Republic of Angola Ministério da Acção Social, Família e Promoção da Mulher (MASFAMU) Fundo de Acção Social (FAS) Angola Social Safety Nets Project No. P169779 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) May 2019 1 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................................. 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 6 MAIN REPORT ...................................................................................................................................... 9 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 9 1.1 CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................................ 9 1.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS..................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 PROJECT BENEFICIARIES ................................................................................................................... 17 1.4 PURPOSE OF THE ESMF .................................................................................................................... 17 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT ................................................... 18 2.1 ANGOLA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LEGISLATION .................................................................... 18 2.2 WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STANDARDS (ESSS) ................................................. 20 2.3. GAP BETWEEN NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LEGISLATION AND WORLD BANK ESSS 20 2.4 RECOMMENDED APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ...................................................... 23 3. SALIENT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FEATURES AND ISSUES IN ANGOLA .................................................................................................................... 23 4. POTENTIAL PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES.......................................................................................... 32 4.1 OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS ....................................................................... 32 4.2 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ........................................................................... 33 4.3 POTENTIALLY ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ................................................... 35 4.4 MITIGATION MEASURES BY SUBPROJECT TYPOLOGY ....................................................................... 36 4.5 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 37 5. FRAMEWORK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (F-ESMP) OF THE ELIGIBLE SUBPROJECTS .......................................................................... 38 5.1 THE SCREENING FRAMEWORK........................................................................................................... 38 5.2 COMPLETING OF THE CHECKLIST ...................................................................................................... 38 5.2.1 The Process funded under Component 1: Cash Transfer Program ......................................... 38 5.2.2 The Process funded under Component 2: Development of an effective safety nets system, specifically sub-component 2B.......................................................................................................... 39 5.2.3 The Process funded under Component 3: Project Management .............................................. 39 5.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR PLANNING, REVIEW AND CLEARING OF PROJECTS .................. 39 6. IMPLMENTAITON ARRANGEMENTS ................................................................... 40 6.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................... 40 6.1.1 The Ministry for Social Protection, Family and Promotion of Women (MASFAMU) ............. 40 6.1.2 The Social Action Fund (FAS) ................................................................................................. 40 6.1.3 The Ministry of Environment (MINAMB) ................................................................................ 41 6.2 PROJECT ARRANGEMENTS AND MANAGEMENT ................................................................................. 42 6.3 FAS .................................................................................................................................................. 43 6.4 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................... 44 THE TRAINING OF TRAINERS SHOULD BE DEVELOPED AS A DISTINCT SEPARATE COMPONENT AND HERE IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT AS PART OF THE CONSULTATION SERVICES THE CONSULTANTS SHOULD DEVELOP AND WORKSHOP TRAINING MATERIALS SPECIFIC TO COMMUNITY LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EDUCATION............................................................................................................................................. 46 6.5 PROVISION OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ........................................................................................... 46 7. MONITORING PLAN .............................................................................................. 47 8. COSTS ................................................................................................................... 47 9. CONSULTATION, STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS ................................................................................................................................... 48 2 9.1 CONSULTATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 48 9.2 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT .......................................................................................................... 50 9.3 GRIEVANCE REDRESS ....................................................................................................................... 51 3 LIST OF ACRONYMS ADECO Agente de Desenvolvimento Comunitario/Community Development Agent CC Coordination Committee CDD Community Driven Development CDC Community Development Component CF Consultative Forum DNEP Direcção Nacional de Estudos e Planeaneamento/ National Directorate for Studies and Planning DNDT Direcção Nacional de Desenvolvimento do Território/ National Directorate for Territorial Development DPF Development Policy Finance EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Study ESCP Environmental Social Commitments Plan ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESS Environmental Social Standard ENA Estratégia Nacional de Ambiente/National Environmental Strategy ESSC Environmental and Social Screening Checklist (ESSC) FAS Fundo de Acção Social/Social Action Fund FDES Fundo de Desenvolvimento Social e Economico / Economic and Social Development Fund GOA Government of Angola GBV Gender-Based Violence MA Municipal Administration MASFAMU Ministério da Acção Social, Família e Promoção da Mulher MDC Municipal Development Component MDP Municipal Development Plan MINAMB Ministério do Ambiente/ Ministry of Environment MOU Memorandum of Understanding NC Núcleo Comunitário/Community Nucleus NTS Non-Technical Summary PDMP Plano de Desenvolvimento de Médio Prazo/Medium Term Development Programme 4 PNGA Programa Nacional de Gestão Ambiental/National Environmental Management Program PNUD Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento/United Nations Development Program ToR Terms of Reference TSS Transitional Support Strategy WB World Bank WMP Waste Management Plan 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) was prepared by the Angola Social Action Fund (Fundo de Accão Social – FAS) for the Social Safety Nets Project (P169779). The total amount of the Project is of US$330 million. The project has three main components; namely: (i) Cash transfers to poor households; (ii) Development of an effective safety nets system; and (iii) Project management. The objectives of the project are to strengthen the risk management capacity of poor households in selected areas, including those affected by the subsidy reforms, and to strengthen the delivery mechanisms for the development of a permanent social safety net system. The Project will be implemented at national level during a five years period (2019-2023) and will require an estimated budget of USD 330 million. It is expected that the Project will finance interventions under the following broad categories: • Social: Cash Transfers, training, capacity-building, • Productive: Skills trainings and grants for self-employment and small businesses It must be stressed that, due to its participatory and demand-driven approach, FAS is open to finance a wide array of projects, according to priorities and aspirations formulated by local communities. The project is rated as moderate social and environmental risk under the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework. The Angolan government’s environmental strategies, policy framework, and management approaches and priorities have been developed and are spelled out in two major documents – the National Environmental Management Programme/Programa Nacional de Gestão Ambiental (PNGA) and the National Environmental Strategy/Estratégia Nacional Ambiental (ENA). Responsibility for formulating and implementing environmental policies and programmes and for environmental management in Angola lies with the Ministry of the Environment (MINAMB). In the context of the Project, the key legal elements for environmental and social management are the Environmental Framework Law (Lei de Bases do Ambiente, Lei nº 5/98, de 19 de Junho), the Social Protection Framework Law (Lei de Bases da Protecção Social, Lei nº 7/04, de 15 de Outubro) and their associated decrees. The Ministry of Environment, hereinafter referred to as MINAMB, is the central government body responsible for coordination, preparation, implementation and monitoring of environmental policies, particularly in the areas of biodiversity, environmental technologies and the prevention and assessment of impacts as well as environmental education. Currently, responsibility for EIA and Environmental Licensing falls under the National Directorate for Prevention and Environmental Impact Assessment (DNPAIA) which, among other tasks, is responsible for reviewing, commenting and approving EIA reports. 6 At the provincial level the Ministry of Environment is represented by an Environmental Sector falling under the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, Fisheries and the Environment. The capacity and staffing levels of the Environmental Sector varies greatly from province to province but in most cases the capacity for environmental management at provincial level is weak. The Ministry of Social Action, Family and the Promotion of Women, hereinafter referred to as MASFAMU, is the central government body responsible for coordination, preparation, implementation and monitoring of social assistance policies and strategies as well and integrated programs for the assistance and development of vulnerable groups, promotion of gender equality and equity, community development and family cohesion. MASFAMU is also responsible for building the capacity of structures linked to the defence of the family and women’s rights. MASFAMU was created in 2017 as the result of merging the Ministry of Assistance and Social Reintegration and the Ministry of Family and Promotion of Women. At the provincial level the MASFAMU is represented by Provincial Directorates, which capacity and staffing are limited given the dwindling resources available to the Ministry. At municipal level, MASFAMU co- manages Community Development Agents with the Social Action Fund. The project will be implemented by Angola’s Social Action Fund (FAS) in coordination with the Ministry of Social Action, Family and Promotion of Women (MASFAMU) and municipal authorities. FAS is an autonomous institution, under the umbrella of the Ministry of Territorial Administration, and was created by the GOA by way of Presidential Decree No. 44/94. FAS also implements the on-going Local Development Project (P105101). Angola will implement material measures and actions so that the Project is implemented in accordance with the World Bank Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs). An Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP) sets out a summary of the material measures and actions described in this ESMF. The ESCP summarizes the material measures and actions that are required as well as the timing of the material measures and actions. Angola is responsible for compliance with all requirements of the ESCP. Implementation of the material measures and actions set out in this ESMF will be monitored and reported to the Bank by Angola as required by the ESCP and the conditions of the legal agreement, and the Bank will monitor and assess progress and completion of the material measures and actions throughout implementation of the Project. Technical capacity to identify, manage, and monitor the environmental and social impacts associated with the implementation of the Project is assessed as low. A social safeguards specialist supporting FAS to develop the main safeguards tools will be recruited. The specialist will provide some basic capacity building to FAS staff and local authorities. A Monitoring Plan will be developed to address two types of monitoring: (i) routine monitoring of project interventions to ensure that they meet the environmental and social standards as defined in project ESCP; and (ii) regular audit of the overarching ESMF. The Project will include a grievance redress mechanism. Activities will be implemented with intensive participation and constant consultation of and feedback by beneficiary households. It is foreseen that a grievance redress system will be put in place as well as a regular monitoring 7 of the operation including follow up of special cases (case management). Individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by the project may submit complaints to existing project-level grievance redress mechanisms or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS will ensure that complaints received are promptly reviewed to address project-related concerns. Project affected communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the WB’s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, because of WB non- compliance with its policies and procedures. 8 MAIN REPORT 1 INTRODUCTION Angola is developing a new model of growth as the current one, based on oil wealth, has reached its limits in delivering poverty reduction and shared prosperity. One of the main challenges facing the country in developing this more inclusive growth model is to protect the poor and vulnerable while supporting economic diversification. The government has started to reform the social contract by shifting away from universal subsidies towards a poverty targeted safety net system, that would support poor and vulnerable households in managing shocks and in strengthening their investments in productive and human capital. The objectives of the project are to strengthen the risk management capacity of poor households in selected areas, including those affected by the subsidy reforms, and to strengthen the delivery mechanisms for the development of a permanent social safety net system. 1.1 Context The Angolan economy is at a crossroads. The current model based on oil wealth did not generate inclusive growth or shared prosperity and is highly vulnerable to external shocks in oil prices. The new government has been demonstrating a strong commitment to reform and developing a new model of growth that is more open and inclusive, and less dependent on oil. One of the key challenges the country faces in moving to the new model is to protect the poor and vulnerable as it simultaneously supports the private sector to lead economic diversification. So far, Angola has depended on the oil industry and high oil prices to boost economic growth and rebuild a large part of its destroyed infrastructure during the long Civil War (1975-2002). However, while per capita GDP almost doubled over the period to $ 4,164, World Bank estimates suggest that poverty has only gone from 32 percent to 28 percent (poverty projection to $ 1.9 PPP 2011) in the period and the Gini coefficient has improved slightly from 0.54 to 0.47 and has remained constant since 2008. Since then, sustained decline in oil prices has significantly affected the economy. As of 2014, the government cut spending on goods and services and public investments. Since 2016, the limitation of current expenditures has continued mainly through the reduction of payroll and subsidies and the increase in taxes. In 2018, the government tightened control over spending while working on more structural measures to raise non-oil revenues. The wealth of Angola has hardly benefited the poor. Cycles of ups and downs and high volatility of revenues / expenses are impeding sustained investment in physical and human capital, which can be counterproductive to long-term development. The Republic of Angola is Africa's third largest economy, the second largest producer of oil, and the third largest producer of diamonds. However, their human development results are below the results of the lower income countries. In 2018, Angola ranked 147 (out of 188) in terms of Human Development Indicators. Inequality among individuals is high: on average the income of the richest 20% is 18 times and its consumption is 9 times as high as that of the 20 poorest individuals in the country. At 0.36, its human capital ratio lags behind the SSA average of 0.40, in parity with that of Mozambique. The percentage of Angola's population between 0 and 14 is fifth in the world: almost half (48 percent) of the population is under 15 and only 2 percent are 65 or older. Life expectancy at birth was 53 years in 2016, making it the seventh lowest in the world. Angola had the highest infant mortality rates (96 per 1,000 live births) and children (157 per 1,000 live births) in the 9 world by 2015. At 477 per 100,000 live births, the maternal mortality rate has improved in recent years, but remains almost eight times the average in the middle-high income countries (57 per 100,000 live births). Angola is in the last ten countries in terms of learning outcomes 1.2 Project Components The proposed project design builds on the main findings from background studies undertaken in FY17/18, notably the Social Protection Public Expenditure Review (2018) and the SCD. The proposed project would assist the government of Angola in enhancing the readiness of the social protection sector to implement short and mid-term mitigation measures that would (i) enable the country’s subsidy reform; and (ii) help establish an effective social protection system. Component 1: Cash transfer program to poor households (IDA US$ 260 million equivalent) The objective of this component is to design and implement the systems for a temporary cash transfer program that aims to mitigate the impact of the subsidy reform on poor populations (bottom two quintiles) with a goal of reaching one million households. Delivering the cash transfers will foster the development of key delivery mechanisms, which will be set-up to be used by other safety net programs in the medium-term. The cash transfers would last for 12 months, in the form of six bimonthly payments of Kz. 10,000.00 per household. The cash would contribute to help households smooth consumption as they adjust to the direct and indirect effects of the subsidy removal, increases in basic goods and services prices. The delivery mechanisms will form the foundations of the SSN system. The component includes two sub components. Subcomponent 1.A – Key permanent delivery systems to implement social protection programs (US$ 15 million) This subcomponent is expected to increase the effectiveness of the social protection system by developing delivery systems that enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the social protection sector and allow MASFAMU (especially the National Directorate for Social Assistance), FAS, and participating municipalities to better manage their programs. The specific systems to be further developed under the project include the following: • Registry. The Government of Angola recently approved a Unique Social Registry (Cadastro Social Unico, CSU) that would serve as a national instrument for outreach, intake, registration, and determination of potential eligibility for all social programs . The Social Registry is also conceived as a planning tool for municipalities to better understand the vulnerability of their populations. It would contribute to strengthen capacity to design policies and programs and perform monitoring and evaluation of existing programs. This is a potentially key instrument in the framework of the decentralization process, supported by the on-going World Bank TA project (P166629) and planned Decentralization for Improved Service Delivery (P170123) project. The proposed project will support the registration of up to 2 million households, which data will feed into the CSU. • Targeting system. The targeting system will include (i) geographical targeting through poverty maps; (ii) individual targeting through a PMT formula; and (iii) community validation. Municipal and comuna-level poverty maps and a PMT using the 2008 10 household survey will be used to start household registration (component 1) and would be updated as the 2018 household survey data becomes available. Given the products affected by the planned price subsidy reform (water, electricity, transport and fuel), urban areas and areas along the economic coastal corridor are likely to be most affected. The geographical targeting would thus focus on provincial capitals and the municipalities that concentrate the highest number of urban households in the bottom two quintiles. Within each of the selected municipalities, comuna-level poverty maps would further narrow the geographical scope of the registration. When available, bairro-level poverty maps would enable a more disaggregated geographical targeting. Otherwise, neighborhoods (bairros) would be ordered by poverty-level according to bairro-level criteria such as types of settlement, proportion of precarious housing, lack of access to basic services, and crowding, building on the municipal profile managed by FAS. At the household-level, potentially eligible households would be surveyed at selected registration points with a questionnaire collecting basic information to identify and locate the household and compute their proxy-means score. It is expected that the project would support the registration of up to 2 million potentially eligible households in the selected areas. Community validation would be organized with the support of neighborhood commissions (Commissões de Bairro) and ADECOS. Based on available information, it is expected that 40% of beneficiary households be headed by women and that beneficiaries would be distributed roughly evenly between urban and rural areas of the selected municipalities. The selection of municipalities provides national coverage (all provinces), focuses on zones most affected by the reform (urban and peri-urban areas), it eases cash distribution given the likely concentration of the poor. • Payment system. A payment system will be established, with a view to stimulate financial inclusion. The efficient payment mechanisms built under the project would ensure that most payments are made through competitively selected external payment agencies Selected payment agencies would deliver transfers through electronic payment instruments (initially payment cards) linked to a pooled or individual basic transaction bank account (such as Bankita, a basic account with simplified Know-your- Customer requirements, a maximum AOA 100,000.00 balance and limited fees), set-up specifically for the program. Payment agencies will eventually be selected on the quality and costs of services they would offer to facilitate beneficiaries’ access to the funds. Initially, transfers would be paid bimonthly through payment cards (potentially quarterly in areas where payment infrastructure is especially weak) or basic bank accounts. The UNICEF-supported pilot APROSOC program uses transfers to bank accounts. Under the proposed project, the cash transfers would last for one year. • Management Information System (MIS). First, an MIS will be designed and implemented specifically for the cash transfer program. The main modules would comprise (i) registration and beneficiary identification modules; (ii) payments module; (iii) monitoring and evaluation (M&E) module; and (iv) grievance redress mechanism (GRM). Modules to support the safety net system would include (i) referral to productive inclusion activities and human development services, and (ii) benefits management. 