41455 World Development Report 2008 Agriculture for Development 2008 This work was originally published by the World Bank in English as World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development in 2007. This Japanese translation was arranged by Ittosha Incorporated. Ittosha Incorporated is responsible for the quality of the translation. In case of any discrepancies, the original language will govern. This volume is a product of the staff of The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 2007 World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development Copyright © 2007 by The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433, U.S.A. 2008 Copyright © 2008 by iii 2015 30 4 3 2 6 9 B iv Derek Byerlee Alain de Janvry RIMISP Elisabeth SadouletRobert Townsend Irina Klytchnikova Harold AldermanBeatriz Avalos- SartorioJulio BerdeguéRegina BirnerLynn BrownMichael CarterLuc Christaensen Marie-Helene CollionKlaus DeiningerPeter HazellKaren MacoursMichael MorrisPaula SavantiDina Umali-Deininger Noora AlbermanJorge AgueroShahrooz Badkoubei In W Ent Sarah BairdLeandre BassoleBenjamin DavisNango DembeleAshok GulatiCorinna HawkesTidiane Kinda, Melissa KlinkAlex McCallaClaudio MontenegroStefano Pagiola Eija PehuCatherine RagasaAntti SeelaffJohn Staatz François Bourguignon Bruce Ross-Larson Kym AndersonHans BinswangerKaren McConnell BrooksMark CacklerManuel ChiribogaKevin CleaverChristopher Delgado Shantayanan DevarajanJosue DioneGershon FederAlan Harold GelbRavi KanburJeffrey LewisWere OmamoKeijiro OtsukaRajul Rebecca Sugui Pandya-LorchPrabhu PingaliPierre Rondot Ofelia Valladolid Kostas StamoulisErik ThorbeckeC. Peter Jason Victor Maria Hazel TimmerJoachim von Braun Macadangdang Evangeline Santo Domingo v AATF IPCC ADB IPR AfDB IRI CAADP IRRI CDD IWMI CGIAR MDG CIAT MFI CIMMYT NEPAD CIRAD DAC NERICA EU NGO FAO NRA GAEZ GAEZ ODA OECD GDP PPP GHG PES GMO PSE GPS R&D HIV/AIDS HIV/ SAFEX SPS ICARDA SWAp ICRAF TFP ICT UN IDA UNDP IDB UNCTAD IEA UNFCCC IFAD USAID IFAP USDA IFDC WDR WHO IFPRI WTO ILO WWF IMF vi 2008 AGO MLI ARG MOZ AZE MWI BDL MYS BEN NER BFA NGA BGD NPL BGR PAK BLR PER BOL PHL BRA PNG CHL POL CHN PRY CIV ROM CMR RUS COL RWA CZE SDN DOM SEN DZA SLV ECU SVK EGY SYR ETH TCD GHA TGO GIN THA GTM TJK HND TUN HUN TUR IDN TZA IND UGA IRN UKR KEN VEN KHM VNM LAO YEM LKA ZAP MAR ZAR MDG ZMB MEX ZWE vii 1 GNP 10 100 1,000 1,000 2006 6 viii iii iv v 1 2 8 18 PART I 27 1 3 27 29 3 31 41 45 47 A 48 2 54 54 57 58 62 66 73 B 75 3 78 3 79 81 83 88 90 96 97 99 C 101 PART II 105 4 106 106 108 114 ix 121 123 126 127 5 130 130 135 137 141 146 D 148 6 152 152 158 163 165 169 173 7 174 175 179 R&D 182 R&D 185 ICT 189 193 E 195 8 198 199 200 205 207 208 215 217 F 219 9 222 222 225 229 232 235 237 240 242 G 243 H 246 x 2008 PART III 249 10 3 250 250 252 252 259 263 267 268 11 270 272 273 276 280 CDD281 282 284 291 292 296 315 351 351 A.1. 352 A.2. 354 A.3. 356 A.4. 358 360 363 363 365 1. 366 2. 368 3. 370 4. 372 5.374 6. 376 377 xi 1 .......................................8 6.3 1.1 ................................................... 31 .............................................156 1.2 ... 32 6.4 ........................157 1.3 3 6.5 BanruralSA ........................... 34 ......................................................161 1.4 ............... 37 6.6 .................................165 1.5 ............ 38 6.7 ........................168 1.6 ............ 39 6.8 FA.1 ............................................. 48 ..........................................169 FA.2 ..................... 49 6.9 ..................171 FA.3 .............................. 49 7.1 - 180 FA.4 ............ 50 7.2 .........181 2.1 ............... 59 7.3 IPR .........183 2.2 .............................. 62 7.4 R&D ...185 2.3 7.5 ..............................186 ............................................................ 63 7.6 IPR ...188 2.4 ..................... 65 7.7 PRODUCE 2.5 .........................................................189 ......................................................... 70 7.8 3.1 ......... 81 ..............................190 3.2 .................. 82 7.9 NGO ICT ...................................................193 3.3 ... 87 8.1 ...202 3.4 ............................................................... 92 8.2 -...206 3.5 ... 94 8.3 ................................................207 3.6 .......................................... 95 8.4 ...........................208 3.7 .............................. 99 8.5 4 4.1 ..........................................107 .....................................................................210 4.2 ........................109 8.6 4.3 .........................................................110 ............................................................212 4.4 8.7 2 ...................................................113 ...................................................214 4.5 ........................115 8.8 ...215 4.6 ......116 9.1 ........................229 4.7 ......120 9.2 .............................................232 4.8 ........................128 9.3 .......................................240 5.1 ..................132 9.4 .........241 5.2 10.1 4 ........................133 .......................................253 5.3 10.2 CAADP ............254 2 ......................................................135 10.3 ......260 5.4 10.4 ...............265 .........................................................137 11.1 5.5 ..................................................................271 3 ...................................................142 11.2 5.6 ...............144 ..........................................274 FD.1 11.3 ................................................150 ................................................275 6.1 11.4 .....................................................................154 .........................................................276 6.2 .........155 xii 2008 11.5 ...277 11.8 11.6 ...278 ............289 11.7 ................................................288 1 1993-2002 BA.4 ..................... 50 11 ... 3 A.2 2 ...................................................... 51 A.3 .............................. 52 3 ...........................4 2.1 ............ 55 3 GDP ......6 2.2 ..................... 56 4 GDPGDP GDP 2.3 1 GDP ................................................7 ................................................... 57 5 ............ 11 2.4 ...................................................... 58 6 ...................................................... 12 B2.1 ................................. 59 7 ............................................. 15 2.5 ................................................ 61 8 ... 17 B2.2 ..................... 62 9 4 .................................... 19 2.6 1 ................................................ 64 10 ........................... 20 2.7 ..................... 65 11 2.9 ...................................................... 21 ............................................................... 67 12 ............... 23 2.8 30 ................................. 67 1.1 2.10 1 ......................................................... 28 ..................... 68 1.2 GDP 2.11 .................. 30 .................................... 69 B1.1 2020... 31 2.13 ................................................ 72 B1.2 105 2.12 ...... 72 ............... 32 B.1 1.3 ...................................................... 75 3 .................................... 32 3.1 1 B1.3 ............................................................... 83 ... 34 3.3 ........................ 84 1.4 3.2 ... 84 ...... 36 3.4 1.5 ................................................... 85 ................................................ 40 B3.3 1990 15-24 4 1 1.6 2000 ............ 87 1993-2005.......................................... 42 B3.3 1.7 ...................................................... 43 ......................................................... 87 1.8 1975-2004 ...... 44 3.5 ... 90 A.1 11.08 B3.4 1990 2000 ......................................................... 48 BA.2 ........................ 49 ............................................................ 92 BA.3 ..................... 49 B3.4 xiii .............................. 92 .......................................192 3.7 E.1 GMO .................. 98 .......................................195 C.1 .........102 8.1 .........201 4.1 OECD 8.2 ..............................204 B8.4 ....................................107 ......................................................208 4.2 119 8.3 PES ...................................................111 ....................................216 4.3 ...............112 F.1 GHG ...220 4.4 10 9 9.1 ...223 ..................112 9.3 ...226 4.5 7 6 .........113 9.2 1 ................................................226 4.7 ......117 9.4 ............227 4.6 ...............................................................117 9.5 ......229 4.8 9.7 ...118 1 2 2005 .....................230 4.9 ...127 9.6 ...230 5.1 9.9 ......................................................131 .................................233 5.2 9.8 ...................................................134 ..................233 5.3 ...135 9.10 ............................................................234 5.4 ................................................137 9.11 ............................................................234 5.5 1 ..................................................................138 9.12 ...................................................235 5.6 ...........................143 9.13 25 B5.6 ......144 ......................................................236 B5.6 2005 ...............144 9.14 .....................237 D.1 GDP B9.3 ........................240 ...........................148 H.1 6.1 ...............247 .........................................................159 10.1 ...........................256 6.2 3 1 ...........................166 10.2 ....................................262 6.3 2004/05 B10.4 3 1 ....................................167 .....................265 7.1 10.3 .................................266 .........................................................175 11.1 ...............270 7.2 R&D 11.2 43 ...................................................182 7.3 .......................................277 xiv 2008 1 32005...........................5 .......................................120 1.1 3 5.1 ... 141 2005 ......................................................... 33 5.2 SPS 1.2 3 2002.................. 33 ...............145 1.3 ........................... 43 D.1 .........149 A.1 7.1 R&D 1981 2000 ............................................................184 ...................................................... 51 B7.4 A.2 ..................... 52 2000 .................................185 B2.5 ............... 70 7.2 3.1 ............ 80 ...................................................187 3.2 3 ... 82 7.3 ......191 3.3 .................................... 93 E.1 Bt ..............................196 4.1 ............111 8.1 ...............199 4.2 .....................116 9.1 ....................................224 4.3 9.2 ...............225 ................................................119 9.3 18-25 ......238 B4.7 11.1 ............286 2.1 .................................... 60 8.1 2.2 ...................................................201 ............................................. 