in Construction CSC Field  Stop all construction activities during the night Construction normal bid price 0.0 Contractor PIU/RSU supervision  Communicate the construction schedule with neighboring communities - Normal CSC price and sensitive receptors  Implement a complaints system Construction of Pre- Soil and Design and construct an impermeable protective base layer underlying areas Contractor cost in WWTP, PSs, construction Construction CSC Field groundwater quality with potential hazardous liquids storage or use normal bid price 0.0 FMs and & Contractor PIU/RSU supervision Impacts - Normal CSC price gravity sewers Construction Contractor cost in Implement a site construction management plan including segregation and Construction CSC Field Construction normal bid price 0.0 reuse options of excavated soil. Contractor PIU/RSU supervision - Normal CSC price 29Costs are estimated over a construction period of two years Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 190 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Estimated Cost of Main activities Institutional Responsibility Project Means of Implementation / Supervision Potential Impact causing the Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsibility for of Direct Phase Supervision Total Costs29 impact Implementation Supervision Assumptions (L.E.) The Contractor shall adopt an Occupational Health and safety plan during the construction phase. According to OSHA standards the main mitigations measures to prevent common construction hazards are: • Workers must follow safety standards and use protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and excavating • Workers should be trained to identify and evaluate fall hazards and be fully aware of how to control exposure to such risks as well as know how to use fall protection equipment properly. • Workers must comply with OSHA‟s general rule for the safe use of ladders and stairways • The scaffolding hazard shall be addressed as stated by OSHA standards. They give specific requirements for the maximum load, when to use scaffolding, bracing systems and the use of guardrails. • To prevent Heavy Construction Equipment risk, workers should follow all construction safety guidelines necessary to eliminate the exposure to such injuries and accidents • The best way to prevent the Electrical hazard is for the workers to be at a safe working distance away from the power lines. Other Inspection Construction of precautionary measures include guarding and insulating of the vehicle visits/ Contractor cost in Occupational health WWTP, PSs, from which they might work. This would help prevent electrical Construction CSC Construction review normal bid price 0.0 and safety impacts FMs and hazards from injuring them while working. Contractor PIU/RSU incident - Normal CSC price gravity sewers reports The Occupational Health and safety plan shall also include the Egyptian Labor law No. 12 for 2003 and the international construction standards requirements, including , but not limited to , the following measures: • Identification of hazard sources to workers • Eliminating the sources of hazards • Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to how to use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). • Inspection and testing of all equipment and machines • Appointing an Accident Prevention Officer at the site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents • Designation of restricted areas, such as construction sites • Preparation of an emergency response plan • Provision of necessary rescue equipment • Elaboration and management of a safety guarantee plan • Provision of appropriate and sufficient first aid equipment Community Safety Construction of  To prevent Excavation and Trenching accidents and injuries, both the Construction Construction CSC Inspection - Contractor cost in 0.0 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 191 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Estimated Cost of Main activities Institutional Responsibility Project Means of Implementation / Supervision Potential Impact causing the Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsibility for of Direct Phase Supervision Total Costs29 impact Implementation Supervision Assumptions (L.E.) Impacts PSs, FMs and contractors and workers must follow safety standards and use Contractor PIU/RSU visits/review normal bid price gravity sewers protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and Complaints - Normal CSC price excavating. The sides of the trenches should be strengthened by wood log or aluminum reinforcement sheets installed on both sides of the excavated trench, in critical areas (adjacent to existing houses and near canals and drains).  Using fences and warning signs during the construction phase  Using protective barriers and safe walkways  Appointing of an officer on site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents and/or to respond to accidents.  Provision of appropriate and sufficient of first aid equipment on site  Implement a complaints system A waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of construction waste shall be developed and implemented by the construction contractors. This plan shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and disposal. The waste management plan shall include the following measures:  Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams during each phase of project implementation  Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams  Dispose of non-recycled wastes in the nearest landfill ( including waste 5,000 Risks of generated from clearing Shutb PS 2 location); the location of which field transporting uncontrolled Construction of needs to be confirmed at the beginning of the construction phase. supervision - Contractor cost in waste in disposal of non- WWTP, PSs, Construction CSC  Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal Construction and review normal bid price Shutb PS hazardous solid FMs and Contractor PIU/RSU and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by the the WMP - Normal CSC price location to wastes generated gravity sewers PIU/HCWW. document the closest during construction  Portable water cabinets for the WWTP workforce will be provided on landfill. site to provide hygienic work environment for the work force. Portable water cabinets are supplied with an external tank for sewage storage.  WWTP construction contractor shall contract the competent authority for safe disposing of generated sewage The measures listed above represent the minimum measures to be included in the waste management plan which will be prepared and implemented by the contractor, and supervised by the PMU/HCWW. They should part of the contracting tender documents. Prior estimation of dewatered liquid volume during the digging works  Collect and analyze samples of the dewatered liquid. - Normal CSC price- Risks of improper Construction of  Arrange for disposal by tankers in nearest sewers, PSs, existing WWTP review PIU and RSU Construction disposal of liquid WWTP, PSs, or pre-determined drain locations, depending on the sample analysis Construction PIU/RSU Contractor's management cost Contractor 0.0 wastes generated FMs and results in consultation with and after getting approval of the CSC and CSC reports and normal CSC during construction gravity sewers RSU/PMU price  Evacuation of closed household cesspits and construction site sewage to existing WWTP, or pre-determined drain locations in consultation Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 192 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Estimated Cost of Main activities Institutional Responsibility Project Means of Implementation / Supervision Potential Impact causing the Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsibility for of Direct Phase Supervision Total Costs29 impact Implementation Supervision Assumptions (L.E.) with and after getting approval of the CSC and RSU/PIU A hazardous waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of construction waste shall be developed and implemented by the construction contractors. This plan shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and disposal. The waste management plans should also refer to health and safety procedures, and emergency procedures for containing and managing accidental spillages The measures listed below represent the minimum measures to be included/adopted in the waste management plan which will be prepared and implemented by the contractor, and supervised by the PMU/HCWW. They should be part of the contracting tender documents. e) General measures  All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at CSC for field the beginning of construction works. At the time of producing this supervision study, the nearest (only) hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Risks of improper and review Centre in Alexandria. handling and/or Construction of of - Contractor cost in  The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed. CSC disposal of WWTP, PSs, Construction PS/WWTP normal bid price.  Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and Construction PIU-EM 0.0 hazardous solid FMs and Contractor signature on - Normal CSC price. recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified by wastes generated gravity sewers waste the contractor during construction manifests f) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site during The Contractor shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous construction wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the contractor‟s in-house staff or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant appointed by the contractor. g) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.:  It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste.  