11 • M&E system. Current safety net interventions do not collect systematically output and outcome indicators and no impact evaluations of MASFAMU’s core interventions are available. The project would help MASFAMU and FAS improve their M&E system by: (i) defining a results framework for the cash transfers and developing instruments to track these indicators; (ii) conceptualizing the instruments to be used to monitor the cash transfer programs and other selected interventions, including performance of the registry, process evaluations, impact evaluation; and (iii) assessing beneficiary perception and satisfaction. The impact evaluation would assess the poverty impacts of the cash transfers as well as their access to human development services (with a focus on access to schooling for children and adolescent girls, access to maternal and child health services, and access to water) on a sub-group of the beneficiaries among the later waves of registration. It will also assess sex-disaggregated impacts of the productive inclusion activities on beneficiaries’ income-generation and overall welfare. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). An information and complaint redress system to enable both beneficiary and non-beneficiary households as well as local implementers to inform and lodge complaints about selection, payments, compliance, quality of services, GBV related to payments to women and SEA related to sexual favors for registration or any other issue arising during implementation, and to seek redress will be designed and implemented under the project. The GRM will be adapted to cultural specificities in municipalities where the safety nets would reach households from vulnerable groups, including ethnic minorities. A specific grievance mechanism will be provided for all direct workers and contracted workers (to raise workplace concerns. Basic referral system for cash transfer beneficiary households to access local productive inclusion and human development interventions. After the temporary cash transfers, a subset of beneficiary household members would be referred to productive inclusion activities and/or human development programs/services implemented in their municipality of residence. The registration, targeting, payment systems and a basic version of the MIS for the cash transfer program will be piloted in two municipalities (Cacuaco, Luanda Province and Huambo, Huambo province), potentially with support from the Local Development Project (P160105). The pilot is expected to identify at least 45,000 beneficiary households. Experience from this pilot will inform the phased scale-up of the cash transfer programs. Eligible activities under this sub-component would include: (ii) technical assistance for the conceptualization of the registry and its business processes including protection of individual data, coordination with productive inclusion activities and access to human development services; (ii) equipment and hardware for the registry implementation in the 40 municipalities and the resulting database and back-up systems, (iii) software applications for the targeting based on the agreed questionnaire, beneficiary identification, payment automated mechanisms, monitoring and evaluation modules, and (iv) training, study tours and other initiatives to enhance the capacity of MSFAMU, FAS and municipalities’ staff to implement the social registry and the cash transfer program and use the systems for other programs they manage. Subcomponent 1.B – Cash transfer programs (US$ 245 million) This subcomponent is expected provide cash transfers to one million households over one year. Beneficiaries would belong to the poorest 40 percent households in selected areas. Transfer amounts and payments 12 Transfers to be received by the beneficiary households amount to the equivalent of 10 percent of the poverty line per individual i.e. AOA 5,000.00 (approx. US$ 15.00) per month and per family. This amount is close to the average poverty gap of AOA 5,500.00. Preliminary analysis of IDREA 2018 first 6 months’ data shows that households in the first two quintiles spend between 7 and 11 percent of their monthly income on water, electricity, fuel and transport, (on average an estimated AOA 4,610.00). The cash transfer would then cover a doubling of expenses. The proposed amount also maximizes the cost-benefit ratio of the transfers in terms of estimated poverty reduction impacts. Given the resources available, it enables a significant coverage of the bottom 40 percent (half of them and approximately three fourths of the poor in urban areas). Uncertainty about the extent of the subsidies and their impacts on different household groups, means that this amount may be revised after updated simulations based on the IDREA 2018 data and DPF PSIA analysis and according to available additional fiscal resources. As savings from the subsidy reform and other efficiency gains materialize, the program would be progressively expanded either to potentially increase amounts/duration based on updated estimates of the impact of the subsidy reform and/or to cover other affected groups, based on the planned update of the poverty map using the on-going IDREA household survey also supported by the World Bank (P157671). Similarly, as the regulatory framework and payment infrastructure for financial inclusion improves, transfers could be extended more frequently and/or through mobile payments. Recipients Documented gender inequality in Angola suggests that the marginal impact of the transfers would be higher if they reached women. It is estimated that a significant proportion of beneficiary households will be households with a single female adult earner (approximately 40 percent of households self-report as female-headed). The project will support specific outreach activities (Component 2B) to ensure these households can access registration points. The project will encourage the issuance of beneficiary payment cards to women in households. Complementary activities would include a partnership with the Ministry of Justice to increase access to identification (Bilhete de Identidade) especially for women (Component 2B). Given the high prevalence of gender-based violence (35 percent of ever-married Angolan women aged 15- 49 years reported experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime and 26 percent in the past 12 months in 2017), Community Development Agents (ADECOS) and civil society will provide couples and community awareness-raising interventions to mitigate potential risks of increased intra-household conflict and gender-based violence around the management of the cash transfers. This component would finance: (i) targeting and selection of beneficiaries, (ii) cash transfers to beneficiaries; (iii) operational costs to deliver the cash transfers; and (iv) operational costs of complementary activities to ensure access of women to the cash as recipients and managers of the money. Component 2: Development of an effective basic safety nets system (US$ 50 million equivalent) The specific objective of this component is to strengthen the capacity of MASFAMU, FAS and partner institutions responsible for activities in social safety nets at the central, provincial and municipal levels to further build a proper safety nets system. This component includes two sub- components that aim to strengthen communication and develop complementary programs to support productive and human capital investments at the municipal level. 13 Subcomponent 2.A: Communication strategy for the subsidy reform and the safety net programs (US$ 5 million) This sub-component is expected to increase the support for the subsidy reform and help broaden the political space for its implementation. The project would support the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Social Communication and MASFAMU to set up and implement a communication strategy for the subsidy reform. Communication activities will provide key information to external (citizens) and internal (civil servants and decision-makers) audiences to help create awareness and understanding of the subsidy reform as a reform of the social contract within the overall reform agenda, with the transformation of the social safety net from universal regressive subsidies to poverty targeted direct transfers including the cash transfer program and the improvement of basic services and economic diversification which would benefit the middle-class. The Ministry of Social Communication will provide the strategic guidelines for the overall campaign.The communication would lay out the short-term changes and their calendar and the expected impacts in the medium-term. The project would also support FAS and MASFAMU to set-up and implement an information, education and communication (IEC) strategy for the operationalization of the cash transfer program and other selected programs. The IEC strategy would seek to foster basic awareness about the role and functions of the registry, its relationship with the cash transfer programs and other safety nets, the characteristics of the cash transfer program and the role and responsibilities of the different implementers. Outreach will be especially key to foster registration and to inform potentially eligible households about the registration process (on- demand at registration points, type of information and documentation needed). Communication should emphasize that registration is necessary but does not guarantee access to the cash transfers or any other safety net programs. Communication should also explain the process for enrollment into the cash transfer program, the payment mechanism, the process for complaints and appeals, and the roles and responsibilities of main implementers. The communication strategy will used different instruments according to the targeted audience: • Social Communication with general audience. These instruments would target the public in general and includes all external audience such as: opinion- and decision makers at all political levels, academia, the media and civil society, key stakeholders in the sectors affected by the reform such as water providers, transport operators, and potential program beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. It aims to ensure an understanding of the overall reform agenda, overall visibility of the subsidy reform, its rationale, mitigating measures, and expected impacts; to promote awareness about the planned activities, seek to broaden support for the reform, and mitigate any adverse reaction. This would rely on a range of channels including radio, TV, press, internet and social media. • Operational communication with beneficiaries and potential beneficiaries. This would focus on the registry, the cash transfer program, the productive inclusion and human development programs and would target program beneficiaries and potential beneficiaries as well as implementers at the local and central levels in the municipalities where the program will operate. It would aim to increase awareness among beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries about the registry, the cash transfer program and their processes. It would seek to explain in simple and clear terms, the scope and limitations of the registry and the programs, eligibility criteria, procedures, roles and 14 responsibilities and other characteristics of the program. This would rely also on a range of channels such as radio, community theater, program materials (beneficiary booklet), dedicated phone lines and possibly social media, taking into account the low functional literacy of the intended audience. • Internal Communication with civil servants: This would target government staff across the main ministries involved, and the program implementation unit to raise awareness of program objectives and rules, to promote their roles as communicators as well as to inform and monitor program implementation, while fostering a culture of transparency. Eligible activities under this sub-component would include: technical assistance for (i) the conceptualization of the overall communication strategy; (ii) implementation of the subsidy reform communication strategy; and (iii) development and implementation of the information, education and communication strategy for the registry, the cash transfers and other selected safety net programs; (iv) equipment and materials to produce communication support. Subcomponent 2.B: Establishment of an effective basic safety nets system, supporting investments in productive and human capital (US$ 45 million) This sub-component is expected to strengthen the poverty impacts of the safety net systems by helping address more structural characteristics of poverty. It aims to support the Government of Angola in establishing an effective poverty-targeted cash-based safety nets system in the mid- term. Building on the on-going decentralization process, which includes the municipalization of social assistance, institutional and administrative capacity for well-targeted and scalable social assistance programs for the poor - such as cash transfers, productive inclusion initiatives and services to support to human capital development– would be strengthened at the decentralized level to enable the poor and vulnerable population to participate in the country’s development and growth process. The project would thus support the development of a referral system (Component 1.A). A subset of the cash transfer program beneficiaries would be referred to existing productive inclusion, supported by FAS in selected municipalities (US$ 20 million). The types of activities offered to participants would largely depend on the interventions available in their municipality of residence but would include specific technical assistance to increase their income-generation capacity. Participating members of the household could be an out-of-school teenager, or an out- of-labor force/underemployed adult. The project will support interventions to facilitate the participation of women in income generation, especially by providing support to potentially working mothers through child care services. Based on the existing portfolio of FAS activities under Matching Grants in Benguela, Baia Farta, Caála, Huambo, Lubango and Namibe, this sub- component would support the provision of skills and grants to promote self-employment including in small agriculture activities, self-employment and entrepreneurship and strengthen linkages with other Government initiatives such as support to commercial agriculture and farmer field schools for 5,000 beneficiaries in these municipalities and an additional 5,000 beneficiaries in these four provinces (Benguela, Huambo, Huila, Namibe). Based on the information in the social registry, the project would support technical assistance to strengthen social sectors coordination and access of the cash transfer beneficiaries to human development services. Building on the mapping of social services developed by the Health and Community Development Agents (ADECOS) with support from the Local Development Project, the project will support the existing municipal Integrated Centers for Social Assistance (CASI) already present in 19 of the targeted municipalities (Table 1, Annex 2) in developing pilot 15 coordination mechanisms and intervention between the SSN, identification, health and/or education providers. The project would also provide technical assistance to improve social sector coordination bodies, at the municipal level the Social Concertation Committee (Comité de Concertacão Social) and at the national level the National Council for Social Action. The project would provide support to the 19 CASIs for activities that would help strengthen the linkages of beneficiaries to human development services such as (i) mobile ID/registration campaigns, (ii) behavior change campaigns by ADECOS for beneficiary households to bring drop- out children/youth back to school to further investments in their human capital, to prevent early marriage or teenage pregnancy, to access mother and child and reproductive health services, to prevent chronic malnutrition (stunting) (iii) health fairs, support to victims of domestic violence, social inclusion of teenagers and youth through CSOs. A positive menu of eligible activities will be developed in the operational manual. These activities could provide demand-side complementarities to supply-side interventions supported by the Health System Performance Strengthening (P160948) project and forthcoming Girls’ Empowerment and Learning for All (P168699) project. Municipalities with an established CASI will present a budgeted plan to MASFAMU/PISU, with the activities to be supported. Following procedures described in the operational manual, MASFAMU/PISU would approve the plan and FAS would procure the materials needed for the implementation of the activities. Eligible expenses for CASIs under this component would include: information materials for the campaigns, field materials for ADECOS to implement the interventions, technical assistance, operating costs for ADECOS and community members. No works (i.e. construction of CASIs) will be supported by this component. This sub-component will finance (i) technical assistance for the referral system, (ii) cash transfers for a subset of beneficiaries involved in productive inclusion activities, (iii) materials and operational costs for the implementation of eligible complementary activities, and (iv) technical assistance to social sectors coordination bodies to strengthen their coordination and joint planning. Component 3: Project management (US$ 10 million equivalent) This component would support the establishment of a dedicated project implementation support unit (PISU) to support FAS and MASFAMU in implementing project activities. It is anticipated that FAS will lead the implementation of the cash transfer program and the overall operations of the project activities while MASFAMU will focus on coordination, overall communication strategy for the reform, and coordination with human development service providers in selected municipalities. Given the expected increase in workload to establish various novel delivery mechanisms and to deliver cash transfers at scale, the project will support the recruitment of a core group of team members including a project coordinator, an operations coordinator, a registry coordinator, a payment coordinator, as well as financial management, procurement, M&E, gender and social development, institutional development, IT and communication (operational and strategic) specialists and an operation officer to support MASFAMU. This staff will liaise with municipalities and other actors who provide services in the communities. The project will support the establishment and activities of a multi-sectoral committee, led by the Secretary for Economic Affairs of the Presidency and including MINFIN, MASFAMU, MAT and INE which will function as a steering committee for the project and contribute to a whole of government approach for the subsidy reform. 