60 8.2 .........209 BF 2015 25 2 3 21 1 2 21 8 8,000 4 3 1 2008 3 6 · · · · 86 13 3 · 55 30 25 15 3 3 2 1 1 1993 28 2002 22 GDP 29 65 37 29 13 30 80 2 1993 10 3,600 2002 8 8,300 1 11993-20021 1 100 100 Ravallion, Chen, Sangraula 2007 2008 2 3 1990-2005 % BDI RWA CMR MWI SDN PRY 1965-1994 BEN NGA NER PNG CMR BGR TGO LAO GHA AZE CIV SYR MDG ETH NPL 1981-2001 ZMB KEN BFA MOZ GINMLI TCD UGA HND PAK IRN YEM KHM DZA GTM BRA PHL BOL SEN PER AGO IDNEGY BGD VNM ARG UKR RUS DOM IND VEN SVK TUR MAR TUN THA LKA CHN CHL CZE SLV ECU 1970-1996 MEX ZAR ZAF MYS ROM TJK COL POLHUN BLR 1970-1996 ZWE / 2002 WDR 2008 2040 3 15 1 30 2 2 3 3 1 GDP 32 GDP 70 132005 100 2005 417 2,220 255 2005 68 63 26 1 GDP2000 2005 379 1,068 3,489 GDP 2005 29 13 6 GDP 1993-2005 4.0 2.9 2.2 GDP 1993-2005 3.5 7.0 2.7 100 2002 170 583 32 2002 51 28 13 Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula 2007; World Bank 2006y 1993 1 1.08 4 1,700 82 · GDP7 61 82 5,000 5 22 98 3 2 96 92 · 5 5 45 GDP 3 1 2 5,500 88 20 2 2008 3 GDP GDP1 10 Ligon and Sadoulet 2007 42 1981-2003 10 GDP GDP 2 3 3.5 2.7 2 1 1 4 GDP GDP GDP GDP/GDP / GDP Fan 1 GDP 2 1 GDP GDP 2004 4 1980 10 18 19 4 1 GDP 2008 1 8 2030 2 1 2000-2030 50 85 Rosegrant 2007 1 4 3 1982 3 3 2 39 29 4 4 3 0 2008 · 5 6 · 6 · 6 · 7 · 8 HIV/ HIV 1980-84 2000-04 28 10 HIV 15 4 9 1990 15-24 192000 5 35 5,000 OECD 1986-88 37 2003-05 30 EU · 4 5 Anderson Note: The nominal rate of assistance is a measure of domestic output prices relative to border prices, which also takes into account domestic input subsidies. WTO EU 5 1990 1980 90 5.5 21 15 2008 6 / / 1980 100 1980 100 http://faostat.fao.org (2007 6 )http://comtrade.un.org 3 1998 6-7 6 432004 1,380 60 2008 1982-2002 8 65 21 91 1,230 22 R&D GDP R&D 9 1 R&D R&D 700 R&D 43 R&D 20 R&D 3 20 7 / http://faostat.fao.org(2007 6 ) 5 R&D Bt R&D GMO 7 R&D 1992 2008 2-3 50 20 1 20 8 GHG United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changehttp://www.unfccc.int WDR 2008 2230 1,300 8 6 45-60 2008 20 9 4 2 WDR 2008 · 1990 · 4 4 9 · · 1 3 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 0 2008 10 % / International Country Risk Guidehttp://www.icrgonline.com WDR 2008 1 7 82 HIV/ 1990 10 1980 2.3 2001-05 3.8 1 1.5 R&D 4 1 2 22 6 3 R&D 4 11 / 1989-2002 1990-2002 1997-2004 1985-2001 1997-2004 1997-2004 1997-2004 1997-2004 1997-2004 WDR 2008 2008 11 8 3,200 39 9 12 Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi 2006 1982 2 1 1 12 1982 R&D 1982 2008 CDD CDD CDD 3 24 28 80 21 20 CGIAR FAOIFAD PARTI chapter 1 3 2002 4 3 8 8,300 2 1 1981 53 2001 8 A 18 19 1.11980 1.1 / / Ravallion and Chen 2004; World Bank 2006y 1 3 15 GDP 50 5085 30 1.2 2 GDP 2 40 1 GDP 1.2 3 GDP 3 34 64 1 GDP 4 400-1,800 GDP 20 43 1 GDP 1,800-8,100 8 22 50 2 5 0 2008 1.2 GDP GDP 1990-2005 GDP 1990-2005 1961-2003 1961-2003 1961-2003 1961-2003 1 GDP2000 World Bank 2006y WDR 2008 3 vi 1 GDP A 85 42 1993-2002 2 1 3.5 1 2020 1.1 2040 6 GDP 1 3 1.1 30 25 15 8 2025 2030 2020 1995 2020 10 100 United Nations 2004 2 1.2 3 1 2.15 3 1993-2002 3 81 1.3 1.1 1.2 19 7 GDP 32 2008 1.2 42 1981-2003 3 10 GDP 10 5 2.5 Bravo-Ortega and Lederman (2005) GDP GDP 20 2.9 2.5 80 1980-2001 Christiaensen and Demery (2007) 1 25 2.7 25 2.5 1 2 Hasan and Quibriam (2004) 10 Ligion and Sadoulet 2007 2 10 5 95 1.3 3 1990-2005 1965-94 1981-2001 1970-96 1970-96 / 2002 WDR2008 × GDP ÷ GDP World Bank DDP 2006 1 2.15 Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula 2007 GDP 1 GDP 2000 Ravallion and Chen 2004 World Bank 2000b United Nations' Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (http://www.eclac.org) Central Bureau of Statistics (http://www.bps.go.id ) 3 vi 1 3 1.13 2005 100 615 3,510 965 100 417 2,220 255 68 63 26 1993-2005 2.5 1.4 1.0 82.2 13.6 4.2 2.2 97.8 0 0.9 96.1 2.9 8 92 0 0 12 88 2.2 9.7 88.1 2004 100 266 1,780 447 100 172 1,020 82 65 57 18 1 GDP2000 379 1,068 3,489 GDP 1993-2005 3.7 6.3 2.6 1 2000 111 142 215 GDP 29 13 6 1993-2005 32 7 5 GDP 1993-2005 4 2.9 2.2 GDP 1993-2005 3.5 7 2.7 FAO 2006a World Bank 2006y 500 74 71 2005 1.23 2002 100 494 3,250 888 335 2,100 251 1 2.15 1 80 60 26 100 278 1,530 91 70 79 39 83 73 36 73 35 22 1 1.08 1 49 22 8 100 170 583 32 70 82 45 51 28 13 45 11 6 Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula 2007 1.1 60 1993 1 2.15 63 8 2008 1.3 3 2 1993-2005 1993-2004 / 2002 / 2002 Central Statistical Organization and Planning Commission Instituto Nacional da Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI) 1981-85 1991-2001 1.3 1965-70 1989-94 1970-76 1990-96 1970-75 1990-96 1.3 1993-2005 15-25 3 1 5 49 68 1970 1.11.2 3 1 3 12 2 2 4 9 1 75 - 225 60 70% 38 10 1.7 3 1 11 13 1958-94 1 1.4 2008 1.4 5 Datt and Ravallion 1998a 2001 39 06 17 74 14 1 15 2015 1,000 2000 2 18 16 1 3 1.4 3 1 3 1980 2 Collier and Venables ; Eifert, Gelb, and Ramachandran 2005; Wood and Mayer 2001 C 2000 A C 19 20 2008 1.5 3 1 1980-2001 1985-99 2 2.5 2 21 1970-99 3.7 23 1 GDP 1997 24 1 1 1981 1 47 96 14 9 58 70 22 Mwabu and Thorbecke 2004; World Bank 1982 1.5 25 4 3 20 A 1980-2001 75-80 1993-2005 7 13 57 26 80 1 3 1.6 1960 1970 30 1 GDP 1970 40 1986 1974 1973-75 Hayami 2005 28 1.6 3 1 GDP GDP 4 29 15 2 30 27 31 32 5 1.5 0 2008 1.5 / HUN ARG ROM BRA MEX ZWE ECU IRN COL MYS ZAF BOL PER SVK SEN PHL MAR TUR MWI IDN THA EGY NPLBGD IND UGA 1 GDP2000 World Bank 2006y; UNIDO Industrial Statistics Database 2005 3 vi 30 33 38 34 6 GDP 30 35 4 3 45 18 36 37 1 3 4 · GDP 20 · · 1 · 0.6-1.2 39 1990 40 41 10 5 15 3 1.6 2008 1.61993-2005 a a a FAO 2006a a TFP Krueger, Schiff, and 50 1967-92 Valdés (1991) 18 43 TFP 0.5-1.5 42 30 TFP 10 0.43 4 3 1 3 1.7 International Country Risk Guide 1 1990 1.7 OECD 5 4 1992-2000 10 6 1978-84 44 46 60 55 33 11 45 1.3 1980 2004 1980 2004 1980 2004 6.9 4.0 14.3 7.0 8.1 2.7 GDP 3.7 4.0 10.2 10.6 16.9 12.1 GDP 28.8 28.9 24.4 15.6 14.4 10.2 Fan 14 12 12 11 2008 1.8 1975-2004 ODA ODA ODA 2004 10 2004 10 2004 10 2004 ODA ODA OECD 2006a. 2004 4 1.3 1980 10 1.3 50 10 51 1 GDP 1975 40 2002 75 4 700 35 50 7 1970 80 47 ODA 52, 53 1979 18 2004 3.5 20 1.8 1984 15-20 2 48 80 2004 2004 R&D 34 49 1970 80 1 3 ODA ODA 1980 54 12 1975 ODA 4-8 10-11 56 55 11 2001 1960 57 2008 58 59 4.4 1930 50 1978 4 61 2004 60 11 62 1 3 PROCAMPO 63 A 10 75 1993-2002 45 1 1.08 1 2.15 78 70 58 22 21 75 10 A.1 1 2002 40 1.08 1993 37 2002 51 30 A.1 1993 35 32 10 9 A.11 1.08 100 100 Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula 2007 A.1 1993-2002 101.08 2002 10 6,700 Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula 2007 11 8,300 1993 PPP 1 1.08 2.15 2002 A A.2 25 Braun, Gulati, and Fan 2005Ravallion Ravallion and Chen (2007) 1981 and Chen (2007) 53 2001 8 5 1980 76 2001 12 4 3 1980 80 90 Ravallion and Chen 2007 1981-85 78 2-3 Lin 1992 1978-84 15 Von Braun, Gulati, and Fan 2005 81-85 GDP 1952 2004 3 1 Von Ravallion and Chen 2007 A.3 1960 70 1970 80 1967 64 77 5086 34 World Bank 2000b; 2007 National Sample Survey (NSS), Government of India NSS 0 2008 1991 1983 1.4 2000 1.7 2004 1993 1990 1980-2004 1990 World Bank 200b; Burgess and Pande 2005; Chaudhuri and Ravallion 2006; Von Braun, Gulati, and Fan 2005; Topalova 2005; Ravallion and Datt 1996; Datt and Ravallion 1998a A.4 15 GDP 1980 42001 5 1991-92 51.7 1998-99 1990 1 39.52005-96 28.5 17 1 24 59 10 15 0.35 0.39 Bogetic 2007; Coulombe and Wondon 2007; Jackson and Acharya 2007 2001-05 5.7 GDP 5.2 12001 10 30 2006 9 Coulombe and Wodon 2007. 15 A.4 A A.2 1989-2002 1990-2002 1997-2004 1985-2001 1992-2001 1993-2002 1991-2000 1989-99 1999-2001 WDR 2008 2002 1 1.08 1 30 13 2 2030 60 4 2 1 1.08 25 2030 39 3 70 80 A.2 1951 A.3 A.1 1993 2002 85.2 82.5 ­2.8 ­1.5 87.6 86.8 ­0.8 ­0.4 91.5 88.6 ­2.9 ­2.7 85.1 63.2 ­21.9 ­20.0 88.6 65.1 ­23.6 ­22.1 35.8 37.6 1.9 6.1 19.8 18.7 ­1.1 ­0.3 47.3 46.4 ­0.9 7.8 78.2 69.7 ­8.5 ­6.9 73.7 71.3 ­2.4 ­1.6 Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula 2007 WDR2008 1993 2.15 2008 A.2 1 2.15 1993 2002 1993-2002 79.8 77.5 ­2.2 81.1 44.6 85.1 83.4 ­1.7 32.8 17.4 89.1 85.6 ­3.5 60.7 56.0 70.6 45.6 ­25.0 53.4 48.8 72.8 44.6 ­28.3 52.0 48.8 23.5 23.5 0.1 n.a. n.a. 16.6 13.6 ­3.0 14.1 3.5 29.6 31.7 2.1 ­10.3 88.1 63.3 54.4 ­8.8 55.5 45.1 59.6 57.9 ­1.8 78.8 52.4 Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula 2007 WDR2008 1993 2.15 n.a. A.3 A.2 5 Buys 2007 2000 FAO IIASA 6 GAEZ GAEZ GAEZ 10 818.5 6.9 2 A.1 67 1993-2002 2 A.2 1 7 2002 A 2002 1993 A.3 2 9 A.3 10 45 55 A.2 80 83 2 52 80 75 70-80 8 2 11 chapter2 1982 25 1 4 C GDP 1980-2004 1 2.0 1.6 1.8 1980-2004 2.6 0.9 79 GDP 2 1980 56 2004 2000 65 2004 GDP 39 29 21 1 3 2 4 2 1960 1970 1961-2004 102000 80 2.8 1.8 2.1 2000 22 3 1960 10 1960 60 1961-63 2.2 6 2000-02 143 30 4 20 1990 5 2.1 / / FAO 2006a 2008 2.2 1 Evenson and Gollin 2003; FAO 2006a 1 1960 8 GDP 3 1 15 6 7 9 R&D TFP 1975-90 10 1-2 TFP 7 11 1960 50 1971-94 30-40 53 2 2.3 1 GDP R&D , 1980-2004 12 1970 25 13 14 GDP GDP/ FAO 2006a; World Bank 2006y 15 2.8 2.3 1 3.5 3.1 1978-84 2.4 A 16 5.3 2.4 18 3 1 17 25 1 2 4 7 16 25 3 1 GDP 1 1970 1980 90 0.9 10 3.1 2.4 1 2008 2.4 1 GDP 3 218 42 / 26 2.1 2.5 19 3 18 2,000 2.1 / 54 45 FAO 2006a; World Bank 2006y 30 1 2.1 1 1960 70 164 3,900 5,000 5 2.2 2.2 2.1 30 2.5 5 17 2.2 2 2.1 1 1 29 3 1 2 21 6 20 75 IFDC 52 1 10 5 4 34 22 GDP 2-3 23 4 7 1990 R&D R&D 1961-65 100 1 7 1961-65 100 Borlaug and Dowswell 2007; Cummings 2005; Djurfeldt 2006; FAO 2006a Harrigan 2003; InerAcademy Council 2004; Johnson, Hazell, and Gulati 1961-65 100 5 2003; Mosley 2002; Sanchez 2002; Spencer 1994 56 WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2008 0 2008 2.1 Map 2.1 Agroecological zones in agricultural areas Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn / / Arid/ Humid/ Areas outside the Semi-arid Subhumid Irrigated extent of agriculture Sebastian 2007FAO/IIASA GAEZ ; FAO GMIA ; Ramankutty/SAGE 10 Source: Sebastian 2007, based on GAEZ climate data from FAO/IIASA; GMIA irrigated area data from FAO; and cropping and pastureland data from Ramankutty/SAGE. Note: Agricultural areas include those with at least 10 percent irrigated, cultivated, or grazing lands. 2.2 Map 2.2 Market access in agricultural areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America Hours to Market 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 >10 Areas outside the extent of agriculture Sebastian 2007 A. Nelson IFPRI 10 Source: Sebastian 2007, based on market access data from A. Nelson, and extent of agriculture from IFPRI. Note: Agricultural areas include those with at least 10 percent irrigated, cultivated, or grazing lands. Data are not shown for Australia, Canada, Europe, and the United States. two-thirds of the Sub-Saharan rural popu- be considered, including the fragility of the lation are in less-favored areas with either or natural resource base (chapter 8) and social both low agricultural potential or poor mar- conditions. ket access, compared with only 25 percent 3 2 These distinctions determine the choice for South Asia. Of course, many additional of farming systems and strategies. For elements of less-favored areas should also example, in Ethiopia a disproportionate 25 60 WDR08_04_ch02.indd 56 2 8 9/7/07 7:57:36 PM 2 2 2.5 / / 0-1 2-4 5 Sebastian 2007 63 38 1 24 8 9 34 A 45 68 10 18 2.3 2008 2.2 1 150 1 50 25 72 1 20 OECD 9 60 OECD 25 19 OECD 1 1 1 150 Center for International Earth Science Information Network(CIESIN) 2006; United Nations 2004 2.6 60 2 2.3 -0.9 -1.3 -06 -0.9 31 20 1 1990-2004 5.3 1 65 32 75 GDP 14.8 6.8 6.7 5.3 76 29 80GDP 40 1990-2004 1990 2 -4.3 95 1 -2.3 -0.5 30 5 3 2 1997-2004 7.93.8 1998-99 34 4 1 1980-2004 1990 3.6 5.5 26 27 58 38 10 2008 2.6 1 / / FAO 2006a 2 1980 90 36 9 28 2005 25 1 10 28 35 2-3 37 1980 10 30 38 90 67 5 1,200 2 2.4 1994-2004 10 70 4,500 7,400 3 2 2.4 2002/03 8 44 1999/2000-2004/05 5 4,000 45 2000-05 2 2,392 47 5 1 9,018 46 21 18 2.7 2004 43 2 47 2.6 39 2.7 10 2000 United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE) 2008 40 42 FAOIFPRI 2025-30 50 43 2003 R&D 105 120 41 IFPRI 5 48 IFPRI 1969-99 1.9 2000-30 1.3 2.9 1.7 2.8 2 49 1 1 2 B 1 40 1 0.1 25 50 1 1.6 2030 0.26 30-50 0.82 50 2 2.8a 30 b 1969-99 1969-99 2000-30 2000-30 Rosgrant 2006b a b1969-99 2.9 100 2000 2030 Rosgrant 2006b 2030 1 2,500 2000 8,500 30 2 6,500 3,000 2.9 2008 2.10 1 1 1961 100 1 2003 FAO 2006a 8 500-1,000 53 51 2.1 2.10 85 40 54 52 2 2.11 100 100 OECD Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture 2007 International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Watersim 55 2.5 2030 56 12 2.1 8 4 7,800 0.2 15 2030 40 8 1 50 2-3 61 57 8 59 4 1 60 0 2008 2.5 4 40 400 1980 62 8 1970­74 1975­79 1980­84 1985­89 1990­94 1995­99 3 9 11 15 4 3 1 2000 4,684 24,496 11,319 7,669 8,287 8,347 10 2 8 16 17 30 21 66 75 41 49 6 1 2000 3,433 4,152 5,174 2,252 3,222 3,506 19 15 15 18 21 17 African Development Bank 2007; Carter and Danert 2007; IFAD 