RESTRICTED IFILE I "Pt" AWANAI7W This report was prepared for use within Ihe Bank and its affiliated organizations. They do not accept responsiuility Tor its accuracy or compieteness. Tne report may not be published nor may it be quoted as representing their views. T,XT~V"rTVXT I Mrt%k I T T A XTT.P V^17) nV-1 %Tq-rTTTt-1'rT,-%T AkXT- Arm mt r- T ,%viII1 rlT-V UN JMI IN.P4i.I I~..IN2i'L ~D.L-LN1\ %.1 L.A.± .LIJ'.II)Nt.NJ LJL,41- 1jjMvjMr-)-,Viri1 iTrkI-TrAT IA ' NTAT k T T%irrr ('Tt-ELMATPMF 'T AkSO CIt%fT A 'Ttf%A T ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PROSPECTS 0OF THE IVORY COAST ( s. um a yn a and f our volume s ) VOLUME IV POPULAT'ION GROWTH AND IJRBAN DEVELOPMENT July 24, 1970 Western Africa DepartmerLt OTrnT°TMVC' r%tT"rALETVIM (a) Until August 11, 1969 Us$ 1.00 = CFAF 246.85 French rranc 1.00 = CFAF "0 .O0 (b) After August 11, 1969 US$ 1.00 = CFAF 277.71 French Franc 1.00 = CFAF 50.00 Table of Contents Page SUIM4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS i - iii I POPULATI[ON TRENDS General 1 Njigration and Urbanization 3 Employment and Labor Force 10 II REGIONAL AND URBAN PLANNING Regional Planning and Policy 19 Urban Planning 26 Housing 32 Urban Transnort 37 Water and Sewerage LO Municipal Finance h2 Governm.ent In.vestment Plan.s 143 STATISTTCAL T.ABLES ATC aftus repot is ba; ovsed ons 4-.- P4A4- 0.4.'a6 |G. ofvs ^v_ Mr. L. de Azcarate that visited the Ivory Coast in November- tce1,b,er ,1969, an.d was -written. c by r. E. Ich.''derL, Consultant. SUIARY PAT CONCLUSIONS Population and Employment 1. Simultaneously with the rapid expansion of the economy during, the last decades spectacular changes have taken Dlace in the population structure of Ivory Coast. The progressive transition to a market economy, caused by the growth of cash cron nroduction in the forest zone (roughly the southern half of the country) induced a major increase in commerce and transportation. Tog7ether with rapidly rising government activities after the country became independent in 1960, and with a first phase of industri- a]izqtAton, this has cnused a process of rapid uirbnnizatiAn-n The capital Abidjan with a population of 120,000 in 15955 has risen to 330,000 inhabit- ants irn 1Q65 n,q nd e-m+. olt 55(0,0 1v0 +by t ahe e.of IQA6 .Amnilrlvt the cit.r of Bouake with 44,00() inhabitants in 1958 has increased to almost 120,000 by end 1969. Al^so smaller -ban centers have been --"'y growing. 29 fPhe fast urP.-.4za.ion prcha,-.-. bee -n - maid moi b l ion from the rural areas and by immigration from abroad. Of the recent amiual popsatin icreae i Abd4- of ab-out -1 Oo or' -- e r can be attributed, kJ~kJuLO 4LiJ.1 LL1'...L W ±1Z,JL ftU±LLJ.L1 J± V . U LJUU L C-1..I USJLL ", to .-.L IJ vQ. VI. .L.'" I A V to natural growth. The urbanization process has been accelerated recently by tihe Iap incurueas o edUUULauu.L.LIo1a. f. i 11 i11be it Uu-L,i¼-Y. J-" U finishing primary school many young people leave the villages to try their chanlce in. the cities, mainly in Abidjan. ,J mlo _ _ _ _ _ .1 I _ , .-- I _- I _- .-- I - __ __ J- _ .iiile: so-called rural exoaus is expecTea lo COflUJll1UJ aIlU gather momentum. Forecasts point to an urban population of 1.4 millions, 2.2 miiiions and 2.7 millions in 1970, 1975 and 1980 respectively, or .2o per cent, 38 per cent and 40 per cent of the total population. 4. With regard to the future employment situation in Abidjan there is reason for concern because the expansion of employment is expected not to be able to keep pace with population growth. One of the main reasons is the gradual getting back to normal of the city's economic structure aflter the violent changes caused by the rapid growth of the Ivorean econony cmd the transition to a market economy in the past. The dependence of the city on the development of its hinterland will limit future growth, now that the main bottlenecks in the city's economic structure have gradually been removed. 5. A sharp increase of unemployment must be expected for the coming years to a level of over 30%o of the active male population. For Bouake, the country's second largest city, also a further deterioration of the employmen-t situation must be expected. Regional and Urban Planning 6. One of the reasons for the migration to the cities is the eX4 s tence of. ver.L proorWunced regional income Lispar.s. Th.e u v e rnn m e nVILt is prepared to pursue a policy of regional development to mitigate these dispar-ities. Regionail Development Cunmii.ss.Lors have been nstalled -which in the long run may enable planning to be more closely adapted to regicnal neeus andi resources. 7. A large regional project under construction is the San Pedro port project by which it is intended to open up the so far almost uninhabited southwestern corner of the country for agricultural-, forestry-, and pcs- sibly mining and industrial development. rhere are still uncertainties about the development possibilities of the region. Now that the project has started, however, its further development could have beneficial effects with regard to regional development as well as for the diversion of migrants from Abidjan. 8. The Government's regional policy is principally aimed at a further development of agriculture, as this will remain the main motive power for the expansion of the Ivorean economy. By increased educatior.al efforts and providing the farmers wiith tbetter living conditions and public amenities it is intended to improve efficiency in agriculture. In view of the already existing industrial nucleus in Abidjan and the concentration of banking-, insurance- and other services there, it is likely that thi.s city will remain the most favorable site for industrial establishment. 9. Urban planning is in general well-organized in Ivory Coast. Ultimate responsibility rests with CIDRk (Commission Interminist6rielle pour le D6veloppemLent de la Region dVAbidjan). Extensive studies have been made prior to the preparation of a new Master Plan for the city of Abidjan by AURA (Atelier d'Urbanisme de la Region d'Abidjan), a special organization entrusted with urban plannin. 10. The Master Plan and the more detailed considerations about th.e location of residential areas, industrial zones, transport connections, etc. are in general based on sound mrinc:iples of physical planning and definitely surpass urban planning work in most other African cities. Nevertheless, it eould seem that in a number of cases too much stress is laid upon architectural considerations and purely urbanistic desirabilities. .Che expected deterioration of the cit1y's employment situation is hardly reflected in actual planning, although this might well affect the level. at which many facilities have- to be nroirided. The existence and maybe the ex- tension of shanty town areas is not taken into consideration. Nevertheless, it must be expected that a nart of the T,opulation will not be able to afford the types of housing as provided for in the Plan. Moreover, it is not c1ear i and to what extent prbable financial constraints have played a role in the preparation of the Master Plan. - iii - 11. In the field of housing much attention is given in Abidjan to l ow-cost housing (habitat ocoriomique), a simple type of apartment housing. Financial difficulties are expected for the execution of futu:'e construction programs. In the traditional sector housing is financed by an intricate traditional credit system with often extremely high interest rates. 12. In viewr of the expected deterioration of the urban employment sit +1t3on it is not excluded that a degradation of the city's housing sector may ensue with the expansion of shanty toa.ms. It is recommended 4o0 ;,tudy jth V.e possibiLbl litis 0o keep4 this Idr c l by s0r.ic ty enforcing zoning regulations and allocating land in residential extons:ion areas for tho construction of most simpLe nousing types, i1th tne resurz that shanty towns, if unavoidable, may be kopt under control. 13. The wa-ter supply and sewerage system needs improvement. Especi- ally thc sewerage and rain wiater drainage system is deficient in many parts of the city,, Shortly a UNDP STDCcial Fund study will start with the objective to prepare a future mas,ter plan for water supply and sewerage. It would be desirable to base this study on realistic assumptions as to the level of service, in accordance with the expected employment and income structur-e. 14. In the sector of urban transport there are some projocts of immediate interest. For many other projects, however, it seems advisable that; they first be more closely integrated in comprehensive plans for the development of specific urban areas, likLe e.g. the Banco zone. In this respect a lack of coordination and the absence of clear-cut prioritios can be observed. 15, The urhban development pronn r,am as inc.11ude in the first draft of the Five-Year Plan 1971-1975 amounts to a total of CFALF 16,1 billion.s. It is not clear whlich criteria have been, applie-d in determin4ng total investments for urban development or in apportioning such investments betweerl Abidjan and other cities. It is not unlikely that the Goverimer-. realizes that the Abidjan Master Plan is based on too optimistic assumlr- tion and therefore prefers to follow a careful policy wrhich gives more scope for decisions based on actual developments. T P_PTTTMPTONe TREMS General 1. Simultaneously with the rapid. expansion of the economy, spectacular changes havre taken place in the poni:1Ition struhtare of Tvorv Const. The growth of cash crop production in the forest zone (roughly the southern 1-I r - 1^ 4.^_. -nA,,-A - .P,, - :4- --on 4~' e make ecnor nad a 'Lla ' I IX±L ucoL± J L1 -L y / ±IinUu.c dU . L c.1 Q i , . L± J. I U hL- Wa O.L . - 9' v ' rise in commerce and transportation. Together with the increase of govern- ment activities after the country became independent in 1960, and a begin- ning industrialization this has caused a process of rapid urbanization. The capital Abidjan with a population of 120,000 in 1955 rose to 330,000 inhabitants in 1965 and about 550,000 by the end of 1969. Similarly, the city of B-ouake wvith 44,,000 inhabitants in 1958 increased to almost 120,000 by end 1969. Also smaller centers have been rapidly growing. The fast uL.ba- nization process has been made possible by migration (especially from the savanna zone in the northern part of the country, where agriculture is still largely in a subsistence stage) as well as by immigration from neigh- UU±±~Li6 I LI u U.±ii L' - ±±e z Pt U±d.; _L a-LI UIPk. VO.L L cL, i U m7R-LL1±j V. t:ei JJUj± UPL r IU c - b I, cd by the employment opportunities in Ivory Coast. 2. No complete population censuEs has ever been undertaken in Ivory Coast. Nevertheless for a few periods rather accurate data exist which allow con- clusions with regard to structure, growth and migration of the population. Such data have been collected by means of sampling methods during the pericd 1955-58, and during the vaccination campaign against smallpox in the years 1962-63. Moreover, initiated by the Ministry of Planning, a number of regio- nal s+tiesPC. T,r,r'O ,n-r'4 rl,i+ i +h wror.zvc I OfL.AA *.Th;, w"'Tir;aoA mnl,h ln n. t. ledge on the demographic structure of the country, and which formed the main basis for estimates of future growth patternls. InfomUation from these sources, i cluding data from administrative censuses, were compiled for the year 19651i. 3. The total population of Ivory Coast was about 4,000,000 in 1965, with a possible margin of error of about 5%0. Thus, the actual population number will have been betwreen 3,800,000 and. 4,200,000. Included in these figures are about 700,000 residents of foreign origin, of which 670,000 Africans and 30,000 Europeans and Lebanese. Apart; from this there- were abt.3C0,000 tceiporar5 foreign agr'icultura worlsers (ir.cluing th~eir faiie) This means that about a million foreigners were living in Ivory Coast or over 20%o of its totlI population e 1) Ministry of Pl=nning: ;Zte d'Ivoire 1965,_Population. Etudes Rtiormie3 1962-1965 nthbse July 1967. -sWART I I~ - I [-LOCATION OF CITIES OF OVER 10.000 INHABITANTS _ I I I N t) K D xuv IA DDW0X\ | \ .. 26000 li,wO A Z~~~~1.00 I 1 A A E r#J, I I I v °*^Y \ I S~~~~~~#ES~D US( ,L.\ f~L, S&GULAA j~~~~~h~~~~~J BA~~~~~~~1 nnr.0 15NAN0 ".1 CENTR E / (ni ICC-T k D4MDOKRO 17.01 "J~ I (CENTRE' " 6 . \ DIV eO ADOOVILLE t I~~~~~~~c is i , n nAJ siu u I / A ( SUD _ _S .J) | ( z~~~~~~~~~~AI5DRA 42Q ui.s I b. I Q PREFEm- * SOUS- PREFECTURE SOURCE:_____dleIRE 1______ ___ ______ SOURCE: COTE C1 IVOIR~E 1965 POPULATICIN 4. For 196'j the distribution of the population over the country by admilnstrative units as weii as ruraI areas, secondary centers ald cUi;iOs, is showrn in tho following table. Breakdoim of total population as to administrative units and slie of sett:Lements in 1965 (x 1,000) Rural Urban poDulation _ iDMpartemaents -- - - r ;- Tota'!. . D6parteraents villanes F S-condairv Cities TAblidianl I_______-____ I __________ e~~1~j2er.Lters |I,3t | 219 24 176() Centre 948 77 |10 103 Cont re-Ouest 267 21 52 |54C !Nord 705 58 47 _1 tuue3t ~ £0 33 2 L )6 ?Sud 4 492 62 116 3?0 1 (00 I-- .__ ., __I ____-- .... _ __.nc _ ~~p- T . I n l2C I 27.0 I . . .0 I ._ 5. *1-uin regard to admirnisturative units the country is divided in ItD(5parte)flcnts!I headed by a "P3e'et"c. Each D4lpartement is subdivided in number of 'sous-pr6fctures'. Cities have been defined as centers wlith a population exceoding 10,000. Secondar;Y or semi-urban cen'ers are ;ll ca-itals of sous-pr(fectures or settleme:nts with between 5,000 and 1020qC inhalitants. The formeir are ..A.;-. even whe:aI they have fewer than 5,000 inhabitlants becauso as administrative centers they shnuld be set ap,^rl; frnom Lh_e pn-r-cv rural vill,ges- 8,, cent.-:. of a somewhat higher growth potential. The location of administrative urit.i L.d cJ cti^s ; n L 9G, cn be scen on Clart 1 . 6. Tne maJority of' the cOUltryts g 0 -v-illages in the rural areas h- _ less than 500 inhabitamts. The extreme north-eastern and south-western i: .s of the country are almost uninhabited. Temporary forcign agricultural labo- is almost exclus:ively found in the southern forest areas. i 'The c-hf Artemens -- ev ro.n- or i rtnt A,,n ,'±.r. cr, I ,4, '] i' i beeorl 'ror.resv.ivc> 3 t'-.-m.-t; .? d-'rij-t' t7he .-t 2 or 3 y.ar.. :. d' emr:lb a.c. m''.a ished inL ':! 4a)1-3le r.. :-.'. n:c re ca4L>^ 'e?c~C;A{rI:c rl-#-;iJr!sl"i; togj-icr rIfh `hle "ai 'ca.rn a,- caii b- j:a 4V;2 ca a: CtTerPc incl'.udcd in the Th§pa.Ž t '1d . *nBecause of ts-lo reg,lo£a1 Lt slud.us A. aade in the pcr:iod A t-±, data. about; the poplulation st'ructure in 1965 are rather accurate. Much les.s. reliable information is available concerning the factors which influence growth and changes in structure, This is especially valid for data on rnig'<.