16 The component will also support targeted capacity building for the implementation of programs. Component 2 seeks to strengthen government’s operational capacity to implement. monitor and evaluate the social safety nets, and effectively use the delivery systems. This component would support the provision of additional technical assistance and specific capacity building activities for MASFAMU and FAS so that they can strengthen strategic planning, fund-raising, and advocacy for social assistance. Given the gender gaps in human capital and economic empowerment, capacity-building activities will also focus on the SSN can be designed and implemented to maximize their potential in addressing those gaps. 1.3 Project Beneficiaries Direct beneficiaries of the Project would include (i) 1,000,000 poor families who will participate in the cash transfer component of the Project in selected 40 municipalities in the country; (ii) 10,000 beneficiary households which will participate in productive inclusion activities in selected municipalities; (iii) an estimated 600,000 beneficiary households which would be reached by the CASIs’ activities supported by the project, and (iv) MASFAMU, FAS and municipalities’ staff (up to 200) who will participate in specific trainings and study tours financed by the Project. Beneficiaries of the cash transfers would be poor households (in the bottom two quintiles) living in the 40 municipalities with the largest number of urban poor in the country. These municipalities are likely to be more impacted by the subsidy reform. Households will be targeted through a combination of geographical targeting (poorest neighborhoods in the selected municipalities), individual targeting through a Proxy Means Test and community validation. Beneficiaries of the cash transfers would be registered and enrolled in the program in 6 different phases until the total number of 1 million beneficiary households is reached (Figure xx in Annex 2). Beneficiaries for Component 2 activities (productive inclusion and support to human capital development), will be selected among those households who received the cash transfers and through selection criteria that will be defined during Project implementation as the CASIs identify the most salient barriers to human development in their municipalities and their priority interventions. For example, if a CASI decides to focus on access to identification for children and undocumented adults, the target will be set-up as per the number of household members without identification as reported in the social registry questionnaires, if they focus on information and incentives for adolescent girls to stay in school, the target will depend on the number of girls 13-18 years of age among beneficiary households in that municipality. If they focus on community-based prevention of stunting, the target will depend on the number of pregnant women, families with children below 2 years of age or under-nourished children. It is expected that 50percent of households will have members participating in these activities. MASFAMU, FAS and municipal staff directly benefitting from project capacity-building activities will include up to 4 staff in each municipality (including the head of the local CASI, a social registry operator, and two ADECOs in a training the trainers’ approach), one or two staff at the provincial level and staff in the central offices of MASFAMU and FAS. 1.4 Purpose of the ESMF The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) provides general baseline information; describes the typology of interventions and assesses anticipated E&S risks and 17 impacts based on the typologies; and detail the institutional arrangements for E&S assessment, management, supervision and reporting. The ESMF addresses potential for indirect environmental impacts, as well as social risks and impacts such as social inclusion, resource competition/inter and intra-household conflict, and any relevant legacy issues. The ESMF also includes an action plan with measures for addressing gender-based violence (GBV) and sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA). In addition to the ESMF, Angola has prepared the following Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) documents: ▪ A Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP); ▪ An Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP); ▪ A Vulnerable Groups Policy Framework (VGPF); and a Labor Management Procedures (LMP). 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT This section briefly describes the policy, legal and institutional framework for environmental and social management in Angola, in accordance with which this document was produced. 2.1 Angola Environmental and Social Legislation Law 7/04 of 2004 establishes the legal and institutional framework for social protection in Angola with three pillars: Basic, Compulsory, and Complementary Social Protection. The Ministry of Social Action, Family, and Promotion of Women (Ministério da Acção Social, Família e Promoção da Mulher, MASFAMU) is the main institution responsible for coordination, preparation, implementation and monitoring of social assistance policies and strategies as well and integrated programs for the assistance and development of vulnerable groups, promotion of gender equality and equity, community development and family cohesion. MASFAMU is also responsible for building the capacity of structures linked to the defence of the family and women’s rights. The GoA is working to establish a social protection system, but the system remains highly fragmented. Social protection spending is highly concentrated in two ministries: The Ministry of Public Administration, Labor, and Social Security (Ministério da Administração Pública, Trabalho e Segurança Social, MAPTSS) and the Ministry of National Defense (Ministério da Defesa Nacional, MINDEN) mainly for contributory social protection. Other ministries, including MASFAMU, the Ministry of Health (Ministério da Saúde, MINSA), the Ministry of Ex-Combatants and Veterans of the Motherland (Ministério dos Antigos Combatentes e Veteranos da Pátria, MACVP), and the Ministry of Territorial Administration (Ministério da Administração do Território, MAT), received very limited budget allocation, barely 2 percent of total social protection spending, which is allocated to noncontributory social assistance. The Social Action Fund (Fundo de Accão Social, FAS) under the MAT, supports local service delivery. The Ministry of Education (Ministério da Educação, MED) implements several educational programs such as school feeding, distribution of uniforms and tertiary scholarships, but its budget allocation is not included as social protection. Fuel and utility price subsidies are not part of the statutory social protection system, but expenditure on such subsidies fall under the social protection budget rather than the energy budget as in most countries. 18 The Angolan government’s environmental strategies, policy framework, and management approaches and priorities have been developed and are spelled out in two major documents – the National Environmental Management Programme/Programa Nacional de Gestão Ambiental (PNGA) and the National Environmental Strategy/Estratégia Nacional Ambiental (ENA). Presidential Decree No. 45/18 of February 2018 approved the new organizational structure of the Ministry of Environment (Ministério do Ambiente, MINAMB). MINAMB is responsible for the development and coordination of the country’s environmental policy and for implementing the National Programme of Environmental Management (Programa Nacional de Gestão Ambiental, PNGA). MINAMB is responsible for the implementation of the Environment Framework Law No. 5/98. The PNGA1 is seen as an important instrument for the achievement of sustainable development. It emphasises the need for implementing an environmental management strategy to protect the environment, even though most of the Angolan natural resources are still largely intact. The PNGA also recognizes and describes aspects of the (changing) broader national context of the environment in Angola, such as: the transitions from war to peace and from a one-party to a multi-party democratic system; the destruction of social, economic and environmental infrastructures; the deficient education system and lack of skilled human resources; weaknesses in the productive and private sectors; transition from a centralised to a market economy; and the impact of landmines, illegal hunting and game cropping to feed soldiers. The National Environmental Strategy (ENA) is a guiding framework closely related to the PNGA, aiming to identify the main environmental problems in Angola, with a view to addressing them in order to achieve sustainable development goals. The ENA highlights the need to integrate all economic, social, and environmental policies into the broader Angolan policies in order to achieve sustainable development. Sustainable development goals are also furthered by the promotion of small- and medium-scale enterprise development. An Economic and Social Development Fund (FDES) has been put in place as an institutional and financial mechanism to encourage such smaller-scale enterprise development and associated entrepreneurial activity, as a source of employment and income generation among less well-to-do people and as an incentive for broader-based private sector development. 1 Specific objectives of PNGA include: • Set priorities for action in environmental management, • Promote inter-sectoral coordination and overall participation of society in environmental management; • Contribute to the formation of environmental awareness and to the development of an environmental protection culture at all levels; • Establish technical and administrative measures for the protection of ecosystems and natural resources of the country, and to ensure a good quality of life for all Angolans; • Promote environmental controls in the activities that use natural resources or which may cause some damage to the environment; • Develop environmental infrastructure and professional skills required for the implementation of responsible environmental management policy; • Promote the development and implementation of policies, strategies, environmental plans and the associated environmental investment plans and their periodic reviews. 19 Annex 2 summarizes the main legal instruments related to environmental and social management. 2.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) The Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) set the requirements to be met by Borrowers with respect to the identification and evaluation of social and environmental risks and impacts associated with projects supported by the Bank through Financing Investment Projects. These 10 standards include: ▪ ESS1 Assessment and Risk Management and Socio-environmental Impacts; ▪ ESS2 Labor and Working Conditions; ▪ ESS3 Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management; ▪ ESS4 Community Health and Safety; ▪ ESS5 Acquisition of Lands, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement; ▪ ESS6 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources; ▪ ESS7 Indigenous Peoples / Historically Disadvantaged Traditional Local Communities of Sub-Saharan Africa; ▪ ESS8 Cultural Heritage; ▪ ESS9 Financial Intermediaries; and ▪ ESS10 Stakeholder Engagement and Disclosure of Information. In accordance with the ESSs, the World Bank Group General Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines2 also apply to the project. 2.3. Gap between National Environmental and Social Legislation and World Bank ESSs Gap identification and Issue/Aspect National Legislation (NL) Bank requirements recommendation The EFL (Law 5/98) establishes According to ESS1 a broad rationale for the kinds projects are classified as of projects which are subject to high risk, substantial risk, an EIA stating that it is medium risk and low There are some compulsory to carry out an EIA risk. differences between both when actions ‘interfere with the - High Risk subprojects, documents. While social and environmental in accordance with the national legislation does Screening equilibrium and harmony’ ESSs; not define project More detailed criteria are - Substantial Risk, categories, ESS1 stipulates spelled out in the EIA Decree Moderate Risk and Low different outcomes. (Decree 51/04) which stipulates Risk subprojects, in that EIAs must be conducted for accordance with national all public or private projects law and any mentioned in the Annex to the requirements of the ESSs Decree, with the exception of that the Bank deems 2https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B- %2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES 20 Gap identification and Issue/Aspect National Legislation (NL) Bank requirements recommendation all projects considered by the relevant to such Government to be of vital subprojects. interest to national defence or national security. National legislation does not have formal requirement for an ESMP and does not identify projects to be subject to this instrument. ESS1 includes the following annexes: Decree 92/12 establishes the - Annex 1 – minimum content for all EIAs. Environmental and Social National legislation and Content of an Specific Terms of Reference Assessment EES1 complement each EIA were issued for different types - Annex 2 – ESCP other. of projects. - Annex 3 – Management of Contractors According to Law 5/98, the licensing and registration of activities which are, by their nature, location or dimension, susceptible of causing significant environmental and social impact are defined by a ESS1 requires the regime to be developed by the approval and disclosure government, through specific of assessments through National legislation and Environmental regulation. competent ESS1 complement each Licensing Decree 59/07 (July 13) defines governmental other. the requirements, criteria and authorities. administrative proceedings for the environmental licensing of activities which are, by their nature, location and dimension, susceptible of causing significant environmental or social impact (according to the Law of Environment Bases). The EFL established that all ESS10 emphasizes the projects subject to an ESIA will importance of open have to include a public engagement with consultation process. stakeholders and Public National legislation and providing opportunities Consultations ESS1/ESS10 complement Decree 51/04 states that public for stakeholders’ views (PC) each other. consultation process shall start to be considered in the with the release of a non- project design and technical summary of the during implementation. Environmental Impact Study Further information on 21 Gap identification and Issue/Aspect National Legislation (NL) Bank requirements recommendation identifying stakeholders, Projects subjected to AIA must preparing stakeholder be mandatorily submitted to engagement plans and public consultation – Executive undertaking information Decree no. 87/12 (February 24). disclosure, and consultation are provided in ESS10. Art. 10 states that a non- technical summary is made available prior to PC. Article 14 of Decree 51/04, states that the final decisions Disclosure taken on projects assessed under this Decree and the respective proceedings shall be publicly announced, without prejudice to the limitations determined by law. Specific legislation is already in place regarding emission levels ESS1 indicates that for water quality (Presidential pollution prevention and Decree 261/11). There is still a abatement measures lack on emission levels for noise and emission levels may and air. For these two it is follow the Pollution recommended that Prevention and Pollution international limits should be Abatement Handbook. International standards. Prevention followed. However, borrower Legislation on waste guide country legislation producers (public or private) to should be taken into manage their wastes by account, local conditions following all orientations stated and other alternative under this decree (Presidential emission levels Decree 190/12) and also by recommended by the EA developing a WMP The specific legislation available is not detailed: - Decree No. 31/94, on the ESS2 “Labor and working Principles for the Promotion of Hygiene, conditions� and ESS4 National legislation, ESS2 Safety, Hygiene and Health in Security and “Community Health and and ESS4 complement the Workplace (05/08/94); Work Health Safety� must be applied each other. - Executive Decree No. 128/04, to all projects. on the General Regulation on Safety and Health Signage in the Workplace (23/11/04). There are no specific legislation ESS5 - where involuntary ESS5 should be applied; if Resettlement related to involuntary resettlement is a project leads to resettlement related to these unavoidable, it will be displacement, a 22 Gap identification and Issue/Aspect National Legislation (NL) Bank requirements recommendation projects. References are made minimized and Resettlement Plan must in the Land Law (Law No. 9/04) appropriate measures to be produced in in terms of compensation of mitigate adverse impacts accordance to the individuals. on displaced persons guidelines and procedures (and on host presented in the communities receiving Resettlement Policy displaced persons) will Framework. be carefully planned and implemented. ESS7 covers these impacts. This policy contributes to the Bank's There is no national legislation mission of poverty on such groups per se, but the reduction and Vulnerable Government of Angola does sustainable development Groups3/ implement social, health and by ensuring that the ESS7 should be applied. Indigenous education programs that development process Peoples specifically support and benefit fully respects the dignity, San communities. human rights, economies, and cultures of Vulnerable Groups/ Indigenous Peoples. 2.4 Recommended Approach to Environmental Assessment The ESF provides a mechanism for project and subproject E&S risk classification according to type, sensitivity, location and scale, and the range and magnitude of adverse environmental and social impacts. This classification process provides a simple method whereby the appropriate ESA approach can be determined. The approach to ESA for the Project will be to subject identified sub-projects to a screening process (Chapter 5) that captures projects and establishes the level of environmental assessment required. If screening under Decree No.51/04 establishes that formal EIA (GOA legislation or Bank requirements) is not required, national legislation does not have formal requirements for the development of an ESMP. Therefore, guidelines from the WB should be applied and a guidance document can be found in chapter 7 and Annex VII. All sub projects are subject to the environmental and social planning, review and clearing process contained in Chapter 5 of this ESMF. 3. SALIENT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FEATURES AND ISSUES IN ANGOLA This chapter will describe briefly the salient environmental features and issues in Angola. As the project interventions are distributed throughout the country, a general description of the whole country is given here. 3The Government of Angola refers to Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities as “Vulnerable Groups�. 23 3.1 Biophysical characteristics The Republic of Angola has a surface area of 1,246,700 km2 lying between latitudes 4º 22’ and 18º 02’ South and longitudes 11º41’ e 24º05’ East. The Angolan coast is 1,650 km in length and along the Atlantic seaboard between latitudes 5°’00' e 5°47' S (Cabinda) and 6°05' and 15°17' S (the continent). It is characterized by an extremely wide diversity of habitats ranging from deserts in the southwest to tropical rain forests in the north different biological and geological environments along the coastline. Climate The average temperature in Angola is between 25 and 33ºC in the rainy season and between 18 and 22ºC in the dry season also known as “cacimbo�. The rainy season lasts from September to April and the dry season from May to August. The climate is tropical and humid in the North. A great part of the interior in the central and northern areas receives more than 2,000 mm of rain per year. The precipitation decreases gradually towards the coast. Between Luanda and Sumbe, precipitation varies between 250 and 500mm per annum. However, the southern coastal belt is a desert, where the precipitation is below 100 mm (50 mm per annum in Namibe and only 20 mm per annum at the Cunene River mouth). Hydrology Nine major hydrological basins are recognized in Angola. The watershed regions of many of these basins are extremely important in the regional context as they drain water into the major river systems of central - western - southern Africa e.g. the Zaire, Zambezi, Cuanza and Cunene Rivers and the Okavango Delta in Botswana. At least 26 perennial rivers discharge into the Atlantic Ocean along the Angolan Coast. Most of these rivers have short courses, flowing straight from the plateau. A few such as the Cunene, which forms the southern frontier of the Angola, and the Cuanza, drain vast areas of the hydrological basins of the interior before flowing eastwards towards the coast. The stream flow of the Cunene River varies according to the seasons, and for example in winter, its mouth is occasionally dry. Topography Angola comprises a relatively narrow coastal plain leading to a steep escarpment with an extensive interior plateau – the planalto - with 73% of the country’s area lying at over 1,000 m. The coastal plain is between 10 and 35 km wide in the southern and central areas, with altitudes below 200 m. From the coastal plain, there is an abrupt rise in topography, towards the interior, reaching a central plateau with elevations above 1,500 m and with a maximum elevation of 2,620 m at Monte Môco in Huambo Province (12°30' S/15°11' E). In the central plateau, about 360,000 ha are situated above 2,000 m and around it, an area of approximately 7,800,000 ha is situated above the 1,500 m contour. The central plateau is an important water reserve from which most Angolan arise flowing westwards (to the Atlantic Ocean), northwards to the Congo (Zaire) basin, eastward to the Zambezi basin and southwards to the Etosha and Okavango basins. A large part of the area east, north and south of the central plateau comprises deep Kalahari sands with altitude between 1550 and 2000 m above sea level. Geology 24 The coastal belt contains sedimentary rock and weakly consolidated sediments from the tertiary and quaternary, as well as sandstones, marls, alluvium and argillites. Towards the interior, between the littoral belt and the interior plateau (in slopes situated between 200 and 1500 m), the geology is dominated by the basement complex, comprising granites, migmatites and gneiss in the central region and the Congo system, comprising mainly schists, arkoses, graywackes and limestones in the northern region. Isolated mountainous peaks rise to more than 2,000 m in the central plateau. Karoo sediments (schists, tillites, conglomerates and argillites) occur in the low areas of the northern provinces of Malange and Lundo (Cassuangue Depression – 300 to 400 m of mean altitude). The eastern part of the country is characterized by an extensive plain (mean altitude of 1000 meters) covered by deep quartzite sands of the Kalahari formation. Vegetation and flora Six biomes based on biological composition and edaphic, climatic and physiognomic characteristics can be distinguished for Angola: 1. Guinea-Congolian biome comprising high biodiversity evergreen forests. This biome occurs in Cabinda, Zaire, Uige, Lunda Norte, Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul Provinces. Rainfall is high: between 1,200 and 1,800 mm per year. The Guinea-Congolian biome includes the gallery forests of the Cuango, Luachimo and Cassai Rivers (northwards flowing into the Congo River) in Lunda Norte Province. 