2005a; International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 2005; World Bank 2006t 1970-99 3 2 3 63 F 3 1 4 1 6 1 64 2 2050 2050 20 67 65 GDP 2-9 66 2 2020 40 68 7 69 4 B 75 1 FAO 7 1 76 6,000 MJ 160 1 180MJ 4.8 70 77 75-90 71 2005 16 3 1 3 2 1980 2.12 72 18-20 1 73 R&D 78 2002 7 18 34 74 2008 2.12 56 FAO 2006a 7 1 8 GMO 80 F 79 80 80 7 2.13 2.13 / 4566 310 2501 461 163 508 Sasakawa Africa 2001 02 01 02 04 2 30 3 1 4 1 1 5 1 1.8 2 81 IFPRI 82 3 2008 1970 B 1930 EU 2006/07 1 20 2 3 2006 400 90 60 2020 75 1 5 5 EU B.1 4 B.1 400 65 EU EU F.O. Licht Consulting Company ( 2007 7 17 ) 2006 2008 10 4 55-73 1 0.38-0.49 0.45-057 5 11 EU 2006 23 2 60 2005 6 2006/07 5 1 3 12 2010 30 5 7 2 13 8 GFG 2 9 SUV 100 240 14 1 1 90 B GHG 50-60 GHG 10-30 15 20 GHG 1 500 1 30 16 2006 EU 21 GHG 17 GHG 18 1 22 2 2 19 1 chapter3 2 3 1 9 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 A 70 4 3.1 3 3 2 2 A 1970-2000 3 1993-2000 5 9 3 3 0 2008 3.1 6a 13a 28a 1992/93 1997/98 1992/93 1997/98 1992/93 1997/98 ha 0.37 0.43 0.50 0.57 0.60 0.72 ha 0.55 0.43 0.59 0.58 0.71 0.75 4.6 -- 6.3 -- 6.3 -- 31 -- 40 -- 47 -- 34 -- 43 -- 42 -- 1 1998 1,000 893 1,702 1,138 2,042 1,359 2,978 80 62 83 66 83 73 86 62 73 48 64 37 78 73 70 61 63 54 14 13 21 31 29 39 Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) 1992/93 1997/98 WDR 2008 10 1992/93 10 1997/98 25 25 50 a 35 6 3 3.1 8 9 7 3 3.1 A 1 1 32 2 42 1 3 5 27 65 11 3 1 10 2008 3.23 2004 11 60 71 14 1 14 100 2001 -- -- 54 18 2 26 100 1998 13 41 54 24 3 19 100 2004 20 14 34 24 3 39 100 1996 17 8 25 29 4 42 100 2001 18 4 21 45 0 33 100 1998 38 4 41 18 1 39 100 2001 29 2 31 34 8 28 100 2005 9 10 19 15 10 56 100 2000 -- -- 16 37 12 36 100 2000 4 7 11 47 3 39 100 2000 4 2 6 40 6 48 100 2003 1 5 6 50 6 37 100 1998 14 11 25 53 2 19 100 2001 4 1 5 12 37 46 100 Davis 2007 75 50 50 75 / 75 75 12 3.2 5 3.2 3.2 3 71 54 18 53 13 Davis (2007) www.fao. org/es/esa/riga/ 3 3.11 1995 1996 1,000 Davis 2007 3.1 15 3 1 3.2 15 15-56 3 1 75 14 20 46 FAO 13 97 16 14 60-99 3.2 3.2 2008 3.2 2004 2004 1997 1996 2000 2001 1998 2000 2005 2001 2001 2000 1998 2003 Davis 2007 3.3 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 120 520 520120 520120 520120 1998 2000 1998 1996 Davis 2007 20 42-75 77 59 3.3 27 48 3 3.4 66 15-64 p. 301 19 WDR 2008 2007 9 2 17 2 4 2008 18 9 3.4 19 22 20-30 20 23 1990-2000 3.3 24 21 3 3.3 1990 15-24 4 1 2000 1990-2000 1990-2000 100 100 25 26 1990 1990 Buck 2007; 1990 2000 10 10 1990 2000 1990 10 1990 15-24 4 27 1 2000 1995-2000 6-12 20-25 27 21 25 182000 2 1990 Buck 2007; Lopez-Calva 2007; 1995 2000 2008 Oportunidades 30 28 2 A 7 1997 31 29 32 4 33 3 7 8 36 1 34 37 6 35 38 0 2008 39 4 1.5-4 3.5 3.5 WDR 2008 25-64 58 2000 WDR 2008 2007 3 4 3.5 45 10 3.4 9 40 1960 2.6 2000 1.4 30 41 20 H 1987 46 46 2002 37 HIV 3.3 42 3.3 2 47 43 2003World Health Organization (WHO) (2003) 44 HIV 2008 3.4 2000 HIV 1990 1990-2000 1 1990 HIV 15-24 19 12.9 51 4.8 2000 0.8 1990 Potts 2005; World Bank 2005p; WDR 2008 1990 2000 1990-2000 1990-2000 1,000 1,000 1990 1990 WDR 2008 10 1990 2000 2 1990 1,000 1,000 1990 1990 1990 2000 2 3 3.3 a 1977­96 43.1 48.3 1.4 0.6 103 ­13 1990­2000 53.5 54.0 3.8 3.1 31 6 1978­93 43.5 46.7 3.8 3.4 42 27 1974­2000 69.3 71.2 15.4 14.7 63 56 1990­95 46.6 44.8 1.6 1.4 8 ­5 1990­2000 46.5 37.8 1.0 0.8 31 5 1981­93 34.4 33.2b 1.2 0.8 37 ­8 1971­96 40.5 37.6 1.3 1.0 64 26 1975­97 60.7 58.2 10.7 7.0 6 ­31 1990­2001 77.1 74.5 13.8 11.7 11 ­6 1982­93 39.3 40.5 3.3 4.8 ­1 43 1985­96 76.5 76.6 64.6 72.8 ­16 ­6 1983­96 47.8 42.1 1.6 2.0 64 105 1973­2001 64.9 60.2 5.8 8.3 14 63 Anríquez and Bonomi 2007 a b 2004/05 3.6 Anríquez and Bonomi 2007 2008 3.5 Kochar2007;Rao2007 48 30 3.5 52 3.6 20 0.2 11-27 5 49 50 53 3 3.6 1-2 3,500-9,000 54 40 25 16 8 / 4 / 3.6 Blench 2001; Rass 2006; Thornton 2002 55 14 80 40 40 20 42-93 57 56 1982-2002 8 65 21 91 69 57 58 2008 61 800 35 59 62 1 60 50 10 63 3 67 1 6 4 64 85 2 95 2 2 68 69 1992 801997 50 65 1 66 2008 3.7 / / Anríquez and Bonomi 2007 70 6 5 3.7 3.7 3 3.7 0.5-0.6 0.8 77 1 Anríquez and Bonomi 2007; Deininger and Jin 2003; Otsuka 2007; Ravallion and van de Walle 71 3 4-8 6 9 1 00 2008 0 C 8 5,000 1970 9 153 2 8 5,000 2 FAO 3 1 3 1 C.12 9,900 2 2,500 10 3 1.7 1970 3,700 80 1 90 300 0 2008 C.1 2003 1992-2003 http://faostat.fao.org; FAO 2006c 100 EAPLACSASSA MENAECA 1970 1 5 8 1 6 4 9 1995-2004 1 ­1.0 16 ­1.7 10 14 25 40 25 6 20 18 15 20 10 C 0 10GDP 2-3 9 10 1 5 100 11 5 5 1 12 4 5 1 10 1 5 1 6 2 7 1 2 1,000 39 8 4 3 4 PARTII 0 chapter4 1 1 1 1 4.1 1980 1986 5 GATT 2003 20 4 0 4.1 3 4.1OECD PSE a OECD EU PSE1986-88 PSE2003-05 PSE1986-88 PSE2003-05 OECD 2006b OECD EU a G20 7 2,420 2,730 OECD 90 EU OECD 4 / PSE 4.1 3 1986-88 2 OECD 37 2003-05 30 PSE OECD 2000 EU 2 0 2008 EU 2001 OECD OECD EU 2003-05 PSE 28 1986-88 9 4.1 EU WTO 4.2 EU 4 EU 1996 1982 2008 3 1960 80 16 12 24 5 1 4 0 4.2 EU EU 2018 3 EU 2,830 20 EU 2006 2 2006 7 4 40 3 78 2007 2 1 EU WTO 2 EU 2001 EU 2009 50 EU EU 3 1 2 3 2006 2 EU 4 3 62 4 3 EU EU 2006 4,000 WTO 40 20 2000-05 3 2 0 2008 10-15 2005 3 WTO WTO 2002 WTO 2 4,721 2006 12 WTO 1996 1 12 WTO 4 2003 5 WTO EU Anderson, Martin, and van der Mensbrugghe 2006a; Anderson and WTO Valenzuela ; Masayoshi Honma, Yujiro Hayami, Dan Summer, Don Mitchell, and John Baffes 2007 1980 90 1980-84 2000-04 28 10 4.2 59 4.3 11 9 1960 14080 80 2000-04 90 9 6 ­40 4.3 1980 1990 7 1990 1 Anderson 4 4.2 11 9 2000-04 2 53 7 32 15 1980-84 -36 2000-04 +76 4.1 15 4 4.4 Anderson 1980 4.4 1980-84 2000-04 14 4.4 10 1980-84 46 19 2000-04 4.3 13 4.1 1980-84 2000-04 1980-84 2000-04 1980-84 2000-04 ­36 76 33 35 ­11 52 ­4 5 ­12 4 ­4 44 ­12 ­3 ­4 8 8 ­8 ­53 ­7 -- -- ­38 4 ­11 ­7 ­23 8 ­14 ­1 ­32 ­15 ­20 ­2 -- -- ­51 ­36 -- -- -- -- ­19 ­38 9 9 -- -- ­49 ­50 -- -- -- -- Anderson 3 3 2008 4.3 Anderson 4.24.44.5 2000-04 2 4.4 10 9 8 7 6 2000-04 1980-84 4.5 4.1 26 23 14 2 4.3 1992 9 Anderson 1992/93 4 2002/03 31 10 11 29 13 4.3 1992/93 1980-84 30 2000-04 9 1992-93 4.5 2002-03 13 38 1992-93 2 2002-03 24 4 4.4 30 RRA 2001 WTO 1 1965-2004 1980-2005 NRA NRA NRA NRA Anderson NRA 100 x [ (100 + NRAagt) / (100 + NRAnonagt )­ 1 ] NRAagt NRAnonagt -100 EU 1980 EU 4.5 7 6 GDP 1980 Anderson 2008 1,000-3,000 3 211 4.5 GDP 6 9 WTO GDP 170 5 12 WTO 30 4.2 2015 GDP 0.8 5.2 3.2 4.2 90 13 89 11 14 4.6 2015 4 4.5 1 3 1980-84 2000-04 1990 NAFTA 2008 1991 93 1990 2002 1986 1910 1990 PROCAMPO 1978 2004 37 80PROCAMPO 3 3 3 1 5,000 Avalos-Sartorio 2006; Hunag, Rozelle, and Rosegrant 1999; Lin 1992; McMillan, Waley, and Zhu 1989; Opolot and Kuteesa 2006; Qian and Weingast 1996; Robinson 2005; Rosenzweig 2002; Rozelle 1996; Swinnen and Rozelle 2006; World Bank 2002a; Yang 1996; Yunez-Naude and Barceinas Paredes 2004; Zahinser 2004 2008 4.6 LINKAGE 24 25 25 13 Francois and Martin 2007; Hertel 2006; van der Mensbrugghe 2006 4.2 2015 9.8 6.6 16.4 5.2 23.0 28.2 9.1 38.0 47.0 5.9 2.4 8.4 30.0 70.0 100.0 GDP 0.8 0.6 0.7 Anderson, Martin, and van der Mensbrugghe 2006a 2001 4.6 2006 4.7 5.5 1.3 15 54 9 49 83 65 55 82 4 4.6 Anderson, Martin, and van der Mensbrugghe 2006a 4.7 Anderson, Martin, and van der Mensbrugghe 2006a 11 10 2006 21 16 18 4-8 OECD 17 OECD 10 OECD 19 60 20 8-20 OECD OECD 21 2008 30-60 22 23 10 20 5 3.9 4.2 8 10 4.3 2 50 4.8 12 24 7 10 40 25 4.8 a Anderson, Martin, and van der Mensbrugghe 2006a a2005 2015 4 4.3 4.9 1.1 0.3 ­0.2 ­0.4 ­0.5 0.7 0.8 0.2 ­0.2 ­0.6 ­0.2 ­1.8 ­6.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 ­0.1 0.6 0 ­0.4 ­0.3 0.6 ­0.4 0.1 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.8 0.3 ­0.2 ­4.6 ­1.7 0.6 ­1.1 ­0.2 1 ­1.9 ­11.2 ­1.5 0.9 ­1.0 ­0.3 1,000 ­445 ­133 ­23 86 ­62 ­128 Hertel 2007 15 6 15 2 4.3 15 25 4.3 1 3 3 2 0 2008 4.7 5 40-64 50 70 27 35 8 26 2002 2000 2001 1998 1999 2001 1998 25.5 24.1 41.2 40.4 56.3 62.7 64.4 50.9 22.3 14.9 30.0 8.4 17.9 6.1 7.2 -- 53.3 7.4 11.5 14.8 5.8 29.1 30.1 18.8 28.8 25.8 18.9 35.1 7.1 39.5 4.6 20.8 18.0 27.3 19.4 5.6 8.0 8.4 13.0 36.3 21.1 33.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 / 12.0 9.4 22.7 11.5 5.9 4.8 13.1 12.9 28.4 27.3 18.9 20.8 10.7 19.9 37.6 35.1 39.7 21.0 39.0 70.3 37.4 / 11.3 10.2 22.0 10.3 8.1 3.6 8.8 1.4 2.8 4.0 2.3 14.4 18.4 12.5 Ataman Aksoy and AyIin-Isik-Dimelik 4.3 4 31 1990 4.3 32 4.7 33 8 60 27 28 34 1 29 GDP 4.2 35 1990 30 36 37 2006 7 2007 1 2008 4.7 · WTO · 2 2.5 · 89 WTO 40 38 · EU 1 39 1EU 8 · 4 OECD 43 2006 41 OECD OECD 3 1 OECD 42 5 4 2 50 7 44 2008 46 C PROCAMPO 5-10 WTO 4.7 2 C 2004 3 2 47 2005 16 06 18 45 4 40-60 30 51 4 1 15 48 4 49 · 50 52 · PROCAMPO 4.5 53 2008 54 6 11 37 2003 4306 7502 05 55 2002/03 26 2003/04 80 2003/04 15 7 56 4.8 4 4.9 GDP 11 GDP 4.8 4 4.9 57 Chand and Kumar 2004 58 60 61 1 1980-84 2000-04 28 10 15 4 9 OECD EU 59 5 9 11 0.3 2008 4.8 55-60 52005 37 2002/03 7 15 3 11 60 GDP 1985 1.22000 0.5 1980 2002/03 29 59 36 1 Beintema 2004; Birner, Sharma, and Palaniswamy 2006; Govereh 2006; Pletcher 2000; World Bank 2003d 4 EU 1990 1980 90 WTO 0 chapter5 GDP 5 5.1 /100 1998 National Resources Institute2006 5.1 1 5.1 2 3 AgMark Net 50 50-60 1 TradeNet 2008 5.1 50 1 Dercon (2006) 15 6.7 4-6 Limao and Venables 2001; Van der Walle 2007 5.2 FM 4 5 SMS SMS 5 5.2 e- ITC 2000-07 9 TradeNet 6,400 e- TradeNet 3 8,000 400 ITC SMS 400 80 e- e- 13 ITC ITC www.tradenet. ITC 2006/07 e- biz/gapto2006 200 4 6 ITC Kofi Debrah2007 ; DeMaagd and Moore 2006; Shivakumar2007 3 21 3 8 2005 9 2 87 9 SAFEX 2006 190 SAFEX 1 2006 SAFEX 10 4 6 2004 7 2008 5.2 / FOB Rashid, Assefa, and Ayele 2006 13 14 1 20-30 5.2 11 6 15 1 5.3 12 16 5 5.3 2 1 6,000 -2 1,000 1 1998 20 242 6.1 5,000 1 Del Ninno 2001; Dorosh 2001 5.3 / 3 1990 2007 17 5.3 18 2008 OECD 19 24 4 1980 90 20 1 21 25 26 85 27 2 6-8 22 2 KILLICAFE 23 5.4 28 29 2 5 5.4 3 1995 2 2000-03 3 60 90 30 1 2,800 1999 SOFITEX 30 SOFITEX SOFITEX 2000 1998 2004/05-2006/07 1 2,800 2000 2 Bonjean, Combes, and Sturgess 2003; Food Security Research Project (FSRP) 2000; Christopher Gilbert2007 ; Tschirley, Zulu,andShaffer2004 6 1990 2000 30 5.4 5.4 1 5.4 Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia (http://www.bps.go.id) 2008 5.51 1 GDP 1,000 Reardon and Berdegué 2006; World Bank 2006y 50 5.5 2002 40 3 2,000 80 31 32 1 143 63 4 28 13 17 40 22 15 6 33 34 5 35 39 2 40 40 1 1 41 36 2 42 43 37 38 0 2008 9 10-100 48 44 49 50 45 1984-93 20 9,000 14 5,000 51 46 52 47 2 1 2 40 5.1 2 4 2 2.5 5 5.1 World Bank 2007a 53 6 55 54 6 20 2 56 2004 1,380 5.5 47 2 5.6 2008 5.5 3 NorminVeggies 402535 2003 12 6 Yulin Normincorp 1 3.0 1.2 Normincorp 29 152 1992 0.2 2005 10 05 2,100 Normincorp 2006 5 30-40 2 80 Yulin Concepcion, Digal, and Uy 2006; Dries, Reardon, Swinnen 2004; Ruoheng Zuhui, Qiao, and Yu 2006 57 SPS 58 1 EUREPGAP 33 59 SPS 5 5.6 /100 2004 62 1 Global Development Solutions LLC data 2004 63 SPS 60 64 3-5 0.5-5.0 61 1-3 65 SPS 2008 5.6 EU 15 SPS 23 1010 34 421991 3,000 2005 7,000 EU SPS 120-230 CFA 240-410 CFA 2005 Maertens and Swinnen 2006 66 1 2 3 68 12 67 5.6 SPS 5 5.2 SPS WTO World Bank 2007a 5.2 72 69 2005 3,100 EU STDF 2006 SPS 239 73 70 2005 14 74 1 1 71 2008 75 79 80 FAO 81 1 2 82 43 42 76 77 WTO 78 5 SPS D 3 1 4 GDP 2 D.1 GDP 1 GDP 40 10 GDP 20 30 13 2 2 10 D.1GDP GDP 1 GDP2000 WDR 2008 World Bank 2003f Jaffaa 1999; Pryor and Holt 1999 D D.1 2004 2004 100 100 a 3,180 10 3,118 12 605 14 / 2,249 7 2,624 10 562 13 6,030 18 1,239 5 302 7 6,155 19 387 2 173 4 BASF 4,165 13 -- -- -- -- 3,368 10 -- -- 130 3 -- -- 1,239 5 -- -- / 7,519 23 16,593 66 1,425 34 -- -- -- -- 1,037 24 b CR42000 60 33 38 CR41997 c 47 23 UNCTAD 2006b; International Seed Federation (http://www.worldseed.org) a1982-2001 b CR4 4 cFulton and Giannakas 2001 60 331997 7 4723 8 CR4 2004 38 D.1 2004 91 CR4 40 9 10 11 2,500 D.1 CR4 40 45 5 4 64 1990 2002 5 3 1 10 3 80 CR4 60-70 40 51 50 1970-72 60 1998-2000 28% 12 5 1974-94 2004 4 6 4 CR4 13 0 2008 D.1 DFID BLCF 2002 450 2 25 www.businesslinkageschallengefund.org. 15 2 1 16 1 14 D.1 4 1 2 3 4 D 18 19 17 chapter6 1980 · · · · 10 · 6 10 2 3 1 3 · 1 4 · · 2008 15 6.1 6 1 20-60 5 8 GPS 6.1 1998/99 63 2,000 1 1 2003-05 600 1,800 GPS 60 1 65 7 95 99 1.40 80 90 1 76 66 Deininger 2007 6 6.2 2,100 600 8 39 9 2.4 0.6 Dabrundashvili 2006. 