- *tion although migration factors have been of major importance for urbarnizl- *tion in Ivory Coast. S. With il ig.ht variations tho birth rate in rural areas was about I,*i in 1965. ]De to a different age structure the birth rate in cities was SOi.9m- U hii±5i,her., . co-1 ., TLeI mot.l UiyLj. ln rua areas was about 2.., a cities, due to better sanitary conditions, it was estimated at 2.5%'. (]:nfz'-.; mortality is stilL hig,h even in the citieE; (17.5% in 1A bidJanJ). Natural growth of the population around 1965 has thus been estimated as follows (in o): rural urban total Birth rate 4.9 5.2 4.95 Mortality rate 2.9 2.5 2.33 Natural growtlh 2.0 2.7 2.12 MIiaration and Urbnnization 9. With regard to migration several factors are simultaneously .-, work, internal migration from one rural area to another and to the citie- alnd immigration from abroad, partly to the agricultural zones and partly '.o . . _ t i 95:s a lo. Ir. tecTrnal ri-i gti-o bem t T:e rlnrur 1a reas upm toi I r6 r, fluntfr trn- total of some 150,000 peoplo, with Et net balance of about 100,000 from tho savanLnias to Llhle iores'L area, especilcLly to thle souU--eas'L. TL * ere is a e dency for this type of migration to diminish because of the increasing d:2.L- culty to obtain free land in the inhabited parts of the forest zone. 11. The number of immigrants in rural areas in 1965 amounted tc abol;.t 300,000 people, of which over two thirds in the forest region. This type. rimmigration, main.ly from Upper Volta and Mali, amounted to an average of 1;.000 nepole anrnil-d1v during the ennrinod 1C60-65. bhut is ten9ding to 9iminirli because of the difficulty of obtain:ing free land. Besides these more or Lrss an __4 nlrs 4f- gnts who are cos1"eed _ 4A_ T- n_. 4| 11A_*e wr.-- UViJ.UU t .LnJ C.X ' Uvi1 LUe2 I LL a. L a ,UJ O.LVU.W i U, V U I 1v.ULD 1 V4 I.I; . U 300,000 foreign workers (including families) who were working for wages agriculture and are considered -to be living in the country only tempo;a:.:± v. _A R T 2 POPULATION GROWTH IN SOME CITIES J (INTHOUSANDS OF INHABITANTS) 1 5M ~ ~~~~~ _ __ 2 0 0k ! t-- -- 4W Io I I I~ I I11f I I2flhuIi 1'"' so ! ,O.- I t I 4 - __ _I1_ __ ._ _ ___ _ _ ___ _.__ _ ___ ____ I Io IAN-ID..~~4 - f-- --- X ---1 - --- -t- i -t- -f. l to dofl-;6 _ I_ I I 1 t S,1r...... :...7 __Z1 ~.17P ] 1 I I2T. _.2,.7 2.......... . _ __..........2{ ....Z......... .2 I _ T lY920 1rz5 l930 1935 1940U 1945 1950 1.955 1960 U 9 lU5 SOURCE:_COTE d'iVORE 95 _ n SOURCs- i_: Cr~~4 OT - O 1 1 - 4 - 12. Internal migration to cities has beeome of grent imnortance. In th beginn:ing this was mainly based on the availability of jobs in the rapidly nrr7ncnd -i inrr ii ,hn8 onnronm,r 1 n Zon cnr ,,nol orn; 4- rn-iinn. nwr.r; AS B., l-vr - cviv,A, , r xpand- c 11,g 1"ban l.- a.celerat-. l.. n a. p,d'd a v.n, V v . J thJ from the rural areas of young people after finishing their primary educatio.: CII1 : 'I L'1 'L prePop e rance OI ma lere mi1,'rLI1ut i9 reflected in tLi LL±LC -'ULUJIJ1)-'I. ].1 tion structure, In Abidjan in 1955 there were 139 men for 100 women, En 'i r- this ratio was still 122. During the period 1960-65 this type of migrw;tion averaged about 17,000 persons per annum, and since then it has increased in; volume. 13. Immigration to cities has also given a major contribution to the proeess of urbamnization_ Tn 1965 the population of Ivorean cities included 400,000 foreign immigrants of whom 370,000 were Africans and 30,000 Ehiropeaa ar.dAT-'- Lva-ce - n PbidjA an ln l95about -1-,45, of the/ poplaio in4heag g of 20--39 years, were born outside the country, i. e. 55%o of the male anl 35c%; of the female population. In the period 1u960-65 an average number ofE 27,000 foreigners immigrated to cities annual:Ly, with a slightly increasin- ten-- dency. 14. The importance of migration for urban growth can be seen frolT, the followuing figures which give the average annual rate of increase due to mi-- gration (internal as well as from abroad) for the period 1960-65. Abidj an 9% Abengourou 4%5 Anyama 76 'Pi nP,er-rv I I oc Dabcu 13% Grand-Bassain 1 3% These percentages represent the net balance of migration, that mean s arriva. of new migrants minLs the departures of migrants, who arrived In ecarlIer years. The figures clearly show -that the impact of migration most often con derably exceeds that of natural growth (in the order of 3%). Ailthough no figures are available it is estimated that also the urban centers in the D( parteraents Nord and Centre are constantly growing but at a lesser rate, i, e,. about 6% Der year whlich means an influence of migration of about .;1,coP. The estimated long-term growth of a 3lumber of cities before 1965 is showi'n in Chart 2. U AR 3 _ _~pn .J I... ANNUALMlGRATION BALANCE 1960-1965 I FONNEIG i0 ATTURAL GRO A SI0 I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - <~~~~~- IIA _ AD1I jk N CITIES AND} SEMi-'i UR BA C ENTEFItS I I Ii I IINATURAL GRKOWTH 70 NATURAL ROWTH 1500 RI ; _EIREQ X L ~ ~ J i________ SOURCE: fJMl COT d-~A CENTES 1965 15. Based on the studies and infornmation in the period before 19?65 Chart 3 shows tentative estimates of the various population flows in Ivrorv Coast for the period 1960-65. ITragnentary data available for later years indicate that in this Chart the influence of the rural oxodus has been ur7-- estimated. Many young people which were considered to have moved only tempo- rarilr (for study purposes for instance) have not returned to their villa-.. 16. The causes for the rapid process of urbanization are manifold, . t-wo major faetors, ean bc dsvti.n.-is.hed. T'he first 2has been tho exp-nslonC^^lr diversification of the Ivoreaal economy and the transition of a subsistanc^ economy to a market economy idhich, together with tho po.st--independence ex- pansion of Governmelnt activities, created an important number of jobs in urban centers and especially in Abidjan. The rapid increase in agricultuE'l production and urbanization were made mutually compatible by a compensatirL{ inflow of foreign immigrant labor into the rural sector. The second factcr has been the increase in education in the rural areas. Young people after finishine their primary education, or even with only a few years of schO'.. go to the cities to find themselves a inb in the Arminiq.trntinon or as an employee in industry or commerce. They fc-el that their education entitles 4hemr 4o tis 4ype of enploynIi '. I epug-nnce lo farmwor- drl the t i 4i cities where they quite often reject; manual labor, which is largely left t- immigrants. There is no doubt that this mentality stems from preindependel-{;- days wher education largely s,crvd the requirements of the Administration U that anybody who finished school was more or less automatically provided with a Government; job. 17. The rapid expansion of educational facilities can be seen from- ntumber of pupils in primary schools: 30,000 in 1950; 70,000 in 1955; 240C,000 in 1960 and 350, 000 in 1965.. N vertheless the percentage of ycu:; people of school age actually attending school is still low. In the D;parv'>- mrrt Morcd this percentage in 196-5 was still below 15, and, except in th; Dfpartement Centre-Ouest and in the south-eastern part of the forest zone school attendance nowhere cxceeded 4i0. Thus there is still scope for irn creased educational efforts wiithi the risk of increasineg migration. 18t Although the rural exodus of young people at first consisted m i!fy of boys, the increasing school attendance of girls has caused an equally ii- portant migration) of girls, who detest marrying a peasant because this .s;.1- ly means a life of hoavy farm work. Moreover, since the rural exodus caucse- a shortage of men of marriag-eable age in the rural villages, many gir:ls (with or without some education) move to the urban centers to improve tk-s.r cha=nces of' marriage. I9. The rural exod-uLs to the oitie s iE greatly facI. taueu uy tihe i.act that it is usually not necessary to obtain employment immediately. Relaltives or former friends who migrated earlier are normally prepared to house and board new migrants for quite some tire and it may easily take a year or longer before employment is found. In this connection it is often hard to distinguish between temporary visitors and permanent migrants, the more so because the mobility of migrants is great and a return to their native 'riliage frequently onnurrs: Nevertheless" the balance of migration to the cities remains amply positive. 20. Although the attractions of city life and the freedom from tradition- al customs of the villages certainly play a role, there is little doubt that the prospect of better paid work of a non-agricultural nature in the cities is the main reason for the massive mcvement to the urban centers. The averege farmer's income, especially in the savanna area, still compares very unfa- vourably wlith the salary of even a modest job in the modern sector in the cities. Regional income disparities are ve:ry marked, as will be shown later in this Report. 21. Because there are still appreciable differences of income between Ivory Coat and neighbouring nations, t may be expected that foreign migra- tion to Ivorean cities will also continue, though in the cities increasing h1ostGlIty to foreign workers may be expected perhaps to slow ths Movement. 2;2. The long-term population for-casts which have been made should be considerea. with some reservte, especially because the results do not mainly depend on natural growth factors but much more on the impact of migration a,nd immigration. Although especially the rural exodus is not now primarily based on actual employment possibilities, it may in the end diminish perhaps not so much beeause the rdifr nts will 'h repelld by tfhe Trnsplect of many years of unemployment (for even then urban life is often not worse than that in the rural are-as) but because -their relatives already established in the c:.ties will find it increasingly difficult to welcome and support them. 23. Subject to these uncertainties, the population of Ivory Coast; has been projected on the following assunptions: 1965-1969 1970-1974 1975-198) birth rate 5.0 5.0 4.6 mortality rate 2.7 2.5 2.0 natural growth rate 2.3 2.5 2.6 Annual wet immigration 30,000 30 000 20,000 -7- For immigr-ation a medium estimate is shown, i.e. somewhere between a maxi and a mini.mum supposition. The compo:3ition of the population would thert be as follows (x 1,00Co: 965 1970 j175 1980 Rtesident popuiation 4,000 4,630 5,380 6,260 Temrnnorarv fo-re'erm nar,icu1 tural labor 300 350 420 440 Total population 4,300 4,980 5,800 6,700 Of the so-.called t:emporarv foreigni agricultural labor (inoluding their fer lies) many actually stay permanently in Ivory Coast. Their number is expc-ci;:;?, to - 4-1- -4-'4-Urn ;h drair n onaiu rl by *4e c 'A._ exodus. 24.- A brcakdown of the project.d urban and rural population, togcthe- with. the factors contributing to tho ant-iicipated movement is given in the following table (X: 1,000): |1965t Change 1970 Change Total urban _22uiaGion 930 11,430 | f2,1 CC Rural exodus of' non-litcrat| + 85 + 225 | IImmigration from abroad + 110 + 110 Natural growth + 180 1+ 290 Total ruralpizulation 3, 020 3,200 3, 22''$ Rural exodus | -160 350 I Immigration irom abroad + 40 + 40 Natirra1 growth I _ 300 . 310 ! Thus the rato of growth in the urban population is expected to increase frcm 7.8% in 1965-1969 to 8.8%3 in 1970-1975. wihile it is anticipated that th- rural population, after experiencing a modest growth in 1965-70, will ramain stable in 1970-19Q75 25. As the rural exodus -mainly concerns young people the rapid changes in nmnmltn'inrn hvnve nalso im-no-r-trnnt effectl.s o)n the Prse strrueture. Tlhe nroinortion of men in the age group of 15-19 years living in the rural areas, wJhich was '. 1n 4- 6 isnexpected to bc only31, In 175. This will influence the b.rth rate and contribute to a lower natural increase of the rural population. Be-- cause of the reduction of family labor agriculture in the rUral areas w:ill increasingly have to employ hired foreign labor or introduce mechanized farming methods. The latter will not be easy, because of the very absence of yo-..ng peoplc to which such methods might most appeal. 26. The cxpected distribution of the population over economic rcions is sho;m in the followiing table. A new un.it (Sud Ouest, the San Pedro area) has been distinguished. Temporax aTriculta l la'hcbr from abroari is not in- cluded. Breakdown of the total resident population as to economic region (x 1, C00) 1965 10nnnl I nrvnmnl Region 1965 rate of change 1970 rate of changq '9l5! !~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ Q196-16 4 10-' 0n-1 Q7A i JI U +- g7O + i- 1.u _A + |Centre |1130 + 1.5% 1,220 + 1 . 0% 1, 280 jCentre--Ouest 340 + 4.050 410 + 3. al I - -70 Nord 810 + 0.8% 830| - 2.0% 720C Ouest 460 t 2.0% C 510 + 1.5°o ! 550° Sud (minus Abidjani I and Sud-Ouest) 600 + 5.0% 760 | + 4.0% 92< 'ud-0mst 70 ± 11 5, 110 + 16 aC - rflz A-oidjan |_____ _ 1330 + 8.6%§ I 500 | + 10.4% 820 Total 4,000 + 3.0 0 4,639 I + 2.7%j; ;5,300 27. Tho table shows a diminishing, population in the Departement Nord after 1970. The Sud-Ouest is expected to have an important relative increase. In that, at present almost uninhabited, region, ample forest land is s;ill available. It is believed that this land will be increasingly occupied,, partly as -the result of the development of the port of San Pedro. 28. The expected increase in the population of Abidjan to about 50C,000 people by the end of 1970 has already been exceeded (550,000 at end 1969). The also other indications that the projected rate of urban growth will be exceed- ad, the iljures presented in urie foT'eCoing table may be cC)nsidereUd a ILIim-JuMH. -9- 29. The First Drafc t cthe Five-Ya Plan 1971-97 -II) Lltugh departing from the 1965 population estimate given above, anticipates a loe: rate of urbanization in 1970-1975, an expectation that may well prove to bo unrEalistically low. Expecteci popu ationi in Ivo-y u-oasC t y.2 I1, w 0) au±ThlS-t1 o Uu 1k..: _ _ _ _ _ __ T 1965 K 0 1975 i 9 ( |Urban population 980 1,450 2,030 , 2,6l- nRurai population I I Savannas 1,460 1,520 1,410 1,460 Forest* f 1,860 2,030 2,560 Total 1 3,320 1 3,550 3,770 4,060 1 - --- 1 ~~~~~~------ _ I -- Total population 4,300 5,000 5,800 I 6,7- .' IJbaln p)opulation (total, 980 1;450 2;030 2-64` lAbidjan 330 500 820 1,100 o-hr !ters of -I- 1,icl 650n I5 01, 1, 5 rural centers 200 230 250' 27^ I- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I............................... ._. _.