2. Congolian Forest-Savanna occupies an area approximately 519,001km2 comprising tree savanna. Within the savanna occur tracts of Congolian forests along the main river courses such as the Cuando, Luachimo and Cassai rivers with tall trees of the genera Piptadeniastrum, Chlorophora, Ceiba, and Xylopia. 3. Zambezian biome. This is the largest biome covering more than 80% of country. It comprises several types of woodland of which Brachystegia (miombo) is the most important. 4. Afromontane forest biome. The Afromontane forests of de Angola are important from a biogeographical and biodiversity perspective. They are unique temperate forests that once had a much wider distribution in sub-Saharan African. Today these forests only occur as small patches on the protected slopes on high mountains in Huambo, Benguela, Cuanza Sul and Huíla provinces. 5. The Karoo-Namibe regional endemic center is characterized by its arid climate. The xerophytic Welwitschia mirabilis is endemic to this biome. 6. Kalahari biome is a transition zone occupying the area between the Karroo-Namibe desert and the interior plateau. 25 The location of the six biomes is shown in Annex 1. Within these broad biomes at least 30 vegetation types can be distinguished. Protected areas There are 19 protected areas in Angola including national parks, regional parks, reserves and coutadas. (See Figure 2 and Table 1 in Annex 1 for location and description of the protected areas). Efforts to develop programs and manage those protected areas is a priority from MINAMB. Conservation areas represent 6.6% of the country's area, distributed mostly in Zambezian biome. These areas include National Parks, Regional Parks, Reserves and Integral Partial Reserves. The Biodiversity National Directorate has a program (Plenarca, Plano de Expansão da Rede de �rea de Conservação), started in 2011. Priorities include the rehabilitation of the existing National Parks, providing a better understanding with the promotion of tourism and the extent of the area covered by conservation areas at least 17% of the country. 3.2 Current and Projected Land Use According to the characteristics of the soil, its proximity to sources of water, biodiversity hotspots, and other physical and chemical factors, Angolan land is currently being used for the following purposes: • Protected areas: Around 6.6% of the Angolan territory is demarcated as protected areas that are located throughout five biomes (except the Lowland Tropical Forest) • Livestock: Pasture land represents about 23% of the Angolan territory, with numbers of livestock (FAO, 2005) of 4.15 million cattle and 2.39 million sheep and goats. • Agriculture: Before 1975, Angola was “self-sufficient in food production� (Government of Angola, 2002a). Due to the war, the land area used for agriculture decreased dramatically. In 1992, for instance, only 1,800 km2 (less than 1% of the territory and around 2% of the arable land) was planted. This has increased back to 33,000 km2 (FAO, 2005) but remains below potential. Most of the country’s food is currently imported. • Forests and woodland: occupy around 43% (CIA 2002) of the territory and include tropical forest, moist savanna woodland and dry savanna woodland. • Other: 25,6% of the Angolan territory. 3.3 Environmental limitations Key environmental limitations undermining development in Angola are associated with the legacy of war. They include: the widespread presence of landmines throughout much of the country inhibiting access to land, aside from causing human injury and death; excessive human pressure on local natural resources in areas where massive numbers of internally displaced people have settled –; and a decimated fauna used as source of food and marketable products (e.g., the slaughtering of tens of thousands of elephants for their ivory). Other environmental limitations hindering development and reducing quality of life include: • Internal displacement: leading to massive overcrowding in urban and peri-urban areas (mainly around the national capital Luanda and some of the provincial capitals) results 26 in excessive human pressure on natural resources and adverse human health effects due to water contamination, linked to the lack of adequate sanitation facilities and potable water supply. • Flooding: torrential rainfall causes cyclic flooding in the central part of the country in the tablelands (CIA 2002). • Desertification: In Tômbwa the desert is advancing, endangering localities and infrastructures and diminishing the soil productivity (Virgílio 2001). It is also increasing the nutritional vulnerability of people and their rapid impoverishment (UNDP,1999). • Soil degradation: a combination of soil vulnerability to erosion, unsustainable agriculture, deforestation, as well as physical and chemical soil degradation affect especially the central-east part of the country, impacting on agricultural productivity (SARDC, SADC & IUCN 1994). • Adverse climatic conditions: associated with salinisation and uncontrolled fires leads to loss of soil fertility and soil erosion, particularly in Benguela, Bengo, Huambo, Huíla and Luanda. 3.4 Environmental Impacts Caused by Development Sources of environmental impacts caused by development include: • Dependency on biomass (charcoal 32% and firewood 15%) for cooking and subsistence causes the destruction of the vegetation near human settlements leading to soil erosion; • Population concentration in specific areas of the country (especially in the coastal and urban areas) leads to an extreme pressure on forest resources, overuse of pastures and intensive agriculture techniques and subsequent deforestation, soil erosion and degradation in some of these areas; • Degradation of ecosystems and soil erosion as a result of the exodus of people and inadequate urbanisation policies, particularly in coastal areas and cities with a high population density; • Deforestation of tropical rain forests (especially in the Congo basin) as a result of international demand for tropical timber and domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity and vegetation; • Diamond and oil exploitation resulting in water and soil pollution, movement of the soil surface and deforestation leading to loss of soil productivity (Ministério das Pescas e Ambiente 2000a); • Water pollution resulting from the lack of treatment of domestic and industrial effluents that are discharged directly into the sea and into rivers, thus decreasing water quality and drinking water availability suitability for consumption and causing salinisation of rivers and dams (Ministério das Pescas e Ambiente, 2000a). • The construction of new roads in ecologically sensitive areas. 3.5 Social Characteristics The Republic of Angola is the third largest economy in Africa, the second largest oil producer, and the third diamond producer. However, its human development outcomes rank below 27 those of most lower income countries. Angola’s share of population ages 0–14 ranks fifth in the world: almost half (48 percent) of the population is less than 15 years old and only 2 percent are 65 years or older. Life expectancy at birth was at 53 years in 2016, making it the seventh-lowest in the world. Angola had the highest infant (96 per 1,000 live births) and child (157per 1,000 live birth) mortality rates in the world in 2015. At 477 per 100,000 live births, maternal mortality rate has improved over the past few years but remains almost eight times the average in UMICs (57 per 100,000 live births). Angola is in the bottom 10 countries in terms of learning outcomes. Inequality remains high, with a Gini coefficient of 0.43 in 2016. In the 2015, Angola ranked 150 (out of 188) in terms of Human Development Indicators. The Human Capital Index (HCI) is at 0.36 and performs below income comparators and the Sub-Saharan Africa’s average at all levels. In 2016, about 30 percent of the Angolan population remained below the international poverty line (at $1.90/ day and 55 percent if $3.1/day is considered). Ethnic composition. The largest ethnolinguistic group is the Ovimbundu, who speak Umbundu and who account for about one-fourth of the population. They inhabit the Bié Plateau, having migrated to Benguela and Lobito and areas along the Benguela Railway to the west and east, and live in fairly large numbers in Luanda. The next-largest ethnic group is the Mbundu (Kimbundu), who speak Kimbundu and who also make up about one-fourth of the population. They dominate the capital city and the Malanje highlands and are well represented in most coastal towns. The Kongo (Bakongo, Esikongo)—in the far north, including the city of Luanda and parts of the countries of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo— speak Kikongo and account for about one-eighth of the population. Lunda, Chokwe, and Ngangela peoples live scattered through the thinly populated eastern part of the country, spilling over into the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. Portuguese is the official language of the Republic of Angola; however, the government has recognized major African languages, such as Lingala and Kikongo. Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities (IP/SSAHUTLCs). In addition to the main ethnic groups, there are other groups who may be in the project area, some or all of whom may be considered as IP/SSAHUTLCs. A key group is the San, who number approximately 25,000 people, potentially the third largest San population in southern Africa after Botswana and Namibia (approximately 60,000 and 40,000 respectively), though estimates vary, and few extensive data collections have taken place. The San are referred to as “khoisan�, “koisan�, “vassequele� and “kamussequele� among other terms, are found mainly in the southern provinces of Huila, Cunene, Moxico and Cuando Cubango. Each of the different San groups speak their own language or dialect, have distinct customs, traditions and histories. San groups in Angola include the Khwe and Mpungu !Kung (also referred to as !Xun or Mpungu !Xun), who are also related to groups in northern areas of Namibia and Botswana. While in the past the San were hunter-gatherers, most in southern Africa now practice a combination of subsistence agriculture, informal manual work and receive food aid, though a number of significant traditional livelihood practices remain, including gathering of bush foods and in some cases hunting and craft production. Other groups may also be IP/SSAHUTLCs, but this would have to be confirmed by a social screening and assessment during project implementation, including their presence in the project area before the Vulnerable Groups Plans are initiated. These include several of the Herero language minority groups found in south west Angola, mainly within Namibe Province: the 28 Ovahimba, Ovatjimba, Ovazemba, Kwisi, Kwepe and Ovatwa. All speak dialects of the Herero language, though these may not be mutually intelligible, and some share similar livelihood patterns. These groups rely to a greater or lesser extent on pastoralism and subsistence agriculture, though historically the Kwisi, Kwepe and Ovatwa were predominantly hunter- gatherers. A close ethnic relationship has been shown between the Kwisi and Ovatwa, who may represent geographically separated populations of the same group, with the Kwepe being a related but divergent group. The Ovahimba, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba are all related, though distinct groups. Settlement patterns. The urban-rural split is approximately 56%/44%. The rural population is largely concentrated in the highlands and along watercourses running off the highlands. The Bié Plateau alone contains about half the total rural population. In the north and centre of the country, people live in villages, whereas in the south, where cattle keeping is important, there is a tradition of dispersed settlement and transhumance in search of pastures. A few !Kung (San) live as nomads in remote areas of the far south. The decades of warfare affected settlement patterns, resulting in an increase in the size of village settlements and urban areas. Luanda’s metropolitan population has swelled to 5.5 million. Other key urban coastal areas are Benguela, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda and Soyo – all of which include critical ports for transshipment of oil exports and goods imports. Inland, key cities include Malanje, Huambo and Lubango. Demographic trends. Angola has never been densely populated. At the beginning of the 21st century, the country’s population density remains well below the average for Southern Africa, with vast areas in the semidesert coastal strip and the eastern two-thirds of the country almost empty. During the civil war (1975–2002), it is estimated that warfare killed about a half million people; famine and disease, exacerbated by the conflict, are estimated to have killed an additional half million people as well. However, the population growth rate remained high during this time and later increased after the end of the war. 3.6 Social Sector Context Angola’s public spending on social sectors, as a share of GDP, is below other country group averages, unlike its military expenditures. In 2018, the budget allocation for the social protection sector decreased in nominal terms while the allocation for health and education increased but decreased as a percent of estimated GDP. In 2017, health expenditures amounted to 1.6 percent of GDP (compared to an average 2.9 percent of GDP in Africa). Education expenditures were 2.5 percent of GDP (compared to an average 4.5 percent of GDP in Africa). Social safety net expenditures were 0.3 percent of GDP -- well below the average spending in Africa of 1.3 percent of GDP. Despite decreased fuel and utility price subsidies, the amount spent in 2017 remained above the amount spent in upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) (1.4 percent of GDP in Angola versus 0.5 percent of GDP in UMICs). On the contrary, military spending in Angola is important, accounting for 5.1 percent of GDP -- well above military spending in other comparable countries. Social protection spending has decreased significantly, is poorly targeted and largely ineffective. The share of war-related assistance expenditures increased relative to expenditures targeted to the poor and vulnerable. Government spending on fuel and utility price subsidies has by far exceeded spending on (contributory and non-contributory) social transfers. Angola’s 29 social protection spending is thus highly regressive, since price subsidies–which mainly benefit the better-off4–accounted for almost 64 percent of total social protection spending between 2010-2017. Overall, the poor and the youth do not seem to be well served by Angola’s social protection system and the country’s social protection needs to better align with the social needs of a young, growing population, with high levels of multi-dimensional poverty and significant spatial, gender and generational inequality. Subsidies have historically represented a large share of the budget, but a combination of policy reforms—including the implementation of a subsidy reform at the end of 2014—and falling oil prices has reduced their budgetary impact since 2015. Angola subsidizes fuel, electricity, water and transport prices and state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The government has embarked on a bold subsidy reform since September 2014, reducing spending on (price and SOE) subsidies from 5.9 percent of GDP in 2013 to 1.4 percent in 2017. The extent of the total impact of the subsidy reform (including fuel, water, electricity, transport) is not yet known because information regarding the magnitude and structure of subsidies is scarce. World Bank’s preliminary estimations5 showed that the direct effect of the increased tariffs will wealthier households more than poorer ones. However, in urban areas, where access is higher than in rural areas, poor households would be negatively affected by the removal of subsidies for electricity, water and fuel, directly and indirectly through the increases in goods’ prices. 3.7 Beneficiary Targeting Criteria Considering the products affected by the reform of subsidies (water, electricity, transport and fuel), urban areas and areas along the coastal economic corridor are likely to be most affected by the reform. Geographic targeting would focus on the provincial capitals and municipalities that concentrate the largest number of urban families in the two lower quintiles. The 40 municipalities, with the largest number of urban poor, who house approximately one million households in the two lowest quintiles are listed. In general, the beneficiary households would be equally distributed between the rural and urban areas of these municipalities. Municipalities with the highest number of urban poor households (hh) in Angola (in the bottom 40 percent i.e. quintiles 1 and 2) Female headed Hh in Q1- hh Urban hh Rural hh Province Municipality Total hh Q2 in Q1-Q2 in Q1-Q2 in Q1- Q2 1 Lunda Sul Saurimo 100,380 40,980 17,892 31,368 9,612 2 Luanda Cacuaco 244,380 32,652 10,884 29,904 2,748 3 Bie Kuito 100,416 44,028 18,408 25,824 18,204 4 Huambo Huambo 160,284 41,580 17,520 25,704 15,876 5 Malanje Malanje 110,892 32,544 14,688 24,228 8,316 6 Luanda Viana 369,720 26,100 10,548 23,964 2,136 7 Huila Lubango 172,212 55,356 20,772 23,424 31,932 8 Benguela Benguela 133,428 21,000 9,096 20,064 936 9 Cuando Cubango Menongue 79,980 34,128 17,076 19,260 14,868 4 While 77 percent of fuel price subsidies benefit the top 40 percent households, only 10 percent accrues to the bottom 40 percent. 5 Based on the first 6 months of the IDREA data 30 10 Lunda Norte Cuango 47,580 25,812 5,244 19,056 6,756 11 Uíge Uíge 111,012 35,904 13,032 18,480 17,424 12 Cabinda Cabinda 165,888 23,748 8,244 18,372 5,376 13 Moxico Luena 81,660 32,640 10,632 17,676 14,964 14 Luanda Belas 264,804 16,560 5,508 15,492 1,068 15 Luanda Luanda 526,860 14,400 5,244 14,400 0 16 Huambo Caála 65,352 37,908 18,288 13,080 24,828 17 Lunda Norte Lucapa 43,020 19,872 4,788 12,504 7,368 19 Lunda Norte Cambulo 34,164 18,348 3,204 11,220 7,128 18 Lunda Norte Chitato 52,500 17,172 6,528 11,220 5,952 20 Zaire Mbanza Congo 43,104 15,924 8,016 11,004 4,920 21 Zaire Soyo 63,720 14,976 5,868 10,932 4,044 22 Namibe Namibe 64,188 15,732 5,088 10,248 5,484 23 Cuanza Sul Amboim (ex. Gabela) 65,304 30,804 10,740 8,748 22,056 24 Benguela Cubal 73,584 54,612 21,396 8,496 46,116 25 Cuanza Sul Sumbe 67,308 20,724 8,016 8,448 12,276 26 Benguela Catumbela 43,104 8,652 3,252 7,956 696 27 Benguela Ganda 59,748 41,340 18,132 7,860 33,480 28 Uíge Negage 33,612 13,884 5,676 7,656 6,228 29 Moxico Luau 21,924 13,860 4,680 7,608 6,252 30 Benguela Lobito 88,452 12,936 5,292 7,512 5,424 31 Bie Camacupa 39,936 28,608 15,060 7,152 21,456 32 Benguela Bahia Farta 28,248 12,924 6,024 6,864 6,060 33 Cuanza Norte Cazengo 41,376 8,364 4,032 6,780 1,584 34 Huila Matala 59,700 39,204 15,000 6,732 32,472 35 Bie Andulo 62,064 42,468 17,364 6,588 35,880 36 Cunene Kwanhama 80,424 48,900 24,168 6,276 42,624 37 Zaire Kuimba 17,040 11,244 5,388 6,024 5,220 38 Cuanza Sul Cela (ex Waku-Kungo) 54,480 27,948 10,344 5,976 21,972 39 Cuanza Sul Seles (ex. Uku Seles) 47,556 34,104 15,024 5,820 28,284 40 Bengo Dande (Caxito) 58,824 15,612 6,636 3,876 11,736 Total 3,978,228 1,083,552 432,792 533,796 549,756 Target municipalities and total number of families that will benefit (urban and rural) 31 Within each selected municipality, poverty maps at the community level would further reduce the geographical area of registration. Where available, poverty maps at neighborhood level would allow for more disaggregated geographic targeting. In their absence, neighborhoods would be ranked by poverty level according to district-level criteria such as types of settlement, proportion of precarious housing, lack of access to basic services and agglomeration. At the household level, potentially eligible households would be interviewed at the selected registry points with a basic information gathering survey to identify and locate the family and calculate their proxy-means score. The project is expected to assist in registering up to 2 million potentially eligible families in the selected areas. The information will form the basis of the social registry. 