3 1 9 1,600 14 14 8 1 10 2,000 4 8,000 4 15 11 6.2 7 12 4 3 1980-2005 50 13 2008 6.3 · 60 1978 1 15 3 2 · 1988 5 25 45 2000 171 2,500 3 2003 · 60 175520 2923 Benjamin and Brandt 2002; Brandt, Rozelle, and Turner 2004; Cai2003; Deininger and Jin 2005; Kung and Liu 1997 16 5 4 16 17 6.3 20 18 20 19 · 6.4 6 6.4 1 150 46 34 197126200112 2001 37 Deininger, Jin, and Nagarajan 2006 24 · 21 · 22 25 26 23 2008 2 6,000 8771 27 28 40 NGO 50-75 6 6.1 60-90 6.1 29 5 50 30 / / Boucher, Carter, and Guirkinger 2006 MFI 31 MFI 204050 MFI MFI MFI 1 MFI 32 MFI FUNDEA 0 2008 MFI 2006 Banco Los Andes 33 1 Procredit 10 35 1980 36 37 40 Banrural MFI MFI 34 6.5 MFI BAAC 1 6 6.5 Banrural SA Banrural SA Banrural BANDESA 1997 Banrural 20 1.5 Banrural 100 13 Banrural 2 30 Banrural 2 70 5 NGO 150 10 3 2 2 NGO1 1 BANDESA 1 Trivelli 2007 NMB 6 4 2 38 RCPB 220 2008 39 43 MFI m- 44 1 40 1 41 1 42 MFI MFI 1 2 5 1 2 MFI 6 MFI 48 45 1 1 46 MFI MFI 1 MFI MFI 47 MFI 2008 MFI MFI 2004 2006 160 28 NGO 26 MFI 24 49 6.6 MFI 2 BASIX 1 MFI 300 50 51 6 6.6 2005 4 33 World Bank 2005l 52 100 1 80 1 53 2 54 2008 55 59 56 2 5,000 57 6.2 3 1 / 58 3 1 6.2 1 Gregory and Bumb 2006 6 6.3 2004/05 3 1 60 11% 15% 3% 2% 2005 37 6.3 20% 61 37% 11% Jayne 2006a 6.7 62 63 2006/07 350 3 1 2008 6.7 · 2 1 2 1 · · · · Conley and Udry 2001; Foster and Rosenzweig 1995; Gramlich 1990; Morris 2007; Sachs 2003; Pedro Sanchez2007 64 65 NGO CGIAR 67 1 2000 NGO 6.8 66 6 6.8 IFDC 3 1 50 1 2 Morris 2007; Kelly, Adesina, and Gordon 2003; International Fertilizer Development Centre (IFDC) 2005 3 4 5 1 3 68 0 2008 · · · 3 2 5,000 72 6.9 80 69 5 10 9 1 60 57 35 7 8 70 1960 11 73 2005 1,230 22 60 25 1927 74 31 2 50 71 1980 6 6.9 IFAP 1946 2000 Via Campesina 92 IFAP 1992 AgriCord AgriCord IFAP 80 115 IFAP CGIAR www.ifap.org/en/index.html;www.viacamesina.org 75 3 5 76 NGO 410 77 5 78 79 2008 20 82 80 NGO NGO 83 4 1 1 84 81 6 chapter7 21 20-30 1 3 · · R&D · R&D 7 7.1 2000-05 Evenson 2003 WDR ; http://www.faostat.fao.org; IRRI2007 ; CIMMYT2007 2000-05 1997 F R&D R&D 1960 R&D 1 7.1 CGIAR 40 8,000 2 1980 1980 1950 60 90 50 20 21 1960 2000 18-21 1 4-7 1,300 -1,500 2008 3 80 11 · 4 1 1981 5 1996 6 20 12 7 · 1,000 Phaseolus vulgaris 2 8 13 · 1980 1997 2004 8,000 2006 9 8,000 14 80 30 28 10-15 49 73 5-7 15 10 · 7 40 16 Ug 99 2 17 Puccinia graminis tritici Ug 99 2007 Ug 99 G E G × E Ug 99 21 1953 54 30 40 22 40 18 1 23 3 6,000 24 E 25 19 R&D 3 2 20 2008 1 32 CIMMYT 30 180 33 30 26 GIFT 1 27 28 2003 68 46 17GIFT 1 9-15 34 20-30 29 11 2 30 1 1980-2005 1,000 1,290 1,990 140 330 31 50 7 30-40 35 E 2 R&D CGIAR 35 MAS 18 2 37 MAS 36 38 GMO E 1 900 Bt 4,000 43 39 10 10 41 0 2008 7.1 - - 100 20-35 8 NGO - 2004 80 - 350 57 40 - 10 Malik, Yadav, and Singh 2005; Paris 2003 7.1 1 8 60 42 1970 7.2 43 IITA 44 20 7 7.2 1,200 2 8 2005/06 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Science 200 Council (CGIAR) 2006a 90 45 46 50 47 8 48 49 8 R&D R&D R&D CGIAR 51 2008 7.2 R&D 43 a 1,673 990 783 188 222 11 262 % Alston 2000 a1953-97 NGO 8 IPR IPR 7.3 R&D R&D 2 52 R&D 700 43 53 R&D 7.2 R&D R&D 54 94 55 R&D 1960 70 10 R&D R&D 2000 GDP 0.56 R&D 7 7.3 IPR WTO IPR IPR IPR 1978 UPOVUPOV IPR IPR 2004 FAO 1993 1991 UPOV R&D 1991 UPOV IPR IPR IPR IPR IPR Oxfam International 2007b; Tripp, Louwaars, and Eaton 2007; World bank 2006k 5.16 9 1 R&D 6 R&D GDP 5 7.1 27 1990 R&D GDP 20 R&D 57 R&D 1981 3 1 2000 R&D 3 63 3 1 R&D 3 56 4 2008 7.1 R&D 1981 2000 R&D R&D GDP 1981 2000 1981 2000 100 2000 1,196 1,461 0.84 0.72 3,047 7,523 0.36 0.41 1,049 3,150 0.41 0.40 533 1,858 0.18 0.34 764 1,382 0.61 0.66 1,897 2,454 0.88 1.15 690 1,020 1.15 1.81 6,904 12,819 0.52 0.53 1,832 1,658 1.45 3.62 2,533 3,828 1.31 2.65 8,293 10,191 1.41 2.36 15,197 23,010 0.79 0.80 Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators http:www.asti.cgiar.org; Pardey 2007 R&D 10 R&D R&D 1 2 R&D R&D 4 58 3 R&D R&D CGIAR 1 R&D R&D 59 R&D 1 60 D 1 R&D 61 3 R&D IPR CGIAR 62 63 7.4 R&D IPR 7 7.4 R&D R&D R&D · 1 503 1 4 · 1 4 1 · R&D R&D HIV/ 1 Pardey (2007) 1 0.27 0.05 R&D GDP 4 · 2 · 3 400 4 8 2000 100 147 160 175 390 120 51 12,224 8,100 9,368 25 63 100 R&D 1999 100 1,085 1,860 3,465 1 1999 1,000 89 230 370 FAO 2005a; Pal and Byerlee 2006; Pradey 2007 7.3 1 65 R&D 66 R&D FONTEC R&D 64 2002EMBRAPA 2008 7.5 1 2000 1 NGO 1 1998 50 25% 39% 59% 1979 38 98 100 1.1 Canadian International Development Agency2006 1.5 40 ; Morris, Tripp, and Dankyi 1999 7.5 21 R&D G 67 R&D R&D 30-50 68 G R&D 7 7.2 / IPR CGIAR / / / / / / / Byerlee and Fischer 2002; Spielman and von Grebmer 2004 FONTAGRO 1 R&D 13 1998 FONTAGRO R&D 70 13 69 CGIAR 64 15 R&D CGIAR R&D 1 CGIAR R&D PPP 11 R&D CGIAR PPP R&D 7.2CGIAR 14 71 2008 7.6 IPR 1 · IPR R&D · IPR IPR · CIMMYT BASF NGO · African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) 2004; Wright and A Pardey 2006 R&D PPP PPP R&D 7.6 1 500 15 72 2 R&D R&D R&D 7 7.7 PRODUCE NGO PRODUCE 1996 73 R&D 6 1998 32 1 R&D PRODUCE 7.7 R&D Ekboir 2006 74 0.5 75 76 ICT PPP 7.8 2 77 6 0 2008 7.8 1980-93 101 37 1993 3 5,000 620 R&D 2004 R&D 100 World Bank 2006h ICT T&V 1975-95 70 T&V T&V 78 1990 G 11 7 80 5 79 NGO 1 ATMA 2000 NGO 7.3 1 ATMA 25% 5%2 7.3 NGO PO .. NGO PO .. PO NGO .. NGO .. .. .. .. PO Birmer 2006 .. 2008 7.3 Chipeta 2006 81 80 85 7.3 NGO 86 82 1 83 1 Programa Campesino a Campesino Mviwata 84 ICT FFS ICT 7 7.9 NGO ICT NGO ICT e- 5 MS 1997 80 M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MASRF) 2005 100 ICT 83 56 77 19 89 ICT 2006 1 40 600 ICT 1 60 90 9 80 5 87 4 1 88 SMS 2 3 ICT NGO 7.9 4 2008 R&D R&D R&D R&D R&D E GMO 2006 22 1 8 E.1GMO GMO Bt 1996 GMO 4 R&D Bt Bt Bt GMO Bt 2006 5 920 Bt Bt 730 1 6 Bt Bt 7 Bt 8 2 GMO 3 1 1 2001 470 340 E.1 Bt 3 E.1GMO a a 100 James 2006 a GMO 20 2008 E.1Bt a a b a c 33 19 26 11 65 31 340 47 12 198 2.4 -- 2.7 2.2 -- 47 67 73 77 58 aFAO 2004a bQaim 2006 Gandhi and Namboodiri 2006 66 cBennett, Morse, and Ismael 2006Gouse, Kirsten, and Jenkins 2003; Gouse 2005; Hofs, Fok, and Vaissayre 2006 2006 44 GMO Bt 9 16 GMO GMO GMO 2 5 GMO R&D GMO 10 R&D R&D A Bt 80 CGIAR 7 3,500 11 A GMO 17 CGIAR 20-140 4 12 18 A 15 13 19 GMO 2000 1990 14 GMO GMO GMO 15 20 10 GMO E 21 GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO Bt Bt 22 GMO 1 Bt 100 GMO GMO 7 26 GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO 23 Bt GMO 27 24 GMO GMO R&D GMO 25 chapter8 1970-95 2 8.1 4 1 2 7 2 11 2 1,300 10-20 3 8 8.1 2 2 5 4 6 18 8.1 00 2008 18 40 10 7 2 8 15-35 11 14 9 8.1 12 1 1950 20 250 13 8.1 14 85 8 0 8.1 1.0 0.8-1.0 0.5-0.8 0-0.5 Smakhtin, Revenga, and Döll 2004; United Nations Development Programme 2006 3-4 30 1 8.1 15 40 16 FAO AQUASTAT http://www.fao.org/agl/aglw/ aquastat/main/index.stm; International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage http://www.icid.org/index-e.html 0 2008 8.1 1980 2 30 1990 1999 13 10 7 4 Pala 2006; World Bank 2006q 18 2 2 17 19 20 8.1 20 8 0 4 1 22 21 1970 1980 23 11 4 1982-2000 5.8 3.5 24 4 25 4 3 5 1 8.2 0 2008 8.2 % World Bank 2003d 26 27 32 28 29 30 31 8 0 33 37 38 NGO 39 34 40 35 11 36 0 2008 8.2 - - 43 1,200 44 8.3 Ali and Byerlee 2002; Kataki, Hobbs, and Adhikary 2001 GIS 7 45 - 8.2 41 1 7 42 46 11 7 3 8 0 8.3 3 2 · · 1991 2 1 154 20 · 30 · TAC's Standing Panel on Impact Assessment SPIA 1999; Waibel and · Pemsl 1999 5 47 GIS 48 1 2 1 0 2008 8.4 2003 5 / 10 51 2003 24 52 2006 8 2 Steinfeld 2006 8.4 OECD 49 2 54 31 2 H 50 1 2 53 8 0 8.2 1 0.01-1% Lapers 2005 American Institute of Biological Science 55 56 56 GDP3.8 57 30 54 5 58 70 2 5 1 34 0 2008 8.5 4 1 65 1980 1 66 World Bank 2007i 0.5 130 59 62 20-30 8.2 60 61 8 8.5 2 3 2 R&D 63 R&D NGO 7 64 67 2 68 1990 2008 8.6 1970 80 Faidherbia albida 1975 10-20 20 500-600 1 2 30 1,000 50-60 Larwanou, Abdoulaye, and Reij 2006; Polgreen 2007; McGahuey and Winterbottom (2007 ); Reij2007 7 1 70 2 1 2004-06 40 50 10 200 80 69 71 500-600 8.6 1 10 60 7 8 NGO 72 IFAD 73 78 74 75 76 NGO 79 80 77 20 33 6 81 82 2008 8.7 2 1 3 1 1,600 70 17 2,000 1992-99 30 76 NGO 16 GIS 3 9-67 6-12 World Bank 2004f; Ykhanbai and Bulgan 2006 1 NGO 8.7 8.7 8 8.8 400 - Hazell, Oram, and Chaherli 2001 8.8 2008 8.3 PES Silvopastoral Project GIS Pagiola Matiguás-Río Blanco Silvopastoral Project2003-05 30 PES 84 PES 3 83 PES 1997 2005 10 27 2002 PES 2005 54 1 PES 85 PES 8 8.3 86 PES PES PES 1992 PES 1 11 1 3.30 60 300-1,800 87 40 1 1-2 2008 11 1 F GHG 5 2 6 7,500 -2 5,000 5 7 1 1-3 GHG 11 2 1 2 8 3 3 3-4 9 20-40 10 3 4 0 2008 17 1 10 1 11 12 1 13 1982 GHG 14 F.1 GHG 15 GHG 26-35 80 15 F.1 18 16 2 1 5,000 -3 3 1 F.1 GHG GHG United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (http://www.unfccc.int) WDR 2008 UNFCCC 1994 1990 20 10-30Watson 2000 UNFCCC 11.4 F 19 GHG B 1 145 1 CDM 2 0.01 11 GHG 1 3 5 1 20 1 27 2008-10 2007 5 2012 2050 500 21 23 GHG 22 11 chapter9 20 1.5 400 100 9.1 9 9.1 100 100 100 100 100 FAO 2006a 9.1 2008 9.1 1999 0.74 0.03b 0.05 0.18 1998 a 0.55 0.02 0.15 0.22 0.05 2004 a 0.67 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.04 2004 a 0.55 0.13 0.19 0.12 0.01 2003 0.65 0.06b 0.10 0.17 2000 a 0.15 0.13 0.21 0.22 0.29 1996 a 0.35 0.18 0.19 0.15 0.14 2001 a 0.43 0.06 0.24 0.12 0.17 2000 a 0.17 0.09 0.34 0.23 0.16 1998 a 0.35 0.04 0.08 0.49 0.04 2001 0.53 0.27b 0.20 2005 a 0.29 0.04 0.25 0.21 0.23 2001 a 0.18 0.18 0.19 0 0.45 1998 0.42 0.20b 0.09 0.30 1998 a 0.29 0.18 0.25 0.24 0.04 2001 0.17 0.09 0.32 0.23 0.18 2000 a 0.25 0.22 0.21 0.14 0.19 2001 a 0.22 0.21 0.31 0.17 0.10 2003 a 0.13 0.15 0.44 0.16 0.12 1997 0.49 0.07 0.44b -- World Bank 2005p World Bank 2005n World Bank 2003a World Bank 2003a World Bank 2005k Escobal 2001 Davis 2007 a 3.2 b2 25 30-50 3 11 9.2 47-49 38 1 2 20 3 9 9.2 56.6 33.1 46.8 24.6 8.5 38.4 4.0 21.8 9.4 9.4 10.1 20.9 6.9 11.8 11.5 8.8 7.4 9.2 8.6 15.4 17.4 30.9 31.3 17.2 21.7 14.6 14.4 26.0 27.5 13.4 53.5 12.7 38.4 38.6 6.9 22.8 1.4 11.4 5.7 1.0 5.4 2.3 6.8 2.9 11.3 2.8 1.6 11.7 2.8 2.7 8.4 3.9 18.1 11.5 32.7 64.3 35.5 53.3 46.9 51.2 WDR 2008 2000 66 55 9766 47 74 85 3 19 9.2 15 1 60 1 5 9.3 6 1987/88 42 93/94 47 7 8 4 1999 1 20 9.4 1 50-60 9 2008 9.2 1 1 GDP2000 WDR 2008 ; World Bank 2006z 9.2 3 vi 9.3 International Labor Organization (ILO) http://www.ilo.org Glinkskaya and Jalan 2005 National Sample Survey 30 10 50 1974 50 257 1956-97 9 9.4 1991 12 100 Carneiro 2003 17 3 14 11 15 1 ILO 1 12 35 16 H 1972-2000 65 80 89 92 13 1993/94 49 2008 1990 36 1 19 1 17 20 18 2005 21 2 9.1 5 9.5 1 122 29 4 22 1970 9 9.1 1996-2006 2 1,300 80 7,000 100 1989-2001 100 75 96 150 1,600 World Bank 2003c 9.5 / Weinberger and Lumpkin 2005 25 2002 49 68 1990 14 31 24 1997 1990 30 95 40 2003 32 1990 0.7 1990 0.1 25 23 9.2 1960 20 4 2002 9.1 30 7 1980-2000 10 1960 0 2008 9.6 WDR 2008 9.2 9.7 1 2 2005 1,000 1 1 WDR 2008 Rural Investment Climate Assessment 1 26 80-90 9.7 27 2.4 79 1 2 58 1 60-75 9.6 58 9 28 3 1 2 3 1 1 83 17 2 3 45 70 73 9.2 5 2008 9.2 SEWA 1972 SEWA 120 SEWA SEWA SEWA 2004 25 14,400 73 20 29 World Bank 2006l 9.8 56 9.9 9 9.8 1999 2002 2002 WDR 2008 9.2 9.9 1999 2002 2002 WDR 2008 9.2 30 30 20 3 2 9.10 1988-96 30 30 9.11 2008 9.10 Fundaçao Getulio Vargas Estatistícas Agricolas CEPAL, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 9.11 Rama and Artecona 2002 59 1 5 1 7 1 10 9.12 1,400 2-3 6 1 230 9 9.12 1 WDR 2008 Indonesia Rural Investment Climate Survey (World Bank 2006) 22 11 150 9.8 9.13 31 32 33 10 2008 9.13 25 Arajuo, de Janvry, and Sadoulet 2002 1 5,000 1990 2000 1.25 34 0.80.7 36 1 25 5 7,500 4 35 37 2000-05 2,000 2000-05 9 9.14 2000 1998 1999 2000 1999 2000 1993-2000 3 38 40 39 4 6 3 2-4 2 1992 28 2002 40 41 10 9.14 2008 9.3 18-25 8.5 7.3 10.1 9.3 10.6 8.7 7.6 6.5 10.1 9.2 11.1 8.9 5.5 5.3 8.0 6.8 9.7 5.7 4.3 3.0 7.7 5.0 10.0 5.8 WDR 2008 18-25 58 2000 WDR 2008 team 2007 1 13 45 9.3 46 47 48 42 T. W. Sultz (1975) 49 43 44 50 9 2 51 G 1 1 6 20 11 1997 4 5 53 4 1 Oportunidades 52 Bolsa Familia 54 3 2005/06 1 5,000 0 2008 9.3 ILO 2004 2 1,800 60 52 3 23 23 5-14 30 5-14 19 319.8 2.5 59 26 20 9 40 12 20 Edmonds and Pavcnink 2005; Emerson and Portela Souza 2003; Gunnarsson, Orazem, and Sedlacek 2005; Ilahi, Orazem, and Sedlacek 2005; Yap, Sedlack, and Orazem 2001 9.3 55 Escuela Nueva Bono 56 de Desarrollo Humano 17 9 61 57 58 1990 2006 600 20 5 9.4 30 60 9.4 2001-04 57 2005 255 EU EU EU 1996 180 30-50 62 2008 2.6-5.3 64 1982 64 63 3 1 G 5 5 10 3 22 OECD 5-14 37 6 32 1 SENAR SENAR SENAR 7 PROBE 82 2 6 7 19 23 3 PROBE 4 2008 8 12 9 10 75 18 Jóvenes con Oportunidades 9-12 19 12 HIV/ 10 11 1 8-16 220 4 3 45 NGO NGO 20 G 1960 1,000 1970 EMBRAPA 500 21 15 1,000 2 22 9-10 40 23 2 Ecole Nationale Supérieured' Agriculture H HIV 20 7 1 8 1900 1940-41 9 2 48 4 2 10 C 3-5 1 3 35 5,000 3 2 11 4 5 6 H 12 H.1 / 2002 2005 10 171 2 19 4 13 Donovan and Massingue 2007 kcal/ 13 / 3,000kcal/ / 1989-91 2 14 70 HIV 15 H.1 HIV/ 1996-2000 58 20 2 HIV/ 16 20-24 2004-10 HIV HIV 2006 3,950 HIV 290 HIV HIV 17 21 HIV 18 HIV 1 1997 HIV 23 19 2008 22 3 2000 CARE H5N1 53 2003 36 4,544 H5N1 23 HIV 269 163 2007 1 24 1 1,415 26 61 27 28 175 75 25 PARTIII 0 chapter103 3 11 4 8 1990 OECD 4 5 10 3 6 7 8 1990 1 11 1 2 2008 10.1 1990 3 4 10.1 1 2 3 87 4 GDP 1980 2.390 3.32000-05 3.8 13 10 3 1990-2005 10 3 10.1 4 1. 