__ Rural population (total) 3,320 3,550 3,770 4,060 Resident population 3,020 5,200 5,350 35,b2C Temporary agricultura)l labor 300 350 420 1 4 10 J |European. population 30 351 40, * temporary population included 30. The strong migration to the cities is not a uniquu characteri.st.c -c I-ory Coast nhe AaX- teni1uy prevails n most U±±re ln TJesUr- LU. -.. In fact, the growth and diversification of the economy calls for a certain, redistribution of population. The size of the rural exodus in Ivory Coast however, has become an autonomous factor, largely independent of the urbC51 employment; situation. The consequences for the urban labor market will bc re!- viewed next. 1) NJrLremLr:|eEqe d l untHala Ddlzseen- 49419 MinLsztryrL of U,niL LLIUMLUIa±r LU_ 1UppB-fl) 1 I i8f)L Ministry of Planning, Abidj an, Play 1q968. - 10 - 17bmn n-in1non+ -nnr n'ti nrp 31. Several s'audies have been carried out with regard to the labor market in I-vory Coast and several forecasts :have been made concerning the future employment possibilities. To a large extent; these studies are based on the re- niornl ' zd rl i, n sii-,rrc -.rey fi-vr +he yerars 1962-1965 .has -n b nre- pared for the year 1965 on behalf of the Ministry of P1anning1. 32. The best data available are those provided for wage and salary cm-.ployv-y ment in the statistics of the Ivorean Labor Office. Nevertheless thcse figcre:s, especially for the traditional sector, are often only rough approximations. Table 12) shows a breakdown with regard to sector of activity, nationality of workers and the total payroll. Remarkable is the small share of Ivoreans in salaried employment by comparison with Africans of other origins. Except frtr the puiblic sector; other Africans alwvays or1tnlmehtr the Tvoreansn especiall- in the traditional sector. Because of the large proportion of manual laborers amongI~ L U the j o ilAJ. L-L.cans, the sharo of Ivorean.Vwor lerS in theI UV- pay:^oll i; greater. 33. If employment is considered from the viewpoint of the level of quali- fications needed for it, it is evident tha-t Ivoreun persoinnel is hardly repre- sented at the upper and lower extremes of the qualification scale (Table 2). At the highest levels jobs are still mainly held by expatriate Duropean;,. i.t' t-he other end of the scale, unskilled. manual work is largoly loft to African ii.migrnts. 34. This phenomenon is also reflected in urban sala-ry levels. In thle r,:-d1c-_s Ip9i-v-te sctr e Savrag -wa-eJ- ir_ 196 n-r a rbo tIA CFh 2050 e: onh ~~ U~z ~iUU UU± UIIU -Ul.L~ A± i I VU: Mii±J !tUUU.U, %~X'IVX ,~' JJ L IlU1Li 7l with the moarl w-age in the class of CFAF 10,000 - 15,000. Only few employeC ivoreans earn less than CF.Y 10,000, in contrast to the African immigra:ats, which have an, average monthly wage of about CFAF 15,000. In the public 3ec tor a complete different picture exists, with an average monthly salary of CF'h' 41,I400 and the modal salary in the class of CFAF 35,000 - 40,000. The appreciabl.y higyrer average salary for public servants is mainly caused by the relatively small rumber of unskilled workers in public emplovment. 35. l laree d.inpari+r exists between the wng level t i the traditional se!cttor. In the latter the average monthly wage is estimated .at only ab14- rflAZI 0 r\nn 11- s__ v area are stil41 ,,,, A 1a.oror > vu . J c^il 0 ( Uxri' 0pkWVV -IZGVr rL VLt' ^U c CL LG Oi s o , 1 cU 'c on a modern plantation earns about CFAF 6,000 per month, but on small private farms mont;hly wages often go donM to CFIF 2,500 per month, aithougn in thne latter case some income is usually obtained in kind. 1) Ministry of Planning C8ote d'Ivoire 1c65,. Emploi. Etudes R$mionales 1962---5 Hh;ese October i968., 2) Numbered tables, can be found in the StatiLiical Annex. - 11 - 36. The age structuir of salaried ci.orkers is such that for the near future retirements will be very scarce. Future employment possibilities IL therefore depend almost cormpletely on the creation of new jobs. 37. A tenta-tive geographical distribution of employment is presented in rable 3. Lt showTs the heavy concenitration of employment in Abidjan and in `he bell, around that city. Th-e distribution between rural acnd urban areas shoulr' be consideDred an approximaiit ion only. Ln thl s ronntexrt it should be noted th--r except for Abidjan a large part of the urban population directly depends on agrleu],tu:-. - epn-n on 4the si'z, of th "i lthis may, J oaeh a share ofr 1 CL6-LL0.UtJ. UU_LW. 4.1t:bJeILLU1A6 01Uui LL ± J.IU U.. L 1~±. jJJ. " .Ly 4 ' C. 1 to L'b° Farm owmers often live in a city and operate their nearby farm or plantation either by themselves or by means of hired labor. 38. A comparison of' paid cm:ployment for the years 1960 a-nd 1966 revcis that the number of employed Ivoreans increased by only about 1W5), while tN8tt ofi Lfrican immigranits and non-Africans rose by about 405. and 3559 respectiveiy. This tendoncy holds true for all job classification levels. For manual labor and apprentices the absolute number of Ivcrean nationals has even declinea., by 16S for rmanual labor nd b1 41% f1r a'p nrentices. This underlines anapi, .Ae strong position of foreign IMricans on -the Ivorean labor market as well, as UlIl U_Ls' ik1U oU iry 'L 0V0U 'c'1U ±0± U_ SI'..W.e WU±i L. X i.L0 61 11M: Z .L.U by U JLlLI1W7,L5 j..'J the futuro, any growth of' the urban econiomy must necessarily be based on i- creased immigration. 39. Wihile available data permit a better appreciation of the urban labor situation, it c an be expected that the exodus of Ivoreans from the rural areas will lead to a significant shortage of farm labor, especially iv the savanria areas but also in the forest zone. Planned agricultural prc- duction targets are apparently not compatible with these forecasts, unle--s -i rmrovv (~ utivati Otl re thods ( ""la:i nly ~ Xehriaon) cen becr in troduccd c- a- increased number of foreign labor can be attracted. It is doubtful moreover, Ltat the production targets fully -lake into consideration tne rapid incrcase of f'oodstuffs necessary for the provision of the increased urban populatii:., 40. In the series of regional and urban studies undertaken on the initiative of the Mini-stry of Planning during the years 1962-1965, also the urban area, of Abidjan has been extensively investigated. A study, carried out by SEIMA, a French consultant firm, has assembled much information fo_ a studv of the urbanization process in this _ _ 1) SEKL: Etude Socio-Economioue de la zone urbaine d'Abidjan, 15 vol. 19=7. - 12 - 41. S.P.," has made a number of estimates of the future employment situ- ation ir the Abidjan area, distinguishing principally between ttro types of activities: a) those for wfhich the development is largely autonomous, i.e. not directly connected with the development of the citYv but much more determined by exogenous factors, such as for instance the AcvcrnIo¶,hrf-4- -P4 +4-b n k4 -4-~,1 -.,r b) those which largely depend. on the development of the city lt;e3.J. its number of inhabitants or its income. This distinction largely coincides writh the one between primary and supportin activities as basic factors for urban growth. 42. In the first group of activities have been included: i) activities connected with the transit function of the city frord or ;o 4s U4hr.t erlnd, a -i'clud4ir . parts 'f Up Vota4- and Mali. They include port activities, transport, warehousing and whole- sale trade; ii)industrial activities, mainly the processing of agricultural pro- duce as well as the manufacturing of import substitutes; 1ii)building and construct:ionV except its traditional cornponenc; iv)nrivsq.t.o rvivices like 1anV, insurancr nomnanies; etc-: v) act.vlties corctdwihhecy'fcio as o,tal o n v / CL'. UJ. V.J 4 _~ UJ O I~ UV , V.L LU WULL ~,.L - .IU.A.Iy 4C ~ C4 4~ U countr7, i.e. the public sector except the municipal services. 43, The second group of activities, which are more directly determined by the size of the city are handicraft, retail trade, domestic services ard local adrainistration. 44. For mid-1963 the following employment figures for the city of Abidjani were estimated: First in^oun of' activities, modern primary sector 1,700 transit activities, of which 11,100 port, etc. 8,300 railways 2,000 ai:rtransnort 800 wholesale trade 8,000 inutra actViti . es 1 V1 ,20 build.ing and ecnatruction 9,500 beueii, ~nsurance companies national r3ove-Y'nnent 100 s.l.- :ol;al 5 -on - 13 - sub-total (p.12): 55,100 Secondj roup of activities tr-aditional priary sector 1,600 traditional commerce and retail trade 12,000 handicraft 6,800 services3 1,900 domestic services 4,600 local. administration 2_800 sub-total .299j,0 Grand Total 84,800 Ar rm_nt _L 1+ L I e. i . 1L LUL U 3 am- U U.51L appIIPX1LUa-u±oL; UIeIt iat-cLiy - 10 u- Ilt' I e rad tional activities. The 84,800 jobs were divided as follows: 7,500 by non--Africans 77,300 by Africans of wqhich 70,000 by men and 7,300 by women. 46. The SEMA study has made forecasts on the basis of the cxpectat>.-^<- of the HT%inistrv of P1pnnjng1) as well a.s of Pnni3iricq amnong cntrenronnaurs etc. The need for new productive capacity because of the rising populatioo)n b.as becn t--'en 4n.t-o con.,iderat-ion a; ie'll as prob,ablC LnPa3es of ¼.-- vity. The rcsults are presented in Tablo 4, with a breakdolm for a numbe. ' economic sectors. The development of total employment in Abidjan wras expec .d to be as follows (for 1955, 1963 and 1965 actual figures arc shoTvn): 1955 45,50( 1963 84,80) 1965 96,80() 1970 133,200 19q7 175;100 1980 216,400 47, The foregoing figures ind:icate that total employment is expected to grow as follows: 6. 6k betwreen 1965 and 1970 5.6,.; between 1970 and 1975 4.4P between 1975 and 1980 Thus the rate of growrth is expected to decline, particularly in compa:7isOi with th2t of 7_R_ in the period 1955-1965 Por tho nvrini 1965-1975 i-. icr' er-- '' Pe 3pectiv(-.s Dem.naaieE dc DrTveloppement Economiqc_ et Social dc 12 C¢_fa ...Ilvo- -c, - 14 - pented that emp1omvmrni; in the public sector will grorw at ahout the s.ame? rate as total employmeint. The same is expected for the"ltraditional" part of the tertlai-y :,ector. In 4-i_ __ode . 4--aJ.- setor., mnl comer- aA tra.nsport, omployment is expected to grow at a less than average rate, about 3.9d% annu- n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~. I I , . - I fl - I , __ .- .1 . . 1 . ally. industry and handicraft are expected t-o grow somewnat- faster Uvi t. aDult 9% per Eamiun. 48. The main reason for anticipating lower growth rates of employment is no doubt the gradual normalizatioin of the city's economic structure af-ter the violent changes caused by the rapid growth of the Ivorean economy and the transitiorn to a market economy in the past. This transition necessitated a transportation sector, The couitry's independence increased public employment rapil ar. als th ex- I 1- si o r , of_X -1 inu.-:r- bc-ncr-a - 4 ploy=er,t_ _ . Th i ein .JCLJ.U-Ly GULU LtLLOV L'UU jJA .IVcU1_LU VI. ±I1U [OL,L4 L±iV t U1U.LiLL:U tz;11PLOVYLi1tJU1L. ±I±lu VJ'uf11LX .i6 of the Vridi canal, and of the port in 1950 helped remove a bottleneck to the city;s expansion and permitted its aclapt2tion to the rapidly changing economic stru.cture of the country. Gradually, however, this process is coming to an end and th.e city's economy will more and more have to face a more normal grow-th. 49. Projections indicate shat the total labor force (consistina of the elo populaticn of 15 yoers and over plus 20%Zo of the female population in sinmilr nch grv,OUpS) rT-l II irably exceed nm,I Ionities 4 Ar7r . A" 4 nn.E Total employment 133,200 175,000 216,400 Non.-African employment 11,000 14,000 16,0(0 African employment 122,200 161,000 200,400 Male jobs 111,200 147,300 183,400 female jobs 11,000 13.700 17;000 Total laboor Sulpp,ply 168,000 235,500 328,000 men 139,500 194,000 271,000 women 28,500 41,000 57,000 50. On the basis of those projections unemployment is expected to rise as follows:: male unemployment 28,300 47,200 87,600 female unermployrent 17,500 27.300 40.OC0 total unemployment 45,800 74,50 127 ,600 1970t a1°975 -:''c32 mal.e unemployment 20 2,4 `2 female unemploymeint 61 67 70 tctal 2lomployment 27 32 39 - 15 - 51. These figures point to a potentially serious deterioration of the employment situation. W,nhile the traditional sector may be sufficiently flexible to provide somewhat more emplovment than anticipated, this is likely to happen not so much owing to greater demand but because of a reD- di.Stribhi,t(nr of a grrven nvlim1-ber of tasks over a hig,her r n,,mhb' of pemo,ple. Tl.ns productivity in a sector where productivity is already low would tend to fall stlll further. It should be noted t;:hat male inem7pIoymernt pi-o-ecte" lo! 1970 (28,300) is close to the number of unemployed actually regisDered at- the Ivorea:n Labor Office in November 1969 (25,000 of which 16,300 unsicilGc-I-:.. 52. The Ivo:re.an Labor Office distinguishes t.wotypes of unemploy.ent, i.e. people really unemployed on the one hand, and people without worlc on the other. The "really unemployed" (chomeurs) have worked before, the "without work" (sans travail) have never worked. Of the 16,300 unslsldled people mentioned in the foregoing para, 12,000 have never worked. Th2se people prefer- w ait:Jn-g for employment in the city over acceptien agriculunIra labor, since in the Abidjan Region (a wide belt around the city) 6000 jobs are available in plantation agriculture for which requests have been regl;t r- ed at the Labor Office1). 53. It should be noted that the projection given above is based on a number of assumptions about the inmpact of growing unemployment and of a d:D- cline in average income per capita on migration. In the studies for the ycoi;s 1963-64 it was fowud that for households with a disposable income of leC3s ;.: CFAP 25000 per month, the size of the household tends to be cainh that the income per head stabilizes at a level of about CFAF 4,400, which seens to >e -4 +a - L *XL.VL'IAj ,U . 1S L C L5 LL JIJJJ UVL- 1 ad vtlrirmrX in A biA Aar, Increas.4ng tanemi,pl1oymen-. and a p)oco4 bl inf' aI 4 of the traditional sector (with a diminishing effect on average income head in that sector) vould reduce a large part of the popu.ation to a minhil. L9. income on which it would no longer be possible to support nrew:z migrants for '. l.ong time. In this wray a decrease of migration may result. 54. According to the SEMA calculations a continuation of the preaen: migration :rate would result in a rapid decline of average income per capito, and as suc:h would 'be inconsistent with the observations meritioned above. Therefore it was assumed that a conti nours decrease of the mi gration rate will take place andi to such an extent that the average per capita income of 1963 will be ssubs+.t .tally ma4intained. T 1ire w4th this as-m-tion a conl- nuous decline may be expected of the total annual growth rate of the city from 12c%O in 1965 to 9,5'% in 1970, 7Q in 1975 and '070 in 1980. in view of thC rather -constant (even slightly i e-reazsi-onatural growth rate, this iMT lies a very fast decrease- of migration. 