4. POTENTIAL PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES 4.1 Overview of Environmental and Social Risks The Environmental and Social Risk Classification of the project based on the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework indicates that the project is moderate risk. Project activities include unconditional cash transfers, and referral of a subset of households to complementary interventions including providing skills training and grants to poorer household members, to promote self-employment and entrepreneurship through the establishment of small businesses as a part of productive inclusion measures. While the overall social benefits of the project are expected to be positive, the social risks identified are contextual in a country recovering from war, the economy of which depends on a key export (oil) with high volatility for revenues and in which there is significant income inequality. Key social risks and challenges in the project include gender inequality and non- discrimination, social inclusion, sexual exploitation and abuse, gender-based violence, and the culturally appropriate inclusion of vulnerable ethnic groups. Social risks expected to be avoided or mitigated through project design include support for specific outreach activities to ensure female-headed households can access registration points and will encourage the issuance of beneficiary ATM cards to one woman or the main couple in households. Encouraging the 32 issuance of ATM cards will also avoid potential risks related to use of security personnel for distribution of cash benefits. The project includes measures for GBV/SEA. Project workers will be able to bring their grievances to a labor GRM, based on national labor law and regulations. The project will be implemented throughout Angola with the objective to reach the poorest 40 percent households. Vulnerable Groups, such as the San, a minority ethnic group with a population scattered in the provinces of Huila, Cunene, Namibe, and Cuando Cubango, may be registered and eligible for the cash transfers and productive inclusion activities. Other vulnerable groups may be located within the Project’s implementation areas. Special arrangements are integrated into the Operational Manual and the Vulnerable Groups Planning Framework for the project to engage with and assist such vulnerable groups through culturally appropriate methods and experienced organizations. It is presumed that the cash transfers targeted to households in these vulnerable groups would have positive impacts given their greater poverty levels. The VGPF includes a brief socio-cultural assessment, to better understand underserved traditional local communities and how they will be included. It also provides guidance on preparing a Vulnerable Groups Plan, including a social assessment, measures for meaningful consultation and engagement, mitigation of adverse impacts and culturally appropriate benefit- sharing. The project GRM will be culturally appropriate and accessible to affected Vulnerable Groups. Environmental risks are mainly anticipated related to occupational health and safety from productive inclusion activities and will be managed through the project Labor Management Procedures and preparation and implementation of occupational health and safety plans, including procedures for the use of adequate personal protective equipment (gloves, boots, masks, etc.) where needed. Small businesses engaged in activities that present adverse environmental risks and substantial occupational health and safety risks such as construction or use of hazardous materials, including pesticides, will be ineligible for support through application of the screening mechanism (Chapter 5). 4.2 Positive Environmental and Social Impacts Social Impact of Cash Transfers Numerous studies have demonstrated that social safety nets boost consumption, reduce poverty, and improve the well-being of the poorest or most vulnerable. The most recent review of impact evaluations in Africa shows that total consumption increases by an average of US$0.74 for each US$1.00 transferred and the programs with the largest impact on consumption are programs such as the Social Cash Transfer Program in Malawi and the Zambia Child Grant program, which targeted poor households based on objective indicators of household welfare (Ralston, Andrews, and Hsiao 2017). By providing a secure source of income or helping smooth consumption, social safety nets foster opportunities for adults to invest in the human capital of children and youth. Conditional and unconditional cash transfer programs have been shown to improve school enrollment and attendance gains in education are especially pronounced in upper-primary and secondary school, when dropout rates rise. Adolescents ages 15–19 were 15 percent more likely to complete higher education in Tanzania, and enrollment rates among children ages 13–17 were 10 percent higher in the Lesotho Child Grants Program (Evans et al. 2014; Pellerano et al. 2014). Their impact on health care is more limited and reflects the demand- and supply-side constraints to improved health and the speed at which program impacts can be realized. Social safety nets also help build household resilience to economic shocks through increased savings and 33 investments in productive assets, they lead to the launch or expansion of business activities and more time spent on household farms with higher small animal holdings. Even a small amount of cash improves livelihood choices and, if payments are predictable and regular, the impact is greater. Better-off households are able to make productive investments, whereas more vulnerable households tended to rely on the cash for their daily needs (FAO-UN, 2015). They also limit the use of adverse coping strategies, including the use of child labor (Kenya Orphan and Vulnerable Children Program, and the Lesotho Child Grants Program) or in the mid- term, early marriage (Ethiopia Productive Safety Net Program). Social safety net programs affect directly beneficiary households but also the local economy through multiplier impacts, which depend on the structure of local markets. They have been documented in Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In 70 percent of studies reviewed under a global review (Peterman and Roy, forthcoming 2019), cash transfers had positive impacts on gender-based violence through decreases in poverty- related household stress, increased women autonomy and social standing in the community and greater joint-decision making in couples. Environmental Impact of Cash Transfers There are no expected positive environmental benefits of cash transfers targeting poor households, as most of these are used for household consumption (food, clothes, schooling, etc.). Positive environmental benefits could accrue if the income support increases household propensity to fuel switch to higher quality fuel sources. Social Impact of Productive Inclusion Measures Complementary measures under the Project will include (i) support to productive inclusion activities and (ii) support to Integrated Social Assistance Centers (CASIs). Productive inclusion activities are likely to be oriented towards improving farming activities and small businesses through small grants. Social impacts of these activities are likely to be similar to the cash transfers including smoothing consumption of poor households, larger investments in productive assets and increased investment in health and education. The project would provide grants to up to 30 CASIs for activities that would help strengthen the linkages of beneficiaries to human development services such as (i) mobile ID/registration campaigns, (ii) ADECOs providing incentives and information for beneficiary households to bring drop-out children/youth back to school to further investments in their human capital, to prevent early marriage or teenage pregnancy, to access mother and child and reproductive health services6, (iii) health fairs, support to victims of domestic violence, social inclusion of teenagers and youth through CSOs. Environmental Impact of Productive Inclusion Measures No positive environmental impact for the complementary activities is envisioned under the Project. 6 The project does not provide direct support for any medical services. 34 4.3 Potentially Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts Potential adverse social impacts of cash transfers Even though social impacts of cash transfers are expected to be positive, potential negative impacts could be related to increased gender-based violence if the cash transfers are provided to women and exclusion of poor households if targeting is not effective. For IP/SSAHUTLCs, there could be potential impacts on their livelihoods and culture. No evidence is available on risks of sexual abuse and exploitation linked to registration, but these risks have materialized in fragile and refugee settings. However, evaluations from many similar projects in Africa show that increased gender-based violence related to the receipt of cash transfer by women is rare, albeit sometimes serious, and can be effectively mitigated through communication and sensitization measures. Exclusion of poor households will occur due to lack of funding to cover the whole eligible population and due to targeting errors that might happen during implementation. The Project will combine different targeting methods including geographical targeting, a proxy means test and community validation to minimize inclusion and exclusion errors. The project also includes a communications strategy to explain the eligible beneficiaries and manage expectations. The GBV/SEA risk assessment is Low-Moderate for the project, but it is important to note the prevalence of these risks, given the social context in Angola. The main risks identified include increases in GBV around the receipt of cash transfers by a woman (within households or at payment points), and SEA risks linked to sexual favors for registration. The action plan for addressing GBV/SEA risks is in Annex 4. The general objective of the action plan is to implement measures aimed to minimize gender- based violence (GBV) and sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) in the context of the Social Safety Nets project. Specific objectives are: 1) To raise awareness in the communities and in the agencies responsible for the cash transfers about the fight against GBV; 2) To work with communities on the empowerment of women; 3) To create safe and confidential channels for GBV survivors to present grievances; 4) To strengthen GBV survivors’ protection and shelter systems within the context of the project. The target audience of the Plan are the beneficiary communities, agencies responsible for registry and issuing of cash transfers, and public servants and others involved in the project. The Plan will develop activities in three main areas: 1) Training and awareness-raising about GBV issues, with a focus on beneficiary communities and workers (including those of the agencies involved in issuing cash transfers); 2) Development of a system to present GBV-related grievances, which is needed in order that possible victims of GBV are able to present grievances in a safe and confidential manner and that GBV are reported, with victims/survivors being provided with adequate protection and access to reparations. 35 3) Improvement of systems to protect/shelter GBV victims/survivors: family counseling facilities and a network of shelters must be made available by MASFAMU and other organizations (e.g., CSOs) to which to direct victims/survivors. Potential adverse environmental impact of cash transfers No negative environmental impacts are expected to happen related to the cash transfers. Potential adverse social impacts related to the productive inclusion measures No negative social impacts are expected to happen related to the complementary measures as these are expected to facilitate the access to social services by poor households. Exclusion of households will be minimal as CASIs will work as one-stop centers where any community member can go, no matter their beneficiary status. Potential adverse environmental impact related to the productive inclusion measures Productive inclusion activities will be of very small scale and therefore no significant adverse environmental impact is envisioned, aside from occupational health and safety. All sub-projects to be financed under the productive inclusion subcomponent will be screened by FAS and all sub-projects will potential significant adverse environmental impact will be excluded. 4.4 Mitigation Measures by Subproject Typology Following is a set of measures that can mitigate the potential environmentally and socially adverse impacts that may arise as a result of cash transfers, targeting and Involuntary economic displacement. The table below links the general impacts to potential mitigation measures. Element Activity Risk/Impact Mitigating Measure Social Impact Cash Transfers GBV / SEA GBV / SEA Action Plan: IP/SSAHUTLCs • Training/Sensitization meetings • Socialization meetings • Point of contact for information, requests, and claims • Grievance mechanism • Referral mechanisms where available to family support services provided by local agencies/NGOs, etc. IP/SSAHUTLCs: • Training/Sensitization meetings • Socialization meetings • For IP/SSAHUTLCs, meaningful consultations and participation in the project, assessment of 36 Element Activity Risk/Impact Mitigating Measure adverse impacts and implementation of culturally appropriate benefit-sharing • Grievance mechanism Social Productive Exclusion from the program • Combination of targeting Inclusion Inclusion Grants (including IP/SSAHUTLCs) methods & Block Grants • Community validation of beneficiary lists • For IP/SSAHUTLCs, meaningful consultations and participation in the project, assessment of adverse impacts and implementation of culturally appropriate benefit-sharing • Grievance Redress Mechanism • Targeting assessment Social Productive GBV / SEA GBV / SEA Action Plan: Inclusion Inclusion Grants • Training/Sensitization & Block Grants meetings • Socialization meetings • Point of contact for information, requests, and claims • Grievance mechanism • Referral mechanisms where available to family support services provided by local agencies/NGOs, etc. Social Productive Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Inclusion Inclusion Grants Plan & Block Grants 4.5 Recommendations for Subproject E&S Instruments Based on this analysis, no subproject environmental instruments are expected for the cash transfers. The productive inclusion subprojects are also not expected to require mandatory EIA as all of them will be small scale projects and not list under the annex of Decree 51/04 on Environmental Impact Assessment and significant adverse environmental impacts are not expected. However, a screening process will be done to each subproject to be financed, to confirm the need of an EIA. A Grievance Redress Mechanism for the Project will be developed prior to the implementation of the cash transfers. 37 5. FRAMEWORK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (F-ESMP) OF THE ELIGIBLE SUBPROJECTS 5.1 The screening framework Screening is defined as the process that ADECOs will apply together with communities to determine whether the project will result in any negative environmental impacts, to avoid and mitigate these impacts. The screening exercise must be carried out on a case-by-case basis to determine and identify environmental impacts and associated mitigating measures that may be required during design, construction and operational phases of sub-project implementation. Following identification of project activities, each proposed activity is checked against a simple Environmental and Social Screening Checklist (ESSC) (Annex 3). The ESSC is designed to place information in the hands of reviewers so that mitigation measures, if any, can be identified and/or that requirements for further environmental and social analysis be determined at an early stage of the project cycle. The ESSC contains information that will allow reviewers to determine if endangered or threatened species or their habitat, protected areas or areas of relatively intact forest are likely to be present, and if further investigation is, therefore, required. It is recognized that, in practice, it may be difficult to identify natural and/or endangered habitats and species for persons completing the ESSC. It is recommended therefore that (a) this aspect is covered in training courses, (b) simple field guides be prepared and provided (e.g., the location of protected areas is presented in Annex 1 and a preliminary list of threatened plant species for Angola has been published7 and (c) specialist advice be provided as required. Public consultation with other organizations and individuals should be held to take a screening decision. These may include: • authorities with a statutory responsibility for environmental matters (e.g. pollution control, nature protection, cultural heritage, water, waste etc); • other interested parties, including the public, to help identify any local concerns about the project; • experts such as EIA practitioners or members of academic or research institutions (e.g., Agostinho Neto University has several highly trained environmental scientists); • other competent authorities who have made decisions on similar projects 5.2 Completing of the Checklist Completion and interpretation of environmental and social screening checklists is the initial step towards establishing the level of environmental management required for a project activity. 5.2.1 The Process funded under Component 1: Cash Transfer Program Component 1 will be exclusively concerned with cash transfers. By its very nature, therefore, no environmental impacts will be generated and no screening process is required. 7Golding, J (2002). Southern Africa Plant Red Data Lists. Southern Africa Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 14. 38 5.2.2 The Process funded under Component 2: Development of an effective safety nets system, specifically sub-component 2B The FAS Provincial Team (specifically the Evaluation and Monitoring Technician) be responsible overall for ensuring that screening exercise is fully integrated into the approval process for productive inclusion sub-projects. The screening form should be completed by the NCs with assistance of the Community Development Agents (ADECOs). The screening checklist prompts a list of yes/no answers in relation to a series of questions on the location of the project and possible negative impacts during operational phases. The checklist culminates in a decision whether further advice is required, and if so what type of assistance and who is responsible. If there is at least one “yes� answer then the PS/NC will, with the aid of the ESMP, identify and describe impacts and associated mitigation measures. The management measures can be restricted to a brief description on the environmental or social impact(s), the mitigating measure(s) to be employed and who will be responsible ensuring implementation of the mitigating measure(s). The PS/NC will modify aspects of the standard design as required to incorporate the required mitigation measures. The process of screening potential projects is set out in simple terms below: No action required No ‘yes’ answers Identification Screening by of project PS and/or MA PS /MA/ /Communities identify mitigation At least measures and one integrate into ‘yes’ project design answer 5.2.3 The Process funded under Component 3: Project Management Component 3 will be exclusively concerned technical assistance with no expected environmental impacts as a result of the TA activity or implementation of the TA outputs. No screening process is required. 5.3 Institutional Arrangement for Planning, Review and Clearing of Projects Subcomponent 2.B: Establishment of a basic safety nets system, supporting investments in productive (US$ 20 million) and human capital (US$ 25 million) Nucleos Comunitários (NCs): The NCs, with the assistance of the ADECOs will complete the ESSC. If required, they will describe mitigating measures to reduce/eliminate any negative environmental and social impacts and incorporate these into project design. The ADECOs with support from FAS staff will submit the ESSC to FAS Provincial for appraisal. 39 Provincial FAS: The Provincial FAS team will review the ESSC and make the appropriate recommendations as indicated in Section E of the ESSC. Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, Fisheries and the Environment: The Provincial FAS may request assistance to review the ESSC and to make recommendations as to the appropriate course of action. Provincial Co-ordinating Committee (PCC): The PCC will give final approval for the project provided all documentation has been satisfactorily completed and signed off (included the completed and signed ESSC with recommended environmental management measures). 6. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 6.1 Institutional Framework 6.1.1 The Ministry for Social Protection, Family and Promotion of Women (MASFAMU) According to Presidential Decree 19/18 of January 29, 2018, the mission of the Ministry for Social Protection, Family and Women Promotion (MASFAMU) is to design, coordinate and implement social policies and programs for the most vulnerable population groups, fight poverty, defend and strengthen family welfare, promote women, community development, and guarantee women's rights in terms of gender equality and equity. MASFAMU receives a very limited budgetary allocation and is still in the process of restructuring after the merger of the former Ministry of Social Action and Family with the Ministry of Assistance and Social Reintegration. It is also strengthening its provincial and municipal representations. The ministry manages the Social Assistance Information System to be articulated with the Unique Social Registry. 6.1.2 The Social Action Fund (FAS) The Social Action Fund (FAS) is a semi-autonomous agency under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Territorial Administration (MAT). According to Presidential Decree 48/19 of February 6, 2019, the Social Action Fund (FAS) supports and contributes to the promotion of sustainable participatory development among the poorest and most vulnerable populations through poverty alleviation programs and stabilization. It intervenes in the areas that most need public investment, to increase the supply of basic social services and to alleviate community poverty. FAS has provincial and municipal representations. 40 FAS functional organogram 6.1.3 The Ministry of Environment (MINAMB) The Ministry of Environment, hereinafter referred to as MINAMB, is the central government body responsible for coordination, preparation, implementation and monitoring of environmental policies, particularly in the areas of biodiversity, environmental technologies and the prevention and assessment of impacts as well as environmental education. Currently, responsibility for EIA and Environmental Licensing falls under the National Directorate for Prevention and Environmental Impact Assessment (DNPAIA) which, among other tasks, is responsible for reviewing, commenting and approving EIA reports. At the provincial level the Ministry of Environment is represented by an Environmental Sector falling under the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, Fisheries and the Environment. The capacity and staffing levels of the Environmental Sector varies greatly from province to province but in most cases the capacity for environmental management at provincial level is weak. 41 Financial resources to support EIA come from the limited regular budgetary allocations to DNPAIA – which in turn originates from the regular annual budgetary envelope of the Ministry of Environment, complemented by donor support for specific projects. This means that resources for EIA are shared amongst a range of other activities implemented by the National Directorate. MINAMB organisation. 6.2 Project arrangements and management The implementing agencies for this project are the Ministério da Acção Social Familia e Promocão da Mulher (MASFAMU) and Fundo de Apoio Social (FAS). The project will be implemented during a period of 5 years (2019-2024). The total project cost is estimated in USD 330 million and the borrower institution is the Ministério das Finanças. The National Directorate of Social Assistance of MASFAMU oversees the coordination of the social assistance system and will coordinate the general communication and the human development linkages. FAS will coordinate all operational activities related to the income transfer program (Component 1) including project fiduciary management, and productive inclusion interventions for component 2C. A project implementation support unit with dedicated staff will include - at a minimum - one financial management specialist, one procurement specialist, one social risk management specialist, one communication specialist, a monitoring and evaluation specialist, an information technology specialist, a database manager, a payment coordinator, a coordinator of operations, a project coordinator and the necessary support staff. At MASFAMU, the project will support a communications specialist and an operations manager. This team will liaise with municipalities and other actors providing services in communities. 42 Structure of project implementation support unit. Comite técnico FAS MASFAMU Gestão Fianceira. e Coordenador(a) de projecto M&A Adquisicoes Coord. Operacoes Esp. Comunicacao Queixas e reclamacoes Esp. Pagamentos Esp. Sistemas Esp. Gestão Risco Social 6.3 FAS The FAS is an autonomous institution, under the umbrella of the Ministry of Territorial Administration, and was created by the Government of Angola (GOA) by way of Presidential Decree No. 44/94. FAS institutions (the FAS team) exist at the National and Provincial levels, as depicted by organizational charts below. The Local Development Project (LDP) (P105101) will support the pilot of the main delivery systems for the cash transfers, which would greatly support implementation of the proposed Project. In the process, up to 130,000 households are expected to be registered and approximately 50,000 would start receiving payments by mid-2019. The LDP would also support the registration of the next wave of households in the second half of 2019 until the proposed project becomes effective. 43 FAS National Leadership Executive Director Assistant Executive Director 3 Financial Technicians 1 Administrator Assistant Technical Area 2 Procurement Officer 2 Secretaries Administratio 1 Evaluation and 2 Drivers Monitoring technician n 1 Training Technician 1 Cleaner FAS Provincial Directorship Provincial Director 1 Financial Technician 1 Secretary Administration 1 Technician, Infrastructure 1 Driver and Procurement Technical Area 1 Evaluation and Monitoring 1 Cleaner Technician 1 Social Promotion Technician 1 Training Technician 6.4 Institutional Capacity Assessment As part of the institutional Capacity Assessment, the MASFAMU’s capacity to manage labor, working conditions and health and safety will be assessed and training needs reflected in the ESCP. 44 Technical capacity to identify, manage, and monitor the environmental and social impacts associated with the implementation of the Project is considered to be low. As part of the Local Development Project implementation, a safeguards specialist was recruited by FAS to develop the main safeguards tools for the ESMF, ESCP, VGPF and RPF. The specialist provided some basic capacity building to FAS staff, but this was not done with provincial authorities. Capacity at provincial and municipal level for the implementation of safeguards instruments is still very low. To enhance the capacity and as a part of component 3 of the Project, FAS will (i) recruit a social safeguards specialist; and (ii) implement technical trainings on environmental and social safeguards with all municipalities and provinces involved in the Project. It is envisaged that environmental training be directed towards technical personnel who are involved with identification, approval and monitoring of productive inclusion sub-projects and their community representative counterparts. Social training should be directed towards staff overall given the sensitivity of the issues pertaining to non-discrimination, GBV and inclusion of vulnerable groups. Three levels of training are envisaged: (i) In-depth Training to a level that allows trainees to go on to train others, including technical procedures where relevant; (ii) Sensitisation, in which the trainees become familiar with the issues to the extent that it allows them to demand their precise requirements for further technical assistance; and (iii) Awareness-raising in which the participants acknowledge the significance or relevance of the issues, but are not required to have technical or in-depth knowledge of the issues Training, sensitisation and awareness-raising will be required at the levels of FAS Central, FAS Provincial, Municipal Administration, ADECOs, Community organizations and in the case of GBV, beneficiaries themselves. The training requirements per group is given in Table 4 below Main training topics per group Administration FAS Provincial Communities Beneficiaries FAS Central Municipal ADECOs Training area Basic ecological linkages A A A S S A Screening of impacts S T T T T A Identification of impacts and A S S T T mitigating measures Training for trainers T EIA Legislation A T T A S Non-discrimination T T S S S 45 Gender-based violence T T S T S S Inclusion of vulnerable groups S T T T S S (in relevant provinces) A=Awareness; S=Sensitization and T=Training For FAS Provincial, MAs and ADECOs it is envisaged that the most profitable strategy for training would be to run workshops in the Provinces (by grouping the provinces into north, central and south groups). The training materials developed for the workshop should include at least the following components: • Workshopping the screening guidelines developed and presented in Section 6 will be an important training component; • An overview of environmental and social assessment (scoping, screening, EA methodologies, impacts and mitigation measures, public participation, monitoring and evaluation); • Review of relevant environmental and social legislation and World Bank ESSs; • Designing effective public awareness campaigns; • Training of trainers to work at community-level. • Conflict resolution • FAS Environmental and Social Management procedures and tools The training of trainers should be developed as a distinct separate component and here it is recommended that as part of the consultation services the consultants should develop and workshop training materials specific to community level environmental and social education. 6.5 Provision of Technical Assistance It is recommended that technical assistance be provided through the contracting of a full-time Gender and Social (GSS) Specialist with at least Masters degree in the Social Area. The TAs will assist FAS with the on-going training the staff through “on-the job� training. The TA will identify other suitable training courses for key staff. The GSS will also assist FAS to implement the ESCP. The tasks of the GSS include: • Provide technical advice to FAS and participating agencies on all technical issues related to social and provision of technical advice on mitigation measures for projects; • Lead the delivery of environmental and social training and sensitisation programmes for FAS; • Carry out review of completed projects independently in order to identify improvements in mitigation measures and the screening checklists; • Provide an annual environmental and social report to FAS and the WB in conjunction with procurement audit. 46 7. MONITORING PLAN The Monitoring Plan should address two types of monitoring: 1. Routine monitoring of sub-projects to ensure that they meet relevant E&S requirements. 2. Regular audit. Monitoring and evaluation During implementation, FAS will be in charge of monitoring, and of ensuring that executing agent properly prepares and submit reports. Reports should be prepared and submitted quarterly. Regular audit of the ESMF Annual audit of the ESMF based on a sample of beneficiaries with a representative access to the different interventions supported by the project. Here the purpose would be to assess compliance with the environmental and social plans and lessons learned to improve future environmental and social performance. The audit should consider the implementation of the targeting and payment systems, the effectiveness of the referral system, the effectiveness of productive inclusion preparation (design), screening, approval and supervision processes, Annual audits provide feedback on past performance of the whole project cycle from design and approval to operation. Here lessons learned regarding what does or does not work can be used to refine and improve routine monitoring protocols for future sub projects and also to identify any further training requirements for the personnel involved. The overall monitoring of the ESMF should take place on an annual basis. FAS Central should be responsible co-ordinating the environmental and social review which may form part of a wider review/audit of the SSN project. Independent consultants should form part of the review team. 8. COSTS Training The training workshop on ESS (trainers for trainers) has been budgeted for under the overall project budget. The costs cover: • The development of TOR for Training an environmental and social awareness, (FAS with consultant) • Development of training materials (consultant in conjunction with FAS) • Consultant fees to deliver training workshop • Evaluation of training (FAS with consultant) 47 • Costs of accommodation, food and transport for 24participants The total cost is estimated at US$100,000 Monitoring Costs of implementing the monitoring plan are included in the Expenditure Category: Operational costs and subprojects, specific subproject costs will be delivered during implementation in required maintenance plans and in construction contracts. Technical Assistance Considering that one person will be hired full time, the estimated total Annual Cost will be 500,000 USD, for 5 years 9. Consultation, Stakeholder Engagement and Grievance Redress 9.1 Consultations The following groups were consulted during project preparation between March and May 2019, many of which will be active stakeholders in the project: Government Departments/Ministries 1. Ministry of Economy and Planning (Ministério da Economia e Planeamento) 2. National Statistics Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estatística) 3. Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Ministério da Justiça e Direitos Humanos) 4. Ministry of Public Works and Social Security (Ministério da Administração Pública Trabalho e Segurança Social) 5. Ministry of Health (Ministério da Saúde) 6. Ministry of Education (Ministério da Educação) 7. Ministry of Culture (Ministério da Cultura) 8. Ministry of Energy and Water (Ministério da Energia e �guas) 9. Ministry of Transport (Ministério dos Transportes) 10. Ministry of Mineral and Petroleum Resources (Ministério dos Recursos Minerais e Petróleo) 11. Ministry of Agriculture (Ministério da Agricultura) 12. Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology (Ministério das Telecomunicações e Tecnologias de Informação) 13. Government of Luanda Province (Governo da Província de Luanda) 14. Luanda Provincial Cabinet for Social Action Civil Society Organizations 15. Action for Rural Development and Environment (ADRA Angolana) 16. ADRA Internacional 17. Observatory of Public Policy (Observatório de Políticas Públicas) 48 18. Forum of Women journalists for Gender Equality (Fórum das Mulheres Jornalistas para Igualdade de Género) 19. Community Builder Association (Associação Construído comunidades) 20. Angolan Poltico-Social Observatory (Observatório Político Social Angolano) 21. Mbakita 22. UNICEF 23. UNDP (PNUD) 24. UNFPA (FNUAP) 25. USAID 26. Fundação Open Society 27. Development Workshop 28. Study Center of Catholic University (Centro de Estudos da Universidade Católica) 29. Counsil of Christian Churches (Conselho de Igrejas Cristãs) Opinion Makers 30. Filomena Oliveira Summary of consultations: KEY ISSUES RAISED RESPONSE BY MASFAMU There are several programs providing cash MASFAMU notes this valid point. They and the transfers and other social benefits. It is very other key ministries are discussing how better to important that the relevant ministries and coordinate the various programs. departments within the ministries coordinate and synchronize their programs. The program needs to be well-designed and MASFAMU is very committed to the objective of based on high quality research and clear designing a program based on thorough research indicators. Otherwise, there is a risk of elite and analysis. capture. Other risks include personal data privacy and conflicts over resources. It is a good idea to pilot this program in a couple MASFAMU has been consulting extensively to get of the municipalities first (Cacuaco, for example, advice on the selection of the municipalities and is a good choice), as it is politically risky, given the design of an effective communications plan the impact of ending subsidies and the fact that to explain how the program works, its timeline, some people will be eligible for the program’s whom is eligible for the benefits and why. benefits and others who are in nearby communities will not. Also, some beneficiaries will want the funds to be provided beyond the 12 months of the program, but others want to minimize the risk of dependence on the cash transfers. The idea of providing cash transfers to women is The project is committed to using various very positive. Women in Angola are moving the communication/sensitization/socialization economy, but they face real challenges in equal strategies to mitigate risks of harm and promote opportunities to employment, child care, intra- economic and social opportunities for women family conflicts/breakdowns and GBV/SEA, the and youth. The project includes a GBV/SEA action latter of which is a legacy of post-war social plan. violence, as well as income inequality. In selecting the 40 municipalities for the project, MASFAMU has done rigorous analysis on this and it is important to understand living conditions, is continuing to refine its assessment and food prices, markets, etc. to properly assess the indicators. poverty levels. For example, Kw. 5000 per 49 household may not go very far in an urban/peri- urban area. It is critical to do robust economic and social MASFAMU notes the point and is continuing to analyses on whom the poorest are in the 40 analyze the situation, taking into account various municipalities in the project and the divide stakeholder inputs as well. between eligible urban/peri-urban areas and rural areas. For example, while people in rural areas may use less transportation than in the urban/peri-urban areas, they depend on transport to get their products to market. There may also be a risk that people migrate from rural areas to urban/peri-urban areas in order to get access to the program benefits. Communications is essential to promote trust The project includes a substantial about the program and not raise expectations. communications strategy, as well as a robust The program has the potential to complement Stakeholder Engagement Plan and Citizen efforts to help Angola’s youth avoid violence and Engagement component. There will be constant promote broader peace-building in a post-war engagement with stakeholders on this project. country. A robust grievance mechanism is essential, as The project includes a grievance mechanism. there will be many complaints about the There is also a labor grievance mechanism for the program, given the challenges in properly workers on the project. registering beneficiaries and conflicts about eligibility for the program. In areas where there are no banks, the program MASFAMU is planning to use cards, but takes has to be designed to provide the cash in a safe note of proposals to use cell phones for the and efficient manner. transfers and will look into this further. The social cards should be like debit cards and MASFAMU notes the point and will consider this used for authorized basic needs. The project further. should draw on experience in other countries, like South Africa. Information for registering people in the social MASFAMU notes the point and will examine this safety net program can be derived from the further. election registers. The government should build on the information it already has. 9.2 Stakeholder Engagement The project will ensure early, continuous and inclusive (including vulnerable/disadvantaged groups) stakeholder engagement which will be documented in a SEP. The project will support external and internal communication campaigns to explain program processes and rules and will support the implementation of a grievance redress mechanism to address questions from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries and resolve any potential conflicts linked to the exclusion of some households from transfers. The beneficiaries of the project will be households which are among the 40 percent poorest. It is expected that 40% of them will be female-headed households and they will be split roughly equally between urban and rural areas of the targeted municipalities. This category of households may be difficult to reach, as they live in informal settlements which poses identification problems. The neighborhood commissions (Comissões de Bairro) will provide key relays to enhance outreach. In addition, the government has recently emphasized the importance of enhancing transparency in beneficiary selection. The strengthening of the Social Registry can greatly enhance the targeting of social safety nets. This registry will provide a cross-cutting tool, with key data on vulnerable households and individuals 50 (age, level of education, occupation etc.) and will be used assist the government in optimizing targeting and enhancing transparency for beneficiary selection in social programs. Application of ESS10 stakeholder engagement and disclosure of information is a central part of the Angola Social Safety Nets that will be closely monitored through a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) that has been prepared in parallel with this ESMF. It will also be complementing ESS7 through continuous culturally-sensitive and inclusive consultations. The SEP outlines the characteristics and interests of the relevant stakeholder groups and timing and methods of engagement throughout the life of the project. A project level Grievance Redress Mechanism will also be established. 