DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 1217 Pension Coverage in Latin America Trends and Determinants Rafael Rofman and Maria Laura Oliveri 70926 June 2012     Pension Coverage in Latin America: Trends  and Determinants        Rafael Rofman and Maria Laura Oliveri   June 2012           JEL Classification: H55, J14, J26    Keywords: pension coverage, elderly welfare, social security      Rafael  Rofman  (rrofman@worldbank.org)  is  a  Lead  Social  Protection  Specialist  and  María  Laura  Oliveri  (moliveri@worldbank.org)  is  a  Junior  Professional  Associate,  both  in  the  Social  Protection  Unit,  Human    Development Department, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office, The World Bank.     This document is an updated and expanded version of a series of previous reports, including Rofman, R. and  Carranza, E. (2005), Rofman, R. and Lucchetti, L. (2006) and Rofman, R., Lucchetti, L. and Ourens, G. (2009).  These  versions  received  generous  comments  and  corrections  from  many  colleagues,  including  Fabio  Bertranou, Marisa Bucheli, Ivan Cordero, Carmen Corral, Gustavo Demarco, Alvaro Forteza, Ramiro Gamboa,  Carlos Grushka, Carmelo Mesa Lago, Eduardo Moron, Thomas Otter and Robert Palacios. We are also grateful  to  Jessica  Acosta,  Mariel  Santarelli  and  Federico  Díaz  Kalan  for  comments  and  helpful  collaboration  in  the  translation of this version. Of course, the opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors, and  they do not reflect in any way those of their employer or any of the aforementioned colleagues.    This document is also available in Spanish:   http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARGENTINAINSPANISH/Resources/CoberturaPrevisionalLAC.pdf    1 Table of Contents    Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 3  . Introduction  ................................................................................................................... 4  Pension Systems, Objectives and Tools ........................................................................... 7  �  Access to benefits: Differed wage or citizen right? ................................................... 7  �  Financing: contributory or not�contributory? ........................................................... 8  �  The role of the State .................................................................................................. 9  Some methodological issues: Data source, comparability and risks ...............................12  Levels and Trends of Pension Coverage..........................................................................15  �  Coverage of Active Workers .................................................................................... 15  �  Coverage of the Elderly ............................................................................................ 27  Conclusions ....................................................................................................................37  References .....................................................................................................................39  Annex I: Basic Statistics ..................................................................................................41  1 Annex II: Contributory and non contributory benefits, selected countries ...................  87  1 Annex III: Methodological Issues..................................................................................  91  1 Annex IV: Summary Tables ..........................................................................................  99        2 ABSTRACT  This document presents an analysis of pension coverage trends in Latin America for the  past decades. Its preparation involved the collection, revision, and processing of household  surveys  in  over  18  countries  in  the  region,  spanning  a  period  of  almost  40  years  in  some  cases.  The  main  goal  of  this  document  is  to  offer  comparable  data  on  pension  coverage  among  the  economically  active  population  and  the  elderly,  considering  the  relevance  of  several demographic, social, and economic variables on these coverage levels.  By  producing  this  large  and  comparable  regional  dataset,  the  document  supports  the  discussion of several stylized facts on pension coverage in Latin America. The results show  that  coverage  among  active  workers  is  low  in  most  countries,  although  there  has  been  a  relative improvement since the early 1990s. The situation is still distressing among workers  in  the  primary  sector  or  employed  by  small  enterprises  as  well  as  for  women,  primarily  because  of  their  persistent  lower  rates  of  labor  market  participation.  In  recent  years  coverage of some of the most vulnerable groups has increased, but it still presents very low  rates.  Among  the  elderly,  regional  averages  have  been  very  stable  since  the  early  1990s,  although this average hides important differences among countries.        3 INTRODUCTION  The performance of social security systems around the world can usually be evaluated  considering  three  particular  dimensions:  coverage,  adequacy  and  sustainability.  The  first  dimension refers to the proportion of the elderly protected by the system or, in the case of  contributory  programs,  the  proportion  of  adults  and  young  adults  contributing  to  them.  Adequacy  refers  to  the  level  of  the  benefits,  taking  into  consideration  whether  they  are  enough  to  finance  an  adequate  consumption  flow  among  beneficiaries.  Finally,  sustainability  refers  to  the  capacity  of  the  systems  to  meet  their  financial  commitments,  both in the short and medium term.   This document, following the previous versions, is focused on the coverage dimension of  the  system,  presenting  empirical  data  from  18  Latin  American  countries.  Social  security  systems coverage in the region has become a central issue in the policy debate, not only in  most of the countries in the region, but also around the world. Moreover, there is a strong  consensus  to  advance  in  this  regard  within  international  organizations,  as  reflected  in  the  Social  Protection  Strategy  of  The  World  Bank;  the  Global  Initiative  of  a  Universal  Social  Protection  Floor  of  the  International  Labor  Organization  (ILO);  in  the  Millennium  Development  Goals  agreed  upon  in  the  United Nations,  and  the  strategy  prepared  by  the  International Association of Social Security (ISSA), among others.   The 1990s decade was intense in debates and reforms in most countries of the region,  with a strong focus on medium� and long�term fiscal sustainability. At the same time, these  reforms generally had limited impact on coverage levels, and in several cases they resulted  in significant reductions. In the last decade, a new wave of reforms focused on expanding  coverage  by  incorporating  non�contributory  schemes,  modifying  the  systems’  parameters,  and introducing other adjustments in order to  maintain the adequacy of the  benefits and  sustainability of the system.   Policy  design  requires  the  use  of  reliable,  comparable,  and  consistent  data  over  time.  Despite this, many analysts are seriously affected by the lack of such information, reducing  their ability to design strong reform proposals that would allow policy makers to reach the  desired  objectives.  The  difficulty  is  especially  clear  when  considering  the  impacts  on  coverage  and  public  finances,  since  there  are  important  definition,  consistency,  and  comparability problems among sources of information, over time, and between countries.   This  document  represents  a  new  stage  in  the  authors’  efforts  to  produce  reliable  estimates of pension coverage levels and trends in the region. This new version represents a  revision  and  expansion  of  previous  ones.  The  first  of  them  was  prepared  in  2004�05  (Rofman and Carranza, 2005), then continued by Rofman and Lucchetti (2006), and was last  updated in  Rofman, Lucchetti, and Ourens (2009).  The successive versions have corrected  some  methodological  problems  and  expanded  the  time  series,  which  initially  presented  data for a single year (around 2002) and has now reached, in some cases, periods of almost  40  years.  Hence,  the  tables  included  in  the  document  go  back  to  the  1970s  (in  case  of  Argentina and Brazil) and to the 1990s (11 of the 18 countries analyzed have at least one  indicator). Furthermore, data for 2009 and 2010 were also included for countries where it  became available before this document was completed, which permitted us to characterize  4 the coverage situation at the end of the first decade of this century. Of course, the tables  and figures have some information missing, either because we did not have access to the  surveys or because of the unavailability of the key variables in the public versions of these  surveys.  Also,  while  the  authors  made  important  efforts  to  ensure  comparability  across  countries and years, there are some persistent issues that could not be fixed, as explained  in the methodological Annex III.   The literature points that the main objectives of pension systems are the prevention of  poverty among the elderly and the smoothing of lifetime consumption patterns. In addition,  some  authors  have  focused  their  analyses  on  other  objectives  or  secondary  aspects  that  need to be addressed when pension systems are designed, such as their effects on savings,  capital accumulation, labor market, and fiscal solvency. The relative importance of each of  these  elements  (including  the  role  of  the  state  in  the  design,  implementation  and  administration  of  the  system)  varies  in  accordance  with  the  philosophic  and  political  position of the different authors. Some of them consider that the main objective should be  to  relieve  poverty  in  extreme  cases,  while  others  propose  a  broader  approach,  giving  the  pension  systems  a  central  role  in  policies  aimed  at  redistributing  income.  A  third  group  focuses  on  labor  market  issues,  understanding  that  pension  benefits  may  be  considered  part  of  the  labor  contracts,  since  they  represent  the  payment  of  differed  wages,  which  means that only in the context of an efficient labor market would it be possible to find an  effective pension system. The controversy about the objectives and how to achieve them is  far from concluded, and it seems that more and better information on the current situation  and recent trends of coverage and the access to the programs would contribute to inform  this debate.   A good conceptual definition is a necessary but not sufficient condition to produce an  adequate  empirical  measurement  of  pension  coverage.  There  are  many  methodological  problems arising from practical difficulties in the implementation of the concept, including  the quality of the instruments used for the collection of the information, their availability,  and cross�country and time�series comparability.  The  data  collected  for  this  document  corresponds  to  18  countries  in  Latin  American,  from  a  period  that  starts  at  the  beginning  of  the  1970s  in  some  cases  and  stretches  until  2010.  The  document  presents  a  set  of  indicators  to  measure  coverage  in  the  different  countries, both among active workers and the elderly. In addition, information on coverage  is  presented  considering  different  socio�demographic  dimensions,  including  age,  area  of  residence,  type  of  employer  (public/private),  education,  gender,  industry  (primary/secondary/tertiary), firm size and income.   The paper contains five sections, including this introduction and the final conclusions, in  addition to four annexes at the end. The second section deals with the conceptual aspects  of  income  protection  programs  for  the  elderly.  The  third  section  focuses  on  the  methodological  approach  used,  analyzing  the  problems  faced  during  the  estimation  of  indicators,  while  the  fourth  presents  the  comparative  results  for  the  18  countries  considered.  Among  the  annexes,  two  of  them  include  detailed  information  on  the  time� series for each country considering the systems as a whole (Annex I), and a disaggregation  5 between contributory and non contributory benefits when there is available data (Annex II).  Annex  III  discussed  methodological  aspects,  detailing  the  criteria  used  to  standardize  categories  for  each  country.  Finally,  Annex  IV  presents  tables  indicating  what  data  were  available for this document.       6 PENSION SYSTEMS, OBJECTIVES AND TOOLS  Pension  systems  are  transfer  programs  instituted  by  the  State,  with  the  purpose  of  providing income to the elderly in a context where informal arrangements are considered  insufficient. The policy justification for these programs is clear: in traditional societies, the  elderly  were  supported  by  their  families  or  by  informal  social  networks  that  shared  food  and goods produced by its members, or else they did not receive any support whatsoever,  living  in  poverty  and  exposed  to  high  rates  of  morbidity  and  mortality.  As  the  economies  developed,  labor  markets  extended  and  salaried  work  became  the  principal  source  of  income  of  most  households  in  urban  areas,  resulting  in  a  decline  of  traditional  informal  sharing arrangements. This trend was strengthened by the demographic transitions process,  which led to population aging and an increase of the ratio between the elderly and young  adults  in  families  and  society.  Of  course,  informal  transfer  arrangements  and  individual  savings  schemes  (formal  or  informal)  still  exist,  and  they  are  relevant  in  many  countries.  However,  we  do  not  consider  them  to  be  part  of  the  Pension  System,  unless  they  are  instituted by the State as a public policy.  Although  the  general  objective  posed  in  the  previous  paragraph  is  usually  accepted,  there  are  divergences  on  how  to  achieve  it.  The  debates  focus  on  three  principal  dimensions, where analysts and policy makers have often opposing standpoints: First, the  linkage between pension systems and labor markets, a relationship that has been used to  identify potential beneficiaries of the pension systems. The second area of debate is about  the source of financing, as some support the idea of obtaining contributions from the future  beneficiaries  (which  means  that  the  system  is  regarded  as  contributory)  while  others  propose to disentangle total or partially the access to benefits from the labor history of the  individuals, generating what is known as “non�contributory� schemes. The third dimension  of  the  discussion  refers  to  the  role  that  the  State  should  have,  either  as  facilitator,  supervisor, or manager of the system. Although there are other debates (one of the most  important is about whether contributory pension systems should be pre�financed by each  generation or should be based on a pay�as�you�go scheme), but these seemed to refer to a  second order problem; while they not affect the most important principles of the system,  they  indeed  affect  how  the  systems  are  implemented  and  their  performance.  Hence,  a  more detailed discussion of the three principal aforementioned points is presented below.   - ACCESS TO BENEFITS: DIFFERED WAGE OR CITIZEN RIGHT?   A central debate with regard to the pension systems is if these should be regarded as a  continuation  of  income  flows  for  salaried  workers  after  the  retirement  or  as  a  benefit  provided for all citizens. The first approach is based on the idea that elderly citizens tend to  lose their capacity to work and earn a wage after certain age. This would make it necessary  to design a scheme that replaces the missing income for this population. In this logic, there  would  not  exist  a  reason  to  provide  pension  benefits  to  anyone  who  did  not  have  wages  before their retirement, because there would be no income loss to be compensated. Thus,  pension benefits would represent continuity in the payment of wages, and they could even  be  considered  part  of  those  wages,  paid  later  in  life.  Alternatively,  a  second  approach  postulates  that  the  concern  of  the  society  should  not  be  focused  on  substituting  income  7 source for former wage earners, but to guarantee adequate living conditions standards for  everyone, particularly if the potential beneficiaries have objective limitations to participate  in  the  labor  market.  According  to  this  view,  all  elder  individuals  should  receive  benefits  regardless of their past work history, and the only criterion for discrimination that would be  admissible would be the existence of alternative sources of income, as savings, capital gains  or others.   -  FINANCING: CONTRIBUTORY OR NOT�CONTRIBUTORY?   A second area of debate is centered on the principles of financing pension systems. This  discussion  is  linked  to  the  previous  one,  since  that  aims  at  defining  who  should  receive  benefits, while this one is concerned with who should finance them. The opposing visions in  this case refer to whether the systems should be financed by those ones that will benefit  from them or by the population in general, through general tax revenues. The first approach  is  defined  as  “contributory�,  since  those  contributing  acquire  the  right  to  receive  the  benefits. The second approach, on the contrary, is defined as “non�contributory.�   There  is  a  common  association  between  the  ideas  that  pension  benefits  are  differed  wages  and  that  they  must  be  financed  through  contributions.  In  this  line,  workers  reduce  their disposable wage during their active life, to be compensated once they retire from the  labor market, in a scheme that smoothes income flows during the life cycle. This effect can  be reached under different schemes, including pre�financed systems (where workers save in  order  to  finance  their  future  benefits)  or  pay  as  you  go  systems  (where  current  workers  finance current retirees), as well as individual schemes (where every worker provides funds  for  himself)  or  collective  schemes  (where  a  group  of  workers  finances  their  benefits  collectively).   Non�contributory schemes, on the other hand, are usually linked with approaches that  support  protecting  the  elderly  regardless  of  their  labor  history.  In  this  line,  the  source  of  financing becomes irrelevant to define eligibility, although of course it is still important to  ensure that the program is sustainable in the short and medium term and that its financial  arrangements do not have serious negative effects in labor markets or other areas. Benefits  can  reach  all  the  elderly  (universal)  or  those  that  need  assistance  (targeted).  The  first  approach  presents  some  advantages  in  terms  of  political  economy  (since  the  universal  programs  have  greater  public  acceptance)  and  in  management  costs  (since  designing  and  implementing a targeting strategy can be costly) , but can become unnecessarily expensive  if  it  involves  generous  transfers  to  beneficiaries  that  have  other  means  to  maintained  themselves.   Although  the  association  between  selection  of  beneficiaries  and  financing  models  is  usually the one discussed in the previous paragraph, this is not necessarily a rule. In many  cases,  schemes  financed  through  contributions  include  redistributive  components  that  facilitate  access  to  those  who  need  support  regardless  of  their  history  and,  inversely,  it  is  common  to  see  programs  that  require  past  contributions  to  receive  benefits,  but  are  partially financed with general revenue taxes.   In most countries pension systems are organized as a combination of contributory and  non�contributory  schemes,  providing  relief  to  poverty  and  smoothing  consumption  at  the  8 same  time.  This  combination  of  objectives  was  traditionally  implicit  in  the  pay�as�you�go  schemes with minimum benefits, and was made explicit with the structural reforms of the  1990s, with the introduction of multi � pillar schemes.   - THE ROLE OF THE STATE  The discussion on the role of the State in a pension system, as a facilitator, regulator or  supplier of the benefits is open and has been controversial. Some analysts suggest that the  State should limit its role to the regulation of financial and insurance markets, so that these  provide  adequate  financing  tools  to  most  individuals  would  voluntarily  smooth  their  consumption patterns throughout their life cycle. Thus, each individual could define his own  coverage  scheme  in  accordance  with  his  preferences,  in  terms  of  short  and  long  term  consumption and risk aversion.   A second approach proposes that the State should have a more proactive role, mainly  because market incentives cannot completely be aligned with the social interest. Thus, the  governments would not only regulate markets, but would also actively promote individual  long�term  saving,  subsidizing  them  (for  example,  exempting  these  term  savings  from  income  taxes  or  contributing  to  individual  savings  in  schemes  known  as  “matching  contributions�). Finally, a third approach considers that these measures are not sufficient to  solve the problems of asymmetric information, myopia, and uncertainty that are generated  in the market, and the State needs to have a more active role in the process, establishing  compulsory contribution, administering the systems, or offering non�contributory schemes,  as necessary.   The coverage level is a core indicator of how effective a pension system is, together with  other  aspects  as  the  adequacy  of  the  benefits  and  the  sustainability  both,  financial  and  political. The definitions and measures of coverage that are adopted partly depend on the  systems’ design. For example, a system that tries to be purely contributory and to maintain  a  flow  of  income  to  participating  workers  after  their  retirement  tends  to  have  a  smaller  coverage  that  one  that  aims  to  provide  universal  coverage,  but  this  would  not  imply  a  design or implementation problem, given the proposed policy goal. A similar problem arises  with respect to coverage measures among active workers, since the definition on who is the  population to be covered, determines the way this coverage is measured.   The  most  common  definition  of  coverage  in  social  protection  programs  refers  to  the  proportion  of  people  who  receive  a  benefit  within  certain  group  of  reference,  considered  the “eligible population.� This general definition needs to be adjusted when it is considered  for  pension  systems,  since  it  is  necessary  to  indicate  the  type  of  benefit  involved  and  the  target population who will be considered when evaluating the systems. Following Grushka  (2001) and Bertranou, Grushka and Rofman (2001a, 2001b), pension coverage usually refers  to  those  who  are  receiving  pensions,  survivor’s,  or  disability  benefits.  However,  pension  coverage  has  two  stages  in  contributory  schemes.  The  first  one  is  related  to  the  period  where the worker contributes to the system and acquires the right to receive the benefits in  the  future.  This  stage  refers  to  the  coverage  of  the  economically  active  population.  The  second  is  related  to  the  period  when  benefits  are  received,  this  is,  coverage  among  the  elderly.   9 Coverage among active workers refers to the proportion of the eligible population that  is  accruing  rights  to  receive  benefits  in  the  future.  The  coverage  indicators  for  active  workers are usually presented as ratios between the number of registered workers and the  economically  active  population  when  only  contributory  schemes  are  considered.  This  indicator is very simple to calculate. However, it also has some problems, since many of the  affiliates workers do not carry out their contributions regularly, which mean that they may  be  ineligible  to  receive  benefits  in  the  future.  The  administrative  registries  of  the  institutions  can  overestimate  the  number  of  participants,  due  to  possible  duplications  of  registries and that individuals are not eliminated from these registries if they leave the labor  force.  This  problem  became  evident  in  several  countries  in  Latin  America  after  the  introduction  of  individual  accounts.  Workers  may  be  registered  in  the  systems  at  some  point,  but  they  do  not  always  continue  to  contribute,  either  because  they  become  unemployed,  informal  or  leave  the  labor  force.  The  phenomenon  of  alternate  periods  of  inactivity,  unemployment,  informal  employment,  and  formal  employment  results  in  very  high  affiliation  rates,  which  grow  as  time  passes,  and  in  some  countries  even  eventually  surpasses 100% of the labor force1.     Figure 1. Percentage of the Economically Active Population that is affiliated to the  capitalization regime, by years since its creation. Argentina, Chile, and Mexico  140% % of the económically active population 130% 120% 110% Chile 100% 90% 80% Argentina 70% 60% 50% Mexico 40% 30% 20% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Years since the reform    Source: Own, on the basis of data of SAFJP, CONSAR, SAFP, INDEC, INEGI, and INE.     Figure  1  shows  the  upward  trend  as  time  passes  after  the  reforms  of  the  systems  in  Argentina (1994), Chile (1981), and Mexico (1998), even during periods of recession. In fact,  in Chile the mark of 100% was surpassed some 14 years after the reform, and Argentina and  Mexico  seemed  to  be  headed  in  the  same  direction.  For  this  reason,  it  is  necessary  to  1  Analyzing the Argentinean case, Paz (2004) estimated that the 24% of the economically active population  moves among jobs with contributions, jobs without contributions and unemployment.  10 distinguish between contributors (those that contribute to the system in a given moment)  and members or affiliates (those that at some time registered in the system, regardless of  whether  they  continued  their  contributions).  Using  the  ratio  of  contributors  to  employed  workers  (occupational  coverage)  or  contributors  to  the  economically  active  population  (coverage  of  the  labor  force)  produces  better  estimates  of  coverage,  since  they  do  not  suffer from this cumulative bias.     However,  there  are  still  some  issues  with  the  definition  of  coverage  among  active  workers, even if only current contributors are considered. Coverage is defined at this stage  by  the  fact  that  the  worker  is  accumulating  rights  to  receive  a  pension  benefit  after  retirement, but given the diversity of rules across national pension systems, some workers  could be considered as covered despite not being currently contributing, if they qualify to  receive non�contributory benefits, or they have already fulfill the minimum requirements of  the contributory system. Others may not be covered even if they are paying contributions, if  their  history  of  contributions  is  not  sufficient  to  meet  the  minimum  requirements  of  the  system of its country by the time they reach retirement age.    Assessing  coverage  among  the  elderly  presents  fewer  difficulties,  since  instead  of  measuring  the  accumulation  of  potential  rights;  the  focus  is  on  the  proportion  of  eligible  individuals  who  are  currently  receiving  benefits.  The  indicator  customarily  used  for  this  stage  is  the  percentage  of  older  adults  who  receive  a  pension  benefit.  This  measure  has  some  limitations,  since  some  individuals  who  qualify  to  receive  retirement  benefits  may  prefer to continue to work, or others may have sufficient alternative resources that so as to  not  need  a  pension  benefit.  Bertranou,  Grushka  and  Rofman  (2001a)  proposed  three  alternative  measures  in  order  to  evaluate  pension  coverage  among  the  elderly.  First,  it  is  possible  to  measure  the  “individual  coverage�,  which  estimates  the  proportion  of  population that receives pension benefits, second, the “joint coverage� includes as covered  the spouses of beneficiaries among those covered by the system, and finally “occupational  joint coverage�, also includes as covered those people that remain in the labor market and  their spouses2. The importance of this final indicator is that its complement (that is, those  that are not covered under any definition) are people who do not have any income, neither  from the job market nor from the pension system, and accordingly, their survival depends  on the family transfers or other informal schemes.       2  This indicator can have some problems since it presumes that individuals remain in the labor market because  they want to do so, while in some cases this may a consequence of lack of coverage and not its cause.  11 SOME METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES: DATA SOURCE, COMPARABILITY AND RISKS    Traditionally, coverage has been measured using administrative information or registry  data,  a  reasonable  option  given  the  availability  of  information.  This  provides  a  simple  method for monitoring and evaluating coverage trends over time. Data are usually provided  by  Social  Security  agencies,  which  periodically  release  information  about  the  number  of  contributors and benefits paid. This method also makes possible, in the case of high�quality  registries,  to  analyze  labor  histories  of  workers  and  observe  the  “density�  of  their  contributions, which is difficult to study through other means. However, the use of registry  data also poses certain problems. For example, when it comes to countries where there are  several  independent  pension  systems,  data  may  be  available  in  only  some  of  them,  or  quality could be uneven, making difficult to have an aggregate vision of what is happening  in the pension system as a whole. In particular, many pension systems are affected by the  existence of incorrect registries and even duplications, because administrative records are  not  always  consistent  with  statistical  analysis.  For  example,  registries  usually  show  information  on  jobs  covered  and  benefits  paid,  but  not  on  individuals,  which  can  lead  to  overestimations  of  coverage,  as  one  individual  may  hold  more  than  one  covered  job.  Furthermore,  registries  rarely  have  good  information  on  socio�economic  characteristics  of  the individuals, which means that it is not possible to carry out a more detailed analysis on  these dimensions.   In countries with fragmented pension systems, it is common that registries are available  only for the larger systems (usually those at the national level), but they are less accessible  in the case of smaller schemes. The most serious problem is usually seen in the sub�national  level systems (such as provincial civil servants systems in Argentina or the state systems in  Brazil  and  Mexico)  or  systems  that  cover  certain  branches  of  the  occupation  (as  the  professionals  funds  in  Uruguay,  Paraguay  or  Argentina,  civil  servants  systems  in  Peru  and  Mexico, or retirement schemes for the military or the police in almost all the countries of  the  region).  These  programs  rarely  offer  up�to�date  and  reliable  information,  although  in  recent  years  large  efforts  have  been  observed  in  the  different  countries  to  compile  and  publish  the  information  on  the  different  systems/subsystems  that  coexist.  Given  this  situation, an alternative approach, developed in this document, is to use household surveys,  which allows for a more detailed analysis of the information and reduces the influence of  administrative errors (although it introduces the risks generated by sampling and systematic  errors that affects all surveys).   Household surveys collect detailed data of a variety of socio�demographic and economic  characteristics, allowing for analyses that are not possible using official registries. Since the  early 2000s several studies have been published in the region using this methodology, but  they rarely include international comparisons. Among these are case studies on Argentina  (Bertranou,  Grushka  and  Rofman,  2003),  Brazil  (MPD,  2004),  Ecuador  (The  World  Bank,  2006),  Paraguay  (Crossings  and  Chest,  2003),  Peru  (The  World  Bank,  2003),  and  Uruguay  (Bucheli, 2004). There has also been progress in the dissemination of data on coverage at  the regional level, although more slowly. Among the most important documents in this area  12 are  the  report  published  by  the  ILO  (2000),  a  data  collection  from  surveys  published  by  Packard  (2002),  a  study  centered  on  the  labor  histories  prepared  by Gasparini  (2004)  and  the previous versions of the present document (Rofman 2005; Rofman and Luchetti 2006;  and  Rofman, Luchetti and Ourens 2009).   Although they are more reliable than registry data for some analyses, the information  from household surveys is not free from problems, since they are affected by deficiencies of  temporal  and  cross�national  consistency  among  the  surveys,  which  affects  the  comparability of the indicators produced. The principal problems arise from differences of  coverage of the surveys (some of them have national coverage, but others still only cover  urban areas), the questions used to estimate coverage levels among active workers and the  elderly (some surveys ask about the affiliation to retirements schemes or pensions, others  about  contributions;  in  the  case  of  the  elderly,  in  some  cases  the  individuals  are  asked  if  they  are  retired  and  in  others  cases  the  surveys  ask  them  about  the  sources  of  income,  including pensions), the individual that is being questioned (in some cases, only the salaried  workers  are  interviewed  concerning  their  contributions,  in  others  all  individuals,  including  independent  workers,  are  questioned)  and  of  course,  there  are  differences  in  systems’  design across countries that affect the coverage definitions. In addition, there is some level  of  over�  or  under�reporting  to  be  expected  in  surveys,  as  in  some  cases  individuals  will  believe  that  their  employers  are  contributing  on  their  behalf  when  they  are  not,  and  vice  versa.   This  document  presents  the  results  of  collecting,  reviewing,  and  processing  household  surveys for 18 countries of Latin America for a period that encompasses in some few cases  since the 1970s (and in almost all countries since the early 1990s) until around 2010. The  data  series for  each  indicator  is  presented  in  detail  in  a  statistical  annex  (Annex  I).  