'l} *\ :.xl:&.ly J pleted census (J;mua:y '97O) identii:Led *. `970i :!f r. /::f.C -,.l~yr. za Abidjan :nong Ivoree.. o::Ly. 55. In this way a population forecast has been made fo- a Abidjarl resulting in 500.000 inhabitants in 1q70. 820.000 in 1975 and 1 100 000) in 1980. The projecti-on of unemployment given above is based on these pupulation flu9-Ors. l'he same popul- -tio __ Jcto is4-4 als use -- - -ai -o - - -.me Planning. It has already been mentioned (para 28) that in recent years the popuiationi of Abidjan has been growing at a higher rate than that projected. For that reasorn it is certainly not to be excluded that the population will rise faster than expected also in the future, and that accordingly a fLrther deteriora-tion of employment and income will take place. 56. M¢oreover, even -assuming that the structure of future employmert with regard to needed qualification levels will remain constant, it is hardly conceivable that even an impnrtant increase of educational facilities in ersne- rLI1, and vocational traininr, irL particular wrill be able to provide the re- quir v.lmA of ,-iua 1 -l 4d -ersovrnel. 1 h4 m-ar have an un qvora effect on the city's economy and certainly will also hamper the transition to types of acti-vity f or whiich more suc ialized 9Akills are aI necessiLty. 57. For other urban centers the situation will not be much better. In Bouake for inst.nce the sharp increase of population in recent years has resulted in a rapid expansion of the traditional sector especially of conmerce. This sector has been inflated to such an extent that a decrease of income per employment has resulted and activities are carried out rather inefficiently. Unless new activities develop the present rate of population growth will re-- sult in a deterioration of the average standard of living. In recent years ha2rdly any newr indulstries have been establihed in * Rouak6. J* . ~ 1f sLt: U mlr 1 ur 1il cen i ers a ±. 1 11:f1± cL I Gb iUIVl U uC b U X JUiD P.L UjDv1 5 since they are still in the middle of a period of transition. Additional employment is still being created as the result of a past lag, especiaily in the field of public administration, commerce, repair shops, etc. Such cities serve primarily as centers for wider- agricultura1 areas. This function at the same timqe limits their desirable size and rate of growth. 59. A confrontation of probable population movements and the expected urban employment structure, gives rise to the following conclusions: a) The rural exodus results in a shortage of labor in the rural areas Wnrd an. excess of Mna1ualifie d labor in. thee citiies especially in Abidjan. b) The labor deficit in the rural areas must, at least partly, bceet by increased immigration. increased immigration to urban centers will also be necessary unless Ivorean nationals can overcome their dislike for manual labor. c) The further expansion of a modern economy will require a number of aualified -ersonnel th-t hardly can be provided in the near futuv e d) T'he excess of sUpp3' over demand in the urban labor m:__rket will tend to maintai.n a largo tra.ditional sector of ponr rffi- ciency and with low income levels. 60. Even if the disturbe.nce of the urban economy were only temporary and eouLilibri-m co-uld be restore( in te lonL run, the coming decad wiL: certainly prove difficult. There is reason for concern. Grow,in- unemploym.emnt and minimum i1ving conditions for a large part of the urban populatior. _ili result; in increasing social and political pressure on the Government. Iec- mands for an accelerated "Ivorization" of employment will become stronger. Increasing tensions between employed African immigrants and jobless Ivorians may result in requcsts for a reduction of immigration. In the field of hnursing nnd of publie utilities dnnd. for rent Ru2hi ries the free pn-ronvi- sion cf water, sewerage and other publ:ic services will become more inesisteni: C~ T _A.w1± ~ I ; V _ __ I.f 5Z _ tI o o ±.1<1 &U± TU U a:0 . .. the Governmcnt will bc faced with the problem of finding the right -.uy between two extremes: a) either providing such facilities at high cost for a partly non-productive popu].ation, and by so doing encouraging further migration to the city, b) or accepting a partial degradation of the city with a rapid extension of shanty towfns. 61. The Government is undoubtedly awrare of these pronlelms and hopes to find solutions which can be reconciled with continued economic p:rogress. Nievertheless, political and social factors give it littlc scoDo for maneuver. 62. While incren "Tvnri2zAtionn" of the economrny i desirLhlfr this can, save for exceptional cases, be only gradually realized by intrn:sified efforts in edu-caton. 1! rapid p-omotion of Ivorians vhich is not ITar^t~ a by their qualification level may easily result in declinc of efficiency in pPublic administraUion as well as in the private sector. The SEIMA sttudy already mentioned, estimates that; smooth functioning of the Abidjan economy will actually require an increase in non-African employment from about 11,000 in 1970 to 16,000 by 1980, figures vhich imply only a slow decline in the relative share of non-Africans in total employment. 63. Measures to reduce immigration could be harmful and it would be diffirult to marke such meaure3P sufficiently selec.tiv becnuse in the rural areas increased immigration is required in order to reach planned production targe-ts, and b-ec"au,s in the urblnr cenrters ther_ ~0 ~1 is anC re, assI n, ne-cd f o manual, labor, which hitherto has been mainly supplied by immigrants. Moreover, in view of tho differences in economic potcntial between Ivory Coast and its neighboring countries as Mali and T7Pp2_r Volta, acnas iCes Co derrive ne)tiorals of thesc countries of thc rcozibi2.ity of f-n6irg enlov-1 ment in Ivory Cocast could b- oas.derei contrary t- t!. s,irit of r';-io. ccopert-ior.. 4 1C-) 64. A brake on migration to the cities could also be provided by efforts to irnprv I i ri n condi tions ut-slde the urba.I are,s by reean s of a deliberate policy of regional development. This will be discussed in the re&xt plapter. Meases on the bn level v4|11 be revic l eh r l planining. - 19 -- TT T?T`r_T()TTAT. .TTT TTP1..T\T PT L KTTNr Regional 1?lanning and Policy 65. One of the reasons for the migration to the cities is the exidstence of ver- -rcnounced r-rr_onnal i ncome d:.sparities.n~ This~ ean beo seenfrm E. C'O parison of7 the nel, domestic income per capita in 1965 in a number of regions (see a.lso Table 5 whichn 'noWS Somu uata- on rtegJL--1 -O-U.C-s anu heilr cmpo- sition). Net incomo per capita in 1965 (in CFAF) Total income Monetary income (including subsi- only stence income) D{.nn.rTnr-n± No rd 5 AGO) 1R 50n D4partement Centre 35,600 24,300 Southern forest area 49,000 37,500 Abidjan 205,000 201,000 National average 51,200 39,900 .Even allDwing for the relatively high income of the non-African population mainly concentrated in Abid.jan, the differences between reg:ions are vevr markerl nn- l the average inrnnm( ni' Abidinn resid(nnts is considerablv higher than that of the rest of the population. Even apart from Abidjan, the a-ttncot umeo d Oes betwe urban- ard- - ,- ara s - - - a-re- -. Net income per capita in 1965 (in CFAF) Total income Monetary income (inclJa.4-4-nlg subsi=~4a ~ only stence income) D6partement Nord ) rural 15,300 3,000 ) urban 40,700 19,400 Departement Centre)rural 31,800 19,000 urban 56,900 52,000 1) This regional breakdown coincides almost completely with the disstinction between the eavanma area (Nord), zone of transition (Centra) and fore.t region. - 20 - The main reason for these income di.screpancies is the still prepon- derant position of substistence agriculture with low productivity in the northern savannas in contrast to the much more developed production of commercial crops in the forest zone. Moreover, urban income in the cities of the interior is restricted by the still mainly traditional characte:c of commerce and industry there; the modern industrial and commercial activi- ties as well as th5.e majority of public administration are largely concen- trated in Abidjan, 66. Between the various parts of the country as well as between villagec and urban centers there are also wide discrepancies in living conditionis because of different levels of educational and health facilities, hous:ing and public amenities, It has already been shown that the rate of schoo:L attendance decreases from about 65,~ in Abidjan, to only 155;. in the Northi. With regard to water supply, out of 7500 villages wi-th less than 600 in9ha- bitants only 360, or less than 5'%, are provided with a public well, the pumping devices of which are often defective. Tables 6, 7, 8 and 9 show some reg,ional differences in water supply;, health centers, school attendnrio? and zoning operations. 67. In order to mitigate the existing differences the Government is pre- pared to pursue a policy of regional development by the creation of mo:re productive employment opportunities outside Abidjan and by the provision of better public facilities in the smaller urban centers and villages. Both the Loi Plan 1967 - 1970 and the First Draft of the Five-Year Plan 1971 - 1975 have stressed the desirability of such a policy. 68. As a basis for regional policy many regional surveys have been lnder- taken in Ivory Coast; coverine in detail many subjects in the economic a.> wel:l as i:n the social and sociological sphiere. During the last 10 years deta-iled studies have been made for specific villages, smaller urban cent5r. as well as for Bouake and Abidjan. In the Ministry of Planning a special deparrs ac-tive patic asi;io' he -ust DO g-.o' a rig ter o'utlook on i1is futizre living conditions, not onl b-i a Oi-he personal 4-coLme blut also Dy i'ea's< of a distim-t improru-tra-n- mal li..g ccui i.tlon. .,D bm,t:'? naX -Lonal .f,d 1,ealth f i '.3tiese -vII the in-b:r 2d,ction co±' :xJ '.; avt: n-te -'i & e t i 'e 70. To achieve these goals the Government intends a rapid increase of educational facilities in the rural area.s. Primary school programs will be changed so as to adapt them more closely to raral needs, which moreover may discourage future migration to the cities. Modern handicraft will be stim.u- lated in the villages in order to keep pace with the construction and main- tenance of improved housing and pablic facilities. Financial participation of +the ruranl popuilntinn is rpuirved hi2t will ho +'l ) tn inc-nmn in ornmer to avoid too large disparities between rich and poor areas. 71. Tlhe envisaged program is essentially one of a long-term nature. The details of itsE implementation st.ill remain to be defined as weil as the selection of specific areas for concentrated efforts based on experiences with pilol; villages. Committees for Rural Action will be made responsible for the practical execution of programs on the level of sous-prefectures. Coordination between these Committees as well as with the national planning authorities will be one of the tasks of the Regional Development Commissi- ons, 72. To stimulate local interest in regional planning Regional Devclop- ment' Commissi,ons have recentUly buecn .insl;alled, o1nie in e-alch Dprentar.d with special commissions for Abidjan and the San Pedro area. These Commissi- ons, chaired by the Prefet, comprise the chiefs of the regional ministerial departments, delegates of the main agricultural development bodies and dele- gates of those organizations which are relevant for regional development activities. Each Commission is divided into four sub-committees: a) Agriculture amd animal husbandry b) Infrastructure (housing, transportation, public utilities) c) Industry d) Social and cultural activities *For each economic region the Ministry of Planning has prepared a review of eoonomin resourees and deve1opment nossibilities in order to help the Commissions in their work. It is intended that proposals of the Commis- sions will b by a National Regionalization Committee. Tmt:Lately the Commissions may make it possible to adapt planning more closely to local needs and resources. For the time being the Commissions have a purely advi- sory capacity, and they do not have any financial responsibilities. 73. The plans outlined in the foregoing paras are chiefly aimed at a sustained growth of agriculture. Apart from this, two major regional projects are now under construction, the Kossou Scheme and the San Pedro project. 74, The Kossou scheme is a large hydroelectric project consiqting of a dam and a power station on the BandEma river near Kossou, about 80 km south- it is hard to see its advntags foms.a viewpoits oforteg ional dev4lof ent it is hard to see its advantages frc,m a. v:iewpoint of regional devplopment. - 22 - The storage lake will gradually flood a large area of well-cultivated land arS,n est4mtt+d vr.,,l'merv ,o4 120,nn0 orbe mnv^1,r belongc -rit t.he poit~ic:.i-- ly powerfil Baul6 tribe, will be displaced. Part of this population is to b-e reseu li-A - --11ages 4or.g 1vh - lake -sh re ohrF 4 naefrs area in the hinterland of San Pedro. In spite of these expensive resettle- .,.ent elJffor, (coJsUt,s hLa-Ve bDeen aent-,n.LVLJeU o.f 15j) LiJ.L..LLJ.VJi. C uF^ JVU. o U is no doubt that a part of the displaced population, especially the younge:: gener-atio-., will. p:reer to m[Uve ,A, ALJ±dJ-an. Il±ere is Lle concUrL e evidence so far that the alleged collateral advantages of the project (possibilities for lake fishing and irrigated agricultxure along Vhe Bandldau river) will be reaLized. 75. The San Pedro Project is intended to open up the virtually uninha.-- biled southwestern corner of the country for agricultural, forestry and pos- sibly mining and industrial development. The first phase of the project cr;.- prises development of a deepwater port at San Pedro, about 400 km I`Jest of Abidjan, of a basic road system (one road running along the coast and ano`'}1:-. one going inland) and an initial urban infrastructure for the city of San Pedro. The first phase will require an investment of about CFAF 8 billion (US$30 million), :hich willl probably be exceeded. Finance for subsequent stages has not yet been secured. Extensive surveys by the US consulting firm Development and Resources Corporation have indicated a good potential for agricultural and forestry activities in the port's hinterland. Mining development based on the iron ore deposits near Bangolo, is under considera- tion, but plans for industrial development including construction of a paper pulp mill, are still rather ill-defined and uncertain. 