The storage area must have a water supply  A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. h) Emergency Response For the purpose of first response, when a hazardous substance release is first discovered or witnessed, the individual of concern who had to be previously trained would initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 193 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Estimated Cost of Main activities Institutional Responsibility Project Means of Implementation / Supervision Potential Impact causing the Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsibility for of Direct Phase Supervision Total Costs29 impact Implementation Supervision Assumptions (L.E.) authorities of the release. The individual will take no further action beyond self-evacuation and notification. The aim of the response at this level is limited to protect nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. No trials are performed at this stage to actually stop the release. This level of response includes;  actions to contain the release from a safe distance  prevent its spreading  evacuation  Prior to construction works the project's construction plan should be presented to the Supreme Council for Antiquities, who shall identify Pre- Review of project locations (including PSs, WWTPs, sewer lines and FMs) that construction RSU and PIU Contractor PIU/RSU official 0.0 require providing protection against possible damage to near antiquities. and management costs letters Impacts related to construction Construction of Archaeology and WWTP, PSs, 1. Chance find procedures will be employed, in case an antiquity is found cultural heritage FMs and during excavation. The process includes immediate cessation of Review - Possible delays in gravity sewers excavation works, leaving the antiquity object exactly on its found documentati construction works location, taking photographs to document time and status of the object, Construction CSC PIU/RSU on of chance which are the 0.0 assigning guards to watch the found antiquity and contacting the find responsibility of the Supreme Council of Antiquities to handle the site within 48 hours. procedures contractors - PIU for approval  All mitigation measures for safeguarding long delays of vehicles and during planning Review of traffic will be undertaken by Local Traffic Department. The role of the required Planning and - Contractor (aided project management will be focused on involving the authorities in the permits on RSU and PIU pre- by RSU) for PIU-EM 0.0 project planning process, to identify the type of crossing works, and to planned management costs construction specific approvals take permission for the duration and method of execution for specific crossing crossings. right before/during works construction  During the excavation of roads in villages, there should be a wood or - Warning signs and Construction of pedestrian access Disturbance of WWTP, PSs, metal bridge for pedestrians access over each opened trench. Pedestrian paths beside or across trenches should be as flat as possible, means are included traffic and access FMs and in the contractor bid difficulty gravity sewers and clearly marked with warning signs that are visible at night. In all Construction Field price cases the maximum length of an open trench in certain road should not Construction CSC 0.0 Contractor supervision - Three trenches are exceed 500 meters30.  Alternate access routes should be identified and communicated with assumed to be open the residents before starting /during construction. at the same time. - CSC normal price  Assign one worker to be present 24 hours for helping people with difficulty in access or respond to falling accidents Construction Field - normal contractor Construction CSC 0.0 Contractor supervision bid price 30 This condition has been recommended by the HCWW Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 194 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Estimated Cost of Main activities Institutional Responsibility Project Means of Implementation / Supervision Potential Impact causing the Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsibility for of Direct Phase Supervision Total Costs29 impact Implementation Supervision Assumptions (L.E.) - CSC normal price Total 5,000 Table ‎ 7-2 Environnemental Monitoring Matrix during the construction phase Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Estimated Monitoring Cost31 Potential Impact Indicator Location Methods Frequency Responsibility Assumptions Total Costs (L.E) Once before construction + once quarterly HC, CO% and Onsite gas for each - L.E 920 / machine opacity for Construction analyzer machine during CSC/RSU - Number of machines per site , selected randomly is 1 82,800 construction site measurement for construction+ - Number of sites is 10 machinery exhaust once monthly for PSs located close to residential areas Once before construction + once quarterly Air emissions for each Opacity and black Construction machine during Visual inspection CSC/RSU - 0.0 fume site construction+ once monthly for PSs located close to residential areas Recording to be once complaint Record and Construction is received. Dust complaints document CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 site Documentation complaints shall be in monthly reports 31 Displayed Monitoring costs are for two years Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 195 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Estimated Monitoring Cost31 Potential Impact Indicator Location Methods Frequency Responsibility Assumptions Total Costs (L.E) Once quarterly Onsite noise during Noise intensity, meter construction+ exposure Construction measurements L.E 600 / site once monthly CSC/RSU 48,000 durations and site from Number of sites is 10 for PSs located noise impacts representative close to locations (Map1) Noise emissions residential areas Recording to be Record and once complaint document Complaints from Construction is received. complaints CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 residents site Documentation received from shall be in residents monthly reports Amount of soil Whenever soil is disposed of and Construction Soil Impacts Record disposed of or CSC/RSU normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 the amount of soil site brought in brought in Accumulation of waste Daily field Regular inspection observation and water cabinet Construction Observation, documentation CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 connections and sites documentation in monthly sewage storage Risks of improper reports tank handling of waste generated during Environmental construction consultant Amount of Manifests and supervising delivered Construction - Environmental consultant costs included in his management costs waste disposal Monthly clearance of 0.0 hazardous waste sites receipt review contaminated to licensed facility sites Risk of improper Date, time, Documentation of management of locations and Construction In case an object chance-find CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 culturally valuable status of chance site has been found procedures sites finds Accidents, Recording to be complaints and Record and once complaint Disturbance of remarks from document Construction is received. traffic and access residents complaints CSC/RSU - CSC normal price 0.0 site Documentation difficulty Contractors‟ received from shall be in access facilitation residents monthly reports adequacy Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 196 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Estimated Monitoring Cost31 Potential Impact Indicator Location Methods Frequency Responsibility Assumptions Total Costs (L.E) Regular reporting of any accidents, as well as records and reports on health, safety and welfare of workers Record and Occupational Construction document Monthly CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 Health & Safety Regular inspection site accidents – of workers against Medical inspection pathogenic agents and provision of immunization when needed Total Costs 130,800 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 197 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Table ‎ 7-3 Environmental Management Matrix during the operation phase Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) - Review of Maintain efficient performance of treatment efficiency in Shutb monthly reports - RSU and normal operation Operation PO RSU 0.0 and Badary WWTPs and field management costs supervision Establish close communication with the neighboring areas, - Field audit to establish a complaints handling system and assign a staff ensure that a - Allow L.E. 7,000 / WWTP / year member in WWTPs to receive odor complaints. This could be Operation of communication for awareness Air Quality and Odor done through posters and the distribution of brochures that the WWTP Operation RSU PIU system and -Number of WWTP 2 14,000 Impacts illustrate the right to complain, and the contacts information of and PSs complaints - RSU and PIU normal management the responsible staff, and the RSU officer assigned to supervise handling system costs the plant. are established - Review Supplied standby generators to PSs and WWTPs should be certificate for Operation RSU PIU - Normal supplier price 0.0 checked with suppliers for their emission standards emission standards from the supplier Noise Impacts Operation of Off site: - L.E. 10,000 / WWTP for the WWTPs  Cultivate and maintain a tree belt around the site where cultivation , irrigation and and PSs feasible Operation PO PIU/RSU - Field audit maintenance 20,000  Implement a complaints system to investigate any noise - Number of WWTP is 2 complaints from neighboring communities. On site noise emissions control during operation shall be achieved by implementing an occupational health and safety plan, which considers national and international requirements. This to ensure a safe work environment and to ensure that on- site noise levels stay within the allowable limits. The plan shall include the following measures:  Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made -Field audit available to all workers in noise critical areas Included in normal operation Operation PO PIU/RSU -Review H&S 0.0  Training on how and when to use protective hearing budget records equipment shall be conducted as part of the workers‟ induction sessions.  Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant.  Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 198 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) Risks of improper Operation of Sludge handling and treatment Operation PO PIU/RSU Field supervision PIU and RSU normal management 0.0 handling of sludge the WWTPs and check that the costs  Following the drying process, the stabilization of sludge procedures for using quicklime should be implemented on site if sludge treatment sampling of the dried sludge indicated compliance with are documented national requirements in all parameters except the and are being pathogenic content (table 5-5)The sludge and lime followed. should be thoroughly mixed. A pH not less than 12 and a temperature not less 55°C should be maintained for at least 2 hours after mixing.  A manual for sludge treatment shall be developed and should be annually revised based on the actual sludge quality, actual quantity, news laws and regulations.  Workers handling sludge, or working near sludge tanks in the WWTP should wear suitable gloves and boots. Hygiene instructions should be disseminated to workers, before they start working. These instructions should be clearly illustrated in posters placed in the offices and rest rooms of workers. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 199 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) Operation PO PIU/RSU Field supervision PIU and RSU normal management 0.0 Sludge application on land (if proven feasible by PIU): and check that the costs procedures and  It is very important to ensure that sludge is of adequate regulations for quality for reuse. The quality of the sludge has to fulfill the sludge quality standards for heavy metals as indicated in Table 5.5 management are according to the Executive Regulations of Law 93/1962 , documented and and the US EPA threshold concentrations of heavy metals are being of sludge to be applied on agricultural land (whichever is followed. lower). The monitoring activities for assessing the sludge quality and the effectiveness of the treatment are included in the sludge management monitoring activities in Table 7.4.  Sludge must not be applied to soil in which fruit and vegetable crops are being grown, or less than ten months before fruit and vegetable crops are to be harvested.  Grazing animals must not be allowed access to grassland or forage land less than three weeks after the application of sludge.  Treated Sludge shall not be used as fertilizer unless it has been tested and approved by (i) the competent administrative authority within the Ministry of Housing, (ii) the Ministry of Health and (iii) EEAA after preparing an EIA for the production, distribution, utilization and disposal process, if necessary.  Health precautions and buffer zones should be respected and indicate that the application of sludge should be within the following ranges according to soil type (law 93/1962): 8-14 m3/feddan/year for thick soil, 10-16m3/feddan/year for medium soil and 12- 20m3/feddan/year for light soil. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 200 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection PIU and RSU normal management 0.0 Sludge Use as RDF (if proven feasible by PIU): and check that costs RDF contract is  Dried sludge could be sent to cement factories as RDF being according to an contractual agreement between HCWW implemented and the Cement Company. In that case the need for lime treatment should be reconsidered if it will affect the calorific value/properties of the sludge.  If the sludge was found hazardous (based on the sludge sampling results), it shall be handled by workers wearing PPE and transported by a licensed contractor to a cement factory licensed to incinerate hazardous wastes. Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection, - L.E. 150/ ton sludge above normal 127,500 Sludge disposal in landfill: and documents operation costs in case of dumpsite.  If sludge cannot be reused, the right landfill category review Potential Sludge amount is 450 must be determined. Based on the chemical analysis of ton/year in Shutb WWTP, and the sludge, it should be sent to the respective landfill around 400 ton/year for Badary (HW landfill or non HW landfill). WWTPs - Number of WWTPs is 2 - RSU normal management costs32 Risks associated with Operation of  Implement preventive maintenance Programme to all Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection, - Normal PO costs 0.0 disposal and/or reuse Shutb and structures and electromechanical equipment in PSs and and documents - PIU and RSU management costs of final treated Badary WWTP WWTPs. The supplier of each equipment should review effluent provide a preventive maintenance schedule for supplied equipment. Implementing this schedule should be part of the WWTP and PS operational manual. 32Calculations: Shutb WWTP Operational Flow is 26,000 m3/day and Badary WWTP is 20,000 in 2035 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 201 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) Operation of  In case the influent is totally or partially bypassed to the Operation PO PIU Field inspection - PO normal costs 0.0 Shutb and tree forest, the PIU-EM should be immediately notified and documents - PIU and RSU management costs Badary WWTP with the reasons, durations and applied control review measures for such event. The PIU-EM should directly notify the PSC and EEAA with the incidents. After returning to normal operation mode, reasons for using the bypass line should be analyzed to prevent repeating these incidents in future. This should be considered during the analysis of the results of the regular monitoring program. In addition to the measures listed above, assessment of soil and groundwater contamination should be undertaken. Operation of  Prevent over-irrigation in the timber forests to maintain Operation PO PIU/RSU Field supervision - PO normal costs 0.0 the Badary the species in healthy condition and avoid soil and and review records - PIU and RSU management costs WWTP groundwater contamination. of daily water quantities Risks of improper Operation of A waste management plan complying with international best Operation PO PIU/RSU Field supervision - Waste disposal is included in handling and/or the WWTPs practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types and review that normal operations costs 10,000 disposal of non- and PSs of potential non-hazardous wastes shall be developed and the PS/WWTPs‟ - 10,000/year maintenance of hazardous solid implemented by the project‟s operator. This plan shall define waste management containers and storage areas wastes generated exact procedures and locations for waste management and plan is during operation disposal. documented and being The following measures shall be implemented: implemented  Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams  Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams  Dispose of non-recycled wastes at the nearest landfill.  Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by EEAA. HCWW/PMU should adopt the measures listed above and ensure that the all waste relevant information (types, amounts, disposal methods, etc..) are included in the environmental register of the plant. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 202 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) Daily removal of PS screens waste to domestic solid waste Operation PO RSU-ERO - Documents - L.E. 150/ton for normal waste 74,02233 disposal sites review and contractor, above PO price. Stabilizing separated grit with lime, dry it in separate drying occasional site - Average flow per day is 26000m3 beds and dispose dry grit in domestic solid waste disposal sites supervision - PS screens factor is 0.05m3/1000m3 - Density of PS screens is 0.2t/m3 - RSU management costs - Lime cost included in sludge stabilization - L.E. 150/ton for grit disposal. - Average flow per day is 26,000 m3 - Grit factor is 0.01 m3/1000m3 - Density of PS screens is 1.6 t/m3 - RSU management costs 33 Nawamis PS is not included, Nawamis PS contribution is about 10% of the cost. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 203 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) Risks of improper Operation of A waste management plan complying with international best Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection - 1500L.E./ton or batch handling and/or the WWTPs practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types and check that - Number of batches is 4 per 12,000 disposal of hazardous and PSs. of potential hazardous wastes shall be developed and hazardous wastes each WWTP per year solid wastes implemented by the project‟s operator. This plan shall define operating generated during the exact procedures and locations for waste management and procedures are operation phase disposal. The waste management plans should also refer to being documented health and safety procedures, and emergency procedures for and implemented containing and managing accidental spillages. HCWW/PMU should adopt the measures listed below and ensure that all waste relevant information (types, amounts, disposal methods, etc..) are included in the environmental register of the plant. In addition to that, a separate hazardous waste register (according to the Egyptian Laws) has to be prepared , containing all information relevant to the generation , handling and disposal of hazardous wastes. e) General measures  All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at the beginning of the operation phase. At the time of producing this study, the nearest and only hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria.  The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed.  Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified at the beginning of the operation phase. f) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site The operator shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the operator‟s in-house staff (PMU-EM and RSUs or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant). Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 204 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) g) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.:  It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste.  The storage area must have a water supply  A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. - Remove oil from oil separators in petrol stations and Operation Owners of PIU/RSU - Documents 0.0 workshops and dispose it in hazardous solid waste disposal the petrol review and sites stations occasional site inspection Risks of handling Operation of  Empty chlorine cylinders, should be collected at a Operation PO PIU/RSU - Documents PIU and RSU management costs 0.0 hazardous substances the Shutb certain location inside the chlorine building before review and WWTP and being returned to the supplier. The vendor who will occasional site PSs. supply the WWTP with chlorine cylinders should take inspections waste cylinders back on the same truck. This process should be documented in manifests that should be signed by the vendor. Operation of  Diesel ASTs should be surrounded with impermeable Operation PO PIU/RSU - Documents PIU and RSU management costs 0.0 the Shutb and bund with a capacity of 110% of AST capacity. Any review and Badary leaked diesel from ASTs should be pumped to diesel occasional site WWTPs and trucks until the leakage in AST has been repaired. No inspection PSs. USTs should be used in the project, this has been further discussed in the screening criteria. Occupational health Operation of Operation PO PIU/RSU Documents review - PO normal costs 0.0 and safety impacts the WWTPs The project‟s operator shall implement an occupational health and occasional site - RSU management costs and PSs and safety plan , which shall include, but not be limited to, the supervision following measures; Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 205 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) 1-Immunization Ensure routine vaccinations for workers for influenza, tetanus, and Hepatitis “A” (according to Consultations with the institute‟s physicians). 2- Safe Practices and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) It is recommended to avoid liquid contact with exposed skin, by using a full-body impervious suits in addition with using rubber boots, gloves, hard hats and eye protection. Using the Respirator instrument is based on an evaluation of respiratory hazards in the workplace and other relevant workplace and user factors. During cleaning operations performed outside a tank or and pipelines, where the atmosphere is not immediately dangerous to life or health, the worker(s) shall wear supplied-air or air- purifying respirator with organic vapor HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Arresting cartridge). When working in confined spaces, the team (inside and outside) must have extra flashlights and two-way radios readied for communication. A first-aid kit must be readily available; an eyewash and flushing station, neutralizing solutions, cleaning equipment, and emergency medical services. 3-Training Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to select and Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 206 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 4- Control Measures Prior to entering and/or maintenance  Assess and review sewage systems, components and piping.  Perform jobsite safety and health analyses and be aware of all associated risks and hazards. Inform all workers involved of the risks and hazards determined by the jobsite safety and health analyses.  Post warning signs and labels.  Secure all toilets, urinals, drains, pumps, and sewage treatment systems.  Isolate, close, secure, divert, de-energize, lockout and apply tags-plus applications to all valves, piping and associated mechanical equipment.  When confined space entries are performed, have a trained rescue team with the proper rescue equipment available at the job site, or notifying the outside designated rescue team in advance that employees are working in a confined space on the sewage system so they can prepare to respond in the event of an emergency.  Follow confined space entry testing and permitting procedures. If feasible, use sample ports to test for atmospheric contaminants inside the tank or / and pipeline manholes.  Cautiously and deliberately remove bolts and nuts off manholes and piping, while staying alert to any immediate change of conditions, and be prepared to take necessary action.  Use appropriate tools and operating procedures.  Install and use adequate exhaust ventilation devices, ducting, lighting, and tank-cleaning equipment. Immediately following the piping being broken or the tank opened, apply or insert ducting to begin exhaust ventilation. Pipe all exhausts downwind, overboard, or away from people.  Cover and isolate all work areas with disposable plastic sheeting to prevent possible contamination.  pumping and drain all residual products flush tanks and piping systems  Check for residual pressure or vacuum effects in tanks and piping.  While remaining outside the tank, continue to test the atmosphere inside the tank remotely for safe conditions.  Before beginning tank cleaning operations, while wearing the appropriate PPE, clothing and respiratory protection, cautiously enter the tank for an internal inspection.  Chlorinate or sanitize the tanks and piping systems when Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) necessary. 207 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Main activity Institutional causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Responsibili Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase ty for of direct supervision Total Implementa supervision Assumptions Costs/year tion (L.E) 5-Post-Work Cleanup • Remove contaminated clothing and bag for proper disposal or decontamination. • Shower or wash face, arms, hands and legs with soap, using a substantial amount of water. • Disinfect equipment (e.g., using iodine compounds, bromine, chlorine, ozone, or their equivalent) and wash contaminated spaces, decks and bulkheads with detergent, sanitizer, or bleach. • Dispose of or re-wash rubber boots, gloves, eye goggles, face shields and respirators with a disinfectant solution. • Wash contaminated clothing separately. • Do not enter other spaces while still wearing contaminated clothing. Community health Operation of  Using fences and warning signs during maintenance periods Operation PO PIU/RSU Occasional site - PO normal costs 0.0 and Safety the WWTP, and/or close the roads supervision - RSU management costs PSs, FMs and  Regular inspection for all the components of the sewage Gravity sewers system especially the manholes covers and take instantaneous measurements for correction.  