In  this  document,  we  measure  coverage  considering  the  percentage  of  the  economically  active  population  of  20  years  old  or  more  that  contribute  to  the  pension  system  as  the  main  coverage  indicator  among  the  economically  active  population  and  the  percentage  of  population  of  65  years  old  or  more  that  receives  pension  benefits  as  the  main  coverage  indicator among the elderly.   For the active workers, three indicators were selected: (i) the percentage of contributors  among  the  economically  active  population  (ii)  the  percentage  of  contributors  among  occupied workers, and (iii) the percentage of contributors among salaried workers. For the  elderly,  the  core  indicator  is  the  percentage  of  beneficiaries  of  pensions  among  the  population of 65 years old or more.   The main results are presented in the following section, showing the indicators at three  moments (in the early 1990s, early 2000s and around 2010). In addition, we calculated the  coverage indicators for different population groups, considering differences by age, gender,  area of residence, type of employer (public/private), education, industry of occupation, firm  size and income3. The results presented in this document are generally consistent with the  3  For  a  complete  description  of  the  indicators,  the  coverage  of  surveys  in  each  country,  the  description  of  variables and questions used in each survey, see the methodological annex (Annex III) and the summary tables  in Annex IV.  13 data  published  by  national  Social  Security  agencies.  Although  observed  values  are  not  identical to those published by these institutes on the basis of their registries (and neither  should  they  be  so,  considering  the  differences  in  the  sources  of  information)  informal  consultations  with  colleagues  throughout  the  region  indicated  that  the  information  presented  is  reasonable  and,  with  some  unavoidable  margin  of  error,  represents  the  situation of each country.    14 LEVELS AND TRENDS OF PENSION COVERAGE   - COVERAGE OF ACTIVE WORKERS  Figure 2 presents the rates of coverage for the active workers at the early 1990s, a decade  later,  and  around  20104,  using  the  three  indicators  described  in  the  previous  section:  :  (i)  the  coverage  of  the  economically  active  population,  (ii)  coverage  of  the  employed  population and (iii) coverage of the salaried population.     Figure 2. Coverage of the Economically Active Population  (a) Economically Active Population  (Percentage of the economically active population that contributes to pension systems)  % 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR GU SA EC CO VE MX PA BR AR* CR UY CL * * * ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 Mean ~2000 Mean ~2010 Mean                   Continues in the following page … 4  The data presented in the figures of this section represent those closest to 1990, 2000 and 2010 according to  availability  in  each  country.  The  surveys  used  in  each  case  were:  Argentina  1992�2000�2010;  Bolivia  2000� 2007; Brazil 1990�2000�2009; Chile 1990�2000�2009; Colombia 1996�2001�2009; Costa Rica 1990�2000�2009;  Dominican  Republic  2005�2009;  Ecuador  1990�2000�2009;  El  Salvador  1995�2000�2009;  Guatemala  2000� 2006;  Honduras  2006�2009;  Mexico  1992�2000�2010;  Nicaragua  1993�1998�2005;  Panama  2004�2009;  Paraguay 1995�2000�2009;  Peru 2001�2010; Uruguay 1991�2000�2010 and Venezuela 1995�2000�2006.  15       (b) Employed Population  (Percentage of the employed population that contributes to pension systems)  % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR GU SA EC CO VE MX PA BR AR* CR UY CL * * * ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 Mean ~2000 Mean ~2010 Mean     (c) Salaried Workers  (Percentage of the salaried population that contributes to pension systems)  % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR GU SA EC CO VE MX AR PA BR CR UY CL ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 Mean ~2000 Mean ~2010 Mean   Note: (i) In order to see the exact years shown for each country, see footnote # 4.   (ii) It is not possible to obtaining estimates for the early 1990s in Bolivia, Honduras, Panama, Peru, and the Dominican Republic.   (*) The grey area in the data of Argentina indicates the estimated coverage of independent workers, based on administrative data.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys, ANSES and projections of Population of INDEC, MECON.     The coverage rate of the economically active population is lower than 30% in 8 of the 18  countries from which information is available at the end of the 2000s. The relative position  of these countries with respect to the rest of the region is not very different from the one  observed at the beginning of the decade. Some countries, such as Peru and the Dominican  Republic have shown important improvements, but still maintain low levels of coverage. In  16 the other extreme, Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Argentina, and Brazil are the only countries  that present coverage levels of the working population that exceeds 50 percent.     Between the early nineties and early 2000s the coverage fell in almost all the countries  in the region. Among the possible causes are the difficulties in the macroeconomic context  and the labor market which stemmed from the successive financing crises in that decade,  the  privatization  of  public  services,  which  occupied  an  important  number  of  workers,  technological changes, trade liberalization, and a trend towards softening labor regulations  that facilitated less formal hiring practices5. At the beginning of the 2000s, most countries in  the region were in recession or very low economic growth, a situation that was reversed in  the following years, giving way to an upturn in the pension coverage. This pattern may be  observed  particularly  in  the  countries  with  higher  coverage  among  active  workers.  As  a  result  of  these  trends,  the  coverage  of  the  EAP,  measured  at  the  regional  level,  fell  from  around 42% in the early 1990s to nearly 32% ten years later, and then recovered up to 37%  by the end of the last decade. The trends observed among the occupied population and the  salaried workers were very similar to that of the economically active population.   Figure  3  presents  the  coverage  rate  of  the  employed  population  by  industry  for  the  three  periods  under  analysis.  The  employed  population  was  divided  into  three  groups  of  activity. The primary sector (those working in agriculture) presents significantly lower rates  of  coverage  in  comparison  with  the  other  two  groups,  especially  in  countries  with  lower  total  coverage  rates.  This  difference  is  expected,  given  the  difficulties  traditionally  experienced  by  the  less  developed  welfare  systems  to  cover  the  rural  areas,  where  labor  informality tends to be greater. The differences between the industrial sector and services  are  smaller.  The  figure  also  indicates  that,  in  several  countries,  the  poor  evolution  of  coverage  in  the  1990s  was  partially  explained  by  a  sustained  fall  in  coverage  of  manufacturing  workers.  At  the  end  of  the  2000s,  the  most  important  improvement  was  registered among workers in services, accompanying the structural changes that occurred in  these countries.   5  This  include  the  use  of  temporary  contracts,  outsourcing  of  services  to    less  formal  firms,  hiring  of  independent  workers  for  long  term  positions,  extension  of  training  periods,  and  other  contract  forms  that  were not covered by social security regulations.   17 Figure 3. Coverage Rates of the Employed Population, by Industry   Bolivia Paraguay Peru 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s 90 Nicaragua 90 Honduras Dominican Republic 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s 90 Guatemala 90 El Salvador Ecuador 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 PERCENTAGE 0 0 0 Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Colombia Venezuela Mexico 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s 90 Argentina 90 Panama Brazil 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s 90 Costa Rica 90 Uruguay Chile 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Early 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Primary Secondary Tertiary   Note: (i) In order to see the exact years shown for each country, see footnote # 4. (ii) In Argentina, the survey is collected only in urban  areas. As a result, the data for primary sector workers may be misleading, as they are not rural workers, but in most cases administrative  workers employed by firms whose main activity is in the primary sector. (iii) This classification is not available at the early 1990s in Bolivia,  Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and the Dominican Republic.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.   18 Considering  the  employer  is  also  a  relevant  issue.  While  in  most  cases  it  would  be  expected that those employed in the public sector would have a 100 percent coverage rate,  Figure 4 show this is far from being the current scenario in most countries in the region. In  some  cases,  coverage  of  the  public  sector  workers  is  below  80%  (Bolivia,  Honduras,  Nicaragua, Peru and Venezuela) at the end of the 2000s. Although part of the gap could be  explain by survey errors, the low coverage rate in the public sector could also be associated  in some countries with the use of irregular contracting modalities.   The correlation between workers coverage and size of firms is well established. Larger firms  tend  to  be  more  formal,  partly  because  they  have  more  resources  to  finance  the  legal  obligations, and partly because they are more visible and the risk of being inspected much  larger. This relationship is clearly visible in Figure 5, which shows coverage rates of salaried  workers  by  firm  size.  Considering  three  groups  –  small  ones  (those  with  no  more  than  5  workers),  medium  (those  with  6  to  50  workers),  and  large  (those  with  more  than  50  workers)6, the graph shows that coverage is generally very low among workers from small  firms  where  the  unregistered  employment  tends  to  be  concentrated  (in  11  of  the  18  countries  coverage  in  small  firms  is  below  10  percent),  while  that  tends  to  improve  significantly in firms get larger (in the eighteen countries analyzed coverage among workers  in larger firms exceeds 50 percent).     6  We  were  unable  to  use  the  same  categories  for  all  countries  involved  in  the  study  due  to  the  fact  that  surveys  do  not  present  the  same  stratification  by  firm  size.  See  methodological  annex  III  for  a  complete  description in this regard.   19 Figure 4. Coverage Rate of the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Bolivia Pa ra guay Peru 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Nicaragua Honduras Dominica n Republic 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Guatemala El Salvador Ecuador 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 PERCENTAGE Colombia Venezuela Mexico 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Argentina Panama Brazil 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Costa Rica Uruguay Chile 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Public Private   Note: In order to see the exact years shown for each country, see footnote # 4, except for the case of Brazil that corresponds to 1992 in  the  indicator  of  early  1990s.  Information  on  this  disaggregation  is  not  available  at  the  early  1990s  in  case  of  Honduras,  Guatemala,  Panama  and  the  Dominican  Republic.  Neither  there  are  data  for  the  public  sector  employees  in  Nicaragua  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  decade.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.   20 Figure 5. Coverage rate of the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Bolivia Pa ra guay Peru 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Nicaragua Honduras Dominica n Republic 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Guatemala El Salvador Ecuador 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 PERCENTAGE 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Colombia Venezuela Mexico 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Argentina Panama Brazil 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Costa Rica Uruguay Chile 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Small Medium Large   Note: In order to see the exact years shown for each country, see footnote # 4. Except in the case Colombia that the years 1996 and 2001  were used, the data of 1990 corresponds in Ecuador to 1992 and in Mexico to 1996. Information disaggregated by size of enterprise is not  available for some countries in the 1990s. Neither there are available indicators in case of Honduras by the early 2000s.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.   21 Another  dimension  considered  in  the  analysis  is  gender.  Data  show  no  significant  systematic  differences  in  coverage  of  employed  workers  by  gender  during  the  observed  period  (Figure  6).  Coverage  tends  to  be  somewhat  higher  for  men  than  for  women  in  countries  where  the  overall  coverage  is  lower,  but  the  differences  that  arise  from  the  comparisons are not very important.     Figure 6. Coverage Rates of the Employed Population, by Gender  (a) Women  % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR GU SA EC CO VE MX AR PA BR CR UY CL % ~1990 ~2000 ~2010   (b) Men  % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR GU SA EC CO VE MX AR PA BR CR UY CL ~1990 ~2000 ~2010   Note: In order to see the exact years shown for each country, see footnote # 4. There is not information available for this variable in some  countries at the beginning of the 1990s.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.     Coverage  is  higher  for  workers  in  their  30s  and  40s.  Younger  workers  have  lower  coverage  rates,  probably  because  of  the  difficulties  they  have  to  find  higher  quality  jobs,  while  those  approaching  retirement  show  a  decline  as  well,  which  could  be  the  result  of  22 cohort effects, particularly among women. Coverage of active workers sharply drops after  retirement ages (see Figure 7).   Figure 7. Coverage Rates of the Employed Population, by Age  Bolivia Pa ra guay Peru 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Nicaragua Honduras Dominica n Republic 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Guatemala El Salva dor Ecuador 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 PERCENTAGE Colombia Venezuela Mexico 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Argentina Pa nama Bra zil 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Costa Rica Uruguay Chile 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69   Note: In order to see the exact years shown for each country, see footnote # 4. It was not possible to disaggregate the coverage by age at  the early 1990s in Honduras, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, and Panama.   23 Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.     The effect of income differences across households is very important. Figure 8 presents  coverage  rates  for  the  employed  population  by  per  capita  household  income.  The  gap  among the richest and the poorest quintiles seems to have increased over time. The process  differs among countries: in some cases it is caused by a sustained improvement of coverage  among  the  richer  workers,  while  in  others  is  due  to  a  decline  among  the  poorer  ones.  In  these  countries  towards  the  end  of  the  2000s,  although  the  same  structure  is  kept,  the  coverage tends to grow throughout all the income distribution.  Coverage  also  changes  depending  on  the  educational  attainment  of  workers,  which  represents a more stable indicator than the income level throughout their life (Figure 9). In  all  countries  there  is  a  pattern  that  shows  higher  coverage  for  those  most  educated.  In  some  countries,  the  gap  seems  to  be  growing  over  time  (see  for  instance,  the  case  of  Colombia, Venezuela and Peru).     24 Figure 8. Coverage Rates of the Employed Population, by Income   (Quintiles of per capita household income)  Bolivia Paraguay Peru 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Nicaragua Honduras Dominican Republic 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Guatemala El Salvador Ecuador 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 PERCENTAGE ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Colombia Venezuela Mexico 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Argentina Panama Brazil 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Costa Rica Uruguay Chile 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V   Note: In order to see the exact years shown for each country, see footnote # 4. The disaggregation by quintile of household income is not  available in the early 1990s for some countries.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.   25   Figure 9. Coverage Rates of the Economically Active Population, by Education  Bolivia Pa ra guay Peru 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 90 Nicaragua 90 Honduras Dominica n Republic 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 90 Guatemala 90 El Salvador Ecuador 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 PERCENTAGE 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Colombia Venezuela Mexico 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 90 Argentina 90 Panama Brazil 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Costa Rica Uruguay Chile 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 ~1990 ~2000 ~2010 Primary Secondary Superior   Note: In order to see the exact years shown for each country, see footnote # 4. The disaggregation by level of education is not available in  the early 1990s for some countries.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.   26 - COVERAGE OF THE ELDERLY  Measurement coverage among the elderly is relatively simpler than for active workers,  since  those  that  receive  a  benefit  may  be  considered  covered  without  further  discussion.  Figure  10  presents  the  coverage  rates  among  the  elderly  (individuals  aged  65  years  and  older) in Latin America and its evolution in the last two decades7.   The coverage of the elderly population is extremely low in many countries. In 6 of the 18  countries  of  LAC  analyzed  in  this  study  coverage  of  this  group  is  smaller  than  19%  (Honduras,  the  Dominican  Republic,  El  Salvador,  Guatemala,  Paraguay  and  Nicaragua).  A  second group formed by 7 countries present coverage rates that range from 22% to 60%,  Costa  Rica  being  the  one  which  presents  the  highest  value  within  this  group.  Finally,  the  group  with  the  highest  coverage  has  rates  that  range  from  83%  to  91%  (Chile,  Uruguay,  Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia).   On average, coverage of the elderly at the early 1990s was around 59.7%; a decade later  came closer to 58.5%, and reached 60.7% by the end of the 2000s. In most cases it is not  possible to distinguish how many beneficiaries come from contributory or non contributory  beneficiaries. In a few countries the surveys include some questions to identify these two  groups, and data is presented separately. Specifically, the surveys of Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile,  and  Costa  Rica  include  in  their  questionnaires  specific  questions  about  coverage  of  non  contributory  schemes.  In  these  cases,  these  schemes  offer  protection  to  90.3%  of  the  elderly  in  Bolivia  (in  2007),  32.1%  in  Ecuador  (2009),  26.7%  in  Chile  (2009)  and  17.8%  in  Costa Rica (2008).   In  the  1990s  many  countries  affected  by  fiscal  imbalances,  low  coverage  of  active  workers,  long�term  sustainability  problems,  a  weak  macroeconomic  context  and  labor  market issues introduced reforms to adopt measures to restrict access to pension benefits  (through  parametric  reforms)  and  expand  the  role  of  the  private  sector  in  the  administration  of  the  systems,  following  the  trend  initiated  by  Chile  in  19818.  Policy  proposals in more recent years seem to have focused on increasing coverage, through the  expansion  of  social  pensions  or  non�contributory  schemes  and  the  reduction  of  access  conditions to contributory schemes9.   Brazil  has  maintained  a  clearly  proactive  policy  to  include  older  adults  in  the  pension  system, since the introduction of rural pensions at the end of the 1980s. In Bolivia, the 1996  reform  included  the  introduction  of  a  non�contributory  program  called  Bono  Solidario  7  The surveys used in each case were: Argentina 1991 – 2000 � 2010; Bolivia 1989 � 2001� 2007; Brazil 1990 �  2001 � 2009; Chile 1990 � 2000 � 2006; Colombia 1992 � 2000 � 2009; Costa Rica 1990 � 2000 � 2008; Dominican  Republic 1996 � 2000 � 2009; Ecuador 1990 � 2000 � 2009; El Salvador 1997 � 2000 � 2009; Guatemala 2000 �  2006; Honduras 1990 � 2001 � 2009; Mexico 1992 � 2000 � 2010; Nicaragua 2005; Panama 1991 � 2000 � 2009;  Paraguay 1990 � 2000 � 2009;  Peru 1995 � 2000 � 2010; Uruguay 1990 � 2000 – 2010 and Venezuela 1995 �  2000 � 2006. Notice that these years are not exactly the same used to analyze the active population, due to  differences in availability of information in each survey.  8  Such  is  the  case  of  Argentina,  Bolivia,  Colombia,  Costa  Rica,  El  Salvador,  Mexico,  Peru,  the  Dominican  Republic and Uruguay.  9  For  a  more  detailed  discussion,  see  Bertranou,  et  al.  (2009);  Mesa�Lago  (2009);  Calvo,  et  al.  (2010),  and  Rofman et al. (2010).    27 (BONOSOL). The rules and even the name of this program were modified several times since  then,  until  to  the  creation  of  the  Renta  Dignidad  program  in  2008,  but  all  these  schemes  maintained  the  guarantee  of  a  flat  pension  benefit  to  all  the  entire  elder  population  in  Bolivia. A similar initiative, although of smaller magnitude with regard to the benefits paid,  was  developed  in  Ecuador  through  the  Bono  de  Desarrollo  Humano  (BDH)  introduced  in  1998. Thanks to its contribution the country had managed to increase coverage to 50% of  the elderly by the end of the 2000s decade.   Costa Rica, in turn, introduced several reforms in 2006, including a reduced pension for  those  that  have  at  least  15  years  of  contributions  to  the  system.  In  Uruguay10,  a  new  law  approved in 2009 reducing the required vesting period to access a public pension from 35 to  30 years and facilitating access to a reduced advanced old age benefit. Argentina facilitated  access  to  the  non�contributory  pensions  since  2003  and  in  2005  launched  a  program  that  allowed most uncovered elderly citizen to retire under the self�employed program, resulting  in a sharp increase in coverage11.   In 2008 Chile carried out a new comprehensive reform of its pension system, including a  new  non�contributory  Pillar  that  provides  coverage  to  the  poorest  within  the  elderly.  The  reform  replaced  the  existing  programs  of  assistance  pensions  (PASIS)  and  the  minimum  pensions.  Other  countries,  such  as  Colombia,  Panama,  Ecuador,  and  Peru  have  also  advanced in this direction recently.   Figure 10. Coverage of the Elderly  (Percentage of population 65 years and older receiving pension benefits)  % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 HO DR SA GU PY NI CO MX PE VE PA EC CR CL UY BR AR BO* ~1990 - Non-Contributive (NC) ~2000 - NC ~2010 - NC ~1990 - Contributive (C) ~2000 - C ~2010 - C ~1990 Mean ~2000 Mean ~2010 Mean   Notes: (i) In order to see the exact years that are shown for each country, see footnote #6. (ii) “C� refers to contributory pensions and  “NC� to non�contributory pensions. (iii) The "1990s" survey for Bolivia covered only urban areas, while the remaining surveys are national.  Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.     Pension  coverage  among  the  elderly  is  higher  for  men  than  for  women  in  the  most  countries, a consequence of the higher participation observed in active ages, particularly in  10  Lagomarsino (2009) examined the last trends in the social security coverage in Uruguay.  11  For a discussion of recent reforms in Argentina see Rofman and Oliveri (2011) and Rofman et al (2010), who  also analyze the changes in Chile. 28 the past. In several cases the coverage for men was as twice as high as for women at the  end of 2010. However, in countries with higher coverage, the levels of coverage between  genders are similar.     Figure 11. Coverage Rate of the Elderly, by Gender  (a) Women    % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 HO DR SA GU PY NI CO MX PE VE PA EC CR CL UY BR AR BO* ~1990 - NC ~2000 - NC ~2010 - NC ~1990 - C ~2000 - C ~2010 - C     (b) Men  % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 HO DR SA GU PY NI CO MX PE VE PA EC CR CL UY BR AR BO* ~1990 - NC ~2000 - NC ~2010 - NC ~1990 - C ~2000 - C ~2010 - C   Notes: (i) In order to see the exact years that are shown in each country, see foot note #6. (ii) “C� refers to contributory pensions and “NC�  to non�contributory pensions. (iii) The "1990s" survey for Bolivia covered only urban areas, while the remaining surveys are national.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.     The rates of coverage for the older adults increase with age in the countries with more  mature systems but this phenomenon is not observed in the youngest countries (see Figure  12).       29 Figure 12. Coverage Rate of the Elderly, by Age  Honduras Dominican Republic El Salvador 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 Guatemala Paraguay Nicaragua 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 Colombia Mexico Peru 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 PERCENTAGE Venezuela Panama Ecuador 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 Costa Rica Chile Uruguay 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 Brazil Argentina Bolivia * 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 100 80 60 40 2 00 ~1990 NC ~2000 NC ~2010 NC ~1990 C ~2000 C ~2010 C   Notes: (i) In order to see the exact years that are shown in each country, see footnote #6. (ii)  “C� refers to contributory pensions and “NC�  to noncontributory pensions. (iii) The "1990s" survey for Bolivia covered only urban areas, while the remaining surveys are national.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.   30   Most contributors to pension systems are residents of urban areas. As a consequence, most  beneficiaries of the system are also urban residents. Figure 13 presents the coverage rate of  the elderly by area of residence, showing that  there is a considerable difference between  urban  and  rural  residents.  The  changes  in  the  last  two  decades  do  not  seem  to  have  modified  this  pattern.  Brazil,  Bolivia  and  Chile  seem  to  be  the  exceptions  to  this  pattern,  given  the  existence  of  extensive  non�contributory  or  quasi�noncontributory  pensions  that  protect rural residents. In the case of Uruguay, the available date (only for the last period)  seems to indicate that coverage is also high among rural residents.   Figure 13. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Area of Residence  (a) Urban   % 100 100.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 HO DR SA GU PY NI CO MX PE VE PA EC CR CL UY BR AR BO* ~1990 - NC ~2000 - NC ~2010 - NC ~1990 - C ~2000 - C ~2010 - C    (b) Rural   % 100 100.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 HO DR SA GU PY NI CO MX PE VE PA EC CR CL UY BR AR BO* ~1990 - NC ~2000 - NC ~2010 - NC ~1990 - C ~2000 - C ~2010 - C   Notes: (i) In order to see the exact years that are shown in each country, see footnote #6. (ii) “C� refers to contributory pensions and “NC�  to non�contributory pensions. (iv) Missing figures for several countries and years is due to the lack of rural data on the available surveys.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.     31 Figure 14 shows coverage rates for the elderly by income. There is a clear bias toward  better  coverage  of  the  richest  groups  in  almost  all  countries,  which  is  consistent  with  the  literature on the subject. In this regard, there seemed to be three groups of countries. The  first  of  them  offers  very  limited  protection  (less  than  50%  of  the  elderly  are  covered)  regardless  of  the  household  income  level  (as  in  the  cases  of  Honduras,  the  Dominican  Republic,  El  Salvador,  Guatemala,  Paraguay,  Nicaragua,  Colombia  and  Mexico).  Under  this  type of pension system the coverage of the elderly can be characterized as “universally low  with some inequities.� The second group includes countries that provide better protection  to  the  wealthier,  but  their  incidence  among  the  poorer  elderly  is  minimum  (Peru,  Venezuela,  and  Panama).  A  characterization  of  the  coverage  in  these  countries  can  be  “reasonable  for  the  rich,  minimum  for  the  poor�.  Finally,  a  third  group  of  countries  is  composed  by  those  that  provide  protection  to  most  of  their  citizen  (Ecuador,  Costa  Rica,  Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia). While there are some inequalities, coverage  among  the  poorer  is  significant,  partly  thanks  to  the  impact  of  the  non�contributory  pensions. In this group, coverage can be defined as “reasonable, with some inequities12.�   Since pension benefits are in most cases an important component of household income,  the results reported in Figure 14 have an unavoidable bias. An alternative approach would  be to consider differences by education, a good proxy for permanent income. Figure 15 is  consistent  with  the  previous  results;  those  with  high  levels  of  education  have  higher  coverage rates, with trends to those discussed in the previous paragraph. Hence, the three  groups of previously described countries can easily be identified in   Figure 15.      12  Bolivia  is  a  particular  case  as  its  contributory  pension  scheme  coverage  is  strongly  biased  towards  richer  citizen. However, the non�contributory scheme, which covers more than 90% of the people aged 65 years and  older,  fully  compensates  this  effect,  resulting  in  an  overall  coverage  that  is  similar  for  all  income  levels.  Similarly, Ecuador’s BDH also helps to improve the distributional impact of its pension system.  32 Figure 14. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Income   (Quintiles of per capita household income)  Honduras Dominican Republic El Salvador 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Guatemala Paraguay Nicaragua 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Colombia Mexico Peru 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10 10 PERCENTAGE 10.00 10.00 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Venezuela Panama Ecuador 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Costa Rica Chile Uruguay 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Brazil Argentina Bolivia * 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20 20.00 20.00 10 10.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V Q-I Q-II Q-III Q-IV Q-V ~1990 NC ~2000 NC ~2010 NC ~1990 C ~2000 C ~2010 C   Notes: (i) In order to see the exact years that are shown in each country, see footnote #6. (ii) “C� refers to contributory pensions and “NC�  to noncontributory pensions. (iv). The “1990s� survey for Bolivia covered only urban areas, while the remaining surveys are national.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.     33 Figure 15. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education  Honduras Dominican Republic El Salvador 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secundary Superior Guatemala Paraguay Nicaragua 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Primary Secundary Superior Primary Secundary Superior Primary Secundary Superior Colombia Mexico Peru 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior PERCENTAGE Venezuela Panama Ecuador 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior Costa Rica Chile Uruguay 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior Brazil Argentina Bolivia 100 100.00 100 100.00 100 100.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 90 90.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 80 80.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 70 70.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 60 60.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 50 50.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 40 40.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 30 30.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 20 20.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Primary Secundary Superior Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 100 50 0 ~1990 NC ~2000 NC ~2010 NC ~1990 C ~2000 C ~2010 C   Notes: (i) In order to see the exact years that are shown in each country, see footnote #6, except in the case of Argentina where data from  1992 was used for the early 1990s figure. (ii) “C� refers to contributory pensions and “NC� to non�contributory pensions. (iii) The "1990s"  survey for Bolivia covered only urban areas, while the remaining surveys are national.   34 Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.     The  pension  benefits  received  by  the  covered  individuals  are  usually  used  to  finance  their  consumption,  and  that  of  other  members  of  their  household.  Adapting  a  definition  originally  used  for  Argentina  by  Bertranou,  Grushka,  and  Rofman  (2001a),  an  alternative  measure of coverage considers as covered all the members of the household where there is  at least one pension beneficiary. This approach considers the spouses and the dependents  of  the  beneficiaries  also  as  covered  by  the  system.  The  indicator,  called  “joint  coverage�  represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a home where at least one pension  benefit is received.     Figure 16. Individual and Joint Coverage Rates  % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 HO DR SA GU PY BO NI EC CO MX PE VE CR PA CL BR UY AR ~1990 Individual ~2000 Individual ~2010 Individual ~1990 Joint ~2000 Joint ~2010 Joint   Notes: (i) In order to see the exact years that are shown in each country, see footnote #6. (ii) In Bolivia in 1995 the survey only covers  urban area, and then was extended to the rest of the country.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.     