2 3 4 2. 4. 3. 4 1 2 WDR 2008 C 2008 10.2 CAADP NEPAD CAADP CAADP CAADP CAADP 6 CAADP 6 10 4 CAAD NEPAD COMESA ECOWAS 2 40 NEPAD 2 NEPAD 3 CAADP 2 2008 3 NEPAD secretariat 2005, 2006 NEPAD CAADP 10.2 CAADP 2 2 8 / 2 10 3 4 1960 4 1 8 20 HIV/ H 40 12 3 50 4 3 2 1 6 1 2 1999 10.1 5 6 10 1 10 4 70 60 7 · · 2008 10.1 1 2 4 3 WDR 2008 10 9 · · 567 1990 6 1 10 3 100 10 6 78 2 8 10 67 7 2008 NERICA CGIAR 1 OECD 4 7 5 10 3 HIV/ 81 1990 GDP 6 9 8 1970 80 3.3 11 1993-2005 2.9 GDP 7 GDP 1 NEPAD 10 6 1 66 76 33 1993 4.4 22 1 1 6 98 96 92 0 2008 10.3 MENA 25 9.7 1993-2003 GDP MENA 80 14 34 1 28 1.2 10 1 1 340 190 1 40 EU 1 70 2.0 EU 5.5 1995 53 88 15-24 55 1993-2003 29 13 2 1 95 72 18 2 2000 16.8 32.6 MENA12 12 11 11 9 9 Assad, El-Hamidi, and Ahmed 2000; FAO 2004a, 2006a, 2007a; Mirza 2004; Shetty 2006; World Bank 2006b, 2006w, 2005h 10.3 8,000 0.4-0.5 15 3 1.5 2040 8,200 14 10 3 1 4 7 10.3 2 8 10.2 · · 2 · · 4 farm 2005 16 06 18 firmfork 16 2008 10.2 1 2 4 3 WDR 2008 10 8 2 6 10 3 G 5 1993-2005 5 1 88 2008 5,800 2002 21 46 10 1993-2002 15 70 17 55 18 4 3 60 22 2 1 80 19 2 20 23 40 2.5 1 2 24 10 3 10.4 1920 50 1990 1990 2000 EU 1 2 2000 10 % Ravallion, Chen, Sangraula 2007; World Bank 2006y 10.4 1980 2008 10.3 1 2 4 3 WDR 2008 10 26 10.3 27 1991-2000 · 2 25 · · PROLOCAL Sierra Exportadora 28 10 3 2 11 29 2008 PROCAMPO NAFTA 3 11 10 3 1 5,000-3 0 chapter 11 1 10 4 CDD 11.1 10 11.1 Kaufman, Kraay, and Mastruzzi 2006 11 11.1 19 1999/2000 180 FARCELN 2 FARC 1966 ELN IDP 400 30 3 IDP AUC 1980 90 Deininger, Ibanez, and Querubin 2007; World Bank 2002b 1982 11.1 1 1982 1982 1990 2 1 2008 R&D R&D 1980 90 4 56 2 5 11 1 5 1 1 3 11.2 1 NGO NGO 11.2 NGO 2008 11.2 13 Kisamba Mugerwa2007 D 1 1 WTO 11.3 3 4 5 NGO ICT 4 11 7 10 1 2 1995-97 6 11.3 2002 3 6 2 CNCR - 20 CNCR 1993 CNCR CNCR 6.7 CNCR 35 CNCR 11 1 22 CNCR CNCR ROPPA CNCR 2004 Resnick 2006; World Bank 2006c 2008 11.4 2002 3 1 World Bank 2004a 11.5 11.4 10 11.2 1985-2000 48 8 4 11 11.5 ROPPA 11.3 40 ECOWAS UEMOA ECOWAS UEMOA 21 African Capacity Building Foundation 2006; Rensick 2006; WDR 2007 4 2-3 11.2 Birner and Palaniswamy 11.2 e 2008 11.6 6 1982-2002 4 1964-67 3 3 C MS Aw and Diemer 2005; Subramaniam 1995; Swaminathan 1993 ISO · 9000 ISO 7 · 6 · 3 7 · 11.6 CDD · 11 10 1980 70 2004 1,780 9 · 1,200 6 NGO Bt 11 1 10 6 12 13 0 2008 70 17 14 15 ICTe 16 6 1 10 80 11 panchayati raj 2 1 22 1996-2004 23 16 10 1994 2000-01 84 18 24 19 20 2004 21 CDD CDD CDD 2008 CDD CDD CDD CDD CDD 9 CDD 27 25 28 CDD NGO CDD 26 24 28 ODA 29 11 ODA 80 30 29 OECD RUTA 2005 20 100 TerrAfrica 31 32 4 SWAp 33 2005 SWAPs 2008 11.2 34 2005 17 21 2005 Prorural SWAPs 15 90 2006 21 4 4-9 2000 35 4 1992 57 2005 1 88 4 36 11 F R&D R&D 2000 8 R&D 2050 90 7 7 F 2008 11.1 / a b b c c a a NGO a c b c G8 G8+5 WDR 2008 a b c 1971 CGIAR 5 7 WTOOIE 11.1 FAO 1992 FAO 2 1 11 1990 NGO 11.7 WWF CARE 11.711.8R&D FAO 37 10 1942 CGIAR FAO R&D 3 D 38 EMBRAPA R&D 3 R&D 2008 11.7 CGIAR 20 1 CGIAR 1971 18 1 2007 4 FAO WHO 64 25 4 5,100 14 15 CGIAR ISO R&D 39 157 7 CGIAR WTO CGIAR CGIAR 10 NGO 20 1980 5,220 2,850 1979-83 20 FAO NGO 2010 FAO 1.4-2.6 2004 2 5,000 1 1,500 25 7 WTO TRIPS http://www.csiro.au; Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) 2006; Global Crop Diversity Trust 2006; Mariner, Roeder, and Admassu 2002; Pardey 2006; Perrings and Gadgil 2006; Pinstrup- Andersen 2006; Raitzer 2003; Unnevehr 2004; World Bank 2004a 3 11 11.8 MDG CDM UNFCCC2001 3 CDM 2 3 GEF 5 8 NGO GIS UNFCCC CDM CDM 2006 3 2 1 3 CDM Schneider and Lane 2006; Mace 2006; Stern 2006; Capoor and Ambrosi 2007; World Bank 2006g; Oxfam International 2007a 1 41 11.7 40 0 2008 46 42 11.8 43 2007 G8 2050 47 11.8 TRIPS 44 WTO 2001-04 2501,890 45 CGIAR 11.7 48 11 NGO EU 4 IPCC 49 3 CGIAR e 21 RavallionThomas ReardonClaudia Ringler Rudi RochaCristían RodriguezLourdes CIRAD Rodriguez-ChamussyMark W. Rosegrant (Agricultural Research for Developing Countries) Scott RozelleElisabeth SadouletWlliam Saint Ursula AldanaHarold AldermanMubarik Prem SangraulaRamiro SanhuezaDenis AliJulian AlstonJock R. AndersonGustavo SautierAlexander SchejtmanKate Sebastian AnriquezJohn BaffesArturo BarreraKaushik John M. StaatzKostas StamoulisTimothy BasuJulio A. BerdeguéDirk BezemerEstelle SulserNaba SumaLuca TasciottiTimothy BiénabeEran BinenbaumGenny Bonomi ThomasIsabelle VagneronAlberto Valdés Norman BorlaugColin BradfordSumiter S. Cornelius van der MeerDominique Van Der BrocaSteven BuckPiet BuysGero Carletto WalleHester VermeulenThomas Walker Romain CharnayCarol ChehabShaohua Steve WigginsJohn WilkinsonMette Wik ChenMaunel ChiribogaGilles ClichéHugo Paul WintersStanley WoodJim Woodhill ContrerasKatia CovarrubiasOctavio Damiani Takashi YamamotoAlberto Zezza Jose Eli da VeigaBenoit DavironBenjamin Linxiu Zhang DavisJunior DavisAlan de BrauwNiama www. Nango DembéléPriya DeshingkarOctavio worldbank.org/wdr2008 DiazStefania DiGiuseppeAndrew Dorward Chris DowswellSvetlana EdmeadesGermán EscobarCathy FarnworthJohn Farrington Céline FerreMichel FokWilliam Foster Rachel GardnerPaul GlewweMichael GoodmanPeter HazellSpencer Henson Chang-Tai HsiehTerry HurleyJenni James Asya AkhlaqueKym Anderson Estaban JaraDvid R. JustPanayotis Karfakis Richard AnsonAsian Farmers Association Larry KarpJonathan KyddPeter Lanjouw Doyle BakerShawki BarghoutiBrad Barham Susan Lastarria-CornhielQiang LiEthan Chris BarrettPriya BasuPeter BazeleyPierre LigonChengfang LiuLuis Felipe Lopez-Calva BélangerDeepak BhattasaliHans Binswanger Niels P. LouwaarsMark LundySarah Lyon Pierre-Marie BoscDaniel BradleyKaren Shiva MakkiCarlos MladinicFélix Modrego McConnell BrooksMichael BruentrupMark E. Siwa MsangiHideyuki Nakagawa, Roberto CacklerMichael CarterRocio CastroHernan Martinez NogueiraSusan OliviaJorge Ortega CeballosRobert ChapmanRobert S. ChaseB. Keijiro OtsukaPhilip G. PardeyEija Pehu ChinsingaKen ChomitzCIRAD (Agricultural Prabhu PingaliPer Pinstrup-AndersenCarlos Research Developing Countries)C. S. Clark PomaredaColin PoultonJules PrettyFelicity CORDAID (Netherlands)Eric CrawfordDana ProctorJulian QuanEsteban Quinones DalrympleSalah DarghouthCharlotte De Catherine RagasaVijayendra RaoMartin FraitureCornelis de HaanKlaus Deininger Freddy DestraitJean-Jacques DethierXinshen NashDavid NielsonIan NobleBonny Ntare DiaoEugenio Diaz-BonillaGerhard Dieterle Netherland-based Development Organisations Charles E. Di LevaAriel DinarJosué Dioné Steven Were Omamo, Bernardo OspinaG. B. Shanthi DivakaranDutch Actors involved in OxfamStefano P. Pagiola, Lucian Peppelenbos Agriculture and DevelopmentMark DutzCarl Guillermo PerryDenis Pesche, Francisco EicherAllison EvansMarcel Fafchamps PichónCatherine R. RagasaDhushyanth Shenggen FanJean FaresHilary Sims RajuKarl RichSherman RobinsonPierre FeldsteinErick FernandesTony FischerAde RondotJim RyanPaulo SantosAlexander FreemanGerman Development Organizations SarrisCarlos SereShekhar ShahMelinda Andrew D. GoodlandAshok GulatiJim SmaleJimmy SmithSteve StaalChris HarveyYujiro HayamiWillem Heemskerk SturgessDaniel SummerBrent Swallow Ricahrd HenryHans HerrenUlrich Hess Johan SwinnenErick ThorbeckeC. Peter Melissa HidroboJohn HoddinottHeike TimmerRob TrippManfred van EckertFrans HoefflerMassayoshi HonmaInternational van HoofAnthony VenablesWalter Vergara Federation of Agricultural Producers Bertus WennikMelissa WilliamsAlan International Crops Research Institute for the Winters-NelsonJim Woodhill Vittoria Semi-Arid TropicsInternational Food Policy Zaffarano Research InstituteInternational Livestock e 100 Research InstituteSteven JaffeWillem G. JanssenRavi KanburKapil KapoorRabih H. 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A.4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 352 2008 A.1 1 GDP 100 % 2003-05a 1990-2005 2003-05a % 1,000 2002-04a 2002-04a % %2003-05a 100 2003-05a 1990-2005 2003-05a % 2003-05a % 1.7 ­1.3 55.3 668 58.1 44.9 1,452 3.0 1,022 23.4 12.1 0.0 37.4 2,069 20.9 52.2 7,572 4.3 1,021 9.7 7.3 0.8 47.4 .. .. 53.8 1,747 4.6 159 8.1 3.9 ­0.7 10.1 .. 1.2 8.6 14,700 2.7 4,159 10.3 1.1 ­0.4 35.7 .. 45.7 21.4 778 2.9 2,340 23.0 2.4 ­0.3 12.0 383 4.1 40.5 18,704 2.9 21,919 3.4 2.8 0.4 34.0 204 5.4 43.3 4,554 1.1 12,865 1.8 4.0 1.4 48.6 .. 39.9 52.4 1,013 2.8 484 11.9 104.8 1.6 75.3 30,451 51.7 51.5 11,303 3.2 157 21.0 2.8 ­1.5 28.2 .. .. 22.6 1,989 ­0.9 1,797 10.0 0.3 ­1.3 2.8 75 1.8 28.2 3,253 1.5 19,753 1.1 4.9 2.7 60.2 .. .. 46.2 1,274 5.5 311 32.1 3.3 0.7 36.3 .. .. 35.4 1,132 2.9 300 15.2 2.1 ­1.4 54.8 .. .. 52.3 748 0.1 5,098 10.3 30.2 ­1.6 16.4 16,627 20.8 19.1 39,213 4.1 1,489 6.6 2.4 ­1.5 30.2 284 9.9 35.7 2,140 2.6 4,693 10.7 10.5 2.6 82.1 .. .. 46.9 1,296 3.6 110 31.0 6.6 1.6 90.3 .. .. 53.3 235 ­1.7 36 38.3 11.2 1.9 80.9 .. 60.3 55.4 1,710 3.8 181 33.7 7.4 0.5 46.3 .. .. 45.1 2,966 5.1 386 20.9 6.4 ­0.1 20.0 436 2.7 45.9 14,687 0.6 20,082 2.2 2.5 1.9 62.1 .. .. 51.1 723 3.9 262 55.2 7.1 2.8 75.1 .. .. 51.8 1,042 3.9 155 26.1 2.1 ­0.6 12.7 801 13.5 12.9 4,934 3.7 2,076 5.7 784.5 ­0.4 60.5 .. 44.1 47.7 246,982 3.7 292 12.7 0.0 .. 0.0 9 0.3 .. 109 .. .. 0.1 12.2 0.8 27.6 .. 20.6 19.9 11,285 ­0.7 1,346 12.5 38.2 2.4 68.4 .. .. 53.1 3,018 ­0.1 88 47.9 1.6 2.3 40.2 .. .. 59.8 255 .. 176 5.7 1.7 0.6 38.8 262 15.3 10.1 1,473 3.2 1,833 8.7 9.9 1.8 55.4 .. .. 39.9 3,415 2.5 426 22.7 1.9 ­0.9 43.7 270 16.1 33.4 2,024 ­0.8 6,855 7.1 2.7 0.4 26.4 215 4.5 28.8 3,004 0.8 4,045 3.1 0.8 0.0 14.5 85 3.1 24.5 3,895 3.0 22,260 1.9 3.2 ­0.3 34.1 .. 15.9 18.5 2,544 4.1 1,934 11.8 4.9 0.4 37.7 .. 9.0 15.9 2,260 1.1 699 7.0 41.6 2.0 57.3 .. 28.7 48.2 12,244 3.3 497 15.6 2.7 0.4 40.5 480 19.0 8.1 1,421 0.9 695 9.6 3.4 2.2 80.9 .. .. 51.4 119 ­1.7 37 17.1 58.9 1.9 84.2 .. .. 40.4 3,893 2.4 64 43.9 2.0 0.4 38.9 121 5.1 35.4 4,863 1.5 18,515 3.1 14.2 ­0.2 23.5 1,006 4.2 33.9 42,432 1.1 25,639 2.4 2.2 ­0.9 47.7 1,124 54.2 39.8 853 ­6.1 1,061 18.4 20.5 ­0.2 24.8 892 2.4 37.4 24,594 0.8 14,241 1.0 11.5 1.1 53.0 .. .. 44.8 3,389 3.8 283 37.3 4.5 0.6 41.0 649 14.5 49.2 10,482 ­0.5 8,065 5.9 6.5 1.6 53.2 .. 38.7 9.0 6,381 2.7 1,117 22.8 6.0 2.2 67.4 .. .. 48.6 666 4.4 88 19.5 5.2 0.5 61.8 .. .. 34.3 720 .. 143 27.9 3.8 1.9 53.9 .. 36.2 21.4 898 2.3 410 13.4 3.4 ­0.3 34.0 226 5.7 24.5 3,802 0.3 3,588 4.5 771.9 1.4 71.5 .. .. 37.5 123,324 2.5 219 19.3 115.6 ­0.5 53.1 41,652 44.6 43.5 38,429 2.3 421 14.9 22.6 ­0.3 33.6 .. .. 43.2 17,892 3.2 1,058 11.2 1.6 0.6 39.8 120 6.6 6.3 3,820 .. 10,582 2.5 0.6 1.7 8.4 46 2.0 20.3 .. .. .. .. 18.9 0.0 32.5 1,087 5.0 41.8 36,477 1.2 14,380 2.4 1.2 0.2 47.2 .. 19.7 29.5 461 ­1.5 912 5.6 43.8 ­0.3 34.3 2,927 4.6 42.7 74,849 ­0.7 19,177 1.7 1.0 0.6 18.1 59 3.8 69.1 284 0.1 505 2.8 6.4 ­0.7 42.9 2,465 34.8 26.2 3,036 ­3.0 1,137 7.6 26.6 2.3 79.5 .. .. 49.0 4,166 2.6 169 28.2 9.3 ­1.3 19.4 1,982 8.7 45.6 22,416 1.0 6,922 3.7 0.0 0.1 1.7 .. .. 0.0 221 6.1 8,078 0.5 3.3 1.2 64.3 982 52.7 36.1 669 3.0 549 34.1 4.4 1.8 79.7 .. .. 48.6 1,157 4.5 264 46.8 0.7 ­0.7 32.1 .. 14.1 30.0 507 ­1.2 2,046 4.2 0.5 0.4 13.5 .. .. 38.7 1,149 1.9 11,485 6.5 1.1 ­0.3 33.3 245 17.2 25.7 1,191 0.7 2,743 6.0 0.6 ­1.6 31.9 117 20.9 38.4 589 ­0.1 2,811 13.2 353 A.1 1 GDP 100 % 2003­05a 1990-2005 2003-05a % 1,000 2002-04a 2002-04a % %2003-05a 100 2003-05a 1990-2005 2003-05a % 2003-05a % 13.3 2.6 73.4 5,859 78.0 49.6 1,303 1.9 99 28.7 10.5 1.6 83.2 .. .. 56.3 627 6.2 66 37.8 8.4 ­0.5 33.8 .. 14.7 26.7 10,843 1.2 2,898 9.2 9.2 2.1 70.0 .. .. 46.3 1,658 2.9 161 37.2 1.8 2.7 59.7 .. .. 