Preventive maintenance program  Adjust the maintenance schedules away from the rush hour Total 257,522 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 208 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Table ‎ 7-4 Environmental Monitoring Matrix during the operation phase Estimated Monitoring Cost/year Potential Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Total Monitoring Methods Impact Indicator Location Frequency Responsibility Assumptions costs/year (L.E) Unacceptable Neighbors PSs and  Record odor complaints received from neighboring areas. The record should include Daily PIU/RSU RSU management costs 0.0 odors complaints WWTPs name of the person who has made the complaint, time of complaint, GPS location of the affected area, time and duration of unacceptable odor. Complaints records should be reported in monthly reports. The RSU should analyze odor complaints on monthly basis and document how each complaint was confronted L.E 1000 / generator CO, SO2, total Generators at / year Air emissions hydrocarbons and WWTPs and  Onsite gas analyzer measurement for exhaust Annually PO 10,000 One generator/site NOx PSs Number of sites is 10 Noise intensity,  Measuring the ambient noise level in noise critical areas, using a portable noise meter. exposure  Measuring the ambient noise level using a portable noise meter at the nearest sensitive Ambient durations and PSs and receptors (Map). L.E. 600 / PS/year Annually PO 6,000 Noise noise impacts WWTPs Number of sites is 10  Investigate noise complaints from workers and neighboring communities in the Noise complaints affected locations PSs , WWTP Soil and  Regular inspection of all components of PSs and WWTPs for any potential leaks Any leaks and pipeline Monthly PO Normal operation costs 0.0 groundwater network Risks of pH of fresh sludge WWTPs drying  Undertake continuous monitoring of pH of immature sludge drying beds. Logs of pH Continuous improper beds values should be used for controlling the lime dosing. for two days - L.E. 2,000 for handling of after laying continuous pH meter sludge fresh sludge in PO - pH meter depreciates 2,000 drying beds (2 in two years days average Two WWTPs to be documented) Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Once each 3 Pb, Hg, Cr, Mo, month, or - L.E. 1000 / sample Se, As, faecal WWTP drying  Taking representative sample and analyze it according to requirements of Law whenever PO - 16 samples/year/site 32,000 coliforms, beds 93/1962 sludge is being - Number of sites is 2 salmonella and sold escharis eggs - L.E. 2000 / worker Water borne Identified - 5 employees /WWTP diseased for  Periodical medical examination for the workers and lab analysis Quarterly PO 20,000 medical center - Number of WWTPs WWTP workers is 2 Risks - Continuous,  Continuous monitoring of PS and WWTPs incoming and outgoing discharges. Daily associated Discharge rate of average flow WWTP averages should be calculated and documented PO - Normal PO price 0.0 with disposal influents to be recorded of final daily Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 209 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Estimated Monitoring Cost/year Potential Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Total Monitoring Methods Impact Indicator Location Frequency Responsibility Assumptions costs/year (L.E) effluent in pH, COD, BOD, Badary TSS, TDS, TKN, WWTP  Sampling and analysis in WWTP lab - Every 3 days PO - Normal PO price 0.0 WWTP Oil & Grease, DO Performance Detailed environmental audit of the WWTP to review performance efficiency Environmental efficiency of WWTP - Annually 25,000 consultant WWTPs Risks Discharge rate of PS and WWTPs  Continuous monitoring of PS and WWTPs incoming and outgoing discharges. Daily - Continuous, PO - Normal PO price 0.0 associated influents averages should be calculated and documented average flow with disposal to be recorded of final daily effluent COD, TSS, TKN WWTPs influent Sampling and analysis in WWTP lab - Daily PO - Normal PO price 0.0 Shutb and P and effluent WWTP Full Law 48/1982 WWTP effluent Sampling and analysis in WWTP lab - Monthly PO - Normal PO price 0.0 parameters BOD, TSS, Total Receiving drain Sampling and analysis in RSU labs - Monthly M&E unit - M&E budget 0.0 coliforms and (Al Zenar) insitu analysis of temperature, pH, conductivity and DO Performance WWTP Detailed environmental audit of the WWTP to review performance efficiency - Annually Environmental 25,000 efficiency of consultant WWTP Risks of improper management Data and of solid information in PSs and - RSU management hazardous waste and Auditing waste and environmental registers Quarterly RSU 0.0 WWTPs costs and non environmental hazardous registers wastes Badary Cluster Risks of - Daily handling - Leak hazardous incidents to be Integrity of ASTs WWTP Visual observation PO - Normal PO price 0.0 substances documented in Badary monthly Cluster reports Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 210 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Estimated Monitoring Cost/year Potential Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Total Monitoring Methods Impact Indicator Location Frequency Responsibility Assumptions costs/year (L.E) Risks of improper management Data and of solid information in PSs and - RSU management hazardous waste and Auditing waste and environmental registers Quarterly RSU 0.0 WWTPs costs and non environmental hazardous registers wastes Assuit Cluster - Continuous leak detection Chlorine Chlorine - Leak concentration in building in Chlorine detectors incidents to be PO - Normal PO price 0.0 air WWTP documented in monthly Risks of reports handling - Daily hazardous - Leak substances incidents to be Integrity of ASTs WWTP Visual observation PO - Normal PO price 0.0 Assuit Cluster documented in monthly reports Amount of - Monthly delivered - RSU management WWTP Checking signatures in waste manifests check of waste RSU 0.0 containers to costs documents vendors Total Costs 120,000 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 211 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Table ‎ 7-5 Social Management plan Potential Proposed Mitigation Measures Performance Indicators Institutional responsibilities Direct Supervision Cost Impacts Responsibilities During Construction Phase Impacts on  Conducting surveillance activities to detect Reducing rates of complaints Assuit Water Company, Contractor Field visits, infrastructure available pipelines or networks (water or electricity) related to infrastructure Contractor, LGUs Accidents register  Coordination with the Local Governmental Units and the water and network companies to repair any damages. The contractor should pay for this cost. Impacts on  Provide alternative routes for pedestrians Adequate signs at the streets Assuit Water Company, Contractor Field visits, grievance Cost by contractor mobility  Signage and Marking to avoid disruptions Reduced number of grievances Contractor, Traffic register  Traffic diversion plan related to mobility department  Alternative pedestrian crossings  Excavation equipment are not moved during the day in the streets Influx of  Comply with work places legal requirements and Number of workers from the Assuit Water Company, Contractor Field visits Cost by contractor workers on stringent safety regulations should be observed to local community Contractor, Health documents the avoid work accidents. Workers records community  Employ workers from the local community Health records for workers Restoration  A time plan should be developed for street Street rehabilitation plans Assuit Water Company, Contractor Local Unit Cost by contractor ‫رد الشي ألصله‬ rehabilitation Contractor, LGUs  Inform the local community with any potential Awareness raising activities delay of street rehabilitation related to project  Paving the streets immediately after the implementation plan construction. That should be done by specialized companies or the contractors but not by the Local Street conditions (re-pavement Governmental Units of streets)  Monitor the process of street rehabilitation and realistic fines should be applied on the entities responsible of street rehabilitation  The construction contract shall bear the responsibility and the cost of coordinating with local authorities to prevent damage to underground utilities and restoration of affected structures. Impacts on  Boreholes should be used to identify the type of Reducing rates of complaints Assuit Water Company, Contractor Field visits, Cost by the contractor the physical soil and the potential of impacts on the current related to structures Contractor and LGUs Accidents register integrity of structures houses  In case the soil is fragile, wood support may be provided to the houses and land  Measuring ground water levels before construction Loss of  Number of unskilled workers employed in the Employment records Assuit Water Company, Contractor Field visits, Cost by the contractor income of construction from evacuation workers Contractor Workers records groups working in evacuation of septic tanks Impacts during Operation No mitigation measures during the operation phase Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 212 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 213 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Table ‎ 7-6 Social Monitoring Plan Potential Monitoring Monitoring Responsibility Estimate Monitoring Site Monitoring Method Impacts Indicators Frequency cost During Construction Phase Water and Allocated plots Wastewater Among Land Field visits Once before (Approvals and Site location Company in company requirements Visits to the LGU construction permits) Assuit(RSU- activities SRO) Rates of impacts Water and on available Complaints related to the Wastewater Among Impacts on infrastructure Site location impact Monthly Company in company Infrastructure (water pipelines Complaints from LGU Assuit activities broken) RSU Water and Complaints related to the Wastewater Among Impacts on Old Rate of impact on Site location impact Monthly Company in company houses structures Complaints from LGU Assuit activities RSU Deterioration of Water and Complaints related to the street Rates of Wastewater Among impact conditions due problems with Site location Monthly Company in company Complaints from LGU to the lack of the community Assuit activities rehabilitation RSU Impacts during Operation No monitoring measures during the operation phase Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 214 CHAPTER 8 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 215 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 8 CHAPTER 8 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES The public consultation chapter aims at highlighting the key consultation and community engagement activities and their outcomes, in addition to outlining the validity and reliability of the collected data. Throughout the various consultation and engagement activities, the work team experienced and recorded remarkable and overwhelming public acceptance, even eagerness, by the community and the governmental stakeholders towards the proposed project. Consultation activities (scoping, interviews, focus group discussions, public hearings/consultations) with various stakeholders and community people in the host communities were held in the project areas: All activities conducted are in compliance with the following regulations and operational polices: - WB policies related to disclosure and public consultation, namely, o World Bank Procedure (BP 17.50) o World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01) - Egyptian regulations related to the public consultation o Egyptian Law of Environment (Law No. 4 of 1994) and its amendment by Law 9 of year 2009), stipulated that group C projects must conduct two public consultation events. The first event should be held by the consultant as part of the scoping activities to explain the applied ESIA methodology to relevant stakeholders. The second consultation session should be held after completion of the ESIA study. 