Figure 16 presents the comparison of both measures, the individual and joint coverage  for the three selected years and all countries. The joint coverage is somewhat higher than  the  individual  coverage  (noncontributory  benefits  were  not  considered  in  this  figure),  because joint coverage includes all the beneficiaries and its relatives of 65 years and above.  The  effect  is  similar  in  almost  all  the  countries,  with  increases  in  the  coverage  that  range  from 1.3 and 13 percentage points at around 2010. The evolution of both indicators, as it  was expected, is similar over time.   Finally, as was discussed in the previous sections, coverage is only one of the dimensions  through which the effectiveness of a pension system can be evaluated. High coverage with  low benefits results in inadequate protection of the elderly income. An indirect approach to  this subject is to consider the proportion of the total household income that originates in  the pension benefits. Figure 17 shows this proportion for households composed exclusively  35 of elderly on the one hand, and for households that have young members and elderly13. As  expected, the importance of pension benefits in household budgets is less important when  young  individuals  are  present,  since  some  of  them  receive  other  sources  of  income.  However,  in  several  countries  more  than  50%  of  households  with  elderly  also  include  younger  members,  showing  that  pension  benefits  have  an  important  role  in  financing  consumption  of  younger  individuals.  In  households  composed  only  by  older  adults,  more  than 70% of the total income is explained by pension benefits in almost all countries.     Figure 17. Participation of the Pension Income on Household Income, by type of  household  % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 HO DR SA GU PY BO NI EC CO MX PE VE CR PA CL UY BR AR ~1990 Total ~2000 Total ~2010 Total ~1990 Only Elderly ~2000 Only Elderly ~2010 Only Elderly   Notes: (i) In order to see the exact years that are shown for each country, see footnote #6, except in the case of Argentina where data  from 1992 was used for the early 1990s figure and Costa Rica, where 1991 data was used for the 1990s figure.   Source: Own, based on Household Surveys.       13  This indicator applies only to contributory pension benefits, due to the fact that the information available on  non�contributory benefits in the surveys does not allow its construction in most of the cases.   36 CONCLUSIONS   This  paper  presents  a  collection  of  indicators  of  pension  coverage  across  eighteen  countries in Latin America, for a period of as much as 40 years. Indicators include pension  coverage  among  the  economically  active  population  and  the  elderly,  and  results  are  discussed  considering  several  socio�demographic  and  economic  dimensions.  Although  this  document  does  not  aim  at  presenting  a  complete  analytical  framework  to  explain  the  determinants  of  pension  coverage,  it  provides  an  important  set  of  comparable  data  that  allows the formulation of some stylized facts:   - The coverage among the active workers is still quite low in most countries, since it  is  lower  than  30%  in  8  of  the  18  countries.  While  the  improvement  observed  in  recent  years  is  encouraging,  rates  are  far  from  levels  that  could  be  considered  acceptable in most cases. An important effort will be needed in most countries in  the  region,  mainly  in  terms  of  reduction  of  evasion  and  non�registration  among  salaried workers, and incorporation into the system of the self�employed workers.  Even if only salaried workers are considered, only five countries cover more than  70% of them.   - Coverage  problems  are  greater  among  workers  of  the  primary  sector  and  the  smaller  firms,  where  the  coverage  is  almost  nonexistent,  with  some  exceptions.  Manufacturing  and  services  employees  have  better  coverage  rates,  as  those  working for large firms.   - As expected, coverage is better among the workers of the public sector. However,  in  most  countries  the  indicators  show  that  coverage  rates  are  far  from  100%,  showing that compliance problems also affect the public sector.   - Women usually have lower coverage rates than men, especially among the elderly.  The data seem to indicate that the cause of this gender bias is due to differences in  the labor force participation rates in the past.   - Poorer  workers  have  little  or  null  participation  in  contributory  pension  systems,  with  few  exceptions.  At  the  end  of  the  2000,  in  15  of  the  18  countries  observed  coverage of the poorest quintile was lower than 20%, while coverage of the richest  quintile  was  as  much  as  seventeen  times  higher.  Inequality  in  access  increased  during  the  1990s  in  high  coverage  countries,  although  in  the  2000s  this  trend  seems to have reversed.   - Coverage of contributory schemes is very low in most countries in the region, with  less than 17% of the elderly protected by the end of 2010 in at least five countries.  This lower coverage in pensions affects more those living in rural areas, the poor  and the less educated.   - Four countries (Chile, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina) present the highest coverage  rates  among  the  elderly  (between  83  and  91%).  Bolivia  joins  this  group  if  non� contributory benefits are also considered. The coverage rates grow in all countries,  exceeding  92%  in  the  four  abovementioned  countries  if  the  elderly  who  live  in  households where at least one member receives a pension benefit are considered  as covered.   37 As discussed in the introduction, the main goal of pension system is to provide income  to the elderly that have retired from the labor market, and its performance can be analyzed  considering  three  dimensions:  coverage,  adequacy  and  sustainability.  This  document  focused on the first dimension, showing the current situation and recent trends of pension  coverage in Latin America.   In the future the analysis can be improved and expanded by including the collection of  new information on adequacy and sustainability of the systems. In the first case it would be  important  to  analyze  information  on  pension  benefits,  contribution  histories  and  vesting  periods.  Analyses  carried  out  in  different  countries  have  considered  these  issues,  but  further  work  and  cross  national  comparisons  are  still  necessary.  Finally,  the  discussion  on  sustainability  should  always  be  present.  Indicators  of  financial  sustainability,  such  as  the  “Implicit  Pension  Debt�,  have  been  used  for  some  time  and  are  appropriate  for  such  comparisons,  but  other  short  and  medium�term  indicators  should  also  be  collected  and  analyzed.     38 REFERENCES    Arenas  de  Mesa,  Alberto  and  Hernández  Sánchez,  Héctor.  2001.  “Análisis,  evolución  y  propuestas  de  ampliación  de  la  cobertura  del  sistema  civil  de  pensiones  en  Chile.�  In  Cobertura  Previsional  en  Argentina,  Brasil  y  Chile.  Oficina  Internacional  del  Trabajo,  Santiago, Chile.  Arza,  Camila  and  Cruces,  Guillermo.  2003.  “Social  Protection  in  Paraguay:  Pension  Coverage and Social Vulnerability.� Mimeo. The World Bank, Washington, DC.  Bertranou,  Fabio,  Calvo,  E.  and  Bertranou,  Evelina.  2009.  “Is  Latin  America  retreating  from individual retirement accounts?� Centre for Retirement Research, 9–14 (July): 1–18.  Bertranou, Fabio; Grushka, Carlos and Rofman, Rafael. 2001a. “La Política Previsional en  Argentina  a  comienzos  del  siglo  XXI.�  In  VI  Jornadas  Argentinas  de  Población.  AEPA  Asociación de Estudios de Población de la Argentina, Neuquén, Argentina.  Bertranou, Fabio; Grushka, Carlos and Rofman, Rafael. 2001b. “La previsión social en la  Argentina: una mirada integral de sus instituciones, las políticas públicas y sus desafíos.� En  Informe  de  Tercera  Edad  en  la  Argentina.  Secretaría  de  la  Tercera  Edad  y  Acción  Social,  Buenos Aires, Argentina.  Bertranou,  Fabio;  Grushka,  Carlos  and  Rofman,  Rafael.  2003.  “From  reform  to  crisis:  Argentina's pension system� In International Social Security Review, ISSA, Geneva.  Bucheli,  M.  2004.  “La  cobertura  de  la  Seguridad  Social  en  el  Empleo,  1991�2002.�  In  Protección Social y Mercado Laboral, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, Santiago, Chile.  Calvo, E., Bertranou, Fabio. and Bertranou, Evelina. 2010. “Are Old�age Pension System  Reforms  Moving  away  from  individual  Retirement  accounts  in  Latin  America?�  Journal  of  Social Policy 39, 2, 223�234, Cambridge University Press.  Gasparini, Leonardo. 2004. “América Latina: Estudio de la protección social y el empleo  sobre  la  base  de  encuestas  de  hogares.�  In  Protección  Social  y  Mercado  Laboral,  Oficina  Internacional del Trabajo, Santiago, Chile.  Grushka,  Carlos.  2001.  “La  cobertura  previsional  en  Argentina  a  fines  del  Siglo  XX.�  In  Socialis, No. 4. Rosario, Argentina.  ILO [International Labor Organization]. 2000. “World Labor Report�. International Labor  Office, Geneva.  ILO  [International  Labor  Organization].  2001.  “Social  Security:  A  New  Consensus.�  International Labor Office, Geneva.  Isuani,  Aldo.  1979.  “The  State  and  Social  Security  Policies  towards  Labor:  Theoretical  Elements and the Argentine Case, 1900�1925�. Ph. D Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.  Lagomarsino, Gabriel. 2009. “A new social protection framework for Uruguay�. (Geneva,  ISSA  Project  on  examining  the  existing  knowledge  of  social  security  coverage).  Working  paper #5.   Mesa Lago, Carmelo. 2001. “La cobertura de pensiones de seguridad social en América  Latina. Antes y después de la reforma previsional.� In Socialis, No. 4. Rosario, Argentina.  39 Mesa�Lago,  Carmelo.  2009.  “Re�reform  of  Latin  American  Private  Pensions  System:  Argentinean and Chilean Models and Lessons�. The Geneva Papers, 34 (602�617).  MPS  [Ministério  da  Previdência  Social].  2004.  “Informe  de  Previdencia  Social.�  Vol.  16  No. 5. Ministério da Previdência Social, Brasilia, Brazil.  Packard, Truman. 2002. “Are there Positive Incentives from Privatizing Social Security? A  Panel  Analysis  of  Pension  Reform  in  Latin  America.�  Journal  of  Pensions,  Economics,  and  Finance, Vol. 1, No. 2.  Paz,  Jorge  2004.  “Argentina:  Dinámica  de  la  protección  social  y  el  Mercado  laboral,  1995�2002.�  en  Protección  Social  y  Mercado  Laboral,  Oficina  Internacional  del  Trabajo,  Santiago, Chile.  Rofman,  Rafael  Fajnzylber,  Eduardo  and  Herrera,  Germán.  2010.  “Reforming  the  pension reforms: Argentina and Chile.� CEPAL Review 101.  Rofman, Rafael. and Carranza, Eliana. 2005. “Social Security Coverage in Latin America.�  Social Protection Discussion Paper Series # 0523. The World Bank, Washington DC.  Rofman, Rafael and Luchetti, Leonardo 2006. "Social Security in Latin America: Concepts  and  Measurements  of  Coverage."  Social  Protection  Discussion  Papers  #131.  The  World  Bank, Washington, DC.  Rofman,  Rafael  and  Oliveri,  María  Laura.  2011.  “Las  políticas  de  protección  social  y  su  impacto en la distribución del ingreso en Argentina.� Serie de Documentos de Trabajo sobre  Políticas Sociales #6. Banco Mundial, Argentina.  Rofman,  Rafael,  Luchetti,  Leonardo  and  Ourens,  Guzmán  2009.  “Pension  Systems  in  Latin America: Concepts and Measurements of Coverage�. Discussion Paper, World Bank SP  # 0616, Washington, DC.  The World Bank. 2004. “Peru: Restoring the Multiple Pillars of Old Age Income Security.�  Washington, DC.  The  World  Bank.  2006.  “Ecuador:  Policy  Options  for  the  Social  Insurance  System.�  mimeo, Washington, DC.  40 ANNEX I: BASIC STATISTICS  1. Argentina  Table A1.1: Argentina– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators (urban Population)  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1974 . . . . 58.91 1980 49.46 50.36 83.00 . 69.46 1981 . . . . 67.43 1982 48.98 50.59 82.22 . 67.58 1985 46.66 48.42 77.88 . 73.09 1986 45.18 46.90 77.82 . 72.34 1987 44.00 45.98 76.42 . 74.90 1988 45.00 47.24 72.63 . 77.85 1990 . . . . 75.06 1991 . . . . 75.24 1992 46.76 49.71 72.44 . 78.09 1993 44.22 47.98 71.26 . 77.16 1994 45.45 50.86 73.67 . 77.60 1995 41.41 48.68 69.26 . 77.74 1996 40.51 48.06 67.09 . 76.34 1997 41.28 47.28 65.66 . 75.19 1998 41.09 46.22 64.36 . 73.38 1999 39.99 45.93 63.81 . 73.31 2000 39.04 45.28 63.24 . 70.70 2001 36.88 44.65 62.97 . 71.59 2002 34.08 40.93 57.00 . 69.44 2003 33.40 38.71 52.36 . 68.64 2004 35.21 39.72 53.58 . 68.13 2005 37.80 41.72 56.09 . 69.00 2006 41.04 44.69 59.24 . 70.72 2007 45.12 48.50 63.39 . 84.32 2008 45.66 48.92 64.52 . 88.66 2009 45.68 49.57 65.61 . 90.08 2010 47.77 51.14 66.77 . 90.43   Note: In the case of Argentina, these tables consider only salaried workers as contributors, since the household survey does not question  the  self  employed  about  pension  contributions.  The  self  employed  represent  approximately  23%  of  the  labor  force,  and,  according  to  administrative data, approximately 34% of them contribute to Social Security.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).       41 Table A1.2: Argentina–Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1980 56.30 48.35 51.82 48.83 30.76 1982 55.80 51.90 48.03 51.26 33.03 1985 50.90 49.23 48.35 49.33 36.54 1986 49.77 49.96 46.43 46.28 31.68 1987 49.29 47.95 45.16 47.67 28.70 1988 52.44 47.00 46.34 47.82 33.29 1992 52.89 52.17 51.01 48.17 31.71 1993 52.46 50.72 48.49 45.77 27.92 1994 53.75 55.04 49.61 49.43 30.65 1995 48.49 53.97 48.84 46.92 34.48 1996 52.06 52.35 47.20 44.07 30.98 1997 49.50 52.38 47.07 44.28 32.10 1998 46.80 51.31 47.36 42.98 33.31 1999 46.81 50.61 46.71 43.56 33.14 2000 44.87 50.42 46.94 42.45 33.29 2001 43.67 49.47 46.63 43.02 33.26 2002 35.49 46.43 43.66 41.48 35.09 2003 33.25 44.60 42.74 38.42 31.62 2004 37.19 45.27 42.05 39.13 28.99 2005 40.91 45.83 45.00 39.92 31.13 2006 43.78 49.83 48.37 42.56 31.34 2007 48.23 54.50 50.63 44.38 36.43 2008 49.53 53.42 51.79 46.54 33.68 2009 49.57 54.98 52.50 45.80 36.07 2010 50.99 57.12 52.69 48.64 36.63   Note: In the case of Argentina, independent workers are not considered as covered (see note on table A1.1).   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).         42 Table A1.3: Argentina– Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1974 55.34 63.44 71.25 64.09 1980 61.73 69.95 77.35 78.58 1981 61.65 75.41 78.54 78.05 1982 63.02 73.12 83.53 76.21 1985 63.36 75.67 76.84 83.17 1986 61.79 73.78 80.11 83.34 1987 66.06 77.47 81.68 81.22 1988 66.80 80.90 86.04 85.41 1990 63.88 78.11 84.08 87.65 1991 62.37 74.97 86.99 89.71 1992 65.59 79.98 85.09 91.69 1993 64.12 80.90 84.83 89.83 1994 65.86 80.40 86.17 88.50 1995 65.99 80.41 85.96 88.71 1996 63.23 80.41 85.34 86.89 1997 61.07 75.34 86.73 88.56 1998 58.41 74.15 82.96 90.63 1999 56.44 72.56 84.54 90.99 2000 51.42 71.07 83.54 88.71 2001 53.08 69.84 82.97 89.91 2002 54.46 68.39 76.33 87.35 2003 50.69 66.75 79.95 86.78 2004 48.76 67.67 78.86 85.04 2005 48.43 68.17 82.16 85.58 2006 51.60 71.44 80.01 88.21 2007 71.29 87.45 90.95 91.94 2008 78.47 91.07 94.50 94.11 2009 80.29 93.79 95.21 94.57 2010 79.54 94.63 96.47 96.43   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).         43   Table A1.4: Argentina– Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and  the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1974 . . . . 67.68 52.18 1980 49.52 49.44 50.15 50.92 81.95 60.84 1981 . . . . 75.42 61.20 1982 49.13 48.67 50.52 50.72 75.17 61.80 1985 46.61 46.77 48.48 48.32 84.30 65.61 1986 45.58 44.45 47.15 46.45 77.93 68.59 1987 45.13 41.98 46.86 44.35 84.73 68.32 1988 47.09 41.39 49.29 43.64 86.54 72.48 1990 . . . . 84.28 68.73 1991 . . . . 81.85 71.08 1992 47.60 45.35 50.50 48.39 84.39 73.86 1993 45.73 41.83 49.01 46.31 85.46 71.50 1994 46.66 43.53 51.39 49.98 85.68 72.58 1995 42.34 39.99 48.80 48.49 86.61 71.89 1996 42.02 38.20 48.88 46.73 85.24 70.55 1997 42.82 38.96 48.05 46.05 80.82 71.60 1998 41.99 39.73 46.74 45.42 80.61 68.62 1999 40.71 38.96 46.28 45.40 79.00 69.67 2000 39.77 37.98 45.61 44.78 74.88 68.01 2001 36.80 37.01 44.86 44.35 76.34 68.56 2002 33.48 34.90 40.13 42.02 73.39 66.96 2003 35.31 30.95 40.17 36.76 74.46 64.78 2004 37.18 32.62 41.31 37.56 73.48 64.65 2005 39.38 35.71 42.83 40.20 73.09 66.41 2006 42.72 38.82 45.83 43.13 75.48 67.57 2007 47.06 42.51 49.72 46.79 82.31 85.65 2008 47.32 43.42 50.04 47.36 85.56 90.76 2009 46.16 45.04 49.59 49.54 88.08 91.45 2010 48.74 46.45 51.65 50.42 87.46 92.37   Note: In the case of Argentina, independent workers are not considered as covered (see note on table A1.1).    Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).        44 Table A1.5. Argentina � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1974 . . . . . 58.91 1980 . 49.46 . 50.36 . 69.46 1981 . . . . . 67.43 1982 . 48.98 . 50.59 . 67.58 1985 . 46.66 . 48.42 . 73.09 1986 . 45.18 . 46.90 . 72.34 1987 . 44.00 . 45.98 . 74.90 1988 . 45.00 . 47.24 . 77.85 1990 . . . . . 75.06 1991 . . . . . 75.24 1992 . 46.76 . 49.71 . 78.09 1993 . 44.22 . 47.98 . 77.16 1994 . 45.45 . 50.86 . 77.60 1995 . 41.41 . 48.68 . 77.74 1996 . 40.51 . 48.06 . 76.34 1997 . 41.28 . 47.28 . 75.19 1998 . 41.09 . 46.22 . 73.38 1999 . 39.99 . 45.93 . 73.31 2000 . 39.04 . 45.28 . 70.70 2001 . 36.88 . 44.65 . 71.59 2002 . 34.08 . 40.93 . 69.44 2003 . 33.40 . 38.71 . 68.64 2004 . 35.21 . 39.72 . 68.13 2005 . 37.80 . 41.72 . 69.00 2006 . 41.04 . 44.69 . 70.72 2007 . 45.12 . 48.50 . 84.32 2008 . 45.66 . 48.92 . 88.66 2009 . 45.68 . 49.57 . 90.08 2010 . 47.77 . 51.14 . 90.43   Note: In the case of Argentina, independent workers are not considered as covered (see note on table A1.1).  Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).      45   Table A1.6. Argentina–Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1980 25.62 53.06 54.49 56.56 57.83 1982 24.49 46.00 53.87 58.77 62.48 1985 20.60 47.27 54.71 55.10 55.90 1986 18.87 45.70 49.08 56.54 56.58 1987 18.21 39.96 48.72 57.29 56.21 1988 22.44 41.97 51.62 53.32 56.66 1992 39.49 48.07 50.51 57.74 52.68 1993 34.36 43.23 50.87 50.35 50.07 1994 30.22 43.96 50.53 52.04 56.38 1995 22.28 39.17 44.42 53.18 53.14 1996 17.59 41.38 43.81 50.73 53.38 1997 21.03 38.55 44.42 52.29 54.37 1998 19.48 36.08 45.27 53.36 54.61 1999 18.20 35.07 44.40 50.61 55.41 2000 15.04 32.47 43.83 51.26 55.66 2001 9.53 29.75 41.29 49.93 56.17 2002 5.44 24.53 36.56 45.68 57.21 2003 8.77 23.38 36.74 45.62 52.50 2004 8.46 26.11 38.34 48.15 55.00 2005 10.35 28.67 41.93 51.15 56.89 2006 13.82 32.28 43.75 54.66 60.67 2007 20.36 37.33 49.58 56.45 61.88 2008 17.95 39.76 49.35 58.18 63.05 2009 17.27 39.14 49.94 58.30 63.72 2010 20.79 40.67 50.78 60.40 66.18   Note: In the case of Argentina, independent workers are not considered as covered (see note on table A1.1).    Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).      46 Table A1.7. Argentina–Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1980 26.71 53.92 55.90 57.23 58.40 1982 25.96 48.84 56.61 59.39 62.95 1985 22.42 50.43 56.77 55.81 57.03 1986 21.74 48.45 50.84 57.28 57.13 1987 20.31 42.55 52.20 57.87 57.44 1988 26.27 45.05 53.66 54.49 57.82 1992 48.39 51.57 54.59 58.54 53.88 1993 43.74 49.14 53.99 52.72 51.11 1994 42.18 53.04 55.53 55.31 57.46 1995 36.46 49.73 52.09 59.62 55.03 1996 33.00 52.01 52.52 55.74 56.51 1997 31.24 47.34 52.45 56.62 56.46 1998 29.15 43.01 51.50 57.80 55.54 1999 28.07 43.46 50.86 55.62 58.87 2000 24.07 42.93 51.43 55.64 58.86 2001 21.59 41.06 51.39 57.47 59.04 2002 11.27 35.68 46.82 54.12 59.88 2003 12.66 31.19 43.16 51.47 55.08 2004 12.27 33.03 44.05 52.44 56.82 2005 14.41 34.35 46.30 55.27 58.27 2006 17.70 37.11 49.33 57.28 62.04 2007 24.72 42.39 53.73 58.86 62.79 2008 22.87 44.28 52.50 60.51 64.42 2009 22.14 44.67 54.62 60.97 65.43 2010 25.28 45.70 54.39 62.91 67.41   Note: In the case of Argentina, independent workers are not considered as covered (see note on table A1.1).    Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).        47   Table A1.8. Argentina � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1980 56.62 63.84 80.84 73.65 72.81 1982 48.02 63.89 74.85 78.63 72.86 1985 51.99 68.84 89.06 78.28 77.22 1986 57.85 73.14 91.58 72.13 67.41 1987 55.80 80.14 80.91 81.40 77.08 1988 58.32 75.66 90.99 85.85 78.55 1990 76.22 76.91 74.92 74.54 72.74 1991 73.06 78.92 72.44 76.76 74.98 1992 63.44 84.10 83.69 84.19 79.76 1993 62.39 79.72 86.41 79.72 81.72 1994 58.65 82.00 80.45 85.13 84.46 1995 58.10 79.23 82.92 85.24 86.67 1996 59.03 79.37 82.41 83.88 80.59 1997 57.62 77.15 83.85 83.41 77.49 1998 56.71 72.91 80.70 80.53 78.94 1999 57.62 72.02 78.86 80.80 81.23 2000 50.77 67.12 77.83 80.40 80.77 2001 50.05 67.35 81.63 79.77 81.47 2002 52.56 64.12 76.24 78.32 80.86 2003 41.46 70.44 73.89 79.27 78.12 2004 41.56 65.97 75.42 80.02 77.65 2005 42.96 67.20 77.53 78.93 78.37 2006 45.34 64.84 81.11 83.21 79.06 2007 69.06 89.61 89.94 88.12 84.86 2008 79.61 93.00 89.22 92.46 89.01 2009 82.57 94.03 93.95 91.62 88.22 2010 84.52 94.55 94.86 91.11 87.09   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).      48   Table A1.9. Argentina–Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1980 27.70 63.63 54.06 1982 33.44 61.80 54.68 1985 . 57.03 53.44 1986 31.07 58.96 52.32 1987 63.54 61.63 49.62 1988 11.27 54.54 49.12 1992 36.61 53.29 48.61 1993 37.70 51.12 47.05 1994 40.98 51.05 51.01 1995 32.84 49.38 48.68 1996 49.05 46.40 48.66 1997 51.84 45.97 47.80 1998 33.95 43.33 47.40 1999 39.14 43.06 46.94 2000 32.28 41.63 46.52 2001 40.89 39.24 46.23 2002 34.85 33.68 42.89 2003 31.17 32.49 40.60 2004 35.15 34.81 41.30 2005 40.70 37.05 43.10 2006 44.62 40.44 46.06 2007 49.11 42.96 50.05 2008 46.15 43.55 50.59 2009 46.30 40.80 52.10 2010 51.91 44.58 52.94   Note: In the case of Argentina, independent workers are not considered as covered (see note on table A1.1).    In Argentina, workers classified as working in the “Primary sector� are a few agricultural workers that live in urban areas and commute to  work and employees of firms dedicated to agricultural activities.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).      49 Table A1.10. Argentina–Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1980 18.59 80.05 94.32 1985 16.05 84.34 83.25 1986 15.43 79.56 58.60 1987 13.77 84.41 85.96 1988 12.94 81.14 77.57 1992 13.73 74.53 93.48 1993 12.57 74.59 91.64 1994 15.90 75.19 93.51 1995 12.75 68.34 90.00 1996 12.99 67.91 89.07 1997 12.32 64.78 88.03 1998 11.81 67.08 87.58 1999 11.78 62.83 87.25 2000 12.35 64.73 87.68 2001 10.90 66.05 88.68 2002 10.52 54.17 84.43 2003 9.96 51.58 81.49 2004 9.73 53.44 84.18 2005 10.28 56.45 85.21 2006 10.71 61.13 87.05 2007 13.02 65.09 89.29 2008 12.19 66.05 90.18 2009 14.23 67.74 90.32 2010 14.06 68.81 90.25   Note: In the case of Argentina, independent workers are not considered as covered (see note on table A1.1).    Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).        50 Table A1.11. Argentina–Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1992 94.14 38.84 1993 95.95 37.54 1994 96.20 40.91 1995 94.71 40.27 1996 94.42 39.51 1997 88.09 39.63 1998 88.62 37.86 1999 87.82 37.73 2000 86.21 37.06 2001 85.46 35.98 2002 66.18 33.84 2003 64.79 32.06 2004 68.75 33.15 2005 74.53 34.97 2006 81.77 37.17 2007 86.95 40.85 2008 88.86 41.19 2009 89.54 41.66 2010 88.91 43.54   Note: In case of Argentina in these tables they are only considered as contributors to the salaried workers. (See notes on table A1.1).   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey Permanent Specific (1974�2002) and Continuous (2003�2010).         51 Table A1.12. Argentina � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1974 . . . . . . 1980 52.32 62.74 59.87 53.29 64.16 60.95 1981 . . . . . . 1985 46.55 56.46 62.53 48.79 58.37 63.62 1986 46.28 55.19 63.10 48.45 57.52 64.55 1987 43.79 55.67 59.48 46.51 58.26 60.97 1988 41.83 52.63 56.10 44.35 55.27 58.02 1992 37.28 49.29 59.68 39.94 52.50 62.41 1993 34.78 46.98 54.70 38.26 51.17 57.97 1994 36.97 46.44 57.65 41.81 52.72 62.05 1995 33.74 42.17 51.77 40.65 50.29 57.53 1996 30.39 42.57 51.78 37.01 50.68 58.98 1997 30.53 41.97 54.24 35.65 48.46 59.97 1998 29.34 41.80 55.16 33.95 47.32 59.41 1999 28.33 40.68 52.80 33.10 47.18 58.64 2000 26.61 38.94 53.99 31.80 45.70 59.60 2001 23.39 36.61 52.63 29.45 45.22 59.52 2002 20.28 33.72 49.40 24.69 41.39 56.93 2003 20.44 31.38 48.84 23.99 36.77 55.15 2004 21.50 34.11 50.18 24.45 39.03 55.22 2005 23.21 36.95 52.18 25.74 41.51 56.20 2006 26.38 40.18 54.53 28.73 44.49 58.27 2007 29.54 43.98 58.44 31.74 47.76 62.08 2008 29.07 44.97 59.17 31.41 48.50 62.47 2009 29.67 43.93 59.31 32.58 48.08 63.19 2010 32.50 45.00 61.19 34.65 48.83 64.67   Note: In case of Argentina in these tables they are only considered as contributors to the salaried workers. (See note on table A1.1).   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).       52   Table A1.13. Argentina � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Education  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1974 60.78 68.90 78.73 1980 71.23 80.53 59.73 1981 70.82 73.41 74.41 1985 74.56 77.80 76.75 1986 73.73 72.59 78.15 1987 76.69 79.17 79.68 1988 78.52 81.68 72.64 1992 76.94 82.12 81.86 1993 76.69 80.76 73.26 1994 76.34 79.19 87.30 1995 76.28 80.36 86.05 1996 74.86 79.58 82.68 1997 74.51 77.58 75.09 1998 72.05 77.90 73.75 1999 72.44 74.25 79.67 2000 69.44 74.35 74.73 2001 70.01 74.76 77.86 2002 67.54 73.83 72.73 2003 66.48 70.42 79.11 2004 66.24 69.09 77.93 2005 67.86 69.15 75.91 2006 68.15 75.27 76.07 2007 85.03 83.57 82.15 2008 89.52 87.77 86.22 2009 91.05 90.03 85.48 2010 92.39 90.00 82.46   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).       53   Table A1.14. Argentina–Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1980 93.41 56.03 71.68 1986 93.44 55.39 72.06 1992 92.75 48.47 70.29 1993 92.17 49.72 69.67 1994 93.98 48.91 71.78 1995 93.19 49.82 72.36 1996 93.31 51.56 72.62 1997 91.71 52.67 72.90 1998 91.18 51.48 71.81 1999 91.5 50.68 71.05 2000 91.21 52.55 72.30 2001 93.21 54.27 74.89 2002 94.88 55.25 76.00 2003 86.71 50.05 68.58 2004 83.52 47.77 66.37 2005 82.83 46.49 65.49 2006 83.5 46.36 65.57 2007 85.93 46.51 65.89 2008 84.25 45.04 64.12 2009 84.82 43.78 63.67 2010 84.83 43.84 64.02   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).   54 Table A1.15. Argentina–Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1974 71.02 81.31 1980 83.84 91.58 1981 80.71 87.48 1982 81.58 89.19 1985 85.17 92.00 1986 83.33 93.53 1987 87.35 92.68 1988 88.75 93.85 1990 86.61 92.56 1991 86.87 93.85 1992 88.77 93.80 1993 89.13 94.34 1994 88.88 93.45 1995 89.17 93.29 1996 88.39 93.79 1997 85.98 93.00 1998 85.22 92.33 1999 85.25 92.34 2000 82.15 90.32 2001 83.57 90.71 2002 81.67 89.60 2003 81.01 88.91 2004 80.51 89.52 2005 80.93 90.89 2006 82.34 91.29 2007 89.63 95.04 2008 91.87 96.29 2009 92.68 96.82 2010 93.48 97.40   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or there is at least one person over 65 years of age employed.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey (1974�2002) and Continuous Survey (2003�2010).         55 2. Bolivia    Table A2.1. Bolivia– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators   Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1989 . . . . 33.46 1992 . . . . 38.08 1993 . . . . 23.96 1995 . . . . 34.15 1997 . . . . 19.92 1999 13.76 14.15 40.62 1.02 17.73 2000 13.35 13.56 37.99 1.53 16.97 2001 13.04 13.26 33.75 1.93 19.87 2002 10.71 10.85 29.01 1.62 14.71 2004 11.45 11.64 28.21 2.03 15.05 2005 12.50 13.11 30.53 3.78 17.99 2006 13.76 14.44 36.01 1.84 20.03 2007 15.00 15.11 35.73 1.11 17.22   Note: Until the year 1995 the survey was only urban, and became national starting in 1997.   Source: Own, based on the Integrated Household Survey (1989�1995), National Employment Survey (1997) and Continuous Household  Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007). Expanded user base.   Table A2.2. Bolivia � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age   Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1999 12.64 17.79 17.39 12.26 4.87 2000 11.93 16.28 17.45 11.56 4.77 2001 11.33 15.31 18.35 12.86 4.09 2002 8.36 13.38 14.30 10.94 4.72 2004 9.56 14.95 15.11 11.05 4.40 2005 12.53 14.46 12.99 18.11 6.85 2006 10.74 19.01 16.26 18.15 5.94 2007 12.72 17.16 18.63 18.98 7.78   Source: Own, based on the Continuous Household Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).       56   Table A2.3. Bolivia � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1989 33.15 27.86 42.92 32.91 1992 35.39 31.94 55.12 40.00 1993 24.89 27.13 24.51 16.13 1995 31.11 31.71 38.20 41.30 1997 15.01 17.68 24.12 33.65 1999 16.15 16.96 16.46 24.64 2000 15.18 13.14 24.91 19.27 2001 15.97 19.79 20.17 28.23 2002 11.19 12.42 18.19 22.46 2004 15.10 12.91 16.21 17.35 2005 13.51 19.97 20.78 22.04 2006 17.20 20.85 21.76 23.90 2007 12.31 14.06 22.13 25.85   Note: Until the year 1995 the survey was only urban, and became national starting in 1997. .   Source: Own, based on the Integrated Household Survey (1989�1995), National Employment Survey (1997) and Continuous Household  Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).     Table A2.4. Bolivia�� Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and the  Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1989 . . . . 36.22 31.16 1992 . . . . 55.95 22.46 1993 . . . . 40.15 10.92 1995 . . . . 47.09 23.74 1997 . . . . 24.72 15.52 1999 15.50 11.63 37.36 47.28 22.58 13.27 2000 15.35 10.81 37.11 39.58 23.85 11.57 2001 15.17 10.49 32.40 36.25 22.97 17.20 2002 12.30 8.69 27.79 31.42 16.93 12.87 2004 13.55 8.93 26.30 32.11 21.00 10.69 2005 14.05 10.61 27.03 37.27 22.26 14.15 2006 16.17 10.85 36.91 34.53 25.96 14.43 2007 17.20 12.36 34.74 37.46 22.77 12.83   Note: Until the year 1995 the survey was only urban, and became national starting in 1997. .   Source: Own, based on the Integrated Household Survey (1989�1995), National Employment Survey (1997) and Continuous Household  Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).       57 Table A2.5. Bolivia � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and the  Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1989 . . . . . 33.46 1992 . . . . . 38.08 1993 . . . . . 23.96 1995 . . . . . 34.15 1997 . . . . 5.82 32.95 1999 4.02 20.04 4.04 20.98 3.44 34.25 2000 3.84 19.20 3.85 19.79 4.04 27.90 2001 3.02 19.45 3.03 20.18 5.34 33.74 2002 2.74 15.72 2.74 16.14 5.07 24.40 2004 5.60 15.26 5.64 15.69 5.68 25.69 2005 . 19.74 . 21.21 5.36 30.82 2006 2.34 20.82 2.36 22.41 4.88 35.32 2007 3.40 21.83 3.44 22.17 6.19 28.64   Note: until the year 1995 the survey is only urban, and then it was extended to the rest of the country.   Source: Own, based on the Integrated Household Survey (1989�1995), National Employment Survey (1997) and Continuous Household  Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).     Table A2.6. Bolivia � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1999 0.38 4.94 11.67 20.85 31.35 2000 0.96 3.49 9.98 19.07 33.79 2001 0.74 3.60 9.97 17.32 33.88 2002 0.67 2.58 7.44 13.14 30.13 2004 0.42 4.03 7.40 13.22 32.55 2005 0.23 2.99 10.38 14.34 34.88 2006 0.68 2.50 9.16 20.67 36.04 2007 0.82 4.42 11.44 24.22 34.73   Source: Own, based on the Continuous Household Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).   Table A2.7. Bolivia– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1999 0.39 4.72 12.40 21.11 32.57 2000 0.99 3.32 10.06 19.91 34.09 2001 0.40 3.52 10.01 17.61 35.16 2002 0.54 2.57 7.50 13.21 30.86 2004 0.33 4.09 7.45 13.55 33.17 2005 0.25 3.13 10.91 15.43 36.19 2006 0.71 2.62 9.85 21.56 37.71 2007 0.37 4.25 11.53 24.75 35.01   Source: Own, based on the Continuous Household Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007). Expanded user base.   58 Table A2.8. Bolivia � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1989 39.94 26.99 27.88 19.54 53.07 1992 18.07 36.32 38.07 49.67 48.11 1993 12.00 17.72 23.98 30.55 36.11 1995 19.64 24.78 40.17 37.17 49.30 1997 . 3.54 16.82 35.11 44.12 1999 . 0.40 12.32 25.32 50.56 2000 . 3.38 8.56 28.93 44.01 2001 . 1.47 15.25 29.74 52.92 2002 . 0.20 5.72 21.32 46.19 2004 . 2.83 4.98 23.98 43.46 2005 0.12 0.12 11.97 25.68 51.89 2006 . 0.36 7.16 35.62 56.68 2007 . 1.84 9.88 24.93 49.39   Note: until the year 1995 the survey is only urban, and then was extended to the rest of the country.   Source: Own, based on the Integrated Household Survey (1989�1995), National Employment Survey (1997) and Continuous Household  Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).     Table A2.9. Bolivia– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1999 1.38 11.89 25.78 2000 2.96 11.93 22.98 2001 3.19 11.21 23.68 2002 1.91 8.39 19.85 2004 2.82 8.03 19.49 2005 2.80 13.07 21.16 2006 0.71 17.76 22.54 2007 1.04 17.66 22.34   Source: Own, based on the Continuous Household Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).     Table A2.10. Bolivia– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1999 1.67 18.79 80.05 2000 1.51 29.23 63.87 2001 2.37 22.97 68.07 2002 2.06 22.70 56.88 2004 2.75 40.06 . 2005 2.71 28.41 67.54 2006 2.24 34.22 71.30 2007 1.79 32.29 66.30   Source: Own, based on the Continuous Household Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).     59 Table A2.11. Bolivia– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1999 100.00 6.53 2000 72.78 8.11 2001 73.50 7.56 2002 69.29 5.66 2004 78.96 5.76 2005 61.28 8.65 2006 72.85 8.41 2007 74.85 8.33   Source: Own, based on the Continuous Household Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).     Table A2.12. Bolivia � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed Population,  by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1999 1.08 100.00 22.21 2.81 15.75 47.19 2000 1.45 72.78 27.98 3.35 13.90 47.52 2001 2.14 73.50 22.51 3.05 11.75 46.87 2002 1.64 69.29 16.99 2.18 10.56 43.59 2004 1.85 78.96 15.06 5.69 10.88 45.73 2005 3.32 61.28 22.24 7.39 11.49 40.92 2006 1.85 72.85 25.14 2.66 11.49 43.89 2007 1.57 74.85 24.14 3.14 11.86 46.69   Source: Own, based on the Continuous Household Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007). Expanded user base.     Table A2.13. Bolivia � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1989 28.96 44.88 63.46 1992 30.23 50.19 73.48 1993 15.41 29.30 66.63 1995 25.60 45.74 70.50 1997 14.29 41.95 67.73 1999 11.22 31.70 84.99 2000 12.05 34.18 55.89 2001 13.03 39.53 68.87 2002 8.86 32.15 69.98 2004 10.87 43.53 65.73 2005 12.60 39.78 84.95 2006 12.09 44.42 79.98 2007 10.48 29.19 76.52   Note: until the year 1995 the survey is only urban, and then was extended to the rest of the country.   Source: Own, based on the Integrated Household Survey (1989�1995), National Employment Survey (1997) and Continuous Household  Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).     