52.8 357 ­1.9 231 25.6 24.8 0.5 24.3 6,670 16.7 12.6 24,339 1.7 1,091 3.9 2.1 ­0.8 53.4 869 44.4 30.4 417 ­5.3 505 20.0 1.1 1.3 43.3 414 42.3 45.0 353 ­3.4 626 24.3 12.5 0.0 42.0 4,048 44.8 57.4 7,515 1.3 719 15.6 12.9 1.3 66.3 .. .. 59.5 1,220 5.2 83 23.1 1.3 1.8 65.4 .. .. 41.3 548 3.0 595 11.0 22.5 1.8 84.7 .. .. 44.1 2,458 2.9 99 38.6 3.3 ­2.5 20.5 232 2.9 31.9 11,339 1.6 23,396 2.2 0.6 0.5 13.9 160 8.2 34.3 .. 2.2 .. .. 2.1 0.9 41.4 .. 18.6 10.1 751 4.0 777 17.9 11.2 3.2 83.3 .. .. 47.7 1,089 3.2 93 39.9 72.7 1.2 52.7 .. .. 38.1 16,463 4.0 430 22.1 1.0 ­0.9 22.9 86 3.7 36.0 3,614 1.7 17,486 1.6 0.7 0.9 28.5 .. .. 6.3 444 3.7 525 1.9 99.5 2.0 65.5 19,593 42.1 42.0 20,537 3.5 272 22.7 1.0 ­1.1 30.2 202 17.0 3.6 1,031 4.1 1,551 7.8 5.0 2.4 86.6 .. .. 49.3 1,539 3.2 355 41.9 2.4 0.8 42.1 .. 32.3 4.8 1,352 3.4 584 21.3 7.6 0.8 27.6 .. 0.8 20.5 4,738 4.9 610 7.4 31.1 ­0.1 38.1 11,544 37.2 24.5 12,949 2.4 429 14.7 14.5 ­0.1 38.0 2,597 18.6 40.0 10,760 1.3 1,627 4.7 4.5 ­0.9 43.0 635 12.5 58.7 4,714 ­1.0 3,607 3.2 10.0 ­0.4 46.1 3,287 34.6 45.6 8,445 0.2 3,404 12.5 38.7 ­0.1 26.9 .. 10.8 27.7 27,578 ­0.4 2,037 5.3 7.3 0.6 81.8 .. .. 53.9 785 4.8 98 41.6 4.3 0.9 19.2 304 4.7 8.9 9,819 1.6 5,523 4.2 6.7 2.2 58.6 .. .. 48.9 1,299 2.7 157 17.5 3.9b ­2.0b 47.9b .. .. 40.1 3,270b .. 1,851b 17.1b 3.2 0.9 60.0 .. .. 46.4 478 .. 150 46.2 0.0 .. 0.0 5 0.3 0.0 93 ­2.4 19,959 0.1 2.4 0.2 43.8 125 5.7 27.5 1,620 4.1 3,700 4.0 1.0 ­0.1 49.0 84 9.2 46.2 711 0.0 29,206 2.6 19.1 0.8 41.2 .. 11.3 25.5 5,565 1.3 947 3.1 10.0 0.4 23.4 1,005 5.7 33.2 31,709 2.4 12,372 3.5 16.5 1.1 84.8 2,540 34.7 35.1 3,276 1.4 353 17.9 21.4 0.8 60.1 .. .. 38.1 7,572 9.1 371 36.1 1.4 ­0.1 15.8 92 2.1 34.3 4,620 ­0.1 16,600 1.6 1.9 ­0.9 25.2 162 4.1 38.1 4,029 ­2.1 9,481 1.3 9.2 2.4 49.5 1,813 30.3 65.2 5,827 5.6 1,196 25.8 4.9 2.0 75.1 .. .. 52.2 422 ­0.1 210 24.2 28.6 2.3 76.2 .. .. 53.6 4,797 3.7 167 45.8 43.3 0.8 67.9 15,178 44.4 46.3 16,164 1.8 554 10.1 3.6 1.9 60.6 .. .. 42.1 829 3.1 242 41.9 3.5 0.4 35.1 .. .. 41.7 3,310 2.4 1,432 12.1 23.7 0.2 33.2 7,509 34.3 64.2 31,585 1.1 1,545 12.7 2.6 1.7 54.0 .. .. 51.9 1,204 ­5.7 793 19.9 24.4 3.1 87.5 .. 69.1 49.2 2,167 3.9 101 32.4 15.3 ­0.9 32.3 .. 19.5 31.0 6,786 ­2.1 1,035 11.7 6.2 ­0.3 10.4 384 1.3 23.4 18,633 0.1 18,879 1.0 57.4 ­0.5 19.5 2,753 1.9 25.3 133,850 3.5 23,066 1.3 0.3 ­1.7 8.1 .. 4.4 12.9 1,528 1.9 4,156 11.0 16.3 2.0 63.2 .. .. 45.4 3,188 2.6 486 30.7 1.8 ­3.9 7.1 990 10.3 5.5 3,583 2.1 1,678 4.5 60.7 1.0 74.0 24,721 59.9 49.0 9,936 4.2 182 21.7 1.0 3.3 28.4 77 15.5 70.5 .. .. .. .. 14.9 3.1 73.1 .. .. 44.0 1,578 5.0 168 14.3 7.5 2.7 65.0 .. .. 47.1 1,047 3.0 136 20.7 8.3 0.7 64.5 .. .. 53.7 744 0.6 95 17.6 a. b. 354 2008 A.2 ODA % 2000 R&D 2004 ODA 100 % % 100 % 1,000 % % 2004 2004 2000 2003­05a 2003-05a 1980-84a 2000-04a 2003-05a 1993-2004b 1995-2003b .. .. .. 11.5 3.1 .. .. 17.2 31 99.8 .. .. .. 11.5 2.6 .. .. 34.8 .. .. .. .. .. 7.1 1.0 .. .. 153.1 .. .. 1,236 2.8 .. 7.4 6.6 ­19.2 ­15.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.4 4.5 .. .. 25.4 .. 98.6 .. .. 3.38 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16.4 5.7 .. .. 29.3 67 .. 838 1.7 0.44 53.7 2.4 ­3.8 3.9 326.0 37 18.7 .. .. .. 0.5 1.0 .. .. .. 64 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.40 36.8 7.0 .. .. 18.6 32 5.5 202 6.8 .. 81.3 8.4 .. .. 93.0 .. 29.0 .. .. .. 9.2 1.7 .. .. .. .. 99.0 15,304 36.6 .. 18.0 5.0 ­23.7 2.0 .. 53 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.1 98.0 .. .. 294 6.9 0.71 64.5 8.6 .. .. 36.1 25 0.2 .. .. 0.36 14.1 4.1 .. .. 75.2 19 0.4 .. .. .. 62.0 10.9 .. .. 27.1 81 9.0 223 1.5 .. 30.7 3.7 ­17.8 ­0.8 18.4 20 21.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.8 8.1 .. .. 5.5 .. 0.3 .. .. .. 19.8 5.4 .. .. 46.6 5 0.1 422 7.5 .. 4.9 5.1 4.2 6.7 .. .. .. 114,948 11.3 0.43 199.3 8.5 ­50.8 0.9 45.9 97 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 644 2.1 .. 48.5 5.7 3.9 28.6 12.1 .. .. .. .. .. 18.6 0.5 .. .. 92.9 26 .. .. .. 1.53 0.4 0.1 .. .. 9.1 .. .. 165 5.5 .. 11.2 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. 217 4.0 0.86 5.7 1.7 ­57.3 ­41.4 30.6 .. 22.5 .. .. .. 2.8 1.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21.9 .. .. .. .. .. 3.14 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 319 4.8 .. 7.7 5.3 ­30.7 2.5 5.2 .. .. 295 8.2 .. 21.8 8.6 9.9 12.2 23.3 .. .. 4,338 11.4 0.72 44.8 3.9 ­13.3 ­9.2 16.8 .. .. 9 2.9 .. 6.9 4.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.73 9.6 3.2 .. .. .. .. 2.1 930 4.3 0.38 129.4 6.4 ­14.4 ­8.2 1,288.0 32 0.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.8 3.8 .. .. 63.1 .. 99.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 127 0.7 0.47 57.0 3.3 ­25.2 ­2.4 74.1 61 20.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 187 1.7 .. 10.6 3.8 .. .. 67.1 55 .. .. .. 0.46 13.5 6.0 .. .. 36.7 22 1.5 .. .. .. 44.8 7.7 .. .. 106.9 .. 5.2 .. .. .. 54.2 6.6 .. .. 64.2 .. 35.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 26.8 .. .. .. 70,154 11.7 0.34 417.1 11.9 2.5 15.1 106.4 61 48.1 3,609 3.1 0.21 134.0 3.7 15.3 36.5 191.8 94 89.9 .. .. 0.52 2.0 1.6 .. .. 12.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.1 4.2 .. .. 11.5 .. .. .. .. 3.62 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.05 2.7 0.3 .. .. 98.3 .. .. .. .. .. 2.4 1.3 .. .. .. 77 .. 396 4.1 2.68 112.4 10.4 ­29.9 3.7 149.5 44 4.3 23,089 76.8 1.73 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.5 4.2 .. .. 57.7 76 99.6 .. .. .. 39.3 13.0 .. .. 21.7 64 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30.8 90.0 .. .. .. .. .. 5.6 3.0 .. .. 11.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.5 2.9 .. .. .. .. .. 355 A.2 ODA % 2000 R&D 2004 ODA 100 % % 100 % 1,000 % % 2004 2004 2000 2003-05a 2003-05a 1980-84a 2000-04a 2003-05a 1993-2004b 1995-2003b .. .. 0.25 31.4 2.8 ­51.4 0.7 49.2 25 5.2 173 7.4 0.49 60.5 9.5 .. .. 116.5 38 1.0 2,988 12.7 1.58 2.5 0.8 ­5.7 2.3 .. .. .. 383 10.5 1.01 61.9 8.4 .. .. 27.9 .. 2.2 .. .. 0.99 43.9 15.5 .. .. 75.5 .. 2.5 5,893 17.0 .. 6.5 2.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.6 7.2 .. .. 20.2 .. 98.9 .. .. .. 6.5 4.0 .. .. 37.6 36 27.8 1,039 5.4 1.00 23.2 2.5 ­35.3 ­2.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 58.7 4.7 .. .. 171.5 .. 2.1 .. .. .. 7.7 5.0 .. .. 10.3 57 .. 259 2.1 0.27 45.3 7.5 .. .. 46.6 17 17.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52.0 5.2 .. ­9.9 47.9 28 41.3 .. .. 0.20 26.4 4.6 .. .. 66.3 37 0.2 1,560 7.1 0.38 17.5 0.6 13.5 ­5.7 16.4 47c 27.9 .. .. 3.61 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.9 11.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.24 102.4 2.6 ­14.2 ­2.7 45.8 61 69.0 155 10.5 .. 3.3 6.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.78 10.4 3.1 .. .. .. 68 2.9 363 5.0 .. 6.7 10.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47.1 10.1 .. .. 59.7 43 .. 2,395 5.0 0.41 38.8 7.1 0.8 27.0 80.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 .. .. .. .. .. 3.05 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56.4 0.6 89 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.2 47.4 81 .. .. .. .. 31.7 5.9 .. .. 43.8 .. 0.9 .. .. .. 0.3 3.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.02 61.8 7.1 ­30.3 ­12.1 29.1 .. 6.0 .. .. .. .. 42.4 .. .. 35.4 .. .. .. .. .. 12.2 2.8 .. .. 44.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72.3 .. .. .. .. .. 3.04 13.2 1.8 21.4 ­1.5 .. 21 .. .. .. 1.63 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 655 5.3 0.64 93.4 7.2 ­7.5 ­3.8 66.9 .. .. .. .. 0.17 7.4 0.5 ­18.8 ­1.7 523.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.58 2.4 1.9 .. .. 12.7 .. .. .. .. .. 33.7 14.8 .. .. 86.3 74 96.2 .. .. 0.40 104.6 5.7 ­59.1 ­25.9 120.2 38 1.1 5,502 11.7 .. 19.8 3.9 ­0.1 7.6 0.7 .. .. 55 1.6 0.75 1.1 1.5 .. .. 2.9 .. 2.4 1,387 15.7 0.70 3.2 0.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.9 0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.4 2.6 .. .. .. .. .. 459 4.1 0.50 46.6 3.5 ­16.7 1.0 245.4 .. 2.4 .. .. .. 2.6 0.4 .. ­12.7 104.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.65 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 103 3.0 .. 1.2 3.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.3 5.4 .. .. .. 57 99.3 209 4.5 .. 9.0 20.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.13 217.2 7.8 .. 20.6 .. 84 72.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 116.3 .. .. .. .. .. 34.0 8.7 .. .. 82.2 21 26.0 66 3.8 0.62 41.4 3.0 ­25.5 ­30.5 129.7 .. 2.9 355 9.3 .. 6.9 3.6 ­46.7 ­72.9 238.8 .. 8.3 a. b. c. 356 2008 A.3 1 b 1,000 1 / 100/ d 2003-05a 2003-05a % % % % 2001-03a 1990-03 2003-05a 2000-02a 2005 2002c 1990-2005 699 0.5 1998 0.84 49.5 ­0.9 76 .. 8,595 62 0.0 8,215 1.1 2001 0.65 6.9 1.1 13e .. 341 65 ­1.8 3,590 0.3 .. .. 2.3 0.0 3e .. 9,284 60 0.2 28,900 8.2 2002 0.85 5.4 0.0 47e .. 7,123 74 0.4 555 1.7 .. .. 51.2 0.0 21 .. 3,017 66 1.2 48,799 57.2 .. .. 5.2 2.0 47 .. 24,202 75 0.2 1,454 4.1 2000 0.59 0.3 0.0 220 21.1 6,680 1 ­0.2 2,064 1.0 .. .. 70.5 0.4 12 .. 966 68 0.0 8,417 0.1 1996 0.48 54.3 3.8 198 3.7 740 96 0.1 5,636 5.1 .. .. 2.3 0.0 185 .. 3,805 30 ­0.5 863 5.2 2000 0.56 4.6 8.6 .. .. 1,145 .. 0.1 2,917 0.7 .. .. 0.4 2.0 0e .. 1,221 45 1.9 3,256 0.9 .. .. 4.1 0.5 6e .. 33,054 81 0.4 1,109 7.6 .. .. 0.3 5.1 41 .. 9,086 .. 0.1 66,600 2.5 1996 0.77 4.4 0.8 136e 10.5 29,066 62 0.5 3,480 7.6 .. .. 16.5 ­6.4 145 .. 2,713 19 ­0.6 4,900 0.4 1993 0.42 0.5 1.5 7e .. 945 86 0.3 1,355 0.2 .. .. 1.6 2.6 1e .. 1,338 77 3.2 3,852 0.4 2004 0.69 7.0 0.6 3 .. 8,571 98 1.3 7,160 0.9 .. .. 0.4 1.1 8e 0.9 16,726 74 0.9 52,115 72.9 1991 0.64 1.5 0.8 51e .. 88,238 12 0.0 2,024 0.7 .. .. 0.1 5.9 .. .. 34,920 4 0.1 3,630 0.5 .. .. 0.8 5.3 .. .. 1,539 83 0.6 2,307 1.0 1997 0.58 82.4 1.2 249e .. 54,249 64 ­0.4 115,632 0.1 2004 0.41 47.5 1.2 395e .. 2,156 68 ­1.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,690 0.4 .. .. 23.3 2.2 173 166.7 46,990 46 0.1 7,800 0.2 1990 0.37 0.1 0.7 .. .. 15,639 31 0.3 547 0.4 .. .. 0.4 3.7 .. .. 55,515 9 0.1 525 0.7 .. .. 20.6 3.2 365e 225.3 25,975 53 0.4 6,900 0.9 2001 0.65 1.1 0.5 10e .. 4,231 65 ­0.1 1,345 4.6 2003 0.67 0.4 12.4 122 .. 8,485 .. ­0.1 3,292 4.4 2000 0.92 0.7 0.0 130 11.4 1,290 2 0.0 2,265 12.9 2000 0.51 19.6 0.2 116 12.5 1,108 43 ­0.8 1,596 1.2 .. .. 17.2 1.8 .. 35.8 2,218 66 0.0 2,524 0.8 2000 0.71 33.0 0.4 89 26.3 32,657 82 1.4 3,469 0.1 2000 0.38 100.1 1.7 572 .. 24 86 ­3.5 910 0.4 .. .. 4.9 0.9 66e .. 2,587 59 1.4 565 0.2 .. .. 3.7 ­0.6 1e .. 636 97 0.3 11,769 0.2 2002 0.47 2.6 4.3 3e 0.6 1,712 94 0.9 2,228 8.5 .. .. 2.9 0.0 128 5.6 20,396 3 ­0.1 19,597 11.8 2000 0.58 13.3 1.9 204 45.5 2,932 10 ­0.5 1,066 1.3 2004 0.65 44.1 0.2 24 .. 12,985 59 0.0 12,078 7.0 2000 0.63 4.0 0.0 217 21.3 1,297 20 ­0.2 6,385 0.5 .. .. 0.5 0.3 4e 0.1 1,370 66 1.7 3,800 2.9 2000 0.58 37.4 1.4 119 26.0 5,223 80 ­0.9 2,050 0.4 .. .. 6.4 0.6 90e .. 8,667 80 1.1 1,750 0.2 1995 0.48 5.6 0.5 2e .. 25,104 90 0.6 1,100 0.2 .. .. 8.4 0.4 .. .. 1,524 94 0.6 1,428 0.7 1993 0.66 5.6 1.2 41e 25.1 13,311 80 2.5 4,805 4.5 .. .. 4.8 0.8 115 9.4 595 32 ­0.6 169,583 0.3 1991 0.58 32.7 1.4 107 .. 1,152 86 ­0.4 36,500 0.4 1993 0.46 12.7 0.2 91 .. 12,867 91 1.6 18,092 1.1 2003 0.75 42.7 0.7 51 .. 1,883 91 0.0 1,203 3.3 2000 0.44 .. .. 452 16.3 11,781 0 ­3.4 402 2.7 1995 .. 45.4 0.1 1,608 .. 116 62 ­0.7 10,525 4.1 2000 0.80 24.9 0.1 137 61.3 3,114 45 ­1.3 284 0.6 1996 0.79 8.8 0.0 26e .. 3,541 49 0.1 4,714 1.2 1995 0.59 54.7 ­0.7 364 .. 3,365 62 0.0 275 0.5 1997 0.78 27.3 1.2 498 17.0 129 75 0.0 22,562 8.5 .. .. 15.7 0.1 7 .. 4,978 82 0.2 5,212 0.2 .. .. 1.8 4.1 44e 3.5 604 64 0.3 1,839 0.6 1990 0.34 47.1 ­1.0 389 120.5 1,344 48 0.1 18 0.7 .. .. 77.0 13.9 886 .. .. 52 ­6.7 1,391 1.1 2002 0.90 76.0 0.2 14 .. 9,041 94 ­0.3 1,074 0.2 1999 0.41 17.2 2.1 .. .. 33,616 90 0.5 1,032 4.2 2001 0.58 2.1 0.7 87 .. 7,259 13 ­0.4 313 3.1 1999 0.69 33.2 1.7 96e .. 1,197 67 ­0.8 1,725 4.0 2003 0.62 0.4 ­6.5 143 2.9 4,569 7 ­0.5 612 2.9 .. .. 9.0 ­3.0 18 .. 2,655 .. 0.0 357 A.3 1 b 1,000 1 / 100/ d 2003-05a 2003-05a % % % % 2001-03a 1990-03 2003-05a 2000-02a 2005 2002c 1990-2005 3,550 0.3 .. .. 30.6 0.4 3e 0.3 18,113 96 0.4 2,590 0.3 .. .. 2.3 8.9 23e .. 1,250 80 0.8 7,585 2.0 .. .. 