76. It might be questioned whether a decision to develop the San Pedro region should have been made without more certainty about the region's, ability to become a pole for further development. Almost all projects under consideration, even if executed, wjill require a long gestation period. The First Draft of the Five Year Plan 1971 - 1975 envisages pub- lic investments for urban facilities in San Pedro of CFXF 3 billion and. CFAF 4 billion for respectively the periods 1971 - 1975 and 1976 - 198C'. 1Ihether these investments are warranted is essentially dependent upon the development of the hinterland, horever, and therefore it seems efficient b- phase furt.her urban investments in accordance with this development. After the first phase now under construction, sound projects in the region should get more attention than further development of San Pedrots urban infrastructure. 77. In spite of these remarks, there is no doubt that if a number of Drolects in the nortts hinterland will be implemented, the San Pedro pro- ject can have beneficial effects from a viewpoint of regional development and it mayN contribute to a diversion of migrants from Abidian. The Govern- ment hopes that the construction of San Pedro port and related roads will pronvide a fillip t.o develPoInmPn+. of +.he rihole sqrm+ohw-.q+ePtern nart of the country, justas the opening of the Vridi canal and the port of Abidjan initia+.teA 2rad c xpaiAn of the pi+lts econoemy.f Preliminarymrster plans for San Pedro have already been made for a city of 25,000 and even of 100,000I 4h -I-. A'4hv,gh a de,i^lopm.r,+ ritJr Aroceed -+ii,e ably slarer than i.s hoped for, it would seem that promising projects inr ,.Ce f.t--- h teSS.e closc- .aJteV ttion arA P1 beJ .e for £laiacing by eA7ernal sources OI aid, - 23 - 78. The regional policy -and programs cutlined above especially aim at a sustained increase of agricultural produYtion, with obviously somnc wider objectives for the San Pedro Project. In so far as a modernized pattern of rural life and better living conditions must be considered a necessity for fulr1:lther agoricultural earnns.ionn the reJionnA1 planning ta1rgetsq dln not rldvran+e much from national planning objectives. NeTortheless the short run impact on r4grati-4on 4to th11e cilie4 s sh-ould- not be overG_4-it4£teA. Tn thi,s cont.ext4 tJ ls 4. U-UL uU UJl .L "L 1~ L_L~ - .U -~m - ~ u A & L U IA sometimes advocated to pursue a deliberate jolicy of industrial decentrali- zation by stimulating the establishment of nodern industriai enterprises outside Abidjan. At present such a policy is virtually non-existent. 79. Whether such a policy is desirabLe must be judged on the basis of clear notions about the lines along which f'arther development of the counttry should proceed. A regional industrialization policy should be based not simply on the desirability of equitable regional incomes or similar notions, bitt alSr onra realistic appraisal of the development notential of the vnri - ous regions. It should also take into acco-nmt that for the present economlic g.owth1 is essent iall; base on- agicl -, -h -+nso Aof alos a4- I- ll other activities depends on the progress of agricultural production, which will havc to supply the raw materials for processing industries, and the purchasing po-ucr for manufactured goods produced to replace imports. Further- more it should be realized that because of its location, its already available infrastructure, the concentration of banking and commerce and the existing industrial nucleus, Abidjan must be considered as by far the best site for most industri.al establishments. 80. D pcndence on agriculture coumld be lrinA bhy thie dover1Tmet of manufacturing for export. However, Abidjan would also be the most favorable site- for most of Uthiis indust ry , except 4 per-- in cs we ' e raw materials from the interior is entailed. 81. Thus, development efforts in the interior of the country should be mainly aimed at increasing agricultural production. The cities in that area would then function as centers for wider agricultural areas, with an emphasis on commerce and transportation and service industries including small and medium scale industry based on the processing of local produce or provid:ing ir local needs. A special case in San Pedro, which, depending mainly on she economic potential of its hinterland. eould develon into a second RTowth pole next to Abidjan. 82. The prospects of the principal cities, Abidjan and Bouak6,*are adverse I O jlJy ate bOLy LLh w Le Oxpecueu dUcline 111 6.Lowth of elupluyli±ntI. ApLUUL from growth derived from expansion of the agricultural hinterland, a new impetus can be given to these cities only by attracting more industry, enpecially that based on export. For the near future this will be difficult to realize for several reasons, one of which is the shortage of qualified labor. Major educational efforts will be needed to meet this shortage. If these succeed in tho long run, Abidjan. rather than Bouak6 wc)uld be the major benificiary of additional industrial develonment 83. The second largest city of Ivory Coast, Bouak6, is a major conI- mercial center because of its central location in the country. The city has also some industry, including thc Gonfreville textile factory, the largest industrial establishment of Ivory Coast. Industrial growth has been slow during recent years amd the increase in population has already caused a considerable unemployment as wCll as an oversized traditional tertiary sector Given its location any fiirther induitrin1 growth is likely to take the form of processing foodstuffs or other raw materials from the savanna are.s for consu ptlon in thle entire cA-unt.Sic most industries are :!ikely to find establishment in or near Abidjan more attractive, the stimulation of industrial development in or near BouoUL' would prob..bly reqlAire conside;^cable expenditure by the Government in the form of subsidies, participations or other financial incentives. For these reasons it would seem to be more appropriate as a long run policy to discourage the population growth of Bouak4 than to stimulatc it by developing industry which might be esta- blished at lower cost in Abidjan (or in sotme cases perhaps in San Pedro). 84. The Government has had a dcliberaite policy of devcloping public facilities in the urban centers of the interior by celebrating National Inde'- pendence nay each yavr in a different; city.. On this occasion the citv s1eiorI is provided with a water supply or a drainage system, with electricity and/or C hlU LL, -iWth pub)Li.e LuLJ.U.uns, etIc. Because of LtheiL lumpiness of investets and the small amount of resources available- this policy has been reasonably succesful. Nevertheless the Governmernt realizes that in the future urban investments in the interior should increasingly be based on economic and social considerations and especially on the contribution better urban faci- litics may give tc furthe;r development. Selection criteria have still to be developed, however. 85. At present there is still a wide gap between the level of public nmennties in the cities of the interior and that in Abida in Tn mnost uvhnr centers this is felt as discrimination, especially as the investments con- cerrned arc: a1 ll e -nI planned .nd decidred. In spite of the still exis- ting differences with Abidjan, it is obvious that the level of public facili- ties in the other -urban centers has grudually been improved in recent years. In the rural areas, however, public amenities are practically non-existent. In the First Dralt of the iive-Year Plan 1971 - 1975 it is estimated that for public water supply to villages "mainly by means of wells with a hand- pump) investments are required to an amount of CFAF 30 billion (see Table 10)- For the period 1971 - 1975 only CFAF 1.5 billion has been allocated to this purpose and CFAF 2 billion for 1976 1980. The recent measure to incroase the number of Dcpartements! although partly prompted by the desire for a better administrative and political control of the interior, is also aimed at . more rapid modernization of smaller centers by the location of Govern- ment services. - 25 - 86. For tlheir financial rcsources regional authoritius are almost completely dependent on the Central Government. For recurrent expenditure there is an allocation for regional activities in the budget of a number of ministries. Thus thc budget of the Yiinistry of the Interior provides funds for regional administratinn; and thoee of the PIinistries of Public Works, Agriculture, Housing and Construction, etc. also allocate funds to regions in thelr particular fields. For all investraents responsibility lies W.ith the Centrnl Government. However frustrating this often may be, it is hard to see how this system could be changed in the neaxr future, i.e. as long as funds are insufficicnt to mcet all urgent national targets. Moreover, regio- nal authorities are hardly able at prcsent to prepare and cxecute investment projects olTing to staff constraints. 87. Summarizing it may be concluded that the envisaged regional policy in Ivory Coast is closely related to a further strengthening of thc agricul- tural base of the interior of the ernWtrye Ak such it rn-st bo conrsidered1 a sound policy, although much will depend on its actual implementation, for which . d0talls incl -A 4 phasing nr,d ccncentru.Jton of efforts have still to be determined. For the San Pedro Project it is much more difficult tco givc a posiLtive judgment as its outcoenc is still uncertain and primarily de- pends on tho development of projects in its hinterland. It seems necessary to give more prior:Lty to this dovelopment than to further urban investments in San Pedro. 88. From the First Draft of the Five-Year Plan 1971 - 1975 it is not possible to obtain a clear picture of the share of total public resources which will be devoted to rcgionnl develonmient (s9C aleo Table 11). This is largely caused by the difficulty to d:istinguish between the objectives cf regional poIlicy and nPatinal targets. Ob1viously not all measures to incJe-se agricultural production in the interior should come under the hcading of rogLonal developmennt, nor for instance the Kossou power project. Moreover many detailed objectives of regional policy still need to bc defined. Also the prograi for trrnsport improvcema-ntz in the interior still awaits thc- final results of a UNDP financed survey (executing agency IBRD). -26- Urban Planntir 89. The 1,oi Plani 1967-1970 and the First Draft of the Five-Year Plan 1- 9 I do p) uU I1VIL U.L4 no't1 contain 1an. exhc`i vi;ew a1bout national urbcar pol-Cy and about how urban development may affect national economic growth. It is not clear which detailed criteria are used for the allocation of publiC resources to urban development. Apart from some specific items the Plan does not contain a breakdown of public investments over rural and urban areas. 90. In spite of this the Plan reveals some general ideas with regard to the role of the cities in the national economy. It is acknowledged that for the tiime boing agriculture is the mot:ive nower for the Ivoreon economy. Based on the expansiorn of export crops other activities like commerce, transportation, sev-ices Including banking and Lnsurance, as well as ndu- stry have developed which are alnost completely located in thc urban cen- hers, where also the majority of the public sector is established. An-L adequate urban infrastructure is required to ensure smooth development of these activities. The Plan says: "to permit a balanced development of agriculture and industry an economic infrastructure must be created which strengthens the connections and interactions between these two sectors on which the country's development depends". Priority is given to further agricultural growth including the improvement of public amenities and of living conditions in general in the rural areas and in the secondary urban centers. Moreover by means of investments in the city of San Pedro it is intended to comnte th,-c urbaz, infrast-+-ture requ-red for a pxog-ssive de- velopment of the southwestern part of the country. In Abidjan and to some extent in Bourke', because of the infl-ux of large nunbers of poor r i@rants a different situation has emerged, in which an increasing pressure is felt for urban investments of a more social nature, which interferes with the Government's intention to restrict available resources primarily to imme- diately productive uses. )1. Considerable urban planning, concentrated largely on Abidjan, has taken place in Ivory Coast. Pollowirn developsment of -an excellenlt deep- -ater port in the Ebri,! Lagoon, Abidjan experienced a rapid expansion. -TS no-pulatioi -rose from 48jz0 in IQAA to 120,0n i-n 1955 -nAd -3n,0Cd ir 1965 and is now about '350,000. Since 1948 it has grown at an average nnual ra4te of' 1 Z. AbL:j!4 LCl has Ui-,e - Lie most impor tant port 01 WT A-frica, handling about 3 million tons of export cargo and a_lmost 2 million tons of import;s. 92. The rapid expans-ion of the city made it desirable to plan for its fUture extension. Master plans were prepared in 1952 and 1959, but these :ere soon outdated by the city's turbulent development. The 1959 Master plan was based on a final population of 400000). - 27 - 93. With thi; experience in mind, the Government made arrangement;s for an extensive iurvey and a series of inquiries to serve as a basis for urban planning, These iere undertaken by the French consulting firm SEMIA during the period 1963-1967, wzith the objective of forecasting the population and emplcyment structure in 1975 and 1980 and preparing a].- ternative developmen pnat+..rns to -f plin th the e-5rncted i-rrhwth 9t4. The' QPMA sur'rys) eathlered comprehensive i3^^foma-aton on 4the socio-economic structrco of the population. They included an analysis of such basis f actors as population trernds and migration, employm-aent and income, household consumption, housing and traffic. These surveys were supplemented by sociological inquiries, as well as by studies on existing, land use and the availability of sites for furt:her urban exten- S:ion, 95. Forecasts for population, employment and income served to deter- mine the needs for housin-g edlucational facilities. industrial zones. public utilities, roads, etc, Differont patterns of urban development, comrlKI1 H ith ++kn , neds, e-^e -- A .-"-"--d T 4,4nrlr the Govermnnct se- lected one of several alternative schomos as the basis for a now master pLan fLo-... thle cilUy. 