60 Table A2.14. Bolivia– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1989 61.92 32.45 39.19 1992 80.10 47.46 55.53 1993 66.89 37.80 45.28 1995 78.77 43.50 51.03 1997 84.07 46.80 58.12 1999 82.42 51.84 59.71 2000 84.89 46.27 56.80 2001 80.14 55.65 62.67 2002 81.25 54.44 62.61 2004 73.11 51.60 58.20 2005 86.84 50.84 59.76 2006 73.97 46.61 54.30 2007 85.13 49.43 61.75   Source: Own, based on the Integrated Household Survey (1989�1995), National Employment Survey (1997) and Continuous Household  Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).     Table A2.15. Bolivia– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1989 33.48 62.43 1992 47.14 72.06 1993 31.95 54.62 1995 41.81 67.85 1997 24.86 80.17 1999 21.59 78.69 2000 21.42 73.59 2001 24.31 79.42 2002 18.14 72.32 2004 18.55 73.53 2005 22.83 75.55 2006 24.87 76.46 2007 21.97 79.57   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or there is at least one person aged 65 or more currently employed.  Source: Own, based on the Integrated Household Survey (1989�1995), National Employment Survey (1997) and Continuous Household  Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).     61 3. Brazil    Table A3.1. Brazil– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1976 52.91 53.54 71.13 26.62 56.81 1979 55.35 56.52 73.27 26.86 68.49 1981 55.36 57.30 71.99 29.77 71.61 1982 53.51 55.28 71.11 26.10 72.75 1983 52.59 54.85 67.01 30.96 70.17 1984 51.73 53.65 68.59 25.02 74.29 1985 52.58 54.08 69.52 23.82 76.26 1986 55.03 56.13 71.20 24.75 77.55 1987 53.69 55.36 70.52 23.60 77.83 1988 54.80 56.58 71.95 24.66 77.50 1989 54.82 56.25 71.94 22.94 77.65 1990 53.44 55.15 71.32 22.44 80.49 1992 46.28 48.89 68.49 19.97 80.78 1993 45.89 48.27 67.27 19.85 83.50 1995 47.63 47.63 67.27 18.18 84.08 1996 47.85 47.85 65.82 19.51 84.51 1997 47.74 47.74 66.60 18.06 84.21 1998 48.22 48.22 68.07 16.16 85.08 1999 47.27 47.27 67.40 16.00 85.77 2001 45.06 48.91 67.94 14.90 85.93 2002 44.67 48.35 67.74 13.81 86.66 2003 45.29 49.36 68.73 14.76 87.12 2004 45.82 49.49 68.57 14.21 86.69 2005 46.40 50.23 69.59 14.75 86.89 2006 47.94 51.53 70.29 15.46 85.29 2007 49.60 53.21 71.96 16.59 85.29 2008 51.24 54.46 73.22 15.35 86.15 2009 51.96 55.86 74.02 16.89 86.27   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.      62   Table A3.2. Brazil � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1976 57.32 57.44 53.06 46.53 29.83 1979 59.48 60.45 57.00 49.48 34.16 1981 59.89 61.57 57.38 51.00 35.82 1982 57.83 60.25 55.09 48.82 32.65 1983 55.66 59.31 55.77 50.53 37.11 1984 54.42 58.85 54.58 47.69 33.94 1985 54.78 59.62 54.59 47.73 34.22 1986 57.22 61.59 55.89 49.71 36.81 1987 57.00 61.00 55.80 47.99 33.29 1988 57.77 61.70 57.67 50.96 34.96 1989 57.81 61.14 57.19 49.66 36.39 1990 55.89 60.36 57.19 49.24 34.15 1992 49.31 55.06 52.93 42.53 26.30 1993 48.41 54.28 52.40 42.09 25.96 1995 47.93 52.82 52.36 41.82 24.51 1996 47.54 53.20 52.48 41.80 26.47 1997 48.30 52.94 52.02 40.82 25.36 1998 49.57 53.28 52.37 41.42 24.23 1999 48.46 52.43 51.59 40.82 23.67 2001 50.45 53.64 52.86 42.77 25.27 2002 49.87 53.36 52.39 42.36 23.76 2003 51.24 53.76 53.11 44.56 25.56 2004 51.23 54.08 53.25 44.64 24.57 2005 52.74 54.81 53.21 45.54 25.93 2006 53.98 55.73 55.20 48.06 26.50 2007 56.31 57.05 56.13 49.84 29.00 2008 58.32 59.06 56.88 50.64 29.33 2009 60.46 59.77 58.16 52.41 29.32   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.      63 Table A3.3. Brazil � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1976 46.69 64.00 66.82 61.71 1979 55.85 73.99 81.73 81.39 1981 60.31 74.84 84.03 84.88 1982 61.78 76.77 83.28 85.38 1983 63.91 72.68 76.38 77.57 1984 64.37 77.38 83.80 85.66 1985 66.43 79.07 85.09 87.70 1986 67.94 79.90 86.46 88.76 1987 65.98 82.05 86.78 89.66 1988 64.52 82.56 87.64 89.55 1989 66.17 81.71 86.54 89.34 1990 69.03 84.39 89.10 91.79 1992 69.24 85.52 89.36 91.37 1993 75.39 85.96 89.57 91.62 1995 76.93 86.15 90.80 91.59 1996 76.44 86.38 91.23 93.09 1997 75.84 87.07 90.37 92.76 1998 77.40 86.52 91.78 93.36 1999 77.72 88.42 91.62 93.42 2001 77.75 88.85 90.74 94.17 2002 77.94 88.99 92.93 94.39 2003 79.37 89.57 92.25 94.31 2004 80.53 88.45 90.67 92.57 2005 81.55 88.80 90.57 92.36 2006 79.61 86.64 89.34 90.10 2007 79.19 86.83 89.32 90.52 2008 80.12 87.63 90.06 91.37 2009 80.46 86.75 90.50 92.19   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.      64 Table A3.4. Brazil�� Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and the  Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1976 54.42 48.85 71.69 69.72 69.16 46.01 1979 57.70 49.99 73.30 73.21 79.07 59.50 1981 57.38 50.75 71.73 72.60 82.05 62.40 1982 55.74 48.70 70.98 71.40 83.54 63.16 1983 55.11 47.35 66.42 68.26 83.02 58.64 1984 53.85 47.34 68.60 68.56 85.79 64.36 1985 54.84 48.03 69.79 68.99 86.31 67.78 1986 56.95 51.23 71.49 70.64 86.48 70.02 1987 55.72 49.86 70.55 70.45 86.99 70.13 1988 56.64 51.41 71.76 72.31 85.39 71.10 1989 56.30 52.10 71.95 71.93 86.32 70.35 1990 54.64 51.27 70.65 72.49 88.08 74.22 1992 50.14 40.47 69.61 66.70 88.44 74.61 1993 49.75 40.13 68.75 64.95 89.73 78.42 1995 50.78 43.03 68.79 65.03 90.25 79.19 1996 50.18 44.35 67.24 63.76 89.61 80.51 1997 49.69 44.81 67.68 65.05 89.26 80.20 1998 49.55 46.23 68.65 67.24 89.41 81.71 1999 48.76 45.12 68.21 66.28 89.93 82.48 2001 46.79 42.70 68.90 66.64 89.90 82.92 2002 46.35 42.43 68.61 66.59 89.98 84.17 2003 47.00 43.05 69.62 67.58 90.99 84.18 2004 47.85 43.20 70.17 66.54 91.22 83.29 2005 48.68 43.50 70.82 68.01 91.05 83.76 2006 50.05 45.26 71.78 68.42 89.30 82.24 2007 51.91 46.66 73.65 69.84 89.64 81.95 2008 53.51 48.36 75.17 70.77 90.20 83.08 2009 54.19 49.15 75.96 71.62 90.55 83.01   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.        65   Table A3.5. Brazil � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and the  Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1976 16.39 71.46 16.45 72.60 52.20 59.20 1979 17.54 71.52 17.63 73.52 66.34 69.47 1981 18.35 68.42 18.49 71.50 69.44 72.47 1982 16.17 66.81 16.30 69.63 70.51 73.63 1983 20.57 63.84 20.75 67.40 70.82 69.91 1984 17.33 63.41 17.44 66.45 73.19 74.71 1985 17.48 64.33 17.58 66.68 75.54 76.52 1986 20.28 66.20 20.38 67.85 76.60 77.89 1987 19.81 64.49 20.01 66.93 76.89 78.17 1988 21.43 65.20 21.68 67.75 76.15 77.96 1989 21.63 64.91 21.81 66.97 78.06 77.51 1990 21.83 63.53 22.06 66.00 79.59 80.82 1992 15.91 55.12 16.11 58.97 80.56 80.85 1993 16.80 54.19 17.00 57.65 87.55 82.34 1995 16.74 56.57 16.74 56.57 88.42 82.87 1996 19.15 55.74 19.15 55.74 88.77 83.33 1997 17.96 56.07 17.96 56.07 89.79 82.73 1998 19.35 56.24 19.35 56.24 89.83 83.82 1999 19.77 55.07 19.77 55.07 89.82 84.73 2001 17.64 50.46 18.02 55.45 92.04 84.64 2002 17.31 49.94 17.67 54.69 92.13 85.56 2003 18.30 50.46 18.69 55.71 93.23 85.93 2004 19.05 51.40 19.49 56.17 92.32 85.53 2005 19.95 51.97 20.39 56.96 92.40 85.78 2006 21.60 53.31 22.12 57.89 90.73 84.18 2007 23.23 54.83 23.77 59.39 88.70 84.59 2008 24.81 56.31 25.32 60.33 91.84 85.02 2009 26.30 56.78 27.00 61.60 91.97 85.14   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.      66 Table A3.6. Brazil � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1976 16.02 42.30 57.97 67.86 79.57 1979 18.43 40.39 58.70 74.19 85.47 1981 20.17 42.56 58.35 72.11 84.04 1982 16.84 38.77 56.39 71.38 83.96 1983 17.82 38.93 55.00 70.26 80.95 1984 17.41 37.96 54.19 68.83 80.19 1985 17.20 39.87 55.39 69.92 80.76 1986 23.12 44.70 58.65 69.83 79.27 1987 18.61 43.08 57.84 69.95 79.21 1988 18.82 42.67 60.50 71.73 80.34 1989 22.20 44.01 59.16 69.63 79.37 1990 20.84 41.70 57.54 69.14 77.98 1992 14.55 34.82 48.76 59.72 73.75 1993 15.68 36.02 47.22 59.13 71.48 1995 18.97 36.21 48.41 60.17 72.28 1996 19.23 37.35 49.84 60.05 70.28 1997 18.23 36.58 49.33 60.64 71.13 1998 18.94 37.55 49.23 61.09 71.06 1999 18.11 36.32 47.62 60.00 70.86 2001 17.02 35.56 46.86 57.58 68.01 2002 17.00 35.73 46.07 57.16 67.18 2003 17.01 35.79 46.87 57.91 68.72 2004 17.16 36.12 48.03 59.06 68.51 2005 17.51 37.29 48.31 59.67 69.02 2006 20.00 39.56 49.99 60.12 69.85 2007 21.61 41.38 53.08 62.37 69.44 2008 23.14 44.25 54.29 63.79 70.60 2009 23.78 44.86 54.89 64.20 71.96   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.        67   Table A3.7. Brazil– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita   Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1976 16.17 42.86 58.75 68.79 80.31 1979 19.44 41.66 60.04 75.59 86.36 1981 22.06 44.36 60.79 74.31 85.52 1982 18.27 40.42 58.86 73.29 85.42 1983 19.79 41.53 57.74 72.77 82.61 1984 19.07 39.89 56.93 70.89 81.55 1985 18.34 41.45 57.45 71.59 81.90 1986 24.36 45.79 59.93 70.98 80.12 1987 20.29 44.29 60.56 71.77 80.17 1988 20.31 45.00 62.38 73.99 81.40 1989 23.83 46.10 60.48 70.81 80.37 1990 22.80 43.53 59.59 70.84 79.05 1992 16.68 38.06 51.51 62.56 75.90 1993 18.05 38.78 49.94 61.49 73.26 1995 19.46 36.64 49.24 60.41 72.56 1996 19.89 38.00 50.55 60.39 70.54 1997 18.79 37.19 50.39 61.24 71.25 1998 19.67 38.24 50.18 61.44 71.44 1999 18.95 37.26 48.40 60.51 71.17 2001 21.36 40.35 50.99 61.17 70.46 2002 21.00 40.43 49.95 60.46 69.74 2003 21.53 41.50 51.04 61.36 71.30 2004 21.53 40.77 51.99 62.10 70.88 2005 21.78 42.41 52.39 62.82 71.63 2006 24.41 44.46 53.50 63.12 72.06 2007 26.21 46.51 56.82 64.96 71.50 2008 27.43 48.91 57.48 65.89 72.50 2009 29.21 50.47 58.52 66.69 74.34   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.        68 Table A3.8. Brazil � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1976 38.95 58.25 69.61 60.81 57.03 1979 62.27 73.31 73.79 69.67 63.72 1981 66.31 77.64 75.77 69.88 68.65 1982 67.25 79.08 75.63 72.33 69.63 1983 66.01 74.38 69.36 70.99 70.36 1984 69.95 81.02 75.23 73.47 72.05 1985 72.01 82.27 77.70 75.79 73.61 1986 75.02 83.63 78.04 76.43 74.75 1987 75.37 83.67 80.00 75.02 75.17 1988 72.25 82.89 80.27 77.82 74.40 1989 74.51 81.44 79.33 78.35 74.88 1990 78.64 84.74 82.67 77.91 78.62 1992 69.59 78.28 89.39 84.89 81.81 1993 75.26 81.91 93.17 84.85 82.38 1995 76.92 88.47 89.39 83.80 81.83 1996 76.10 89.57 89.05 84.14 83.69 1997 76.42 89.07 88.76 84.18 82.67 1998 79.14 89.58 88.87 84.66 83.36 1999 79.85 89.68 88.67 86.05 84.75 2001 77.47 90.22 89.50 86.55 85.99 2002 78.70 90.69 90.69 86.74 86.53 2003 78.60 89.91 92.22 87.80 87.11 2004 78.88 89.11 88.88 89.03 87.57 2005 79.69 88.80 89.58 88.91 87.45 2006 75.52 86.62 87.87 88.35 88.16 2007 74.68 86.77 89.05 89.12 86.88 2008 77.25 87.33 89.16 89.05 87.96 2009 76.46 87.31 89.02 89.49 89.07   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.        69 Table A3.9. Brazil– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1976 6.50 83.06 71.51 1979 8.22 82.45 71.79 1981 10.71 78.02 70.77 1982 8.69 77.76 67.38 1983 14.65 67.12 66.49 1984 10.42 75.13 65.02 1985 9.51 75.18 65.13 1986 10.89 75.99 65.71 1987 9.59 73.97 64.45 1988 11.16 75.82 65.17 1989 11.31 74.82 66.16 1990 9.81 72.84 63.88 1992 11.00 67.32 60.35 1993 11.56 65.09 58.97 1995 11.48 63.54 57.43 1996 12.60 61.74 56.97 1997 11.95 60.75 57.22 1998 11.73 58.87 58.01 1999 12.54 57.82 57.09 2001 12.60 58.66 57.30 2002 11.81 53.60 58.41 2003 12.50 54.66 59.62 2004 13.11 56.58 59.15 2005 13.58 56.07 60.12 2006 15.31 56.93 60.80 2007 17.26 58.59 61.62 2008 17.45 59.54 62.88 2009 18.08 60.13 64.47   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.        70 Table A3.10. Brazil– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1976 10.93 89.93 79.26 1979 11.43 89.30 82.30 1981 12.41 84.27 81.49 1982 10.85 85.82 78.81 1983 8.63 73.30 77.81 1984 10.73 83.92 76.22 1985 10.00 83.83 76.88 1986 13.28 84.51 77.17 1987 12.27 82.68 76.80 1988 15.96 84.17 77.42 1989 18.99 83.77 77.94 1990 15.85 82.36 76.68 1992 27.90 80.50 71.89 1993 29.18 77.59 70.45 1995 32.10 77.72 69.58 1996 32.78 75.43 67.85 1997 32.41 75.61 68.94 1998 33.02 74.15 71.18 1999 35.15 73.28 70.48 2001 33.97 74.78 70.24 2002 33.18 73.43 70.31 2003 33.63 74.85 71.29 2004 34.94 75.88 70.52 2005 35.56 76.71 71.55 2006 37.36 76.79 72.07 2007 39.55 78.84 73.38 2008 42.69 79.32 74.54 2009 39.37 80.57 75.69   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.    71 Table A3.11. Brazil– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1992 86.89 46.21 1993 83.63 45.70 1995 85.96 44.61 1996 82.38 45.11 1997 85.25 44.75 1998 85.24 44.96 1999 87.23 43.44 2001 88.84 45.48 2002 89.73 44.61 2003 90.25 45.80 2004 90.08 46.11 2005 90.19 47.05 2006 90.56 48.32 2007 90.48 50.17 2008 94.89 50.98 2009 94.42 53.00   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.    72 Table A3.12. Brazil � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed Population,  by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1976 25.55 86.81 91.87 25.82 88.15 92.49 1979 58.27 85.26 91.26 59.66 87.89 92.66 1981 48.11 81.78 89.10 49.71 86.04 91.63 1982 32.07 81.58 88.48 33.04 85.63 90.96 1983 30.52 78.26 87.71 31.69 83.54 90.89 1984 30.32 77.26 87.39 31.37 81.86 90.04 1985 31.31 78.28 88.37 32.13 82.08 90.28 1986 34.87 78.72 88.07 35.56 81.40 89.65 1987 34.62 77.15 87.86 35.69 80.87 89.80 1988 36.68 76.83 87.32 37.90 80.63 89.04 1990 35.66 75.31 87.06 36.84 78.69 88.79 1992 37.16 66.52 81.54 39.11 72.03 84.69 1993 36.51 65.68 80.63 38.26 70.67 83.75 1995 37.30 68.94 82.23 37.30 68.94 82.23 1996 37.71 66.60 79.91 37.71 66.60 79.91 1997 36.83 67.47 80.00 36.83 67.47 80.00 1998 36.67 67.58 80.08 36.67 67.58 80.08 1999 35.27 66.27 80.62 35.27 66.27 80.62 2001 33.35 59.21 74.83 36.02 65.85 79.24 2002 32.53 57.70 73.86 34.92 64.38 78.25 2003 32.58 57.42 74.42 35.17 64.69 79.17 2004 32.54 57.68 75.10 34.75 64.36 79.53 2005 32.66 57.89 74.32 34.92 64.63 79.29 2006 33.66 58.61 74.64 35.74 64.87 79.07 2007 35.35 59.09 75.11 37.41 65.40 79.33 2008 35.99 61.07 75.58 37.79 66.43 79.73 2009 36.32 60.39 76.51 38.53 66.62 81.29   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.  73 Table A3.13. Brazil � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1976 54.19 63.99 67.82 1979 68.74 68.60 73.62 1981 71.54 72.57 74.12 1982 72.97 75.52 78.92 1983 69.40 73.49 76.95 1984 74.54 72.63 83.24 1985 76.71 77.00 83.44 1986 78.08 74.49 84.25 1987 78.33 77.37 82.48 1988 78.32 76.56 78.33 1990 81.69 79.52 81.17 1992 80.67 82.24 82.61 1993 83.47 81.80 87.51 1995 84.13 79.72 89.31 1996 84.56 80.92 88.48 1997 84.30 80.45 87.28 1998 85.15 82.59 87.38 1999 85.83 83.92 87.16 2001 85.95 84.49 87.79 2002 86.78 83.15 89.80 2003 87.25 83.44 90.55 2004 86.67 85.15 89.50 2005 86.90 84.01 91.67 2006 85.16 85.09 88.08 2007 85.18 83.93 89.17 2008 86.02 85.65 89.03 2009 86.05 85.98 90.13   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.  74 Table A3.14. Brazil– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1976 85.19 23.80 34.70 1979 83.77 45.30 53.73 1981 87.80 42.83 51.67 1982 85.25 44.49 54.13 1983 85.71 45.46 55.03 1984 85.74 45.58 55.22 1985 86.10 44.68 54.84 1986 86.13 42.51 52.77 1987 82.98 39.97 50.30 1988 85.47 43.99 54.46 1989 86.90 44.18 55.07 1990 85.07 43.15 54.05 1992 90.33 59.98 68.54 1993 90.34 63.58 71.33 1995 87.32 53.40 62.89 1996 88.08 53.91 63.59 1997 88.63 54.07 63.58 1998 87.23 54.87 63.80 1999 87.93 56.53 65.49 2001 90.18 62.25 71.04 2002 90.92 62.13 71.15 2003 91.10 62.93 71.98 2004 89.51 62.09 70.84 2005 90.45 62.16 71.61 2006 90.56 62.74 71.95 2007 91.76 62.57 72.29 2008 90.86 61.96 71.73 2009 91.19 64.21 73.46   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.  75 Table A3.15. Brazil– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1976 66.58 80.49 1979 79.43 89.48 1981 82.68 91.74 1982 84.06 92.38 1983 81.77 89.30 1984 85.53 92.31 1985 86.38 93.08 1986 87.42 94.01 1987 87.56 93.83 1988 87.10 94.11 1989 88.14 94.47 1990 89.79 95.27 1992 90.19 95.95 1993 91.47 96.23 1995 91.79 95.97 1996 91.74 95.84 1997 91.46 95.74 1998 92.19 96.19 1999 92.77 96.85 2001 92.89 96.53 2002 93.15 96.78 2003 93.86 97.06 2004 93.54 96.39 2005 93.26 96.37 2006 91.62 95.10 2007 91.84 95.40 2008 92.57 95.69 2009 92.65 95.58   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.   Source: Own, based on National Household Survey.  76 4. Chile    Table A4.1. Chile– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1987 60.32 66.23 . 32.48 70.19 1990 62.21 67.46 80.71 30.24 73.04 1992 61.14 64.35 79.10 20.68 66.50 1994 62.26 66.20 80.42 23.40 68.21 1996 62.43 65.84 79.62 21.71 65.94 1998 58.90 64.77 78.58 20.47 62.17 2000 58.06 64.34 78.09 18.61 63.71 2003 58.74 64.71 78.65 19.02 63.89 2006 62.92 67.48 80.96 21.95 60.70 2009 73.12 82.94 89.84 41.08 57.23   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.     Table A4.2. Chile � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age   Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1987 64.07 70.53 67.05 63.93 60.85 1990 67.36 70.89 68.15 63.88 57.87 1992 66.74 67.14 65.05 59.63 50.08 1994 69.26 69.10 66.51 62.62 50.91 1996 69.63 69.43 65.69 60.66 48.15 1998 67.70 68.16 65.18 62.35 46.59 2000 66.02 68.82 64.91 62.19 46.56 2003 65.63 69.31 64.96 63.14 50.62 2006 72.08 72.42 68.17 63.38 50.95 2009 88.51 86.10 83.26 80.24 70.07   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.     Table A4.3. Chile � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1987 62.42 74.08 76.80 72.90 1990 60.10 77.49 80.89 83.91 1992 55.08 70.05 74.48 75.96 1994 59.16 70.35 75.09 75.85 1996 56.34 66.59 72.89 77.18 1998 53.96 61.75 68.92 72.64 2000 57.19 63.40 67.40 72.75 2003 55.34 64.04 68.09 73.22 2006 51.46 60.88 65.84 70.48 2009 48.93 56.61 62.08 65.51   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.   77   Table A4.4. Chile�� Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and the  Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1987 60.84 59.17 66.49 65.64 77.89 64.25 1990 63.31 59.96 68.22 65.86 80.11 67.49 1992 62.39 58.61 65.10 62.81 74.42 60.53 1994 63.46 59.91 66.88 64.85 78.43 60.38 1996 63.46 60.48 66.41 64.72 74.70 59.51 1998 60.08 56.84 65.54 63.39 69.08 57.01 2000 59.38 55.81 65.23 62.78 72.43 57.05 2003 61.13 54.89 66.31 62.02 72.91 57.14 2006 66.11 58.03 70.02 63.46 69.40 54.03 2009 75.00 70.13 83.33 82.28 64.14 52.05    Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.   Table A4.5. Chile � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and the  Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1987 50.23 62.36 52.93 69.04 63.75 71.86 1990 46.59 65.05 49.67 70.75 67.81 74.27 1992 45.02 63.78 46.31 67.38 58.47 68.26 1994 46.20 64.73 48.63 68.95 57.81 70.49 1996 41.67 65.48 43.26 69.22 55.87 68.17 1998 39.42 61.60 42.65 67.89 43.42 66.10 2000 42.48 60.11 45.66 66.88 45.83 67.32 2003 44.78 60.52 47.74 66.95 45.77 67.53 2006 53.53 64.09 56.11 68.94 46.19 63.51 2009 67.20 73.77 75.19 83.81 40.23 60.24   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.   Table A4.6. Chile � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1987 41.33 56.23 61.18 67.47 73.16 1990 45.07 59.68 63.29 68.56 72.94 1992 49.45 59.86 62.23 64.21 68.33 1994 45.98 58.93 63.96 69.39 71.74 1996 47.41 60.67 65.20 68.03 69.77 1998 39.50 57.45 61.82 64.94 70.05 2000 36.98 54.00 61.19 65.60 71.15 2003 40.20 55.46 61.45 65.31 70.15 2006 47.51 61.79 65.57 67.37 71.83 2009 53.58 72.41 77.53 80.12 80.79   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.   78 Table A4.7. Chile � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1987 52.72 62.97 66.55 71.97 75.12 1990 56.24 66.32 67.03 71.51 74.85 1992 56.44 63.91 64.70 65.88 69.35 1994 54.29 63.60 67.37 71.08 73.58 1996 55.14 64.98 67.80 69.50 70.87 1998 53.35 63.55 66.28 67.95 72.21 2000 49.94 61.67 66.04 69.91 72.97 2003 53.08 62.60 65.78 68.71 72.41 2006 57.87 66.61 68.57 70.22 73.59 2009 76.73 83.14 83.92 85.50 84.43   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.   Table A4.8. Chile � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1987 59.36 73.24 79.86 73.47 65.29 1990 61.56 74.12 81.42 80.01 68.30 1992 52.10 66.26 74.12 72.21 67.78 1994 55.70 67.87 75.28 73.09 69.61 1996 47.91 67.32 76.61 72.05 65.81 1998 41.97 60.00 71.04 68.33 69.58 2000 50.42 59.67 72.54 65.96 70.12 2003 44.03 60.25 73.55 71.41 70.44 2006 39.71 56.39 68.06 68.22 71.68 2009 37.89 54.13 62.48 62.86 69.09   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.   Table A4.9. Chile– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1987 83.18 62.26 69.69 1990 55.04 73.31 68.92 1992 52.46 71.16 64.75 1994 53.85 70.79 67.32 1996 50.27 72.77 67.19 1998 49.86 69.92 66.34 2000 52.07 68.53 65.56 2003 55.19 66.12 66.34 2006 61.99 70.41 67.44 2009 79.27 81.66 83.91   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.     79 Table A4.10. Chile– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1990 42.60 80.91 93.41 1992 36.20 77.55 91.37 1994 37.47 82.25 91.95 1996 37.92 80.30 91.10 1998 34.66 77.89 90.42 2000 34.06 77.54 90.43 2003 32.71 77.97 90.76 2006 34.53 79.72 91.75 2009 55.00 88.89 94.37   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.   Table A4.11. Chile– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1987 93.50 64.39 1990 97.28 67.95 1992 95.01 64.81 1994 99.53 66.82 1996 93.51 63.65 1998 98.08 65.53 2000 92.22 61.47 2003 91.42 62.43 2006 92.16 66.02 2009 94.54 81.84   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.   Table A4.12. Chile � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed Population, by  Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1987 57.71 61.90 55.08 64.51 67.92 60.65 1990 50.36 65.68 79.14 54.68 71.94 83.72 1992 49.14 65.31 77.97 51.35 69.28 81.75 1994 48.70 65.19 78.79 51.68 69.87 82.35 1996 46.66 65.88 78.52 49.14 69.99 81.65 1998 42.05 61.28 75.90 46.90 67.56 81.52 2000 41.90 59.04 75.12 46.92 66.22 80.23 2003 44.15 59.26 72.93 48.29 66.15 78.87 2006 49.10 64.20 74.32 52.28 69.30 79.31 2009 62.02 73.07 80.70 70.76 83.49 90.11   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.     80 Table A4.13. Chile � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1987 69.60 70.43 70.28 1990 74.61 67.25 76.59 1992 66.98 63.54 70.33 1994 67.72 66.99 78.89 1996 65.58 64.62 77.99 1998 61.09 63.29 67.89 2000 61.46 67.11 72.62 2003 61.78 65.53 78.17 2006 57.97 64.49 74.21 2009 52.10 62.77 75.01   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.     Table A4.14. Chile– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1987 86.99 47.65 55.98 1990 84.96 45.32 54.60 1992 82.71 45.09 55.19 1994 85.09 45.29 56.12 1996 83.72 43.32 53.71 1998 79.95 42.32 52.68 2000 80.45 47.89 56.69 2003 81.55 43.54 54.01 2006 81.55 40.53 52.44 2009 78.00 38.98 52.04   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.    Table A4.15. Chile– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1987 79.54 86.72 1990 81.98 89.55 1992 77.54 85.94 1994 79.08 87.08 1996 78.59 87.20 1998 74.03 82.69 2000 76.6 84.08 2003 75.96 84.15 2006 73.64 82.51 2009 68.82 77.44   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.   Source: Own, based on the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey.   81 5. Colombia    Table A5.1. Colombia– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1980 . . . . 0.39 1986 . . . . 15.95 1989 . . . . 19.55 1992 . . . . 20.03 1995 . . . . 13.66 1996 25.25 27.55 42.76 6.13 13.34 1997 27.20 29.78 46.12 6.96 13.53 1998 26.33 29.51 48.34 5.98 13.91 1999 22.99 26.91 44.98 5.71 15.26 2000 . . . . 18.61 2001 25.15 25.71 53.92 3.44 17.22 2002 30.57 31.48 51.06 6.46 15.77 2003 25.22 25.78 46.24 4.59 21.02 2004 . . . . 20.11 2005 27.24 28.70 56.20 7.47 19.32 2006 28.33 28.81 52.93 5.17 21.75 2007 31.52 33.28 54.99 6.67 22.47 2008 32.27 32.78 57.47 7.65 23.88 2009 32.72 35.28 59.68 8.84 22.97   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.     Table A5.2. Colombia � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1996 28.35 31.58 29.92 21.98 12.39 1997 31.23 33.75 31.98 24.48 12.79 1998 29.00 34.40 32.77 26.39 11.66 1999 26.00 29.82 30.48 24.99 14.95 2001 25.33 29.80 30.28 22.12 7.84 2002 31.81 34.99 33.70 30.96 12.01 2003 25.71 26.17 31.63 26.52 8.65 2005 29.28 32.63 33.02 25.96 8.96 2006 31.10 33.09 30.33 27.84 8.22 2007 37.28 38.28 34.18 30.59 9.48 2008 35.98 36.63 33.27 30.22 10.63 2009 39.02 39.26 36.00 32.01 10.52   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.   82   Table A5.3. Colombia � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1980 0.68 0.46 . . 1986 16.16 15.86 17.79 13.72 1989 21.25 20.43 17.99 16.29 1992 18.99 21.22 20.34 20.06 1995 14.42 14.08 14.20 10.75 1996 13.50 13.64 12.76 13.10 1997 14.17 13.37 13.51 12.45 1998 14.90 12.80 15.13 12.48 1999 15.42 16.94 15.47 12.15 2000 19.25 20.02 18.83 15.27 2001 17.39 16.22 20.34 15.41 2002 19.21 14.58 15.68 11.80 2003 18.59 23.71 23.79 19.25 2004 19.76 21.53 21.73 17.44 2005 20.56 18.54 20.58 17.06 2006 21.47 22.49 22.61 20.40 2007 22.21 22.25 22.05 23.55 2008 23.95 24.64 24.85 21.80 2009 23.61 22.96 23.20 21.68   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.     Table A5.4. Colombia�� Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and  the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1980 . . . . 0.91 . 1986 . . . . 26.86 8.33 1989 . . . . 28.66 12.71 1992 . . . . 29.16 13.06 1995 . . . . 19.37 8.66 1996 22.88 29.18 38.51 49.66 17.87 9.38 1997 25.05 30.72 42.14 52.53 17.88 9.66 1998 24.93 28.49 44.33 54.71 19.14 9.35 1999 21.56 25.12 40.50 51.82 20.34 10.98 2000 . . . . 24.51 13.55 2001 22.29 29.49 52.62 55.42 22.69 12.48 2002 29.91 31.39 52.26 49.83 22.07 10.57 2003 24.19 26.71 48.28 44.00 27.62 15.39 2004 . . . . 26.04 15.40 2005 25.62 29.65 56.26 56.13 25.90 13.98 2006 27.24 29.88 57.20 48.54 28.61 16.08 2007 30.61 32.82 54.03 56.27 29.61 16.92 2008 31.49 33.46 56.22 59.26 29.99 18.73 2009 29.97 37.79 58.38 61.62 28.30 18.44   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.   83   Table A5.5. Colombia � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1986 . . . . . 15.95 1989 . . . . . 19.55 1992 . . . . . 20.03 1995 . . . . 4.86 20.82 1996 10.57 33.28 11.12 37.06 5.26 18.97 1997 11.63 35.59 12.27 39.78 4.97 19.78 1998 12.07 33.76 12.81 38.99 4.83 20.31 1999 10.49 29.52 11.53 35.78 4.81 22.41 2000 . . . . 6.23 27.24 2001 7.03 31.41 7.11 32.23 2.72 22.63 2002 . 30.73 . 31.48 4.78 19.28 2003 12.46 29.58 12.71 30.26 9.73 25.10 2004 . . . . 5.54 25.42 2005 9.06 33.12 9.31 35.18 5.88 23.84 2006 9.19 34.71 9.29 35.38 4.10 27.28 2007 14.06 36.53 14.63 38.74 7.94 27.15 2008 10.80 38.07 10.95 38.69 6.27 29.36 2009 11.63 38.21 12.18 41.52 6.64 28.02   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.   Table A5.6. Colombia � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1996 9.27 13.31 21.32 32.26 50.75 1997 12.00 13.53 23.68 35.19 52.36 1998 11.02 13.15 21.86 33.67 52.61 1999 9.72 9.66 17.17 28.72 49.70 2001 11.52 11.43 23.52 37.42 42.24 2002 17.73 13.92 26.82 39.60 47.36 2003 11.71 11.50 23.28 38.01 41.41 2005 8.40 8.78 34.38 54.30 29.04 2006 6.33 15.71 28.31 45.55 46.17 2007 5.42 7.07 25.96 48.81 64.93 2008 5.94 16.18 31.28 45.62 63.82 2009 9.29 12.00 33.40 48.66 61.51   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.   84   Table A5.7. Colombia � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1996 10.42 15.40 24.22 35.25 53.39 1997 13.61 15.68 26.68 38.60 55.37 1998 12.85 15.87 25.48 38.08 56.28 1999 11.93 12.86 21.89 33.89 54.33 2001 11.82 11.87 24.28 38.29 42.70 2002 18.65 15.06 27.46 40.43 48.12 2003 12.34 11.79 23.60 38.78 42.23 2005 8.40 8.43 33.03 52.53 41.29 2006 6.46 16.05 29.22 46.02 46.76 2007 6.00 7.38 28.00 51.25 67.60 2008 6.08 17.03 31.73 46.26 64.28 2009 9.59 13.58 36.63 52.17 65.93   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.   Table A5.8. Colombia � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1980 . 0.49 . 0.59 0.87 1986 8.35 11.20 18.07 17.91 24.77 1989 10.38 14.92 20.76 24.29 27.84 1992 7.13 15.19 22.04 28.27 27.70 1995 3.17 7.27 10.66 19.02 28.60 1996 4.98 4.76 11.57 17.35 28.34 1997 5.20 3.85 11.20 20.28 27.38 1998 0.06 3.52 11.38 21.15 33.62 1999 0.07 3.37 10.76 23.17 38.72 2000 5.89 3.94 12.44 25.96 44.88 2001 . 2.55 16.29 27.85 39.43 2002 . 1.12 11.68 28.25 37.84 2003 0.29 7.41 25.29 41.38 30.51 2004 0.26 6.10 21.71 44.11 28.66 2005 . 7.71 26.80 37.00 25.12 2006 0.49 6.72 21.49 45.22 35.12 2007 . 0.18 7.75 38.60 65.91 2008 3.04 5.14 19.42 36.61 55.31 2009 4.11 13.97 28.28 36.81 31.76   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.   85   Table A5.9. Colombia– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1996 6.77 31.86 34.15 1997 8.04 34.87 36.20 1998 8.25 34.09 37.13 1999 6.53 30.77 33.48 2001 5.06 36.89 30.45 2002 14.28 32.79 32.69 2003 10.09 29.15 30.35 2005 19.58 38.88 40.33 2006 8.71 34.27 34.28 2007 14.01 37.92 37.45 2008 12.21 38.07 37.41 2009 11.70 40.09 41.26   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.   Table A5.10. Colombia– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1996 12.26 46.69 51.04 1997 13.85 52.31 54.47 1998 15.95 52.94 57.71 1999 12.14 50.60 53.73 2001 26.47 59.47 55.23 2002 25.86 51.30 53.15 2003 25.20 47.75 49.62 2005 37.26 58.08 60.68 2006 29.71 54.01 55.37 2007 25.95 60.31 61.25 2008 25.69 64.27 63.71 2009 26.92 64.51 65.94   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.         86 Table A5.11. Colombia– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1996 82.10 23.12 1997 85.46 25.22 1998 87.71 24.90 1999 87.36 22.49 2001 97.77 20.83 2002 97.94 26.28 2003 97.22 22.13 2005 97.92 24.32 2006 95.46 26.92 2007 90.62 29.51 2008 93.03 29.24 2009 94.43 32.07   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.   Table A5.12. Colombia � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1996 10.02 30.88 60.50 10.64 34.90 65.59 1997 10.93 32.14 61.19 11.62 36.45 66.90 1998 10.03 30.87 59.77 10.80 36.27 67.08 1999 8.77 25.46 55.77 9.74 31.60 65.43 2001 7.10 29.32 61.74 7.15 30.32 64.19 2002 11.45 29.33 61.08 11.59 30.46 63.38 2003 9.62 24.92 61.40 9.68 25.79 63.35 2005 8.62 43.10 34.40 8.85 45.68 37.41 2006 9.10 29.49 56.16 9.14 30.21 57.00 2007 11.63 30.95 63.73 12.05 33.25 67.29 2008 11.40 23.04 38.43 11.47 23.31 39.46 2009 11.99 58.89 87.65 12.64 59.28 87.88   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.     87 Table A5.13. Colombia � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1980 0.41 0.22 2.84 1986 13.42 25.09 44.52 1989 19.13 26.12 30.70 1992 17.79 27.02 33.07 1995 10.61 30.53 40.11 1996 9.99 29.74 45.01 1997 10.11 29.77 42.97 1998 10.34 30.24 42.18 1999 11.37 31.01 47.33 2000 13.92 37.94 60.98 2001 13.08 31.85 49.56 2002 11.46 34.20 50.86 2003 14.65 41.99 63.62 2004 13.14 42.37 63.75 2005 13.80 43.60 41.45 2006 14.82 41.45 64.74 2007 16.45 40.67 67.25 2008 16.99 40.04 49.00 2009 16.13 27.70 52.94   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.   Table A5.14. Colombia– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1980 . 43.84 43.84 1998 80.09 57.09 60.44 1999 81.64 58.52 62.62 2000 85.89 62.46 66.45 2001 87.14 59.64 63.91 2002 85.86 61.49 65.17 2003 81.61 64.58 68.22 2004 81.78 37.86 40.46 2005 85.00 48.49 55.46 2006 85.46 33.30 36.13 2007 45.98 36.04 38.09 2008 84.69 54.50 61.24 2009 80.22 57.26 62.52   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.     88 Table A5.15. Colombia– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1980 0.47 50.32 1986 20.94 43.23 1989 25.47 47.75 1992 25.57 49.36 1995 17.99 53.02 1996 17.38 50.66 1997 17.55 51.81 1998 18.46 51.85 1999 19.40 49.26 2000 23.73 54.42 2001 23.73 52.41 2002 22.40 47.77 2003 28.91 56.38 2004 31.16 58.15 2005 27.50 83.59 2006 32.83 60.81 2007 30.62 84.13 2008 32.85 56.67 2009 31.68 53.16   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey � Workforce, Continuous Household Survey and Great Integrated Household  Survey.     89 6. Costa Rica    Table A6.1. Costa Rica– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1987 . . . . 43.01 1988 . . . . 26.75 1989 71.72 72.90 82.28 51.83 28.40 1990 66.95 68.53 79.08 43.40 25.30 1991 . . . . 25.60 1992 67.96 69.65 79.68 42.97 28.11 1993 68.98 70.45 80.68 44.81 28.59 1994 67.09 68.51 78.50 43.36 31.53 1995 67.49 69.17 79.40 42.56 32.79 1996 66.30 68.52 77.93 44.00 32.97 1997 63.84 66.13 76.84 39.10 36.79 1998 64.84 66.96 77.19 38.43 37.48 1999 62.68 64.85 75.11 36.11 . 2000 63.83 65.95 76.44 37.39 36.62 2001 62.02 64.25 77.61 30.71 35.98 2002 61.41 63.98 77.65 30.55 35.73 2003 60.93 63.46 76.04 29.09 . 2004 62.00 64.67 78.36 29.63 39.42 2005 61.15 63.75 75.58 28.76 . 2006 62.67 65.07 76.96 31.47 41.34 2007 64.97 66.77 77.45 32.75 40.99 2008 66.67 68.68 79.40 35.24 40.99 2009 66.50 69.84 80.09 36.46 .   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     90 Table A6.2. Costa Rica � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1989 71.75 75.80 75.47 71.02 65.80 1990 68.24 73.46 70.80 67.17 45.90 1992 70.27 73.66 71.31 67.47 45.89 1993 72.54 74.64 70.01 66.42 47.67 1994 69.90 72.74 68.31 66.41 47.49 1995 71.90 73.43 69.10 64.51 48.40 1996 70.43 71.89 69.60 66.32 46.55 1997 68.87 69.63 67.21 62.86 42.73 1998 70.68 69.70 67.66 63.08 48.39 1999 65.11 69.14 66.02 63.07 43.88 2000 66.26 68.99 66.80 65.95 48.91 2001 67.26 66.66 65.97 61.26 41.98 2002 65.95 66.92 64.94 61.80 42.58 2003 63.37 66.61 65.83 62.56 45.53 2004 66.43 68.21 65.14 62.57 46.48 2005 65.12 67.31 66.07 59.44 47.21 2006 67.77 68.83 65.50 61.41 48.10 2007 69.90 69.64 68.61 62.38 47.40 2008 71.74 71.09 70.28 65.57 50.01 2009 72.33 72.17 72.07 66.66 52.60   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A6.3. Costa Rica � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1987 35.91 43.65 46.44 50.45 1988 24.17 32.07 25.32 25.90 1989 30.93 32.95 26.98 21.40 1990 24.81 29.88 25.27 23.87 1991 29.69 30.74 23.12 19.09 1992 31.90 30.03 31.38 20.87 1993 31.19 33.72 28.11 23.67 1994 33.96 32.03 34.87 26.98 1995 33.28 36.76 34.62 27.53 1996 36.26 33.94 38.93 24.12 1997 38.53 39.66 40.77 28.90 1998 40.31 39.68 38.23 33.88 2000 37.14 42.26 37.64 31.27 2001 33.78 40.74 39.43 30.55 2002 34.67 39.28 43.36 27.13 2004 35.57 43.99 45.81 33.72 2006 37.29 44.30 43.91 41.30 2007 35.99 43.71 46.48 40.09 2008 34.82 43.48 44.38 43.75   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   91   Table A6.4. Costa Rica�� Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and  the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1987 . . . . 62.08 30.42 1988 . . . . 44.44 14.51 1989 73.43 67.40 74.48 68.84 46.76 16.41 1990 69.52 60.50 70.89 62.49 31.42 19.35 1991 . . . . 34.95 16.67 1992 70.98 60.89 72.44 63.00 40.92 16.05 1993 72.39 60.95 73.74 62.63 41.00 17.44 1994 70.66 58.80 71.89 60.53 44.07 19.36 1995 71.12 59.28 72.57 61.32 45.08 21.50 1996 69.79 58.41 71.57 61.37 43.30 23.10 1997 67.80 55.39 69.71 58.28 46.41 27.53 1998 69.69 55.02 71.37 57.77 49.39 26.86 1999 67.47 53.08 69.02 56.22 . . 2000 67.74 56.05 69.52 58.74 48.01 26.65 2001 66.60 53.88 68.54 56.43 48.63 25.33 2002 66.02 53.06 68.28 56.07 47.44 25.68 2003 65.15 53.46 67.37 56.43 . . 2004 65.98 54.66 68.25 57.84 51.13 29.25 2005 66.21 52.35 68.10 55.89 . . 2006 67.94 53.84 69.70 56.97 52.50 32.06 2007 70.12 56.56 71.30 59.12 53.39 30.65 2008 71.64 58.59 73.26 61.09 52.48 31.20 2009 71.56 58.43 74.21 62.61 . .   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.         92   Table A6.5. Costa Rica � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1987 . . . . 36.37 49.60 1988 . . . . 17.90 35.08 1989 69.96 73.66 71.05 74.93 20.72 35.34 1990 63.53 70.73 64.74 72.79 14.94 35.95 1991 . . . . 16.36 34.76 1992 64.04 72.38 65.51 74.34 17.64 38.44 1993 65.71 72.56 67.12 74.10 18.89 37.89 1994 63.27 71.16 64.56 72.72 20.99 42.56 1995 64.98 70.21 66.47 72.10 23.59 42.50 1996 63.42 69.45 65.23 72.14 22.81 43.50 1997 61.55 66.34 63.36 69.16 24.78 49.12 1998 61.72 68.26 63.77 70.47 25.49 49.28 1999 60.56 64.73 62.45 67.17 . . 2000 59.09 66.57 60.82 68.94 23.00 44.73 2001 55.87 65.56 57.93 67.86 23.56 43.23 2002 55.99 64.52 57.79 67.58 23.50 42.75 2003 56.00 63.78 57.98 66.63 . . 2004 57.12 64.79 59.47 67.65 24.45 47.59 2005 55.99 64.17 58.19 67.04 . . 