9.3 Grievance Redress The project will have two grievance mechanisms, one for labor-related complaints and the other for all other complaints related to the project. Labour grievances: The Social Safety Nets project will involve the following types of workers: direct workers, contracted workers, and possibly primary supply workers. A number of civil servants employed by MASFAMU and FAS at both central and local level will also be engaged in the project. Civil servants and consultants employed by MASFAMU and FAS will have access to grievance management mechanisms set up for the public sector in Angola, whereby grievances are submitted in the first instance to MAPTESS (Ministry of Public Administration, Employment and Social Security). Grievances are typically submitted via labour unions or employee associations, although workers have the right to submit grievances individually in writing. In the event that the grievances are not resolved to the satisfaction of the claimants, such grievances can be presented to the Labour Tribunal. Provisions in the General Labour Law of 2015, Law No. 7/15, which relate to access to a grievance redress system apply to all workers (including apprentices, interns, and the unemployed). National legislation recognizes the right of workers to form labour unions or associations and to engage in collective bargaining without interference, as per Law No. 14/91. Decree No. 25/91 sets out requirements for employment in the public administration and establishes 18 years of age as the minimum employment age for civil servants, thus minimizing the risk of child labour in the project. Measures relating to occupational health and safety will be applied in the project in accordance with Article 4 of Law No. 7/15. These measures will apply to all workers involved in the project. Furthermore, requirements outlined in the World Bank’s ESF will apply and the General Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines (EHSGs) – which apply to all World Bank- financed projects – will be taken into account. Other project grievances: The project grievance mechanism is set out in the Stakeholder Engagement Plan and includes the following steps for filing complaints: a) Project stakeholders will be able to communicate their grievances through various channels of acceptance (in writing, by phone, email, letter, through traditional community leaders, etc.). Regardless of how complaints are communicated, the project team will ensure that all 51 complaints are well recorded and entered into a database for follow-up, monitoring, and reporting. b) The GRM will provide a timely notice to the complainant(s) that their complaint has been received, recorded and reviewed for eligibility. If eligible for consideration, the GRM will communicate with the complainant(s) within 3 to 5 days of receiving the complaint. c) The GRM will: • Decide on direct action to resolve the complaint; or • Assess the situation and consult with the complainant(s) and other stakeholders to jointly determine the best way to resolve the complaint; or • Determine that the claim is not eligible for GRM because it does not meet the basic eligibility criteria, or because another mechanism (inside or outside the organization, including court proceedings) is the most appropriate channel for the claimant to use. d) The GRM will communicate its proposed response to the complainant(s) in a timely manner, in writing and using language readily available to the complainant(s). e) Where there is an agreement between a claimant and the GRM team to advance the proposed action or stakeholder process, a response (where possible, with resolution) must be provided within a month. f) In some cases, it may not be possible to provide the complainant(s) with a satisfactory answer. In some cases, good faith efforts may not be able to resolve complaints. In such situations, GRM staff should review the response with the claimant and explore whether a modification in response may address the complainant's concerns. g) The final step is to close the complaint. If the response was satisfactory, GRM personnel should document the satisfactory resolution. Written documentation of the claimant indicating satisfaction with the response must be obtained. If the response is not satisfactory, the GRM should indicate if the complainant(s) will pursue further recourse through the judicial or other legal processes. FAS will ensure that the grievance mechanism established for the project is culturally appropriate and accessible to affected Vulnerable Groups and takes into account the availability of judicial recourse and customary dispute settlement mechanisms among Vulnerable Group communities. Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by the project may submit complaints to the project-level Grievance Redress Mechanism or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS will ensure that complaints received are promptly reviewed in order to address project-related concerns. The project, MASFAMU and FAS will ensure that the consultations, stakeholder engagement and grievance mechanism are budgeted and resourced. 52 Annex 1: Biophysical characteristics of Angola Figure 1: Main vegetation types in Angola. IUCN, 1992 . Legend: 1F. Low altitude evergreen species-rich fog-dependent tropical forests. (Julbernardia spp., Gilbertiodendrum spp., Tetraberlinia spp., Librevillea spp.). Cabinda 2F. Low altitude semi-deciduous humid forests. (Grossweilerodendron spp., Oxystigma spp., Pentaclethra spp., Piptadeniastrum spp.) NE Zaire, NW Uige. 53 3F. Semi-deciduous fog-dependent humid forest largely disturbed. (Ficus spp., Albizia spp., Morus spp.) Uige, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul. 4F. Dense semi-deciduous forest on Kalahari sands. (Cryptosepalum exfoliatum, Brachystegia, Guibourtia). Alto Zambeze. 5F. High altitude semi-deciduous fog-dependent forests. (Newtonia spp., Bridelia spp., Ficus spp.) High altitude areas in Benguela, Huambo, Huila. 6FS. Mosaic of: (1) dense humid forest; (2) tall grass savannas. (1) Piptadeniastrum africanum, Boschia angolensis, (2) Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp., Schyzachyrium spp. 7FW. Mosaic of: (1) dense gallery forests; (2) woodlands; (3) tall grass savannas. (1) Xylopia spp., Piptadeniastrum spp., (2) Marquesia spp., Uapa spp., Pericopsis spp., Diallum spp., Burkea spp. (3) Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp., Trachypogon spp. E. Zaire, N. Uige. 8FS. Mosaic of: (1) Vegetation type 3F; and (2) tall grass savannas. (2) Hyparrhenia spp. Panicum spp., Paspalum., Erythrina spp., Entadopsis spp., Piliostigma spp). Uige, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul. 9FST. Mosaic of: (1) ground-water dependent forests and forested swamps; (2) tall grass savanna; (3) shrubland thickets. (1) Allanbackia spp., Entandophrama spp., Xylopia spp., Symphonia spp., Mytragine spp., Homalium spp., Cyperus spp., Raphia spp., (2) Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp., Adansonia spp. (3) Strychnos spp., Angraecum spp., sanseveria spp.) NW Zaire. 10FS. Mosaic of: (1) semi-deciduous and deciduous forests; (2) dry savannas of low altitude. (1) Ceiba spp., Bombax spp., Pteleopsis spp., Adansonia spp., Sterculia spp., (2) Heteropogon spp., Hyparrhenia spp., Albizia spp., Piliostigma spp., Combretum spp.) NW Bengo, W Cuanza Sul. 11GS. Mosaic of: (1) imperfectly drained grasslands; (2) savannas; (3) riparian forest clumps, on Kalahari sands. (1) Loudetia simples, Trystachia spp. Landolphia spp., (2) Andropogon spp., Trachyopogn) Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul. 12TS. Mosaic of: (1) shrub-thickets; (2) tall grass savannas of mid altitudes. (1&2) Annona spp., Combretum spp., Hymenocardia spp., Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp., Panicum spp.). SW. Cuanza Norte, W. Malange, N. Cuanza Sul. 13TS. Mosaic of semi-arid: (1) shrub-thickets; (2) savannas; xeric grasslands of low latitude. (1) Crossopteryx spp., Adansonia spp., Schmidtia pappophoroides, Heteropogon spp.) SE. Zaire, N. Bengo. 14TWS. Mosaic of: (1) tall shrub thicket; (2) woodland: (3) imperfectly drained savannas. (1) Croton spp., Combretum spp., Commiphora spp., (2) Baikiaeae spp., Brachystegia spp., Julbernardia spp., (3) Themeda spp., Andropogon spp., Heteropogon spp., Hyparrhenia spp.). S. Huila. 15MS. Mosaic of: (1) degraded miombo; (2) Hyparrhenia savannas. (1) Julbernardia spp., Brachystegia spp., (2) Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp.). 16M. Tall to medium height (10-20m) miombo woodlands of variable density on deep sands. (Brachystegia spp., Guibourtia spp., Marquesia spp., Julbernardia spp., Pterocarpus spp.). 17MS. Mosaic of: (1) open miombo woodland; (2) savannas (Genus as for 16 and Hyparrhenia savanna). 18WS. Mosaic of: (1) xeric (deciduous) woodland; and (2) xeric savannas. (1&2) Colophospermum mopane, Terminalia spp., Commiphora., Boscia spp., Schmidtia spp., Aristida, Enneapogon spp.). 19S. Imperfectly drained Colophospermum shrubland on cracking clays. (Colophospermum mopane, Dichrostachys spp., Acacia kirkii). 20WS. Mosaic of: (1) low growing woodland (2) tall grass savannas. (1) Cochlospermum spp., Terminalia spp., Piliostigma spp., Albizia spp.). 54 21STW. Mosaic of: (1) xeric savannas; (2) xeric shrub thickets; (3) Adansonia woodlands. (1) Heteropogon spp., Panicum spp., Digitaria spp., Schmidtia spp., (2) Strychnos spp., Dychrostachys spp., Combretum spp., (3) Adansonia spp., Sterculia spp.). 22GM. Mosaic of: (1) imperfectly drained grasslands; and (2) miombo woodlands. (1) Loudetia simplex, Tratchypogon spp. Ctenium spp.). 23WG. Mosaic of: (1) baikiaea woodlands; (2) imperfectly drained grasslands. (1) Baikiaeaplurijuga, Diospyros spp. Combretum spp., Ricinodendron spp.). 24SW. Mosaic of: (1) tall grass savanna; and (2) Adansonia-Sterculia woodlands on calcareous soils. (2) Sterculia spp., Adansonia spp., Marquesia spp., Lannea spp.). 25SG. Mosaic of: (1) Xerophytic shrublands; (2) annual grasslands; (3) dwarf shrubland. (1,2,3) Colophospermum spp., Acacia mellifera, Terminalia prunioides, Rhygozum spp., Schimidtia spp., Aristida spp., Welwitschia mirabilis). 26G. Annual grasslands with patches of Welwitschia (Aristida spp., Rhynchelytrum spp.). 27D. Active dunes 28G. Imperfectly drained grasslands on Kalahari sands. (Loudetia spp., eragrostis spp., Tristachya spp.). 29G. Papyrus swamps. 30G. High altitude imperfectly drained grasslands on acid shallow soils. (Loudetia spp., Ctenium spp., Eragrostis spp., Myrsine spp., Geigeria spp.). Table A1. Protected Areas in Angola Name Province Area km2 Quiçama N.P. Luanda 9,960 Cangandala N.P. Malange 630 Iona N.P. Namibe 15,150 Cameia N.P. Moxico 14,450 Mavinga N.P. Kuando Kubango 46,072 Bikuar N.P. Huila 7,900 Mupa N.P. Cunene 6,600 Luengue-Luiana N.P. Kuando Kubango 22,610 Mayombe N.P. Cabinda 1,930 Ilhéu dos Pássaros Integral Luanda 1,7 Reserve Namibe Partial Reserve Namibe 4,450 Luando Integral Nature Malange/Bie 8,280 Reserve Chimalavera Nature and Benguela 160 Regional Park Bufalo Partial Reserve Benguela 400 Controlled Hunting Areas (“Coutadas) Ambriz C.H. Area Bengo 1,125 Mucusso C.H. Area Kwando Kubango 21,250 Luiana C.H. Area Kwando Kubango 11,400 Lwengwe C.H. Area Kwando Kubango 13,800 Longa-Mavinga C.H Kwando Kubango 26,200 55 Figure 2. Location of Protected Areas in Angola (2015) 56 Annex 2: Main environmental and social laws In the context of the project, the key legal elements for environmental and social management are identified below. Theme Legislation Title General Lei n.º 5/98, de 19 de Junho Environmental Framework Law Environmental Law Lei de Bases do Ambiente Environmental Decreto n.º51/04 de 23 de Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Impact Assessment Julho Decreto sobre a Avaliação de Impacte Ambiental Decreto Executivo n.º241/16, Decree on the change of Environmental Impact de 25 de Maio Assessment deadline Decreto que altera o prazo previsto no n.º1, do artigo 12º, do Decreto n.º51/04, de 23 de Julho Environmental Decreto n.º59/07, de 13 de Decree on Environmental Licencing Licencing Julho Decreto sobre Licenciamento Ambiental Land Lei n.º9/04, de 9 de Novembro Land Law Lei de Terras Waste Decreto Presidencial Decree that Approves the Waste Management Management n.º190/12, de 24 de Agosto Regulation Decreto que Aprova o regulamento de Gestão de Resíduos Decreto Executivo n.º17/13, Decree on Management of Waste from de 22 de Janeiro Construction & Demolition Decreto sobre Gestão de Resíduos de Construção e Demolição Decreto Executivo n.º160/14, Decree on Medical Waste originated from de 18 de Junho Hospital and Health Services Decreto sobre Resíduos Hospitalares originados em serviços de saúde Health & Safety Decreto n.º31/94, de 5 de Decree on the Principles for the Promotion of Agosto Safety, Hygiene and Health in the Workplace Decreto sobre os Princípios que visam a Promoção da Segurança, Higiene e Saúde no Trabalho Decreto Executivo n.º128/04, Decree on the General Regulation on Safety and de 23 de Novembro Health Signage in the Workplace Decreto sobre o Regulamento Geral da Sinalização de Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho Labor (non- To be completed discrimination) 57 Theme Legislation Title GBV The Environmental Framework Law (Lei de Bases do Ambiente, Lei nº 5/98, de 19 de Junho) Environmental legislation in Angola was outdated until the early 1990’s, when a new State Secretariat for the Environment was established. This new Secretariat developed new strategies and policy approaches leading to the formulation of a ‘Lei de Bases do Ambiente’ (Environmental Framework Law) which was approved in 1998 by the Angolan National Assembly. The Environmental Law inspired and triggered complementary legislation in other sectors – often new versions of outdated laws from the colonial period – which were in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Angolan Constitution and Environment Law (e.g. oil, fishery and mining sector). Most of these sectoral laws include the obligation to implement environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for new projects likely to affect the environment as well as the ‘polluter pays principle’. The new environmental legislations still need to be co-ordinated among each other and integrated within each economic and social sector. Generally, environmental considerations are not yet an integral part of national socio-economic programmes, partly because “environment� has not been regarded as a national priority. According to the Ministry of Fisheries and Environment (Ministério das Pescas e Ambiente 2000a), other reasons for the environment being left out of sectoral planning and national decision-making processes are: • Lack of solid information on the state of the environment in Angola; • Lack of experience with integrating environmental aspects with economic and social programmes; and • Lack of institutional capacity for environmental management. The aim of the Environmental Framework Law is to provide a legal framework for the use and correct management of the environment and its components such that it assures sustainable development. The Environmental Law is applicable to all public or private activities, which may influence the environment either directly or indirectly. The salient features of the Law include the following: • All projects, the activities of which have implications for communities, interfere with the ecological equilibrium or exploit natural resources that may affect third parties, must be subject to an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for which Public Consultation is mandatory (Article 10). • Projects and operations that are likely to have a negative impact on the environment are required to be subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment by independent assessors (Article 16). Clause 2 of this Article states that more specific legislation on EIAs will be developed by the government. A good example is Decree No. 51/04 on Environmental Impact Assessment. • According to Article 16 the environmental impact study must contain at least the following: a. A non-technical summary of the project; 58 b. A description of the activity to de carried out; c. A description of the baseline environmental situation in the area of influence of the activity; d. A summary of comments arising from the public consultation process; e. A prediction of the environmental and social impacts arising from the project; f. An indication of the mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate negative impacts; g. An indication of systems to control and monitor the project. • Licensing of activities that are liable to cause significant environmental impacts shall be required. The issuance of an environmental license shall be based upon an environmental impact assessment (Article 17). • The Government will publish and enforce legislation to control the production, emission, disposal, transport, importation and management of gaseous, liquid and solid pollutants (Article 19). • The law also forbids, explicitly, the importation of dangerous residues or dangerous waste, except for that laid down in specific legislation passed by the National Assembly (Article 19). The Land Law (Lei de Terras, Lei nº 9/04 de, de 9 de Novembro) The Land Law was passed by the National Assembly in 2004 and determines that the land is originally State property (Article 5). Land classified as belonging to the States’ public domain (Article 29-1) cannot be alienated in any form (Article 29-2). However, the Law recognizes the possibility of transmission of property over land classified as belonging to the States’ private domain (Article 6). In accordance with this principle, the transmission of property and the acquisition of other user rights over land is authorized (Article 34) to individuals or associations, both national and non-national (Article 42). Private property rights, however, are limited to urban land plots (Article 35-2), private ownership of rural land not being permitted (Article 35-3). Also, and in principle, rights to land use and occupation may not be issued in rural areas occupied by rural populations (Article 37-3). Articles 27 and 29 provide the legal basis for demarcating areas for total protection. Under these Articles, protection zones are considered to be areas protected for nature conservation or protected in the interest of the State and include, among others: • Interior waters, the territorial sea and the maritime exclusive economic zone; • The continental platform; • Territorial zones reserved for environmental protection • A strip of land along the maritime coast and around islands, bays and estuaries; • A strip of land surrounding sources of water; • A strip of land around the edge of dams and reservoirs; • A strip along the territorial border. The Decree on the Principles for the Promotion of Safety, Hygiene and Health in the Workplace (Decreto sobre os Princípios que visam a Promoção da Segurança, Higiene e Saúde no Trabalho, Decreto n.º31/94, de 5 de Agosto) 59 Decree No. 31/94 establishes the principles that aim for the promotion, safety, hygiene and health in the workplace. Paragraph 1 of Article 4 (System Objectives) states that “Safety and Health in the workplace aim to implement the right to safety and protection of health in the workplace in order to organize and develop its activities in accordance to the methods and standards established by legislation, both for employers and employees, as well as the competent state entities involved in these issues, according to the assignments defined under this decree�. Paragraph 2 of the same Article states that the implementation of the established measures will ensure minimum safety conditions in order to minimize accident and occupational health risks Under the terms of Article 9, employers must take the necessary measures to ensure work is undertaken in an environment that not only allows workers a normal physical, mental and social development, but also protects them against working accidents, and potential occupational diseases. The Decree on the General Regulation on Safety and Health Signage in the Workplace (Decreto sobre sobre Regulamento Geral da Sinalização de Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho, Decreto n.º128/04, de 23 de Novembro) According to Article 1 of this Executive Decree, this regulation establishes the minimum requirements for health and safety signage in the workplace. This regulation applies to State- owned companies, mixed-ownership companies, private companies and cooperatives, under Article 2. Article 3(1) states that there are several options for health and safety in the workplace signage (under condition of attaining the same level of efficiency): a) Luminous and acoustic signs and verbal communication; b) Hand signs and verbal communication; and c) Safety panel and colour, in case of risk of stumbling or falling from a height. According to Article 7(1), signals should be placed in well-lit places, in adequate position and height, taking into consideration obstructions to its visibility from a convenient distance. 60 ANNEX III - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING CHECKLIST FOR PRODUCTIVE INCLUSION ACTIVITIES GENERIC CHECKLIST A. DETAILS OF PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR FILLING OUT THIS FORM: Completed by (Name): Contact details: Date: Signature: B. ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION Name of activity: Name of activity Manager: Activity sector (Services, food preparation and transformation, textile, trade etc): Estimated Cost: Location of the Activity (Address, rovince, municipality, indoor/outdoors ): Activity area (ha or m2): C. THE EXCLUSION CHECKLIST Please fill in the checklist below: Activity Siting: 1. Are there any environmentally sensitive areas (intact natural forests, rivers or wetlands etc,) or threatened species (specify below if any) that could be adversely affected by the Activity? Yes No 2. Does the Activity occur within/adjacent to any protected areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, etc.)? Yes No 61 3. Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas of possible geologic or soil instability (erosion prone, landslide prone, subsidence-prone)? Yes No 4. Will the Activity have impacts on water sources used for domestic consumption such as boreholes, water wells or springs? Yes No 5. Is the Activity located in an area: a. Low and/or flooded? Yes No b. Very flat? Yes No c. With a high water table? Yes No d. With impermeable soils? Yes No 6. Based on available sources, consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/or observations, could the Activity alter any historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site? Yes No 7. Will the Activity result in displacement, loss of assets, or access to assets? Yes No 8. Will the Activity result in the permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees and household infra-structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, etc)? Yes No Construction Related Activities 9. Will the activity entail any use of large amounts of local natural resources such as water, timber, gravel from river beds, stones especially any resources which are non-renewable or in short supply? 62 Yes No 10. Will the Activity involve use, storage, transport or handling of hazardous substances or materials which could be harmful to human health or the environment? Yes No 11. Will the Activity need construction? Yes No Operational Phase 14. Will the Activity result in the production of significant quantities of solid waste during the operational phase? Yes No 15. Will the Activity result in the production of hazardous waste during the operational phase? Yes No 16. Will the Activity produce significant quantities of waste water that requires drainage? Yes No 18. Will the Activity generate significant occupational health and safety hazards? Yes No 19. Will the Activity entail hazardous work? Yes No 20. Will the Activity entail the use of child labor? 63 Yes No 21. Will the Activity entail the use of pesticides? Yes No 22. Will the Activity entail include the storage, handling, transport and/or disposal of hazardous waste? Yes No 23. Will the Activity entail significant use of water? Yes No 24. Will the Activity entail significant GHG emissions? Yes No Proposed action All the above answers are ‘NO’ There is at least one ‘YES’ If all the above answers are ’NO’ there is no need for further action. If there is at least one ‘YES’, the activity is excluded. D. E&S MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST 25. Will the Activity entail impacts referred to in the Table in Sect. 4.4 of the ESMF? Yes No If ‘Yes’, please describe the impact, summarize the mitigation requirement under Sect. 4.4 and the ESCP and the proposed management of the impact below: 64 Signature Date 65 ANNEX 4 – GBV ACTION PLAN PLANO DE ACÇÃO SOBRE PREVENÇÃO DE RISCOS DE VIOLÊNCIA BASEADA NO GÉNERO PROJECTO: REDES DE SEGURANÇA SOCIAL - ANGOLA (P169779) 66 Tabla de contenido I. INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................... 68 II. CONTEXTO ....................................................................................... 70 ➢ QUADRO LEGAL PARA A IGUALDADE DE GÉNERO E COMBATE A VIOLÊNCIA BASEADA NO GÉNERO ......................................................... 70 ➢ QUADRO INSTITUCIONAL .................................................................... 71 ➢ INDICADORES DE GÉNERO E VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA .............. 72 ➢ CONTROLO MARITAL SOBRE O RENDIMENTO DA MULHER .... 73 ➢ POLIGAMIA ............................................................................................... 74 III. OBJECTIVOS .................................................................................... 75 IV. PÚBLICO-ALVO ............................................................................... 75 V. EIXOS DE ACTUAÇÃO .................................................................... 75 1.- Capacitação e sensibilização sobre questões relativas à Violência Baseada no Género ............................................................................................. 75 2. – Criação de um Mecanismo de Queixas sobre Violência Baseada no Género ................................................................................................................... 76 3.-Reforço dos sistemas de protecção/abrigo das vítimas de Violência Baseada no Género ............................................................................................. 76 VI. MONITORIZAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO ................................................ 76 Monitorização e Relatórios............................................................................... 76 Gestão dos Riscos ............................................................................................... 76 VII. QUADRO LÓGICO/CRONOGRAMA ............................................... 11 67 I. INTRODUÇÃO O Objectivo principal do projecto é reforçar a capacidade de gestão dos riscos dos agregados familiares em situação de pobreza nas áreas previamente selecionadas, incluindo os riscos relacionados com a reforma dos subsídios e fortalecer os mecanismos para o desenvolvimento de um sistema permanente de redes de segurança social. Pretende-se que os recipientes das transferências monetárias sejam mulheres, sabendo que pelo menos 40% dos agregados familiares beneficiários seriam chefiados por mulheres. Componentes: 1.-Programa de transferências monetárias para agregados familiares em situação de pobreza. 2.-Desenvolvimento de um sistema básico efectivo de redes de segurança social. 3.-Gerencia do projecto. No âmbito das Normas Sociais e Ambientais aprovados pelo Banco Mundial (BM) no ano de 2018, foram analisados os possíveis riscos do projecto e no quadro da Saúde e Segurança comunitária foi detectado um risco baixo de Violência Baseada no Género segundo os valores (Rating) da ferramenta de medida do BM (GBV Risk Assessment). Mas, para além destes valores, o Ministério da Acção Social, Família e Promoção da Mulher (MASFAMU) e o Fundo de Acção Social (FAS) como implementadores do projecto também tem reflectido sobre o referido risco, sendo que pretende-se que pelo fato das mulheres sejam as recipientes directas das transferências monetárias, o que pode causar certos problemas intra-familiares pelo contexto social do país no qual os homens são considerados maioritariamente os chefes da família e, por tanto, responsáveis pela gerência dos recursos económicos do lar. 68 De um outro lado, existe um outro risco no âmbito da Violência Baseada no Género, e que os agentes responsáveis pelo cadastro para a recepção das transferências monetárias, possam abusar da sua posição e exigir sexo ás mulheres em troca de ser beneficiarias das mesmas. DEFINIÇÕES ➢ Violência Baseada no Género: São todas as manifestações de violência física, psicológica ou sexual, quer se traduzam em ofensas à integridade física, á liberdade sexual, ou em coação, ameaça, privação de liberdade ou assédio, assentes na construção de relações de poder desiguais com base no género. É um termo abrangente para qualquer tipo de acto violento ou prejudicial perpetrado contra as pessoas com base no género. Este conceito também inclui práticas nocivas como a mutilação genital feminina, casamento forçado assim como o tráfico de pessoas, exploração sexual e o sexo transacional. ➢ Exploração sexual: as Nações Unidas definem a exploração sexual como qualquer abuso real ou tentado da posição de vulnerabilidade, poder diferencial, ou confiança, para fins sexuais, incluindo, mas não limitado a benefício monetário, social ou políticos pela exploração sexual de outro8. Actos de exploração e abuso sexual podem envolver violência ou incentivos reais ou ameaçados, como proteção, comida, abrigo ou similares, em troca de sexo. ➢ Assedio Sexual: qualquer manifestação sexual, pedido de favor sexual, conduta, gesto físico ou verbal inoportuno, de natureza sexual, ou qualquer outro comportamento de natureza sexual que possa ser ou seja razoavelmente entendido como ofensa ou humilhação a outrem, 8 MINISTÉRIO DA FAM�LIA E PROMOÇÃO DA MULHER, ABC do Género, pág. 13 69 que tal observação ou pedido sexual resulte CENSO 2014 Em 2014 efetuou-se o ou não de uma relação de poder desigual9 primeiro Recenseamento II. CONTEXTO Geral da População e da Habitação de Angola (Censo ➢ QUADRO LEGAL PARA A 2014), os dados demonstraram IGUALDADE DE GÉNERO E que a mulher representa 52% COMBATE A VIOLÊNCIA BASEADA da população angolana, NO GÉNERO equivalente a 13.289.983 De interesse para o presente Plano de Acção: habitantes (Angola tinha • Lei n.º 25/11, de 14 de Julho, Lei contra 25.789.024 habitantes em a violência doméstica; 2014; as projecções apontam para que, em 2019, existam 30 • Decreto Presidencial n.º 124/13, de 28 de milhões de habitantes). Agosto, que aprova o Regulamento da Lei n.º 25/11, de 14 de Julho, Lei contra a violência doméstica; • Decreto Presidencial n.º 26/13, de 08 de Maio, que aprova o Plano Executivo de Combate a Violência Doméstica 2012/2017 (prorrogado) • Decreto Presidencial n.º 222/13, de 10 de Dezembro, que aprova a Política Nacional para Igualdade e Equidade de Género e Estratégia de Advocacia e Mobilização de Recursos para Implementação e Monitorização da Política; estabelece acções e tarefas para a efectivação da igualdade e equidade de género. • Decreto Presidencial n.º 36/15, de 30 de Janeiro, que aprova o Regime Jurídico de União de Facto por Mútuo Acordo ; que visa reconhecer a união entre casais que coabitam sem casamento. • Decreto presidencial n.º 143/17, de 26 de Junho, que aprova o Plano Nacional de Acção da Resolução 1325 do Conselho de 9 Ìdem pág. 6 70 Segurança das Nações Unidas, sobre Mulheres, Paz e Segurança. • Novo Código Penal: Capítulo IV dos Crimes Sexuais, Artigo 184.º (Agressão sexual), Artigo 188.º: (Assédio sexual). E artigos específicos sobre Tráfico Sexual (192), entre outros. ➢ QUADRO INSTITUCIONAL • Decreto Presidencial n.º 19/18, de 29 de Janeiro, que aprova o Estatuto orgânico do Ministério da Acção Social Família e Promoção da Mulher; • Actualmente Angola conta com 14 Salas de Aconselhamento familiar, (Províncias de Cabinda, Uíge, K. Kubango, Zaíre, Bié, Benguela, Cunene, Cuanza Sul, Luanda e Lunda Sul) e 9 casas de abrigo nas Províncias de Cabinda (1), Cuando Cubando (1), Lunda Sul (1) e Uíge (6). • Recentemente foi elaborado um novo Modelo de Funcionamento destes equipamentos sociais, agora denominados de Centros Integrados de Aconselhamento à Família e Apoio à Vítima de Violência (CIAFAV), numa lógica de intervenção que privilegia a concentração de serviços (Polícia, Saúde, Procuradoria, Justiça), no sentido de evitar a vitimização. O primeiro centro está a ser construído no Huambo. • O Serviço de Investigação Criminal criou um Departamento especializado para atendimento de queixas relacionadas com esta matéria, e foi também criada a 9.ª Secção da Sala dos Crimes Comuns dos Tribunais Provinciais, vocacionada para atender as questões de violência doméstica. • Outras Instituições: Organizações dos principais partidos políticos (OMA e LIMA), Organizações das Nações Unidas (FNUAP), organizações da Sociedade Civil (Rede Mulher, ASSOGE, PMA. FMJIG, Arquivo de Identidade Angolana e IRIS -representantes de colectivos LGBTIQ, etc.) 71 ➢ INDICADORES DE GÉNERO E VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA10 • 35% dos agregados familiares são chefiados por mulheres. • 32% das mulheres inqueridas foram vítimas de violência doméstica, 8% foi vítima de violência sexual em algum momento das suas vidas e 34% das mulheres de 15-49 anos casadas em algum momento sofreram violência conjugal, física ou sexual. • 25% das mulheres entre os 15 e os 49 anos confere alguma legitimidade a violência marital do homem contra a mulher, enquanto 20% dos homens corroboram a mesma posição11 • Entre as mulheres de 15-49 anos que sofreram violência física desde os 15 anos, 73% o perpetrador foi o marido ou parceiro actual e 19,4% do marido/esposo anterior • As mulheres nunca casadas (21%) sofreram menos violência física em comparação com as mulheres casadas ou em união de facto (37%) e divorciadas/separadas/viúvas (44%) Tabela 1: Casos de Violência Doméstica atendido pelas Instituições do Plano Executivo de Combate a Violência Doméstica INSTITUIÇÕES 2014 2015 2016 MINFAMU 8.322 6.314 5.707 LINHA SOS VD - 1.878 26.489 MININT 3.076 5.210 1.406 OMA 3.316 9.948 3.819 INAC 1.523 2.064 4.874 REDE - - 142 MULHER TOTAL 16.237 25.414 42.437 10Fonte: INE, Inquérito de Indicadores Múltiplos de Saúde 2015-2016 11MINSITÉRIO DA FAM�IA E PROMOÇÃO DA MULHER, Relatório Analítico de Género de Angola, 2107 72 Fonte: INFAMU – DNDM, 2015 Gráfico 1: Violência física contra mulheres por • Quanto as províncias, Malanje e província Lunda Norte registaram uma maior percentagem (56% e 52% respectivamente. A percentagem mais baixa é verificada na província de Cuando Cubango (8%) • Quanto aos perpetradores da Violência Sexual, sete de cada 10 mulheres que sofreram violência sexual, esta foi praticada pelo parceiro actual (52) ou parceiro anterior (17%), seguido do Gráfico 2: Violência Conjugal amigo ou conhecido (10%) e namorado actual ou anterior (8) • 9% das mulheres nas zonas urbanas e 6,2% nas rurais sofreram Violência sexual em algum momento da sua vida. • Violência Conjugal: 26% das mulheres alguma vez casadas foram vítimas de violência física ou sexual cometida pelo marido/parceiro actual ou anterior (nos doze meses anteriores ao inquérito). • Violência sexual em algum momento da sua vida urbana 9% rural 6.2% ➢ CONTROLO MARITAL SOBRE O RENDIMENTO DA MULHER • Sendo que pretende-se que as mulheres sejam as recipientes das transferências monetárias, um dado importante a ter em conta e que também foi analisado o Inquérito de Indicadores Múltiplos da Saúde, 2015-2016, é o controlo dos homens sobre o rendimento da mulher. 73 • O poder de participar no controlo ou decisão sobre o seu próprio rendimento em dinheiro ou o do seu parceiro é um indicador de empoderamento da mulher. A grande maioria das mulheres participa nas decisões sobre a utilização do dinheiro que ganham: 40% decidem sozinhas e 42% decidem em conjunto com o marido. Apenas 16% declararam que o marido toma todas as decisões sobre como gastar o rendimento da mulher. • As mulheres nas áreas urbanas (44%) são as que mais decidem por si próprias como gastar os seus salários em dinheiro em comparação com as mulheres nas áreas rurais (32%). Por outro lado, nas áreas rurais, 23% das mulheres declararam serem os maridos os principais decisores sobre o uso dos seus salários em dinheiro contra 14% nas áreas urbanas. ➢ POLIGAMIA12 • A poligamia não é permitida legalmente em Angola, isto é, não é permitido o matrimonio de um homem com mais de uma mulher (nem vice-versa). Mas, na prática, há homem que tem mais de uma parceira. • Em Angola, mais de três quartos das mulheres casadas ou em união de facto (77%) declararam viver em união monogâmica e 22% em união poligâmica. • Por outro lado, 92% dos homens casados ou em união de facto declararam ter apenas uma esposa e 8% declararam ter duas esposas ou mais. • A percentagem de mulheres com, pelo menos, uma co-esposa é maior nas áreas rurais (29%) do que nas áreas urbanas (18%). Estes dados são relevantes e devem ser tidos em conta na hora de realizar o cadastro das famílias beneficiarias das transferências monetárias. Também 12 Fonte: IIMS 2015-2016 74 podem ter incidência na violência entre as co-esposas, dependendo da relação entre elas e o esposo. III. OBJECTIVOS ➢ Objectivo Geral: tomar medidas para minimizar a violência baseada no género, violência doméstica, abuso sexual e a exploração no âmbito da implementação do projecto “Redes de Segurança Social em Angola� ➢ Objectivos Específicos: • Sensibilizar as comunidades e as agências responsáveis pelas transferências monetárias sobre o combate a Violência Baseada no Género. • Trabalhar com as comunidades para o empoderamento da mulher. • Criar mecanismos seguros e confidenciais de denuncia para as possíveis vítimas de violência de género. • Reforçar os sistemas de protecçao e abrigo das possíveis vítimas de violência de género no âmbito da implementação do projecto. IV. PÚBLICO-ALVO • Comunidades beneficiarias • Agências de cadastro e distribuição das transferências monetárias • Funcionários e outros agentes implicados no projecto V. EIXOS DE ACTUAÇÃO O presente Plano de Acção vai desenvolver actividades como base em três (3) principais Eixos de Actuação: 1.- Capacitação e sensibilização sobre questões relativas à Violência Baseada no Género Com foco em dois grupos: as comunidades receptoras e os funcionários (incluídas a agências de distribuição das transferências) 75 2. – Criação de um Sistema de Queixas sobre Violência Baseada no Género Deve-se criar um sistema em que as possíveis vítimas de violência de género no âmbito da implementação de projecto possam apresentar uma reclamação de forma totalmente segura e confidencial para garantir que os casos sejam denunciados, seja dado o devido tratamento e a vítima seja protegida e receba a devida reparação. 3.-Reforço dos sistemas de protecção/abrigo das vítimas de Violência Baseada no Género É preciso o reforço das salas de aconselhamento familiar e redes de abrigo do Ministério da Acção Social, Família e Promoça6o da Mulher e outras instituições (Organizações da Sociedade Civil, OMA, etc.) para o encaminhamento das possíveis vítimas. No contexto tradicional angolano, este tipo de casos são muitas vezes resolvidos a nível das famílias. É muito provável que as mulheres que sofram este tipo de violência, prefiram ser reintegradas com as famílias que ser acolhidas numa casa de abrigo. VI. MONITORIZAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO Monitorização e Relatórios O processo de monitorização e avaliação será dinâmico, sendo que focaliza a metodologia participativa e sistemática actualização de dados e sua divulgação. Para o efeito, serão desenvolvidos instrumentos afins com o concurso dos parceiros especializados sobre a matéria. . Gestão dos Riscos O Plano vai acautelar os riscos que resultam da gestão dos resultados negativos (as ameaças e vulnerabilidades), aproveitando sempre as 76 oportunidades, através de uma gestão positiva sobre os recursos postos a disposição do Projecto. 77 VII. QUADRO LÓGICO/CRONOGRAMA CRONOGRAMA ACÇÕES/ACTIVID RESULTADOS INDICADORE 1º RESPONS�VE ORÇAMEN EIXOS FASE 3º 4º QUAT. 2º QUAT. ADES ESPERADOS S CADAS TRANS TRANSF QUAT. QUAT. IS TO TRO TRANSF TRANSF F *Formação de *Formados um e sensibilização sobre questões Formadores aos grupo de *Número de funcionários do projecto funcionários Formações *Especialista em para realização relativas à Violência Baseada no Género sobre VBG para realizadas disseminar nas de palestras VBG *Núm. de províncias participantes nas formações *Palestras nas 40 *As comunidades localidades do projecto estão formadas e sobre VBG (reforçadas sensibilizadas *Funcionários nas províncias de sobre VBG previamente Malanje, Lunda Norte, *Os funcionários *Número de formados na Huíla e Namibe) das agências de palestras Formação de distribuição então realizadas Formadores formadas e *Núm. de sensibilizadas participantes sobre VBG nas formações 1 Capacitação *As comunidades *Núm. de *Funcionários * Intervenções debates estão formadas e intervenções previamente sobre VBG nas rádios sensibilizadas realizadas formados na locais e em línguas sobre VBG Formação de nacionais Formadores e instituições locais 78 *Núm. de *Elaboração de *Elaboradas e Brochuras * Especialista em brochuras sobre VBG divulgadas as realizadas VBG (para ser entregues brochuras *Responsáveis de junto do cadastro), em *Melhorados os Comunicação do português e em línguas conhecimentos projecto nacionais sobre combate a VBG *Funcionários *Número de responsáveis pela palestras distribuição das realizadas transferências e responsáveis pelo cadastro *Número de *Palestras informativas formados/informa participantes nas * Especialista em sobre VBG ás agencias dos sobre formações VBG distribuidoras das combate a VBG e transferências e sobre o Código de *Funcionários responsáveis pelo Conduta previamente cadastro (incluída a formados na informação sobre os Formação de códigos de conduta e Formadores mecanismos de queixas) 79 2. Criação de um Mecanismo de Queixas sobre Violência Baseada *O Projecto tem *O Documento do com código de código de conduta * Especialista em *Elaboração de um conduta com GVB código de conduta com perspectiva de *MASFAMU perspectiva de género e Género *FAS *O Projecto tem *O documento de *Criação de um um mecanismo de criação do * Especialista em mecanismo de queixas queixas sobre VBG mecanismo GVB sobre VBG seguro e seguro e *MASFAMU confidencial e traduzido confidencial *FAS a línguas nacionais *O Código de *Núm. de *Consulta Pública com Conduta e o participantes na os funcionários, Mecanismo de Consulta Pública * Especialista em intervenientes e Queixas é *Núm. de GVB beneficiários do analisado e contribuições *MASFAMU projecto para aprovação aprovado pelos recebidas *FAS do Código de Conduta e funcionários, o Mecanismos de intervenientes e Queixas beneficiários *O Mecanismo de *Núm. de *Divulgação do Queixas é actividades de Mecanismo de Queixas divulgado e divulgação nas 40 localidades e nas conhecido pelos realizadas agencias de distribuição beneficiários e das transferências intervinietes *O Mecanismo de *Núm. de casos no Género Queixas é recebidos *MASFAMU *Implementação e implementado *FAZ seguimento do *Funcionários do Mecanismo de Queixas projecto 80 protecção/abrigo das vítimas de *Levantamento das *Existência de *Núm. de Centros Violência Baseada no Género Centros de uma rede de e Casas de Abrigo Aconselhamento protecção de existentes Famílias e Casas de vítimas de *MASFAMU 3.-Reforço dos sistemas de Abrigos existentes violência baseada (MASFAMU e outras no Género instituições) *Existe um *O documento do *Elaboração de Protocolo de Protocolo *Especialista em protocolos de Atendimento para GVB atendimento para as as vítimas de VBG *MASFAMU vítimas de VBG no no âmbito do âmbito do projecto projecto *Os casos de VBG *Núm. de casos *Seguimento dos casos são atendidos e as recebidos recebidos e vítimas integradas *Núm. de casos *MASFAMU encaminhados para os nos sistemas de atendido e *FAS sistemas de protecção protecção resolvidos 81