8.1 Consultation Objectives The objective of the SE is to ensure the safe and successful Project delivery by:  Properly informing stakeholders including persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively;  Actively listening to comments, ideas and concerns raised by stakeholders and recording the same for follow up;  Avoidingconflict by addressing impacts and issues raised by stakeholders promptly; particularly with the communities that will not be served by the project  Ensuring that fears and apprehensions about the nature, scale and impact of the operation have been properly considered in the development and management of the Project;  Accessing and making good use of existing local knowledge of the area;  Avoiding any misunderstandings about the project and properly manage expectations;  Communicating and implementing a viable community feedback mechanism. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 216 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit The output of consultations will: 1- Define potential project stakeholders and suggest their possible project roles 2- Identify the most effective outreach channels that support continuous dialogue with the community Get stakeholders feedback on the defined impacts and mitigation measures as part of the drafted ESIA and integrate their feedbacks and comments in the production of the final ESIA 8.2 Consultation Methodology and Activities The research team for this study has adopted a multi-level of consultation activities that enable the marginalized, voiceless, youth and women to gain information about the project. As well, raise their concerns and worries regarding the project during various implementation phases. 1- The study team visited the project area in order to define the various stakeholders 2- The study team developed an engagement plan tailored for the rural communities with the study team 3- Based on the identification of stakeholders, various discussion guides and questionnaires were prepared in order to engage: i) the residents of the target villages, ii) executive and official employees at local government units, iii) the NGOs, iv) Assuit governorate directorate level, v) District level public officers , vi)the environmental departments. As well as, employees at Assuit Water and Wastewater Company. 4- The study team divided the various engagement of the project to 1) scoping phase, 2) data collection phase and 3) consultation phase. 5- All activities conducted were documented with photos and lists of participants in order to warrantee appropriate level of transparency 8.3 Strengths and Limitation of consultation 8.3.1 Strengths of the consultation The consultation process and methodology involved a number of strengths that maximized the benefits from the consultation activities. This could be summarized in the following: Appropriate tools were used for consultation that are convenient for the culture of the targeted communities (e.g. reaching out to women instead of inviting them to public meetings that they are unlikely to attend in rural areas). In addition to this several FGDs were held especially with women during conducting the field work. 1- Vulnerable groups including poor women, female headed households and handicapped were reached out to during the process of the ESIA participation. Efforts were also made to ensure they are engaged in public consultations. 2- Prior information sharing has been guaranteed through mobilizing the local surveyors to invite the community people to public meetings and consultations through the distribution of flyers and posters. 3- The public consultation session was conducted at one of the target villages „Mosha‟ to enable the participation of the local community members 4- Transportation was provided from Al-Nawamis village in order enable the local community members to arrive to the venue Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 217 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 8.3.2 Limitation of the consultation 1- Community people in some project areas were of low educational background. Thus, the study team tried to build communication channels through speaking simple Arabic that can be comprehended by the community people. 2- Females from the rural village were reluctant to attend the public meeting due to the norms and traditions. Thus FGDs were held with women during the field work. 8.4 Defining Stakeholders Given the fact that the project areas have been thoroughly defined and project details have been finalized at this stage, stakeholder identification was based on analysis of geographical, legal, institutional, and operational scope of the project. The following table represents the stakeholders contacted and engaged for the consultation activities: Table ‎ 8-1 - Stakeholders identified during the consultation Stakeholder Role/ concern Administrative Authorities Assiut governorate The governorate authority is the main government authority responsible for issuing relevant permits. The environment office in the governorate is coordinating body for the implementation of the environmental issues Local Government Units - Permissions for the road excavation during the construction of the sewage (District authority) network. - Approval of the allocated plots for the construction of the PS or Assiut – Bedary districts facilitation of the procedure in case of public property - Overseeing of the rehabilitation of roads by the contractor, which is one of the major issues raised by the community. Local Government Unit - The local government unit at the villages was responsible for facilitation of (village authority) the land allocation, consultation with the buyers as well as valuation committee Other governmental entities Information Centers at district Provide the project with the underground utilities and infrastructure and village levels maps as well as the statistical data about target villages Ministry of Agriculture and the That provides the project with permits for construction on agricultural agriculture directorate lands. As well, they suffer due to the farmers‟ abusive usage of the untreated sewage water in cultivation activities Ministry of Water Resources Issuing the necessary permit for discharge at Zenar drain in Assuit district. They are considered the direct beneficiaries of such project due to the potential enhancement of the water quality of canals and drainage The Social Fund for Supplement additional funds to the villages that will not be connected under this project. That will result in amicable implementation of the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 218 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Development project. They will also share their experience in rural sanitation that was implemented under the Department of Public Works within the SFD Egyptian Environmental Affairs Responsible for reviewing and approving ESIAs, and monitoring Agency (HQ and Assuit RBO) implementation of the Environmental Management Plan Security Department Secure the construction sites and prevent people from in- flushing into it Ministry of Health Issuing health approvals of the selected plots for construction of the PS and WWTP. Providing health facilities to the project workers Ministry of Antiquities Issue permissions for excavations and accompany the working teams. Media Television and radio Inform the community about the project and its impacts and support representatives dissemination of ESIA studies‟ results Press people Websites editors NGOs and community based societies working on environmental and social related aspects NGOs on the central level Play an active role in various awareness-raising related to the project NGOs on district level 1- Importance of having proper sewage network 2- How to maintain the sewage network Specific union of NGOs 3- Facilitation of the land allocation process They might provide support to the ultra- poor families in paying the house connection Some of the NGOs work in tanks evacuation activities. Thus, they should be aware about the project in order to define the potential impact on their business Water unions (Rawabet El Meiah) They participate in decision making and community monitoring for waste water disposal Universities