Scan for links to all reports KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 Fourth Edition - October 2019 FULL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE DISCUSSION PAPER WATER SCARCE CITIES Public Disclosure Authorized Financing Climate Thriving in a Finite World Change Adaptation in Transboundary Basins Public Disclosure Authorized JANUARY 2019 Preparing Bankable Projects iNTEGRATiNG GREEN AND GRAY Public Disclosure Authorized Creating Next Generation Infrastructure GREG BROWDER, SUZANNE OZMENT, IRENE REHBERGER BESCOS, TODD GARTNER, AND GLENN-MARIE LANGE WORLDBANK.ORG | WRI.ORG Integrating Green and Gray i WATER SECURITY DIAGNOSTIC Pakistan: Getting More from Water Pakistan Getting More from Water Young et al. William J. Young, Arif Anwar, Tousif Bhatti, Edoardo Borgomeo, Stephen Davies, William R. Garthwaite III, E. Michael Gilmont, Christina Leb, Lucy Lytton, Ian Makin, and Basharat Saeed W18052 About the Water Global Practice Launched in 2014, the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice brings together financing, knowledge, and implementation in one platform. By combining the Bank’s global knowledge with country investments, this model generates more firepower for transformational solutions to help countries grow sustainably. Please visit us at www.worldbank.org/water or follow us on Twitter at @WorldBankWater About GWSP This publication received the support of the Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP). GWSP is a multidonor trust fund administered by the World Bank’s Water Global Practice and supported by Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade; the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; The Netherlands’ Ministry of Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation; the Rockefeller Foundation; the Swedish International Development Cooper- ation Agency; Switzerland’s State Secretariat for Economic Affairs; the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; and the U.K. Department for International Development. Please visit us at www.worldbank.org/gwsp or follow us on Twitter #gwsp KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 Fourth Edition - October 2019 © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowl- edge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2019. “Knowledge Highlights from the Water Global Practice, 2016-2019.” World Bank, Washington, DC. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@ worldbank.org. Cover and layout design: Duina Reyes Photos: Pages 3, 39: Arne Hoel / World Bank Page 21: Sarah Farhat / World Bank Page 35: Pixino Page 42: Caroline Suzman / World Bank Page 46: Gerardo Pesantez / World Bank KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 Fourth Edition - October 2019 As the world’s largest multilateral source of financing for water in developing countries, the World Bank is working closely with partners to achieve “A Water-Secure World for All,” by investing in water solutions that enable universal access, promote water security, and build resilient societies. What follows is a selection of reports, case studies, and toolkits produced by the Water Global Practice in 2016-2019. The first section highlights studies of global interest along priority themes, while a second section provides a list of publications focusing on specific regions or countries. For more information: http://www.worldbank.org/water CONTENTS Global Regional Water and the Economy...................... 1 Africa................................................. 28 Financing............................................. 4 ........................ 36 East Asia and Pacific. Inclusion.............................................. 9 ................... 40 Europe and Central Asia. Institutions......................................... 13 ..... 43 Latin America and the Caribbean. Resilience.......................................... 17 Middle East and North Africa............ 47 Sustainability..................................... 20 South Asia......................................... 50 KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 i Water and the Economy GLOBAL WATER AND THE ECONOMY QUALITY UNKNOWN: THE INVISIBLE WATER CRISIS Author(s): Damania, Desbureaux, Rodella, Russ, Zaveri New evidence and new data call urgent attention to the hidden dangers lying beneath water’s surface. This Water Global Practice flagship report shows that poor water quality stalls economic progress, stymies human potential, and reduces food production. UNCHARTED WATERS: THE NEW ECONOMICS OF WATER SCARCITY AND VARIABILITY UNCHARTED WATERS Author(s): Damania, Desbureaux, Hyland, Islam, Moore, Rodella, Russ, Zaveri New evidence advances our understanding of how rainfall shocks, coupled with water scarcity, affect farms, firms, and families. A key message is that water has multiple economic attributes that entail distinct policy responses at each stage in its cycle of use. If water is not managed more prudently—from source, to tap, and back to UNCHARTED WATERS The New Economics of Water Scarcity and Variability source—the crises observed today will become the catastrophes of tomorrow. Richard Damania, Sébastien Desbureaux, Marie Hyland, Asif Islam, Scott Moore, Aude-Sophie Rodella, Jason Russ, Esha Zaveri HIGH AND DRY: CLIMATE CHANGE, WATER, AND THE ECONOMY Water Global Practice ALSO AVAILABLE IN FRENCH, SPANISH, AND ARABIC Author(s): World Bank High and Dry The impacts of climate change will be channeled primarily through the water cycle, with Climate Change, Water, consequences that could be large and uneven across the globe. Water-related climate risks cascade through food, energy, urban, and environmental systems. Growing and the Economy populations, rising incomes, and expanding cities will converge upon a world wher e the demand for water rises exponentially, while supply becomes more erratic and uncertain. They will jeopardize growth prospects in the regions worst affected and in some of the poorest countries. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 1 Water and the Economy WATER, WELL-BEING, AND THE PROSPERITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS Public Disclosure Authorized Water Global Practice Discussion PaPer Water, Poverty, and the Economy Author(s): Chase, Damania Public Disclosure Authorized Water, Well-Being, and This discussion paper provides an overview of the poverty-related impacts of inadequate Public Disclosure Authorized the Prosperity of Future Generations water supply and sanitation and highlights the policy challenges that have emerged in a more populated, polluted, and urbanized world with finite water resources. It Claire Chase and Richard Damania highlights the need for sustained changes in individual behavior, more equitable Public Disclosure Authorized access to services, and incentives for improved water resource stewardship. PHYSICAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES Public Disclosure Authorized Water Global Practice Discussion PaPer Water, Poverty, and the Economy Author(s): Miralles-Wilhelm, Clarke, Hejazi, Kim, Gustafson, Muñoz-Castillo, Public Disclosure Authorized Graham Physical Impacts of This paper is an initial study on the physical impacts of climate change on water Public Disclosure Authorized Climate Change on Water Resources Fernando Miralles-Wilhelm, Leon Clarke, Mohamad Hejazi, Sonny Kim, Kelly Gustafson, Raul Muñoz-Castillo, and Neal Graham resources around the world. It covers an integrated qualitative and quantitative under- standing of the implications of climate change and mitigation, and the socioeconomic Public Disclosure Authorized and technological developments on water scarcity and water-energy-food interactions. It illustrates the centrality of water in achieving global climate change goals. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON CLIMATE CHANGE, WATER, AND ECONOMICS Public Disclosure Authorized Water Global Practice Discussion PaPer Water, Poverty, and the Economy Author(s): Markandya Public Disclosure Authorized State of Knowledge on Water is the central driver of the impacts of climate change on society. This working Public Disclosure Authorized Climate Change, Water, and Economics paper shows in economic terms how climate impacts, channeled through water, will affect the economy and society in the coming decades, how these impacts depend Anil Markandya Public Disclosure Authorized in part on the evolution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and what measures can be taken to address the impacts. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2 2016-2019 Water and the Economy WASH POVERTY DIAGNOSTICS WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE (WASH) POVERTY DIAGNOSTIC INITIATIVE Reducing Inequalities in Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene in the Era of the Sustainable Development Goals Reducing Inequalities in Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene in the Era of the Sustainable Development Goals The WASH Poverty Diagnostic Initiative captures and analyzes data from Synthesis Report of the WASH Poverty Diagnostic Initiative 17 countries to present evidence on inequalities in access to WASH services, examine the impact of unequal service on the poor, and explore why service delivery continues to be inadequate and inefficient in much of the world. It provides fact-based recommendations to help policy­ makers, stakeholders, and donors plan more strategically and equitably. http://worldbank.org/washpdinitiative Country reports: Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Haiti, Indonesia, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tunisia, West Bank and Gaza, Yemen Global Report: The data is synthesized in the report “Reducing Inequali- ties in Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene in the Era of the Sustainable Development Goals: Synthesis Report of the WASH Poverty Diagnostic Initiative.” KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 3 Financing FINANCING DOING MORE WITH LESS: SMARTER SUBSIDIES FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Author(s): Andres, Thibert, Lombana Dordoba, Danilenko, Joseph, Borja-Vega In an exploration of how scarce public resources can be used most effectively to achieve universal delivery of water supply and sanitation services, this report analyzes the prevalence and performance of subsidies in the WSS sector, then guides policy- makers on improving subsidy design and implementation to improve their efficacy and efficiency in attaining their objectives. BETTER USE OF CAPITAL TO DELIVER SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY AND Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE SANITATION SERVICES: PRACTICAL EXAMPLES AND SUGGESTED NEXT STEPS Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): Kingdom, Lloyd-Owen, Trémolet, Kayaga, Ikeda Better Use of Capital Public Disclosure Authorized to Deliver Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Services Future investment needed in the water and sanitation sector are several times his- Practical Examples and toric financing levels. Using examples from around the world, this report investigates Public Disclosure Authorized Suggested Next Steps Bill Kingdom, David Lloyd-Owen, Sophie Trémolet, Sam Kayaga, and John Ikeda opportunities to reduce capital costs compared to traditional solutions whilst still delivering required service levels. MOBILISING FINANCE FOR WASH: GETTING THE FOUNDATION RIGHT ALSO AVAILABLE IN FRENCH AND SPANISH Author(s): Pories, Fonseca, Delmon This paper unpacks what is meant by the “enabling environment” for finance in WASH and presents real examples of how these bottlenecks are being overcome by innova- Working Paper Mobilising finance for WASH: getting the foundation right tors in the sector.  Lesley Pories, Catarina Fonseca, Victoria Delmon KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 4 2016-2019 Financing REFORM AND FINANCE FOR THE URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR Author(s): Goksu, Bakalian, Kingdom, Saltiel, Mumssen, Soppe, Kolker This summary note integrates the three lines of work—utility reform, sector reform, and sector finance—for readers to understand the critical links between the three spheres. New contributions of this note are a Maturity Matrix for assessing where a country is in its reform process and where it wants to go and a Maturity Ladder that identifies typical actions to move from one stage of maturity to the next. Tools and references are also provided to help governments start on their reform path. WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE: DISCUSSION PAPER ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION BY 2030: Public Disclosure Authorized THE ROLE OF BLENDED FINANCE Public Disclosure Authorized Achieving Universal Access to Author(s): Leigland, Trémolet, Ikeda Water and Sanitation by 2030 Public Disclosure Authorized The Role of Blended Finance James Leigland, Sophie Trémolet, and John Ikeda It is essential for service providers to mobilize up-front financing from both private and August 2016 commercial sources in order to meet SDG 6. This paper lays out common situations in which financial markets and commercial sector finance opportunities can be struc- Public Disclosure Authorized tured in different countries. It explains how providers offering concessional finance can best use their grant funding to catalyze commercial sector financing through the blending of resources. 01 Water global Practice WorkiNg PaPer AID FLOWS TO THE WATER SECTOR: OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS Author(s): Winpenny, Trémolet, Cardone, Kolker, Kingdom, Mountsford Aid Flows to the This report, created for the High-Level Panel on Water, provides data and insights on Water Sector the role of grant funding and concessional financing and recommendations on how to mobilize financing to achieve the water SDG. It includes an inventory of more than Overview and Recommendations November 2016 225 institutions that contribute financing and/or technical assistance to the water James Winpenny, Sophie Trémolet, and Rachel Cardone with Joel Kolker, Bill Kingdom, and Lyndsay Mountford sector in developing countries. CASE STUDIES IN BLENDED FINANCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION BLENDED FINANCING FOR THE EXPANSION OF THE AS-SAMRA Public Disclosure Authorized Blended Financing for the Expansion of the WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT IN JORDAN: CASE STUDIES IN BLENDED FINANCE FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant in Jordan Public Disclosure Authorized August 2016 LEBANON SYRIAN Summary Overview A. R. IRAQ Location: Amman and Zarqa, Jordan, Middle East and WEST BANK North Africa AND GAZA Zarqa Approach to Blended Finance: A blended financial package was put in place to finance the expansion of the As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant. The project Author(s): World Bank ISRAEL was undertaken by the Samra Wastewater Treatment Amman Plant Company Limited (SPC), a private operator that Public Disclosure Authorized was recruited through a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) JORDAN contract to finance, upgrade, and operate the treatment plant. ARAB REP. SAUDI OF EGYPT ARABIA The private operator was required to mobilize private financing, which it did through an equity contribution and a syndicated limited recourse loan provided by domestic banks in local currency. The overall financial package also included public funds provided as viability gap fund- Many players contributed to a diverse blend of financing to expand a treatment plant ing (VGF), including contributions from the Government extension IBRD work. 42436 | AUGUST scarcity is considered the most Water 2016 of Jordan and a grant from the Millennium Challenge important natural constraint to growth and development Corporation (MCC). Public funding was critical to help in the country. structure the deal and to convince private financiers to step in and provide what was, at the time, the longest The As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant was initially Public Disclosure Authorized maturity ever achieved for a Jordanian dinar-denomi- designed in 2003 to treat wastewater for the 2.3 million for growing populations in Amman and Zarqa. This paper gives an overview of the nated limited recourse loan. inhabitants of Amman, while supplying quality irrigation water to the surrounding region. Construction of the plant was completed in 2008. However, the country’s Context rapid population growth and a large influx of refugees led to the approach of the plant’s capacity limits (both in Jordan is one of the most water-scarce countries in the terms of the volume of wastewater received and solids world. Available water resource levels have fallen with an financing package that included a blend of donor and public funding (viability gap processing) sooner than anticipated. For this reason, annual per capita quantity of water approximated at 155 the Government of Jordan, through the leadership of m3 as of 2013. While water demand outstrips supply, it the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), prioritized the is estimated that two-thirds of available water resources expansion of the treatment plant in order to meet the are used for agriculture. Scarce water resources com- needs of the population in two of Jordan’s most popu- bined with high population growth have caused extensive lous cities, Amman and Zarqa. stress on water infrastructure, requiring rehabilitation and funding), commercial debt, a grant from the Millennium Challenge Corporation and a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contract. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 5 Financing WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE EASING THE TRANSITION TO COMMERCIAL FINANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER AND SANITATION Easing the Transition to Commercial Finance for ALSO AVAILABLE IN SPANISH Sustainable Water and Sanitation Author(s): Goksu, Trémolet, Kolker, Kingdom AUGUST 2017 Amanda Goksu, Sophie Trémolet, Joel Kolker, and Bill Kingdom This report brings together the current state of knowledge on water sector finance and sets out the World Bank’s vision for how countries can finance their water and sanitation goals. It calls for countries to place a greater priority on leveraging commer- cial finance into the sector while at the same time bolstering public funds. FACILITATED ACCESS TO FINANCE FOR DOMESTIC PRIVATE WATER OPERATORS CASE STUDIES IN BLENDED FINANCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION Public Disclosure Authorized Facilitated Access to Finance for Domestic Private Water Operators in Cambodia IN CAMBODIA August 2016 Public Disclosure Authorized CHINA Summary Overview MYANMAR Author(s): World Bank Location: Cambodia, Southeast Asia LAO P.D.R. Approach to Blended Finance: A combination of non-sovereign concessional lending, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance has been used to leverage local THAILAND PHILIPPINES commercial finance and equity investments so as to VIETNAM accelerate access to piped water supply. A concessional line of credit was provided by AFD (Agence Française CAMBODIA de Developpement) to the Foreign Trade Bank (FTB), a Public Disclosure Authorized Cambodian commercial bank, to enable them to extend more attractive loans to small- and medium-sized water Limited access to finance was preventing private operators in Cambodia from BRUNEI service providers, mostly active in small towns and rural DARUSSALAM areas. Output-based investments grants have been used in a complementary way as incentives for private water operators to connect poor households. M A L A Y S I A expanding and improving services. This case study shows how a blend of non- Context development these dynamic small-scale operators of 2016 IBRD 42461 | AUGUST Access to piped water supply is lower in Cambodia since the early 2000s through a variety of financing and than in the majority of Southeast Asian countries and technical assistance approaches. was estimated at 21 percent in 2015. Only 7 percent of rural households have access to piped water services sovereign concessional lending, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance was Limited access to finance is a key factor preventing Public Disclosure Authorized on premise, while 75 percent of urban households enjoy these private operators from expanding and improving such service (JMP 2015). Public utilities serve the capital services. Domestic commercial banks are not used to and eleven other urban areas. In rural spaces and small lending to water sector actors, whereas water opera- towns, private water operators (which are either licensed tors’ capacity to develop sound business plans and build or unlicensed) have invested in water systems. Driven assets to a high standard is sub-optimal. Some local by demand for improved services, steady economic used to leverage local commercial finance and equity investments of US$24 million to and regional banks have been providing loans to private growth, and relative water abundance, the private sec- water operators. However, collateral requirements are tor in Cambodia has the potential to be an important usually over 200 percent of the loan amount, and only force for increasing access to piped water supply. The land, buildings, and cash deposits can be accepted as Government of Cambodia and development partners collateral. Tenors are short (up to 5 five years) with no such as the World Bank, the SEDIF (the water service grace period, which means that only a few large water accelerate access to piped water supply. provider in the Paris area) and the Agence Francaise operators can access financing under such conditions. de Développement (AFD) have been supporting the FINANCING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN TRANSBOUNDARY BASINS: Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE DISCUSSION PAPER PREPARING BANKABLE PROJECTS Public Disclosure Authorized Financing Climate Change Adaptation in ALSO AVAILABLE IN SPANISH, FRENCH, AND RUSSIAN Transboundary Basins Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): World Bank JANUARY 2019 Preparing Bankable Projects The challenges and opportunities countries face in accessing financial resources for Public Disclosure Authorized climate adaptation in transboundary river basins are highlighted. Outlining basic char- acteristics and criteria for the preparation of bankable project proposals, the report is a guide for those working on climate change adaptation in transboundary river basins. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 6 2016-2019 Financing water global Practice knowledge brief FINANCING OPTIONS FOR THE 2030 WATER AGENDA Financing Options for Author(s): Kolker, Kingdom, Trémolet, Winpenny, Cardone the 2030 Water Agenda Joel Kolker, Bill Kingdom, and Sophie Trémolet with James Winpenny and Rachel Cardone November 2016 This paper was created in preparation for a meeting of the High-Level Panel on Introduction relied on public financing to meet its investment needs—through domestic and development partner The sector is in the process of repositioning itself concessional funds and/or lending. Institutionally toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). many parts of the sector are government depart- Under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) the ments where mobilizing private finance is almost international focus of the water sector was predomi- Water. The water sector is repositioning itself toward the Sustainable Development non-existent. Even when they are established nantly on increasing access to water supply and sanita- as  corporate entities, such as some WSS providers, tion (WSS). With the advent of the SDGs the agenda is it  is rare for them to borrow from commer- much broader covering all aspects of water (WSS, water cial  lenders  due to weak incentives and/or poor resource management [WRM], and irrigation) and their creditworthiness. sustainability. Goals (SDGs). With the advent of the SDGs the agenda is much broader covering all The SDGs come with new and very significant financ- Mobilizing additional concessional funds will help— ing  needs. For WSS they have been estimated at but will not be sufficient. New sources of concessional US$1.7  trillion, or three times the amount histori- finance might be tapped (e.g., climate finance) but the cally invested in the sector (Hutton and Varughese gap cannot be filled simply by increasing the volume of 2016). For irrigation, the International Food and concessional funds and lending from governments or aspects of water, water resource management, and irrigation and their sustainability. The Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that some development partners. US$960  billion will be required between 2005/07 A new sector financing paradigm is required based on and 2050 to ensure water for agricultural production four broad themes. The sector has to realign itself in 93 developing countries (Koohafkan, Salman, and around actions that (a) improve sector governance Casarotto 2011). No WRM estimate is available but and efficiency (i.e., improving creditworthiness), water sector is not well equipped to face these new financing challenges. Achieving failure to address WRM could diminish national (b) crowd in or blend private finance (i.e., leveraging growth rates by as much as 6  percent of GDP capital ), (c)  allocate sector resources more effec- by 2050. These amounts are all well above historic tively  to deliver the maximum benefit for every allocations. dollar invested (i.e., targeting capital), and (d) improve The water sector is not well equipped to face these sector capital planning to reduce unit capital costs the new financing paradigm requires a more collaborative approach with all stake- new financing challenges. The sector has historically (i.e., minimizing capital requirements). holders playing an active role. 1 WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE DISCUSSION PAPER FINTECH FOR THE WATER SECTOR: ADVANCING FINANCIAL INCLUSION FOR MORE EQUITABLE ACCESS TO WATER Fintech for the Author(s): Ikeda, Liffiton Water Sector Advancing Financial Inclusion for More Equitable Access to Water Many households still lack access to water services, often due to high upfront costs. Emerging financial technologies (fintech) can help address this challenge. This dis- John Ikeda and Ken Li ton cussion paper presents a series of use cases illustrating how fintech is being used in the water sector while outlining opportunities for future exploration. SKU W18055 INTRODUCING COMMERCIAL FINANCE INTO THE WATER SECTOR IN Public Disclosure Authorized WAtER GloBAl PRActicE GUidAncE notE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Public Disclosure Authorized Introducing Commercial Finance into the Water Sector Author(s): Bender Public Disclosure Authorized in Developing Countries FEBRUARY 2017 Kevin Bender This guidance note offers borrowers, lenders and government officials a holistic approach on how to build a market for commercial finance in the water sector. It Public Disclosure Authorized takes readers through a step-by-step process for scoping, designing and building the market, and executing, monitoring, and evaluating the deal. POOLED MUNICIPAL BOND ISSUANCE IN TAMIL NADU (INDIA) CASE STUDIES IN BLENDED FINANCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION Public Disclosure Authorized Pooled Municipal Bond Issuance in Tamil Nadu (India) August 2016 PAKISTAN Author(s): World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized BANGLADESH Summary Overview INDIA Location: Tamil Nadu, India, South Asia MYANMAR Approach to Blended Finance: The Water and Sanitation Pooled Fund (WSPF) in Tamil Nadu issued a To address the inability of small and medium-sized utilities to access financing, the pooled bond to facilitate access to long-term domes- tic capital markets for small and medium Urban Local Tamil Nadu Bodies (ULBs) to finance water and sanitation services. This enabled a grouping of 13 ULBs to overcome high SRI Public Disclosure Authorized transaction costs and mobilize funds through a single LANKA Government of Tamil Nadu created a fund to help towns finance their water and san- bond issuance. Debt was repaid from project cash flows MALDIVES and from general ULB revenues. A multi-layered credit enhancement package was designed in order to extend the maturity of the bond and increase investor confi- dence. The different credit enhancement mechanisms included a debt service reserve fund capitalized by the itation services by raising capital market resources on a pooled basis. This exam- IBRD 42434 | AUGUST 2016 state government, creation of individual ULB escrow accounts, a local debt service reserve fund, a State rev- partnership for the purpose of attracting private domestic enue intercept mechanism, and a partial credit guarantee financing for different types of infrastructure investment. from USAID. However, the TNUDF primarily serviced large ULBs with dependable revenues. Many of the small and medium sized municipalities tended to be excluded from access- ple demonstrates how pooled financing vehicles can play a critical role in attracting Context ing financing via the TNUDF. Bond issuance fees, legal Public Disclosure Authorized costs, and an inability to get a credit rating prevented In the 1990s and early 2000s, reforms in India helped small and intermediate local governments from access- create opportunities for financing capital infrastructure for ing capital markets. In addition, sanitation and water water and sanitation. Reform efforts included facilitation were among the most neglected areas of public infra- of private sector investment and increased autonomy structure provision. repayable finance to smaller providers, reduce risk, and achieve economies of scale. awarded to municipal governments, known as Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), in India. In parallel, growth in the To address these shortcomings, the State Government of local debt markets meant that local debt became an Tamil Nadu (GoTN) created a pooled entity the Water and attractive tool for reducing the financing gap in the sec- Sanitation Pooled Fund (WSPF). The WSPF functions as tor, particularly for ULBs. a special purpose vehicle to specifically help small urban local bodies finance their water and sanitation services In 1996, the State of Tamil Nadu, the World Bank, and by raising capital market resources on a pooled basis. USAID set up the Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF). The Fund was established as a public-private KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 7 Financing SANITATION AND WATER FOR ALL: HOW CAN THE FINANCING GAP BE FILLED? Public Disclosure Authorized SANITATION AND Author(s): World Bank, UNICEF Public Disclosure Authorized WATER FOR ALL This discussion paper was created in preparation for the Sanitation and Water for All How Can the Financing Gap Be Filled? Public Disclosure Authorized A DISCUSSION PAPER (SWA) High-Level Meeting. It provides a financial framework for country-level dia- logue to help governments meet the SDGs. It outlines a range of proposals for using existing financial flows more effectively, including improving the efficiency of exist- MARCH 2017 Public Disclosure Authorized A paper submitted by the World Bank and UNICEF to support the Sanitation and Water for All Finance Minister Meeting Preparatory Process ing funding sources (tariffs, taxes, transfers), and mobilizing domestic commercial finance—a largely untapped financial resource to the sector. SANITATION AND WATER FOR ALL: PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR SECTOR FINANCING Public Disclosure Authorized Sanitation and Water for All: Priority Actions for Sector Financing Author(s): World Bank, UNICEF Public Disclosure Authorized T he global commitment to bring universal access Sanitation and Water for All: to safely managed water supply and sanita- The Global Challenge tion by 2030 set by the Sustainable Develop- UNICEF and the World Bank lay out priorities for governments to help leaders create ment Goals (SDGs) poses an unprecedented challenge. Sanitation and Water for All is a global Strong political leadership will be required to bring partnership committed to achieving universal about sector-wide changes to improve governance and access to clean drinking water and adequate Public Disclosure Authorized build technical and administrative capacity at scale. sanitation. This will pave the way for building, operating, and While 2.6 billion people gained access to an a new financing model to leverage public funds and attract commercial finance. This maintaining cost-effective infrastructure to supply improved water source and 2.1 billion to an improved and sustained services. improved sanitation facility between 1990 and The current model of sector finance is insufficient for 2015, one in ten people still lack an improved reaching these goals. This policy note sets out four drinking water source and one in three lack interlinked priority actions that governments should improved sanitation (1 billion people still note covers policies on how to make more efficient use of existing resources, use take to tackle this challenge: defecate in the open). Most people who do not have adequate water and sanitation services Priority 1: Make more efficient use of existing resources. are poor and live in rural areas in Sub-Saharan Priority 2: Use public funds in a more targeted manner. Africa and South Asia. Public Disclosure Authorized Priority 3: Attract domestic commercial finance. public funds in a more targeted manner, attract domestic commercial finance, and Priority 4: Focus on de-risking the sector. • Targets defined at the national level need to ensure that access is provided to those who are still What Have We Learned So Far? unserved and in areas that deliver the greatest ben- The experience with the Millennium Development efit to the largest number of people. Targets should reduce risk exposure. Goals (MDGs) offers critical lessons for achieving the be agreed quickly so they can begin to be imple- SDGs by 2030: mented rapidly. This knowledge brief was developed by the World Bank and UNICEF to support the Sanitation and Water for All Finance Minister Meeting Preparatory Process. 1 SCALING UP BLENDED FINANCING FOR WATER AND SANITATION IN KENYA CASE STUDIES IN BLENDED FINANCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION Public Disclosure Authorized Scaling Up Blended Financing for Water and Sanitation in Kenya Author(s): World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized August 2016 SOUTH SUDAN Summary Overview ETHIOPIA DEM. REP. Location: Kenya, Sub-Saharan Africa OF CONGO Approach to Blended Finance: Over the last decade, SOMALIA Kenya has experimented with different ways of using blended finance to leverage commercial financing from UGANDA Kenya has experimented with different ways of using blended finance to leverage domestic banks. Many such efforts have focused on KENYA using Output-Based Aid (OBA) subsidies to bridge the financing gap that water service providers face when Public Disclosure Authorized serving poor customers. Such programs were first devel- RWANDA oped for community-based water schemes, in which the OBA subsidies were awarded based on results to BURUNDI commercial financing from domestic banks. This case study explains how years of reduce loan repayments. These have been scaled up for utilities at the national level through the Kenya OBA fund. Nairobi Water Supply Company has established similar TANZANIA arrangements to expand water and sewerage services in poor areas. These initiatives have been supported over time through considerable efforts to improve sector output-based aid support has paved the way for scaling up by utilities through the transparency through the preparation of water utilities’ credit ratings funded by donors and later through a utility The Kenya IBRD 42433 Water | AUGUST Act of 2002 introduced important 2016 creditworthiness index led by the water service regulator. reforms in the sector, separating responsibilities for asset ownership and operation, creating autonomous utilities and an independent sector regulator, ring-fencing rev- Public Disclosure Authorized Context enues within the sector, and establishing a framework for Kenya Output-Based Aid (OBA) fund that provides grants to water service providers utilities and other county-owned Water Service Providers The Kenya Vision 2030 national development plan, in line (WSPs) to move toward cost-reflective tariffs. At present, with the water Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 6), communities operate many small piped-water systems seeks universal access to safe water and sanitation for in rural and peri-urban areas. WSPs serve approximately all by 2030. The annual costs of investment and rehabili- 51 percent of the population in their service areas and tation for water supply is estimated at US$303 million. 23 percent of the total population. These utilities lack However, it is estimated that existing sources of financing to access commercial loans from domestic lenders for investment projects. familiarity with commercial banks’ lending practices and can only provide approximately US$193 million per year, are not familiar with the steps that are required in order underscoring the deep financing gap (World Bank 2016). to become creditworthy. They typically are limited by their Domestic commercial lending to water utilities has the inability to provide sufficient collateral to secure loans, potential to help bridge this gap, although experience in and lack adequate self-financing. this area is still limited in Kenya. High commercial interest rates pose an additional barrier. Local banks perceive the sector as financially weak, and PERFORMANCE-BASED CONTRACTING TOOLS FOR NON-REVENUE WATER REDUCTION Documents designed to be used along with the PPP Knowledge Lab tools on performance based contracting for nonrevenue water reduction are available on the World Bank Procurement website. GUIDANCE NOTE FOR STANDARD BIDDING REQUEST FOR BIDS—WATER LOSS REDUCTION, PERFORMANCE BASED CONTRACTS (two-envelope process) [September 2019; Pre-ESF September 2019] KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 8 2016-2019 Inclusion INCLUSION WOMEN IN WATER UTILITIES: BREAKING BARRIERS Author(s): World Bank What keeps women from considering careers in water utilities? What particular chal- lenges do they face, that their male counterparts perhaps do not? What can utilities do to expand gender diversity and ensure that they tap into the best possible talent? WOMEN IN UTILITIES: A DRIVING FORCE FOR WORKFORCE MODERNIZATION—A CASE STUDY OF THREE UTILITIES IN THE DANUBE REGION Author(s): World Bank The note summarizes an assessment of three utilities that focused on four areas that determine success in gender equality: a gender balance at all levels of the organiza- tion, a solid framework of effective policies and practices to ensure equitable career flows for both women and men, an inclusive culture as reflected in employees’ high ratings in terms of career development opportunities, and equal pay for equivalent work for men and women. HEALTH, SAFETY AND DIGNITY OF SANITATION WORKERS: AN INITIAL ASSESSMENT Upcoming publication | Author(s): World Bank, WaterAid, ILO, WHO Sanitation workers are often invisible and too often subject to conditions that expose them to the worst consequences of poor sanitation: debilitating infections, injuries, social stigma, and even death in their daily work. The most extensive global explo- ration of the topic to date, this report analyzes the problems; explores good practic- es; and challenges us, countries, and development partners to act so that we can improve the health, safety, and dignity of sanitation workers. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 9 Inclusion THE RISING TIDE: A NEW LOOK AT WATER AND GENDER Author(s): Das The RISING TIDE The relationship between water and gender is important to the overall progress on A New Look at Water and Gender water security and gender equality more broadly. This report provides a framework Maitreyi Bordia Das that shows how gender relations in water reform can influence gender equality and examines the norms and practices related to water that often exacerbate ingrained with Gaia Hatzfeldt gender and other hierarchies. HOW-TO NOTE: TOOLKIT FOR INTEGRATING GENDER IN WATER INTERNAL ONLY Author(s): World Bank This how-to note is a reference tool internal to the World Bank intended to support operational teams in the Water Global Practice by providing practical examples of gender-sensitive project designs. The note can be used as guidance to meet the requirements of the Gender Tag Methodology. WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE INCLUDING PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN WATER SECTOR OPERATIONS: A GUIDANCE NOTE Including Persons with Disabilities in Water Sector Operations Author(s): Mcclain-Nhlapo, Raja, Sivonen, Widyastuty A Guidance Note The ripple effects of the lack of access to water and sanitation services can have serious socioeconomic consequences for persons with disabilities and their fami- lies. This comprehensive note identifies entry points for disability-inclusive opera- tions along with systematic and sustainable interventions in World Bank Group SKU W17041 activities. It includes case studies, resources, examples of access barriers, and policy recommendations. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 10 2016-2019 Inclusion PROVIDING SUSTAINABLE SANITATION SERVICES FOR ALL IN WASH Public Disclosure Authorized WATer GlobAl PrAcTice A WPP ToPic brief Providing Sustainable Sanitation Services for All INTERVENTIONS THROUGH A MENSTRUAL HYGIENE MANAGEMENT APPROACH in WASH Interventions Public Disclosure Authorized through a Menstrual Hygiene Management Approach Author(s): Naughton, Pena Pereira Weiss, Vargas-Ramirez | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation Public Disclosure Authorized Summary A gender-inclusive approach to sanitation through Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) is needed to ensure that the benefits of sanitation and hygiene are truly universal. The key takeaways from this brief Lack of adequate menstrual hygiene management (MHM) has been coming to the are: (1) the need to do contextual research before proposing an intervention, ideally by working with a gender specialist; and (2) the value of working through Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) interventions © Stephan Bachenheimer/World Bank. to integrate the key pillars of MHM (box 1). forefront in the WASH sector because many girls miss school because of poor facil- Public Disclosure Authorized Background (MHM)  approach.1 This note presents some of the With support from the Water Partnership Program knowledge gained through this event and some recent (WPP), the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation research findings on the topic. As MHM cuts across ities and materials. This paper lays out the social, economic, and health impacts of Thematic Group (Rural WSS TG) organized a learning many development sectors, it aims to be relevant event on integrating gender in rural sanitation and to development practitioners looking for practical hygiene through a Menstrual Hygiene Management resources to integrate this approach into interventions poor MHM and how WASH initiatives can provide an entry point for building knowl- The authors (Meleesa Naughton, Water and Sanitation consultant; Lilian Pena P. Weiss, Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, World Bank; and Miguel Vargas-Ramirez, Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, World Bank) gratefully acknowledge the support of the Water Partnership Program (WPP). For more information on World Bank activities related to the Rural Water Supply, contact Miguel Vargas-Ramirez (mvargasramirez@worldbank.org). For more information on the World Bank’s work on gender in WSS, contact any of the Gender Coordinators of the World Bank’s Water Global Practice though worldbankwater@worldbank.org. 1 edge and awareness around menstruation practices. Water and Sanitation Program: REPORT PROVIDING WATER TO POOR PEOPLE IN AFRICAN CITIES EFFECTIVELY: Public Disclosure Authorized LESSONS FROM UTILITY REFORMS Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): Heymans, Eberhard, Ehrhardt, Riley Delivering Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Services in Fragile States Providing Water to Poor People Main Report in African Cities Effectively: Public Disclosure Authorized Lessons from Utility reforms Chris Heymans, Rolfe Eberhard, David Ehrhardt, and Shannon Riley August 2016 The cases studied show that it is possible for rapidly growing African cities to offer the poorest 40 percent of their residents near-universal access to reliable and affordable water. The technical, financial, and managerial techniques used by utilities in these Public Disclosure Authorized cities are widely applicable. This study recognizes the achievements of cities that the Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank group’s Water global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. provide relatively good service to the poor. TOOLKIT FOR MAINSTREAMING GENDER IN WATER OPERATIONS ALSO AVAILABLE IN FRENCH AND SPANISH The Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender into Water Operations was created to improve gender mainstreaming in project design, implementation and evaluation. It focuses on the roles and responsibilities of both men and women to ensure the concerns and priorities of both genders are addressed. The toolkit also provides guidance for how task teams can ensure project development objectives equally address the specific and shared interests of both women and men throughout the project cycle. WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES: ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE OUTCOMES WITH Public Disclosure Authorized INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation Public Disclosure Authorized Indigenous peoples in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) are 10 to 25 percent less likely to have access to piped water and 26 percent less likely to have access to improved sanitation solutions than the region’s non-indigenous population. The Public Disclosure Authorized TOOLKIT Achieving Sustainable Outcomes Water and Sanitation Services: objective of the Toolkit is to provide practical guidance and operational tools to with Indigenous Peoples in Latin America and the Caribbean improve the inclusion of, engagement with, and delivery of sustainable WSS services to Indigenous peoples in LAC in order to permanently close the WSS service gap. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 11 Inclusion SNAPSHOTS CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT SNAPSHOT: EGYPT SUSTAINABLE CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN WATER Public Disclosure Authorized SNAPSHOTS EGYPT| Sustainable RURAL SANITATION SERVICES PROGRAM FOR RESULTS Public Disclosure Authorized Rural Sanitation Services Program for Results CONTEXT Author(s): Hamad, Ndaw, Afifi Improved sanitation is high on the priority list for rural Egypt, where less than 20% of households are covered by Public Disclosure Authorized public sewers. The Sustainable Rural Sanitation Services Program for Results (SRSSP) is a results-based program aimed at improving sanitation services for more than 800,000 Egyptians in the Nile Delta. It is also part of the The sustainable rural sanitation services program for results (SRSSP) is a results-based country’s institutional reform program to support decentralization of service delivery in the sanitation sector by transferring planning, budget, and executive power to water and sanitation companies (WSC) in three governorates: Beheira, Dakahliya, and Sharkiya. Improved service delivery and giving greater voice to citizens can enhance governance and inclusion, two focus areas in the Country’s Partnership Framework. The lending Program for Results (PforR) operation was combined with technical assistance (TA) and capacity building support provided by the Water program aimed at improving sanitation services for more than 800,000 Egyptians in the and Sanitation Program to support operationalizing citizen engagement in the Program. DESIGN STAGE - INCENTIVIZING CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT At the outset, citizen engagement was envisioned as a key element of the Program. Learning from previous water and sanitation projects in Egypt that focused mainly on infrastructure, the Government, with support from the World Bank, prioritized decentralization and improved service delivery. Incentives for engaging citizens are embedded in Nile Delta. Improved service delivery and giving greater voice to citizens can enhance the program design through the PforR’s legal covenants, disbursement linked indicators (DLIs), and other Public Disclosure Authorized documentation. Based on the Environmental and Social Assessment, citizens are foreseen to participate in planning and preparing rural sanitation projects as an important tool for mitigating social risks. The Program Appraisal Document (PAD) listed specific actions to improve citizen participation and accountability of front-line service providers: awareness campaigns, customers’ complaints and grievance handling mechanisms (GRMs) and citizen governance and inclusion, two focus areas in the country’s partnership framework. report cards. Through the PforR loan, WSCs have been given financial incentives to engage with citizens throughout the Program cycle, including using beneficiary feedback to inform their planning and management. Progress made in citizen engagement is to be reviewed regularly through Annual Performance Assessments, and clearly stipulated in one of the disbursement linked indicators (DLIs). This service delivery and citizen-centric approach is being piloted in three governorates, to be scaled up nationally if successful. A Program Management Unit (PMU) was created within the Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Communities (MHUUC) to provide guidance and support to WSCs that are responsible for program implementation, including efforts to engage citizens. BENEFICIARY FEEDBACK/GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM (GRM) One of the legal covenants required the establishment of a grievance redress mechanism for project-related complaints. The Program decided to adapt and enhance an existing GRM system for water and sanitation services, and provided additional staffing, training, procedures, and equipment to improve the current systems: i DISABILITY IN WATER January 2019 DISABILITY IN WATER: BRIEF FOR TASK TEAMS 1. Why Disability Inclusive Development? Author(s): World Bank · It affects 15% of popula�on. Though they may be invisible in the community, persons with disabili�es live in every country. In fact, more than 1 billion people worldwide have some form of disability; 80 percent of persons with disabili�es live in developing countries. This number is expected to rise significantly due to factors such as aging popula�on, war and conflict, and the impacts of climate change. · Human capital and economic loss. Persons with disabili�es consistently fare less well than their non-disabled peers. Exclusion and obstacles they face contribute to them having generally poorer health, lower educa�on achievements, lower employment levels, and higher rates of poverty than persons without disabili�es. Their exclusion from the labor market costs economies billions of dollars, es�mated at 3-7 % of lost GDP globally. · Human dignity and safety. Dependency for water access increases the risks of sexual and financial exploita�on. Women with disabili�es tend to face high risk of domes�c and sexual violence. Inability to independently access sanita�on facili�es harms More than one billion people worldwide have some form of disability, and eighty privacy and self-esteem of persons with disabili�es. · Benefits for all. Making infrastructure accessible and safe benefits the whole community, including persons with disabili�es, their families and caretakers, the elderly, families with small children, pregnant women or those experiencing temporary injuries. *The Washington Group Ques�ons on Disability Evidence from WASH Poverty Diagnos�cs Lack of accurate disability data is a constant challenge. When percent of persons with disabilities live in developing countries. This brief proposes conduc�ng surveys and assessments, use the following ques�ons to Applying The Washington Group Ques�ons on Disability* get a fuller picture of func�onal difficul�es by type and severity. can capture a severity of func�onal difficul�es and aid in designing appropriate solu�ons. In the case of Tajikistan, the 6 QUESTIONS TO IDENTIFY PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES survey showed that 9% of households indicated that at least one household member had physical disabili�es at the highest 1. Do you have difficulty seeing, even if wearing glasses? 2. Do you have difficulty hearing, even if using a hearing aid? severity, and 54% of households reported they have one 3. Do you have difficulty walking or climbing steps? strategies to start a dialogue with service providers, governments and other development household member with disability. 24% of the 54% reported 4. Do you have difficulty remembering or concentra�ng? they have a member who is unable to access a water source 5. Do you have difficulty (with self-care such as) washing all over or dressing? without assistance, while 20% of households reported having 6. Using your usual (customary) language, do you have difficulty someone unable to access sanita�on. Nigeria WASH Poverty communica�ng,, for example understanding or being Diagnos�c showed that only 6 percent of sanita�on facili�es in understood? health centers are accessible for people with limited mobility. Source: Washington Group on Disability Sta�s�cs partners. Around 51% of respondents believed that the needs of the disabled were not considered when building toilets. 2. What are the Barriers? There is a range of challenges faced by persons with disabili�es in access to water resources and services: 1. Natural (e.g. slippery, long, and unlit paths leading to a water point) 2. Infrastructural (e.g. steep steps, narrow entrance) 3. Ins�tu�onal (e.g. lack of policies and regula�ons) 4. Social and A�tudinal (e.g. s�gma linked to disability prevents people from par�cipa�ng in project consulta�ons and voicing opinions) Infrastructural barriers can be Dark easily iden�fied. inside LEARN MORE: For more informa�on Narrow door about how water opera- �ons can impact inclusion Lack of of persons with disabili�es, Broken space refer to the Water GP’s uneven inside Guidance Note on Includ- ing Persons with Disabili- High Pla�orm �es in Water Sector Opera- Photo credit: WaterAid Photo credit: WaterAid GENDER IN WATER GENDER IN WATER SNAPSHOTS: SWATCHH BHARAT MISSION – GRAMIN Public Disclosure Authorized SNAPSHOTS Author(s): World Bank INDIA | Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin Public Disclosure Authorized Poor sanitation and hygiene have detrimental effects on the health and well-being of Photo credit: World Bank, Achieving a Clean and Healthy Rural India Video Context In many parts of the world, a combination of social norms and lack of adequate sanitation facilities leaves Public Disclosure Authorized millions, but particularly hurt by it are women and girls. In 2014, the Government of people with little choice but to defecate in the open. In India, back in 2015, open defecation was practiced by about 56 percent of the population.1 These high numbers correlated to the shortages of adequate sanitation, with well over 70 percent of rural households lacking access to safe sanitation facilities at that time. Poor sanitation and hygiene have detrimental effects on the health and well-being of millions, but particularly hurt by it are women and girls, who are forced to walk long distances to relieve themselves, India launched a flagship sanitation program, Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin, that exposed to risks of sexual violence or harassment. Moreover, the absence of safe sanitation facilities is often the principal factor deterring girls from attending school and women from accessing paid employment. To address these gaps, in 2014, the Government of India launched a flagship sanitation program, Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin (“Clean India Mission - Rural”, or, SGM-G), that seeks to eliminate open seeks to eliminate open defecation in rural India by 2019. defecation in rural India by 2019. The World Bank provides support to this program through technical advice and a USD 1.5 billion loan. The program aims to provide sanitation facilities, such as toilets, to Public Disclosure Authorized households, schools, and public institutions in the villages, and to ensure effective solid and liquid waste management systems. Since implementation, the program has reported increased rural sanitation coverage to about 82 percent of households, and about 58 percent of villages have been declared as open defecation free (ODF). Unlike previous sanitation programs, SBM-G stands out with its shift in emphasis on changing behavior at the collective level, aiming to create lasting demand for toilet use among the population, and thereby ensuring and sustaining ODF status in the villages. It provides flexibility to the states in implementation, while following the broad guidelines set under SBM-G. Understanding gender differences in behavior, needs, and social norms related to sanitation, is a key component in the program design. To advance gender inclusion, the program includes a range of activities and far-reaching guidelines. The role of women in community mobilization and local leadership With the overall aim of triggering people themselves to demand that their villages become ODF, the SBM-G program empowers community leaders and networks of change agents to become frontrunners SOCIAL INCLUSION IN WATER SOCIAL INCLUSION IN WATER SNAPSHOTS: MEKONG Public Disclosure Authorized SNAPSHOTS INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Public Disclosure Authorized LAO PDR and CAMBODIA | Mekong Integrated Water Resources Management Author(s): World Bank Program Photo credit: Arne Hoel/World Bank Photo credit: Pierre Le Bigot/Flickr Public Disclosure Authorized CONTEXT The Mekong is one of the largest rivers of the world, flowing all the way from China to Vietnam. The basin is shared A series of World Bank supported projects aim to assist Lao PDR, Vietnam, and by six countries, China and Myanmar in the Upper Mekong Basin, and Lao PDR, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB).1 Almost 70 million inhabitants of the LMB are poor in economic terms and rely directly or indirectly on the natural resources of the Mekong River for their livelihoods and food security. To address poverty, ensure food security, and economic development of the region, LMB countries have committed to the sustainable management of water resources in the Mekong Basin. A series of World Bank supported projects for Mekong Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) aim to assist Lao PDR, Vietnam, and Cambodia in the sustainable management of water and livelihood. Among other, these projects are supporting citizen engagement Cambodia in the sustainable management of water and livelihood. This snapshot activities, such as participatory consultation in planning, implementation, and evaluation, with the aim to strengthen the integrated management of water resources at the national and transboundary levels. This snapshot highlights select citizen engagement activities, with a particular attention to gender and inclusion, in the Cambodia and Lao PDR projects. ENGAGING CITIZENS IN FISHERY CO-MANAGEMENT Public Disclosure Authorized highlights select citizen engagement activities with focus on gender and inclusion One of the key areas of intervention in the projects is to strengthen stakeholder capacity in the management of fisheries. This is being achieved by fostering village-level ownership for the co-management of aquatic resources, particularly with the participation and support of women and ethnic minorities, as well as of relevant government fisheries institutions. The projects support communities to establish fisheries management committees, set goals and objectives, and to develop strategies and monitoring programs to manage their fish resources, as described in in these projects. a formally-approved fisheries management plan. Each management committee, which include women, ethnic minorities, and other vulnerable group members, is provided with equipment and patrol boats to implement their plan and is given grants to support alternative livelihoods. Disadvantaged members of the community are prioritized by the management committee to receive these grants. Further project funds are provided to the 1 In 1995, LMB countries formed the Mekong River Commission (MRC) to jointly manage the shared water resources and the sustainable development of the Mekong River. As part of a program to enhance transboundary water cooperation, the World Bank has been working very closely with the MRC to foster IWRM in the lower part of the basin. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 12 2016-2019 INSTITUTIONS ALIGNING INSTITUTIONS AND INCENTIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE AND SANITATION SERVICES Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): Mumssen, Saltiel, Kingdom Aligning Institutions and Public Disclosure Authorized Incentives for Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Services An analysis of how integrated policy, institutional, and regulatory interventions can Report of the Water Supply and Sanitation Global Solutions Group, Water Global Practice, World Bank help align incentives for more sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. Public Disclosure Authorized MAY 2018 Yogita Mumssen, Gustavo Saltiel, and Bill Kingdom with support from Berenice Flores, Norhan Sadik, Ilan Adler, and Economic Consulting Associates REGULATION OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN BANK CLIENT COUNTRIES: Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE DISCUSSION PAPER Regulation of Water Supply and Sanitation in Bank Client Countries A FRESH LOOK Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): Mumssen, Saltiel, Kingdom, Sadik, Marques Regulation of Water Mumssen, Saltiel, Kingdom, Sadik, and Marques Public Disclosure Authorized An examination of how Bank client countries could implement more effective regula- Supply and Sanitation in Bank Client Countries A Fresh Look Discussion Paper of the Water Supply and Sanitation Global Solutions Group, Water Global Practice, World Bank tion to deliver sustainable WSS outcomes by taking in to account political, legal and institutional realities. The paper provides an overview of three regulatory aspects: Public Disclosure Authorized NOVEMBER 2018 Yogita Mumssen, Gustavo Saltiel, Bill Kingdom, objectives, forms and functions, to support practitioners as they consider regulatory Norhan Sadik, and Rui Marques reform options. WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE WATER UTILITY TURNAROUND FRAMEWORK: A GUIDE FOR IMPROVING PERFORMANCE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AVAILABLE IN FRENCH AND SPANISH Author(s): World Bank Water Utility Turnaround An analysis of how integrated policy, institutional, and regulatory interventions can Framework A Guide for Improving Performance help align incentives for more sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. Gerard Soppe, Nils Janson, and Scarlett Piantini KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 13 Institutions AUSTRALIAN URBAN WATER REFORM STORY WITH DETAILED CASE STUDY ON Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Australian Urban Water Reform Story NEW SOUTH WALES Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): Salisbury, Head, Brian, Groom Australian Urban Water Reform Story with Detailed Case Study on Public Disclosure Authorized New South Wales Chris Salisbury, Brian W. Head, and Eric Groom Urban water services in Australia are recognized as some of the most efficient utilities Salisbury, Head, and Groom in the world, but this was not always the case. This study, carried out by the Inter- national Water Centre (IWC), looks at three decades of experience to draw out how Public Disclosure Authorized national-level economic reforms in Australia helped transform the traditional state “build and supply” model into a modern service oriented and efficient sector. This work reveals insights around the interplay between state-level reform and regulation, and national framework agreements. DESIGN, BUILD, OPERATE STANDARD BIDDING DOCUMENTS Author(s): World Bank This package includes a suite of standard bidding documents for Design, Build and Operate (DBO) contracts for water and wastewater treatment plants to help simplify the contracting process. It includes the initial selection document, guidance note and a standard bidding document. KNOWLEDGE BRIEF: WHEN, WHY, AND HOW WATER AND SANITATION UTILITIES CAN Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE WSS GSG FRAMEWORK FOR UTILITY TURNAROUND Knowledge Brief: When, Why, and How Water and Sanitation Utilities Can BENEFIT FROM WORKING TOGETHER Public Disclosure Authorized Benefit from Working Author(s): World Bank Together Public Disclosure Authorized The Global Study on WSS Utility Aggregation provides evidence-based guidance to Introduction utilities work together has been regarded as an oppor- tunity to improve the cost efficiency and performance The recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals of service providers, thus making them more sustain- (SDGs) set an ambitious agenda of providing universal able. As a matter of fact, there is ample empirical evi- access to safely managed water supply and sanitation policy makers and practitioners regarding when, why, and how water and sanitation dence in the literature of the existence of economies of (WSS) services by 2030. Policy makers and sector prac- scale in the WSS industry, at least up to a certain level. titioners know that the SDGs will be achieved only if Furthermore, it seems that large utilities tend to oper- service providers can provide better services at a lower ate at a lower unit cost and perform better than smaller cost. Yet, the past decades’ policy approaches to struc- ones do. For instance, Abbot and Cohen (2009) found utilities can work together, or aggregate, to successfully deliver specific policy out- turing service delivery at the right level have been con- that significant economies of scale do exist in the WSS Public Disclosure Authorized flicting: some countries have chosen to consolidate industry. More recently, Van den Berg (2015) found, in service provision centrally, hoping for greater profes- a study analyzing the performance of WSS utilities in sionalism and economies of scale, whereas others have Africa, that size matters in achieving good perfor- chosen to decentralize and empower local govern- mance. Two recent analyses based on IB-Net data for comes, such as better services or lower costs. Aggregation has been regarded as an ments in the hope that more local accountability would utilities in the Danube region (Klien and Michaud provide strong incentives to provide good services. 2016) and in the Latin American and the Caribbean To reconcile those two apparently contrary trends, an (LAC) region (Diaz and Flores 2015) showed lower unit increasing number of countries and local governments costs for larger utility companies. These studies com- are turning, with varying levels of success, to the opportunity to improve cost efficiency and performance of service delivery. However, pare utilities serving cities of different sizes. It is not aggregation of local utility companies.1 Making clear when the same scale effects are achieved by the study shows that successful aggregation is not always guaranteed. 1 STATUS OF WATER SECTOR REGULATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND Public Disclosure Authorized W at e r Global Practice NORTH AFRICA Status of Water Sector Regulation in the Middle East and North Africa Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): Mumssen, Triche Public Disclosure Authorized This report presents an overview of the economic regulation of the water supply and Mumssen and Triche Status of Water Sector sanitation sector in five countries in the Middle East and North Africa including Egypt, Regulation in the Middle Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, West Bank and Gaza. It covers the institutional roles and Public Disclosure Authorized East and North Africa Yogita U. Mumssen and Thelma Triche, Editors responsibilities, tariff formulation, private sector participation, and the role of citizen WORLD BANK GROUP with support from Norhan Sadik and Ali O. Dirioz engagement. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 14 2016-2019 Institutions TOWARD A UNIVERSAL MEASURE OF WHAT WORKS ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY: Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE A WSP TOPIC BRIEF Toward a Universal Measure of What Works on Rural RURAL WATER METRICS GLOBAL FRAMEWORK Water Supply: Rural Water Public Disclosure Authorized Metrics Global Framework Author(s): World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Problem Statement: Value of a provide decision makers with sufficient and compa- Set of Universal Metrics rable evidence on numbers of systems, types of sys- Assessing and measuring the sustainability of rural water supply and sanitation is a Globally, the proportion of people living without tems, and performance of systems. Given this global improved drinking water was halved between 1990 challenge, it might be valuable to have a standardized and 2010; however, inequities remain between and set of indicators that could be adopted and adapted within countries. For example, eight out of 10 peo- by countries, thus facilitating improved national and ple who are still without access to improved drinking global reporting and analysis. difficult task because no standardized set of indicators have been created. This pub- water sources live in rural areas. Countries are now aiming for the Sustainable Background to the Study Development Goal (SDG) 6, which calls for universal Countries have developed their own monitoring and equitable access by 2030. This represents a far more indicators—many of which have commonalities but are Public Disclosure Authorized lication summarizes the methodology and conclusions of a study on 40 frameworks ambitious challenge at a time when many rural water not necessarily exactly the same, and may not be sim- systems in developing countries are not function- ilarly comprehensive. Decision makers in all countries, ing, or are performing below expected levels. Recent however, would likely benefit from ensuring that their data suggest that although 78 percent of water point monitoring framework produces a standard set of indica- schemes are functional at one time, almost 15 percent tors against which to compare their rural water systems. and proposes a new Rural Water Metrics Framework including 24 minimum, basic, of water points fail after one year and 25  percent of By having one standardized global set of indicators, coun- water points are non-functional by their fourth year tries could begin to assess sustainability across aspects (Banks et al. 2016). that are common to all situations, and in the long term Although there is general understanding among to adapt their own monitoring system toward alignment professionals about these low levels of performance, for producing this set. The adoption of such global and advanced indicators to improve data sharing and analysis. there are few country monitoring systems that indicator set could also facilitate and contribute—along 1 THE USE OF PERFORMANCE-BASED CONTRACTS FOR NONREVENUE WATER Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE OPERATIONAL MANUAL The Use of Performance-Based Contracts for Nonrevenue Water Reduction REDUCTION Public Disclosure Authorized The Use of Author(s): Kingdom, Sy, Soppe Public Disclosure Authorized Performance-Based Contracts for Nonrevenue Water This operational manual describes the process for planning and implementing Kingdom, Sy, and Soppe Reduction performance-based contracts (PBCs) for nonrevenue water (NRW) reduction. It Public Disclosure Authorized Output of the Global Program on Developing Good PBC Practices for Managing NRW SEPTEMBER 2018 Bill Kingdom, Jemima Sy, and Gerhardus Soppe outlines how to assess when NRW-PBCs will be useful and the design and implemen- tation process of NRW-PBCs. INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING AND UTILITIES AGGREGATION INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING NETWORK FOR WATER AND SANITATION UTILITIES (IBNET) IBNET is the world’s largest database of water and sanitation tariffs and performance data. With more than 15 years of data collection, it helps service providers assess and benchmark their commercial operations, price setting and the design of tariff structures that achieve cost recovery within affordable margins. Over 5,000 utilities from hundreds of countries from around the world provide data for the Performance Database and nearly 2,000 provide data in the Tarriff Database. http://www.ib-net.org SIASAR: SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN DE AGUA Y SANEAMIENTO RURAL SIASAR - Sistema de Información de Agua y Saneamiento Rural - es una iniciativa conjunta iniciada por los gobiernos de Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá cuyo objetivo estratégico es contar con una herramienta de información básica, actualizada y contrastada sobre los servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento rural existente en un país. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 15 Institutions INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING AND UTILITIES AGGREGATION TOOLKIT ON THE AGGREGATION OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION UTILITIES This toolkit is based on the findings of new World Bank global study titled “Joining Forces for Better Services? When, Why, and How Water and Sanitation Utilities Can Benefit from Working Together.” It provides evidence-based policy advice on when aggregation is likely to be successful and how to make it successful. It draws on both qualitative and quantitative evidence and includes case studies, an interactive map, glossary, videos, literature reviews and statistical analysis. • Report • Aggregation global trends: interactive map and glossary • Supporting documents • Global case studies KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 16 2016-2019 Resilience RESILIENCE WATER SCARCE CITIES: THRIVING IN A FINITE WORLD — FULL REPORT FULL REPORT WATER SCARCE CITIES Thriving in a Finite World Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water Security and Integrated Resource Management The report provides describes principles and approaches that cities and water utility decision makers can adopt to improve their cities’ resilience to water scarcity challenges. It is based on 20 case studies describing how cities have effectively and innovatively addressed emerging threats to their water supply security. FRAMEWORK FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF BENEFITS OF ACTION/COST OF INACTION (BACI) FOR DROUGHT PREPAREDNESS Author(s): Venton, Cabot Venton, Limones, Ward, Pischke, Engle, Wijnen, Talbi Focus: Water Security and Integrated Resource Management The paper suggests a methodological framework for costing the benefits of pro­ actively undertaking drought preparedness and mitigation measures and investments and comparing them with the costs of not having been prepared for drought, which requires paying the price of relief and crisis management interventions. WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE TECHNICAL PAPER THE ROLE OF DESALINATION IN AN INCREASINGLY WATER-SCARCE WORLD The Role of Desalination in an Increasingly Water-Scarce World Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water Security and Integrated Resource The Role of Desalination in an Increasingly Management MARCH 2019 Water-Scarce World Today, over 20,000 desalination plants in over 150 countries supply about 300 million people with freshwater every day. Initially a “niche” product for energy rich and water scarce cities, particularly in the Middle East, the continued decrease in cost and environmental viability of desalination has the potential to significantly expand its use. SKU W18059 KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 17 Resilience WaTer Global PracTice TURBULENT WATERS: PURSUING WATER SECURITY IN FRAGILE CONTEXTS Author(s): Sadoff, Borgomeo, de Waal | Focus: Water Security and Integrated Resource Management Please replace photo with higher-res version. Water insecurity can cause severe disruptions and compound fragilities in social, Turbulent Waters economic, and environmental systems. This report explores the dynamics between Pursuing Water Security in Fragile Contexts water insecurity and fragility and suggests that water security is more difficult to Claudia W. Sadoff, Edoardo Borgomeo, and Dominick de Waal achieve in fragile contexts because of a range of factors, including weak institutions and information systems, strained human and financial resources, and degraded infrastructure. BEYOND CROP PER DROP: ASSESSING AGRICULTURAL WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY IN A MATURING WATER ECONOMY Beyond Crop per Drop Author(s): Scheierling, Tréguer | Focus: Water in Agriculture Beyond Crop per Drop INTERNATIONAL DE VELOPMENT IN FOCUS Assessing Agricultural Water Productivity and Efficiency in a Maturing Water Economy The ongoing efforts for improving agricultural water productivity and efficiency need Susanne M. Scheierling and David O. Tréguer to move beyond crop per drop approaches, because they are in many circumstances Scheierling and Tréguer an insufficient and sometimes counterproductive attempt to adapt agricultural water management to a maturing water economy. BEYOND SCARCITY: WATER SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA OVERVIEW AVAILABLE IN ARABIC AND FRENCH Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water, Poverty and the Economy Achieving water security in the Middle East and North Africa requires a new way of looking at water management even beyond scarcity. This report provides a regional assessment of the challenges and opportunities in the region. It examines how the resources are currently being managed and the water-related risks that need to be recognized and mitigated. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 18 2016-2019 Resilience BUILDING THE RESILIENCE OF WSS UTILITIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE THREATS: A ROAD MAP Public Disclosure Authorized Building the Resilience of Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation Public Disclosure Authorized WSS Utilities to Climate Change and Other Threats A Road Map Practical and workable guidance to increase the resilience of WSS utilities, be it through design, planning, or operations. In applying the process presented here, a Public Disclosure Authorized utility will be better prepared to deal with future conditions, despite deep uncertainties of what they will be like. DIVIDING THE WATER, SHARING THE BENEFITS: RURAL WATER FOR THIRSTY CITIES Author(s): Garrick, De Stefano, Turley, Aguilar-Barajas, Schreiner, de Souza Leão, O’Donnell, Horne | Focus: Water Security and Integrated Resource Management This synthesis report examines the drivers, pro­ cesses, politics, and outcomes of reallocation based on a review of the literature and insights from four in-depth case studies where governments have reallocated large vol­ umes of water from rural to urban regions: Melbourne, Australia; Monterrey, Mexico; São Paulo, Brazil; and Mokopane, South Africa. IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICITY AND WATER AND SANITATION Improving the Performance of Electricity and Water and Sanitation Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa UTILITIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Public Disclosure Authorized A Growing Need for Better-Performing they often have a responsibility to provide ser- Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa vices nationally to urban and rural consumers. Two trends are shaping the future of eco- To have modern access to water1 and electric- Author(s): van den Berg, Antmann, Heymans, Danilenko, Andres, Shukla, nomic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rural to ity entails an affordable connection to the urban migration is expected to rise steeply. service, and continuous and affordable supply The urban population still comprises only of sufficient quantity and quality. Utilities need 37 percent of the total population, despite to perform their operational and financial tripling since 1990. And while poverty reduc- functions efficiently enough to provide such tion efforts have been effective in decreasing services. the proportion of people living on less than Goksu, Kingdom, Damania, Bakalian, Kamkwalala, Bahuguna, de Wit, Cubas $1.90 per day, the number of poor people What Makes a Well-Performing Utility? in Sub-Saharan African continues to grow There are many ways to define a well- alongside population increases. performing utility, from one that is financially The growth potential of cities across Sub- sustainable to one that provides a reliable Saharan Africa thus hinges on better progress supply. Each utility prioritizes its goals based toward reducing poverty in the face of rapid on sector objectives and the enabling envi- ronment set by the government. Varied ways Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation urbanization. One effective antidote to pov- erty is more and better infrastructure, yet of measuring utility performance require Africa’s infrastructure networks lag increas- different types of data and observation, ingly behind those of other developing coun- which yield quite subjective conclusions tries in providing telecom, electricity, and about the level of performance. This topic is water supply and sanitation services. Those discussed in three Water and Energy Global people and industries that do have services Practice studies published in 2016.2 These pay twice as much as those outside Africa and regional analyses looked at operational, receive fairly low quality service, further reduc- financial, and commercial/customer perfor- ing regional competitiveness and growth. As mance of utilities. While a case study cities continue to flood with migrants looking approach was used to dive deep into the Public Disclosure Authorized for better economic opportunities, power and main determinants of well-performing water This paper synthesizes the drivers of performance of energy and water utilities in water utilities are being challenged to improve and power utilities and progress in reform, the services offered to existing and new users. additional benchmarking analysis for water For power utilities, the added challenge is that utilities used the International Benchmarking Sub-Saharan Africa including the critical elements for turning poor-performing utilities r H 1 around and providing good quality services to customers, including the poor. The 2 S 1 utility data includes operational, financial, and commercial/customer performance. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 19 Sustainability SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATING GREEN AND GRAY: CREATING NEXT GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE Author(s): World Bank, WRI | Focus: Water Security and Integrated Resource Management Integrating nature into mainstream infrastructure systems can produce lower cost iNTEGRATiNG GREEN and more resilient services. This report from the World Bank and World Resources AND GRAY Creating Next Generation Infrastructure Institute guides developing country service providers and their partners on how to seize this opportunity. It reviews approaches and examples of how to integrate green infrastructure into mainstream project appraisal processes and investments. GREG BROWDER, SUZANNE OZMENT, IRENE REHBERGER BESCOS, TODD GARTNER, AND GLENN-MARIE LANGE WORLDBANK.ORG | WRI.ORG Integrating Green and Gray i Making MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT: AN AGENDA FOR WATER ACTION Every Drop Author(s): High-Level Panel on Water Count The United Nations and World Bank Group convened a High-Level Panel on Water to provide leadership in tackling one of the world’s most pressing challenges: an An Agenda for Water Action approaching global water crisis. HIGH-LEVEL PANEL ON WATER OUTCOME DOCUMENT 14 March 2018 CITYWIDE INCLUSIVE WATER SUPPLY: ADOPTING OFF-GRID SOLUTIONS TO ACHIEVE THE SDGS Author(s): Misra, Kingdom | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation Piped solutions alone will not achieve SDG 6.1 by 2030  in providing affordable, safely managed water that is accessible to customers at the household level.  This report proposes a mindset shift that accepts off-grid supplies as an equal partner to piped supplies in meeting the SDGs. If broadly accepted, then a set of next steps can be envisaged. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 20 2016-2019 Sustainability WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT IN SHARED RIVER BASINS: TOOLS FOR ENHANCING Promoting Development in Shared River Basins TRANSBOUNDARY BASIN MANAGEMENT Promoting Development MARCH 2018 in Shared River Basins Author(s): Leb, Henshaw, Iqbal, Rehberger Bescos | Focus: Water Security and Integrated Resource Management Christina Leb Tools for Enhancing Transboundary Basin Management Taylor Henshaw Nausheen Iqbal and Irene Rehberger Bescos Leb, Henshaw, Iqbal, Bescos This study identifies an array of tools derived from the international experience that can be used by countries and development partners in their efforts to develop more water secure economies and societies through harnessing the shared freshwater resources of transboundary basins, while also preventing or mitigating transboundary harm that may otherwise result. MAINSTREAMING ENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTS IN URBAN WATER AND WASTEWATER UTILITIES Author(s): Limaye, Welsien | Focus: Financing Addresses some of the major considerations related to implementation and financing of investments in energy efficiency, and highlights past activities and lessons learned. Included are road map for mainstreaming energy efficiency in water sector infrastruc- ture projects and suggested actions by national and local governments, international financial institutions, and senior management of urban water and wastewater utilities for promoting energy efficiency. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 21 Sustainability SANITATION EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL OF CONTAINER BASED SANITATION Author(s): World Bank Container-based sanitation (CBS) approaches have emerged as an alternative service approach for the urban poor. This report builds on four case studies—SOIL in Haiti, x-runner in Peru, Clean Team in Ghana, and Sanergy in Kenya—to assess the role CBS can play in a portfolio of solutions for citywide inclusive sanitation solutions. CASE STUDIES Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WAT E R G L O B A L P R A C T I C E C A S E S T U D Y WAT E R G L O B A L P R A C T I C E C A S E S T U D Y WAT E R G L O B A L P R A C T I C E C A S E S T U D Y Public Disclosure Authorized WAT E R G L O B A L P R A C T I C E C A S E S T U D Y Evaluating the Potential of Evaluating the Potential of Evaluating the Potential of Evaluating the Potential of Container-Based Container-Based Container-Based Container-Based Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Sanitation Sanitation Sanitation Public Disclosure Authorized Sanitation Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized SOIL in Cap-Haitien, Haiti x-runner in Lima, Peru Clean Team in Kumasi, Ghana Sanergy in Nairobi, Kenya SOIL IN CAP-HAITIEN, X-RUNNER IN LIMA, CLEAN TEAM IN SANERGY IN HAITI PERU KUMASI, GHANA NAIROBI, KENYA FAECAL SLUDGE AND SEPTAGE TREATMENT: A GUIDE FOR LOW AND MIDDLE ${protocol}://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449869 - Wednesday, October 24, 2018 2:58:14 AM - IP Address:193.97.170.7 INCOME COUNTRIES Author(s): Tayler | A joint publication of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and The Word Bank This book confronts the urgent need to treat increasing volumes of faecal sludge and septage in the rapidly expanding towns and cities of the global south. It discusses the urban contexts that influence treatment requirements and overall septage treatment processes. HEALTH, SAFETY AND DIGNITY OF SANITATION WORKERS: AN INITIAL ASSESSMENT Upcoming publication | Author(s): World Bank, WaterAid, ILO, WHO Sanitation workers are often invisible and too often subject to conditions that ex- pose them to the worst consequences of poor sanitation: debilitating infections, injuries, social stigma, and even death in their daily work. The most extensive global exploration of the topic to date, this report analyzes the problems; explores good practices; and challenges us, countries, and development partners to act so that we can improve the health, safety, and dignity of sanitation workers. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 22 2016-2019 Sustainability SANITATION IMPROVING SANITATION IN COLD REGIONS: CATALOG OF TECHNICAL OPTIONS FOR HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL SANITATION Author(s): Leblanc, Reed, Kingdom, Gambrill, Rodriguez | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation The objective of this catalog is to identify suitable technological options for delivering sustainable improved sanitation in cold regions where the population is not served by piped water supply and sewer networks. SAFELY MANAGED SANITATION IN HIGH-DENSITY RURAL AREAS: TURNING FECAL SLUDGE INTO A RESOURCE THROUGH INNOVATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT Author(s): Verhagen, Scott | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation This report explores the challenges of fecal sludge management (FSM) in densely populated rural areas and presents some typical current practices, examples of financially sustainable FSM services, and global innovations in waste management with potential replicability for FSM. Its aim is to promote dialogue on how to move from just building toilets to maintaining safely managed sanitation systems. SHARED AND PUBLIC TOILETS: CHAMPIONING DELIVERY MODELS THAT WORK Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): Cardone, Schrecongost, Gilsdorf | Focus: Water Supply and Public Disclosure Authorized shared Sanitation and public Public Disclosure Authorized toilets CHAMPIONING DELIVERY MODELS THAT WORK Offers guidance on how to design and implement shared, communal, and public Rachel Cardone Alyse Schrecongost toilets, with a focus on operation and management models that support long- Public Disclosure Authorized Rebecca Gilsdorf term service provision. The document provides recommendations for service providers (whether public or private sector entities) and service authorities (i.e., regulators of service providers). KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 23 Sustainability A BRIEF SUMMARY OF GLOBAL WASH INTERVENTIONS: WHAT WORKS AND WHAT Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE KNOWLEDGE BRIEF A Brief Summary of Global WASH Interventions DOESN’T Public Disclosure Authorized What Works and What Doesn’t Author(s): Andres, Borja-Vega, Fenwick, Gomez-Suarez, De Jesus Filho Luis Andres (Lead Economist, GWADR), Christian Borja-Vega (Economist, GWASP), Crystal Fenwick (Consultant, GWASP), Ronald Gomez-Suarez (Economist, GHNDR) and Jaime de Jesus Filho (Consultant, GWASP) Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation MAY 2018 Public Disclosure Authorized WASH practitioners and decision-makers lack evidence on the wider health and social effects of WASH interventions needed to create a paradigm shift in the sector. A global overview and meta-analysis on the effects of different WASH interventions on different health and socioeconomic outcomes was undertaken. The results of this analysis show that evaluations of WASH interventions continue to focus predominantly on reducing diarrheal disease and there is a strong need for larger, more rigorously designed studies covering a broader scope The results of a global overview and meta-analysis on the effects of different of outcome effects. Similarly, there is a need for greater geographical representation and finally, well-trained implementing agencies to achieve the desired results. Background The purpose of this study was two-fold: WASH interventions on different health and socioeconomic outcomes show that The effects of water supply, sanitation and hygiene (1) to collate existing evidence on global Public Disclosure Authorized (WASH) interventions on the reduction of diarrheal WASH interventions into a single, publicly disease in children have been thoroughly documented, available repository and (2) to quantify the however, evidence evaluating the effects of WASH effectiveness of a broad range of WASH interventions on other outcomes of health and well- interventions on an array of outcomes evaluations of WASH interventions need larger, more rigorously designed studies being, such as school attendance and growth, is sparse. through a quantitative meta-analysis of WASH interventions, and consequently the studies impact evaluation (IE) studies. designed to evaluate their effectiveness, have similarly 1 covering a broader scope of outcome effects. ATLAS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Author(s): World Bank The Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 is a visual guide to the trends, challenges and measurement issues related to each of the 17 Sustainable Develop- ment Goals. GOVERNANCE IN IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE: CONCEPTS, CASES, AND ACTION-ORIENTED APPROACHES—A PRACTITIONER’S RESOURCE Upcoming Publication | Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water in Agriculture Written by practitioners for practitioners, the book is aimed at task team leaders and team members who are involved in irrigation and drainage investment projects. The central message of this resource book is that functions, processes, and related capabilities must be the priority focus of all irrigation institutional interventions. INNOVATIONS IN WASH IMPACT MEASURES: WATER AND SANITATION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES TO INFORM THE SUSTAINABLE Innovations in WASH Impact Measures DEVELOPMENT GOALS Author(s): Thomas, Andrés, Borja-Vega, Sturzenegger | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation DIREC TIONS IN DE VELOPMENT Infrastructure Thomas, Andrés, Borja-Vega, and Sturzenegger Innovations in WASH Impact Measures Water and Sanitation Measurement This report reviews the landscape of proven and emerging technologies, methods, and approaches that can support and improve on the WASH indicators proposed Technologies and Practices to Inform the Sustainable Development Goals for SDG target 6.1 on safe and affordable drinking water and sanitation and hygiene Evan Thomas, Luis Alberto Andrés, Christian Borja-Vega, and Germán Sturzenegger, Editors for all. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 24 2016-2019 Sustainability MAINSTREAMING THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING DATA AND APPLICATIONS IN OPERATIONAL CONTEXTS Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water Security and Integrated Resource Management Insights from a range of innovative remote sensing applications developed within the Remote Sensing Initiative are presented with the goal of helping to address specific water resources management challenges. Technical staff in national water agencies, project leads from development and financing institutions, and water practitioners in general will find this report useful. NEW AVENUES FOR REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT: A RANGE OF APPLICATIONS AND THE LESSONS LEARNED FROM IMPLEMENTATION  Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water Security and Integrated Resource Management A range of remote sensing applications to support water resources management and decision-making are presented, and implementation approaches and their sustain- ability going forward are discussed. This report is addressed to water practitioners in general, technical staff in national water agencies, and project leads from develop- ment and financing institutions. NUTRITION-SENSITIVE IRRIGATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT Author(s): Bryan, Chase, Schulte | Focus: Water in Agriculture Drawing on the current body of evidence on the links between irrigation, water management, and nutrition through the pathways of production, income, women’s empowerment, and water and hygiene, the report describes eight nutrition-sensitive approaches for achieving greater impacts on early child nutrition. NUTRITION-SENSITIVE WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation Summarizes evidence and guidance on project design and results framework indicators for nutrition-sensitive WASH operations and components of other sector and sub- sector projects, including social protection, health, disaster risk management, and irrigation. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 25 Sustainability SOLAR WATER PUMPING FOR SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY KNOWLEDGE BASE Author(s): Welsien | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation To increase the availability of knowledge on solar water pumping, the World Bank has developed an easily searchable online knowledge base. It contains more than 260 resources from around the world including projects, advocacy and research doc- uments, literature reviews, and videos covering a broad range of issues from techno- logical change to institutional setup. WATER AND NUTRITION: A FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION Author(s): Chase, Bahuguna, Chen, Haque, Schulte Focus: Water in Agriculture An integrated water and nutrition framework to aid in understanding the various ways that water impacts early child nutrition is presented, drawing on the three dimensions of water security: water quantity, adequate supply of water resources; water quality, water that is free of contamination; and water accessibility, reliable availability to all people, economies, and ecosystems.  THE ESF AND THE SAFETY OF DAMS AND DOWNSTREAM COMMUNITIES Upcoming Publication | Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Dam Safety This technical guidance note is the first in a series relating to the Safety of Dams and Downstream Communities and is intended to guide teams in implementation of the Environmental and Social Framework. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 26 2016-2019 Sustainability RWSS SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENTS WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF RURAL WATER SERVICE Sustainability Assessment of Rural Water Service Delivery Models DELIVERY MODELS: FINDINGS OF A MULTI-COUNTRY REVIEW Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation Sustainability Assessment of Rural Water Service Delivery Models This multi-country study identifies key challenges, good practices AUGUST 2017 Findings of a Multi-Country and policy directions to help build sector capacity and strengthen Review service delivery models for rural areas. It covers five building blocks of sustainability for rural water service delivery including institutional capacity, financing, asset management, water resources manage- ment, and monitoring and regulation. Country reports are available for: Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil, China, Ethiopia, Ghana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Kyrgyz Republic, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, The Philip- pines, Tanzania, and Vietnam. WASTEWATER: FROM WASTE TO RESOURCE A set of case studies was prepared as part of the World Bank’s Water Global Practice initiative “Waste­ water. Shifting Paradigms: From Waste to Resource” to document existing experiences in the water sector on the topic. The case studies highlight innovative financing and contractual arrangements, innovative regulations and legislation, and innovative project designs that promote integrated planning and resource recovery and enhance the financial and environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment plants. Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Wastewater: From Waste Wastewater: From Waste Wastewater: From Waste to Resource to Resource to Resource Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The Case of Atotonilco de Tula, Mexico The Case of New Cairo, Egypt The Case of PRODES, Brazil Successful PPP to Increase Wastewater PHOTO 1. New Cairo Wastewater Treatment Plant Coverage and Foster Wastewater Reuse Reuse of Treated Wastewater for PHOTO 1. Aerial View of Atotonilco Waste Water Context Output-based financing in Brazil to The Brazilian federal government sought to increase Agriculture, Energy Generation, and Treatment Plant increase wastewater coverage and water quality in key river basins. Since earlier efforts The Arab Republic of Egypt is a water-scarce country. Transfer of Value to Stakeholders in improve water quality Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized to provide input subsidies were failing, the govern- Most of the country is desert, with the exception of the the Valley of Mexico ment decided to instead try to provide output-based corridor of urban development along the Nile River Context Context and Mediterranean Sea. Population growth in Egypt’s grants tied to strict environmental and managerial Water supply and sanitation is the responsibility of The Valley of Mexico metropolitan area (Zona performance standards set by regional management main urban areas prompted the Government of Egypt municipalities in Brazil. Some municipalities provide Metropolitana del Valle de México [ZMVM]) is the committees. (GoE) to encourage the growth of new urban centers to services through public operation, while others out- country’s financial, political, and cultural epicenter. alleviate overcrowding and pressure. Out of necessity, source to private operation. Many of the municipalities The ZMVM is the OECD’s third largest metro area and these new centers were located further away from the Source: Aqualia. receive funding for these projects from the central gov- the world’s largest metro area outside Asia (OECD, Nile River. The harsh environmental conditions of the ernment through loans from national or international this population growth and its pressure on water sup- 2015). It is composed of over 50 municipalities and is location, combined with the low level of infrastructure institutions. Before 2001, the central government pro- CHALLENGE ply; as a result, sanitation and untreated wastewa- home to the federal government in Mexico City. Nearly present in these areas, have created a potential barrier vided funding for sanitation projects through input • Underinvestment, utility inefficiency, and poor management in ter was being discharged directly into the river. The 20 million people live in this area and in the last decade to successful establishment of the new cities. One ave- subsidies to both private and public entities. These the sanitation sector created unacceptable water pollution in Egyptian government also faced pressure to reduce rivers the population has grown at an average of 1.2 percent Source: Acciona. nue to address these concerns is the rationalization of input subsidies aimed to pay for part of the costs of its public expenditures on infrastructure projects. To Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized • Increase investment in WWTPs per year. water use in the new cities, such as by recycling waste- establishing and maintaining wastewater treatment increase wastewater coverage and efficiency of water • Stimulate use of regional resource management instruments water for use as irrigation for agriculture. plants (WWTPs). However, these input subsidies were Currently, only about 6 percent of wastewater gen- and a  source of reliable income for about 60,000 use and reduce public cost of the development of such as river basin committees failing to improve sanitation services at acceptable erated in the area is treated. For the past 80 years, families. Local farmers value wastewater (whether The city of New Cairo was one of the newly planned infrastructure, the GoE sought to build a new waste- OBJECTIVE levels. Brazil was facing issues with underinvestment most of the wastewater produced in the ZMVM has raw, partially treated, or mixed with rainfall) for its urban areas. New Cairo was expected to grow from a water treatment facility involving the private sec- Reduce the level of contamination of watersheds by untreated in infrastructure and utility inefficiency due to weak been sent to the Tula Valley (also known as Mezquital ability to improve soil quality. However, the waste- population of 550,000 to approximately 4 million by tor. The facility would treat wastewater to be used in wastewaters and motivate integrated water resource management in the sanitation sector. As a result of the management systems and programs by creating and empowering Valley)—a region located in the state of Hidalgo— water contains pathogenic organisms and toxic 2026. The existing infrastructure could not support agriculture and drainage to the Nile River. These uses issues in the sanitation sector, key river basins were watershed regulatory bodies and introducing charges for water without treatment, and has been used by farmers chemicals constituting a health risk for farmers and use and water resource management plan overly polluted. for irrigation. Given the large amounts of wastewa- consumers of agricultural products. To manage the ter and storm water available, what used to be an health risks, there is a crop restriction policy for arid landscape transformed into a highly  produc- reuse of the untreated wastewater: the wastewater tive irrigation district of more than 80,000 hectares can be used only for certain crops that will not be 1 1 1 THE CASE OF ATOTONILCO THE CASE OF NEW CAIRO, THE CASE OF PRODES, DE TULA, MEXICO EGYPT BRAZIL KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 27 REGIONAL AFRICA WASH POOR IN A WATER-RICH COUNTRY: A DIAGNOSTIC OF WATER, SANITATION, Public Disclosure Authorized WASH Poor in a Water-Rich Country WASH Poor in a Water-Rich Country HYGIENE, AND POVERTY IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO A Diagnostic of Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Public Disclosure Authorized Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AVAILABLE IN FRENCH A Diagnostic of Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): World Bank | Country: Democratic Republic of Congo This diagnostic analyses trends and links them to institutional weaknesses in the Public Disclosure Authorized WASH sector, in particular institutional fragmentation, weak capacity, and a bias toward specific institutions and services. Opportunities for improvement are analyzed and condensed into six clear messages that provide guidance on the way forward for the WASH sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo. MAINTAINING THE MOMENTUM WHILE ADDRESSING SERVICE QUALITY AND Public Disclosure Authorized EQUITY: A DIAGNOSTIC OF WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, HYGIENE, AND POVERTY IN SERIES Maintaining the Momentum while Maintaining the Momentum while Addressing Service Quality and Equity Addressing Service Quality and Equity ETHIOPIA A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, Public Disclosure Authorized Hygiene, and Poverty in Ethiopia ETHIOPIA Author(s): World Bank | Focus: Water Supply and Sanitation | Country: Ethiopia Public Disclosure Authorized The Ethiopia WASH Poverty Diagnostic reviews the current status of access to water Public Disclosure Authorized supply, sanitation, and hygiene services and investigates both service quality and inequalities in service provision. The analysis also aims to identify reasons for gaps in service delivery and offer recommendations for moving Ethiopia’s WASH sector forward to achieve the SDGs. HEALTH IMPACT AND EFFECTIVENESS OF DISTRIBUTION MODELS FOR PLASTIC Public Disclosure Authorized water global Practice knowledge brief Health Impact and Effectiveness of Distribution LATRINE SLABS IN KENYA Models for Plastic Latrine Public Disclosure Authorized Slabs in Kenya Author(s): World Bank | Country: Kenya Public Disclosure Authorized Background and Context Lack of sanitation is a huge development challenge in Explains distribution and financing mechanisms for reaching households as well as Kenya, but also a potentially sizeable market oppor- tunity. The country benefits from good market infra- structure and strong local entrepreneurship, as well as a Government that is supportive and experienced with public-private collaboration. These factors lay the health impact and the effectiveness of plastic latrine slabs. the necessary groundwork to catalyze Kenya’s con- sumer market for sanitation. The World Bank and IFCs “Selling Sanitation” project worked with large plastics manufacturing firms in Nai- Plastic latrine slab with cover Public Disclosure Authorized Source: International Finance Corporation. robi to design, test, and support market development and distribution of a range of plastic latrine slabs. The products were designed from the consumer’s perspec- An impact evaluation was designed to learn whether tive using the Human-Centred Design approach and priced well below the cost of the prevailing concrete 1. niche distribution and financing mechanisms for slab. Durable plastic slabs are easy to clean, cheap to the plastic latrine slabs are effective for reaching transport, and incorporate design features such as a base-of-the-pyramid (BOP) households; and foot-operated cover to keep flies out and odors in. The 2. use of plastic slabs leads to health impacts in chil- innovation has the potential to move millions of poor dren under five. households in Kenya “up the sanitation ladder” and derive the health benefits of improved sanitation for This brief summarizes baseline findings from the impact marginal additional cost. evaluation survey and progress of the interventions. 1 KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 28 2016-2019 Africa LESOTHO WEAP MANUAL Public Disclosure Authorized Water Global Practice Author(s): Wishart, Emenanjo | Country: Lesotho Public Disclosure Authorized This Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system provides an integrated approach Public Disclosure Authorized by linking hydrologic processes, system operations and end-use within a single analytical platform. Public Disclosure Authorized Lesotho WEAP Manual m A FINDINGS OF THE MOZAMBIQUE WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE Public Disclosure Authorized Findings of the Mozambique POVERTY DIAGNOSTIC Water Supply, Sanitation, and Findings of the Mozambique Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic Public Disclosure Authorized Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic Author(s): World Bank | Country: Mozambique MOZAMBIQUE Public Disclosure Authorized The information presented in this comprehensive report explores water supply service quality, affordability and availability and offers conceptual framework and institutional diagnostic applied to the rural water sector, where services have been lagging behind Public Disclosure Authorized in terms of coverage over the past decades. SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE WASH STATISTICS IN MOZAMBIQUE’S SURVEY DATA Public Disclosure Authorized Suggestions to Improve WASH Statistics in TECHNICAL Mozambique’s Survey Data NOTE Author(s): World Bank | Country: Mozambique September 2017 Public Disclosure Authorized HIGHLIGHTS OF STUDY FINDINGS In the calculation of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicators for Mozambique’s population is Mozambique, all nationally representative surveys that were carried out between experiencing demographic the mid-1990s to date were considered. The analysis follows closely the guidelines transformations characterized by from the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation to urban expansion and changes in assess access to improved water or sanitation sources and whether there is the distribution of rural and urban additional information to calculate Access Plus1 indicators. populations. The poor are mainly concentrated in rural areas, in Of all available surveys in Mozambique, only the household budget surveys (HBS) the provinces of Nampula and and the demographic and health surveys (DHS) provide comparable definitions Zambezia, but rural areas have Expounding on data gaps in the current Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indica- across time to calculate detailed categories of access to improved water or shown little progress in improved sanitation services. The analysis to answer Core Questions2 1 to 3 relies on these water supply coverage. surveys but the information to construct even the basic indicators of access to Lack of access to WASH Public Disclosure Authorized improved water or sanitation services is limited. The main information limitation is significantly contributes to maternal that some questionnaires do not distinguish between improved and unimproved health risks, time-poverty, and latrines or between protected and unprotected wells. Without the distinction, it is undernutrition. Reducing distance not possible to determine directly whether households using latrines or wells were to water supply and sanitation tors, this note proposes concrete changes to improve water supply, sanitation, and improved sources or not. These limitations are confined to surveys from 2003 and facilities and improving quality of services benefit the poor by before. The information from these surveys is used sparingly to provide longer lowering the likelihood of disease time trends of piped water access and use of open defecation. The information and by freeing up time for in  the Census 2007 is also limited but it is adequate for the production of a productive activities and education. detailed profile of inequality of access at the subnational level and to define the bottom 40 percent of the population using a wealth index. Mozambique has not fully hygiene (WASH) statistics in Mozambique. updated and properly enforced its standards and principles governing Across data sources, wealth is used to define the bottom 40 percent using a the quality and reliability of water standardized wealth index. Wealth was preferred to consumption because the supply and sanitation services, consumption data for the most recent household budget survey (Inquérito de which pose additional challenges Orçamentos Familiares, 2014/15) was not ready at the time of the analysis in achieving the SDGs for WASH. Public Disclosure Authorized and  because the use of a wealth index allows the bottom 40 percent to be defined in the DHS-type surveys and the census. The annex in the main report Ongoing governance reforms must focus on sectors’ performance describes the methodology followed to calculate the wealth index and provides a to overcome service delivery section with the frequency of classification errors into bottom 40 percent groups inefficiencies and improve overall when using consumption or wealth information. The classification into the bottom management of water supply 40 percent coincides for  over  70 percent of the observations using either the and sanitation services. WASH subsectors need to be understood separately only in terms of their budgetary planning, allocations, 1. The Access Plus framework considers besides access other aspects of water supply and sanitation services such as quality, affordability, accountability, and availability in the creation of indicators that can monitor the and managing expenditures. sustainable development goal (SDG) that calls on the global community to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.” 2. The Poverty Diagnostic for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Mozambique aims to answer four Core Questions (CQ). The questions are: (CQ1) Who are the bottom 40 percent in terms of national income or wealth distribution, and where in the country do they live?; (CQ2) What is the level and quality of water supply and sanitation services experienced by the bottom 40 percent and absolute poor, as compared to the top 60 percent and non-poor?; (CQ3) What are the linkages and synergies between water and sanitation services, and other sectors?; (CQ4) What are the water and sanitation service delivery constraints to, as well as potential solutions for, improving services to the bottom 40. A DESTINY SHAPED BY WATER: A DIAGNOSTIC OF WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND A Destiny Shaped by Water: A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Poverty in Niger HYGIENE (WASH) AND POVERTY IN NIGER SERIES A Destiny Shaped by Water A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Poverty in Niger ALSO AVAILABLE IN FRENCH NIGER Author(s): World Bank | Country: Niger The WASH Poverty Diagnostic Initiative captures and analyzes data from 17 countries to present evidence on inequalities in access to WASH services, examine the impact of unequal service on the poor, and explore why service delivery continues to be inadequate and inefficient in much of the world. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 29 Africa A WAKE UP CALL: NIGERIA WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE POVERTY A Wake Up Call Nigeria Water Supply, Sanitation, DIAGNOSTIC and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic NIGERIA Author(s): World Bank | Country: Nigeria This report offers an overview of the state of WASH services in the country. It draws from a number of national data sources, desk reviews, and original research to analyze service delivery in the country and assess the sector’s performance. It offers an overview of poverty in Nigeria, considers the relationship between poverty and WASH, explores demographic patterns influencing access to WASH, and analyzes the relationship between WASH and child health outcomes. MODELING THE WATER-ENERGY NEXUS: HOW DO WATER CONSTRAINTS AFFECT Modeling the Water-Energy Nexus: How Do Water Constraints Affect Energy Planning in South Africa? ENERGY PLANNING IN SOUTH AFRICA? Modeling the Water-Energy Author(s): World Bank | Country: South Africa Nexus How Do Water Constraints Affect Energy Planning in Focuses on incorporating a representation of water supply and infrastructure costs South Africa? into an energy systems model (SATIM-W) to better reflect the interdependent nature of the energy-water nexus in South Africa and the water supply challenges facing the energy system. REVIEWING NATIONAL SANITATION TO REACH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE GOALS: UGANDA SANITATION DIAGNOSTIC STUDY REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized Reviewing National Sanitation to MAY 2018 Reach Sustainable Development Goals Author(s): Gibson, Eales, Nsubuga-Mugga | Country: Uganda Public Disclosure Authorized Jim Gibson, Kathy Eales, and Chris Nsubuga-Mugga Uganda Sanitation Diagnostic Study Report This study makes a comprehensive review of the state of household and institution- al sanitation in rural and urban areas, and also assesses the barriers and drivers of Public Disclosure Authorized improvement of sanitation in the country. It defines possible measures to reach the national objectives of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. REACHING FOR THE SDGS: THE UNTAPPED POTENTIAL OF TANZANIA’S WATER SUPPLY, Reaching for the SDGs The Untapped Potential of Tanzania’s Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Sector SANITATION, AND HYGIENE SECTOR Executive Summary TANZANIA Author(s): World Bank | Country: Tanzania The Tanzania WASH Poverty Diagnostic aims to address four key questions around who and where are the poor, how their poverty overlaps with a lack of improved WASH access, the linkages between poor WASH and sectors such as health and education, and identifying the institutional constraints to improving WASH access for all. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 30 2016-2019 Africa CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN WATER CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN WATER SNAPSHOTS: ZAMBIA - KALINGALINGA Public Disclosure Authorized SNAPSHOTS ZAMBIA Kalingalinga Sanitation SANITATION PROJECT, LUSAKA Project, Lusaka Public Disclosure Authorized LWSC engineer conducting a community meeting to discuss connections CONTEXT In rapidly urbanizing Lusaka, infrastructure and services are lagging far behind growing new demand. This requires Author(s): World Bank | Country: Zambia innovation and exploring new approaches from the Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) and its Public Disclosure Authorized stakeholders, such as an innovative Condominial Sewerage pilot launched in the Kalingalinga area. Condominial sewerage is an application of simplified sewerage coupled with targeted community engagement and ongoing Highlights lessons from citizen-focused sanitation marketing and hygiene promotion interactions between users and agencies during planning and implementation. Funded by the Zambian Government and supported by World Bank technical assistance1, it aimed at learning lessons on citizen-focused sanitation marketing and hygiene promotion to inform peri-urban services across the city. The project’s achievements and challenges both offer important lessons on citizen engagement. INTRODUCING CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT to inform and improve peri-urban services in Lusaka. From the onset, the LWSC engaged the local community in Kalingalinga. They started in the preparatory stages with a stakeholders’ workshop, then an official launch, and several consultative and sensitization meetings as the project progressed. At the first planning meeting the utility agreed with the community to utilize locally available resources wherever possible, such as recruiting and training thirty youths for research and to collect data for the baseline survey, and the contractor recruiting unskilled local workers to help with construction. Public Disclosure Authorized The point of entry for citizen engagement was the Ward Development Committee (WDC), set up by the Lusaka City Council to facilitate development projects. Early on, the WDC helped LWSC establish a task force of local residents from various zones in the project area, which the company used whenever an activity required citizen engagement, such as in negotiating with affected landlords the way of passage for construction of the network. This secured acceptance of the project early on, as that the contractor did not face land disputes, and no household along the entire sewer line refused to allow excavation. Construction works were executed within the scheduled time. However, the process of connecting people to the sewer network slowed down due to shortcomings in engaging citizens. Residents were able to request connections at a local zonal office; however, LWSC the customer services team was not prepared in handling the registration process, with staff at the counters not fully oriented to deal with people who have not been used to open such accounts. Later, LWSC created clusters2 of households along the network and asked communities to appoint cluster leaders to facilitate citizen engagement on getting more households connected, but this community focus was not quite the same as one targeting specific households as customers, which continued to slow down the uptake. Connecting regained some momentum when cluster leaders were asked to recruit households within their cluster to get connected, bringing almost 50% of the targeted new 1 Managed by the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) 2 Zoning of households based on localized sewer network coverage WAT E R G L O B A L P R A C T I C E APPLICATION OF THE HYDROPOWER SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL Application of the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol IN THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN in the Zambezi River Basin Author(s): World Bank | Country: Multi-Country The Zambezi River Basin project used the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol, an evaluation tool to measure the performance of individual hydropower O orgulho de Moçambique projects and build capacity of sustainable hydropower in the region. SKU W18034 07/12/18 4:52 PM BATOKA GORGE HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME: A MACROECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE PUBLIC INVESTMENT OPTIONS Public Disclosure Authorized Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Scheme A Macroeconomic Assessment of Public Investment Options (MAPIO) Author(s): World Bank | Country: Multi-Country Public Disclosure Authorized The Macroeconomic Assessment of Public Investment Options (MAPIO) model was applied to the Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Scheme to demonstrate the benefits of a relatively simple, cost-effective, and robust framework to facilitate the assessment Public Disclosure Authorized of the macroeconomic implications of large infrastructure projects and enhance the capacity for management of public investment decisions. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 31 Africa HYDROPOWER SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol is a multi-stakeholder tool that evaluates the perfor- mance of hydropower projects against globally-applicable sustainability criteria for basic good practice and proven best practice. Country: Multi-Country Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol: Batoka Gorge Hydro-Electric Scheme Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol: Cahora Bassa North Bank Hydropower Project Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol: Itezhi-tezhi Hydropower Project Cahora Bassa North Bank Batoka Gorge Itezhi-Tezhi Hydro-Electric Scheme Hydropower Project Hydropower Project Zambezi River Authority Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa A TATA POWER/ZESCO Joint Venture Company Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Zambezi River Basin Zambezi River Basin Introduction Zambezi River Basin Introduction The hydropower resources of the Zambezi River Basin are central to Introduction sustaining economic development and prosperity across southern Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The hydropower resources of the Zambezi River Basin are central to The hydropower resources of the Zambezi River Basin are central to Africa. sustaining economic development and prosperity across southern sustaining economic development and prosperity across southern Africa. The combined GDP among the riparian states is estimated at over Africa. US$100 billion. With recognition of the importance of shared The combined GDP among the riparian states is estimated at over The combined GDP among the riparian states is estimated at over prosperity and increasing commitments toward regional integration, US$100 billion. With recognition of the importance of shared US$100 billion. With recognition of the importance of shared there is significant potential for collective development of the prosperity and increasing commitments toward regional integration, prosperity and increasing commitments toward regional integration, region’s rich natural endowments. Despite this increasing prosperity, there is significant potential for collective development of the there is significant potential for collective development of the region’s rich natural endowments. Despite this increasing prosperity, Contents however, poverty is persistent across the basin and coefficients of inequality for some of the riparian states are among the highest in region’s rich natural endowments. Despite this increasing prosperity, however, poverty is persistent across the basin and coefficients of inequality for some of the riparian states are among the highest in Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 the world. Contents however, poverty is persistent across the basin and coefficients of inequality for some of the riparian states are among the highest in Contents the world. The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol ......................... 4 Reflecting the dual nature of the regional economy, new investments Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 the world. Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 The Project ............................................................................................ 3 in large infrastructure co-exist alongside a parallel, subsistence The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol ......................... 4 Reflecting the dual nature of the regional economy, new investments Reflecting the dual nature of the regional economy, new investments economy that is reliant upon environmental services provided by the The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol ......................... 4 in large infrastructure co-exist alongside a parallel, subsistence The Process ........................................................................................... 8 The Project ............................................................................................ 1 in large infrastructure co-exist alongside a parallel, subsistence river. Appropriate measures are therefore needed to balance these economy that is reliant upon environmental services provided by the Action Planning for Improved Sustainability ........................................ 9 economy that is reliant upon environmental services provided by the The Project ............................................................................................ 7 mutual dependencies among different users within a sustainable The Process ........................................................................................... 8 river. Appropriate measures are therefore needed to balance these river. Appropriate measures are therefore needed to balance these Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Key Lessons Learned and Future Use of the Protocol ....................... 10 guiding framework. Action Planning for Improved Sustainability ........................................ 8 The Process ........................................................................................... 8 mutual dependencies among different users within a sustainable mutual dependencies among different users within a sustainable guiding framework. The Basin has close to 5,000 MW of installed hydropower generation Key Lessons Learned and Future Use of the Protocol ....................... 11 guiding framework. Action Planning for Improved Sustainability ...................................... 10 capacity, with the potential approaching 15,000 MW. Development Key Lessons Learned and Future Use of the Protocol ....................... 11 The Basin has close to 5,000 MW of installed hydropower generation The Basin has close to 5,000 MW of installed hydropower generation of the hydropower sector according to the generation plan of the capacity, with the potential approaching 15,000 MW. Development capacity, with the potential approaching 15,000 MW. Development Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP) would include some 53 projects, of the hydropower sector according to the generation plan of the of the hydropower sector according to the generation plan of the over more than 15 years. If the full hydropower potential in the Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP) would include some 53 projects, Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP) would include some 53 projects, Zambezi River Basin was developed this would have the potential to In partnership: over more than 15 years. If the full hydropower potential in the over more than 15 years. If the full hydropower potential in the double the production of firm energy from 22,776 to around 43,000 Zambezi River Basin was developed this would have the potential to Zambezi River Basin was developed this would have the potential to In partnership: In partnership: GWh/year. Average energy production would also double from double the production of firm energy from 22,776 to around 43,000 double the production of firm energy from 22,776 to around 43,000 30,000 to around 60,000 GWh/year due to the extension of existing GWh/year. Average energy production would also double from GWh/year. Average energy production would also double from facilities and the addition of new infrastructure. This is sufficient to 30,000 to around 60,000 GWh/year due to the extension of existing 30,000 to around 60,000 GWh/year due to the extension of existing meet all or most of the estimated 48,000 GWh/year demand of the facilities and the addition of new infrastructure. This is sufficient to facilities and the addition of new infrastructure. This is sufficient to riparian states. meet all or most of the estimated 48,000 GWh/year demand of the meet all or most of the estimated 48,000 GWh/year demand of the riparian states. riparian states. MBEZI ZAMBEZI 1 1 1 ZAMBEZI BATOKA GORGE CAHORA BASSA NORTH ITEZHI-TEZHI HYDRO-ELECTRIC SCHEME BANK HYDROPOWER HYDROPOWER PROJECT PROJECT BRINGING CITIZEN VOICES TO NILE BASIN DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized REGION: Nile Basin COUNTRIES: Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Sudan, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda FOCUS: Author(s): World Bank | Country: Multi-Country Connecting regional, national, and community-level stakeholders for Public Disclosure Authorized improved development planning and equitable benefit sharing RESULTS Strong stakeholder engagement in development planning empowers women, boosts cooperation, and builds climate resilience in a basin at risk of increasing Over 500 civil society organizations are helping to strengthen the voice of communities water variability. ©Arne Hoel • Through civil society organizations, community leaders, elders, and coalitions, the Nile Basin Discourse (NBD) mapped out linkages between BRINGING CITIZEN communities and national and regional players in Public Disclosure Authorized Nile Basin development. This stakeholder map in the development of Nile Basin resources. enables project designers to communicate VOICES TO NILE with the different types of resource users, and to manage or resolve conflict. This ensures that benefits reach communities, particularly women BASIN DEVELOPMENT • and vulnerable people. The NBD trained 286 men and 136 women across 10 Nile countries on ways to manage climate risks. With improved understanding of changing The Nile River system is a vital economic lifeline across East Africa. Over temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, floods, and 200 million people live in the basin of the world’s longest river that stretches droughts, communities are better equipped 6,695km. To ensure people’s needs and risks are jointly addressed and to initiate adaptive actions and inform larger that benefits reach the most vulnerable, it is critical to connect national and scale development projects about their climate- regional actors that direct the management and development of the river with related needs. the communities that depend on the river for food, energy, transport, and livelihoods. Yet in practical terms, weak institutional contexts and challenging Public Disclosure Authorized • A close working partnership between the Nile Basin political environments eclipse the participation of grassroots stakeholders in Initiative (NBI) and the NBD facilitated an iterative activities and decisions that most directly impact them. design process for the $470 million Rusumo Falls Hydropower Project, informing the investment’s The Nile Basin Discourse (NBD), an umbrella group for over 500 civil society technical design and resulting in benefit-sharing organizations across the Nile Basin, is working to increase the influence of arrangements among Rwanda, Burundi, and community voices in the management of Nile waters. With CIWA support, Tanzania. The community consultations process the NBD is taking key steps to enhance the voice of communities in the addressed the needs of the most vulnerable people development of Nile Basin resources. First, the NBD is strengthening its and minimized negative impacts, reducing the ability to engage communities and stakeholders by mapping out its network, required resettlement from tens of thousands to just clarifying appropriate channels for communication, and adopting technology over 500 people. to expand its outreach. Also, it is strengthening operational relationships with regional development organizations (such as the Nile Basin Initiative and the • The NBD’s partnerships with governments and Intergovernmental Authority on Development), disseminating information regional development organizations is ensuring from these organizations to its member network, and facilitating stakeholder that social concerns shape water, power, and consultations for development projects. Further, the NBD is building capacity commodity investments. For example, NBD-led of civil society organizations across the basin and helping horizontal engagement influenced the $3.4 million Baro- networking among these organizations to enable those working on similar Akobo-Sobat Multipurpose Project in Ethiopia and themes in different parts of the basin to link with one another. Sudan – financed largely by the African Development Bank – to emphasize ecosystem health and cut poverty through post-conflict rehabilitation. July 2016 COOPERATION FOR DAM SAFETY IN THE EASTERN NILE Public Disclosure Authorized REGION: Nile Basin COUNTRIES: Egypt, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan FOCUS: Environmentally and socially sustainable infrastructure Author(s): World Bank | Country: Multi-Country Public Disclosure Authorized RESULTS CIWA-supported capacity building activities, tools, and regulatory guidelines have helped improve dam planning and operational safety in the Eastern Nile Region, which covers the Blue Nile (Abbay), Atbara (Tekezze), Baro, Akobo-Sobat, and main- Nile rivers. Explains how new national dam safety units are helping countries establish national • At a series of seven dam-safety workshops, 195 dam operators, regulators, government ©Paul Snook/GoogleMaps officials, academics, and civil groups were trained. The result: decision-makers can better COOPERATION FOR integrate risk management into planning, Public Disclosure Authorized construction, and operation of dams as well as in emergency preparedness planning. and regional safety norms. DAM SAFETY IN More timely and informed decisions can boost infrastructure sustainability and reduce catastrophe threats in an area where almost THE EASTERN NILE two-thirds of the four countries’ 240 million residents live. • A dam safety training module developed for Eastern Nile universities to train technical personnel continues to build long-term Dams provide critical services such as flood protection, irrigation, hydropower professional dam safety capacity in the region. generation, and water supply for 156 million people in the Eastern Nile sub-basin spanning Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan and South Sudan. Thirty • Dam safety policy guidelines were transboundary dams operate in the region – including Roseires in Sudan, developed to enhance existing dam planning Aswan in Egypt, and many smaller dams no higher than 15 meters – with a and operation. Social, environmental, and combined storage capacity of 210 billion cubic meters. More, including on the evolving economic considerations in these mighty Blue Nile, are being built. Attention to dam safety is critical: issues with Public Disclosure Authorized guidelines improve the productive lifetime and design or inadequate monitoring and maintenance could increase the risk of sustainability of dams. Flexibility in design dam failure, which could have significant flood consequences and affect river options and operating rules helps ensure that bank settlements, fisheries, power generation, agriculture, the environment, the guidelines’ safety recommendations are and the regional economy overall. able to handle more frequent and extreme rains and dry periods due to climate change. Through its dam safety program, the Nile Basin Initiative’s Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO) works with Eastern Nile countries to • Governments of Ethiopia, Sudan, and South build technical capacity and establish national and regional safety norms. Sudan affirmed their commitment to regional Supported by CIWA, the World Bank’s Cooperation in International Waters in dam safety by establishing national dam Africa program, ENTRO is setting up national dam safety units so countries safety units in each country, to implement can standardize dam safety management, safeguarding against such threats the proposed guidelines and ensure that as dam breaches that put at risk a Nile Basin population that may double in neighboring countries coordinate in dam 20-30 years. planning, operation, and maintenance. This is significant; given the large existing and Additionally, the collaboration among countries in the dam safety program upcoming storage structures on the Eastern allowed technicians across the region to discuss technical operational issues Nile rivers, improved dam safety practices can beyond dam safety, further increasing trust among the participating countries. help avert potential disasters in the region. July 2016 KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 32 2016-2019 Africa CIWA COOPERATION IN INTERNATIONAL WATERS IN AFRICA (CIWA): OPPORTUNITIES Public Disclosure Authorized Cooperation in International Waters in Africa: FOR IMPACT - PARTNERSHIP FRAMEWORK Public Disclosure Authorized Opportunities for Impact PARTNERSHIP FRAMEWORK Author(s): CIWA | Country: Multi-Country Public Disclosure Authorized Describes the CIWA Partnership Framework and the current state of transboundary water management and development in Africa. Public Disclosure Authorized Water Global Practice ECONOMIC RATIONALE FOR COOPERATION ON INTERNATIONAL WATERS IN AFRICA: A REVIEW Author(s): Namara, Giordano | Country: Multi-Country Economic Rationale for Cooperation in International Waters in Africa Regassa Ensermu Namara Mark Giordano A Review A review of the challenges to transboundary water cooperation, pathways for over- coming those challenges, and the role of economics in facilitating the discovery of those pathways. Appendixes include case studies on both game theory and hydro- economic analysis in transboundary cooperation for several river basins, including some from Africa. ECONOMYWIDE AND DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS OF WATER RESOURCES Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Economywide and Distributional Impacts of Water Resources Development in the Coast Region of Kenya DEVELOPMENT IN THE COAST REGION OF KENYA: IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER POLICY AND OPERATIONS Public Disclosure Authorized Economywide and Distributional Impacts MAY 2018 of Water Resources Development in the Author(s): Beyene, Namara, Sahoo, Shiferaw, Maisonnave, Saltiel Lulit Beyene, Coast Region of Kenya Public Disclosure Authorized Regassa Namara, Amar Sahoo, Bekele Shiferaw, Country: Multi-Country Hélène Maisonnave, Beyene, Namara, Sahoo, Shiferaw, Maisonnave, and Saltiel and Gustavo Saltiel Implications for Water Policy and Operations Public Disclosure Authorized The main objective of this study was to understand the potential socioeconomic impacts of the multipurpose Mwache Dam investment in the Coast region of Kenya. Inclusive growth is achieved if a portion of the water is allocated to irrigation along with supply for industrial and domestic users. Water Global practice report PERFORMANCE OF WATER UTILITIES IN AFRICA Performance of Water Utilities in Africa ALSO AVAILABLE IN FRENCH Author(s): van den Berg, Danilenko | Country: Multi-Country Performance of Water This report assesses the drivers of utility performance of 120 African utilities in Utilities in Africa Caroline van den Berg and Alexander Danilenko 14 countries utilizing data from the WSP-funded International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) toolkit and database. The analysis covers operational, financial, and customer performance indicators and includes case studies of the best performing utilities. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 33 Africa POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS FOR TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES Public Disclosure Authorized Water Global Practice MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA: PRACTICAL GUIDANCE Public Disclosure Authorized Political Economy Analysis for Transboundary Water Resources Management Author(s): Tront, Ort, Saltiel, Kamkwalala | Country: Multi-Country in Africa Public Disclosure Authorized Practical Guidance Contributes to new ways of thinking and working to achieve better results around preparation and partnerships in international waters. Public Disclosure Authorized PRÉSERVER LES ATOUTS CÔTIERS DE L’AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST (PRESERVING THE WEST AFRICAN COASTAL ASSETS) Author(s): World Bank | Country: Multi-Country Cette infographie du Programme de gestion du littoral ouest Africain (West Africa Coastal Areas Management Program - WACA) présente les chiffres clés permettent de comprendre les atouts et les défis communs aux régions côtières d’Afrique de l’ouest. STRENGTHENING INVESTMENT PLANNING TO BUILD CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN Public Disclosure Authorized REGION: Niger Basin COUNTRIES: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, THE NIGER BASIN Chad, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria FOCUS: Basin-level investment planning, capacity building for investment preparation, and improved Public Disclosure Authorized understanding of climate related financing opportunities RESULTS Author(s): World Bank | Country: Multi-Country • Nine countries in West Africa’s Niger Basin, led by the Niger Basin Authority, prepared a climate resilience-focused, regional investment plan with a prioritized list of urgent actions. CIWA facilitated extensive dialogue and technical ©Dominic Chavez consultations among countries to highlight common interests and evaluate tradeoffs. This STRENGTHENING process enabled collaborative selection of investments that are sustainable and optimized Public Disclosure Authorized at the basin level, generating shared benefits and INVESTMENT minimizing negative consequences. Summarizes innovative approaches in nine countries for developing climate resilience- • A team of experts provided training for PLANNING TO BUILD regional and national officials on investment preparation and packaging with the aim of helping them better understand and articulate their resilience needs towards securing CLIMATE RESILIENCE financing for investments planned along the 4,200-kilometer Niger River. focused regional investment plans. IN THE NIGER BASIN • The plan, endorsed by heads of states of the basin countries at COP21 in Paris, presents many implementation-ready investments to a diversified pool of investors. This Climate change imposes stark challenges for the food-insecure Sahel and demonstration of high-level political cooperation particularly for the Niger Basin’s already highly vulnerable population of 112 Public Disclosure Authorized boosts investor confidence for the inherently million. Six of the nine basin countries are among the world’s least developed, with complex regional projects that are often risky yet high poverty and weak social and economic safety nets. Water is a fundamental offer potentially high rewards. pathway through which climate change is impacting people and environment, making water-related resilience-building interventions a top priority. • The technical and political dialogue continuously undertaken by the Niger Basin countries shows a Because the basin countries share surface and groundwater, a coordinated strong cooperative basis, allowing the countries approach presents significant opportunities to more effectively build resilience to identify shared priorities and collaborate and avoid maladaptation. Recognizing this, the Niger Basin countries, led on regionally beneficial projects. As a result, by the Niger Basin Authority (NBA) and supported by the CIWA program, cooperative management has increased trust the World Bank, and African Development Bank, joined together in 2015 to and reduced risk of unilateral acts that could develop a Climate Resilience Investment Plan. have negative externalities or foreclose optimal development options. The plan consists of 246 resilience-building investments estimated at $3.1 billion. Identified in existing regional and national development plans, the • Multiple investments from the plan have secured resilience-building investments are diverse – ranging from climate insurance for financing commitments and are included in farmers, adapting gender policies to free more productive time, enacting anti- the pipelines of investors such as the World erosion and silting measures to protect lands, to rehabilitating water-storage Bank, the African Development Bank, and other structures to preserve supplies and improve flood protection. Prioritizing bilateral development partners. across transboundary, national, and community levels allows the region to improve its ability to reduce risks and develop amid a changing climate. July 2016 KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 34 2016-2019 Africa TESTING, PILOTING, AND VALIDATION OF THE RURAL WATER INDICATOR GLOBAL FRAMEWORK IN THE AFRICAN CONTEXT Upcoming Publication | Author(s): Vargas-Ramirez, Zimmermann, Loughnan (Eds.) Country: Multi-Country A pilot study to determine the feasibility and utility of the indicators proposed by the World Bank in the Rural Water Metrics Global Framework was conducted in Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, and Kenya. The document provides background on the Framework, describes the pilot, and then offers recommendations on the indicators themselves, an implementation approach, and for integration into national monitoring frameworks. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 35 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC WATERSHED: A NEW ERA OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN CHINA—SYNTHESIS REPORT Author(s): World Bank | Country: China In China, 28,000 rivers have disappeared over the past 25 years. In some areas, groundwater has fallen by up to 1–3 meters a year and some 110 cities face severe water shortages. Gaps also remain in basic water services coverage while water pollution imposes serious economic, ecological, and health costs. To effectively address these complex water challenges, improved approaches to water manage- ment is needed. THIRSTY ENERGY: MODELING THE WATER-ENERGY NEXUS IN CHINA Public Disclosure Authorized Thirsty Energy: Modeling the Water-Energy Nexus in China Thirsty Energy Author(s): World Bank | Country: China Public Disclosure Authorized Modeling the Water-Energy Nexus in China To better assess the water-energy nexus challenge in China, the Thirsty Energy Public Disclosure Authorized initiative engaged the China Institute for Water Resources (IWHR) and Hydropower Research under the auspices of the Ministry of Water Resources and the Institute of Public Disclosure Authorized Energy, Environment, and Economy of Tsinghua University (TU) to establish a new multiregional, water-smart energy system planning model: TIMES-ChinaW. BETTER DATA, BETTER RESULTS: REMOTE SENSING AS A TOOL FOR MONITORING WATER QUALITY IN LAKE TOBA, INDONESIA Author(s): World Bank | Country: Indonesia This technical guidance note reports on the potential benefits of using remote sensing as part of an integrated strategy to improve the monitoring and management of water quality in Lake Toba. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 36 2016-2019 East Asia and Pacific BUILDING RURAL SANITATION CAPACITY NATIONWIDE IN INDONESIA WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM: LEARNING NOTE Public Disclosure Authorized Scaling Up Rural Sanitation Key findings Author(s): Kasri, Setiawan, Oka, Rand, Smets | Country: Indonesia Building Rural • Indonesia faces a shortage Public Disclosure Authorized Sanitation Capacity of sanitation professionals exceeding 12,000 to reach its ambitious target of universal sanitation Nationwide in Indonesia access by 2019 and this cannot be met by fragmented business-as-usual training. August 2016 • The Ministry of Health (MoH) institutionalizes capacity building Describes the transformative process and lessons learned from a nationwide sanita- nationwide through three streams: i) in-service accredited training tied with staff performance credit, ii) pre-service training through health schools’ curriculum, and iii) distance training through e-learning. Public Disclosure Authorized • The first 18-month tion capacity building program in Indonesia. institutionalization process has shown promising results: By December 2015, almost 500 people have been awarded credit points; 497 people accessed the e-learning with 92% completion rate for mandatory module; and more than 2,000 students already completed the class. • Critical success factors are: effective coordination mechanisms led by MoH; optimal use of existing organization and staff incentive structures; and complimentary web-technologies Public Disclosure Authorized in addition to classroom and field- INTRODUCTION based training to achieve cost Lagging behind many of its middle-in- Building on this recent success, in efficiency and reach a wider audience. come peers in terms of access to 2014, the Minister of Health declared • Continuous promotion, innovation sanitation, in particular in rural areas, STBM as the national program in order and facilitation through systematic Indonesia has recently experienced an to reach the government’s new target support and robust monitoring and acceleration from 36% in 2008 to 47% of universal access to improved san- evaluation will help achieve increased uptake of the new courses led by in 20151 as a result of the Government itation by 2019.2 The STBM program MoH. of Indonesia’s sanitation program called consists of five pillars3; under its Open Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat Defecation Free pillar, the program en- (STBM) that was initiated in 2008. visages: 1 JMP (2015) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – Update 2015. 2 This was done through Ministerial Decree 3/2014. The universal access target for sanitation by 2019 has been formally endorsed in the government’s third five-year medium-term development plan (RPJMN) 2015-19. 3 STBM pillars: 1) open-defecation free, 2) hand washing with soap, 3) household water supply and food management, 4) household solid waste management, and 5) household wastewater management. IMPROVING SERVICE LEVELS AND IMPACT ON THE POOR: A DIAGNOSTIC OF WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, HYGIENE, AND POVERTY IN INDONESIA Improving Service Levels and Impact on the Poor A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in Indonesia Improving Service Levels and Impact on the Poor A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in Indonesia IndonesIa Author(s): World Bank | Country: Indonesia The WASH Poverty Diagnostic Initiative captures and analyzes data from 18 countries to present evidence on inequalities in access to WASH services, examine the impact of unequal service on the poor, and explore why service delivery continues to be W17018 inadequate and inefficient in much of the world. IMPROVING THE WATER QUALITY OF LAKE TOBA, INDONESIA Author(s): World Bank | Country: Indonesia The objectives of this analysis are to understand the drivers of deteriorating water quality and to identify, design and cost investment scenarios to reduce nutrient inflows as part of a roadmap for improving water quality in Lake Toba. recommendations and the roadmap for improving water quality are relevant and transferable to the management of lakes and reservoirs across Indonesia and throughout the region. INDONESIA: THE PATH TO WATER SECURITY Upcoming Publication | Author(s): World Bank | Country: Indonesia The Water Security Diagnostic summarizes the water security challenges Indonesia faces and highlights some of the main responses that the country is pursuing or may pursue to strengthen water security for the future. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 37 East Asia and Pacific LAKE TOBA: INSIGHTS AND OPTIONS FOR IMPROVING WATER QUALITY ALSO AVAILABLE IN BAHASA Author(s): World Bank | Country: Indonesia This policy note reports on the deterioration of water quality in Lake Toba, Indonesia, and ways to improve the monitoring and management of water quality. The Lake has a rich cultural heritage, provides several environmental goods and services, and is one of Indonesia’s priority tourism destinations for development. MATURITY MATRICES FOR INSTITUTIONAL BENCHMARKING OF DAM SAFETY IN Public Disclosure Authorized INDONESIA Public Disclosure Authorized Maturity Matrices for Institutional Benchmarking of Dam Safety in Indonesia ALSO AVAILABLE IN BAHASA Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): World Bank | Country: Indonesia The development of Maturity Matrices for Institutional Benchmarking of Dam Safety Public Disclosure Authorized in Indonesia provides a method for assessing the effectiveness of the operation, maintenance, surveillance and emergency preparedness programs adopted by dam authorities. BUILDING URBAN WATER RESILIENCE IN SMALL ISLAND COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF SOUTH TARAWA, KIRIBATI Author(s): World Bank | Country: Kiribati This report was developed to provide a diagnostic of the remaining vulnerabilities the capital city’s water supply sector may face after the completion of the South Tarawa Water Supply Project. Its main objective is to inform decisions by the Government of Kiribati on how to address these vulnerabilities. ENHANCING THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT TO PROMOTE PRIVATE SECTOR Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE DISCUSSION NOTE PARTICIPATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PHILIPPINE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION MASTER PLAN Public Disclosure Authorized Enhancing the Enabling Author(s): Castro, Delmon | Country: The Philippines Public Disclosure Authorized Environment to Promote Private Sector Participation in the Implementation of the Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan The main objective of the discussion note is to inform dialogues among government policymakers and other stakeholders on how to move forward with the critical water Public Disclosure Authorized JUNE 2018 supply and sanitation sector reforms in the Philippines, focusing on how private Aileen Castro and Victoria Delmon sector participation may be harnessed to help achieve the universal access to safe and sustainable water supply and sanitation services. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 38 2016-2019 East Asia and Pacific TIMOR-LESTE WATER SECTOR ASSESSMENT AND ROADMAP Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Author(s): World Bank | Country: Timor-Leste Public Disclosure Authorized Timor-Leste Water Sector Assessment and Roadmap Strategic investments in the water sector and addressing water management is Public Disclosure Authorized crucial to meet national and international development commitments and to stim- ulate economic growth. Potential for the development of the water resources exists in Timor-Leste, although it is constrained by limited data as well as by institutional Public Disclosure Authorized capacity. TECHNOLOGY FOR RESULTS: USING SMARTPHONES TO VERIFY RESULTS AND SERVE THE PUBLIC IN VIETNAM’S WATER SECTOR Author(s): Kaiser, Weiss, Chase, Hong | Country: Vietnam Geospatially referenced results information can be collected more accurately at the level of households, clinics, schools, and community locations. This knowledge note describes how smartphones were used to verify results of the Vietnam rural water supply and sanitation Program for Results operations. The case study demonstrates that a value add of World Bank operations can be to help bring a digital platform–based approach to more mainstream government processes, particularly in the context of PforR. VIETNAM: TOWARD A SAFE, CLEAN, AND RESILIENT WATER SYSTEM ALSO AVAILABLE IN VIETNAMESE Author(s): World Bank | Country: Vietnam The overall objective of this water security diagnostic is to analyze the current gover- nance of the Vietnam water sector to inform the development of strategies, provide an integrated view of challenges, and identify the most fundamental shifts needed to achieve national water security. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 39 Europe and Central Asia EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA REVIEW OF ARMENIA’S EXPERIENCE WITH WATER PUBLIC-PRIVATE Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Review of Armenia’s Experience with Water Public-Private Partnerships PARTNERSHIP Public Disclosure Authorized Review of Armenia’s Experience with Philippe Marin, Dambudzo Muzenda, and Andranik Andreasyan Water Public-Private Partnerships Author(s): Marin, Muzenda, Andreasyan | Country: Armenia Public Disclosure Authorized Four water public private partnerships (PPPs) undertaken in Armenia between 2000 and 2016 and the start of a national water lease contract that began in January 2017 Marin, Muzenda, and Andreasyan Public Disclosure Authorized are studied here. WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE SECURING POTABLE WATER SUPPLY UNDER EXTREME SCARCITY: LESSONS AND Securing Potable Water Supply under Extreme Scarcity PERSPECTIVES FROM THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS Securing Potable Water Supply under Author(s): Marin, Charalambous, Davy | Country: Cyprus Marin, Charalambous, and Davy JUNE 2018 Philippe Marin, Extreme Scarcity Bambos Charalambous, and Thierry Davy Lessons and Perspectives from the Republic of Cyprus Key achievements and lessons learned from the water management experience of the Republic of Cyprus for the benefit of other countries around the world facing increas- ing challenges in dealing with water scarcity, focusing on how potable water security SKU W18004 was achieved. WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING HOUSEHOLD SANITATION Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Household Sanitation in the Ger Areas of Ulaanbaatar IN THE GER AREAS OF ULAANBAATAR Challenges and Author(s): Gambrill, Leblanc | Country: Mongolia Opportunities for Improving Household Sanitation in the Ger Maryanne Leblanc and Robert A. Reed with William Kingdom, Martin P. Gambrill, Areas of Ulaanbaatar The report identifies practicable, affordable technical options for improving household and Diego Juan Rodriguez sanitation in the Ger areas of Ulaanbaatar and is aimed at assisting decision makers and other stakeholders to select the most cost-effective, feasible options for improving sanitation in the short and medium term. ROMANIA WATER DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: MOVING TOWARD EU COMPLIANCE, Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE INCLUSION, AND WATER SECURITY — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Public Disclosure Authorized Romania Water Diagnostic Report Author(s): World Bank | Country: Romania Public Disclosure Authorized JUNE 2018 Moving toward EU Compliance, Inclusion, and Water Security The diagnostic report provides stakeholders, especially from the Romanian Gov- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ernment and the European Commission, with a comprehensive stock-taking of the Public Disclosure Authorized situation in the Romanian water sector in 2017, 10 years after the country joined the EU. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 40 2016-2019 Europe and Central Asia GLASS HALF FULL: POVERTY DIAGNOSTIC OF WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND Glass Half Full HYGIENE CONDITIONS IN TAJIKISTAN Poverty Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, ALSO AVAILABLE IN RUSSIAN and Hygiene Conditions in Tajikistan TAJIKISTAN Author(s): World Bank | Country: Tajikistan Documents the realities, characteristics, and priorities of Tajikistan’s WASH-deprived population. It also identifies institutional gaps and service delivery models that can inform future policies and investments in the WASH sector. THE COSTS OF IRRIGATION INEFFICIENCY IN TAJIKISTAN Author(s): Burt | Country: Tajikistan Focuses on causes, costs, and solutions of low irrigation efficiency and the high cost of inefficiency. SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION: REACHING COMPLIANCE WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION’S WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY — CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR TURKEY’S WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR: UPDATED REPORT (TURKISH) Author(s): De Beauchene | Country: Turkey Identifies and analyzes Turkey’s main obstacles and opportunities around quality, sustainability and affordability of WSS as the country works to reach compliance with the European standards. BEYOND UTILITY REACH? HOW TO CLOSE THE URBAN-RURAL ACCESS GAP: A REVIEW OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES IN SEVEN COUNTRIES DANUBE WATER PROGRAM OF THE DANUBE REGION Public Disclosure Authorized Beyond Utility Reach? How to Close the Urban - Rural Access Gap Author(s): World Bank, IAWD | Country: Multi-Country This study was launched to increase awareness and knowledge on how rural ser- vice provision is organized, to understand whether and how the aggregation through IN SEVEN COUNTRIES OF THE DANUBE REGION regional water utilities has effectively reached rural areas and to present lessons and May 2018 recommendations for expanding and improving the provision of services for rural www.danube-water-program.org populations. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 41 Europe and Central Asia IS THE UWWTD IMPLEMENTATION DELIVERING RESULTS FOR THE PEOPLE, THE ECONOMY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE DANUBE REGION? Author(s): World Bank | Country: Multi-Country Taking stock of wastewater management changes under the EU water policies in the Danube region since the early 1990s, this reports considers environmental, economic, sustainability, and affordability aspects. It highlights the challenges that the EU member and candidate countries face and underlines the opportunities that lie ahead. WATER AND WASTEWATER SERVICES IN THE DANUBE REGION: A STATE OF THE SECTOR 2018 UPDATE Author(s): World Bank, IAWD | Country: Multi-Country A follow-up to the first State of the Sector report published in 2015, this update focuses on presenting the progress made by 16 countries in the Danube River basin in delivering sustainable water and wastewater services to all and understanding the emerging trends in four dimensions: level of access to WSS services, the quality of services provided (and customer satisfaction with it), the performance and efficiency of service providers, and the financing of services. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 42 2016-2019 Latin America and the Caribbean LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN WATER SNAPSHOTS: TERESINA ENHANCING MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE AND QUALITY OF LIFE PROJECT Author(s): World Bank | Country: Brazil Shows how community buy-in and involvement resulted new citizen engagement mechanisms to help expand access to sanitation, and improve water quality and access to green spaces. PIPE(D) DREAMS: WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE PROGRESS AND Public Disclosure Authorized Pipe(d) Dreams Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Progress REMAINING CHALLENGES IN ECUADOR Public Disclosure Authorized and Remaining Challenges in Ecuador Author(s): World Bank | Country: Ecuador ECUADOR Public Disclosure Authorized An extensive body of research assessing the extent and quality of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services geographically and over the income distri- bution. It explores the interaction between WASH outcomes and health, especially Public Disclosure Authorized nutrition; and the institutional barriers as well as opportunities to reduce the gaps in improved access to WASH between rural and urban areas in Ecuador. GUATEMALA’S WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE POVERTY DIAGNOSTIC: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Guatemala’s Water Supply, Guatemala’s Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic Challenges and Opportunities Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic ALSO AVAILABLE IN SPANISH Challenges and Opportunities GUATEMALA Author(s): World Bank | Country: Guatemala The WASH Poverty Diagnostic Initiative captures and analyzes data from 18 countries to present evidence on inequalities in access to WASH services, examine the impact of unequal service on the poor, and explore why service delivery continues to be inadequate and inefficient in much of the world. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 43 Latin America and the Caribbean LOOKING BEYOND GOVERNMENT-LED DELIVERY OF WATER SUPPLY AND Public Disclosure Authorized SANITATION SERVICES: THE MARKET CHOICES AND PRACTICES OF HAITI’S MOST Looking Beyond Government-Led Delivery of Water Supply and Sanitation Services Looking Beyond Government-Led Delivery of Water Supply and Sanitation Services VULNERABLE PEOPLE Public Disclosure Authorized The Market Choices and Practices of Haiti’s Most Vulnerable People HAITI ALSO AVAILABLE IN FRENCH Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): World Bank | Country: Haiti Public Disclosure Authorized The Haiti WASH Poverty Diagnostic informs how to maximize the socioeconomic impact of the scarce fiscal resources channeled to the water sector. The study assesses the linkages between improved access to WASH services, poverty, and health outcomes. REMOTE SENSING OF WATER QUALITY IN THE VALLE DE BRAVO RESERVOIR, MEXICO Upcoming Publication | Author(s): World Bank | Country: Mexico This case study assessed ongoing initiatives to address surface water pollution issues in Mexico. Particular focus was placed on a pilot case study application of remote sensing techniques to detection of water-quality issues in the Valle de Bravo reservoir. This assessment will contribute to a better understanding of options for water-quality remote sensing capabilities and needs. THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN POVERTY AND WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND The Connections between Poverty HYGIENE (WASH) IN PANAMA: A DIAGNOSTIC The Connections between Poverty and Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in Panama A Diagnostic and Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in Panama A Diagnostic ALSO AVAILABLE IN SPANISH PANAMA Author(s): World Bank | Country: Panama This WASH Poverty Diagnostic was undertaken to increase our understanding of the linkages between monetary poverty and WASH services.Although this diagnostic covered both urban and rural areas, the main focus has been on the rural, and particu- larly, the indigenous areas, as these are the ones facing the greatest gaps in services. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 44 2016-2019 Latin America and the Caribbean WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE PREPARING FOR FUTURE DROUGHTS IN LIMA, PERU Preparing for Future Author(s): Groves, Bonzanigo, Syme, Engle, Cabanillas | Country: Peru MARCH 2019 Droughts in Lima, Peru A rapidly growing population and more variable water availability challenge Lima’s David G. Groves, Laura Bonzanigo, James Syme, Nathan Engle, Enhancing Lima’s Drought Management and Ivan Rodriguez Plan to Meet Future Challenges water utility SEDAPAL’s ability to manage drought conditions. By using novel methods for Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty, this study evaluates the performance of SEDAPAL’s current drought management plan against future droughts and proposes augmentations. W18031 REMOTE SENSING OF WATER QUALITY IN LAGUNA DEL SAUCE, URUGUAY Upcoming Publication | Author(s): World Bank | Country: Uruguay This case study assessed ongoing initiatives to address surface water pollution issues in Uruguay. Focus was placed on a pilot case study application of remote sensing techniques to detect water-quality issues in Laguna del Sauce. This assessment will contribute to better understanding of options for water-quality remote sensing capabilities and needs and assist the government of Uruguay in identifying appropriate remote sensing tools and devising an application strategy to provide information needed to support decision making regarding the targeting and monitoring of nutrient pollution prevention and mitigation measures. INCENTIVES FOR IMPROVING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICE Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE KNOWLEDGE BRIEF Incentives for Improving Water Supply and Sanitation DELIVERY: A SOUTH AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE Public Disclosure Authorized Service Delivery A South American Perspective Author(s): Uijtewaal, Goksu, Saltiel | Country: Multi-Country Berenice Flores Uijtewaal, Amanda Goksu, and Gustavo Saltiel Public Disclosure Authorized This analysis is based on the premise that strengthen- South  American country case studies—Argentina, ing the water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector, its Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Peru. Since 2016, the World Bank’s Water and Governance Global Practices have been institutions and stakeholders, calls for the alignment of sector incentives. The objective of this Knowledge I. South America in the World Brief is to introduce how integrated policy, institu- South America represents a mosaic of diverse people tional, and regulatory (PIR) interventions can help shaped by different geographic, historical, societal, align incentives for more sustainable WSS service implementing the Policy, Institutional and Regulatory (PIR) Incentives Initiative to gain cultural, and political conditions. The continent wit- delivery. Ultimately, the objective for governments nessed a wave of democratization in the 1970s when is to design incentives that motivate people (as indi- Public Disclosure Authorized countries—at varying paces—started to shift away viduals or as part of an institution)1 to provide uni- from authoritarian systems towards democratic sys- versal and sustainable services. This brief provides tems. Until the 1990s, South America lagged western a snapshot of sector experiences gathered from five countries due to its overreliance on primary commod- deeper insight into the dynamics between water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector ities and weak institutions, oftentimes still a heri- tage of its colonial past. Following a series of foreign 1. Sector stakeholders may range from the national government (minis- debt crises, countries started to transition towards tries) and local governments, to the sector regulator and water sup- ply and sanitation (WSS) utilities, and may also include (international) a free-market economy in the 1990s—which proved donor agencies and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). a major trigger in pulling countries out of debt. The incentive mechanisms. Consumers, as the beneficiaries of the services, have a key role as region is also economically diverse, encompassing well, not only regarding the financing of received services, but to ensure accountability among sector actors. developed markets (such as Chile), emerging markets 1 W18009.indd 1 14/05/18 9:00 pm KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 45 Latin America and the Caribbean ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR WATER UTILITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN ​ NERGY MANAGEMENT FOR WATER UTILITIES IN LATIN AMERICA E AND THE CARIBBEAN Exploring Energy Efficiency and Energy Recovery Potential in Wastewater Treatment Plants By Katy Lackey and Lauren Fillmore February 2017 Author(s): World Bank | Country: Multi-Country • Preliminary Energy Efficiency Recommendations for Espirito Santo’s Water and Sewerage Utility (CESAN) • Study on Technical, Institutional and Financial Feasibility of Employing Solar Panels in Pumping Systems in Rural Communities in the States of Ceará and Pernambuco • Energy Management for Water Utilities in Latin America and the Caribbean Case Study Series and Summary Note • Energy Management for Water Utilities in Latin America and the Caribbean: Exploring Energy Efficiency and Energy Recovery Potential in Wastewater Treatment Plants • LAC Energy Management for Water Utilities: Knowledge Dissemination Regional Workshop Report KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 46 2016-2019 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA THE WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA: WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE SCENARIOS FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Author(s): Borgomeo, Jagerskog, Talbi, Wijnen, Hejazi, Miralles-Wilhelm Please replace photo Water, energy, and agriculture have been conventionally dealt with separately in with higher-res version. The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Middle East investment planning. For each of these sectors, regulatory frameworks, organizations, and North Africa Scenarios for a Sustainable Future and infrastructures have been put in place to address sector-specific challenges and Edoardo Borgomeo, Anders Jägerskog, Amal Talbi, Marcus Wijnen, Mohamad Hejazi, and Fernando Miralles-Wilhelm demands. As the Middle East and North Africa works towards building a more sus- tainable future, a nexus approach that considers the risks and synergies among these sectors is needed. BEYOND SCARCITY: WATER SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA OVERVIEW AVAILABLE IN ARABIC AND FRENCH Author(s): World Bank Achieving water security in the Middle East and North Africa requires a new way of looking at water management even beyond scarcity. This report provides a regional assessment of the challenges and opportunities in the region. It examines how the resources are currently being managed and the water-related risks that need to be recognized and mitigated. WATER MANAGEMENT IN FRAGILE SYSTEMS: BUILDING RESILIENCE TO SHOCKS Public Disclosure Authorized AND PROTRACTED CRISES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Public Disclosure Authorized Author(s): World Bank, FAO Public Disclosure Authorized WATER MANAGEMENT IN FRAGILE SYSTEMS This paper is part of an ongoing collaboration between the World Bank and the United BUILDING RESILIENCE TO SHOCKS AND Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization to raise awareness about the importance Public Disclosure Authorized PROTRACTED CRISES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Discussion Paper of water management in fragile systems and to propose strategic responses. It is important to better understand these dynamics to ensure that water does not add to Regional Initiative on Water Scarcity for the Near East and North Africa fragility, but rather promotes stability, and contributes to resilience in the region. This paper calls for redoubling efforts towards sustainable and efficient management of water resources, reliable and affordable delivery of water services to all and protection from water-related catastrophes. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 47 Middle East and North Africa WATER MANAGEMENT IN ISRAEL: KEY INNOVATIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED FOR WATER SCARCE COUNTRIES Author(s): Marin, Tal, Yeres, Ringskog | Country: Israel Illustrates the nine important lessons learned which are of major importance for other countries facing increasing water scarcity. THE COST OF IRRIGATION WATER IN THE JORDAN VALLEY WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Author(s): van den Berg, Al Nimer | Country: Jordan The Cost of Irrigation Water in the Jordan Valley The purpose of this study was to determine the financial cost of irrigation water in the The Cost of Irrigation Water Jordan Valley and the corresponding impact of higher water prices on farming. The in the Jordan Valley analysis shows that JVA needs significant tariff increases to be able to attain a Caroline van den Berg and Sana Kh. h. agha al nimer with support from Turi Fileccia, Luz Maria Gonzalez, and Suhail Wahseh more financially sustainable footing. CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN WATER SNAPSHOTS: MOROCCO OUM ER RBIA SANITATION PROJECT Author(s): World Bank | Country: Morocco This project’s integrated approach to citizen engagement shows that keeping local communities involved in project preparation and implementation can prevent delays and improve services citizen satisfaction. WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL IN TUNISIA: A REALISTIC OBJECTIVE Public Disclosure Authorized SERIES Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisia ALSO AVAILABLE IN FRENCH Public Disclosure Authorized A Realistic Objective TUNISIA Author(s): World Bank | Country: Tunisia Public Disclosure Authorized Tunisia has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and increasing access to water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services, yet inequities remains across Public Disclosure Authorized its seven regions. Opportunities for improvement are analyzed and condensed into five clear recommendations for the way forward for the WASH sector in Tunisia. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 48 2016-2019 Middle East and North Africa WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE SECTOR NOTE SECURING WATER FOR DEVELOPMENT IN WEST BANK AND GAZA Author(s): World Bank | West Bank and Gaza Securing Water for A water supply and sanitation sector note describing the most challenging issues in West Bank and Gaza and highlighting the possible actions that can improve Development in West Bank and Gaza Palestinian water security. TOWARD WATER SECURITY FOR PALESTINIANS: WEST BANK AND GAZA WASH POVERTY DIAGNOSTIC SERIES Toward Water Security for Palestinians West Bank and Gaza Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic WEST BANK AND GAZA Author(s): World Bank | West Bank and Gaza To analyze and improve water security in the Palestinian territories, the WASH PD pro- posed an IWII framework (institutions, water resources, investments and incentives) that integrates efficient use of natural and financial resources to better meet demand and collaborative solutions within the region and with Palestinians to improve access to water supply and to protect resources.   DIRE STRAITS: THE CRISIS SURROUNDING POVERTY, CONFLICT, AND WATER IN THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN Author(s): World Bank | Country: Yemen Provides a long-term vision for providing safe water supply and sanitation in Yemen along with political and institutional constraints in a post-conflict period. WATER SUPPLY IN A WAR ZONE: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF TWO URBAN WATER Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE DISCUSSION PAPER TANKER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN Public Disclosure Authorized J U LY 2 01 8 Naif Mohammed Water Supply in a War Zone A Preliminary Analysis of Two Urban Author(s): Abu-Lohom, Konishi, Mumssen, Zabara, Moore | Country: Yemen Public Disclosure Authorized Abu-Lohom, Yasuo Konishi, Yogita Water Tanker Supply Systems in the Mumssen, Bilkis Zabara, Even before the active conflict affecting Yemen, the water supply from public networks and Scott Michael Moore Republic of Yemen covered only about 50% of the population need in most urban cities. The gap in sup- Public Disclosure Authorized ply is being filled largely by unregulated un-controlled private tanker trucks. While the tanker truck system plays a critical role in filling this gap, it raises serious questions with respect to affordability, health, environment, and water resources management. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 49 SOUTH ASIA WATER SECURITY DIAGNOSTIC PAKISTAN: GETTING MORE FROM WATER Pakistan: Getting More from Water Pakistan Author(s): Young, Anwar, Bhatti, Borgomeo, Davies, Garthwaite III, Gilmont, Leb, Lytton, Mokin, Basharat | Country: Pakistan Getting More from Water Comprehensive national analysis of water security in Pakistan and analysis of alter- native future options for improving water security and driving economic development. Traverses water resources management, irrigation management, water supply and Young et al. sanitation services, and environmental management. William J. Young, Arif Anwar, Tousif Bhatti, Edoardo Borgomeo, Stephen Davies, William R. Garthwaite III, E. Michael Gilmont, Christina Leb, Lucy Lytton, Ian Makin, and Basharat Saeed W18052 GROUNDWATER FOR DROUGHT RESILIENCE IN SOUTH ASIA: MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE OUTCOMES Upcoming Publication | Author(s): World Bank | Country: Multi-Country Findings  of a  diagnostic  study that examined pathways and options for strength- ening the governance of South Asia’s groundwater resources in the face of climate change and increasing reliance on the resource by dependent communities, partic- ularly during times of drought, are presented. This study sought to identify, analyze, and recommend management interventions that contribute to groundwater gover- nance reforms and thus more sustainable groundwater outcomes with co-benefits for strengthened drought resilience within South Asia. PROMISING PROGRESS: A DIAGNOSTIC OF WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, HYGIENE, AND POVERTY IN BANGLADESH Promising Progress A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in Bangladesh Promising Progress A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in Bangladesh BANGLADESH Author(s): World Bank | Country: Bangladesh A snapshot of the quality and inequality of WASH access in Bangladesh, with statistics from numerous dataset. This report also attempts to show the implications of these numbers on human development and poverty reduction. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 50 2016-2019 South Asia MAINSTREAMING CITIZEN FEEDBACK ON SERVICE DELIVERY USING ICTS: FINDINGS AND LESSONS FROM ICT-BASED FEEDBACK SURVEYS ON WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES IN INDIAN CITIES Author(s): Bhatnagar, Batra, Tiwari | Country: India This report presents the results from implementation of Service Level Benchmarks (SLBs) to strengthen service delivery in India. RAJASTHAN WATER ASSESSMENT: POTENTIAL FOR PRIVATE SECTOR INTERVENTIONS Author(s): Hooda | Country: India Provides an in-depth and comprehensive overview of the challenges of drinking water supply, water quality, and agriculture-water in Rajasthan with a focus on potential private sector engagements. SLB CONNECT FOR URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION: USING ICTS FOR CITIZEN FEEDBACK SURVEYS TO MAINSTREAM DEMAND-SIDE MONITORING Author(s): Bhatnagar, Wright | Country: India Shows how Service Level Benchmarking programs leverage the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for collecting customer feedback to improve service outcomes. WHEN WATER BECOMES A HAZARD: PAKISTAN WASH POVERTY DIAGNOSTIC Author(s): World Bank | Country: Pakistan This WASH Poverty Diagnostic examines the impact of water and sanitation quality on child stunting in Pakistan. It finds that contrary to expectations, the focus on reducing open defecation may well have worsened diarrhea and stunting, but for the rapid decline in poverty and the improvement in curative care services. It emphasizes the urgent need for investment in fecal waste management. KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 2016-2019 51 RESULTS BRIEFS CHINA: SUSTAINABLE CROATIA: WASTEWATER EGYPT: PIONEERING HONDURAS: LAND AND WATER POLLUTION REDUCTION PARTICIPATORY MODERNIZING MANAGEMENT WITHIN AND INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRATED THE WATER AND XINING MUNICIPALITY STRENGTHENING IN WATER RESOURCES SANITATION SECTOR SENSITIVE COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE BUILDS RESILIENCE AREAS OF THE NILE DELTA ADRIATIC SEA INDIA: IRAQ: INTERVENTIONS SENEGAL: TANZANIA: INVESTING STRENGTHENING TO URGENTLY IMPROVE INCREASING ACCESS TO IN WATER AND IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY THE QUANTITY AND SUSTAINABLE WATER SANITATION REAPS AND WATER QUALITY OF DRINKING AND SANITATION BENEFITS FOR POVERTY PRODUCTIVITY WATER SERVICES ALLEVIATION KNOWLEDGE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE 52 2016-2019 For more information: World Bank Group Water Global Practice www.worldbank.org/water @WorldBankWater blogs.worldbank.org/water WorldBankWater@worldbank.org Public Disclosure Authorized WaTer Global PracTice Innovations in WASH Impact Measures Public Disclosure Authorized Maturity Matrices for Institutional Benchmarking of Dam Safety in Indonesia Public Disclosure Authorized DIREC TIONS IN DE VELOPMENT Infrastructure Thomas, Andrés, Borja-Vega, and Sturzenegger Please replace photo with higher-res version. Innovations in WASH Impact Measures Turbulent Waters Public Disclosure Authorized Water and Sanitation Measurement Technologies and Practices to Inform Pursuing Water Security in the Sustainable Development Goals Fragile Contexts Claudia W. Sadoff, Edoardo Borgomeo, and Dominick de Waal Evan Thomas, Luis Alberto Andrés, Christian Borja-Vega, and Germán Sturzenegger, Editors