96. Ultimate responsibility fo:r urban planning lies with CIDRA (Commission Interminist6riello pour le Developpement do la R6gion d'Abidja,n) which was created in 1966 principally to decide, wTithin the framework of nat;ional planning,, questions concerning the further deve- lopment of the city. It also coordinates the actions of various Ministries, of the IMIunicipality, and of other services concerned. CIDRA, which is chaired by the Mlinister of Planning, comprises delegates of the Ministry oyf' 1~r~m~1 rin? and C!+ii P1arnig, r the viv-4J,+-r of P1annring, the Ministry nf the Interior, the Ministry of Finaice and the Municipality. 97. Another organization, BNETI) (Bureau National d'Etudes Techniques de D6veloppement), is entrusted with the preparation and design of plans an.d projects for Abidjan. BNETD, a public corporation supervised by the Ministry of Planning, is responsible for all technical studies in the fields of transportation, public ut;ilities, housing and city planning. 9s. In 1968, a subdivision of BVETD was created with urban planning as its specific task. This organization (AURA or Atelier d'Urbanisme ae la R&ginn dlAbidian) comnrises tnoti nlAnners- architects. engizneers and an economist. It reports to CIDRA end is more directly supervised by the Mi) s4 Eot- -f o-sidn a-rdCity Pl&.ni.r 1) S1!1M: Etude Socio-Economiquo de la Zoiie Urbaine d'Abidjan, 1967. rIN - r r-rl%r- W%r- A j.r"% AROBO OFUt ABlDJAN 1:- 50.000 AMlAMF ~~~ PL 11ATCE A I I B A N Co TREICH VILLE PETIT BASSAM JSLAND :EBRIE LAGOON- - -- ------ ---- VRI D ~~~~~~~ AIR PORT BOUJET ---------- - - - - - - A -rI A K I T I( ~C A k MA I L IAIN I I IJU - 23 - 99. Of the various schemes for urban extension CIDRA selected a patterr which is based upon development along the Ebri6 Lagoon, with an :important part of the new population to be settled in the Banco urea, west of the present Plateau across the Banco Bay. On this basis AURA prepared a new:r Master Plan (Plan d'Am6nac-gement) which wa- completed early 1969. 100. Based on the general lines of this Master Plan AURA has been c+lStudyi -r the fuDtur- e3i stn +vkhii+- rnvi -fh +-vzn rnii I7r+,n vrnrcv g h,- mnvh mi c of the metropolitan area. In order to avoid excessive transportation co. lso, leJs.a ds -r-i-utLl of' e'lyzn as b-eenl `-en into. eos aULso tlho~ cstAiMFktCLUU Udikstrib ULJ,LLU II 01 U1UPLIYIUL, L1 ~~i dri4iU consideration. Thc main sectors are: a) ^&ASjXvn-South, consis.ting, of the Island of Petit-Bassamo and. the Vridi Peninsula. At present it accounts for the majority of employment, based on the existing industrial zones and the Port. By 1980 the population of this area is expected to increaso by 200,000 people of whom 50,000 are to be accomo- dated in existing residential areas, and the remainder in new residentJal neighborhoods with an area of ahri+t R20 hec- tares, b) CentraglAbidj_n, which includ,rs the Plateau, the main busi- ness and Govcrnment district, and the Cocody and Adjaiae' resi- dential areas. By 1980 an: additional population of 85,000 people is foreseen. Of these 40,000 axe to be settled in thc existing residential zones, expanded by an additional aroa of 245 hectares. East of Cocody a "hir;h-rise" residential area is planned to- gether with a complex of hotels and tourist facilities: the Rivirr p 'rniect. P.v 1QR9 thisHi zorn is, expetct1 to hnuse( 55,00() people, for which a residential area of 1,395 hectares WA. I1 -. A. -_ . n-n ot n s _ - _L _- _ T __: _ : _ _ __ _ _ : __ __ - _ _ - _ X_ ~ _ ~ 1_ - _ -- n _ I;/ j) - __ U 1_ aneDstIc E s t, 1vuu'±ve a- 1large ia. ui- ulow popu1la- tion and must be considered as the principal expansion arca of the city. By 1980 it is to accomodate about 210,000 people (10,000 at present) for whom newf residential quarters wvitih an area of 1,305 hectares are required. d) Abobo, about 10 Ion north of Abidjan, is to house 60,000 extra inLhab:Ltants by 1980, partly by denser settlement of existing areas and partly by development of 320 hectares for new resi- denti21 qunaters. - 29 - 10'! MIhe folac al summar-izzb6-nOlw-dpp'to u 9 ~ .~W L.&_VV1/.L.LJ UdL-L ~ bLI LLU.L_U wikj CuuilU- UJLL~ UAI thc need for new residential area in hectares: New Resi- dential 1969 19'75 NeTT ResTidntian I iqn ArrXa Populion ig lation A ecd _ PopulatiLon Needed. Abidjan-.South 250,000 370,00( 531 450,000 290 Central Abidjan (including Riviera) 220,000 280.000 788 360.000 £53 Banco 10,000 120:,000 850 210,000 455 Abobo 20,000 50,,000 177 80,000 143 500,000 820,000 2,346 1,100,000 1,741 iO2. AURA has made an estimate of the investment required for land preparation and to provide the now residontial zones with public f~il:itics like streets, water supply, sewerage, electricity, telephone, etc.'J Excluding a sewerage system in Abobco (because of excessive costs due to itq distant location) the following estimates were mado (in billions of CFRF)2) Period Period 13a6u5<2E=i 1976-1980 Abidjan South 3.73 1.97 Central Abidjan 0.50 0.60 Riviera 4 .91 5.22 Banco 3.48 1.86 Abobo 0.23 0.49 Total 12.85 10.14 E x c lu diA 4 nv t he 1P4 Rir4 lerna ara ic 4 I ail yr 4 lt as a - helA,.. income class residential district, the investment required amounts to -flr,een C]'AF 30,0()0 fld CFAuf 35,000 per- 21 new inhabivtv. mT…hc n-ertJ shown do not include any improvement of existing residential areas nor the cost of p:roviding for denser settlement of these areas. Such improvements have roughly been estimated at CFAF 10,5 billion. Neither are included the cost of housing and of main connecting roads. 1) AURUA. Abidjaon. Plan d'Am6narement. Rapport Justificatif. May 1969. 2) Th1)- 12 .ndl 13 provi.ee a bre-32dofn of inves tments for BR-no, and th,e i.sland of Pctit-Bacsam. - 30) - 103. In the past industrial zonus Slave boen concentrated largely on the island of Petit-Bassam. Another industrial zone is under preplara- t;ion on the Vridi Peninsula, also in the sou-thern part of Abidjan, 1%hich accounts for about 60 % of the- city's emnlovmcnt. AURA has made a stud. of the need for and the dosirable location of other new industrial zones. It concludedi t-hnt ,iiijl 198q0 'b,-- 70 hect 7- p y Till bern requivred for usc by industry as well as by building contractors, transport compa- nie-s, etc. 104. In order to shorten the distance between the areas of employment and residence, the new industrial zones have been planned in the northern part of the city, near the planned new population settlements. Takirng into account this factor and the need for transport connections (road, rail and/or i.water) by industry, three sites for new industrial zones have been sclected: a) n zono of 380 100±tnrr near Abobo; b) Banco North, 510 hect,rexs, north of the Dabou road and w-st of the Banco National Park; c) Banco South, a sraall industrial zone of about 50 hectares, which is to be a part of a larger complex of new port develop- mont; for tho cfficient operation of this latter area a bridce across Banco Bay is considered necessary. 105. AURA has estimated the investments required for industrial zones, including the cost of completing the Vridi industrial zone but excludinc; thc cost of constructing the B-.nco Bridge .md the rail connections, ,is f ollows: 1969-1975 2.38 billions of CFAF 1976-1980 2.31 billions of CFAF Since th. required industrial and semi-industrial area may wrell h..ave been overestimated; it wouldr( 'hbe ad9visabPh1e to irn1m erent the total_ pn1n in stages, permitting development at a slower pace if necussary. 106. At present consultants are making a study of the internal con- S. Btency of tne proposed master plan wihn respect to the location of em- ployment, residential areas and principal trmansport arteries for the pur- pose of identifying potential bottle necks and recommending improvements either in the transport networkc or eventually in the location of residen- tial and employment zones. On the basis of this study a program for urban highway investment will bo prepared for the period 1970-1980. This study is based in general on the same assumptions as those under- lyin,g the master nlan. Some dotails of this study will be discussed in the section on tLrban transport. 107. The scope and quality of -the planning efforts in rintropolitzin ALLidJan aeU iM.Le)ssiv e .nId de firnltely cxceed what i½ beiis doeL-0 in 1 mcs-t other Af'rican cities. - 31 - The Master Plan and the careful consideration of the location of resi- dential areas, industrial zones, transport connections, etc. are in general based on well-Inoln principles of physical planning. Nevertheless it would seem that in a nurber of cases too much stress is laid upon purely urbanistic and architectural considerations and on the desirability of building a beautiful city. The expected deterioration of the city's emnlovment situation is hardlv reflected in actual city pianning. althougei this may well affect the level at whichi nV facilities have to be provided. Thp Avis-t;oenc and. tho prosp\ctivet etnsion of shanntyo +Tarena arP nno taken into consid.eration in the Mast;er Plan. Nevertheless, as will be -1- WJ .- L UL; V -,LLL 4II IVLL -I± J4.1 .L WAJV L U :_ 4 Id.I. -. -JW. --IJJ 4- shIowI. iII the sec-t;ion on ho-.0usirg Lt is ex&pectedV vthat aX part' of the pop 'a tion will. not be able to afford the types of housing provided for in the Master Plan.. Moreover, it is not clear to what extent probaDie financial constraints have been fully conside:red in the preparation of the Master Plan. 108. While the Master Plan is o'bviously intended to provide broad guidelines for the development of the city during the next decade, and cannot be considered as a detailed 'blueprint, it does appear to ignore a number of serious toonomio And finnnicinl qtraitS rnd therefore Toses much of its validity as a practical planning instrument. While attempts c&nq be mnr too .--l'iZe as muclh - the p4 OsL pos -vri. YA.theUse c.= straints it would seem advisable to change the plan in advance to take intc accoun-L sueh constrailts as may be expected. Housing 109. Roughly five types of dwellings can be distinguished: a) villas and high standard apartments; b) modern apartment housing2, constructed by the main building societies, like SICOGI and GFCI 1); c) housing of the African compound type, as found in the older quar tE!ra as l-e i ch-V.L ellz d) housing built in zoned residential areas by the owners of lots, with or without he:lp from local craftsmen; e) housing in non-zoned areas, which includes some recently created towmships of people (many new migrants) who cannot afford regular housing. These quarters are most often of the shanty town type. 110. 13arly 1966 the total number of houses occupied by African house- h,ol A was 4iv4ded 4-- ths-ypsa-flos .JL U WQ1,L %4LVJ"U VV.L tLIiV UJ'9V'C' ci .IA.LJAJWiOi A) 700 i 7c B) 10,000 13 % C) 19,000 25 X, D) 27,000 35 2> E) 19,600 26 i Total 76,300 100 i, During the period 1963 - 1966 average construction per year was about I IC1C0 llnj-.+s o-f +pe BR 350 + r+ of +v-qyra r, A 100 i1vni+ rof t-rT D _n_ 2,600 of type E. Since 1966 annual construction has been increasing s.l4.ghtly, IrY, 411the lo,-1 IrV.I tJJJ% C, Ls eApc Ve tokiappearJVb ii. Houses Of type A have all modern facilities. This is also true for type B, but for many of a much simpler nature. The majority of type D has only a very limited equipment, water by means of public fountains, no sewerage and very limited sanitary installations, if at all, poor quality neighborhood streets, etc. 'Pype E has hardly any equipmernt at all. 11:2. Somewha-t over 10 % of all households occupy their onm houses; about 80 ,16 live in rented houseLs and the rest of the households are lodged free with friends or relatives. The average number of persons Ie rcom is 2 ad the average habi+ tabl n,ea pe perzo abu 5 2 1 'o 5c7M,Yz ; sct4 Ivoiris-,na de C sti"ieti:.. e- de 1', ian Tvrob4 113re 'Qi- : ',roupement Foacier de Cci.;. deIvoire. - 33 113. Construction costs vary according to size and quality. For type B construction costs for a 3-roomi dwelling range from CFAF 600,000 to CFAF 1,000,000. For-the simplest typos in this class total costs are about CFAF 15,000 per m' of habitable floor space. For type D average construction costs are about CFAF 200,,000 for a two-room unit of the simplest nature. For type E costs can orLly be roughly estimated in the order of some CFAF 120,000. Apart from the costs of construction, therE are costs of land preparation and providing residential areas with streets and public utilities (not necessarily cormected to each individual house). For type B this reqLuires an investment of about CFAF 7 to 10 millions per hectare; for type D about CFAF 2.5 to 4 million per hectare. 114. Rent levels are largely determined by the method of financing employed and often amount to a large share of income. In the recent past housine of tvye B has been financed through a mixture of medium term loans from Credit de la C8te d'Ivoire (5 years' duration with 5 to 5.5 5 rate of interest) and long term loans from the Caisse Centrale de Coope- ration Economique (15 years' duration,, 5 years grace period and an interest rate of 3J':). nplus for a minor share by capital nrovided by the building societies from their own funds. Such financing involves annual interest and amorti 5:a.i nn npavment+cz nmvmint;n +.e-) nhrl,it 1lnl( nf hiii1di na costs. With the addition of maintenance and management costs the effective annual rent is equa;ll to! about ]5$ 115= W ith such finanncing monthlr rents for th; tvne B, which is sup- posed to be relatively low-cost housing (habitat economique), reach about Fa 6,0no, OFAF 8,0o0, anrd OFrAF 10,()0 per mon%+vh for 2-rom, 3'-room -nn 4-room unit;s respectively, which is very high considering the fact that the monthly age o' m.ost workers is in the rarge of CFAF A ,00 - 15,0 0. This means that this type of housing cannot be considered as adapted to the r.eeds ofP the1 lowe ircr. ----- s ----ve 4there is 4-tendency+- over-occupation, i.e. several families living in one house. 116. Because loans are limited to 5 and 15 years, amortization is a 41re LIJV.ol IJd..ULCXAJto.L L Uir,te!LLL.LL16 tIhe r,-,iU level ILar, I'l-e re.latively low interest rate. In order to avoid rent levels exceeding 15% of building cost some 605; of fJnan,ce mllUust be on long termll, i.e. l) years. The prese.nt policy of the Caisse Centrale to restrict its loans to SICOGI to an amoumt of CFAr 30() millions per year sets a rather strict limit to present con-- struction. 