4.8 0.5 203e .. 22,882 62 0.4 4,840 0.5 .. .. 5.0 11.8 .. .. 4,438 90 0.7 500 0.3 .. .. 9.8 0.2 .. .. 130 88 2.4 27,300 1.2 .. .. 23.2 0.7 67e .. 3,967 77 0.5 2,148 2.6 .. .. 13.9 ­0.4 10 .. 258 33 ­0.2 1,200 2.1 .. .. 7.0 0.4 4e .. 13,626 52 0.7 9,376 0.9 1996 0.62 15.5 1.3 52e .. 962 87 ­0.1 4,580 0.3 .. .. 2.7 1.0 5e .. 5,068 87 0.2 820 0.9 1997 0.36 1.0 4.7 2e .. 3,052 71 0.8 2,484 0.1 2002 0.49 47.2 1.0 12 .. 7,305 96 1.6 940 1.9 2000 0.57 60.0 0.1 564 85.2 674 34 ­0.4 3,372 10.2 .. .. 8.5 0.1 300e 9.8 79,778 42 ­0.5 2,161 2.2 2001 0.72 2.8 0.2 28e 19.1 36,840 83 1.4 14,500 1.2 .. .. 0.5 1.0 0e .. 251 95 2.3 33,400 0.9 .. .. 0.8 1.2 6e .. 1,563 69 2.4 .. .. .. .. .. 2.5 .. .. 82,625 11 ­0.2 80 0.1 .. .. 88.4 1.9 .. 12.1 390 90 0.0 22,110 0.3 2001 0.41 81.1 0.9 167 6.1 336 96 1.6 695 1.0 2001 0.75 6.2 3.2 33e .. 45,613 28 0.1 875 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 136,059 .. 0.4 3,136 1.4 1991 0.93 2.1 0.3 75e 21.5 15,936 71 0.8 4,310 0.6 1994 0.86 27.9 0.1 73e 11.7 57,780 82 0.1 10,700 0.4 2002 0.57 14.5 0.0 84e .. 5,767 74 2.2 12,794 1.9 2002 0.70 0.7 0.0 126 5.7 1,404 8 ­0.2 2,334 1.8 1999 0.75 27.2 0.3 113 55.9 3,602 78 ­1.5 9,845 4.0 .. .. 31.2 ­0.1 41 8.7 1,955 57 0.0 123,970 9.2 .. .. 3.7 ­1.8 13 .. 30,135 18 0.0 1,470 0.2 .. .. 0.7 8.3 .. 0.9 1,051 68 ­3.4 3,798 2.1 .. .. 42.7 0.1 99e .. 104 89 0.0 2,507 0.3 1999 0.50 4.6 4.0 22e 1.6 2,213 93 0.5 3,751 2.1 .. .. 0.8 ­10.9 .. 8.0 5,456 .. ­0.4 645 0.2 .. .. 5.0 0.5 .. .. 28,957 92 0.6 1 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 138 .. 0.0 1,426 3.3 .. .. 12.6 ­3.6 95 20.3 2,339 .. 0.0 203 8.3 1991 0.62 1.5 4.6 330 69.6 9,348 .. ­0.4 15,712 2.7 .. .. 9.5 2.1 49e 15.6 955 63 0.0 18,614 7.3 .. .. 20.7 0.9 108 17.4 2,562 68 ­2.2 1,916 0.2 .. .. 34.4 2.2 137e .. 2,548 95 1.2 17,420 0.9 .. .. 11.0 0.1 4e .. 828 97 0.8 2,681 9.6 .. .. 4.3 0.0 105 6.1 18,949 9 0.0 433 1.0 1990 0.50 5.8 0.0 198 33.4 5,432 2 ­0.4 5,602 1.1 .. .. 24.0 4.3 73 5.3 368 95 ­1.6 1,057 0.5 .. .. 68.2 0.0 .. .. 10,122 92 0.0 5,100 0.2 1996 0.38 3.5 1.8 13e .. 2,183 89 1.0 17,687 0.6 1993 0.47 26.6 1.3 113e 10.1 3,269 95 0.6 2,630 0.8 1996 0.42 0.3 0.0 6e .. 1,871 45 2.9 4,930 2.1 .. .. 8.0 1.1 26e .. 419 82 ­4.3 26,409 1.3 2001 0.58 19.5 2.0 75 9.8 3,150 74 ­0.3 2,266 1.5 .. .. 89.1 1.2 .. .. 290 98 0.0 7,350 0.3 1991 0.59 0.1 0.0 1e .. 1,353 40 1.8 33,375 5.1 .. .. 6.8 ­1.5 15 .. 1,128 52 ­0.2 5,784 5.9 2000 0.66 3.0 0.3 299 50.7 2,408 3 ­0.6 177,851 30.6 2002 0.78 12.5 0.6 114 .. 9,446 41 ­0.1 1,412 3.8 2000 0.79 14.3 3.8 122e 25.3 17,848 96 ­4.4 5,040 0.8 .. .. 87.4 0.1 .. .. 623 93 ­0.5 3,400 1.6 1997 0.88 16.9 1.5 135e .. 27,185 47 0.6 8,920 0.2 1998 0.50 33.9 0.2 245 20.8 4,410 68 ­2.5 222 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,669 0.2 .. .. 31.4 2.5 2e .. 195 95 0.0 5,289 0.7 .. .. 2.8 15.0 .. .. 6,873 76 0.9 3,350 0.4 .. .. 5.2 4.7 30e .. 945 79 1.4 a. b. c. 1987-2002 d. e. 2004-05 f. 358 2008 A.4 1 1 1 1 1 % % % % % 100 100 100 % 2003- 1990- 2003- 1990- 2003- 1990- 2003- 1990- 1990- 2003- 2003- 2003- 2003- 05a 2005 05a 2005 05a 2005 05a 2005 2004 05a 05a 05a 05a 161 ­1.5 3,371 2.7 26 2.9 281 3.4 3.2 104 351 41 9.9 122 2.9 1,438 3.7 18 1.8 186 4.9 1.1 1,286 3,422 49 0.2 49 7.3 583 4.8 9 2.4 47 0.5 2.1 .. .. .. .. 941 4.0 3,850 2.9 105 0.4 283 1.6 1.8 ­2,798 862 16,577 47.5 127 3.2 1,936 1.4 18 0.2 342 2.3 1.8 69 221 18 2.8 1,925 3.9 1,946 0.5 206 2.0 269 2.8 1.7 ­3,146 4,509 17,019 19.5 590 0.1 5,978 0.8 115 0.8 197 2.5 0.6 ­9 6,577 4,639 4.5 246 6.5 2,595 4.4 17 4.0 247 4.7 0.5 160 345 226 6.4 285 3.2 3,535 2.8 3 2.7 28 2.5 1.2 339 2,249 482 7.2 604 ­1.2 2,758 0.4 66 ­2.1 239 4.0 ­1.8 208 1,459 1,063 8.0 265 .. 8,788 .. 174 .. 292 .. 0.4 ­447 21,442 24,556 8.2 135 5.1 1,144 1.8 6 1.3 76 3.2 2.6 75 217 220 82.5 162 3.6 1,851 1.9 49 3.7 165 2.2 1.8 82 230 560 25.1 303 2.6 3,627 ­0.1 11 ­3.1 251 3.1 ­1.7 119 816 114 6.8 339 3.4 3,133 3.6 106 5.7 249 1.7 2.7 817 3,545 26,656 27.7 733 ­1.9 3,279 ­0.3 28 ­6.6 184 ­5.7 ­1.4 ­141 832 954 9.8 263 3.6 1,040 2.1 17 4.2 24 0.0 1.3 52 114 245 83.1 38 ­0.4 1,324 ­0.3 3 ­3.2 265 0.3 ­2.0 11 18 38 43.4 379 6.0 2,231 4.0 16 4.2 58 0.8 1.9 14 76 50 2.2 102 4.3 1,532 3.4 14 1.8 229 2.8 0.7 216 432 604 25.2 1,626 ­0.7 3,018 0.8 166 4.4 99 1.0 0.3 ­3,077 15,024 22,486 7.1 49 6.5 1,046 1.5 32 4.0 77 1.5 1.6 9 24 1 1.6 165 5.4 741 1.2 13 2.0 22 1.0 0.8 .. .. .. .. 240 2.0 5,621 2.5 70 5.5 469 3.2 1.7 142 1,727 5,941 19.9 313 0.0 5,095 1.2 58 6.3 390 9.3 4.4 ­520 26,232 22,968 3.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 450 8,912 189 0.9 109 1.3 3,821 3.5 36 2.1 202 2.4 0.3 564 1,822 3,611 21.2 27 0.1 772 ­0.2 4 0.2 52 ­2.7 ­4.5 .. .. .. .. 3 3.1 790 0.9 8 2.8 82 3.2 ­0.7 .. .. .. .. 47 ­1.4 3,140 ­0.1 47 2.1 1,066 4.2 0.6 148 603 2,108 33.5 92 1.5 1,719 6.0 10 2.4 153 1.5 0.4 283 781 3,241 50.3 649 1.5 4,549 1.0 31 ­0.1 183 0.3 0.5 73 1,372 658 8.6 725 1.0 4,716 1.4 83 ­0.9 76 ­3.1 ­1.0 ­95 3,460 2,212 3.4 1,685 0.6 6,088 0.7 438 2.7 61 ­1.5 ­0.2 ­162 7,695 14,589 19.7 68 2.3 4,138 0.5 40 3.4 212 0.6 ­1.7 156 640 289 35.5 185 2.6 2,695 2.9 45 6.2 611 3.0 1.4 170 699 2,893 36.9 296 3.5 7,545 2.3 20 4.8 329 4.4 2.1 1,061 3,296 1,143 13.9 124 ­0.2 2,530 2.4 20 3.8 77 1.2 ­0.3 110 770 408 30.9 26 ­2.6 297 ­4.5 .. .. 6 ­2.8 ­2.6 78 162 6 60.1 157 5.8 1,213 0.9 8 2.8 27 6.7 1.8 248 339 377 85.0 731 0.9 3,187 ­0.5 73 1.0 49 0.7 ­0.4 71 2,670 1,416 2.4 1,045 1.1 6,893 0.8 115 0.8 317 0.4 ­0.1 ­4,814 33,167 35,395 8.8 154 3.2 2,050 ­0.3 24 ­0.2 233 ­2.3 1.3 103 306 85 13.8 551 1.9 6,614 1.4 85 0.5 63 ­1.4 0.1 ­1,529 48,859 34,613 3.9 91 3.6 1,437 1.5 8 1.7 160 6.2 3.1 162 820 1,818 56.4 449 ­0.3 3,905 0.7 42 ­0.9 673 ­0.6 ­0.6 331 5,360 3,390 22.0 95 ­1.6 1,747 ­0.6 20 4.2 241 4.2 0.6 204 981 1,515 41.5 130 4.4 1,476 2.6 6 5.6 180 1.3 0.8 57 124 13 2.4 45 ­0.6 824 ­1.4 12 4.3 142 0.2 ­1.1 .. .. .. .. 77 ­2.1 1,475 0.2 29 5.7 305 1.2 ­0.7 169 590 787 52.6 1,377 1.0 4,719 0.7 107 ­1.9 327 ­0.7 ­0.4 ­381 2,201 3,581 6.6 219 1.4 2,417 1.6 6 3.2 118 3.8 0.9 ­1,797 5,117 8,867 10.8 298 1.5 4,278 0.8 12 2.6 97 4.3 0.8 1,003 4,923 10,606 15.1 321 2.2 2,407 3.3 24 2.7 398 4.0 2.1 827 2,776 1,701 3.7 539 1.2 7,442 1.1 253 0.6 59 ­1.2 ­0.8 352 4,262 7,505 7.3 43 ­1.4 3,171 ­0.2 86 7.4 454 0.7 ­0.3 538 2,252 1,541 4.1 359 0.8 5,043 1.1 69 0.2 568 0.1 ­0.1 ­523 31,957 19,320 5.6 0 ­8.8 1,162 ­1.2 39 3.0 248 1.6 0.2 124 583 219 16.3 92 ­1.2 5,849 0.5 24 ­1.0 119 ­1.6 ­1.1 5,270 49,915 2,560 0.5 15 ­4.9 1,418 1.6 26 3.9 282 2.3 ­0.7 326 1,194 410 13.3 905 ­2.4 1,048 1.3 49 ­4.9 196 9.5 ­2.5 ­446 878 919 4.5 101 0.9 1,682 ­0.1 15 2.1 119 3.6 ­0.6 132 429 1,077 54.0 142 ­0.8 6,238 0.6 36 3.5 296 1.4 0.7 1,992 12,317 2,697 1.1 1 14.9 2,578 1.0 .. .. 92 11.1 10.7 174 1,152 51 0.3 325 2.4 2,776 2.3 37 ­0.7 191 8.1 2.2 22 101 118 18.3 490 5.6 3,648 3.5 17 5.4 176 13.0 3.8 .. .. .. .. 476 0.5 2,436 3.1 32 ­8.1 100 ­3.5 ­4.7 ­1 681 342 8.2 38 5.2 2,493 1.7 50 7.5 447 ­2.1 ­2.3 120 1,190 201 14.0 806 1.5 3,083 4.1 60 ­3.8 144 ­0.2 ­2.4 ­72 1,042 1,087 11.4 295 ­0.3 3,074 1.6 14 ­2.4 447 0.8 ­0.2 43 377 216 12.7 359 A.4 1 1 1 1 1 % % % % % 100 100 100 % 2003- 1990- 2003- 1990- 2003- 1990- 2003- 1990- 1990- 2003- 2003- 2003- 2003- 05a 2005 05a 2005 05a 2005 05a 2005 2004 05a 05a 05a 05a 191 2.0 2,369 1.2 16 0.8 68 0.8 ­1.9 90 182 387 74.0 141 2.6 1,149 1.8 5 2.5 90 3.3 3.7 41 167 413 85.0 93 1.0 3,321 1.0 51 2.2 73 1.3 1.4 643 5,594 10,562 8.5 245 3.2 979 1.4 20 3.5 72 2.6 ­0.3 50 175 340 35.9 53 1.1 953 1.2 30 3.7 10 1.6 ­0.6 41 112 84 25.6 299 1.4 3,009 1.4 52 3.6 253 3.7 1.1 2,158 13,251 8,400 4.4 620 0.5 2,592 ­1.5 23 ­6.6 386 ­4.1 ­2.4 6 237 274 32.4 50 ­12.0 690 ­2.8 73 ­1.6 23 7.3 ­0.7 48 120 91 10.8 233 0.5 1,243 0.4 20 2.6 255 2.9 0.6 727 1,967 2,133 21.4 99 10.5 925 7.7 5 1.1 23 ­0.9 0.9 150 289 245 17.0 54 2.7 441 2.0 .. .. 20 7.0 ­2.2 42 290 598 28.7 288 2.7 2,286 1.8 10 2.4 97 4.0 0.8 12 343 139 21.2 111 2.3 8,308 0.8 188 ­0.7 290 0.5 ­1.5 872 25,562 43,339 15.5 218 0.9 7,360 2.5 356 1.1 512 2.3 1.8 137 1,551 10,044 53.6 175 5.0 1,781 0.8 31 5.7 51 ­1.7 3.3 65 289 567 77.4 246 3.3 409 2.1 7 ­0.3 57 6.3 0.5 92 195 75 26.2 177 1.7 1,368 1.3 8 2.6 133 3.4 0.7 594 1,925 61 0.3 298 ­0.3 4,161 0.5 62 2.0 45 ­1.3 ­1.1 329 3,222 4,756 5.6 2 0.7 2,332 0.7 .. .. 186 2.6 1.6 118 969 384 2.7 203 2.8 2,456 2.4 13 2.0 68 2.5 0.9 ­715 2,703 1,666 12.1 114 0.3 1,851 0.1 54 4.0 284 ­2.5 ­1.5 77 462 739 83.6 2 6.9 3,539 3.3 .. .. 398 2.5 ­0.1 84 199 324 17.1 300 4.9 2,236 0.9 65 ­0.2 135 0.0 0.8 ­66 200 1,233 81.2 139 6.8 3,426 2.5 37 5.3 210 6.1 4.1 415 1,321 2,461 19.3 236 2.3 2,916 2.5 28 5.6 217 2.6 0.9 794 3,073 2,342 6.0 698 0.6 3,212 0.7 91 0.9 230 0.9 ­0.4 ­103 5,515 6,261 8.7 106 ­2.1 2,533 2.3 67 1.3 401 0.3 ­0.2 717 6,415 1,859 5.3 872 0.3 3,288 0.8 46 ­3.7 332 1.8 0.9 225 2,005 716 3.1 506 ­1.2 1,842 2.0 34 ­3.7 131 2.9 ­1.4 ­598 12,426 2,798 1.5 39 2.8 1,029 ­1.3 6 4.0 319 0.1 ­1.0 10 43 30 59.9 135 ­3.5 4,559 0.2 31 3.6 151 0.8 ­1.3 1,573 6,689 954 0.7 115 1.6 1,089 1.6 11 2.0 65 6.4 ­1.5 345 818 448 34.1 1,030 0.4 4,194 2.4 102 ­0.5 343 0.5 2.5 ­100 767 814 19.7 58 ­5.2 1,223 ­0.1 .. .. 79 1.4 ­2.5 34 71 38 91.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 9.3 ­14.3 214 4,602 2,844 1.5 611 26.7 4,099 3.8 72 ­4.0 85 ­4.9 .. ­57 1,478 1,000 3.7 262 1.2 5,282 2.4 90 0.6 167 ­0.6 1.9 127 1,089 425 2.7 274 1.9 2,882 4.3 42 2.0 171 2.5 ­0.2 235 2,278 3,198 8.1 470 1.4 3,052 2.2 125 3.3 700 1.7 1.4 1,535 21,850 24,080 13.5 155 1.5 3,438 1.3 7 5.2 72 0.5 ­0.1 219 968 1,260 22.9 144 2.4 .. 0.8 10 ­0.5 92 3.4 1.9 288 635 469 13.8 588 0.4 4,803 0.8 61 0.6 38 0.7 ­0.2 ­99 6,870 3,440 2.9 135 ­1.8 6,076 0.0 59 ­0.7 109 ­1.2 ­1.0 243 5,912 2,707 2.3 307 2.6 1,786 4.2 23 5.3 236 2.6 1.3 185 1,163 967 16.5 136 10.7 2,240 6.8 .. .. 155 1.1 ­2.1 46 66 113 16.3 126 2.2 1,403 ­0.1 10 1.9 69 0.4 ­1.2 122 319 583 44.1 527 3.0 3,044 2.4 31 1.8 178 1.5 0.9 ­2,244 4,875 15,550 16.3 132 3.6 1,031 2.4 6 1.8 31 ­1.0 ­0.4 22 75 122 31.0 222 ­0.4 1,540 1.2 25 3.9 333 2.9 0.0 297 1,100 854 9.3 465 0.7 2,397 0.7 22 2.2 516 2.2 ­0.5 ­105 4,615 6,197 10.1 594 12.1 2,878 3.9 45 7.1 215 3.6 4.5 14 189 255 10.2 87 3.0 1,559 0.6 9 1.9 384 1.4 ­0.6 109 265 371 74.0 688 ­0.4 2,439 ­1.1 35 ­5.2 207 1.0 ­2.0 ­662 2,114 3,213 10.7 360 ­0.1 7,085 0.8 56 ­0.7 49 ­2.6 ­1.0 322 36,159 12,700 3.7 1,253 1.2 6,443 2.3 133 2.1 225 1.1 0.6 ­9,847 57,568 61,974 8.5 660 3.7 4,115 3.9 178 1.7 219 2.0 2.1 ­220 332 1,674 58.9 237 8.6 3,627 7.4 23 1.6 206 1.0 ­0.3 .. .. .. .. 132 3.8 3,310 1.8 52 4.6 147 1.6 0.7 407 1,800 208 0.5 475 5.0 4,641 3.1 32 7.0 162 5.6 3.8 ­512 1,382 4,591 26.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 222 0.5 .. .. .. .. .. 23 ­2.6 740 ­1.2 12 5.4 63 3.7 ­0.2 347 1,045 194 4.5 107 ­0.6 1,732 1.3 .. .. 32 0.0 ­0.9 35 171 278 19.4 85 ­3.3 673 ­3.7 16 3.4 30 1.5 0.0 217 426 813 42.2 a. b. 2004-05 c. 360 2008 R&D R&D A.1 1 UN, R&D World Urbanization Prospects World Bank R&D CGIAR, Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators ISIC 2 1 ISIC 3 ODA A B DAC ODA DAC ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market 3 ILO 15 10% 25% 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CD-ROM 1 20061GNI905 906-11,11511,116 IMFOECD 1 GNI3,595 1 364 2008 200663 1999 200 19991244 "t""s" wm 6 World Development Indicators 2007 WDI 2007 31 www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2007/index.htm 1-800-645-7247703-661-1580; Fax 703-661- 1501 The World Bank, P.O. Box 960, Herndon, VA 20172- 0960, U.S.A. 2006 ... 00.0 1999 365 2008 OECD UMC UMC LIC LIC UMC LIC LMC LMC LMC LMC UMC LIC LMC UMC LMC LMC LMC LIC LIC UMC LIC LIC LMC LMC UMC UMC LMC LMC LMC LMC LIC LMC LMC LIC UMC LIC UMC LMC UMC UMC LMC LIC LIC LIC LIC LMC LMC LMC LMC LMC LMC LIC UMC LIC LMC LMC LIC LIC UMC LIC LMC LMC LIC LMC LMC LMC LIC LIC UMC UMC UMC LIC LIC LMC UMC UMC LMC LMC LIC LMC UMC LIC LMC LIC LMC UMC LIC UMC LIC UMC LMC LMC LIC UMC LMC LIC UMC LMC LIC LIC LMC LIC UMC LMC LIC UMC LMC UMC LMC LMC UMC UMC LIC LMC UMC LMC UMC LMC LIC UMC UMC LIC UMC LMC LIC UMC LMC LIC UMC LMC LIC UMC LIC UMC LIC LIC UMC LIC LMC UMC LMC LIC LIC LMC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC 3 2006 GNI 905 LIC906-3,595 LMC3,596-11,115 UMC 11,116 366 2008 1 PPP GNI a GNI b 1 1 15 km 2 0-14 1 1 GDP % 100 % % 10 10 % 2000- 2006 2000-06 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005-06 2005 2005 2005c 2003 3 0.4 115 26 9.3 2,960 18 5,840 4.7 73 79 99 1.0 33 1.5 14 29 101.2 3,030 230d 6,900d 1.5 70 73 70 5.1 16 2.8 13 46 32.4 1,980 39d 2,360d 11.4 40 43 67 0.6 39 1.0 14 26 201.4 5,150 602 15,390 7.4 71 79 97 3.4 3 ­0.4 107 20 5.8 1,930 18 5,890 13.7 70 76 99 1.1 21 1.2 3 19 738.5 35,990 699 34,060 1.4 78 83 .. 