2006 58.42 65.14 60.76 67.57 29.62 48.41 2007 60.09 67.79 61.68 69.73 27.71 48.38 2008 63.34 68.61 65.22 70.70 29.91 46.95 2009 63.03 68.54 66.13 72.01 . .   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     93 Table A6.6. Costa Rica � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1989 65.89 68.21 72.69 72.89 78.79 1990 55.32 61.30 66.79 73.11 78.23 1992 56.64 61.40 68.69 72.41 80.55 1993 58.65 65.49 69.86 73.73 77.21 1994 56.80 63.73 67.62 71.18 76.50 1995 56.02 63.62 68.46 71.19 78.12 1996 55.09 63.10 67.18 69.87 76.07 1997 53.25 60.05 65.64 66.62 73.55 1998 53.37 59.83 65.26 70.32 75.49 1999 50.59 57.02 63.89 68.26 73.93 2000 50.40 59.34 63.97 67.75 77.33 2001 47.88 55.93 62.38 68.32 75.41 2002 47.40 55.49 62.07 66.72 75.45 2003 45.20 54.40 62.74 67.32 74.83 2004 46.07 57.25 62.35 67.73 76.57 2005 45.16 56.19 60.38 67.28 77.05 2006 48.26 57.95 61.86 67.60 78.09 2007 50.49 58.06 64.35 72.14 80.45 2008 53.74 61.13 66.35 73.04 79.52 2009 49.34 60.17 68.42 73.73 81.19   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A6.7. Costa Rica � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1989 67.85 70.14 73.24 73.52 79.61 1990 56.16 64.09 69.59 74.15 78.66 1992 59.20 63.87 69.95 74.14 80.98 1993 61.12 67.51 71.23 74.59 77.86 1994 58.95 65.15 68.75 72.30 77.61 1995 58.59 65.50 70.42 72.41 78.85 1996 58.29 65.77 69.23 71.97 77.16 1997 56.27 62.97 67.89 68.84 74.59 1998 57.09 62.53 66.68 71.91 76.74 1999 53.36 59.91 66.22 70.42 74.66 2000 54.39 61.53 66.29 68.61 78.62 2001 51.11 58.79 64.75 70.58 75.90 2002 51.47 58.49 64.98 68.83 76.31 2003 49.90 57.24 65.06 69.45 75.54 2004 50.27 60.97 64.74 69.54 77.80 2005 49.48 59.44 63.00 68.83 78.42 2006 52.97 59.97 64.65 69.47 78.62 2007 53.25 60.60 66.19 73.47 81.00 2008 56.63 63.97 68.58 74.04 80.79 2009 55.37 64.32 71.36 76.12 82.33   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     94 Table A6.8. Costa Rica � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1987 19.53 48.55 46.22 46.37 53.69 1988 7.84 21.81 28.02 35.19 42.01 1989 9.74 17.81 32.47 35.96 45.57 1990 3.45 17.88 32.07 32.19 40.88 1991 2.73 14.72 27.00 37.40 45.79 1992 3.28 19.19 31.36 40.67 46.26 1993 3.74 23.76 28.11 41.79 45.52 1994 7.38 24.11 32.95 43.71 49.47 1995 4.80 28.15 30.74 46.83 53.17 1996 4.05 21.36 34.57 49.12 55.46 1997 10.68 26.76 37.81 50.44 57.24 1998 11.22 28.79 39.55 48.12 58.43 2000 8.42 31.91 37.71 48.88 53.80 2001 7.72 28.61 39.16 48.38 53.55 2002 10.52 22.55 38.17 50.86 55.69 2004 11.02 29.68 46.99 45.63 62.05 2006 12.09 36.41 46.47 50.57 61.67 2007 20.44 29.69 45.03 45.40 63.50 2008 18.86 31.23 44.19 48.79 62.40   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A6.9. Costa Rica– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1989 69.03 72.77 74.85 1990 59.24 71.10 71.80 1992 61.79 73.81 70.86 1993 63.67 74.08 71.50 1994 62.87 70.95 69.43 1995 64.06 71.34 70.09 1996 62.13 69.98 70.29 1997 60.96 68.29 66.93 1998 60.65 69.40 68.04 1999 60.25 66.22 65.79 2000 61.50 66.53 67.01 2001 57.13 66.22 65.20 2002 55.71 65.45 65.40 2003 55.17 65.72 64.47 2004 56.97 66.01 65.90 2005 58.16 66.16 64.22 2006 61.92 66.03 65.41 2007 62.89 68.17 66.94 2008 66.04 68.84 69.08 2009 64.44 69.38 70.76   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   95 Table A6.10. Costa Rica– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1989 53.34 91.08 . 1990 45.38 89.43 . 1992 46.99 89.29 . 1993 47.60 90.68 . 1994 46.27 76.93 94.09 1995 46.49 79.15 93.21 1996 48.75 77.99 91.71 1997 43.54 76.11 93.54 1998 44.68 78.68 92.54 1999 41.43 75.89 92.78 2000 42.71 74.32 91.58 2001 38.11 74.47 93.30 2002 37.64 76.27 93.88 2003 36.90 74.93 92.56 2004 37.21 74.36 92.71 2005 36.36 72.51 93.41 2006 37.41 74.80 93.09 2007 39.83 75.37 93.17 2008 42.53 78.74 93.40 2009 42.97 78.99 94.49   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A6.11. Costa Rica– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1989 98.39 68.09 1990 96.62 63.13 1992 96.84 65.11 1993 97.99 65.89 1994 96.77 64.23 1995 97.69 65.09 1996 95.09 64.72 1997 96.18 62.00 1998 95.85 63.22 1999 97.58 61.60 2000 94.02 62.08 2001 96.60 59.56 2002 97.70 59.40 2003 97.74 59.13 2004 97.80 60.26 2005 98.28 59.51 2006 97.80 60.95 2007 98.02 63.43 2008 98.35 65.37 2009 99.04 66.30   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   96   Table A6.12. Costa Rica � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1989 66.73 75.68 84.74 67.72 77.33 85.41 1990 59.22 74.52 82.21 60.35 76.88 84.30 1992 60.20 74.17 84.11 61.57 76.56 85.49 1993 61.35 74.61 83.91 62.64 76.37 85.33 1994 60.26 72.85 79.70 61.46 74.56 81.37 1995 60.05 72.19 81.68 61.24 74.69 83.54 1996 58.94 71.33 80.10 60.94 73.57 82.79 1997 55.26 69.59 79.45 56.94 72.59 82.30 1998 56.24 68.84 80.48 58.08 71.53 82.31 1999 53.51 67.48 79.68 55.60 69.72 81.50 2000 53.68 68.15 81.73 55.83 70.55 82.98 2001 51.05 66.14 79.82 52.84 68.84 82.01 2002 50.25 64.21 80.67 52.38 67.43 82.83 2003 50.24 63.27 78.01 52.42 66.15 80.31 2004 51.28 63.56 80.51 53.43 67.05 82.73 2005 51.01 61.64 79.58 53.07 64.96 81.99 2006 52.32 62.32 82.06 54.36 64.98 84.39 2007 54.32 64.80 83.71 55.69 67.27 85.06 2008 56.29 67.65 82.17 58.09 69.81 84.13 2009 55.20 66.30 83.92 58.35 70.02 86.24   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A6.13. Costa Rica � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1987 40.73 67.12 86.17 1988 23.09 57.05 90.24 1989 24.11 64.31 74.13 1990 22.16 55.94 63.02 1991 22.88 49.79 65.07 1992 25.20 47.38 66.33 1993 25.39 45.08 70.02 1994 27.49 48.39 77.15 1995 28.70 57.52 64.17 1996 29.45 57.48 63.45 1997 32.01 62.53 81.83 1998 33.15 56.91 76.93 2000 33.05 51.97 77.69 2001 32.40 45.96 78.15 2002 32.64 46.13 69.78 2004 35.17 57.76 73.54 2006 36.88 58.49 67.51 2007 34.8 63.41 76.99 2008 36.26 52.1 72.15   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   97 Table A6.14. Costa Rica– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1991 93.98 54.59 61.31 1992 89.82 52.04 58.76 1993 90.38 55.13 62.57 1994 86.34 47.84 56.27 1995 87.56 48.46 57.78 1996 85.80 49.40 57.59 1997 87.57 52.40 61.33 1998 83.43 50.91 59.13 2000 85.01 48.78 56.87 2001 89.89 53.35 62.34 2002 87.65 50.66 59.24 2004 90.25 48.62 60.30 2006 84.83 48.04 59.87 2007 87.05 45.76 58.44 2008 89.04 50.07 62.68   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A6.15. Costa Rica– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1987 43.14 43.14 1988 28.10 28.10 1989 29.75 29.75 1990 33.29 58.98 1991 32.92 55.15 1992 36.52 53.92 1993 38.13 56.11 1994 41.36 59.27 1995 42.38 58.64 1996 42.24 57.34 1997 45.07 63.63 1998 46.75 63.10 2000 45.68 60.63 2001 45.79 61.59 2002 45.34 62.66 2004 49.07 63.61 2006 53.33 65.68 2007 52.90 65.52 2008 53.17 66.58   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes,  and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     98 7. Dominican Republic    Table A7.1. Dominican Republic– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly,  Alternative Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1996 . . . . 11.91 1997 . . . . 11.00 2000 . . . . 10.99 2001 . . . . 12.15 2002 . . . . 11.42 2003 . . . . 10.87 2004 . . . . 13.17 2005 16.74 20.13 40.37 . 12.89 2006 20.15 23.71 48.59 . 11.92 2007 27.90 32.36 66.73 . 13.72 2008 23.87 27.35 58.47 . 10.21 2009 24.98 28.85 55.41 . 11.10   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   Table A7.2. Dominican Republic � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 2005 22.90 23.07 19.83 14.80 9.25 2006 26.16 26.22 25.29 19.50 13.57 2007 34.89 34.30 34.09 29.11 19.84 2008 26.50 29.14 28.66 29.50 16.82 2009 29.93 31.54 29.34 27.82 19.17   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   Table A7.3. Dominican Republic � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1996 11.64 11.34 18.51 9.31 1997 10.23 11.21 11.44 11.41 2000 12.68 9.82 10.49 10.19 2001 12.58 13.33 13.65 8.36 2002 11.32 10.72 13.38 11.06 2003 9.90 10.92 16.39 8.26 2004 15.63 12.07 13.71 10.75 2005 13.08 11.92 16.49 11.17 2006 10.63 12.57 14.03 11.26 2007 12.44 15.83 16.15 11.29 2008 9.74 9.89 8.16 12.60 2009 10.90 11.11 12.85 9.96   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   99 Table A7.4. Dominican Republic� Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed  Population and the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1996 . . . . 17.33 6.78 1997 . . . . 15.24 6.94 2000 . . . . 15.59 6.76 2001 . . . . 18.59 6.72 2002 . . . . 16.53 6.95 2003 . . . . 17.60 5.28 2004 . . . . 18.77 7.42 2005 16.42 17.20 18.25 23.55 18.73 7.64 2006 19.08 21.75 20.72 29.21 18.00 6.26 2007 27.01 29.24 29.29 37.90 19.11 8.53 2008 23.37 24.59 25.30 30.77 15.86 5.14 2009 23.82 26.86 26.04 34.19 16.52 6.21   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   Table A7.5. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and the Elderly,  by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1996 . . . . 7.09 15.21 1997 . . . . 8.17 13.46 2000 . . . . 3.88 15.18 2001 . . . . 3.85 17.11 2002 . . . . 3.82 15.97 2003 . . . . 3.69 15.53 2004 . . . . 6.02 18.26 2005 9.87 19.32 11.67 23.39 5.58 16.65 2006 13.48 23.51 15.66 27.83 5.56 16.22 2007 20.52 31.69 23.66 36.87 7.33 17.49 2008 15.72 27.40 17.67 31.67 4.57 13.45 2009 16.45 28.68 18.57 33.48 5.62 14.43   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   Table A7.6. Dominican Republic � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household  Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2005 6.45 13.97 15.66 20.74 26.86 2006 6.73 15.05 20.60 26.09 32.28 2007 15.46 25.34 27.52 32.23 38.96 2008 12.88 20.99 23.11 25.87 36.50 2009 10.95 18.17 24.41 31.52 39.81   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   100 Table A7.7. Dominican Republic � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2005 9.94 18.09 19.63 23.26 29.71 2006 11.02 19.90 23.14 29.07 35.39 2007 21.63 30.40 32.51 34.66 42.59 2008 18.64 24.09 25.37 29.25 39.40 2009 16.04 21.85 28.07 35.22 43.07   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.     Table A7.8. Dominican Republic � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1996 9.41 8.84 12.97 14.04 14.30 1997 11.31 8.34 11.56 10.55 13.22 2000 5.50 5.36 11.15 17.75 15.22 2001 1.84 12.92 11.89 16.67 17.37 2002 2.32 8.33 9.82 15.84 20.77 2003 4.46 4.32 8.85 17.05 19.70 2004 4.69 10.18 11.33 17.99 21.64 2005 2.31 7.78 13.22 18.44 22.70 2006 1.73 7.17 12.29 17.01 21.38 2007 1.77 9.88 11.97 17.22 27.76 2008 3.45 6.50 13.65 13.03 14.52 2009 0.62 10.37 10.40 16.80 17.27   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   Table A7.9. Dominican Republic � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 2005 1.41 30.12 19.94 2006 3.19 32.03 25.55 2007 6.12 43.11 34.00 2008 3.52 32.68 30.68 2009 4.15 33.07 33.06   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   Table A7.10. Dominican Republic– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 2005 0.83 24.62 53.76 2006 1.00 25.76 65.12 2007 1.84 41.50 86.26 2008 1.19 30.56 80.91 2009 0.68 35.64 81.44   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   101 Table A7.11. Dominican Republic– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 2005 49.58 13.22 2006 67.51 14.71 2007 100.00 20.63 2008 100.00 15.30 2009 91.48 18.45   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   Table A7.12. Dominican Republic � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 2005 9.08 17.43 35.11 10.68 21.85 42.24 2006 10.58 22.30 42.19 12.17 27.48 49.41 2007 16.97 29.30 52.30 19.08 35.84 60.45 2008 14.44 22.58 47.34 16.14 26.63 55.01 2009 13.31 25.20 49.29 14.94 30.57 57.02   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   Table A7.13. Dominican Republic � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1996 10.52 23.55 34.72 1997 10.43 12.88 44.06 2000 9.12 38.10 38.99 2001 10.08 36.05 42.66 2002 8.97 30.21 41.96 2003 8.96 27.98 44.84 2004 11.26 23.68 45.77 2005 11.57 23.15 36.84 2006 10.52 19.70 40.40 2007 10.62 32.81 59.93 2008 8.10 20.80 48.64 2009 8.33 24.54 47.31   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   102 Table A7.14. Dominican Republic � Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of  Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1996 62.65 27.43 32.82 1997 69.88 33.40 37.03 2000 41.62 25.39 28.13 2001 41.92 27.22 30.50 2002 44.20 26.28 30.19 2003 46.67 29.00 32.47 2004 50.61 29.27 33.34 2005 49.98 32.64 36.37 2006 53.68 33.73 37.69 2007 49.02 28.18 33.58 2008 41.96 30.83 34.08 2009 56.77 36.30 41.43   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.   Table A7.15. Dominican Republic– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1996 15.12 45.55 1997 14.47 46.83 2000 13.76 43.81 2001 15.55 41.47 2002 14.31 41.03 2003 14.55 40.48 2004 16.01 45.98 2005 16.4 44.59 2006 14.95 42.96 2007 17.25 44.81 2008 13.91 41.21 2009 15.03 41.28   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Workforce.     103 8. Ecuador    Table A8.1. Ecuador– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators   Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1988 42.57 44.03 64.18 9.75 19.54 1989 41.13 42.73 63.83 10.12 18.84 1990 39.42 40.32 61.29 9.46 18.60 1991 38.82 39.90 58.75 11.61 19.83 1992 38.94 40.25 60.68 13.26 18.65 1993 38.03 39.30 56.79 14.52 19.35 1994 38.06 39.10 56.13 13.48 19.27 1995 37.23 38.23 56.38 11.26 20.20 1996 39.87 41.40 61.13 13.13 21.17 1997 38.38 39.57 57.53 12.09 19.64 1998 33.94 35.75 52.17 10.44 20.85 1999 32.97 34.79 50.13 10.78 22.38 2000 26.29 26.83 39.38 11.41 13.68 2001 26.61 27.18 39.33 13.37 14.66 2003 26.05 27.40 39.69 12.17 15.22 2004 26.28 27.45 41.27 12.13 14.73 2005 26.30 27.23 40.68 10.99 15.29 2006 25.63 26.61 39.23 11.00 17.45 2007 26.35 27.20 39.51 11.60 19.28 2008 27.63 28.72 41.16 11.69 18.17 2009 30.44 31.76 46.20 13.61 20.30   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.     104 Table A8.2. Ecuador � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1988 39.62 50.99 45.65 42.52 37.75 1989 37.39 49.03 45.51 40.72 41.65 1990 35.28 45.69 44.97 36.88 35.72 1991 33.76 45.21 44.36 40.19 34.46 1992 34.53 45.31 44.16 40.70 35.34 1993 32.56 42.58 45.01 40.55 39.99 1994 33.14 41.72 44.25 42.14 38.17 1995 32.37 41.51 43.41 37.75 37.18 1996 36.85 43.82 46.00 42.25 39.61 1997 34.86 41.24 45.37 40.74 33.48 1998 29.54 37.78 40.34 39.23 35.85 1999 28.00 37.39 40.20 36.88 33.57 2000 22.37 28.79 31.71 28.65 23.64 2001 21.75 29.15 31.71 29.71 26.58 2003 22.42 27.90 32.66 29.56 27.67 2004 22.03 27.81 31.15 32.06 27.87 2005 22.97 28.29 29.35 32.17 25.64 2006 22.90 25.50 29.25 31.65 27.59 2007 22.57 26.83 28.97 32.14 29.62 2008 25.20 28.83 29.99 32.95 30.58 2009 29.35 32.21 32.39 35.03 32.58   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.   Table A8.3. Ecuador � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1988 15.06 20.42 22.72 23.12 1989 16.02 21.02 24.30 16.79 1990 15.78 18.41 21.50 20.66 1991 16.87 19.54 22.81 21.97 1992 14.27 22.51 24.69 16.71 1993 14.01 22.77 22.77 22.21 1994 13.33 20.25 30.23 19.09 1995 16.08 20.15 26.85 21.44 1996 17.20 20.12 24.27 26.91 1997 19.12 19.21 21.53 19.53 1998 18.34 22.52 20.99 23.85 1999 16.58 23.75 29.07 24.61 2000 12.21 15.30 13.15 14.41 2001 14.07 13.44 17.56 14.34 2003 11.48 16.97 18.06 16.20 2004 10.72 16.03 18.16 16.48 2005 10.39 17.30 18.12 17.98 2006 11.45 18.36 21.16 22.13 2007 15.33 20.83 22.60 20.93 2008 13.06 19.97 20.64 21.83 2009 16.05 20.76 23.63 22.99   105 Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.   Table A8.4. Ecuador � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and  the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1988 44.52 39.08 65.62 61.47 25.82 14.30 1989 43.32 37.43 64.46 62.65 30.89 7.68 1990 40.88 36.86 60.83 62.19 28.43 9.83 1991 40.37 36.31 57.18 61.69 27.99 12.83 1992 41.26 35.40 60.49 61.04 27.86 10.13 1993 39.80 35.29 55.72 58.74 27.46 12.44 1994 38.69 37.07 54.60 58.77 29.38 10.61 1995 37.79 36.35 54.74 59.21 30.50 11.19 1996 40.79 38.44 60.15 62.80 30.58 12.43 1997 38.30 38.52 55.58 60.81 26.94 13.14 1998 34.57 33.01 49.84 56.09 30.05 13.31 1999 33.86 31.63 48.41 53.04 30.92 15.23 2000 25.70 27.31 35.84 46.58 18.25 9.18 2001 27.31 25.55 37.11 43.71 17.68 11.72 2003 27.00 24.61 37.39 44.30 18.71 11.87 2004 27.36 24.77 38.28 47.16 18.24 11.36 2005 27.03 25.23 38.55 44.64 18.16 12.59 2006 25.70 25.53 35.61 46.31 20.26 14.89 2007 26.50 26.14 36.05 46.12 23.25 15.55 2008 28.27 26.71 38.07 46.96 21.84 14.74 2009 30.94 29.71 42.87 52.48 24.02 16.87   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.   106 Table A8.5. Ecuador � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and the  Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1988 . 42.57 . 44.03 . 19.54 1989 . 41.13 . 42.73 . 18.84 1990 . 39.42 . 40.32 . 18.60 1991 . 38.82 . 39.90 . 19.83 1992 . 38.94 . 40.25 . 18.65 1993 . 38.03 . 39.30 . 19.35 1994 . 38.06 . 39.10 . 19.27 1995 . 37.23 . 38.23 . 20.20 1996 . 39.87 . 41.40 . 21.17 1997 . 38.38 . 39.57 . 19.64 1998 . 33.94 . 35.75 . 20.85 1999 . 32.97 . 34.79 . 22.38 2000 18.39 30.15 18.46 31.05 3.70 20.72 2001 21.16 29.46 21.25 30.36 4.90 21.67 2003 18.22 29.64 18.37 31.81 4.85 22.16 2004 19.34 29.58 19.60 31.37 4.12 21.19 2005 18.46 30.01 18.54 31.49 4.40 22.51 2006 19.63 28.48 20.01 29.86 5.32 25.51 2007 21.02 28.85 21.18 30.12 5.66 28.16 2008 22.32 30.01 22.51 31.63 5.88 26.16 2009 23.45 33.67 23.69 35.66 8.11 28.29   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.   Table A8.6. Ecuador � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1988 41.91 44.20 44.08 38.81 44.01 1989 21.22 32.32 39.81 50.56 62.33 1990 25.98 29.38 35.54 45.08 61.35 1991 23.49 29.39 36.77 47.99 56.20 1992 24.21 30.05 36.22 48.06 56.74 1993 25.65 30.58 35.32 46.24 52.48 1994 28.45 28.06 35.74 44.19 53.65 1995 22.70 29.13 33.87 47.41 52.62 1996 26.84 31.47 38.54 46.51 55.75 1997 22.48 28.84 38.22 45.78 56.19 1998 13.29 23.30 31.72 43.80 57.31 1999 15.11 23.07 28.63 42.05 56.21 2000 14.22 16.79 22.23 31.33 46.44 2001 14.99 16.69 22.55 32.52 45.70 2003 13.63 15.29 21.73 31.85 47.70 2004 13.58 15.53 22.63 31.99 47.67 2005 13.65 14.85 21.79 31.66 49.48 2006 13.16 15.11 22.14 30.63 47.19 2007 16.93 17.72 23.55 32.60 40.83 2008 15.92 20.14 25.61 35.03 41.44 2009 20.05 22.44 26.32 37.18 46.32   107 Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.       108 Table A8.7. Ecuador � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1988 43.67 43.07 43.91 40.26 49.48 1989 23.18 33.76 41.44 52.66 63.31 1990 27.65 29.56 36.50 46.68 61.50 1991 24.33 31.17 37.19 49.63 56.90 1992 25.97 30.87 37.24 50.80 57.07 1993 27.07 32.02 37.70 47.26 52.63 1994 29.55 29.61 36.33 45.55 54.31 1995 24.03 29.65 35.78 48.39 52.96 1996 28.31 33.54 40.54 47.39 57.00 1997 23.91 29.98 39.83 47.21 56.53 1998 14.68 25.58 34.37 44.66 59.28 1999 16.61 24.57 30.61 44.96 57.49 2000 14.48 17.50 22.24 32.62 46.89 2001 15.44 16.94 23.26 33.45 46.18 2003 14.16 16.50 22.92 33.98 49.40 2004 14.29 16.54 24.11 33.13 49.20 2005 13.89 15.92 22.49 32.79 50.97 2006 13.65 16.05 23.16 31.89 48.37 2007 17.67 18.47 24.42 33.72 41.59 2008 16.79 20.96 27.06 36.45 42.36 2009 21.13 23.93 26.95 39.24 47.64   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.     109 Table A8.8. Ecuador � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1988 . . 15.67 26.07 56.40 1989 5.13 17.92 16.04 22.41 32.79 1990 5.26 15.95 14.92 25.07 31.94 1991 8.40 16.60 17.94 24.74 31.75 1992 5.34 13.17 18.80 26.41 29.56 1993 4.65 15.60 22.13 20.60 33.79 1994 2.06 16.56 16.92 26.18 33.62 1995 5.45 13.08 18.62 28.60 35.28 1996 8.10 16.82 20.72 28.77 31.23 1997 7.78 13.72 20.29 26.39 29.65 1998 7.14 15.02 17.04 28.36 36.71 1999 5.59 19.98 20.64 30.81 34.84 2000 3.54 8.59 12.69 18.97 24.61 2001 2.11 10.24 15.13 16.05 29.59 2003 1.91 3.89 12.74 16.51 41.05 2004 1.21 3.40 9.88 19.67 39.31 2005 1.48 4.03 11.40 22.04 37.76 2006 2.81 3.61 10.65 24.00 46.14 2007 2.72 5.03 12.86 30.95 44.60 2008 2.15 6.47 13.88 25.15 43.34 2009 2.83 7.45 14.87 30.92 45.93   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.   110 Table A8.9. Ecuador– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1988 27.16 38.39 47.57 1989 28.66 38.71 45.59 1990 18.78 38.25 43.45 1991 19.70 38.35 42.59 1992 24.57 38.85 42.32 1993 23.70 37.02 41.87 1994 22.94 35.27 41.95 1995 21.86 34.27 40.83 1996 25.87 36.30 44.31 1997 22.11 35.05 42.65 1998 18.67 31.27 38.95 1999 20.75 29.84 37.82 2000 15.74 23.53 33.86 2001 18.43 26.17 32.43 2003 17.28 25.83 33.46 2004 17.62 25.52 33.71 2005 16.34 25.80 33.65 2006 17.50 25.05 32.04 2007 19.50 24.06 32.23 2008 21.00 25.88 33.61 2009 21.69 30.07 37.61   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.   Table A8.10. Ecuador– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1992 17.43 54.40 81.82 1993 18.18 51.15 79.52 1994 17.44 47.81 81.24 1995 15.34 45.51 80.37 1996 17.46 48.61 86.26 1997 15.23 43.91 82.38 1998 13.23 38.15 82.22 1999 13.99 40.28 80.09 2000 13.09 34.61 64.38 2001 14.42 33.33 65.40 2003 12.64 36.27 72.30 2004 13.07 33.29 74.58 2005 12.37 33.96 76.43 2006 12.06 33.03 71.49 2007 12.80 29.86 72.75 2008 13.02 35.61 74.69 2009 15.07 40.26 80.61   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.   111 Table A8.11. Ecuador– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1988 97.54 31.36 1989 98.68 29.61 1990 92.24 27.98 1991 88.51 29.10 1992 90.70 30.78 1993 88.58 30.40 1994 89.31 30.34 1995 89.78 29.22 1996 99.76 31.11 1997 100.00 29.11 1998 99.41 26.46 1999 98.52 26.83 2000 79.99 21.21 2001 83.38 22.41 2003 83.95 21.88 2004 88.89 21.78 2005 93.02 21.67 2006 83.91 21.76 2007 79.07 22.71 2008 77.48 24.31 2009 82.92 27.09   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.   Table A8.12. Ecuador � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment   Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1988 28.07 45.22 68.86 28.36 47.76 72.04 1989 24.05 44.51 66.62 24.40 46.81 70.80 1990 23.86 42.08 68.39 23.95 43.63 70.46 1991 23.35 41.88 63.86 23.71 43.40 66.53 1992 22.62 40.72 64.58 23.07 42.32 68.18 1993 21.93 39.91 63.29 22.32 41.53 66.17 1994 20.97 38.70 62.14 21.19 40.26 64.11 1995 21.04 36.18 62.09 21.27 37.48 64.25 1996 23.12 38.82 65.76 23.39 41.04 69.11 1997 19.95 37.96 63.78 20.10 39.64 66.16 1998 16.16 33.00 60.80 16.71 35.17 64.59 1999 16.70 30.72 60.15 17.17 32.81 64.04 2000 15.76 27.23 54.38 15.92 28.16 56.16 2001 16.70 27.05 51.07 16.88 27.83 52.84 2003 15.60 27.24 48.60 16.01 29.11 52.31 2004 15.48 26.25 51.57 15.88 27.86 54.61 2005 15.98 25.26 53.61 16.28 26.55 56.11 2006 16.42 24.13 50.34 16.89 25.31 53.06 2007 17.20 24.13 50.39 17.42 25.20 53.33 2008 17.85 26.30 51.82 18.20 27.79 54.93 2009 19.80 28.47 56.80 20.31 30.28 60.55   112 Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.     113   Table A8.13. Ecuador � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1988 16.29 36.15 59.78 1989 13.76 32.71 58.44 1990 13.55 36.98 52.43 1991 14.58 39.10 44.64 1992 12.39 35.21 50.00 1993 12.40 40.96 42.04 1994 13.20 33.65 48.70 1995 13.38 41.19 45.17 1996 16.12 35.16 54.46 1997 12.90 36.69 44.81 1998 14.06 40.30 54.46 1999 14.89 45.71 54.69 2000 9.32 33.08 43.54 2001 9.75 37.18 48.16 2003 10.35 40.73 44.11 2004 9.83 40.82 45.87 2005 12.92 37.50 49.37 2006 15.39 44.66 53.63 2007 16.59 44.00 62.19 2008 16.23 40.43 52.45 2009 16.76 50.34 58.51   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.         114 Table A8.14. Ecuador– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1989 80.60 41.03 48.28 1990 80.91 40.18 49.93 1991 81.97 38.18 48.56 1992 84.62 42.72 50.93 1993 80.52 45.77 52.28 1994 84.46 56.32 62.80 1995 80.21 42.96 52.31 1996 83.71 49.79 56.23 1997 80.88 43.98 51.47 1998 78.05 43.54 51.38 1999 81.06 38.02 47.97 2000 61.32 31.66 38.73 2001 67.73 31.61 42.00 2003 74.69 38.02 47.87 2004 74.00 39.49 48.37 2005 76.86 41.79 52.59 2006 74.46 42.97 52.60 2007 76.95 42.89 55.20 2008 80.59 39.84 54.83 2009 79.55 44.88 56.47   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.         115   Table A8.15. Ecuador– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1988 24.73 59.21 1989 25.19 61.50 1990 25.80 62.15 1991 25.88 62.10 1992 24.51 63.59 1993 24.89 62.39 1994 24.91 60.72 1995 26.33 61.06 1996 27.16 62.89 1997 25.21 60.92 1998 25.39 59.61 1999 29.66 58.15 2000 18.07 60.32 2001 18.47 64.62 2003 20.20 63.39 2004 18.58 64.88 2005 20.22 65.66 2006 22.21 68.12 2007 24.29 67.25 2008 23.11 65.70 2009 26.13 65.62   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and  Underemployment.   116 9. El Salvador  Table A9.1. El Salvador– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1995 25.84 27.46 47.47 0.97 . 1996 25.10 26.79 44.02 3.25 . 1997 26.19 28.10 46.33 2.88 12.35 1998 30.28 32.43 51.78 2.26 11.96 1999 31.05 33.04 52.25 2.19 13.91 2000 29.67 31.60 52.95 1.84 14.49 2001 29.69 31.75 51.91 2.19 14.47 2002 29.79 31.61 53.94 1.23 15.72 2003 29.76 31.80 51.39 1.65 13.88 2004 28.80 30.69 49.30 1.57 14.57 2005 29.11 31.13 51.63 1.44 16.19 2006 30.13 31.98 50.05 1.99 14.01 2007 29.87 31.68 50.77 1.59 12.74 2008 30.93 32.63 53.36 1.23 12.58 2009 28.61 30.66 50.82 1.94 13.37   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A9.2. El Salvador � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1995 34.88 32.31 24.82 17.97 10.05 1996 33.45 30.22 26.30 19.34 8.82 1997 34.58 33.22 24.57 23.31 9.46 1998 38.16 37.93 30.74 22.19 14.25 1999 38.80 39.43 31.39 23.27 16.17 2000 37.30 36.80 31.43 24.48 13.26 2001 36.79 37.74 30.89 24.62 12.66 2002 36.81 37.70 31.95 23.08 12.15 2003 36.99 37.71 28.18 24.64 13.60 2004 35.10 37.25 28.26 23.36 14.08 2005 36.38 37.57 30.70 20.81 13.78 2006 35.25 39.27 31.11 25.19 11.93 2007 36.07 37.83 32.12 25.19 12.50 2008 37.65 37.34 33.26 25.86 14.03 2009 32.48 36.21 31.44 26.73 16.44   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   117   Table A9.3. El Salvador � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1997 12.63 14.39 12.72 9.19 1998 15.15 10.39 10.11 9.84 1999 15.58 13.96 12.99 12.20 2000 15.18 16.05 14.63 11.52 2001 15.37 17.54 13.83 10.25 2002 16.46 16.49 18.23 11.95 2003 13.79 16.38 13.35 11.40 2004 15.82 15.10 13.72 12.86 2005 18.25 15.61 17.03 13.35 2006 15.87 13.09 15.52 11.12 2007 15.60 10.44 14.59 9.85 2008 11.23 14.08 11.99 13.32 2009 14.98 15.86 11.52 10.19   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A9.4. El Salvador � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population  and the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1995 26.32 25.09 28.24 26.27 . . 1996 25.29 24.80 27.13 26.27 . . 1997 26.07 26.38 28.37 27.70 17.98 7.93 1998 31.08 29.10 33.57 30.78 15.26 9.34 1999 31.17 30.88 33.62 32.23 19.54 9.56 2000 29.51 29.92 32.06 30.96 20.34 9.95 2001 29.41 30.08 31.82 31.65 19.02 11.04 2002 29.12 30.72 31.51 31.73 21.97 11.03 2003 29.49 30.14 32.34 31.10 19.80 9.39 2004 29.10 28.37 31.64 29.40 20.76 9.49 2005 29.04 29.21 31.58 30.53 22.61 11.06 2006 30.53 29.62 33.06 30.62 21.18 8.34 2007 30.51 29.02 32.96 30.04 19.68 7.86 2008 31.47 30.21 33.73 31.20 19.06 7.19 2009 29.25 27.74 31.91 29.04 20.17 7.97   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.         118   Table A9.5. El Salvador � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1995 10.34 35.03 11.01 37.17 . . 1996 10.24 33.96 10.93 36.25 . . 1997 11.04 34.94 11.91 37.37 3.41 18.34 1998 13.66 39.12 14.58 41.98 4.18 17.06 1999 13.27 40.38 14.10 43.00 4.63 19.56 2000 12.71 38.53 13.59 40.93 4.21 20.54 2001 13.16 38.39 14.08 41.03 5.98 19.51 2002 13.47 38.31 14.27 40.67 4.59 21.98 2003 13.59 38.21 14.73 40.52 3.89 20.00 2004 14.14 36.31 15.17 38.57 4.48 20.47 2005 15.07 36.15 16.04 38.74 5.23 22.26 2006 14.33 38.28 15.38 40.39 3.47 19.68 2007 13.79 37.08 14.78 39.14 2.70 17.77 2008 13.88 38.07 14.78 40.00 2.86 17.14 2009 12.27 35.91 13.20 38.40 3.08 18.51   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A9.6. El Salvador � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 4.27 15.13 24.01 35.22 51.34 1996 3.42 13.37 25.29 33.60 50.77 1997 4.41 14.80 24.74 36.01 52.07 1998 4.18 16.36 28.32 43.31 60.23 1999 4.43 16.45 30.90 42.42 61.80 2000 4.11 16.09 28.75 40.00 60.24 2001 6.45 14.49 28.50 39.46 60.26 2002 7.42 15.68 29.72 40.20 56.60 2003 11.17 17.00 29.24 37.91 54.30 2004 8.43 18.14 27.10 38.82 51.77 2005 3.82 17.18 28.06 38.94 57.87 2006 11.11 18.81 28.95 36.81 55.25 2007 3.68 19.22 28.54 39.31 59.36 2008 6.37 20.29 29.61 40.19 58.45 2009 3.15 15.81 26.93 37.81 59.45   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.         119 Table A9.7. El Salvador � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 5.41 16.71 26.10 37.45 52.51 1996 4.06 15.66 25.96 36.57 52.81 1997 5.13 16.99 27.18 38.28 54.17 1998 5.06 18.48 31.46 45.52 62.75 1999 5.30 18.95 32.90 44.73 64.18 2000 5.25 18.25 30.72 42.74 61.94 2001 7.63 17.31 30.80 42.30 61.52 2002 8.44 18.28 31.68 42.66 57.70 2003 13.13 19.51 31.28 40.19 55.81 2004 10.25 20.09 29.32 41.14 52.96 2005 5.19 19.02 30.85 41.30 59.64 2006 12.96 20.77 30.62 38.57 57.16 2007 5.30 21.43 30.20 41.60 60.42 2008 7.92 21.89 31.51 42.43 59.61 2009 4.49 17.68 29.39 40.08 61.61   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A9.8. El Salvador � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1997 0.66 5.13 10.74 16.96 28.33 1998 0.62 4.25 8.67 17.62 28.63 1999 1.04 6.93 14.81 16.35 30.45 2000 1.16 6.10 11.76 17.09 36.51 2001 3.08 7.66 10.44 18.34 33.09 2002 1.17 6.07 14.72 22.01 34.70 2003 1.13 4.89 13.60 17.12 32.66 2004 0.51 7.61 11.87 19.09 33.76 2005 0.95 6.13 12.03 24.99 36.85 2006 1.23 6.20 10.58 17.44 37.12 2007 0.37 3.18 9.05 18.42 33.05 2008 1.17 3.66 8.00 16.62 34.67 2009 0.23 4.04 11.61 15.97 36.28   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.         120   Table A9.9. El Salvador– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1995 2.37 39.68 32.71 1996 2.02 37.73 33.39 1997 2.72 39.85 33.74 1998 3.80 46.12 37.84 1999 3.36 43.13 39.22 2000 3.50 42.30 36.64 2001 2.96 41.97 36.86 2002 3.01 43.14 35.56 2003 2.48 41.66 35.54 2004 3.29 39.79 34.96 2005 3.08 39.28 36.22 2006 3.15 39.61 36.69 2007 2.85 38.08 36.50 2008 3.30 43.16 37.12 2009 4.02 40.34 35.97   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A9.10. El Salvador– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1995 2.32 23.50 65.67 1996 4.47 23.60 55.95 1997 6.03 47.54 75.24 1998 5.05 46.38 82.01 1999 4.81 45.90 84.15 2000 4.26 41.46 84.57 2001 4.25 43.15 86.70 2002 4.23 45.74 86.82 2003 3.70 36.07 85.62 2004 3.51 36.10 85.42 2005 3.76 43.73 70.13 2006 3.81 41.63 71.79 2007 4.18 46.60 77.85 2008 4.15 51.95 77.21 2009 4.74 50.19 78.37   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.         121 Table A9.11. El Salvador– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1995 76.98 22.68 1996 65.07 23.71 1997 70.52 24.12 1998 87.95 27.41 1999 91.88 27.79 2000 92.04 25.84 2001 91.93 26.75 2002 92.62 26.69 2003 93.60 26.99 2004 91.50 26.18 2005 93.89 26.08 2006 93.43 27.61 2007 95.12 26.45 2008 95.60 28.11 2009 94.07 25.96   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A9.12. El Salvador � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1995 15.81 50.53 62.93 16.75 54.72 66.48 1996 15.22 49.68 57.11 16.12 55.17 60.65 1997 15.31 51.45 60.15 16.35 56.50 64.29 1998 17.61 54.26 73.62 18.77 59.67 78.06 1999 17.24 55.67 74.42 18.24 60.64 79.34 2000 16.52 51.57 72.62 17.49 56.64 76.46 2001 15.57 52.72 73.20 16.64 57.29 76.60 2002 15.64 51.00 71.46 16.51 55.32 75.15 2003 15.60 50.08 73.31 16.66 54.32 76.81 2004 15.21 48.90 68.39 16.21 52.21 72.74 2005 15.08 46.05 70.79 16.04 50.48 75.05 2006 15.60 48.39 71.32 16.54 52.08 74.45 2007 15.09 48.33 71.13 15.99 51.51 75.27 2008 16.29 51.14 70.71 17.19 54.20 73.84 2009 14.48 45.36 69.00 15.40 49.82 73.81   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.         122   Table A9.13. El Salvador � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1997 9.52 50.25 70.44 1998 9.65 59.42 59.71 1999 11.38 59.06 77.05 2000 12.47 44.59 60.51 2001 11.48 53.34 58.95 2002 13.56 48.47 49.59 2003 11.46 49.04 42.60 2004 11.62 60.32 73.14 2005 11.82 59.88 78.90 2006 9.74 49.60 80.04 2007 9.51 47.17 76.44 2008 9.89 48.87 49.93 2009 9.85 48.38 64.40   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A9.14. El Salvador– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1997 80.82 40.10 47.46 1998 67.85 37.54 44.42 1999 68.82 41.11 46.56 2000 73.98 37.61 46.35 2001 76.25 41.73 48.48 2002 74.79 43.56 50.93 2003 72.65 44.43 49.90 2004 79.55 44.49 51.25 2005 74.21 39.76 47.74 2006 73.99 56.85 61.73 2007 80.05 45.21 54.93 2008 76.54 42.62 52.18 2009 78.13 43.73 53.83   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     123 Table A9.15. El Salvador– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1997 15.81 50.86 1998 15.17 50.43 1999 17.89 52.62 2000 17.78 52.56 2001 17.92 51.6 2002 19.5 51.67 2003 17.62 47.92 2004 18.62 48.56 2005 20.83 50.73 2006 18.23 50.14 2007 16.17 48.71 2008 16.48 50.45 2009 17.44 52.47   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   124 10. Guatemala  Table A10.1. Guatemala– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly,  Alternative Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1998 18.90 19.19 37.18 0.78 13.73 2000 19.62 19.90 39.70 0.12 11.17 2006 26.78 27.17 46.15 6.21 15.41   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.  Table A10.2. Guatemala � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1998 22.67 22.36 20.17 15.77 7.55 2000 24.65 21.63 21.19 13.46 7.77 2006 32.33 29.22 27.26 21.12 13.79   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.    Table A10.3. Guatemala � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1998 11.76 15.18 13.28 16.21 2000 14.65 11.10 7.44 7.72 2006 11.69 18.05 17.20 16.06   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.    Table A10.4. Guatemala � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population  and the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1998 20.98 15.43 21.36 15.60 18.10 9.50 2000 21.60 16.09 21.87 16.35 19.10 3.59 2006 26.81 26.72 27.16 27.20 19.96 11.05   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.  125 Table A10.5. Guatemala � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1998 12.18 26.27 12.28 26.88 8.64 19.94 2000 11.58 28.97 11.65 29.62 6.89 16.46 2006 15.93 34.97 16.03 35.71 8.24 22.04   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.    Table A10.6. Guatemala � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1998 1.69 11.31 17.25 28.70 36.40 2000 1.99 11.08 18.85 26.96 39.76 2006 3.27 5.64 18.35 42.97 63.99   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.    Table A10.7. Guatemala � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1998 1.72 11.40 17.19 29.37 37.15 2000 2.10 11.07 19.30 27.22 40.35 2006 3.30 5.54 18.63 43.62 65.15   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.    Table A10.8. Guatemala � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1998 3.80 11.33 11.91 16.94 24.60 2000 0.67 6.50 8.57 13.97 26.08 2006 1.60 7.01 12.74 20.64 35.03   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.    Table A10.9. Guatemala � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1998 13.71 22.42 22.10 2000 8.34 26.93 25.71 2006 10.87 33.31 34.38   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.  126 Table A10.10. Guatemala– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 2000 2.67 39.44 77.62 2006 8.13 43.81 77.58   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.    Table A10.11. Guatemala– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1998 72.14 16.13 2000 73.84 17.12 2006 81.50 24.45   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.  