117. No regLlar credit system exists for the financing of housing of types D and E. ApaLrt from family savings a large share of finance is be- lieved to come from savings realized in the interior of the country and reinvested in the city. Only a relat:Lvely small part of these types of housing is financecl by official sources (Cr6dit de la Cote d'Ivoire). For D and E types housing rents are estimated to average respectively aboul; 20% and 259') of construction costs. For the period 1963-1966 it has been roughly estimated that about CFAF 1,600 millions has been invested annua- lly in types C, D and E housing, of which CFAF 1,350 millions in mone- - 34 - tary form, broken down as follows: - Savings of Abidjan households CFAF 550 mln - Credit de la C^te d'Ivoire " 100 mln - Transferred savings from the interior " 700 mln Total CFAF 1,350 mLn 118. SEI4A has also made an extensive study of the need for housin.g until 1975, based on an analysis of demand and supply factors U. For determining demand this study took into account the expected future po- pulation, the number of households, their distribution as to size and income, their ability to pay rents based on an analysis of household budgets, etc. Some results (expected income distribution of households and rent paying capacity in 1975) are shown in Tables 14 and 15. Suppl;y conditions considered included the construction costs of housing of diffe- rent types and qualities, various alternative financing conditions for determining rent levels, etc. On the basis of present financing conditi- ons, including the provision of Government funds for land preparation and the construction of streets and a network of public utilities, the study concluded that about 10 of the pnopulation in 1975 would not be able to afford any other housing than type E, nameLy that belonging essentially to the shanty towrn categorvy Ivornever. it nonclurded thnt almost LQS of the po- pulation would have to live at higher densities per room than even modest st,nndards woii1d all^w. 2) 1 1 9, Thus, accor;.g to. the A cSz iei-i +tt o thernllonur.n ng con6t.Mintinn program would be required (investments in CFAF billions): Required Required Required ' -l'.nr T-,,rrr.-+r,-r+ q4W- n Ti Trv 0+9i n¼nc 'W Tnwc~+mn+ a-' .&.vIsC % u n I r.ve st .f.l ent Ya .±-.,nm n... =s ent 197'. I 1.f 6 0o00 0.7 1 C9.16 1071 -I I r 1n A AlA r e. A ,CV7~~a _; 7L11 1L- I. VI-j W* L, C-,?p % ±L7L-) L4,L_ J L U X*,V'JU U.J7 X, rc_v ,J'- -I n.,r' 4' ,-'On a1 Z ' ,n~ na a - r r . -I C 9L7 I4 X5uu vi ,2uv u.y L ___U 21X,500 9.4 35,200 5.2 7,500 o.96 For type D the houses to be constructed should almost all be of the most simple kind. Apart from this, about 3200 houses of type A will be required. 1) SE[Ul: Politique du Logement . Abi ijan, March 1967. 2) The standard used for comparison is that of the M6dina district in Dakar, Senegal. - 35 - for which, however. no financial problems are expected to arise. To realize this program Government investments for land preparation, pubLic utilities and st4ets dt1nrin the p-erl-SdA 107L15 are eted to amr-nt to about CFAF 4.0 billions. 120, One of the principal bottlenecks to realizing this housing pro- gram will 'ue the availability of finance. The institutions financing type B housing, especially the Caisse Centrale de Coop4ration Economique, would have to increase their annual lending to the buildinyg societies considerably from a present level of about CPAP 500 millions (CF1LP 300 millions long term loans and about CFAF 200 millions on short term via the Credit de la C6te d'Ivoire) to over CFAF 2,000 millions in 1975. At present there is no certainty that the Caisse Centrale will be prepared to meet these financial requirements. I.ess difficulties are e.pected for the financing of houses of types D and B as the traditional credit syEtel, hmd on famnilyr c.avr-s 4i 4the c4 as Well as on funds from the intenior __J - "f, -n y*h. ¼4 C. V .L± U IrbhJL of the country, >ill probably be suJ'ficient. 121. If for type B housing insufficient funds would become available, a shift to lower grade housing will be necessary, which would thwart the Governmenit's housing policy, which is mainly based on the promotion of this type of housing, especially in its simpler form. 122. Recently a special organization (OSI-E or Office de Soutien de l'Ilabitat Economiaue) was created for the main purpose of financing l,md preparation and other infrastructure works in areas zoned for housing,, as well as f:or the subsidy of interest rate * ordert s due rent level.s The OSEE is financed by means of surtaxesE on services, on wages and sala- ries nd or. gasou,L .ine sales. Its Uotc' reso-arces axe ex peced Lo eJ in the o:rder of CFAF 1.2 billions annually. 123. Promotion of the B type of housing is unlikely to stimulate ad- ditional migration to iAbidjan, since it 'is mainly designed to houseAf:ri- cans who are assured of stable employment at reasonably good wages. The improvement of their living conditions through better housing may affect favorably labor standards and prodUctivity. 124. The housing progrom as pro,Jented by SEMA differs from the plan- ning of residential areas as included in the city's Master Plan. The latter seemms too n-eglect th-e ppop,'a1ion, w1ndch cannct affor d regular h1usJ'.nr. Moreover, it would seem that in the Master Plan relatively too much stress has been laid 1on. the ho-using types as constructed by the b'uilding societ.es, The SEMA projections expect a relatively larger demand for other, simLpler, housing types. -36 - I Cli &JLnce t1lie £~ l .IC .L C±.LcU 1d.L -L 4 .&M-1. iO LIL1W iVU.. J.L±b J bl those groups of the population withi the 'lowest and most precarious levels of income the spontaneous spreacd of shanty towns in unzonedu areas could easily get out of control. Coinsiderations should be given to the possibilities of enforcing strict zoning regulations and to allocate land for E type housing within the limits of planned residential extension schemes. In this way, shanty towns, if tunavoidable, would remain under coontrol and. costs of poroviding pDublic utiLlities could be kept low. St ill more Government aid to the housing problems of this group of people cannot be reconmmenAed fnor the nea-r futurie, as.: this- will have an ex-tra stinulatinz effect on migration to Abidj an. 126. The quality of housing in the rural areas is still far below the level reached in the cities and especially in Abidjan, Actions to i~mpr-Ove standards have be-T initiated by SOGEPIHA, mainly on the basis of foreign gran-ts and loans ''. Groups of 30 people are requested to form a coopera- tive and pay 10 7lo of the cost of construction. The other 90 % is loaned by SOGEPIHA. and iLs repayable in 10 years. The loans supplied by SOGEFIHA are ofteni in kind. i.e. building materials, etc. So far, 3500 houses i.n different parts of the country have been financed in this way. Apart f'rom thiF- snomn nf tho mni-n n-irLultnrql~ tnm-nqni-.-q Tike SODEPPJLM. have been con,structing hou.ses for their employees. 1 27. In the reports prepared for each economic region by the "Serv-ice .autonomne due 'l'Ation Reguonule"- ofL the Mulinistry of. Pclnrjin.g anesimt has been made of investments required f'or housing in the urban centers and rural areas of the interior. The results are shown in the f'ollowiang TaDle,~ lNumber cf houses to be constru.cted and investments required for the per-iod 1971-1975 [ - ~~iUrban centr Ruaazs Reg-ion -------smens j HosesIn-vestment House . vetet kx CFAF billions) ~ O( FAF billions iNord 69480 1.61 52j,850i 5.7 !Contra -,u ---g I 8,z , I Centre Ou.est 10,326 2.6289,333~ 3.0 Qouest 8,166 1 2.02 35,832i 3.8 'Est 3,476 0.86 24,291 2.6 iSud j20g000 4.96 71 ,8501 7.6 lTotal :641,3481 13.88 1299,4061 31.9 1)SCFIOGEMA : Soci6t6 de Gcst-iun et de F-inancemoent, do l'Habitat. 37 - Tht'hnn rrn-tr5 4 28. A I AA A-- dJ-1n - 4t..e most- A- - - t-c - o-to cete ofth I MtU..UqJW:LC J.J CLaw LuvI i. .LW VL-LJ.U WIAt I.U IjK. L. U t;;IL(2V.L 4.L f'(Lv country. Almost all export and import traffic are channeled through it- port, which is connected with the interior of the country by rail and road. Urban transport, however, is almost fully based on road traffic. The lagoon topography strongly influences the road system in Abidjan. The northern and southern districts are connected by two major bridges. The main roads run along the shores of the lagoon and are built to moderr standards, including some multi-level interchanaes. The present road net- work is able to cope with traffic without much congestion. Only at the TvdAYJIt 1inte1Vsetir, 4+ah PIte , busir.ess Aditrict with Cocodyr waiting of up to 15 minutes may occur at peak hours. The increasing po- Pu'at ori as we.l.l as t2he IK-LOw -ng nr,-anmDer of" .p_-i.vate cL- -ngte f population may cause more bottlenecks to appear in the coming years. 129. Public transport seems to be well-organized. Bus services are provided by SOTRA, a semi-public corporation, which operates 200 buses c- about 20 lines serving all districts of the city. Furthermore, over 1500 metered taxies operate in the city. Urban passenger transport by rail is of little importance. Public water transport has not developed. 7130 Within the framework of the city's Master Pl-n ArPA is studying the main transport network required for about 1980. The following main bL LI arI_teries Veav n beer. en intIo considueration a) an East-West road of expressway standards on the northern side of Plateau/AdjarA area from the Dabou road in the ii- rection of Bingerville. This road will link the Banco arca in the West and the Riviera zone in the East with the Platc lb b) two major arteries a]so of expressway standard along the eastern and western edges of thc Plateau, linking the Eest- West expresswav with both bridges to the island of Petit- Bassam. The road on the western edge will give access to a'. neo., bri- 4-1- -Is I%?Ifl 1-1- l 1 4nler4 at, na.r n vw;snc n +4- n1 and industrial areas of Banco with the rest of the city. c) ani improved connection via the second bridge to the airport with a multi-level interchange near MVarcory. d) a new road connection from the first CIouphouet Boigny) bri¾leo via Vridi Peninsula to the airport. e) Additional main road arteries in the Banco area, L. 'oA *en:2e:t-on3 tiSviA ;L >o -rla ;eii: r-r~c connectinL tho ,m7 N; .lt>. .t'i;.t''--.- -l- ;< '-S--9.tt*v - 38 - 131.21E UI, s. alrea,l'-y bLe !IL,J_ ue LthaL U IsUIitL UCfl aret;L i1l.r,LLI1g a. study to test the consistency of this network with the development of resi.UUI±U.LUL andu II:LdsUtria.l areas as JoIueUII L11 LIIn the ta5V r±U.l. au tt,i.tio has also been drawn to the probability that in a number of respects actual development may we.ll aeviate foreseen Dy t."ne rMiaster rlan for 1yoO. There is t,hus a danger that the planned transport arteries will also reflect some of the excessively optimistic assumptions underlying the Master Plan and may therefore prove to be unrealisti.c. The consultants study uses a forecast of motor traffic based on straight-line Gxtrapolation to 1980 of data. observed over the three year period 1963-1966, which results in an. increase of private cars from 22,200 by end 1965 to 68,000 in 1980. A policy to stimulate a shift to public transport is not considered in th,e study. 132. Within the framework of the longer term requirenats envisaged for 1980, AURA has also made a tentative list of transport projects needed until 1975;. They include: a) an 8.2 km section of the East-West express road; b) a link of this road with the Indenie intersection; c) a link of the East-West express road with the Houphouet- Bcigzy bridge along the western edge of the Plateau, tcgether with a bridge over the Banco Bay; d) the first section (5..l km) of an improved connection with Abobo; e) thLe imnrovement of thie connection of the Plateau with the airport via the second bridge. 133. For thLis program only ver-y preliminary cost estimates are avail- able. The nrngra.i includes A major inteIrsections, some nf them grad- separated, which have been estimated at CFAF 500 millions each. The invest- ment, needed for the bri ioe onvrer the Banco Bay is only verv roughly estAm.ated at between CFAF 2 and 4 billions. Moreover, the exact location of the bridge is still nder c nn; the best solution for connecting Banro .nwith the Plateau would prevent the present log loading activities in Banco Eay. The +.o+.al cost- of the 1970-19075 progrfm, ncluding th.e interchanges mi-d the Banco bridge,m,ay be about CFAF 8.6 billions. 134. According to some Abidjanl of'ficials also the main road net-work in +he B-LC -a Ao 'd be co..lete by 195 i.e. athe same t.'.e as;Ih Q&ISML4.J_L-. &.J, UAAIj.L JI LJ 1_.7 f.2 .L .~- CLL U IL~ Q U.L"L_ A- Banco Bridge. This would be in accordance with the Master Plan which ex- pects 120,0 peopple to live in Barco by 1975 (see para 101). an this con- nection it, must be mentioned that a detailed zoning plan up to the pre- ssiVet¢5enUlt, leVel has nut, yet Deen preparea for nanco nor detailed plans fUo' its provision with. public utilities. If deliberate steps to develop Banco are not taken soon, the construction of planned roads in this area could be delayed until after 1975. - 40 - Water and Sewerag 136. The Municipality of Abidjan is charged with the supply of water. Actual management and o-perations are efficient]Y carried out by a private company (SODFCI) under a munleinai concossion contract. Water is obtained by means of boreholes with a present capacity of 80,000 Ua3 per dnv The size of the under- ound basin wirll r.ot restrict the re- quired expansion of the system in the coming decade. Water is sold a- CFA- 45 per m3. The Muncipality pays a reduced rate to SODECI for water from public taps which is sold free to the populn.tion. The numbe, of private connections (one for every 30 inhabitants in 1968) is stil limited, one of the reasons being that the costs (CFAF 25,000) have -.o be paid immediately upon installation. IDring the last few years the average daily water consumption per capita (including the use for in-- dustri.al and other purposes) has declined because of the influx of poor m:igrants with low consumption levels. 137. SODECI finances the expansion of water sunply while other i?ar' of the system (purification, storage, distribution, etc.) are financed by the MInicip-lity with 4A.5 to 5_5 i,< lo-s from C-6dt de 'a C8te d1T-IVr.C- and the Caisse Autonome d'Amortissement. Interest and amiortization carn - paid out of the proceeds of a municipal tax (OFAF 12.5 per 3 at pre.e--- included in the water price. Thie balance is used for improvement wor3.5s, In 1969 loans were contracted to an amount of CFAF 200 rillions,inte:resJ- and amortization on earlier loans were about CFAF 130 millions and wat or tax rovenues were some CFAF 210 milliow;n.Mfinioipnl subsidies for wat&r consunption fron public taps amounted to sone CFAF 45 million. 138. SODECI has prepared a tentative prograr for future expansion. It is estimated that for the pericd 197(-1975 new lomans have to be ccc- tracted to an amoil-yit of CFAF 1,040 n11 :Orn-nd CFJ'A' 960 nilli-onsfor t-!