and Educational institutes Faculty of Engineering Review and enrich the ESIA study with feedback Secondary vocational schools Propose needed capacity building for their students to potentially find employment with the project Researchers/consultants Review results of the study and provide feedback Other Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 219 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Private companies Mainly potential tenderers for the construction works Traders Provide workers with food and amenities. Contractors From the project adjacent areas, may be affected. Community people Community leaders Main cornerstone in mobilizing the communities. Potential beneficiaries Potentially benefit from the project Potential Project Affected The workers on septic tanks evacuation trucks Persons (PAPs) The residents who will suffer due digging the streets Water and Wastewater companies NOPWASD National Organization for Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage Responsible for the implementation of the Treatment Plants and the monitoring activities HCWW Holding Company for Water and Wastewater The implementer of ISSIP 2 project Assuit Water and Wastewater The direct implementer of the project Company The abovementioned stakeholders were targeted using various communication tools i.e. individual interviews, group meetings and public consultation. Most of them were represented in the public consultation hearings conducted. However, some of them were interviewed in their premises in order to enable them to spell out their concerns and worries freely. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 220 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 8.5 Summary of consultation activities 8.5.1 Stakeholders’ Interviews The ESIA team held several scoping interviews with different stakeholders through individual meetings, group meetings with population, executives and civil society representatives at Assuit – Bedary districts in Assuit governorate, the following activities were held: Name Position Eng. Mohamed Salah Abd El-Ghafar Chairman Assuit Water Company Satr Mohamed Abdualah Head of the Projects Implementation Unit, Assiut Water Company Mostafa Mohammed Ahmed Property Management Assiut Center Mahran Hassan Mahran Community specialist RSU Dr. Mohammed Atef Ahmed Environmental specialist at RSU Fatma El-Khayat Director of Information Center, Assiut governorate Dean\ Abdulrahman Aammer Director of Property Management of the state, Assiut governorate Major-general\ Majed Abd El-Rehem Secretary-general of Assiut governorate Mervat Mounir Environmental management Assiut center Kamal Mohammed Abd El-Aalim Head of the Local Government Unit of Musha village Eatemad Ahmed Director of Information center of Musha village Wahid Mohamed Soliman Mayor of Al-Nawamis village Mahgoub Ahmed Sedek Coordinator of the second phase projects, Assiut center Abd Almonem Ali Hassan Director of Environmental Affairs, Bedary center Eng. Ahmed Badr Head of Bedary District Council Dalia Mohammed Mokhtar Vice president Assiut city center Mosaeed Mohamed Ibrahim Head of the Local Government Unit at Al- Nawamis village Mahmoud Abd El-Naiem Khalefa Head of Water Network, Al-Nawamis village Ahmed Sayed Abd El-Halim Auditor the Local Government Unit at Al- Nawamis village Hassan khattab Director of archeology in the Southern Assiut Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 221 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Abd Al-Aziz Mohammed Mayor of Shutb Mervat Nohammed Ibrahim Head of Information center Mostafa Ismail Head of the Local Government Unit of Refa village Aida Kamal Refa Information center Ammal Abd El-Aliem Head of Al-Nawamis Information center Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 222 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Figure 3- Head of Mosha LGU Figure 4- Head of Refa LGU Figure 5 - Community Leaders at Mosha Figure 6- Meeting with the Head of Al-Nawamis LGU Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 223 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 8.5.2 Public consultation To verify the results of the draft ESIA including the identified impacts and mitigation measures, a public consultation event was held, announced for and conducted with the main purpose of collecting feedback from various stakeholders to incorporate their feedback on the ESIA. The following actions were taken to arrange for this event: 1- Selection of Mosha village CDA venue to host the event 2- Transportation was provided for community members from Al-Nawamis village at Bedary district 3- The venue was accessible and suitable to host 250 guests, 4- The preparation team deployed brochures and flyers in all target areas and districts, particularly around the PS and WWTPs. 5- An advertisement was published in a public widely disseminating newspaper two weeks before the event 6- Site visits were paid to the project villages in order to invite the community people and their leaders. 7- Coordination and invitations were sent through the community committee to heads of villages and parliament representatives 8- Assuit governor‟s office and secretary general‟s office invited all relevant governmental stakeholders Figure 8 - Advertisement at Al-Nawamis LGU Figure 9 - Advertisement at target villages 9- Assuit Water Company invited the governmental entities Figure ‎ 8-1- Ad published in El Masaa Newspaper, 11 February, 2016 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 224 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 8.5.2.1 Participants profile The consultant ensured to represent community members from all target governorates. Transportation was provided to facilitate the participation. The following table describes the distribution of participants according to geographic areas: Table ‎ 8-2 - Distribution of participants by geographic locations The geographical City\Village distribution of Number Percentage attendees Assuit city Assiut city 34 - Refa/ Dier Refa 11 11.7 Musha 59 62.7 Shutb 11 11.7 Assuit cluster Al-Zawya 13 13.8 Total Assuit 94 100 Al-Nawamis 27 100 Bedary cluster Total Bedary 27 100 Total 171 Distribution of Participants according to Gender ‫ذكور‬ ‫اناث‬ 20% 80% Figure ‎ 8-2 - Distribution of Participants by Gender Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 225 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Table ‎ 8-3 - Distribution of participants by profession Distribution of participants according to Profession Numbers Percentage Administrative officials governorate level 22 12.8 District council Officials 5 2.9 Administrative officials target village councils 13 7.6 Businessmen 7 4.09 Farmers and drivers 4 2.3 Mayors and village chiefs 10 5.8 Laborers 4 2.3 Does not work / housewives 7 4.09 Community members 99 57.8 Total 171 100 8.5.2.2 Activities of the public Consultation The public consultation event started with an introduction presented by Eng. Mohammed Salah El-Dien, Chairman of Assiut Water Company. He saluted participants and expressed his appreciation to attend this event. Assuit governorate secretary general in addition to head of EEAA Assuit regional office, Holding Company for Water and Wastewater, and head of Assuitdistrict attended the session The consultant presented the findings of the study and was followed by an open discussion. The following section presents the main elements that were discussed during the session: Summary of the Presentations The public consultation session started by the opening speech of Eng."Mohammed Salah El- Dien," Chairman of Assuit Water Company. He welcomed participants who represent the different stakeholders at Assuit governorate.He explained the importance of this project for the targeted villages (6 villages at Assuit district and 3 villages at Bedary district. He indicated that the World Bank funding for Assuit exceeds 700 million. He also wished that the project will be finalized in the expected deadline which represents a challenge in itself. Dr. Mohamed Mahmoud Head of Assuit RBO, expressed his happiness with the new project and the developmental projects targeting Upper Egypt. He pointed to the importance of studying the environmental aspect of the development projects in addition to the feasibility study. The law no 4/1994 included the environmental requirements for developmental projects. It is important to know all relevant negative aspects such as the excavation. Sanitation projects will spare the local community a lot of efforts and improve health and environmental conditions at target villages. Eng. Satr Abdallah – Head of Assuit RSU, She explained that WB sanitation projects were conducted in 2 phases. Currently the first phase in under construction for the three villages (Atmania – Nawary – Wadi Sheih). The second phase consists of six villages (Refa- Deir Refa – Shotb – Mosha – Al Zawya – Al Nawamis). The total amount of the loan is 550 million EGP. She gave a brief overview of the activities of the project. A new WWTP will be constructed at the village of Shotb, which will discharge to Zenar drain. The construction at the other villages will be limited to a PS, gravity lines and the FM. The expected capacity of the new WWTP will also accommodate connecting the villages of Dronka and Deir Dronka to the new WWTP. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 226 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit The consultant Office "EcoConServ environmental solutions" - Eng. Maysara Shams El Din the environmental consultant and Dr. Omneya Nour Eddin the social consultant presented the main findings of the ESIA study: - A brief introduction about the project and its components: WWTP, Gravity lines, FM and PS. The consultant presented the findings of the study, which starts with the description of the baseline conditions at the target villages. He explained that the new WWTP will depend on the tertiary treatment method. This would allow collecting all effluents and then using three levels of filtering before finally discharging the water to Zenar drain. Baseline measurements were conducted according to a specific scientific methodology by measuring air quality, soil properties, and noise measurements. Subsequently, impact assessment had been conducted, preparation of an environmental management plan containing the proposed mitigation measures that shall be implemented by the water company and as well as follow-up and monitoring plan had been developed. Environmental impacts had been assessed for the two phases: 1- Construction Phase: this phase shall take about eighteen months to two years. Examples of identified impacts during this phase: noise generated by the contractor during the excavation works, and this impact is considered average and a plan to reduce noise has been prepared through measures that shall be abided by the contractor during the implementation of the project. 2- Operation Phase: the impacts of this phase are considered far less than the construction phase, when there is power outage at the PS shall be operated by a diesel generator to enable it to pump water, and few noises could be produced. Concerning the WWTP the major environmental concern is related to the sludge. Regarding the social aspect, the project is part a long-term plan to connect sanitation services to all villages. The targeted villages have been studied in terms of socio-economic characteristics. The project shall have some positive impacts such as providing employment opportunities for the people of the villages and stimulating sales and trade as well as improving health conditions - regarding the negative impacts, they may be associated with traffic in the villages or in non- connection of the service for some houses for technical reasons. The Grievance mechanism that was established by Assuit Water Company was presented in order to communicate with people and to work for resolving complaints in an effective manner. Summary of discussions Participants expressed their eagerness for the commencement of project implementation without further delay and many participants demanded the extension of the project to additional areas. Following is a summary of all discussions conducted. 1. It is mandatory to coordinate with the Antiquties department in order to obtain the necessary approvals. RE: Antiquities department approval for the sites is a prerequisite for EEAA to issue the Environmental Approval. The approvals will be presented to EEAA in the ESIA. 2. Maps must be sent to the antiquities department in addition to site visits that must be conducted in order to ensure that the excavation works at Deir Refa and Shotb have no negative impacts. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 227 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit RE: Antiquities department approval for the sites is a prerequisite for EEAA to issue the Environmental Approval. The approvals will be presented to EEAA in the ESIA. 3. It is important to note the importance of ensuring the legal distance between the PS and the WWTP with the closest receptors to ensure issuing the environmental approvals. RE: PSs and WWTP locations are compliant with the distances indicated in the Minister of Housing decree. Also, the ministry of Health approval on each location will be annexed to the ESIA which will be presented to EEAA as it is a prerequisite to obtaining the environmental approval4. It is important to develop an ESMP to ensure the mitigating the adverse impacts. RE: ESMP is Developed 3. It is important to ensure the community will cooperate with the contractor all through the construction process. RE: Specific mitigation measures to address this requirement were incorporated in the ESMP4. The necessary time frame which is very tight for implementation of the project needs cooperation from all stakeholders. RE: Confirmed5. It is important to coordinate excavation works in order not to impede the traffic at the village RE: Specific mitigation measures to manage the traffic impact during construction were incorporated in the ESMP 6. It is important to note that some old structures may be impacted by the excavation in addition to some narrow streets. It is also important to reduce noise during excavation to avoid disturbance to students at the area. RE: According to the HCWW, structure integrity of nearby buildings was considered in the design phase during selecting the PSs and crossings locations. Therefore, it is not expected that the project will result in impacts on the nearby buildings foundations. However, the consultant is proposing the Specific precautionary measures in (P 151)7. We have a negative experience with other sanitation projects that the contractor does not respect the time schedule. There may be delays for many reasons such as technical or financial. Finally the project stops. RE: Lack of fund was the main reason for the previous project delay, but for the current project which will be financed by the Worldbank, the contractor will stricktely adhere to the proposed timeplan. 8. It is important to ensure restoring the previous status such as paving the streets after the contractor finishes the project. RE: Specific mitigation measures to ensure restoring the previous status during construction were incorporated in the ESMP9. Would the sanitation services be provided to narrow streets less than 150 cms.RE: Site Specific Assessment will be conducted to determine the most practical route of the service 10. How was the location for the WWTP selected at an agricultural plot? What are its impacts on the surrounding environment? Was it possible to select a plot closer to the mountain instead of agricultural land? RE: The location was selected in base of the technical requirements, it has to be close to the drain and meeting the requirements to be away from housing areas. Also in this area there is no empty desert space the mountain is very close, finally, to consult and find a willing seller. 11. It is important to ensure that the capacity of the WWTP takes into consideration the future projections for population growth, in order to avoid similar cases such as WWTP at Arab el Rabe3 in Assuit. RE: Considered 12. It is important to note the impacts of the sand soil at Bedary district on the excavation. Does this have a negative impact on the surrounding houses? We also would like the LGU to provide water spraying cars to avoid dust. RE: Specific mitigation measures to address this impact during construction were incorporated in the ESMP 13. We need to be connected to the sanitation services as soon as possible as groundwater levels are rapidly raising inside our houses. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 228 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit 14. We prefer to have a board with the name of the contractor and the date to finalize the construction works. 15. It is important to ensure that technical persons who have relevant experience from the village members can find a job opportunity at the new project. Public Consultation Disclosure Activities The importance of the project for the government and the community was reflected in media coverage. Various newspapers presented some news related to the project, particularly, because the governor shed light on the project Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 229 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Al Dostor Newspaper Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 230 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit El-Wafd Newspaper Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 231 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Veto Portal Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 232 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit El-Forsan Website Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 233 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Oyoon El-Khabar Website Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 234 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Manchette Website Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 235 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit Closing note 1- The community was much in need for such projects in order to reduce the pollution and water resources contamination 2- The contractor should be fully committed to restoring and rehabilitating the street 3- The project will be implemented within two years if the community supported the project and monitored the contractor performance 4- It is fundamental to provide awareness raising activities to the community people in order to avoid any misconceptions related to the project 5- There will be a coordination committee that will cooperate with the contractor regarding the street excavations 6- Assuit Water Company is conducting several awareness raising activities that should be expanded due to their importance to the community 7- Grievance mechanism must be activated and well-advertised to capture any misunderstandings or negative comments against the project. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 236 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Assuit