Table A10.12. Guatemala � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1998 12.42 36.19 52.41 12.53 37.70 53.57 2000 12.16 39.13 49.10 12.29 40.22 50.10 2006 16.71 45.47 56.25 16.85 46.88 57.44   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.    Table A10.13. Guatemala � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1998 11.11 46.72 54.66 2000 8.15 47.01 59.27 2006 11.55 52.16 62.84   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.    Table A10.14. Guatemala– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1998 52.85 26.65 32.75 2000 83.03 41.76 50.76 2006 72.48 27.53 37.07   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.  Table A10.15. Guatemala– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1998 17.85 68.78 2000 14.75 63.45 2006 20.07 58.66   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.   Source: Own, based on the National Households Survey of Income and Expenditures.    127 11. Honduras    Table A11.1. Honduras– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1986 4.93 1989 . . . . 3.50 1990 . . . . 4.57 1991 . . . . 4.17 1992 . . . . 4.86 1993 . . . . 5.33 1994 . . . . 4.24 1995 . . . . 5.03 1996 . . . . 4.82 1997 . . . . 4.10 1998 . . . . 3.95 1999 . . . . 3.10 2001 . . . . 4.72 2002 . . . . 4.74 2003 . . . . 4.63 2004 . . . . 3.94 2005 . . . . 3.99 2006 20.16 20.80 42.89 0.88 5.32 2007 20.68 21.20 43.87 0.46 5.54 2009 19.11 19.70 42.04 0.40 5.11   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A11.2. Honduras � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 2006 26.88 24.32 19.45 14.37 6.38 2007 28.42 24.27 19.98 14.11 7.07 2009 24.63 23.37 19.98 14.13 7.10   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     128 Table A11.3. Honduras � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 2001 3.91 5.01 5.00 5.45 2002 4.36 5.42 5.09 4.25 2003 3.91 4.99 5.50 4.59 2004 3.61 4.03 3.59 4.70 2005 4.99 3.44 3.18 3.84 2006 4.99 6.04 5.99 4.49 2007 5.73 5.91 5.63 4.79 2009 4.91 6.06 5.03 4.41   Note: The sample size did not permit to disaggregate the statistics for the previous years.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A11.4. Honduras � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and  the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 2001 . . . . 6.85 2.75 2002 . . . . 6.13 3.46 2003 . . . . 5.46 3.88 2004 . . . . 4.95 2.95 2005 . . . . 4.78 3.20 2006 17.07 25.63 17.51 26.69 6.56 4.17 2007 17.81 25.57 18.25 26.23 6.55 4.62 2009 16.78 22.86 17.22 23.77 5.71 4.58   Note: The sample size did not permit to disaggregate the statistics for the previous years.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A11.5. Honduras � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 2001 . . . . 1.65 8.23 2002 . . . . 1.39 8.64 2003 . . . . 0.78 8.76 2004 . . . . 0.83 7.64 2005 . . . . 1.10 7.38 2006 7.45 32.04 7.58 33.50 0.98 10.23 2007 8.15 32.53 8.27 33.67 1.12 10.71 2009 7.09 30.78 7.20 32.22 1.27 9.68   Note: The sample size did not permit to disaggregate the statistics for the previous years.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A11.6. Honduras � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2006 1.62 7.48 18.74 30.63 42.88 2007 1.96 8.55 19.93 31.13 42.35 2009 0.76 7.52 17.35 27.49 42.73   Note: The sample size did not permit to disaggregate the statistics for the previous years.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   129 Table A11.7. Honduras � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2006 1.67 7.66 19.40 31.70 44.14 2007 2.03 8.89 20.56 32.02 43.06 2009 0.76 7.62 18.13 28.41 43.92   Note: The sample size did not permit to disaggregate the statistics for the previous years.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A11.8. Honduras � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2001 0.31 2.24 2.96 5.41 12.66 2002 0.90 1.27 3.59 5.51 12.43 2003 0.76 1.62 2.19 4.28 14.10 2004 2.33 0.55 2.05 3.25 11.58 2005 0.26 1.33 3.93 3.67 10.74 2006 1.95 2.15 2.90 6.28 13.36 2007 0.58 1.84 3.17 6.25 15.87 2009 0.69 1.48 2.64 6.36 14.39   Note: The sample size did not permit to disaggregate the statistics for the previous years.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A11.9. Honduras � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 2006 2.03 32.95 28.76 2007 2.27 32.69 28.50 2009 2.25 28.18 28.53   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   Table A11.10. Honduras– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 2007 1.17 29.05 62.33 2009 1.10 35.48 69.05   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A11.11. Honduras– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 2006 80.38 18.81 2007 76.57 16.59 2009 79.22 15.07   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   130 Table A11.12. Honduras � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 2006 2.16 41.99 60.67 2.18 44.91 64.29 2007 2.18 41.85 60.85 2.21 43.75 62.76 2009 1.99 39.04 60.68 2.00 41.94 63.35   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A11.13. Honduras � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 2001 2.71 40.33 26.80 2002 2.72 35.86 43.32 2003 2.38 35.95 38.33 2004 2.05 33.31 28.50 2005 1.77 33.15 22.36 2006 1.17 36.37 39.99 2007 0.93 39.67 40.65 2009 1.23 41.29 30.60   Note: The sample size did not permit to disaggregate the statistics for the previous years.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.     Table A11.14. Honduras– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 2001 63.57 29.08 33.40 2002 61.29 32.38 37.24 2003 54.26 26.98 32.65 2004 74.55 35.78 40.42 2005 65.04 32.24 36.79 2006 70.73 34.42 42.47 2007 63.33 32.70 38.46 2009 58.28 27.86 33.66   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   131 Table A11.15. Honduras–Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1986 6.16 36.78 1989 4.65 53.73 1990 5.95 54.91 1991 5.56 48.09 1992 6.55 52.29 1993 7.56 51.26 1994 9.43 55.24 1995 6.29 52.66 1996 7.16 56.36 1997 5.82 55.02 1998 5.48 53.08 1999 3.86 54.18 2001 6.41 52.48 2002 6.05 51.41 2003 6.45 55.02 2004 4.82 51.22 2005 5.15 49.29 2006 6.66 53.98 2007 7.09 55.65 2009 6.78 57.12   Note: Definition (1) refers to the “Joint Coverage� that represents the percentage of the older adults who reside in a household in which  at least one pension benefit is received. On the other hand, the Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the older adults who reside in a  home where at least one pension  benefit is received or there is at least one person over 65 years of age employed.   Source: Own, based on the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.   132 12. Mexico    Table A12.1. Mexico– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1984 18.78 19.05 38.58 . 11.46 1989 40.61 41.10 51.94 . 14.07 1992 37.25 37.25 56.46 . 16.66 1994 34.12 35.14 55.05 . 15.72 1996 33.01 34.16 53.93 . 17.95 1998 34.33 34.98 56.06 . 19.88 2000 36.06 36.62 55.93 . 19.03 2002 34.75 36.16 55.02 0.63 18.70 2004 35.95 37.03 52.96 0.59 22.52 2005 35.43 36.50 53.09 0.86 22.66 2006 35.89 36.01 53.44 0.66 23.34 2008 39.02 39.36 54.11 4.11 25.05 2010 36.98 37.36 50.60 3.84 25.21   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.   Table A12.2. Mexico � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1984 26.73 22.50 16.86 16.62 7.86 1989 43.76 44.74 38.58 36.45 34.22 1992 43.81 42.83 34.35 25.48 12.41 1994 42.22 39.26 33.05 25.05 14.33 1996 40.70 38.55 32.67 23.10 12.36 1998 41.73 40.45 33.29 25.60 11.85 2000 44.62 40.79 36.65 26.24 15.05 2002 41.88 41.24 36.50 28.27 18.12 2004 42.03 42.39 38.78 29.04 13.99 2005 41.43 41.70 38.22 29.18 15.02 2006 40.84 41.07 38.54 29.26 12.92 2008 44.40 43.49 41.62 34.45 17.84 2010 39.93 41.55 40.37 33.54 18.94   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.         133 Table A12.3. Mexico � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1984 8.71 20.38 11.77 3.35 1989 16.28 12.06 17.91 10.24 1992 14.64 21.01 15.67 15.06 1994 16.69 16.56 15.44 13.39 1996 18.33 15.23 22.24 16.93 1998 17.89 22.56 21.30 18.92 2000 20.12 17.04 23.91 15.97 2002 18.82 19.44 21.16 15.09 2004 23.21 21.69 22.44 22.60 2005 22.13 22.70 25.05 21.57 2006 22.89 23.51 27.10 20.69 2008 25.52 24.10 25.76 24.90 2010 24.87 25.62 28.42 22.70   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.   Table A12.4. Mexico � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and  the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1984 16.17 32.56 16.33 34.00 13.19 10.15 1989 37.57 48.03 38.00 48.67 21.57 8.11 1992 36.46 39.14 36.46 39.14 26.47 7.58 1994 33.84 34.69 35.01 35.43 22.21 9.92 1996 33.60 31.92 34.89 32.83 24.35 12.53 1998 34.99 33.12 35.70 33.66 26.31 13.52 2000 35.83 36.49 36.49 36.86 23.94 14.91 2002 34.87 34.54 36.48 35.63 26.18 12.14 2004 36.43 35.17 37.69 35.97 31.53 14.26 2005 36.19 34.19 37.53 34.86 31.73 14.91 2006 37.56 33.47 37.64 33.66 30.33 17.49 2008 39.11 38.87 39.52 39.10 33.56 17.92 2010 36.56 37.68 37.03 37.90 34.64 17.21   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.         134 Table A12.5. Mexico � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1984 8.06 35.88 8.31 40.18 1.92 17.36 1989 25.42 48.26 25.54 49.06 5.72 19.42 1992 11.78 45.26 11.78 45.26 4.56 21.19 1994 10.74 41.53 10.96 42.92 6.56 19.24 1996 10.27 40.34 10.45 41.98 7.55 22.09 1998 9.82 42.11 9.88 43.06 7.97 25.75 2000 10.56 43.32 10.68 44.04 6.29 24.57 2002 12.00 41.27 12.37 43.06 7.97 23.40 2004 15.13 41.29 15.51 42.59 9.07 28.03 2005 15.79 40.51 16.15 41.81 8.86 27.39 2006 14.70 41.35 14.73 41.52 9.48 29.28 2008 12.64 45.29 12.80 45.75 7.32 30.89 2010 16.30 42.36 16.43 42.91 9.27 30.92     Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.  Table A12.6. Mexico � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1984 3.78 4.19 16.34 25.42 44.52 1989 15.25 32.60 44.38 56.77 54.04 1992 10.18 27.74 38.85 50.63 58.59 1994 6.77 23.59 35.82 46.64 57.74 1996 4.78 21.70 36.33 47.46 54.79 1998 5.74 23.78 37.75 49.30 55.08 2000 5.88 27.02 38.82 51.28 57.28 2002 7.39 24.46 37.29 47.91 56.67 2004 10.11 26.82 36.11 49.19 56.00 2005 8.69 26.64 37.98 47.84 55.61 2006 10.49 27.29 37.00 47.91 56.30 2008 4.67 23.15 41.93 56.85 68.76 2010 8.18 25.11 37.24 49.52 65.12     Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.    135 Table A12.7. Mexico � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1984 3.57 2.92 18.03 22.72 48.42 1989 15.50 33.19 45.47 57.30 54.00 1992 10.35 27.89 38.85 50.55 58.64 1994 7.01 24.85 36.84 48.22 58.81 1996 5.22 22.74 38.17 48.85 55.83 1998 5.85 24.48 38.57 50.23 55.74 2000 6.00 27.68 39.27 52.54 57.61 2002 7.95 25.80 39.02 49.15 58.87 2004 10.59 28.00 37.57 50.16 56.90 2005 9.32 27.82 39.23 49.28 56.46 2006 10.56 27.46 37.08 48.10 56.44 2008 4.84 23.44 42.64 57.14 68.96 2010 8.44 25.64 37.77 49.60 65.56     Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.  Table A12.8. Mexico � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1984 0.59 6.25 5.31 19.52 25.47 1989 1.63 5.06 10.51 22.81 30.42 1992 2.56 15.34 19.15 20.63 25.57 1994 1.59 6.18 16.88 21.86 32.18 1996 0.86 8.25 18.71 28.40 33.71 1998 1.16 8.02 22.15 32.47 35.59 2000 2.15 9.42 16.71 29.25 37.66 2002 2.95 12.80 18.65 28.97 30.13 2004 1.95 15.87 29.44 36.05 39.37 2005 4.00 15.36 22.83 28.46 43.02 2006 3.86 15.70 25.59 33.56 38.14 2008 0.10 14.30 32.42 33.71 44.73 2010 7.07 16.11 27.45 34.46 41.00     Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.    136 Table A12.9. Mexico � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1984 5.47 38.88 43.06 1989 16.76 59.56 45.24 1992 5.63 56.15 41.70 1994 4.54 54.35 40.27 1996 3.88 56.34 36.68 1998 4.52 57.55 37.67 2000 7.99 46.43 40.93 2002 8.71 44.87 40.44 2004 9.35 47.40 38.88 2005 9.67 45.58 39.00 2006 9.54 43.59 38.79 2008 11.47 44.38 43.34 2010 10.59 42.32 41.19     Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.  Table A12.10. Mexico– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1996 6.73 54.34 85.65 1998 7.08 57.35 88.66 2000 7.13 57.34 88.15 2002 7.24 55.80 88.06 2004 8.12 45.69 77.93 2005 7.43 42.48 79.06 2006 7.77 48.81 79.47 2008 10.85 50.58 80.68 2010 9.91 48.75 77.93     Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.    Table A12.11. Mexico– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1992 86.86 29.91 1994 85.25 27.57 1996 85.19 26.54 1998 85.16 28.00 2000 87.34 29.60 2002 85.55 29.19 2008 81.65 33.43 2010 79.82 31.90   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.     137   Table A12.12. Mexico � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1984 11.39 50.18 59.71 10.74 70.58 77.35 1989 29.83 54.11 58.52 30.04 55.66 58.76 1992 21.14 54.93 66.27 21.14 54.93 66.27 1994 18.39 49.74 62.43 18.82 51.67 64.65 1996 16.81 46.77 59.17 17.19 48.96 62.08 1998 17.00 49.54 58.81 17.17 50.74 61.12 2000 17.56 48.12 61.91 17.74 49.07 63.23 2002 16.82 45.97 59.82 17.52 47.51 63.27 2004 16.88 44.12 57.39 17.27 45.68 59.34 2005 16.56 42.67 56.57 16.91 44.05 59.03 2006 15.66 43.32 57.85 15.69 43.47 58.21 2008 17.74 45.36 61.38 17.63 45.98 62.34 2010 16.26 42.54 61.52 16.28 43.08 62.64     Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.  Table A12.13. Mexico � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1984 9.74 48.70 33.82 1989 11.60 40.79 58.27 1992 14.50 43.86 33.76 1994 13.45 50.26 46.29 1996 15.53 43.86 50.31 1998 16.83 45.22 58.92 2000 15.72 52.05 50.49 2002 15.52 39.13 57.05 2004 18.47 48.40 50.91 2005 17.72 47.29 53.06 2006 18.30 46.88 51.01 2008 20.12 47.33 50.32 2010 20.35 46.43 59.19     Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.        138   Table A12.14. Mexico– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1989 77.23 34.02 47.15 1992 82.15 38.36 48.95 1994 74.71 41.00 49.53 1996 71.82 40.43 49.05 1998 82.46 44.27 54.29 2000 81.52 39.82 51.87 2002 73.75 41.92 50.81 2004 73.88 46.26 56.53 2005 75.16 38.48 48.47 2006 73.69 37.74 48.15 2008 84.50 37.12 51.06 2010 68.28 33.89 40.07   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.    Table A12.15. Mexico– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1984 15.86 31.40 1989 18.94 54.11 1992 22.85 56.22 1994 20.94 59.93 1996 23.27 60.28 1998 25.20 64.88 2000 24.27 62.33 2002 25.01 66.23 2004 31.88 69.62 2005 29.49 63.46 2006 30.29 66.77 2008 32.84 62.59 2010 33.24 63.24   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.    Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.    139 13. Nicaragua    Table A13.1. Nicaragua– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators   Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1993 24.38 27.51 44.90 6.98 . 1998 18.01 18.54 32.86 1.24 . 2001 18.78 19.43 36.04 0.85 . 2005 18.52 19.26 37.48 0.26 18.72   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.   Table A13.2. Nicaragua � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1993 28.87 32.33 26.39 20.90 16.03 1998 18.21 22.15 21.24 15.61 6.34 2001 21.14 22.63 20.30 15.63 7.34 2005 22.71 22.86 19.11 14.23 5.70   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.   Table A13.3. Nicaragua � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 2005 16.46 20.45 20.65 18.47   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.   Table A13.4. Nicaragua � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population  and the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1993 22.46 27.88 25.64 30.79 . . 1998 16.64 20.46 17.10 21.14 . . 2001 16.97 21.78 17.53 22.61 . . 2005 16.23 22.31 16.83 23.31 18.02 19.31   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.     140 Table A13.5. Nicaragua � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1993 11.36 32.10 12.10 37.50 . . 1998 8.81 24.51 8.93 25.50 . . 2001 8.03 25.10 8.16 26.25 . . 2005 6.53 26.07 6.66 27.46 5.55 26.76   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.   Table A13.6. Nicaragua � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1993 4.22 14.16 28.47 32.62 42.41 1998 2.71 11.38 16.27 26.00 33.68 2001 4.43 12.70 19.89 29.23 27.65 2005 3.09 9.34 19.26 25.35 35.56   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.   Table A13.7. Nicaragua � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1993 4.93 18.16 32.19 36.96 45.22 1998 2.85 12.02 16.94 26.18 34.69 2001 4.83 12.89 20.76 29.83 28.83 2005 3.21 9.71 20.10 26.44 36.83   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.   Table A13.8. Nicaragua � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2005 3.90 14.03 20.32 27.68 27.64   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.   Table A13.9. Nicaragua � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1998 4.55 27.70 24.28 2001 3.04 29.28 25.68 2005 2.18 31.92 25.09   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.     141 Table A13.10. Nicaragua– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1993 12.60 39.36 71.63 1998 2.86 32.31 66.42 2001 3.07 34.70 69.98   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.     Table A13.11. Nicaragua– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1993 69.65 19.99 1998 . 18.54 2001 78.70 13.39 2005 79.50 13.97   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.     Table A13.12. Nicaragua � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1993 14.57 40.33 59.99 16.26 46.43 70.05 1998 7.88 31.27 52.30 8.04 32.64 55.27 2001 8.46 29.75 53.37 8.64 31.57 56.33 2005 7.23 26.54 50.84 7.40 28.11 54.87   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.     Table A13.13. Nicaragua � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 2005 17.22 34.07 55.01   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.   Table A13.14. Nicaragua– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 2005 55.47 25.09 27.41   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.   Table A13.15. Nicaragua– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 2005 18.73 59.02   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey on Measurement of Standard of Living.   142 14. Panama    Table A14.1. Panama– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1989 . . . . 34.16 1991 . . . . 35.55 1995 . . . . 35.04 1996 . . . . 36.87 1997 . . . . 37.40 1998 . . . . 40.53 1999 . . . . 43.27 2000 . . . . 44.97 2001 . . . . 41.13 2002 . . . . 42.52 2003 . . . . 41.86 2004 39.00 47.13 70.56 5.34 41.72 2005 42.38 46.53 70.81 5.03 41.49 2006 44.79 48.06 71.88 5.10 41.69 2009 49.06 51.49 75.14 5.65 44.97   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.   Table A14.2. Panama � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 2004 44.47 52.73 53.01 49.07 19.99 2005 45.99 50.99 52.48 46.74 19.29 2006 49.60 52.77 51.63 49.65 18.85 2009 55.28 56.56 56.14 52.39 19.67   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.         143 Table A14.3. Panama � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1989 37.22 34.16 34.77 27.22 1991 36.30 36.70 37.56 30.61 1995 35.45 37.04 36.25 30.78 1996 35.55 38.98 39.58 34.00 1997 37.17 38.84 40.39 33.56 1998 38.35 41.90 46.43 36.80 1999 41.14 45.30 48.71 39.44 2000 44.46 45.06 47.80 43.31 2001 41.18 41.60 41.16 40.44 2002 42.28 44.36 43.02 40.23 2003 43.87 40.73 41.88 40.06 2004 42.39 41.96 44.90 37.76 2005 42.11 39.52 44.31 40.32 2006 41.59 42.43 43.21 39.80 2009 48.29 41.87 43.94 44.73   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.   Table A14.4. Panama � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and  the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1989 . . . . 41.91 26.63 1991 . . . . 43.91 26.94 1995 . . . . 44.70 26.21 1996 . . . . 45.79 28.66 1997 . . . . 44.92 30.30 1998 . . . . 46.36 35.41 1999 . . . . 51.32 35.86 2000 . . . . 52.05 38.39 2001 . . . . 50.00 32.58 2002 . . . . 50.06 35.19 2003 . . . . 48.72 35.04 2004 38.67 39.54 71.19 69.62 47.21 36.56 2005 41.43 43.93 70.25 71.64 47.86 35.24 2006 44.50 45.26 72.30 71.24 49.87 34.11 2009 49.51 48.34 75.58 74.46 52.49 38.33   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.         144 Table A14.5. Panama � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1989 . . . . 14.17 50.47 1991 . . . . 14.98 52.42 1995 . . . . 15.44 49.87 1996 . . . . 14.92 52.42 1997 . . . . 15.37 53.20 1998 . . . . 16.25 55.47 1999 . . . . 20.44 56.86 2000 . . . . 20.57 58.57 2001 . . . . 17.54 56.22 2002 . . . . 17.64 58.55 2003 . . . . 17.69 57.62 2004 21.90 46.66 24.18 58.87 18.42 57.69 2005 22.54 52.07 23.61 58.54 18.58 56.35 2006 25.24 54.16 26.13 59.12 19.33 55.49 2009 27.01 59.38 27.60 63.09 20.03 59.98   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.   Table A14.6. Panama � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2004 10.47 32.71 41.32 52.05 58.41 2005 9.58 29.75 45.95 57.01 69.99 2006 10.37 33.85 46.85 61.57 71.63 2009 14.40 38.58 54.80 63.44 74.01   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.   Table A14.7. Panama � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2004 10.99 39.07 49.86 63.10 73.02 2005 11.05 34.51 51.91 63.00 72.80 2006 11.19 38.47 51.96 65.40 73.76 2009 15.61 42.27 58.04 65.79 75.75   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.       145 Table A14.8. Panama � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1989 1.38 13.52 37.12 46.80 72.72 1991 1.14 15.65 39.27 53.01 68.54 1995 1.98 17.11 35.08 51.94 69.23 1996 2.03 19.82 37.07 50.55 74.96 1997 2.78 19.90 33.62 55.91 73.57 1998 3.33 21.31 38.99 61.69 73.89 1999 4.96 25.66 42.79 66.04 75.21 2000 6.77 30.17 48.24 65.01 74.12 2001 5.51 22.55 43.63 58.73 74.57 2002 5.26 24.19 43.79 63.29 75.61 2003 5.16 24.21 42.34 63.13 73.96 2004 2.95 25.91 42.96 60.41 75.78 2005 6.52 21.33 43.82 58.71 76.80 2006 5.29 24.00 39.93 61.07 77.07 2009 5.34 28.44 47.21 63.12 80.50   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.   Table A14.9. Panama � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 2004 13.46 46.45 56.99 2005 11.63 47.65 56.34 2006 14.29 49.19 57.78 2009 14.60 52.67 61.13   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.     Table A14.10. Panama– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 2004 15.73 30.99 45.74 2005 9.78 61.28 91.59 2006 10.19 64.06 92.99 2009 10.40 62.88 93.73   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.   Table A14.11. Panama– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 2004 95.89 37.34 2005 97.35 37.07 2006 96.66 39.16 2009 96.31 43.14   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.   146 Table A14.12. Panama � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 2004 20.12 39.58 61.70 23.63 49.05 74.41 2005 21.25 44.02 65.93 22.06 49.82 74.33 2006 22.05 46.15 69.84 22.58 50.81 75.90 2009 23.23 51.01 73.79 23.73 54.26 78.23   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.   Table A14.13. Panama � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1989 29.54 69.48 88.81 1991 27.09 68.67 75.98 1995 25.46 67.02 87.23 1996 26.33 70.83 82.77 1997 26.56 66.75 85.48 1998 28.55 72.51 84.64 1999 30.63 70.73 84.98 2000 31.74 73.62 83.03 2001 30.95 72.68 87.32 2002 29.68 76.12 92.33 2003 29.30 72.78 86.89 2004 28.66 75.98 78.86 2005 28.88 74.57 82.27 2006 29.99 68.83 82.48 2009 30.71 71.00 87.29   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.     Table A14.14. Panama– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1989 91.27 58.84 67.36 1991 91.20 59.48 67.86 1995 89.10 51.31 61.32 1996 91.50 51.76 60.71 1997 86.93 52.19 60.75 1998 87.34 52.70 61.36 1999 87.78 52.16 60.72 2000 87.53 51.87 60.53 2001 87.67 56.04 62.02 2002 86.11 52.50 59.56 2003 86.20 52.17 59.27 2004 86.87 51.83 59.86 2005 85.13 51.67 59.95 2006 84.55 50.47 59.06 2009 84.53 45.22 55.68   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey–Labor and Household Survey.   147   Table A14.15. Panama– Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1989 41.01 63.46 1991 43.46 65.57 1995 42.37 64.83 1996 44.62 65.65 1997 44.59 67.40 1998 45.84 66.10 1999 49.58 68.79 2000 52.22 70.54 2001 47.93 67.19 2002 49.45 70.94 2003 48.90 70.71 2004 47.97 70.14 2005 47.62 69.43 2006 48.32 70.52 2009 52.99 73.84   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Income and Expenditures of the Households.         148 15. Paraguay    Table A15.1. Paraguay– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1983 29.07 1984 31.13 1985 38.23 1986 29.00 1987 32.13 1988 33.24 1989 26.24 1990 . . . . 30.76 1991 . . . . 29.74 1992 . . . . 35.40 1993 . . . . 28.64 1994 . . . . 26.88 1995 21.45 22.33 38.52 2.21 19.29 1997 17.92 19.12 33.22 1.23 18.39 1999 14.36 15.23 30.85 1.34 17.39 2000 13.85 14.79 32.49 0.01 19.60 2002 12.94 14.24 30.92 1.21 15.81 2003 12.98 13.94 29.48 1.27 16.55 2004 11.56 12.35 27.25 0.51 14.91 2005 15.01 15.76 32.75 0.39 18.18 2006 12.76 13.54 28.51 0.18 14.91 2007 16.20 16.99 33.73 0.52 . 2008 16.88 17.67 34.48 0.27 12.90 2009 16.93 17.87 36.14 0.12 16.61   Note: Until 1994, the household survey covered only urban areas. Starting in 1995, it was expanded to cover the total population.   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.     149 Table A15.2. Paraguay � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1995 22.22 24.79 23.58 19.41 12.08 1997 20.45 21.62 19.10 14.28 9.52 1999 15.53 16.20 15.87 15.76 9.82 2000 15.66 19.04 15.51 10.32 5.56 2002 13.36 16.86 16.38 11.98 8.95 2003 12.63 17.62 14.42 12.88 7.73 2004 12.04 15.50 12.94 10.76 7.32 2005 13.87 22.91 16.80 10.23 7.53 2006 11.37 19.53 15.51 10.94 6.04 2007 17.48 22.34 17.48 14.12 8.37 2008 15.92 25.59 20.24 13.72 5.90 2009 20.24 25.03 15.97 14.33 4.64   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.     Table A15.3. Paraguay � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1983 24.80 28.14 40.09 26.97 1984 27.36 36.03 32.95 29.76 1985 28.86 43.54 52.14 28.47 1986 24.30 38.91 31.91 23.60 1987 21.32 38.31 41.23 35.67 1988 33.90 29.46 34.65 35.81 1989 9.88 30.51 33.18 43.42 1990 17.16 31.51 47.90 35.86 1991 21.11 22.82 49.10 34.10 1992 26.12 36.52 44.76 43.43 1993 18.62 14.99 47.04 47.23 1994 14.45 26.62 34.88 41.85 1995 9.66 11.36 27.99 38.53 1997 11.71 9.10 16.57 45.20 1999 12.31 10.15 16.02 37.64 2000 14.95 12.35 19.65 37.36 2002 8.39 15.82 12.38 31.95 2003 10.89 13.68 15.11 29.87 2004 10.25 13.31 15.34 24.89 2005 17.21 14.88 16.29 25.71 2006 8.19 18.16 12.26 23.51 2008 13.2 11.46 13.94 13.22 2009 14.36 14.50 18.91 20.42   Note: Until 1994, the household survey covered only urban areas. Starting in 1995, it was expanded to cover the total population.  Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.    150 Table A15.4. Paraguay � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and  the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1983 . . . . 55.76 11.23 1984 . . . . 61.11 11.01 1985 . . . . 70.47 15.12 1986 . . . . 52.80 14.81 1987 . . . . 50.79 20.80 1988 . . . . 57.85 19.13 1989 . . . . 45.86 14.02 1990 . . . . 55.60 16.39 1991 . . . . 48.00 17.87 1992 . . . . 53.86 22.37 1993 . . . . 39.86 21.44 1994 . . . . 41.33 17.23 1995 23.38 18.64 24.30 19.45 29.09 11.18 1997 19.00 16.45 20.08 17.79 24.08 13.31 1999 14.51 14.11 15.32 15.08 21.42 14.49 2000 13.90 13.78 14.73 14.88 22.63 17.08 2002 12.77 13.21 13.80 14.96 16.60 15.13 2003 12.82 13.22 13.60 14.49 18.74 14.69 2004 11.22 12.04 11.86 13.07 15.23 14.64 2005 14.47 15.79 15.06 16.80 16.70 19.28 2006 12.47 13.21 13.05 14.31 15.35 14.55 2007 17.03 15.02 17.67 16.01 . . 2008 17.44 16.04 18.06 17.08 . . 2009 17.88 15.54 18.72 16.61 15.83 17.26   Note: Until 1994, the household survey covered only urban areas. Starting in 1995, it was expanded to cover the total population.  Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.      151 Table A15.5. Paraguay � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1983 . . . . . 29.07 1984 . . . . . 31.13 1985 . . . . . 38.23 1986 . . . . . 29.00 1987 . . . . . 32.13 1988 . . . . . 33.24 1989 . . . . . 26.24 1990 . . . . . 30.76 1991 . . . . . 29.74 1992 . . . . . 35.40 1993 . . . . . 28.64 1994 . . . . . 26.88 1995 11.93 25.40 12.24 26.61 12.55 24.96 1997 12.85 19.38 13.71 20.68 11.64 25.03 1999 4.92 20.85 5.05 22.61 8.09 25.58 2000 5.37 19.95 5.55 21.80 11.30 25.71 2002 5.93 17.63 6.18 20.15 7.17 22.89 2003 6.00 17.74 6.21 19.56 9.34 21.51 2004 4.52 16.39 4.67 17.91 6.64 21.39 2005 6.80 20.41 6.97 21.78 5.28 27.50 2006 5.28 17.80 5.44 19.25 4.17 22.03 2007 7.30 21.76 7.49 23.14 . . 2008 7.56 22.66 7.75 24.02 5.13 19.07 2009 6.89 23.28 7.12 24.92 4.60 25.26   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.      Table A15.6. Paraguay � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 4.55 9.19 18.15 26.45 33.23 1997 0.65 7.44 16.30 20.99 29.58 1999 0.46 4.89 14.46 21.94 30.15 2000 0.68 4.11 12.29 21.32 31.59 2002 2.44 3.04 9.73 18.51 31.37 2003 0.88 3.21 9.97 20.27 31.18 2004 0.59 3.33 9.37 17.83 27.08 2005 0.79 4.64 14.47 22.02 33.91 2006 0.30 4.38 12.29 19.52 27.85 2007 1.31 7.41 15.32 23.28 34.14 2008 1.93 7.46 17.68 25.21 32.63 2009 0.83 8.00 16.93 23.76 35.75   Note: Until 1994, the household survey covered only urban areas. Starting in 1995, it was expanded to cover the total population.  Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.    152 Table A15.7. Paraguay � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 5.03 9.68 18.87 27.61 33.89 1997 0.78 8.11 17.73 22.12 30.51 1999 0.49 5.39 16.22 23.18 30.96 2000 0.73 4.41 13.68 23.23 32.75 2002 2.68 3.60 11.71 21.10 32.56 2003 0.95 3.61 11.18 22.26 32.45 2004 0.60 3.66 10.15 19.53 28.28 2005 0.83 4.88 15.71 22.85 35.40 2006 0.36 4.88 13.64 21.27 28.14 2007 1.45 8.03 16.55 24.18 35.25 2008 2.14 8.50 18.55 26.23 33.51 2009 0.88 8.97 17.95 25.81 36.41   Note: Until 1994, the household survey covered only urban areas. Starting in 1995, it was expanded to cover the total population.  Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.     Table A15.8. Paraguay � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1983 14.57 25.42 33.05 40.88 31.70 1984 19.96 27.79 33.59 37.08 38.64 1985 17.97 35.55 38.12 41.81 57.28 1986 21.94 19.94 28.49 40.76 34.33 1987 11.80 29.63 32.57 42.03 45.06 1988 15.35 25.61 36.09 40.72 48.04 1989 11.94 36.48 26.20 27.51 29.32 1990 21.12 28.69 30.97 31.05 42.39 1991 23.56 25.41 32.16 40.76 27.26 1992 23.25 24.00 47.95 37.40 45.00 1993 18.80 27.43 31.44 31.43 34.27 1994 16.02 22.33 25.17 31.93 39.05 1995 3.32 11.13 19.62 27.71 34.44 1997 1.13 10.73 13.07 33.15 33.97 1999 . 4.76 18.53 20.51 42.95 2000 2.73 2.52 18.55 27.89 46.20 2002 2.35 3.35 9.24 22.55 41.28 2003 0.83 5.47 16.37 22.56 37.44 2004 1.03 4.15 8.17 23.06 37.85 2005 0.78 0.37 10.75 31.83 47.02 2006 0.46 5.24 7.82 23.80 37.22 2008 0.89 1.01 6.89 16.17 39.65 2009 0.61 2.70 8.44 27.28 43.79   Note: Until 1994, the household survey covered only urban areas. Starting in 1995, it was expanded to cover the total population.   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.      153 Table A15.9. Paraguay � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1995 8.58 21.34 24.78 1997 19.34 15.79 20.30 1999 0.88 16.83 22.16 2000 1.41 15.38 22.12 2002 1.71 13.50 22.13 2003 1.52 13.03 21.21 2004 1.23 11.33 19.26 2005 1.38 16.32 23.57 2006 0.45 13.88 20.68 2007 1.30 15.56 25.18 2008 1.50 16.87 25.02 2009 0.93 16.50 26.67   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.   Table A15.10. Paraguay– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1995 5.67 39.75 77.53 1997 4.50 34.57 71.33 1999 4.08 30.83 68.23 2000 2.46 41.67 66.79 2002 3.55 34.42 65.50 2003 3.52 37.96 62.80 2004 2.67 34.44 63.25 2005 3.07 41.25 71.21 2006 2.87 36.75 60.64 2007 4.14 40.03 70.30 2008 2.75 41.14 68.26 2009 4.35 41.89 78.37   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.      Table A15.11. Paraguay– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1995 92.93 15.74 1997 78.82 12.22 1999 77.16 9.49 2000 82.20 9.14 2002 81.04 7.49 2003 81.73 7.03 2004 80.67 6.35 2005 84.63 8.02 2006 78.10 7.04 2007 83.96 10.34 2008 82.27 10.97 2009 83.84 11.65   154 Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.   Table A15.12. Paraguay � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1995 10.21 27.92 55.08 10.60 29.35 56.49 1997 7.38 20.61 44.50 7.88 22.08 46.90 1999 5.05 20.18 46.22 5.33 21.73 48.11 2000 4.35 17.28 46.80 4.58 19.04 49.75 2002 4.81 15.48 48.38 5.21 17.61 52.89 2003 4.17 13.22 45.21 4.40 14.58 48.82 2004 3.18 13.03 41.96 3.35 14.20 45.45 2005 3.77 14.98 48.54 3.91 16.01 51.19 2006 3.40 16.33 35.62 3.54 17.86 38.01 2007 4.50 17.72 49.90 4.67 18.98 52.01 2008 4.40 19.37 60.85 4.55 20.58 62.87 2009 4.26 19.05 52.49 4.42 20.43 55.60   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.       155   Table A15.13. Paraguay � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1983 26.98 45.49 16.83 1984 27.86 47.57 38.65 1985 32.34 56.33 77.78 1986 26.32 39.75 37.20 1987 28.57 45.35 45.16 1988 28.90 47.01 44.44 1989 23.31 40.07 30.96 1990 25.43 47.98 39.44 1991 26.74 42.17 42.50 1992 30.05 42.14 54.47 1993 26.41 26.73 56.90 1994 23.32 35.27 70.96 1995 16.18 49.80 56.18 1997 15.11 48.83 66.57 1999 13.84 41.35 67.63 2000 15.96 27.32 66.09 2002 12.35 35.84 61.91 2003 12.18 36.40 51.39 2004 11.91 30.79 53.10 2005 12.63 38.22 57.55 2006 10.64 45.19 57.25 2008 6.72 34.44 56.59 2009 10.37 37.31 62.46   Note: Until 1994, the household survey covered only urban areas. Starting in 1995, it was expanded to cover the total population.   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.        156   Table A15.14. Paraguay– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1983 84.21 39.73 44.34 1984 55.97 37.14 39.41 1985 72.94 36.98 42.06 1986 66.08 32.66 38.72 1987 60.80 28.08 35.08 1988 56.69 35.12 39.46 1989 77.83 30.93 37.84 1990 72.10 31.91 39.96 1991 83.62 40.11 50.15 1992 69.72 38.30 44.25 1993 79.45 39.53 45.94 1994 78.34 41.81 50.02 1995 76.18 39.87 47.58 1997 77.07 48.38 54.52 1999 85.02 54.29 60.38 2000 70.36 49.49 53.80 2002 88.97 52.37 60.87 2003 76.62 55.07 58.68 2004 87.38 56.10 62.65 2005 80.93 52.72 58.70 2006 80.16 45.28 53.29 2008 75.89 45.36 55.56 2009 82.51 45.46 53.87   Note: Until 1994, the household survey covered only urban areas. Starting in 1995, it was expanded to cover the total population.   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.        157   Table A15.15. Paraguay–Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1983 42.27 61.04 1984 45.60 62.60 1985 52.00 69.17 1986 43.33 59.13 1987 45.97 61.44 1988 43.57 63.93 1989 40.66 66.06 1990 43.24 64.05 1991 42.03 60.93 1992 48.39 68.12 1993 40.13 62.51 1994 38.36 64.15 1995 26.64 69.93 1997 25.66 63.56 1999 22.07 61.72 2000 25.73 63.01 2002 19.98 61.98 2003 21.44 60.54 2004 18.73 62.66 2005 22.96 64.79 2006 19.67 56.27 2008 16.60 57.12 2009 22.30 61.72   Note: Until 1994, the household survey covered only urban areas. Starting in 1995, it was expanded to cover the total population.   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey � Labor, the Integrated Household Survey, and the Permanent Household Survey.      158 16. Peru    Table A16.1. Peru– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1995 . . . . 28.36 1996 . . . . 24.50 1997 . . . . 27.47 1998 . . . . 29.85 1999 . . . . 31.52 2000 . . . . 28.40 2001 13.70 14.24 30.41 3.16 25.91 2002 13.88 14.41 31.29 2.69 25.74 2003 14.83 15.24 33.35 3.68 26.19 2004 14.68 15.21 33.20 3.24 26.91 2005 12.42 13.08 30.57 1.33 27.16 2006 13.96 14.61 33.25 1.24 27.67 2007 15.96 16.59 36.21 1.76 26.79 2008 16.82 17.37 37.64 2.03 26.65 2009 18.33 18.92 40.82 2.33 25.09 2010 18.48 19.05 40.93 2.65 25.93   Note: This table considers those who were registered in a pension system (until 2004) or those who contributed (starting in 2005) as  covered by the pension system.  Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.    Table A16.2. Peru � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 2001 10.90 16.35 17.06 14.77 12.30 2002 10.33 16.91 17.88 16.92 10.29 2003 10.49 17.30 18.39 19.16 12.69 2004 10.74 17.16 17.93 19.28 11.40 2005 10.15 15.52 17.53 14.48 7.79 2006 12.59 17.49 18.10 14.56 10.75 2007 13.70 19.94 20.70 19.19 8.10 2008 15.38 20.70 21.78 18.99 8.62 2009 17.91 22.79 22.83 19.78 10.08 2010 18.68 23.03 22.34 20.19 10.81   Note: This table considers those who were registered in a pension system (until 2004) or those who contributed (starting in 2005) as  covered by the pension system.  Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.      159 Table A16.3. Peru � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1995 28.14 33.04 26.86 24.22 1996 23.62 27.71 26.03 20.67 1997 25.12 29.76 26.10 30.58 1998 25.38 29.01 35.95 33.19 1999 23.96 33.32 38.81 35.36 2000 24.07 32.20 37.03 22.55 2001 22.24 30.30 30.74 22.41 2002 21.03 29.99 30.07 24.15 2003 21.58 28.62 27.34 29.02 2004 21.54 28.97 31.67 28.16 2005 23.69 29.27 30.09 27.30 2006 22.05 28.68 31.64 30.91 2007 22.22 25.81 29.06 32.47 2008 22.61 23.60 29.60 33.41 2009 17.58 25.40 28.75 32.64 2010 20.01 24.77 27.56 33.91   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.   Table A16.4. Peru � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and the  Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1995 . . . . 38.64 18.50 1996 . . . . 34.14 15.57 1997 . . . . 37.33 18.20 1998 . . . . 38.91 21.66 1999 . . . . 40.78 22.52 2000 . . . . 38.84 18.58 2001 16.48 10.25 30.29 30.61 34.02 18.14 2002 16.52 10.62 32.13 29.87 35.01 17.42 2003 18.56 10.31 35.40 29.90 34.49 18.62 2004 18.60 9.90 35.41 29.31 35.35 19.32 2005 15.19 9.06 32.39 27.45 35.02 20.47 2006 17.10 10.21 35.21 29.94 36.40 19.81 2007 19.32 12.03 38.11 33.19 35.21 19.54 2008 20.36 12.67 40.16 33.73 33.03 21.04 2009 22.04 13.99 42.75 37.76 32.71 18.29 2010 22.87 13.41 44.17 35.94 32.80 19.91   Note: This table considers those who were registered in a pension system (until 2004) or those who contributed (starting in 2005) as  covered by the pension system.  Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.        160 Table A16.5. Peru � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and the  Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1995 . . . . 6.70 40.59 1996 . . . . 5.34 36.59 1997 . . . . 7.00 38.49 1998 . . . . 6.73 41.97 1999 . . . . 9.63 42.10 2000 . . . . 5.09 40.67 2001 3.06 19.16 3.09 20.46 5.21 37.22 2002 3.73 19.07 3.79 20.32 4.74 37.01 2003 3.78 20.74 3.85 21.85 5.72 38.80 2004 3.93 20.24 4.02 21.57 5.44 40.06 2005 3.35 17.27 3.40 18.69 6.42 39.48 2006 3.34 19.40 3.38 20.81 5.69 40.15 2007 3.68 22.14 3.69 23.45 6.94 38.42 2008 3.98 23.30 4.00 24.48 5.93 38.75 2009 4.65 25.34 4.65 26.66 5.72 37.17 2010 4.65 25.41 4.66 26.64 5.60 38.05   Note: This table considers those who were registered in a pension system (until 2004) or those who contributed (starting in 2005) as  covered by the pension system.  Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.     Table A16.6. Peru � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2001 1.43 4.39 10.03 20.13 33.09 2002 0.89 4.86 10.85 19.67 33.55 2003 1.58 4.83 11.32 20.72 36.25 2004 2.01 5.58 12.67 19.22 34.04 2005 2.47 3.90 10.51 17.15 28.14 2006 2.06 4.45 11.63 19.19 32.95 2007 9.15 11.69 15.67 18.71 24.94 2008 10.29 12.83 16.77 20.37 24.15 2009 11.93 13.18 17.86 21.95 27.12 2010 12.92 14.23 18.77 21.67 25.26   Note: This table considers those who were registered in a pension system (until 2004) or those who contributed (starting in 2005) as  covered by the pension system.  Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.   161   Table A16.7. Peru � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2001 1.06 4.23 10.71 21.24 34.54 2002 0.63 4.84 11.53 20.66 34.86 2003 1.31 4.71 11.59 21.48 37.71 2004 1.75 5.39 13.21 20.09 35.71 2005 2.42 3.95 11.00 18.12 29.99 2006 1.86 4.40 12.02 20.72 34.59 2007 9.43 12.02 16.29 19.38 26.23 2008 10.58 13.01 17.48 21.04 25.10 2009 12.18 13.59 18.45 22.83 28.02 2010 13.23 14.44 19.31 22.66 26.13   Note: This table considers those who were registered in a pension system (until 2004) or those who contributed (starting in 2005) as  covered by the pension system.  Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.    Table A16.8. Peru � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 6.78 15.37 25.76 37.83 56.00 1998 4.02 10.69 29.75 43.94 61.86 1999 2.59 18.00 24.76 45.13 67.35 2000 2.58 15.39 26.78 34.43 61.32 2001 2.12 10.35 23.83 40.70 53.40 2002 0.85 8.27 23.32 40.42 56.49 2003 0.95 8.27 22.22 41.51 58.46 2004 2.14 10.30 24.09 42.21 55.95 2005 3.22 9.20 22.60 38.24 62.57 2006 1.98 9.16 25.90 40.20 61.50 2007 1.03 9.34 26.36 38.64 58.79 2008 1.43 9.62 25.45 40.84 56.67 2009 1.83 7.20 20.35 39.38 56.66 2010 1.50 7.88 23.65 38.32 58.43   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.   Table A16.9. Peru � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 2001 3.04 17.22 21.06 2002 3.33 16.56 21.53 2003 4.40 21.72 21.68 2004 3.82 19.83 22.05 2005 3.63 15.91 19.32 2006 4.00 19.57 20.80 2007 4.11 21.61 23.02 2008 4.18 22.06 24.23 2009 7.57 14.35 38.17 2010 4.87 24.11 26.18   Note: This table considers those who were registered in a pension system (until 2004) or those who contributed (starting in 2005) as  covered by the pension system.  Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.    162 Table A16.10. Peru– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 2001 3.29 17.62 60.18 2002 3.16 19.28 56.38 2003 4.08 17.90 63.45 2004 3.52 17.41 64.18 2005 1.88 13.12 58.87 2006 1.77 16.02 62.96 2007 2.48 18.35 67.62 2008 2.77 20.52 67.60 2009 3.04 20.32 73.45 2010 3.34 21.50 73.59   Note: This table considers those who were registered in a pension system (until 2004) or those who contributed (starting in 2005) as  covered by the pension system.  Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.    Table A16.11. Peru– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 2001 63.38 9.23 2002 60.33 9.55 2003 65.88 10.62 2004 68.23 9.82 2005 63.79 8.03 2006 64.86 9.59 2007 67.87 11.01 2008 69.20 11.95 2009 74.18 12.86 2010 74.37 13.14   Note: This table considers those who were registered in a pension system (until 2004) or those who contributed (starting in 2005) as  covered by the pension system.  Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.    Table A16.12. Peru � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed Population,  by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior \ Secondary Superior 2001 3.20 11.96 37.62 3.09 12.65 40.08 2002 2.95 11.68 36.79 2.85 12.30 39.42 2003 3.67 12.83 37.23 3.53 13.15 40.08 2004 3.30 12.49 36.23 3.22 12.98 39.22 2005 2.50 11.10 30.96 2.56 11.85 33.52 2006 2.37 11.59 35.21 2.38 12.14 37.98 2007 2.39 13.38 37.17 2.43 13.95 39.47 2008 2.59 14.29 38.61 2.62 14.82 40.71 2009 3.01 15.24 41.67 3.03 15.74 43.85 2010 3.14 15.84 41.45 3.21 16.47 43.41   Note: This table considers those who were registered in a pension system (until 2004) or those who contributed (starting in 2005) as  covered by the pension system.  Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.    163 Table A16.13. Peru � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1995 18.36 50.07 75.14 1996 16.37 45.76 78.10 1997 18.05 56.26 79.77 1998 17.03 58.54 80.67 1999 20.11 63.77 83.84 2000 18.77 55.42 90.35 2001 17.04 54.93 76.74 2002 16.13 54.05 76.79 2003 17.15 51.81 76.44 2004 17.27 55.67 76.92 2005 17.03 53.84 82.48 2006 17.05 56.09 77.57 2007 18.08 47.34 72.94 2008 17.93 48.80 73.94 2009 15.64 44.21 75.74 2010 16.26 49.58 70.88   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.     Table A16.14. Peru– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1995 43.56 25.02 27.66 1998 46.25 23.35 27.22 1999 47.55 27.67 31.31 2000 50.47 30.68 34.44 2001 52.48 32.54 35.41 2002 51.03 30.95 33.88 2003 52.21 33.09 36.58 2004 55.13 33.12 37.08 2005 52.63 36.19 40.17 2006 51.48 32.66 36.80 2007 54.93 38.76 42.56 2008 52.64 38.25 41.30 2009 54.86 38.93 42.79 2010 51.40 38.89 42.05   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.   164 Table A16.15. Peru–Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1995 37.73 98.45 1996 34.52 77.05 1997 36.93 78.31 1998 37.28 76.3 1999 38.83 77.33 2000 35.56 74.43 2001 33.17 74.48 2002 32.79 75.82 2003 32.35 76.01 2004 34.29 77.89 2005 34.02 77.01 2006 34.89 79.01 2007 34.51 78.36 2008 34.02 80.13 2009 32.00 80.00 2010 33.12 81.44   Note:  Definition  (1)  refers  to  “Joint  Coverage�  (the  percentage  of  the  older  adults  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received).  Definition  (2)  refers  to  the  percentage  of  the  elderly  who  reside  in  a  home  where  at  least  one  pension  benefit  is  received or at least one person aged 65 or more is employed.   Source: Own, based on the National Household Survey.          165 17. Uruguay    Table A17.1. Uruguay– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1982 . . . . 60.03 1983 . . . . 56.41 1984 . . . . 54.78 1985 . . . . 63.10 1986 . . . . 87.15 1987 . . . . 81.88 1988 . . . . 85.46 1989 . . . . 87.55 1990 . . . . 88.53 1991 58.04 61.31 76.71 20.22 88.05 1992 56.62 60.15 75.59 19.80 88.27 1993 57.18 60.21 76.23 19.47 88.05 1994 56.78 60.02 76.25 20.60 87.76 1995 55.47 59.54 75.03 20.56 87.62 1996 54.81 59.21 74.61 20.96 87.32 1997 53.32 58.00 73.10 19.81 88.17 1998 54.33 58.44 74.01 18.57 87.44 1999 53.56 58.45 74.15 17.67 87.73 2000 52.93 58.67 74.05 16.01 87.49 2001 52.64 59.62 77.04 16.34 85.87 2002 51.80 59.80 77.76 15.95 87.09 2003 49.95 57.82 75.48 13.96 85.93 2004 51.43 57.35 74.02 16.23 85.97 2005 56.64 63.24 76.07 23.79 86.31 2006 61.13 67.31 79.89 27.95 84.61 2007 62.52 67.70 80.62 28.75 83.66 2008 65.45 69.78 82.45 30.92 83.58 2009 65.87 70.17 83.07 30.13 83.88 2010 66.83 70.76 83.73 29.89 85.71   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         166   Table A17.2. Uruguay � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1991 65.17 66.49 62.19 58.71 43.44 1992 61.16 64.87 62.68 59.51 44.08 1993 63.56 65.18 61.27 58.71 42.23 1994 62.79 65.58 61.43 58.31 40.99 1995 61.83 64.40 60.64 59.22 42.75 1996 61.12 63.61 61.19 58.06 42.92 1997 62.27 61.61 58.55 57.46 40.11 1998 60.02 63.93 59.73 57.89 37.93 1999 60.02 62.48 60.11 58.33 39.38 2000 59.75 61.86 60.21 59.25 43.83 2001 61.33 63.26 62.00 58.73 44.33 2002 60.08 63.45 62.25 59.18 47.21 2003 55.00 60.26 62.84 58.89 44.87 2004 53.92 61.20 60.79 58.52 47.85 2005 59.31 65.58 68.08 65.06 53.73 2006 64.48 70.28 71.55 69.74 56.16 2007 66.60 71.44 72.04 69.22 54.29 2008 70.01 73.63 74.71 71.85 53.33 2009 71.55 74.29 74.49 71.54 53.44 2010 72.39 75.88 74.55 71.55 52.70   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         167   Table A17.3. Uruguay � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1982 54.85 60.21 60.25 69.59 1983 52.30 57.58 56.46 61.58 1984 50.43 55.45 57.45 58.57 1985 57.17 64.34 65.38 68.77 1986 78.74 88.24 92.23 93.84 1987 74.12 83.33 87.68 87.75 1988 75.59 86.06 92.64 93.48 1989 77.78 90.56 92.51 94.52 1990 79.17 91.14 93.97 95.72 1991 78.70 90.54 94.41 94.77 1992 79.30 89.87 94.14 95.28 1993 78.50 90.41 93.53 95.58 1994 77.79 90.11 92.99 95.78 1995 77.31 89.21 93.92 96.40 1996 77.98 87.27 93.31 96.69 1997 78.67 89.04 93.83 96.31 1998 77.88 88.14 93.56 95.94 1999 76.38 88.86 94.50 96.96 2000 77.70 88.46 91.75 96.73 2001 72.56 87.76 92.66 96.73 2002 75.24 87.93 92.68 96.76 2003 72.28 86.07 92.44 96.34 2004 72.40 86.87 91.71 96.09 2005 72.19 87.18 92.77 95.97 2006 69.04 86.63 91.44 94.96 2007 67.65 84.38 91.54 94.85 2008 67.21 84.61 91.22 94.34 2009 66.16 86.41 91.89 95.55 2010 70.98 87.39 91.80 95.20   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         168 Table A17.4. Uruguay � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population and  the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1982 . . . . 54.16 66.95 1983 . . . . 56.43 56.39 1984 . . . . 51.88 58.24 1985 . . . . 63.27 62.93 1986 . . . . 87.35 86.95 1987 . . . . 84.81 79.83 1988 . . . . 87.58 84.16 1989 . . . . 87.40 87.64 1990 . . . . 87.81 89.02 1991 62.12 52.43 64.43 56.81 89.17 87.29 1992 61.18 50.70 63.52 55.54 89.63 87.35 1993 61.16 51.98 63.22 56.08 88.14 88.00 1994 60.87 51.38 62.96 55.96 88.78 87.10 1995 59.40 50.35 62.34 55.68 87.07 87.98 1996 57.80 51.06 61.07 56.76 87.91 86.93 1997 56.23 49.52 59.70 55.64 88.19 88.16 1998 57.56 50.29 60.45 55.77 87.78 87.23 1999 56.56 49.85 60.04 56.34 89.10 86.85 2000 55.38 49.93 59.64 57.39 89.60 86.13 2001 55.54 49.23 60.23 58.83 86.27 85.60 2002 54.20 48.96 59.98 59.56 88.87 85.92 2003 51.79 47.80 57.53 58.18 88.50 84.25 2004 53.33 49.15 57.62 57.01 87.44 85.03 2005 58.92 54.02 63.83 62.51 88.55 84.86 2006 63.82 57.93 68.20 66.18 85.35 84.12 2007 65.25 59.32 68.62 66.54 83.29 83.91 2008 67.82 62.79 70.70 68.70 84.27 83.13 2009 68.40 62.95 71.26 68.84 83.98 83.81 2010 69.18 64.12 71.90 69.39 85.85 85.61   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         169 Table A17.5. Uruguay � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1982 . . . . . 60.03 1983 . . . . . 56.41 1984 . . . . . 54.78 1985 . . . . . 63.10 1986 . . . . . 87.15 1987 . . . . . 81.88 1988 . . . . . 85.46 1989 . . . . . 87.55 1990 . . . . . 88.53 1991 . 58.04 . 61.31 . 88.05 1992 . 56.62 . 60.15 . 88.27 1993 . 57.18 . 60.21 . 88.05 1994 . 56.78 . 60.02 . 87.76 1995 . 55.47 . 59.54 . 87.62 1996 . 54.81 . 59.21 . 87.32 1997 . 53.32 . 58.00 . 88.17 1998 . 54.33 . 58.44 . 87.44 1999 . 53.56 . 58.45 . 87.73 2000 . 52.93 . 58.67 . 87.49 2001 . 52.64 . 59.62 . 85.87 2002 . 51.80 . 59.80 . 87.09 2003 . 49.95 . 57.82 . 85.93 2004 . 51.43 . 57.35 . 85.97 2005 . 56.64 . 63.24 . 86.31 2006 69.71 60.51 72.46 66.92 79.90 84.92 2007 69.98 62.30 72.17 67.56 75.97 83.86 2008 69.53 65.20 71.19 69.69 80.73 83.75 2009 68.30 65.66 70.19 70.16 81.15 84.09 2010 70.30 66.61 72.02 70.68 79.50 86.08   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.       170 Table A17.6. Uruguay � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1991 42.31 58.46 62.86 66.35 60.93 1992 38.73 56.30 63.46 64.71 60.23 1993 39.60 55.06 63.83 66.94 61.01 1994 37.42 54.72 62.22 67.46 62.49 1995 33.27 51.85 61.35 67.72 63.64 1996 32.24 50.41 62.23 65.01 64.62 1997 29.23 47.21 59.38 66.28 64.84 1998 30.89 49.19 59.53 66.89 65.31 1999 28.52 49.06 59.09 64.67 66.34 2000 24.13 45.14 59.62 67.65 68.07 2001 24.49 45.15 57.33 66.52 69.67 2002 20.47 42.84 56.40 66.78 72.48 2003 19.70 37.90 53.93 66.70 71.55 2004 18.91 41.82 55.77 67.41 73.22 2005 21.33 46.19 59.47 72.91 83.38 2006 27.60 51.43 64.59 76.61 85.46 2007 30.82 53.33 66.28 77.60 84.55 2008 33.42 57.60 70.17 79.14 86.93 2009 32.81 58.55 70.39 79.82 87.77 2010 35.01 59.19 71.37 80.48 88.18   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         171 Table A17.7. Uruguay � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1991 48.73 61.65 66.22 68.68 62.15 1992 44.95 61.00 67.04 67.01 61.20 1993 44.44 59.92 66.78 68.45 62.11 1994 43.65 58.68 65.22 69.74 63.37 1995 39.95 58.06 65.43 69.67 65.24 1996 38.99 57.21 66.27 68.02 66.22 1997 36.18 54.08 64.45 69.18 66.61 1998 37.36 54.71 64.08 69.58 66.71 1999 34.97 56.90 63.23 69.71 67.41 2000 31.90 53.67 66.29 72.22 69.32 2001 32.69 54.33 65.48 72.79 72.93 2002 29.72 53.28 66.05 73.12 76.89 2003 27.51 48.98 63.19 73.75 75.86 2004 24.97 50.26 62.78 73.21 75.60 2005 29.28 54.04 66.37 79.54 87.12 2006 35.08 59.76 71.06 81.71 89.04 2007 38.76 60.14 71.33 81.42 86.86 2008 39.54 62.95 74.56 82.56 89.31 2009 39.13 63.83 74.61 83.11 90.18 2010 40.92 63.92 75.38 83.22 90.45   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         172   Table A17.8. Uruguay � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1982 75.79 67.98 59.29 56.52 41.11 1983 64.46 63.83 60.00 53.57 40.17 1984 69.92 65.67 55.35 48.19 34.75 1985 . 52.15 89.24 90.56 83.61 1986 82.67 90.01 90.59 89.64 82.83 1987 75.60 86.13 84.64 84.88 78.23 1988 86.91 87.03 88.24 86.55 79.27 1989 89.79 90.39 89.73 88.61 79.36 1990 91.28 91.58 90.80 87.57 81.48 1991 88.25 90.90 89.55 88.08 83.90 1992 88.91 91.25 89.95 90.21 81.08 1993 87.95 91.25 89.38 87.34 84.38 1994 86.58 90.14 89.46 88.50 84.23 1995 86.33 91.57 88.06 88.69 83.75 1996 85.38 90.72 88.67 87.49 84.37 1997 84.90 90.94 90.68 89.47 84.95 1998 85.61 88.99 88.93 89.62 84.17 1999 83.11 90.80 90.10 89.67 85.43 2000 83.10 90.10 90.28 88.59 85.77 2001 81.04 86.02 87.34 88.01 86.99 2002 82.47 86.27 90.04 89.63 87.16 2003 78.40 87.16 88.38 88.63 87.10 2004 78.05 87.03 88.83 88.84 87.10 2005 80.47 87.25 87.28 88.58 88.14 2006 77.95 87.71 87.01 86.82 83.67 2007 73.26 88.08 87.24 86.70 83.06 2008 77.04 87.26 85.34 85.15 83.11 2009 78.52 87.14 85.45 85.27 83.02 2010 80.95 88.65 88.47 85.79 84.75   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         173 Table A17.9. Uruguay � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1991 42.98 63.83 61.17 1992 43.74 63.05 59.89 1993 46.50 62.23 60.03 1994 43.91 61.16 60.50 1995 47.77 58.83 60.62 1996 49.47 57.12 60.47 1997 50.20 55.04 59.56 1998 45.44 55.23 60.26 1999 48.62 55.93 59.88 2000 44.47 53.71 61.27 2001 50.28 52.40 62.50 2002 50.42 50.51 63.10 2003 49.44 46.60 61.56 2004 50.55 48.26 60.43 2005 53.06 52.59 65.48 2006 70.81 59.78 69.22 2007 70.45 60.76 69.61 2008 70.20 63.59 71.69 2009 71.31 63.59 72.08 2010 71.38 64.64 72.69   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         174   Table A17.10. Uruguay– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1991 42.98 63.83 61.17 1992 43.74 63.05 59.89 1993 46.50 62.23 60.03 1994 43.91 61.16 60.50 1995 47.77 58.83 60.62 1996 49.47 57.12 60.47 1997 50.20 55.04 59.56 1998 45.44 55.23 60.26 1999 48.62 55.93 59.88 2000 44.47 53.71 61.27 2001 50.28 52.40 62.50 2002 50.42 50.51 63.10 2003 49.44 46.60 61.56 2004 50.55 48.26 60.43 2005 53.06 52.59 65.48 2006 70.81 59.78 69.22 2007 70.45 60.76 69.61 2008 70.20 63.59 71.69 2009 71.31 63.59 72.08 2010 71.38 64.64 72.69   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         175 Table A17.11. Uruguay– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1991 100.00 50.39 1992 100.00 50.17 1993 100.00 49.97 1994 100.00 50.24 1995 100.00 49.34 1996 100.00 49.41 1997 100.00 48.38 1998 100.00 49.83 1999 100.00 49.86 2000 100.00 49.61 2001 100.00 51.17 2002 100.00 50.65 2003 100.00 48.18 2004 100.00 47.83 2005 98.77 55.84 2006 98.65 61.18 2007 98.94 61.92 2008 98.83 64.41 2009 100.00 64.91 2010 100.00 65.60   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         176 Table A17.12. Uruguay � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1991 50.81 62.13 64.14 53.41 65.96 67.56 1992 48.73 60.51 63.69 51.45 64.86 66.89 1993 48.87 60.68 64.95 50.91 64.46 68.27 1994 47.63 60.39 65.93 49.93 64.45 68.89 1995 45.23 59.51 65.23 48.38 64.44 68.85 1996 43.84 57.53 66.91 47.21 62.81 70.51 1997 42.20 56.55 65.82 45.55 62.32 69.95 1998 42.34 57.29 66.56 45.50 62.08 70.16 1999 41.87 56.20 66.67 45.75 61.77 70.96 2000 40.44 56.09 65.72 45.35 62.15 71.37 2001 40.34 54.59 66.83 45.72 62.25 74.17 2002 37.39 53.75 68.10 43.14 62.62 76.51 2003 35.57 51.18 67.72 41.33 59.49 77.05 2004 36.78 51.64 70.51 40.77 58.10 77.21 2005 39.04 56.31 79.39 43.62 63.37 86.74 2006 47.25 61.81 80.62 52.13 68.26 87.87 2007 46.94 63.74 82.61 51.01 69.21 88.32 2008 65.64 72.13 84.82 69.96 76.92 89.30 2009 65.87 72.64 86.18 70.17 77.44 90.49 2010 66.83 73.48 87.01 70.76 77.86 91.13   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         177 Table A17.13. Uruguay � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1982 61.07 57.74 55.68 1983 56.19 56.99 62.50 1984 54.15 50.34 50.00 1985 64.10 58.33 58.10 1986 87.58 79.89 89.51 1987 82.40 76.61 81.25 1988 85.87 80.27 86.41 1989 88.13 78.05 87.11 1990 89.15 78.88 88.28 1991 89.36 80.12 86.28 1992 89.66 80.75 87.42 1993 89.09 81.42 88.07 1994 88.56 82.18 90.37 1995 89.21 79.32 85.61 1996 88.92 79.19 87.67 1997 89.25 82.83 86.87 1998 88.69 81.50 88.12 1999 88.93 81.88 88.76 2000 88.62 82.69 87.68 2001 86.78 81.96 86.72 2002 88.20 82.41 88.67 2003 86.26 82.92 90.81 2004 86.82 83.05 87.14 2005 87.12 82.33 90.09 2006 86.01 79.70 85.19 2007 85.07 78.90 84.78 2008 83.52 81.17 85.39 2009 83.87 80.21 83.34 2010 85.71 82.09 84.47   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         178 Table A17.14. Uruguay– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household   At Least one Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly Elderly 1982 52.39 31.00 44.99 1983 53.78 34.61 48.41 1984 56.48 37.72 51.07 1985 58.65 32.43 49.46 1986 60.81 37.56 51.46 1987 62.00 36.94 46.82 1988 56.84 32.76 42.86 1989 57.31 34.20 43.69 1990 57.10 35.47 44.50 1991 82.80 47.30 61.95 1992 84.38 49.75 63.19 1993 84.92 49.81 65.06 1994 85.55 49.40 65.30 1995 86.06 50.36 65.76 1996 87.14 51.70 67.39 1997 87.97 53.09 68.68 1998 85.49 50.76 66.22 1999 86.09 51.37 67.90 2000 85.79 51.49 68.37 2001 84.58 51.99 67.84 2002 85.91 53.54 69.20 2003 85.46 53.39 69.28 2004 83.44 51.78 67.14 2005 83.63 52.12 68.35 2006 81.61 50.67 66.89 2007 92.40 55.82 75.87 2008 79.37 46.46 64.64 2009 79.56 47.19 65.30 2010 80.77 48.09 66.46   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.         179 Table A17.15. Uruguay–Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1982 61.23 70.41 1983 58.63 64.27 1984 56.69 63.46 1985 64.97 72.78 1986 89.97 94.59 1987 88.48 92.80 1988 92.73 96.95 1989 93.25 97.60 1990 93.54 97.87 1991 94.16 97.53 1992 93.97 97.45 1993 93.96 97.71 1994 93.79 97.49 1995 93.55 97.63 1996 93.84 97.69 1997 94.22 97.93 1998 93.75 97.64 1999 93.93 97.78 2000 93.96 97.58 2001 92.98 97.43 2002 93.70 97.16 2003 93.59 97.11 2004 92.94 97.20 2005 93.66 97.35 2006 91.64 96.51 2007 90.55 96.38 2008 90.89 96.46 2009 90.86 96.45 2010 91.80 97.02   Notes: The survey was limited to urban areas until 2005, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 2006.   Source: Own, based on the Expanded Household Survey National and the Continuous Household Survey.     180 18. Venezuela  Table A18.1. Venezuela– Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Elderly, Alternative  Indicators  Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Contributors / Year Economically Employed Employers - Population Aged Wage-Earners Active Population Population Independent 65+ 1995 36.30 39.90 66.36 . 18.79 1996 33.59 37.76 64.56 . 18.78 1997 34.58 38.21 62.71 . 23.10 1998 34.46 38.18 66.21 . 20.67 1999 33.95 39.11 68.31 . 21.20 2000 35.12 39.96 71.49 . 23.82 2001 35.48 39.07 68.17 . 26.43 2002 32.43 36.65 64.94 . 25.61 2003 30.24 34.37 62.54 . 25.75 2004 31.86 36.08 63.71 . 26.82 2005 32.64 35.69 61.07 . 26.63 2006 35.30 37.85 63.75 . 31.27   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.   Table A18.2. Venezuela � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Age  Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1995 43.50 42.29 40.71 34.51 19.16 1996 42.52 40.39 37.94 28.84 19.47 1997 41.08 40.87 39.13 33.41 17.57 1998 39.98 41.59 39.26 34.16 17.45 1999 40.79 41.83 41.16 35.12 20.75 2000 42.34 43.53 41.20 34.22 20.19 2001 40.14 43.14 40.56 34.36 20.58 2002 36.22 40.99 39.41 32.12 20.54 2003 32.64 38.30 37.63 32.30 20.11 2004 35.22 40.64 38.55 32.63 20.95 2005 35.81 39.58 38.37 31.59 20.35 2006 39.06 42.02 39.72 33.39 21.02   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.     181 Table A18.3. Venezuela � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Age  Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1995 18.54 18.95 19.40 18.49 1996 16.19 19.70 20.57 20.95 1997 22.98 23.71 23.10 22.44 1998 20.36 21.43 21.40 19.44 1999 20.06 23.33 23.59 18.06 2000 22.43 25.35 25.37 22.92 2001 25.36 27.54 28.33 25.13 2002 24.22 26.35 29.68 23.64 2003 23.72 27.04 30.33 23.64 2004 25.65 27.43 30.38 24.87 2005 26.97 27.56 28.59 23.26 2006 31.36 30.60 32.48 30.95   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.   Table A18.4. Venezuela � Coverage Rate of the Economically Active Population, the Employed Population  and the Elderly, by Gender  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1995 33.22 42.23 35.92 47.95 24.93 13.67 1996 30.77 38.80 33.95 45.22 26.09 12.67 1997 32.62 37.98 35.49 43.15 29.58 17.71 1998 33.29 36.44 36.56 40.98 27.32 15.15 1999 32.28 36.79 36.88 42.97 28.48 15.17 2000 33.34 38.13 37.70 43.86 30.72 18.11 2001 33.16 39.47 36.61 43.25 33.13 20.90 2002 29.83 36.85 33.83 41.42 32.12 20.24 2003 27.96 34.03 31.80 38.65 31.13 21.31 2004 29.46 35.90 33.38 40.60 33.00 21.73 2005 30.49 36.13 33.37 39.47 32.49 21.91 2006 32.81 39.40 35.17 42.26 36.84 26.51   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.   Table A18.5. Venezuela � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Population, and  the Elderly, by Region  Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Population Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1995 16.07 40.06 17.29 44.22 9.04 21.00 1996 18.86 36.69 21.06 41.31 7.65 21.73 1997 . 34.58 . 38.21 . 23.10 1998 . 34.46 . 38.18 . 20.67 1999 . 33.95 . 39.11 . 21.20 2000 . 35.12 . 39.96 . 23.82 2001 . 35.48 . 39.07 . 26.43 2002 . 32.43 . 36.65 . 25.61 2003 . 30.24 . 34.37 . 25.75 2004 . 31.86 . 36.08 . 26.82 2005 . 32.64 . 35.69 . 26.63 2006 . 35.30 . 37.85 . 31.27   Note: Starting in 1997 there could not be identified in the survey the rural areas and urban, despite this the survey is always at the  national level.   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.   182 Table A18.6. Venezuela � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Household Income per  Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 15.35 28.14 40.28 47.78 49.91 1996 15.68 26.16 34.89 42.94 48.38 1997 18.07 30.13 35.54 41.47 47.65 1998 18.73 29.37 34.69 41.36 47.39 1999 14.90 28.75 35.21 42.67 48.04 2000 19.18 29.27 36.04 41.97 48.61 2001 35.92 35.43 34.21 35.69 35.74 2002 13.33 24.43 33.30 39.77 50.91 2003 12.91 21.50 29.18 37.37 49.57 2004 15.62 23.46 31.85 38.58 49.37 2005 22.82 25.46 30.90 37.28 46.63 2006 18.73 26.10 34.81 43.80 52.99   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.   Table A18.7. Venezuela � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 19.91 33.10 44.79 50.36 51.38 1996 19.15 33.33 38.68 47.47 50.35 1997 23.02 34.88 38.95 44.91 49.32 1998 23.47 34.60 39.33 43.77 49.01 1999 23.29 33.59 41.56 46.44 50.53 2000 26.11 35.19 40.69 45.55 51.80 2001 38.74 39.17 38.59 39.20 39.24 2002 18.55 29.00 36.64 44.78 53.90 2003 16.67 26.56 33.58 41.91 52.45 2004 20.51 28.99 35.52 42.66 52.27 2005 25.66 28.23 34.10 40.99 49.40 2006 21.50 29.55 37.89 45.61 54.64   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.   Table A18.8. Venezuela � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Household Income per Capita  Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 9.84 16.33 18.75 22.22 26.95 1996 14.28 13.95 19.73 21.02 24.91 1997 13.13 15.52 25.06 24.99 36.92 1998 10.73 15.04 18.24 25.59 33.84 1999 11.98 12.50 20.40 27.44 33.98 2000 9.93 15.32 24.71 26.89 42.16 2001 27.75 23.24 25.98 27.93 27.31 2002 8.57 13.04 24.61 33.13 48.72 2003 10.36 15.26 22.06 34.69 46.37 2004 11.72 16.28 23.87 35.02 47.37 2005 16.91 20.21 24.28 30.64 41.23 2006 13.28 18.55 29.19 38.55 56.93   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.     183   Table A18.9. Venezuela � Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Industry  Industry Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1995 10.07 46.74 43.61 1996 13.38 42.99 40.88 1997 14.02 41.75 40.33 1998 16.71 41.59 40.22 1999 17.89 42.79 41.04 2000 18.12 42.56 42.45 2001 18.82 40.22 41.58 2002 15.70 37.75 39.39 2003 13.48 35.22 37.35 2004 15.38 38.01 38.61 2005 16.30 36.94 38.00 2006 15.88 38.89 40.59   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.     Table A18.10. Venezuela– Coverage Rates for the Employed Population, by Firm Size  Firm Size Year Small Medium Large 1995 5.21 49.79 84.44 1996 4.02 50.66 81.69 1997 4.63 48.55 80.16 1998 5.04 52.95 82.91 1999 5.75 53.06 83.58 2000 6.53 53.86 84.42 2001 6.14 41.39 78.58 2002 5.45 38.50 78.58 2003 5.11 39.43 76.54 2004 5.52 41.45 77.45 2005 4.36 41.00 75.17 2006 4.33 40.37 77.42   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.       184   Table A18.11. Venezuela– Rates of Coverage for the Employed Population, by Type of Employer  Type of Employer Year Public Private 1995 86.27 29.26 1996 83.36 27.81 1997 83.11 28.35 1998 84.65 28.76 1999 89.74 29.41 2000 91.35 30.45 2001 88.05 29.70 2002 88.98 27.08 2003 87.05 24.76 2004 84.85 26.74 2005 81.85 26.25 2006 83.55 27.88   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.   Table A18.12. Venezuela � Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and the Employed  Population, by Educational Attainment  Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Population Year Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1995 27.69 49.61 54.58 30.27 55.19 60.52 1996 25.10 45.91 51.02 28.21 52.07 56.88 1997 24.90 45.02 54.58 27.45 50.68 59.54 1998 25.49 44.69 54.35 28.18 50.18 59.83 1999 25.32 41.03 54.89 29.12 47.96 62.51 2000 26.62 42.76 55.11 30.00 49.99 62.79 2001 25.76 42.66 56.66 28.20 47.51 62.66 2002 22.58 39.55 54.16 25.45 45.01 61.24 2003 20.62 36.14 51.90 23.27 41.75 59.20 2004 22.18 38.44 53.20 24.97 44.20 60.37 2005 21.32 37.75 56.37 23.20 41.60 61.99 2006 22.50 40.04 59.74 24.02 43.38 64.00   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.       185   Table A18.13. Venezuela � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Educational Attainment  Beneficiaries / Population Aged 65+ Year Primary Secondary Superior 1995 16.04 49.17 50.03 1996 16.77 41.16 53.53 1997 19.48 54.27 62.35 1998 17.56 48.14 53.95 1999 18.49 44.29 56.09 2000 20.71 45.37 59.40 2001 23.35 50.74 58.09 2002 22.68 48.45 59.79 2003 23.07 49.11 48.12 2004 24.11 46.13 55.41 2005 23.52 45.37 54.45 2006 26.84 52.46 67.63   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.   Table A18.14. Venezuela– Percentage of Pension Benefits in Total Household Income, by Type of Household  There are not data available in the database in order to prepare this table.     Table A18.15. Venezuela–Other Definitions of Pension Coverage  Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1995 23.51 51.93 1996 24.23 53.94 1997 27.67 53.41 1998 25.6 53.88 1999 26.41 54.17 2000 29.74 55.2 2001 32.65 56.56 2002 31.71 56.52 2003 31.83 57.64 2004 32.89 58.42 2005 53.11 79.51 2006 37.85 61.58   Source: Own, based on the Household Survey by Sampling.   186 ANNEX II: CONTRIBUTORY AND NON CONTRIBUTORY BENEFITS, SELECTED COUNTRIES    Table Annex II.1. Coverage rates for the Elderly, by Type of Benefit (contributory or non�contributory)  Bolivia Chile Costa Rica Ecuador Year Total Cont. Non cont. Total Cont. Non cont. Total Cont. Non cont. Total Cont. Non cont. 1987 . . . 70.19 70.19 . 43.16 43.16 . . . . 1988 . . . . . . 26.70 26.70 . 19.54 19.54 . 1989 33.46 33.46 . . . . 28.40 28.40 . 18.84 18.84 . 1990 . . . 77.19 73.04 6.78 25.49 25.49 . 18.60 18.60 . 1991 . . . . . . 25.55 25.55 . 19.83 19.83 . 1992 38.08 38.08 . 74.63 66.50 8.47 45.99 28.11 17.96 18.65 18.65 . 1993 23.96 23.96 . . . . 43.48 28.59 15.10 19.35 19.35 . 1994 . . . 75.93 68.21 9.65 47.60 31.53 17.19 19.27 19.27 . 1995 34.15 34.15 . . . . 49.90 32.79 17.56 20.20 20.20 . 1996 . . . 76.03 65.94 14.36 51.81 32.97 19.12 21.19 21.19 . 1997 19.92 19.92 . . . . 56.03 36.79 19.36 19.64 19.64 . 1998 . . . 75.59 62.17 13.56 56.48 37.48 18.96 20.81 20.81 . 1999 17.73 17.73 . . . . . . . 22.38 22.38 . 2000 16.97 16.97 . 75.76 63.71 14.01 55.63 36.62 18.37 27.52 13.68 14.54 2001 75.07 19.87 70.78 . . . 57.42 35.98 20.65 31.36 14.66 17.71 2002 72.34 14.71 69.46 . . . 59.65 35.73 23.12 . . . 2003 . . . 77.26 63.89 14.42 . . . 34.22 15.22 20.45 2004 80.69 15.05 78.47 . . . 60.09 39.42 20.12 31.40 14.73 17.61 2005 89.78 17.99 88.74 . . . . . . 29.53 15.29 14.91 2006 89.66 20.03 88.19 77.68 60.70 17.36 59.20 41.34 17.86 31.02 17.45 13.77 2007 91.20 17.22 90.34 . . . 58.81 40.99 17.82 37.93 19.28 18.89 2008 . . . . . . 58.85 40.99 17.86 40.54 18.17 22.90 2009 . . . 82.9 57.23 26.75 . . . 50.89 20.3 32.13   Note: The survey in Bolivia was limited to urban areas until 1995, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 1997.   Source: Own, based on the Household Surveys of every country.   187   Table Annex II.2. Bolivia – Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Type of Profit, and by Quintiles of the Distribution of the Household income per capita  Total Contributory Non contributory Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 1989 39.94 26.99 27.88 19.54 53.07 39.67 27.17 27.88 19.54 53.07 . . . . . 1992 18.07 36.32 38.07 48.76 49.03 18.07 36.32 37.81 49.16 48.84 . . . . . 1993 12.00 17.72 23.49 31.06 36.11 11.94 17.82 23.94 30.61 36.11 . . . . . 1995 19.64 24.81 40.13 37.17 49.30 19.64 24.82 40.12 37.17 49.30 . . . . . 1997 . 3.53 17.47 34.49 44.12 . 3.52 16.90 35.01 44.12 . . . . . 1999 . 0.40 12.36 25.32 50.56 . 0.40 12.32 25.32 50.56 . . . . . 2000 . 3.38 8.56 28.93 44.01 . 3.38 8.56 28.93 44.01 . . . . . 2001 66.77 69.36 67.41 87.74 84.42 . 1.47 15.25 30.55 52.05 66.26 69.75 62.72 83.69 71.83 2002 59.98 73.35 71.11 77.41 79.85 . 0.20 5.71 21.32 46.19 59.97 73.31 69.37 74.24 70.41 2004 62.70 81.46 87.90 83.79 87.67 . 2.86 4.94 23.90 43.46 62.70 80.06 86.56 81.68 81.40 2005 88.37 88.29 87.69 91.40 93.50 0.12 0.12 11.97 25.68 51.89 88.37 88.29 86.48 90.51 90.40 2006 79.36 92.51 85.76 95.90 94.36 . 0.36 7.16 35.62 56.68 79.36 92.51 85.57 95.25 87.87 2007 89.46 91.71 86.01 96.72 92.09 . 1.84 9.87 24.93 49.39 89.46 91.76 84.8 96.26 89.36   Note: The survey in Bolivia was limited to urban areas until 1995, and was expanded to rural areas starting in 1997.  Source: Own, based on the Integrated Household Survey (1989�1995), National Employment Survey (1996�1997) and Continuous Household Survey � Living conditions (1999�2007).     Table Annex II.3. Chile � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Type of Profit, and by Quintiles of the Distribution of the Household income per capita  Total Contributory Non contributory Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 1987 59.34 73.26 79.86 73.47 65.29 59.36 73.24 79.86 73.47 65.29 . . . . . 1990 70.48 79.40 84.79 81.91 69.61 61.56 74.12 81.42 80.01 68.30 10.33 7.64 7.00 6.83 2.16 1992 72.69 76.78 80.00 74.92 68.81 52.10 66.26 74.12 72.21 67.78 21.03 11.01 6.17 3.13 1.08 1994 73.57 78.95 80.41 76.67 70.62 55.70 67.87 75.28 73.09 69.61 19.34 13.21 7.44 6.93 1.47 1996 72.19 80.08 84.02 76.45 67.46 47.91 67.32 76.61 72.05 65.81 27.15 17.83 14.17 10.00 2.78 1998 74.71 79.13 78.80 73.93 71.58 41.97 60.00 71.04 68.33 69.58 32.76 19.51 7.92 5.67 2.04 2000 70.30 76.07 83.78 79.08 69.70 50.42 59.67 72.54 65.96 70.12 21.62 18.10 12.41 14.91 2.97 2003 75.32 79.79 83.37 76.77 71.42 44.03 60.25 73.55 71.41 70.44 32.29 20.27 10.39 6.86 2.46 2006 74.07 79.72 81.49 77.74 75.30 39.71 56.39 68.06 68.22 71.68 34.48 23.91 13.77 9.98 4.02 2009 77.5 89.38 86.23 83.13 78.19 37.89 54.13 62.48 62.86 69.09 40.23 35.67 25.04 21.69 10.81   Source: Own, based on the Survey of National Socioeconomic Characterization.       188   Table Annex II.4. Costa Rica – Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Type of Profit, and by Quintiles of the Distribution of the Household income per capita  Total Contributory Non contributory Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 1987 19.12 49.29 46.22 46.4 54.14 19.12 49.29 46.22 46.4 54.14 . . . . . 