- period 1'76-1980. However, this program is based on a population estL-a-7te of only 860,000 in 1980. Therefore the required in:vest"ent for expan-Jr- of the water supply system will no doubt be considerably higher tha-n nc.n- tLion nodaVo-ve, nun -the o thler hII CIII.L cDU.L vexjpuects tUhe averLge consxjLUpt -Lon p_J)3- capita to decline only very slightly. The rapid migration to the city a:td. rising unemployment however will cause an important increase of peoriA ;c; a-re hardly able to pay for water and therefore will be forced to usc pC'b i e taps. Experience elsewhere (for instance in Dakar) shows that water con- sumption from public taps does not exceed 15-20 liter per capita daily and thuLs it secrs probable that in the neax future average daily con.stuat.'.Un per capita will. continue to decline. For these reasons it seems that SU'TiEU'' programT cannot be considered as a correct estinate of future needs :nd it i.s necessnrv to b*se exp,pn-si on pln,inis on more roal itirosuriptiofS. - 41 - 139. The sewerage and rain water drainage systera is deficient ir. many parts of the city and urgently needs improvement, especially in the Treichvillc area. The fact that sewerage, unlike water supplyp is pro- vided virtually free of chargo and therefore does not generate revenues, has resulted in a chronic shortage of funds for improvements and extensi- ons. It seems worthwhile to consider the possibilities for levying a sewerage tax, A similar --n- 9.yoy Table 17. Total municipal investments 1960-1968 I'able 1. BRE[KDOWNI BY SEC'TOR !NiD NATIONAL ORIGIN OF SALARIED PERSONNEL AND OF TOTAL PAYR(OLL in 1965 I_iodern Traditional Total Ivoreans Other Ncon- T Total [voreans Other Total - Africans Africans j i Africans I_ ________--- _- ___._.- - _._ -I-.- - ___ -- _ -.- - - _ _ - __- Number of workers Primary sector 23. 630 231.750 2 50 44,300 70.200 150,800 221 000 265,300 59 Secondary sector I2ai 130 122,270 2.7'00 48,100 1l1,350 11.350 23,.200 71.300 16 Tertiary sector 24.400 125.450 4,150 54,000 oi0C) 12.200 22.300 76.300 17 Puilic Administrationl 25-500 6.000 2,5I00 34.000 - - 34,000 8 I 'OTAI 84..63C0 179.47 10. l3OO 180.400 92,15'O 174.350 266.500) 446.900 1(0 _ _-_ _ _-_ . 1 , ,_ _ _,. .*_--._ - - _ A Payroll (in mlns of t ~~CFAF)! Primary sector 1.560 3.025 2,225 6,810 1,490 3,560 5.050 11.860 1'7.2 Secondary sector 4-.750 2.9510 4.500 12.200 1,05'0 900 1.950 14,150 20.5 Tertiary sector 6.140 4.115 9.000 19.255 1,480 1,850 3.330 22.585 32.7 Public Adm.nistration 15.400 2 500 2,500 20.400 _ _ _ 20,400 29,6 MOTAL 27'.850 112.590 18.225 58,665 4,020 6.310 10.330 68,995 lOt,O Source: C8te d' Iroire 1965. Emploi Table :2. RTXYdN AS '1Y OTIATL'ITCATION ITEVEL ANND NATIONAL. °RIGLN (pFR 1Oj(X!O SALARIED WOR1MRS DV TUB PRIVATE AND SEII PU3LIC SECTORS) in 1965 Ivorean.s Africans I Europeans Total Non-Ivoreans Management ! 17 5 , 123 145' High level administrative and | technical personnel 1.21 45 375 541 Medium administrative pDrso-neL 212 62 113 387 Lower administrative personnel P834 323 28 |L!185i Skilled labor i 568 203 14 785i Semi-skilled labor 1,027 450 9 :1,486 Unekil:led labor A 1,922 3,548 1 5t471 TOTAL 4,701 4,636 663 l(,OOC) So lre -C8t;e dIvoire________ 6. _ _ i _ Source> C8t;e d' Ivoire :1965,, Emploi Table 3. BREAI5)0WN OF SAILARIED :PERSONNEL WITH REGARD TO MAIN GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS in 1965 Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector Public sector Total modernL tradi- moderrL tradi- moderrn tradi- rde t;rad.-- tinel I tional 1 tional ti:oanal ____ __ _ __ _ _ _--I - - - - - ABIDJAN 4,000 24,C000 6,D000 26,000C 7,OO0 15,000 69,)0 13,3000 Abidjan regionial area urban _ 5,100 2,200 4,000 2,300 1,500 10- 6,00 4 500 rural 22,5C0 25,000 500 2:3,(Y) 2 y000 Forest zone | W 8 urban I .u w^vIl;C' 7C3 ,Co ;ta)1j'- rural 17,800 181,000 | 1 2,000 19,500 181,00. Sa,vanna zone urban 8,00C0 7,000 11,000 6,000 7,000 26,00) 13,000 rural 15,000 1,500 l ' CY 15,i000 Total urban 4,000 48,100 23,200 54,000 22,300 30,000 13 19)0 45,5CC rural 40,300 221,000 I 4,Cg000 44Z(J 221,000 ________ - - - - --I- - - __ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _-- _ _ _ _. __ - _______ TOTAL 44,300 221,000 48,100 23,200 | 54,00' 22,300 34,000 ! 180,40;) 266;, 00 Sue e_ ________ _____ -voire _.165 -mpl I __ Source: C8te d"l Ivoire 1965 Emploi Table 4. DEVELOPMENT OP THE EMIPLYMENT SITRUCTURE IN ABIDJAN FROMI 1955 TO 1.980 r 1955 19T63[ T19(55 - 1970 - 1975 1980 Prima _ry s-cto-r ___ Primary sector 2,560 5.5 3,500 3.9 3,700 3.8 1 4,750 3.6 5,6CC 3.2 6°000 3.2 Tndbstril1 sector 3,OO 6.6 11.,200 13.2 13.360 13.8 21,400 16.1 33,700| 19.2 ! ,0CO0 19.9 Bu:ilding and construction 7,500 16.5 9,500 11.2 12,0 00 12.4 13,700 10.3 16, 000 .1 20,000 9.2 Modern Tert. sector 12,180 26.9 22,5;00 26.6, 26,000 26.c9 33,450 25.1 42,970 24.5 53,500 24.8 Public sector 7,950 17.6 14,900 17.6 16,000 16.5 23, 0CC 17.3 29g,0C0o 16.6 -'°,000I 16.1 Traditional Tert.sector 12,285 26.9 2340 27.5 I 25,700 26.6 1 36,9CC 27.6 47,800 27.4 5,0001 26.8 TO'2A | 45i,4e75 1100,0 | 84,8300 00.0 96,7150 100.0 I 13,200 1100.0 175,07'0 0lC. 216,4001100.0 TO'TAL 45_45 _c 8_01 1,0010, _ _ _SIA _ _o 1 1_ _ _ dS 1 _ SouLrce: SEMAE, E'tude soc:io-6conornique! de la azne urbaine d 'Abidjan. Rapport de S3mthbse Table 5. RegioRal aggregates 1965 (in billions of CFAF) ?~Tr\nr~f1tThTmflJ _TM- A---nTA-T TA rTOA T AT.i __ __ _ _ ~~~~~~~~TOTAL [Gross domestic product !1',.3' 46.5 |95.01 91.1 jl 247.9 INoet domestic income 45.1 4 40.5 85.3i 63.0 203.S ! Monetary part only 4 4 27.5 65.0|! 62.0 1 58.s SI tProduction t,' 'Agriculture,for~estry,fisheries 13.9 21.4 59.91 1.1 9 91. | jIndust;ry and h mndicrc^dfft 3.0 7.9 8.0 ! 20.1 | 39.0 ! Commerce and seDrvices 2.6 14.5 20.41 55.0 9 . im ,4. C)z ') A . '7 1 A i Expenditure i ! I I I_I onlseholl ronnmmption n134 371 71.0 1 R | 1604 | Public consumption 1.1 3.4 8.91 20.8 342 lGross investments 1.2 3.5 !0.0 28.9 43.6 |Export minus import -0.4 2.5 5.1 2.5 9.7 Incomea iWages and salaries:i Private sector 0.8 5.0 . 1i6.7 35.3 R Publie 0.8 't2 I 1 67 6 1 4M.9 25. I |Rents and profits 13.4 33.2 i63.6| 40.3 150.5 IIndirect taxes minus subsidies 0.3 5.6 11.4 19.2 36.5 i , t i --.-..----+.-.' -*-t--.-...1i---- Population ( x 1,000 ) 810 1,150 iI732 308 3,980 TeT+ Adomestic i Tncomn per i I capita (in cFAF) 1l8,6001 35,600 49,000I 205,000 51,200 Same, but monetary part only 5,400i 24,300 r7,5001201,000 39,900 5_~~~~~~~~~~~~ _. - _ I____ 1___ K_ Source: Ioi PJ.ekn de D4velo-ippzment e.-..IC/jua, %zAul et Culturel pour les Annees 1967 - 1936- - 1969 - 1.970 Table, E.. Pre~eenlce of SOMe foi- ofpbI ae upyili1ae f di 4rn sz is Number of in- 0-lOG 100-i 200-1 00 600- i 900- 1, 200k 1L,600-; 2,000- 3,00- 500-- Total habi-tantsB 200 300 600 90 1,2-00 1,50 ,00 39000 5 000 1,0 NORD~ 3 7 13 19~ 32) 6264 100, 100 9. 2 CENTRE 4 4 6 11 24 43; 26 73 40 100 100 1~ OUEST 0 01 0 4 6 11. 26 75 75 100 i 100 5 CENT.RE- GUEST 1 ~ 24 9 23~ 50 1100: 10 100 100 100 9 ESSTI 1 4 3 8 ~~~20, 20 90 L00 100 100' 100 7-.6 sUD 1 21 6 13 30,3673 63100' I O,O1CW. Numiber of I - twateir supply. 30 14 72 207 128 87' 154 48 i 53 I 2j l~7 Total numiber .-__ of v,illages ~~~~613 262 18 1 87- of vi11a~es 2,197 1,882 11,4-32 1, 973 119 71 87 24 1 ,, ….-.--.-. .- . [. - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1-~~~~-'~~~ '- - 'I.- -....-.---I . -- 1 .1 .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... .. of villages~ wiith water supply 13 2.5 5. 04 2- 3( :~ 7-6 61 100 -00 9 -2 Souirce: PreriaZre qI.SOdu -.plain de D42~%op;1--men.L 19 1-19"5 Table . 7 Average numnber of inhabitants per rura3L medica:L center (a) and total -r-ral popullation (b) I Ir(a) ff(b) ';UD 7 ,. 900 492, 000 3ST 14.200 :219,000 OUBST 20.200 389,000 IHORD 21 .700 705,000 C0- ITll; OlfUEST 25, 800 267, 000 OEITM E 22.600 498, )000 TOTAL 16.560 3 020,000 Source: Premiere Esquisse diu Plan quinquennal de Developpemeent 1971 - 1975 Table 8. Breakdown cf I'sous-prfPectures" as to school attendance (il l) % of school 0-1IC( 10-2C% 20-4C% 4C-60%- 6iD-8p 8CN .nd Total !Akerage |Rural attendance over Population D4partement I i V1000 CENTRE 0UET - 12.5 37-5 37.'5 12,5 100 62, 267 S'UD t - ,l 8.8 1 83.8 1 44.8 38 -7 88, E 100 57,6 492 EST 12,5 1 12.5 37 375 12.5 25,-- - 100 40.9 219 CENTRE I 19 3 46,1 ) 15.2 19.4 - 100 1 38.5 948 OUEST 8,4l 16,6 133-.3 33.3 - 8.4 110 i29 - 389 NORD 41,- 44,- 15,- 1 - - 100 14,6 705 - l~~_ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ __ ___ - Source: Premibre Esquisse du E'lan quinqluennal de Dfveloppement 1971 - 1975 Table 9. Percentage of villages where zoning activities have taken place Number of inhab:Ltants 300- 600-. 2,000- 3,000- 5,000W-I, Numnber of zorjix.g, 600 2,000 3,000 5,000 l(),oOG, operations ~~~. NOED 2.3 5.5 11 100 100 31 CENTRE 2.6 4. 26 100 100 55 oUEBS 1.6 3. 37 10( 100 18 C~RE-TUEST t 2.7 8.8 20 100 100 16 EST (NORTHERN PART ) 1.1 1.3 - 75 100 i ) 21 ESI' (SOUlRN PART 7.4 16.6 100 100 100 SUD (EASTERRN PART) 6.9 | 14 30 ! 50 100 47 SLTDI (WE.pSThEPRN PA1RT) - __ . _ - , . i- TO T 1_-- SOURCE: Premirea Esquisse du. Plan quinquennal. de D6veloppement 1971-1975 Ti9ble 10. Required investments f or water supp ly to virllages NeatureD of water Number of villages Unit costs in ITotal in.vestmentj.~ siuppl.y st2-1.l to 'b apl milli1ons of 0CuA required in bil- liorLs of CFAF well woith handpump 3,500 I1.5 5.25 borehoDle wvith hand.pump 1,400 3. 47 borehole wiith wa-;te!r storage3 450 5,0 2,25 borehole at grleat depth 2,100 ,. 16.80 borehole with distribution system . 100, 5.5 0.55 Total 7, 550 - 30.00 -. - .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~-..- - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -..~~~~~~~~; Sourcea: PremVPre Esquisse iiu P'Lan quinquerinal de D6,veloppement, 1971 -1975 Table 11. Brea.down of planned publio investments in billions of CFAF -~ 1'6970 II 1971-1975 '1976-1980 Investments by central and local administration a. Administrative inifra- st-ructure 15.2 22.0 30.0 b. Public hiealth .6=3 11.0 c. Social infrastructure 0.8 0.9 2.0 |d. Education, etc. 11.1 17.4 24.0 e. Economic infrastructure Ui. road transport 1 21.2 25.0 42.0 ii. water supply 1.8 5.1 6.5 iii. urban investments streets,sewerage etcl 10.1 14.0 22.5 iv. agriculture,fishe- | Iries; anim?l' hus- | bandry, forestry 4.3 4.4 6.0 Total L 70.8 96.8 144.0 Investments by public and semi-nublic enternrieas a. Agriculture 17.6 27.0 28.0 b. Ports and waterways 8.9 i 10.0 j 13.5 c. Airport ! 1.8 2.0 3.0 !d. Electricity 7.7 23.8 11.5 I e. P.T.T. 3.9 5.7 6.0 f.Railroad 5.3 6.5 8.0 Total I 45.2 75.0 70.0 Participations and loans 15.7 26.6 j 38.6 i Grand Total 131.7 198.4 252.6 Source: Premiere Esquisse du Plan quinquennal de D&velopperient 1971-1975 Table 12. Breakdown of investments required for Banco residential area in Abidjan during period 1969 - 1975 ( x CFAP million ) _ _~~~~~~~~_ Addcitional L Additional area required 850 hectares cost per hectare total costs| I 2ild levelling, et.c. -- , Rainater crainage 0 45 382 Seer--W¢e | ~~~~0 70r)59 Streets i 1-12 956 Electricity 0.85 722 Wat;er supply 0.52 446 Telephone 0.O7 I_ 64)± k ln,< vv.it-A.W>eo , ,,t ! ,17 Z 1 Total 4,09 3.4fl2 ICo.t per ne__l inhabitant -- CFAF 31.6001 Source: AIUMUL, Abidjaun Plan d'Ame'?nagement, Rapport Justificatif, Mry 199q Table 13. Breakdown of investment required for new residenI,,,J" areas on theL ISLaud oIf I e L.e Lt- Bassam in Abidjan during period 1969-1975 x CFAF million ) IAdditional . | 1population 8,Uuu Additional area required 476 hectares t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ---i -~- cost per hectares total costs T,nr= TvplTng. etc. i 0;'38 A'4'7 Rainwater drainage 1 l,10 524 Sewerage 0.93 445 Streets 1,68 800 Electricity , 0.85 405 Telephone 0.08 36 |10 Contingencies 0.62 294 Total 6, 80 3.238 Costper newr V j U j 7 U J . _ _ _ _ _ __4 . UIhaV.t flt U Czar 339.100 Source: AURPL, Abidjan Plan d'Am4enagement. Rapport Justificatif, tIn-±y :1 Or^ Table I4. Incone distribution of African households in Abidian in 12i5. tT- 4 HTT -4 I _ T Househol.ds I Iouseholds I Tt , | income I Tonants |occupying lodged free number of Ln UP.& own nouEse f-ith I riends 1 huseho.Lus _ _ T 1 | or relatives < 5, 000 1,380 0 120 1,500 5,000-10,000 j 21,44-0 240 1,920 23,600 ,OO( i5w00 |28,760 | ° | 2,600 32,000 1l 000o-20.000C) 2;8n00 11800 2;400 30.000 20,000-25O000 | 14,990 1,830 | 1,480 18,300 25,0003-30,000 9,700 11,890 1,010 12,600 30,000-40,000 9,200 2,560 1,040 12,800 40,00O-50,000 5,70 ,700 750 9000 50^C!'=6woo 73 2,8 1 17630 i A ,4000 60,000-70,000 1 ,150 1 2,160 290 3,600 70,000-80,000 770 1,440 j 190 2,400 | 80,000-100,000 100 j 720 80 900 lI00,000-120,000 1 - - I I [ - Total | 121,240 | 8,460 12,300 152p000 Source: SEMA: :Politique du Logement h Abidjan, 1967. Table 15O Dist .bitlon-of tenant households in Abid.ian as to size and. ability tQ Pa.y rent, in I_M. Monthly rent | Number of households with Total |-In CFAF m4 person z-3 personsl4-5 personsl6-7 personsl8 or more I-1 _ _ persons - ! . 5C)0 I - _ _- 500=)n 1,0s nrv 33 770 1 28 | _ |1,3 000- 1,500 14729 3.450 | 3,;;; | 600 |._ 15 1,500- 2,000 4, 400 5,700 4,750 1,500 1,040 17.:90 2,000- 2,500 2,500 7,480 | 6,325 J 2,045 1,320 19,670 2,500- 3,000 750 7,500 5,000 3,170 1,600 18,020 30uuu- 3,50 uu --)q0Z 4,CV0 4,1i5 2,700 14,t3U5 qn(-_ a nnn I. 1 I - 7r0 2 I 3Qr;( AOO I 92C I 10,47n 4,000- 4,500 12C0 1000 2,000 1,800 2 080 7,(000 4,500- 5,000 100C| 750 1,500 J 1,500 2,020 5,870 i5,000- 6t000 80 | 490 1,150 1,270 2,010 5,000 6,000- 7,000( 90 580 80( 1,000 1,460 3,9030 7f V Q n Qr I At' Ir 74 7 Crrr 4 1 ) "A | 8,000- 9,000 | _ | 115 | 145 | 500 | 1!020 1 1 e 780 0 | 9,000-10,000 | _ | _ | 80 | 285 | 525 | 8 |;0,000-12,000 | _ 60 240 280 5180 i 2: 000-1400O | _ - _ - _ 100 | 10 }4A00is0 4e -- I O O 16,000 - :1:1I_ -I -I Source: SEMA: Pociticue du Logement a Abidjan. 1967. Table 16. rivJi.al Budgets 1965 - 1962 (x CFAF million) IvIunicipality -. 95 1i6 96 98 Si6 lity ~ 19b5 1zibb 'I 9ib6t 1 ' -j 9 libidjan 1 29421 | 2,636 2,831 2,308 2,139 BoQu&ke Fv86 -534 :;-Z 474 :: 505 X n.La. I Abengourou 4 61 58 59 n.a. Agboville 47 47 50 | 45 n.a. Daloa 83 110 101 | 117 n.a. Dimbokro 48 | 51 | 85 J 70 | n.a. Gagnoa 62 69 j [9 n.a. 71V '.is ,___ I I Total j3,159 3,571 3,739 3,239 Source: Ministry of the Interior, Abidjaz. Table 17. Total mL Yrcipa jnvtments 1966 - 1968 ) (x CFt Millinc)= Municipality | 1966 f 1967 1968 rAbidjan 689 448 1 429 Aben.gourou 17 10 6 Bouak6 89 148 48 l ! Daloa | - 2 Dimbtokro 4 i 22i 1 Gagnoa - 4 167 1) Including investments based or foreignloans. Wide variations arc caused by the size of investrments for a comm.ercial centor, water supply, etc. Source: DUnistry of the Interior, Abidjan.