1988 7.89 20.75 29.16 34.11 42.83 7.91 21.08 28.63 34.49 42.55 . . . . . 1989 9.77 17.79 32.41 35.58 45.97 9.77 17.73 32.53 35.56 45.98 . . . . . 1990 3.56 18.86 31.84 31.79 41.40 3.56 18.86 31.64 32.01 41.39 . . . . . 1991 2.73 14.18 26.27 38.18 46.00 2.73 13.90 27.00 37.73 46.00 . . . . . 1992 26.11 51.80 48.40 53.44 50.46 3.28 19.18 31.36 41.05 45.88 22.80 32.75 17.04 12.84 4.58 1993 20.38 45.25 44.04 55.92 51.89 3.74 23.34 28.51 41.79 45.52 16.56 22.18 15.91 14.71 6.09 1994 28.69 47.10 50.30 57.20 54.78 7.02 24.58 32.84 43.71 49.47 22.77 23.01 18.56 14.27 7.49 1995 29.14 53.76 49.35 59.12 58.04 4.80 28.15 30.74 46.83 53.17 24.83 26.29 19.04 12.29 5.54 1996 29.76 57.04 51.59 60.64 59.69 4.05 21.36 34.57 49.36 55.23 25.98 35.63 17.25 12.05 4.83 1997 40.96 59.38 52.17 63.67 63.32 10.68 27.10 37.39 50.16 57.58 29.38 33.12 14.70 14.17 5.70 1998 43.49 56.71 59.00 59.46 62.80 11.22 28.76 39.58 48.12 58.43 31.07 27.65 20.30 11.32 4.61 2000 40.11 59.81 57.42 61.08 58.35 8.22 32.21 37.68 48.95 53.73 28.36 26.96 20.30 12.01 4.31 2001 38.23 65.46 58.80 64.16 58.50 7.72 28.61 38.78 48.75 53.56 27.15 36.29 19.36 15.49 5.11 2002 41.77 64.11 61.46 66.09 64.03 10.52 22.55 38.16 50.86 55.69 28.88 40.97 23.05 14.90 7.88 2004 46.03 62.00 66.92 58.71 65.94 11.53 29.08 46.58 46.15 62.05 32.27 32.04 20.12 12.35 3.83 2006 49.64 56.23 64.38 60.66 65.06 12.09 36.38 46.49 50.57 61.67 37.73 19.67 17.90 10.07 3.39 2007 42.18 64.24 58.47 59.80 68.04 20.34 29.89 45.22 45.14 63.50 21.41 34.79 13.19 14.41 4.85 2008 36.4 64.07 64.44 63.91 65.35 18.86 31.24 44.16 48.79 62.40 17.54 32.88 20.23 15.11 2.95   Source: Own, based on the National Survey of Households�Employment and Unemployment, the Household Survey of Multiple Purposes, and the Permanent Household Survey of Multiple Purposes.       189 Table Annex II.5. Ecuador � Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Type of Profit, and by Quintiles of the Distribution of the Household income per capita  Total Contributory Non contributory Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 1988 . . 15.67 26.07 56.4 . . 15.68 26.07 56.4 . . . . . 1989 5.32 17.76 16.04 22.41 32.79 5.13 17.90 16.04 22.41 32.79 . . . . . 1990 5.26 15.41 15.46 25.06 31.94 5.26 15.41 15.17 25.34 31.94 . . . . . 1991 8.34 16.61 17.98 24.74 31.75 8.96 16.04 17.94 24.74 31.75 . . . . . 1992 5.33 13.19 19.00 26.35 29.41 5.34 13.19 19.81 25.46 29.41 . . . . . 1993 5.08 15.18 21.82 20.90 33.79 4.34 15.94 21.78 20.94 33.79 . . . . . 1994 2.06 16.56 16.92 26.04 33.79 2.06 16.51 16.92 25.37 34.43 . . . . . 1995 5.45 12.41 19.07 28.85 35.28 5.45 12.92 18.76 28.65 35.28 . . . . . 1996 7.89 16.66 20.94 28.58 31.60 7.87 16.32 21.26 29.19 31.05 . . . . . 1997 7.78 13.75 20.26 26.39 29.65 7.75 13.75 20.32 26.39 29.65 . . . . . 1998 7.14 15.05 16.81 28.24 36.84 7.14 15.05 16.81 28.51 36.56 . . . . . 1999 5.59 19.98 20.62 30.83 34.84 5.59 19.97 20.63 30.83 34.84 . . . . . 2000 21.89 26.90 29.30 28.89 30.65 3.59 8.40 12.83 18.93 24.64 18.97 19.00 16.78 11.23 6.73 2001 17.97 33.72 32.30 34.91 37.84 2.11 10.38 14.99 16.05 29.58 16.13 24.89 19.32 19.39 8.99 2003 29.29 32.09 33.19 32.25 44.39 2.01 4.36 11.68 17.07 40.99 28.08 29.04 22.78 17.09 5.33 2004 24.93 27.90 30.65 30.86 42.55 1.21 3.40 9.89 19.41 39.52 24.29 25.21 21.41 13.16 4.09 2005 22.92 25.88 24.94 33.05 40.80 1.53 3.98 11.20 22.38 37.59 21.73 22.24 14.90 11.40 3.94 2006 23.93 26.68 26.25 31.05 47.48 2.81 3.62 10.63 23.99 46.15 21.21 23.34 15.90 7.45 1.27 2007 29.32 38.53 36.49 39.10 46.49 2.72 5.03 12.86 30.96 44.60 27.05 33.67 24.01 8.27 1.97 2008 39.49 41.45 37.86 38.30 46.26 2.15 6.47 13.58 25.41 43.34 37.35 36.11 24.83 13.76 2.99 2009 47.97 56.98 50.38 47.71 52.52 2.92 7.36 14.83 30.95 45.92 45.61 51.95 38.63 17.82 7.30   Source: Own, based on the Periodic Survey of Employment and Unemployment and the Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment.   190 ANNEX III: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES    This document analyzes pension coverage using microdata from household surveys of  18 countries of Latin America from 1974 to 2010. Although other sources of information  on pension data, such as administrative registries managed by social security agencies, are  available, the use of surveys has several advantages, including that (i) they use the same  source to estimate the covered and total population, avoiding consistency errors; (ii) they  present  a  higher  level  of  detail  concerning  other  socio�demographic  and  economic  characteristics of the population; and (iii) they are designed to obtain statistical data, and  offer  higher  quality,  consistency  and  availability  than  registry  data.  Coverage  of  these  surveys  varies  across  countries  and  over  time,  but  they  make  possible  the  use  of  a  standardized  conceptual  framework  and  standard  definitions  for  the  calculation  of  coverage indicators. This document present estimations of coverage levels, and discusses  some patterns and differences that emerge from the data, in particular with regards to a  set  of  relevant  social,  demographic,  and  economic  variables  (including  age,  gender,  education,  area  of  residence  (urban/rural),  occupational  category,  industry  of  employment, firm size, type of employer and income).   Table  III.1  in  this  annex  lists  the  surveys  used  in  each  country.  As  their  design  and  implementation  vary  across  countries  and  has  changed  over  time,  the  operational  definitions  for  the  indicators  presented  in  this  document  had  to  be  adjusted  to  fit  the  available  data  in  each  case.  Hence,  coverage  indicators  are  not  exactly  equivalent  in  all  cases  and  some  caveats  must  be  adopted  when  comparing  countries  or  years.  Also,  pension  legislation  varies  over  time  and  across  countries,  for  example  with  regards  to  participation of independent workers, or requirements to qualify for a benefit (including  minimum  age  for  retirement).  In  order  to  overcome  some  of  these  obstacles,  this  document focuses on of national levels of coverage14 and considers only those older than  20  years  for  the  indicators  related  to  the  economically  active  workers  and  those  65  or  older for those referred to the elderly.     14  Surveys in all countries included in the document present information at the national level, at least for  the last available observation, with the exception of Argentina, which only has data for urban areas.  191 Table Annex III.1. Name, geographical coverage, responsible agency, and period encompassed by the  Household Surveys used for this report   Country Name Geographical coverage Period of time Agency 1974, 1980 to 1982 and 1985 to 2002 – 1974, 1980 to 1982 and 1985 to 1974, 1980-1982 and 1985 to 2002 - Encuesta Permanente de Hogares - Modalidad 1991 Urban (Greater Buenos October. Puntual (EPH-P). Aires). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Argentina 1992-1997 Urban (15 cities) Censos (INDEC). 2003 to 2010 – Encuesta Permanente de 1998-2005 Urban (28 cities) 2003-2010 - Second Semester. Hogares - Modalidad Continua (EPH-C). 2007 correspond to 4th Quarter 2006-2010 Urban (31 cities) 2007-1st Quarter 2008. 1989, 1992, 1993 and 1995 - Encuesta 1989, 1992, 1993 and 1995 - 1989 and 1992, November. Integrada de Hogares (EIH) Urban 1993 - Second Semester. 1995 and 1996 - June. 1996 and 1997 - Encuesta Nacional de Empleo 1997, 1999 to 2001 - November. Instituto Nacional de Estadística Bolivia (ENE). 1996, 1997, 1999 to 2002 and 2004- (INE). 2002 - December. 2007 - National 1999 to 2002, 2004 and 2005 to 2007 - Encuesta 2004 correspond to November Continua de Hogares - Condiciones de Vida 2003/October 2004. (ECH). 2005 to 2007 - Annual. 1976,1979, 1981 to 1990, 1992 to 1993, 1995 to September. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Brazil 1999 and 2001 and 2009 - Pesquisa Nacional National. 1979 -November. Estatística (IBGE). por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD). 2008 -October. 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003, November. Ministerio de Planificación Chile 2006 and 2009 - Encuesta de Caracterización National. 1987 - December (MIDEPLAN). Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN). 1980, 1986, 1989, 1992 and 1995 to 1999 - 1980, 1986, 1989, 1992 and 1995 to Encuesta Nacional de Hogares - Fuerza de 2000 - September. Trabajo (ENH-FT). 2004 and 2006 Encuesta Continua de 1980, 1986, 1989 and 1992 - 2001 to 2003 and 2005 to 2006 - Departamento Administrativo Colombia Hogares, Ciudades y Areas Metropolitanas, Urban, 1995 to 2009 - National. Second Quarter. Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Cabeceras Municipales, Centros Poblados y 2004 - First Quarter Area Rural Dispersa (ECH) 2007-2009 Gran Encuesta Integrada de 2007 to 2009 -Annual. Hogares (GEIH) 1987 and 1988 Encuesta Nacional de Hogares- Empleo y Desempleo (ENH) 1992 to 1995 - Encuesta de Hogares de July. Dirección General de Estadística y Costa Rica National. Propósitos Múltiples (EHPM). 2007 - July/August Censos (DGEC). 1996 to 2006 - Encuesta Permanente de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples (EpHPM). 1996 - February. Dominican 1996, 1997 and 2000 to 2009 - Encuesta 1997, 2000 to 2006 and 2008 to 2009 Banco Central de la República National. Republic Nacional de Fuerza de Trabajo (ENFT). - Abril. Dominicana (BCRD) 2007 - October. 1988 to 2001 - Encuesta Periódica de Empleo y Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas 1988 to 1999 - Urban. 1988 to 2001 - November. Desempleo (EPED). (INE) Ecuador 2002 to 2009 - Encuesta de Empleo, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y 2000 to 2009 - National. 2003 to 2009 - December. Desempleo y Subempleo. (ENEMDU) Censos (INEC). Dirección de Información del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores 1995 to 2009 - Encuesta de Hogares de El Salvador National. Annual. del Salvador (DIMRE) Propósitos Múltiples (EHPM). Dirección General de Estadísticas y Censos (DGEC) 1998/99 – Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y 1998/99 - March 1998 to March Gastos (ENIGFAM). 1999. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas Guatemala National. 2000 and 2006 - Encuesta Nacional sobre (INE) 2000 and 2006 - July to November. Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI).   Continues in the following page....    192 Table Annex III.2. Continuation     Country Name Geographical coverage Period of time Agency 1986; 1989 to 1992; 1996 to 2003 1986 and 1989 Urban. and 2005 to 2007 - September. 1986; 1989 to 1999; 2001 to 2007, and 2009 - Dirección General de Estadística y Honduras Encuesta de Permanente de Hogares de 1990 to 1999; 2001 to 2007 and 1993 to 1995 - October Censo (DGEC) Propósitos Múltiples (EPHPM). 2009 - National. 2004 and 2009 - May 1984, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, Third Quarter. 2004 to 2006, 2008 and 2010 - Encuesta Instituto Nacional de Estadística y México National. 1992/2008 and 2010 - Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares Geografía (INEGI) August/November. (ENIGH) 1993, 1998, 2001and 2005 - Encuesta Nacional 1993 - February to April. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Nicaragua de Hogares sobre Medición de Nivel de Vida National. 1998 - April to September. Censos (INEC) (EMNV). 2001and 2005 - April to August. 1989 and 1991 Encuesta de Hogares – Mano Dirección de Estadísticas y Censos de Obra (EMO). (DEC) Panamá National. August. 1995 to 2006 and 2009 - Encuesta de Hogares Instituto Nacional de Estadística y (EH). Censo (INEC) 1983 Sep/Nov ; 1984 Aug/Oct; 1985 Oct/Dec; 1986 and 1987 June/Aug; 1988 July/Sep; 1989 1983 to 1996 Encuesta de Hogares - Mano de Dirección General de Estadística y 1983 - 1995 - Urban. Oct/Dec; 1990 Jul/Aug, 1991 Obra (EHMO). Censos (DGEC) Oct/Nov; 1992 Nov/Dec; 1993 Sep/Nov; 1994 June/Aug; 1995 Aug/Nov and 1996 Aug/Dec 1997 Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (EIH). 1997 - August 1997 to July 1998 Paraguay 1999 Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH). 1999 - August to December. Dirección General de Estadística, 2000/2001Encuesta Integrada de Hogares 2000/2001 - September 2000 to Encuestas y Censos (DGEEC) National. (EIH). August 2001. 2002 - November to December 2003 - August to December. 2004 to 2006 - August to 2002 to 2009 Encuesta Permanente de Hogares November. (EPH). 2007 to 2009 - October to December 1995 to 2010 - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 1995 - 2003 Fourth Quarter. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Perú National. (ENAHO). 2004 - 2010 - Annual Informática (INEI) 1991 to 2005 - Urban. 1981 - Second Semester Dirección General de Estadísticas y 1995 to 2005 - Encuesta Continua de Hogares Censos (DGEC) 1982 to 1984 - First Semester (ECH). 2006 Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Uruguay Ampliada (ENHA) 2007 to 2010 - Encuesta Continua de Hogares Instituto Nacional de Estadística 2006 to 2009 - National. 1985 - 2010 - Annual. (ECH). (INE) 1995 to 2006 - Encuesta de Hogares por Second Semester (2001 and 2004 Venezuela National. Muestreo (EHM). correspond to First Semester)     Source: Own, based on information provided by the Agencies of each country.     Even though in several cases the definition of economically active population includes  individuals  of  15  years  old  or  more,  we  adopted  a  restricted  approach  considering  only  those older than 20, given that in several countries workers younger than 16 or 18 are not  required to contribute to pension programs. Similarly, we considered coverage among the  elderly starting at 65 years old, to avoid the effect of differences in minimum retirement  age across countries.     193 COVERAGE IN THE ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE STAGE  To  analyze  coverage  among  economically  active  individuals,  we  adopted  three  indicators:  (i)  contributors/economically  active  population;  (ii)  contributors/employed  workers;  and  (iii)  contributors/salaried  workers.  The  first  two  indicators  are  commonly  known  as  “coverage  of  the  workforce�  and  “occupational  coverage.�  The  first  indicator  focuses  on  the  labor  force  in  general,  while  the  second  excludes  those  that  are  unemployed at the time of the survey. The third indicator focuses on salaried workers, as  many  pension  systems  in  the  region  offer  coverage  only  to  this  group,  excluding  the  independent workers.   In order to standardize the criteria to estimate coverage rates in all countries, we have  defined  the  “economically  active  population�  as  the  population  older  than  20  years  old  that is employed or seeking employment actively. The “employed population� is defined  as  those  over  20  years  of  age  who  are  involved  in  some  kind  of  work,  either  paid  or  without  remuneration  within  the  period  of  reference  of  the  survey,  or  that  during  that  week did not work due to various  causes such as vacations, medical leave, etcetera but  had  a  job  to  which  they  planned  to  return.  The  definition  of  salaried  workers  includes  those  employed  by  the  public  and  private  sectors,  as  well  as  workers  who  provide  domestic services. Finally, the “independent workers�, regardless of whether they receive  income  or  not,  are  defined  as  those  that  do  not  earn  a  regular  salary  or  work  for  somebody else on a regular basis.   The variable used to estimate the population covered is built from different questions  of  the  household  surveys.  Questions  vary  widely,  including  whether  workers  (i)  receive  benefits in their employment (in the case of Argentina, Mexico, the Dominican Republic,  Uruguay and Venezuela), (ii) contribute to the pension system (Brazil, Chile and Honduras)  or  to  the  social  security  system  (Costa  Rica,  Guatemala  and  Nicaragua),  (iii)  or  are  registered  in  the  pension  system  (Bolivia,  Paraguay  and  Peru)  or  in  the  social  security  system social. Due to these differences, the indicator of coverage for the first two groups  of  countries  is  based  on  actual  contributions,  while  in  the  third  group  the  indicator  is  based on the existence of registration. In the case of Panama, there was no question in  the survey referring to this type of coverage until the year 2004, when a question about  social security benefits was included in the questionnaire.   Differences were also observed about who were asked the questions:: in several cases  all employed workers were questioned (Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay and  Uruguay),  in  other  most  employed  workers,  with  a  few  exceptions  (El  Salvador  and  the  Dominican  Republic),  in  a  third  group,  only  salaried  workers  (Argentina,  Mexico  and  Venezuela)  and,  finally  all  surveyed  individuals,  regardless  of  their  labor  market  status  (Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama and Peru). These differences may have introduced  some  comparability  issues  in  the  database,  but  we  expect  that  these  distortions  were  minor. Table Annex III.3 summarizes the methodological differences discussed here.   194 Table Annex III.3. Information on Coverage of the Economically Active Population  Country Type of question Variable constructed Person asked The worker has only pension or a combination Benefits received by the worker (EPH-P) or the Argentina of benefits and pension (EPH-P) or the worker Salaried workers. worker receives pension discount (EPH-C). has pension (EPH-C). All individuals older than seven Bolivia Enrollment into the pension system (AFP). The worker is enrolled. years old. Brazil Contributions made into the pension system. The person contributes. Employed Persons. Chile Contributions made into the pension system. The person contributes. Employed Persons. Colombia Enrollment into the social security system. The person is enrolled. Employed Persons. The person contributes to the social security Contributions made into the social security Costa Rica system (as salary worker, as self employed or Anyone in the survey. system. with convenio). Dominican Benefits received by the worker. The worker has AFP or Pension Plan. Employed Persons with exceptions. Republic The person is enrolled (until 2000) or the person is enrolled into IESS seguro general, IESS Ecuador Enrollment into the social security system (IESS). Anyone in the survey. seguro campesino, ISSFA and ISSPOL (from 2001 to 2004). Enrollment into the social security system The worker is enrolled (or is beneficiary from El Salvador Employed Persons with exceptions. (enrollment or benefits from 1998 to 2003). 1998 to 2003). Contributions made into the social security Guatemala The person contributes. Employed Persons. system (IGSS). Contributions made into RAP, INJUPEMP, All individuals older than 4 years Honduras The person contributes. IMPREMA, IPM, IHSS, or Private Pension Found. old and economically active. The worker has SAR or AFORE, or is covered Salaried Workers and anyone from México Benefits received by the worker. by IMSS, ISSTE, PEMEX, or University 2008 on. insurance programs. Enrollment and contributions (included in 1998) The person is enrolled or contributes to the Nicaragua made into the social security system (INSS) or Employed Persons. INSS or to other firm. other firm. Panamá Tiene seguro social actualmente como asegurado. El trabajador está inscripto. Anyone in the survey. Paraguay Enrollment into the pension system. The worker is enrolled. Employed Persons. Enrollment into the pension system (2001-2004) The worker is enrolled (2001-2004) and the All individuals older than 13 years Peru and contribution made into the social security person contributes to the social security system old. system in the last year (since 2005). in the last year. Benefits by DISSE or others or the individual is a public employee (until 2000) or benefits by Rights to receive medical attention (ECH). DISSE, reception of income from “cuotas Uruguay Contributions made into the social security Employed Persons. mutuales� (health insurance) or the person is a system (ENHA). public employee (from 2001 to 2004), the person contributes to Social Security System (2006). Venezuela Benefits received by the worker. The worker receives social benefits. Salaried Workers.   Source: Own, based on information on Household Surveys of each country.     COVERAGE AMONG THE ELDERLY  In  the  case  of  the  elderly,  two  coverage  indicators  were  used:  “individual  coverage�  and “joint coverage�. The first indicator responds to the traditional definition of coverage  among  the  elderly:  the  proportion  of  individuals  older  than  65  that  receive  pension  income. The second also considers those sharing a home with a beneficiary as covered by  the system.   To  build  the  traditional  coverage  indicator,  beneficiaries  were  identified  considering  whether  they  receive  income  from  a  pension  system.  This  approach  was  preferred  over  considering  whether  the  individual  classified  himself  as  retired,  to  avoid  cases  where  individuals  retire  from  the  labor  force  without  receiving  a  pension.  Beneficiaries  were  identified  using  three  types  of  question:  (i)  source  of  income  (Argentina,  Honduras  and  Nicaragua), (ii) whether the person is receiving income from pension or survivors benefits  195 (Brazil, Peru, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela), or (iii) the income amount received  from  pension  benefits  (Argentina,  Bolivia,  Chile,  Colombia,  Costa  Rica,  Ecuador,  El  Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Uruguay). Data quality tends to be  better  when  the  first  type  of  question  is  used,  since  some  individuals,  since  some  individuals indicate that they are beneficiaries but cannot recall or do not want to reveal  the  amount  they  receive.  Hence,  in  countries  where  the  amount  received  is  the  only  information  source,  coverage  indicators  tend  to  be  underestimated.  Table  Annex  III.4  summarizes  the  discussion  about  data  sources  used  to  estimate  coverage  among  the  elderly.   Table Annex III.4. Information on Coverage among the Elderly  Country Type of question Variable constructed Argentina Sources of income (EPH-P) or income from pensions (EPH-C). The person receives income from pensions. Contributory pensions: The person receives income from pensions, “benemerito�, or survivor benefits, (disability is Amount of income from pensions (contributory pensions) and Bolivia included in 1999). amount of income from Bonosol (non contributory pensions). Non contributory pensions: The person receives income from Bonosol. The person receives aposentadoria ou pensão do Instituto de Brazil Reception of income from pensions. Previdência ou do Governo Federal or de outro tipo de aposentadoria ou pensão. Contributory pensions: The person receives income from old age pension or retirement, from disability benefit (included in Amount of income from pensions (contributory pensions) and 1992), from “montepíos� (widow’s pension, included also Chile amount of income from PASIS (non contributory pensions). 1992), and from orphans pension (included in 1996). Non contributory pensions: The person receives income from PASIS. Colombia Amount of income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions. Contributory pensions: The person receives income from Amount of income from pensions (contributory pensions) and pensions. Costa Rica type of social security coverage that the person has (non Non contributory pensions: The person belongs to the non contributory pensions). contributory regime. Dominican Amount of income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions. Republic Contributory pensions: The person receives income from Amount of income from pensions (contributory pensions) and pensions. Ecuador amount of income from the Human Development Bond (non Non contributory pensions: The person receives income from contributory pensions). the Human Development Bond. The person receives income from pension, disability or old El Salvador Amount of income from pensions. age benefits. The person receives pensions, annuities, sickness retirement Guatemala Amount of income from pensions. benefits (included in 1998), and “pensión y jubilación� (included in 2000). Honduras Sources of income. The person receives income from pensions. México Amount of income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions. Nicaragua Sources of income. The person receives income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions, disability benefit Panama Amount of income from pensions. or widow’s pension. Paraguay Amount of income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions. The person receives jubilación and cesantía or receives Peru Reception of income from pensions. pensión por viudez, orfandad o sobrevivencia. Uruguay Amount of income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions or jubilaciones. The person receives Social Insurance pensions, “jubilación Venezuela Reception of income from pensions. por trabajo� or survivor benefits.   Source: Own, based on information from household surveys of each country.     196 SPECIFIC COVERAGE INDICATORS    In  order  to  consider  the  interaction  between  coverage  levels  and  several  socio� demographic  and  economic  variables,  the  indicators  where  estimated  considering  differences  by  age,  gender,  area  of  residence,  occupational  category,  type  of  employer,  firm size, income and education.   Coverage by age and gender  Indicators  were  estimated  considering  ten  year  age  intervals  for  the  active  workers  (from 20 to 80 years old or more) and five year age intervals for the elderly (between 65  to  80  years  old  or  above).  Furthermore,  coverage  for  men  and  women  was  considered  separately to assess if there are any significant gender differences.   Coverage by area of residence   Coverage  rates  were  estimated  for  population  in  urban  and  rural  areas  for  each  country, except in Argentina, where there is no available data for rural areas. For Mexico  and Peru the individuals had to be defined as rural or urban considering the size of their  place of residence, since there is no formal urban/rural differentiation in the survey data.  This was achieved using the definition of urban area provided by the statistics agency of  each country: more than 2,500 inhabitants in Mexico and more than 200 households or  2000  inhabitants  in  Peru.  Furthermore,  in  some  countries  older  surveys  covered  only  urban areas, and in others, as in the case of Venezuela in recent years, the survey has a  national  scope,  but  the  public  dataset  does  not  include  information  on  the  area  of  residence of the population.   Coverage by occupational category  In the case of occupational category, the surveys collect data that varies in its degree  of detail. To increase consistency, workers were classified in four groups: (i) independent  workers; (ii) workers in the public sector; (iii) workers employed by private firms; and (iv)  other workers that remain outside the previous categories.   The  first  category  includes  firm  owners  with  or  without  wage,  members  of  cooperatives  (Bolivia,  El  Salvador,  Mexico,  Nicaragua  and  Uruguay)  and  day  laborers  (Ecuador  and  Mexico).  The  second  category  includes  workers  of  government  agencies,  workers of public corporations, the military and the police (Brazil, Chile and Peru), as well  as  workers  at  autonomous  and  municipal  governments  (Nicaragua).  Finally,  the  fourth  category includes domestic workers and other categories. In the analysis presented in the  document only the public and private sector workers are included.   Coverage by industry  Workers were classified in three categories considering the industry where they work.  These  categories  were  (i)  primary  sector  (agriculture  and  mining),  (ii)  secondary  sector  (manufacturing)  and  (iii)  tertiary  sector  (services,  commerce,  etcetera),  using  the  International  Standard  Industrial  Classification  adopted  by  all  the  countries,  but  with  variations in the level of detail of the disaggregation.   Coverage by firm size  Regarding the firm size, there are some differences in categories used across countries  and  in  different  surveys.  The  document  presents  the  indicators  considering  three  197 categories: small (including firms with five workers or less), medium (firms that employ 6  to  50  workers)  and  large  (more  than  50  workers).  However,  in  several  countries  these  limits had to be adjusted, given the categories available in the public surveys. Table Annex  III.5 details the intervals used in each country.     Table Annex III.5. Definition of the Variable Firm Size in each Country  Number of workers Country Small Medium Large 1992 to 1994 - 6 to 50 1992 to 1994 - more than 40 Argentina 1 to 5 1995 to 2010 - 6 to 40 1995 to 2010 - more than 40 Bolivia 1 to 5 6 to 49 More than 49 Brazil 1 to 5 6 to 10 More than 10 Chile 1 to 5 6 to 49 More than 49 Colombia 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Costa Rica 1 to 5 6 to 19 More than 19 Dominican Republic 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Ecuador 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 1995 to 1996 - 1 to 4 1995 to 1996 - 5 to 9 1997 1995 to 1996 – more than 9 El Salvador 1997 to 2009 - 1 to 5 to 2003 - 6 to 50 1997 to 2003 - more than 50 Guatemala 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Honduras 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 México 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Nicaragua 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Panama 1 to 4 5 to 49 More than 49 Paraguay 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Peru 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 1995 to 2000 - 5 to 9 2001 1995 to 2000 - more than 9 Uruguay 1 to 4 to 2010 - 5 to 49 2001 to 2010 - more than 49 1995 to 1998 - 5 to 50 1995 to 1998 - more than 50 Venezuela 1 to 4 1999 to 2006 - 5 to 20 1999 to 2006 - more than 20   Source: Own, based on information on household surveys of each country.     Coverage by income  In order to consider differences by income level, the household income per capita was  calculated  in  all  surveys  and  then  the  population  was  classified  by  quintile.  Households  with  no  income  were  considered  in  the  classification,  which  was  prepared  for  each  population  group  under  study  (that  is,  the  classification  was  defined  independently  for  active workers, occupied workers, salaried workers, elderly, et cetera).   Coverage by education  Given  the  diversity  of  educational  systems  across  countries  and  the  changes  implemented  in  the  period  under  study,  the  three  categories  used  (“primary�,  which  includes  completed  elementary  school  or  less;  “secondary�,  which  includes  complete  or  incomplete  secondary  education,  and  “superior�,  which  includes  more  than  complete  secondary  education)  were  adjusted  for  the  particular  educational  system  of  each  country.   198 ANNEX IV: SUMMARY TABLES   Table Annex IV.1: Summary of Coverage Indicators Available for the Economically Active Population, per country and year  1974 1976 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Country/ Year Argentina Bolivia Brasil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras México Nicaragua Panamá Paraguay Perú República Dominicana Uruguay Venezuela Indicators incorporated in the current version of the document Indicators available in the previous version of the document and revised No data available     Source: Own.   Table Annex IV.2: Summary of Coverage Indicators Available for the Elderly Population, per country and year  1974 1976 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Country/ Year Argentina Bolivia Brasil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras México Nicaragua Panamá Paraguay Perú República Dominicana Uruguay Venezuela Indicators incorporated in the current version of the document Indicators available in the previous version of the document and revised No data available   Source: Own.     Social Protection & Labor Discussion Paper Series Titles 2011-2012 No. Title 1217 Pension Coverage in Latin America: Trends and Determinants by Rafael Rofman and Maria Laura Oliveri, June 2012 1216 Cash for Works in Sierra Leone: A Case Study on the Design and Implementation of a Safety Net in Response to a Crisis by Colin Andrews, Mirey Ovadiya, Christophe Ribes Ros and Quentin Wodon, June 2012 1215 Public Employment Services, and Activation Policies by Arvo Kuddo, May 2012 1214 Private Pension Systems: Cross-Country Investment Performance by Alberto R. 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Rawlings, January 2011 To view Social Protection Discussion papers published prior to 2011, please visit www.worldbank.org/sp Abstract This document presents an analysis of pension coverage trends in Latin America for the past decades. Its preparation involved the collection, revision, and processing of household surveys in over 18 countries in the region, spanning a period of almost 40 years in some cases. The main goal of this document is to offer comparable data on pension coverage among the economically active population and the elderly, considering the relevance of several demographic, social, and economic variables on these coverage levels. By producing this large and comparable regional dataset, the document supports the discussion of several stylized facts on pension coverage in Latin America. The results show that coverage among active workers is low in most countries, although there has been a relative improvement since the early 1990s. The situation is still distressing among workers in the primary sector or employed by small enterprises as well as for women, primarily because of their persistent lower rates of labor market participation. In recent years coverage of some of the most vulnerable groups has increased, but it still presents very low rates. Among the elderly, regional averages have been very stable since the early 1990s, although this average hides important differences among countries. About this series... Social Protection & Labor Discussion Papers are published to communicate the results of The World Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally edited texts. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The author(s) attest(s) that the paper represents original work. It fully references and describes all relevant prior work on the same subject. For more information, please contact the Social Protection Advisory Service, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Room G7-803, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Telephone: (202) 458-5267, Fax: (202) 614-0471, E-mail: socialprotection@worldbank.org or visit us on-line at www.worldbank.org/sp. Printed on recycled paper