17.8 8 0.5 100 15 326.2 39,590 289 35,130 3.0 77 82 .. 8.7 8 0.9 103 25 15.7 1,850 51 5,960 33.1 70 75 .. 3.5 144 1.9 1,109 35 69.9 480 338 2,340 4.9 63 65 47 0.3 10 ­0.5 47 15 32.8 3,380 86 8,810 10.8 63 74 .. 6.3 10 0.4 347 17 404.7 38,600 368 35,090 3.1 77 82 .. 9.9 9 3.1 79 44 4.7 540 10 1,160 1.1 54 56 35 0.3 9 1.9 9 38 10.3 1,100 27 2,890 2.8 63 67 87 0.9 4 0.3 76 16 11.7 2,980 .. .. 5.7 72 77 97 4.9 189 1.4 22 28 892.8 4,730 1,661 8,800 2.4 67 75 89 1.6 8 ­0.8 71 14 30.7 3,990 78 10,140 6.7 69 76 98 5.6 14 3.1 50 47 6.3 460 18d 1,330d 2.9 48 49 24 0.1 8 3.1 305 45 0.8 100 6d 710d 1.3 44 46 59 0.0 14 2.0 81 37 6.9 480 42d 2,920d 8.4 54 61 74 0.0 17 1.9 36 41 18.1 1,080 40 2,370 1.6 46 47 68 0.2 33 0.9 4 17 1,177.4 36,170 1,127 34,610 2.0 78 83 .. 17.9 4 1.3 7 43 1.5 360 5d 1,280d 2.1 39 40 49 0.1 10 3.3 8 47 4.8 480 12d 1,230d ­1.1 43 45 26 0.0 16 1.1 22 24 114.9 6,980 185 11,270 3.0 75 81 96 3.7 1,312 0.6 141 21 2,641.6 2,010 10,153e 7,740e 10.1 70 74 91 3.2 7 0.8 6,728 14 199.5 28,460 268 38,200 5.9 79 85 .. 5.6 46 1.5 41 31 125.0 2,740 347d 7,620d 5.4 70 76 93 1.3 59 2.8 26 47 7.7 130 43d 720d 1.9 43 45 67 0.0 4 3.0 12 47 3.8 950 4 940 3.7 52 54 85 0.4 4 1.8 86 28 21.8 4,980 47d 10,770d 6.4 77 81 95 1.5 18 1.6 58 42 16.0 870 29 1,550 2.3 45 47 49 0.3 4 ­0.2 79 15 41.4 9,330 61 13,680 4.7 72 79 98 5.4 10 ­0.1 132 14 129.5 12,680 219 21,470 6.2 73 79 .. 11.4 5 0.3 128 19 280.7 51,700 198 36,460 3.0 76 80 .. 10.1 10 1.6 199 32 27.4 2,850 80 8,290 9.0 69 75 87 2.3 13 1.4 48 32 38.1 2,840 59 4,400 3.1 72 78 91 1.8 75 1.9 76 33 101.7 1,350 354 4,690 4.9 68 73 71 2.0 7 1.8 337 34 17.8 2,540 37d 5,340d 2.2 68 74 81 1.0 5 4.1 45 45 0.9 200 5d 1,090d ­4.0 53 57 .. 0.2 73 2.0 73 44 12.9 180 87d 1,190d 6.8 42 43 36 0.1 5 0.3 17 17 213.6 40,650 185 35,150 5.3 76 82 .. 13.0 61 0.6 111 18 2,297.8 36,550f 2,059 33,740 1.7 77 84 .. 6.2 4 ­1.0 64 18 6.9 1,560 16 3,690 10.3 68 75 .. 0.8 82 0.0 236 14 3,018.0 36,620 2,623 31,830 2.9 76 82 .. 9.8 23 2.1 99 39 11.8 520 59d 2,640d 4.2 57 58 58 0.4 11 0.3 86 14 241.0 21,690 273 24,560 4.2 77 82 96 8.7 13 2.4 119 43 34.1 2,640 62d 4,800d 2.1 64 72 69 0.9 9 1.9 37 44 3.7 410 22 2,410 0.8 54 54 29 0.2 9 1.4 314 37 4.1 480 13d 1,490d 0.9 52 53 .. 0.2 7 2.3 66 39 8.8 1,200 26d 3,540d 3.9 67 71 80 0.9 10 ­0.3 112 15 110.1 10,950 184 18,290 4.2 69 77 .. 5.8 1,110 1.5 373 32 906.5 820 4,217d 3,800d 7.7 63 64 61 1.2 223 1.3 123 28 315.8 1,420 881 3,950 4.3 66 70 90 1.4 69 1.4 42 28 207.6 3,000 587 8,490 4.4 70 73 82 5.7 4 1.7 61 20 191.9 45,580 151 35,900 4.7 77 82 .. 10.4 7 1.9 325 28 128.7 18,580 176 25,480 3.4 78 82 .. 10.2 59 0.5 199 14 1,875.6 32,020 1,789 30,550 2.0 78 83 98 7.7 3 0.5 246 31 9.3 3,480 11 4,030 2.3 69 73 .. 4.1 128 0.1 350 14 4,900.0 38,410 4,229 33,150 2.4 79 86 .. 9.6 6 2.4 63 37 14.7 2,660 35 6,210 4.0 71 74 91 3.3 15 0.5 6 23 58.0 3,790 119 7,780 9.4 61 72 .. 10.7 35 2.3 62 43 20.5 580 46 1,300 3.1 50 48 74 0.3 48 0.5 490 18 856.6 17,690 1,152 23,800 4.7 74 81 .. 9.5 3 2.9 148 24 77.7 30,630 74d 29,200d 5.3 75 80 93 32.7 5 0.9 27 31 2.6 490 10 1,990 1.6 65 72 .. 1.1 6 1.6 25 40 2.9 500 12 2,050 5.8 62 65 69 0.2 2 ­0.6 37 14 18.5 8,100 35 15,350 12.6 66 77 100 2.9 4 1.2 396 28 22.2 5,490 22 5,460 ­1.1 70 75 .. 4.8 3 ­0.5 54 16 26.7 7,870 51 14,930 8.1 65 77 100 3.7 2 0.2 80 19 6.2 3,060 16 7,610 2.9 71 76 96 5.2 19 2.7 33 44 5.3 280 18 960 2.3 55 57 71 0.1 13 2.2 140 47 2.3 170 9 720 6.2 41 40 .. 0.1 26 1.9 78 32 141.4 5,490 291 11,300 4.2 71 76 89 6.4 14 3.0 11 48 6.1 440 16 1,130 2.5 48 49 24 0.0 3 2.9 3 43 2.3 740 8d 2,600d 8.7 52 55 51 0.9 367 1 PPP GNI a GNI b 1 1 15 km 2 0-14 1 1 GDP % 100 % % 10 10 % 2000- 2006 2000-06 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005-06 2005 2005 2005c 2003 104 1.0 55 30 820.3 7,870 1,189 11,410 3.6 73 78 92 4.1 4 ­1.3 117 18 3.7 1,100g 11 2,880 5.2 65 72 99 1.8 3 1.2 2 30 2.3 880 6 2,280 7.1 65 68 98 3.2 30 1.1 68 31 58.0 1,900 152 5,000 6.0 68 73 52 1.3 20 2.0 26 44 6.9 340 25d 1,220d 6.6 41 42 .. 0.1 2 1.3 2 41 6.6 3,230 17d 8,110d 3.6 47 47 85 1.2 28 2.1 193 39 8.1 290 45 1,630 ­0.1 62 63 49 0.1 16 0.5 483 18 698.5 42,670 615 37,580 2.6 77 82 .. 8.7 4 1.1 15 21 112.4 27,250 112 27,220 1.1 78 82 .. 8.7 5 1.1 43 38 5.2 1,000 21d 4,010d 1.7 68 73 77 0.8 14 3.4 11 49 3.7 260 12d 830d 0.1 45 45 29 0.1 145 2.5 159 44 92.4 640 152 1,050 3.4 46 47 69 0.4 5 0.6 15 19 308.9 66,530 203 43,820 2.5 78 83 .. 9.9 3 1.2 8 34 23.0 9,070 37 14,570 2.2 73 76 81 12.8 159 2.4 206 38 122.3 770 398 2,500 4.1 64 65 50 0.8 3 1.8 44 30 16.1 4,890 25 7,680 6.4 73 78 92 1.9 6 2.1 13 40 4.6 770 14d 2,410d 1.8 56 57 57 0.4 6 2.0 15 37 8.4 1,400 31d 5,070d 1.9 69 74 93 0.7 28 1.5 22 32 82.7 2,920 172 6,080 6.5 68 73 88 1.0 85 1.8 284 35 120.2 1,420 506 5,980 3.5 69 73 93 1.0 38 ­0.1 124 16 312.2 8,190 565 14,830 5.9 71 79 .. 8.0 11 0.6 116 16 191.6 18,100 229 21,580 0.9 75 81 94 5.5 22 ­0.7 94 15 104.4 4,850 212 9,820 8.2 68 75 97 4.2 142 ­0.5 9 15 822.4 5,780 1,656 11,630 7.3 59 72 99 10.3 9 2.4 375 43 2.3 250 12d 1,270d 3.0 43 46 65 0.1 24 2.3 12 37 289.2 12,510 384d 16,620d 3.8 71 75 83 13.7 12 2.4 62 42 8.9 750 22 1,840 1.0 55 58 39 0.4 7 ­0.2 84 .. 29.0 3,910h .. .. 6.0 70k 76k 96k .. 6 3.7 79 43 1.4 240 5 850 4.9 40 43 35 0.1 4 1.5 6,376 19 128.8 29,320 139 31,710 6.6 78 82 93 11.4 5 0.0 112 16 53.2 9,870 95 17,600 8.3 70 78 .. 7.0 2 0.1 99 14 37.7 18,890 48 23,970 5.4 74 81 100 7.7 47 1.2 39 32 255.3 5,390 555d 11,710d 3.9 47 49 .. 7.9 44 1.3 87 14 1,200.7 27,570 1,221 28,030 3.6 77 84 .. 7.4 20 0.4 306 24 25.7 1,300 99 5,010 6.6 72 77 91 0.5 37 2.0 16 39 29.9 810 80d 2,160d 10.7 55 58 61 0.3 9 0.3 22 17 394.2 43,580 317 35,070 4.2 78 83 .. 5.9 7 0.6 186 16 425.9 57,230 305 40,930 2.6 79 84 .. 5.5 19 2.5 106 36 30.7 1,570 77 3,930 2.6 72 76 81 2.7 7 1.2 47 38 2.6 390 9 1,410 5.6 61 67 99 0.7 39 2.6 45 42 13.4 350i 29 740 3.3 46 47 69 0.1 65 0.9 127 23 193.7 2,990 592 9,140 4.2 68 74 93 3.9 6 2.7 116 43 2.2 350 9d 1,490d ­1.0 53 57 53 0.4 10 1.0 65 25 30.1 2,970 86 8,490 4.1 72 76 74 2.1 73 1.3 95 29 393.9 5,400 661 9,060 4.8 69 74 87 3.1 5 1.4 10 31 .. ..j .. .. .. 59 67 .. 9.2 30 3.4 152 50 8.9 300 45d 1,490d 1.5 49 51 67 0.1 47 ­0.9 80 14 90.6 1,950 350 7,520 8.3 62 74 99 6.6 60 0.2 249 18 2,425.2 40,180 2,148 35,580 2.6 77 81 .. 9.4 299 1.0 33 21 13,446.0 44,970 13,233 44,260 2.4 75 81 .. 19.9 3 0.1 19 24 17.6 5,310 37 11,150 6.8 72 79 .. 1.3 27 1.2 62 32 16.2 610 60 2,250 5.8 64 71 .. 4.8 27 1.8 31 31 164.0 6,070 201 7,440 8.5 71 77 93 5.6 84 1.3 271 29 58.1 690 278 3,300 6.9 68 73 .. 0.9 4 3.9 621 45 4.5 1,230 .. .. ­1.7 71 76 92 .. 22 3.1 41 46 16.4 760 20 920 0.2 60 63 54 0.9 12 1.7 16 46 7.5 630 12 1,000 4.3 39 38 .. 0.2 13 0.6 34 39 4.5 340 25 1,950 ­5.4 38 37 89 0.9 6,518s 1.2w 50w 28w 48,481.8t 7,439w 66,596t 10,218w 2.8w 66w 70w 82w 4.0w 2,403 1.9 85 36 1,562.3 650 6,485 2,698 6.1 58 60 61 0.8 3,086 0.9 45 25 9,415.4 3,051 24,613 7,976 6.3 68 73 90 3.5 2,276 0.9 81 25 4,635.2 2,037 15,977 7,020 7.9 69 73 89 2.9 810 0.8 20 25 4,789.7 5,913 8,763 10,817 4.9 66 74 94 5.3 5,489 1.3 57 30 10,977.7 2,000 31,089 5,664 6.0 64 67 79 2.4 1,900 0.9 120 23 3,539.1 1,863 12,958 6,821 8.6 69 73 91 2.8 460 0.0 20 20 2,205.8 4,796 4,444 9,662 6.8 64 74 98 6.8 556 1.3 28 30 2,650.3 4,767 4,891 8,798 4.2 69 76 90 2.4 311 1.8 35 33 771.2 2,481 2,005 6,447 3.6 68 72 73 3.4 1,493 1.7 312 33 1,142.7 766 5,140 3,444 6.9 63 64 58 1.0 770 2.3 33 43 648.3 842 1,565 2,032 3.2 47 48 59 0.7 1,029 0.7 31 18 37,528.9 36,487 35,692 34,701 2.6 76 82 99 12.8 a. b. ppp c. d. e. 1986 Ruoen and Kai 1995 2-3 f. GNI 1 GNI g. h. i. j. 905-3,595 k. 368 2008 2 % % 1 12 11 2 % % % % 2002 29.6 19.8 25.4 .. .. .. .. 2004a <2 <0.5 10.0 1.6 1988 16.6 7.3 12.2 1995 30.3 14.7 22.6 1995a <2 <0.5 15.1 3.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 .. 28.4 .. 1998 .. 29.9 .. 2004b 6.6 2.1 17.4 7.1 1998­99 50.8 58.3 55.1 2001 48.7 51.9 50.9 2003a <2 <0.5 31.1 7.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 .. .. 68.1 2001 42.0 55.0 49.6 2001a 3.7 0.6 33.4 9.1 1995­96 55.2 29.4 51.0 2000 53.0 36.6 49.8 2000a 41.3 10.3 84.0 38.3 2000 .. .. 41.9 .. .. .. .. 2002a <2 <0.5 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 25.2 28.5 26.5 1999 33.0 23.3 29.0 2003a 30.9 8.2 73.7 31.7 1997 77.3 53.8 63.2 1999 81.7 50.6 62.7 2002b 23.2 13.6 42.2 23.2 2001­02 19.9 13.8 19.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998 51.4 14.7 22.0 2002­03 41.0 17.5 21.5 2004b 7.5 3.4 21.2 8.5 1997 .. .. 36.0 2001 .. .. 12.8 2003a <2 <0.5 6.1 1.5 1998 61.1 22.4 54.6 2003 52.4 19.2 46.4 2003a 27.2 7.3 71.8 30.4 1990 36.0 43.0 36.4 .. .. .. .. 1998a 54.6 22.7 87.6 48.9 1997 40.1 21.1 36.1 2004 38.0 18.0 35.0 2004a 66.0 27.2 89.8 54.2 1996 59.6 41.4 53.3 2001 49.9 22.1 40.2 2001a 17.1 4.1 50.6 19.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993a 66.6 38.1 84.0 58.4 1995­96 67.0 63.0 64.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996 .. .. 19.9 1998 .. .. 17.0 2003b <2 <0.5 5.6 1.3 1996 7.9 <2 6.0 1998 4.6 <2 4.6 2004a 9.9 2.1 34.9 12.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 79.0 48.0 60.0 1999 79.0 55.0 64.0 2003b 7.0 3.1 17.8 7.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992 25.5 19.2 22.0 .. .. .. .. 2003b 3.3 1.6 9.8 4.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2002a 14.8 4.1 48.8 18.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2001a <2 <0.5 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996b <2 <0.5 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000 45.3 18.2 27.7 2004 55.7 34.7 42.2 2004b 2.8 0.5 16.2 4.9 1995 56.0 19.0 34.0 1998 69.0 30.0 46.0 1998b 17.7 7.1 40.8 17.7 1995­96 23.3 22.5 22.9 1999­00 .. .. 16.7 1999­00a 3.1 <0.5 43.9 11.3 1995 64.8 38.9 50.6 2002 49.8 28.5 37.2 2002b 19.0 9.3 40.6 17.7 1993­94 .. .. 53.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995­96 47.0 33.3 45.5 1999­00 45.0 37.0 44.2 1999­00a 23.0 4.8 77.8 29.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2002 55.4 48.5 52.1 2003 52.7 56.2 54.5 2003a 6.5 2.1 25.3 8.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992 .. .. 50.0 1998­99 49.9 18.6 39.5 1998­99a 44.8 17.3 78.5 40.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1989 71.9 33.7 57.9 2000 74.5 27.1 56.2 2002b 13.5 5.5 31.9 13.8 1994 .. .. 40.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1987 .. .. 65.0 1995 66.0 .. .. 2001b 53.9 26.6 78.0 47.4 1998­99 71.2 28.6 52.5 2004 70.4 29.5 50.7 2003b 14.9 4.4 35.7 15.1 1993 .. .. 14.5 1997 .. .. 17.3 2002a <2 <0.5 <2 <0.5 1993­94 37.3 32.4 36.0 1999­00 30.2 24.7 28.6 2004­05a 34.3 7.9 80.4 35.0 1996 .. .. 15.7 1999 34.4 16.1 27.1 2002a 7.5 0.9 52.4 15.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998a <2 <0.5 7.3 1.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 37.0 18.7 27.5 2000 25.1 12.8 18.7 2004a <2 <0.5 14.4 3.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997 27.0 19.7 21.3 2002 18.7 12.9 14.2 2002­03a <2 <0.5 7.0 1.5 1996 39.0 30.0 34.6 .. .. .. .. 2003a <2 <0.5 16.0 3.8 1994 47.0 29.0 40.0 1997 53.0 49.0 52.0 1997a 22.8 5.9 58.3 23.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998b <2 <0.5 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2001 51.0 41.2 47.6 2003 .. .. 41.0 2003a <2 <0.5 21.4 4.4 1993 48.7 33.1 45.0 1997­98 41.0 26.9 38.6 2002a 27.0 6.1 74.1 30.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2003a <2 <0.5 4.7 1.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2003a <2 <0.5 7.8 1.8 2002 25.3 .. 21.4 2003 22.3 .. 21.7 2003a <2 <0.5 <2 <0.5 369 2 % % 11 1 2 12 % % 1989 .. .. 15.5 .. .. .. .. 1997b <2 <0.5 9.3 2.0 1998 75.9 30.1 63.8 .. .. .. .. 2001a 36.1 12.2 72.1 34.2 1996 65.5 30.1 50.0 2000 61.2 25.4 46.3 2000a 25.9 7.6 63.1 26.8 2000 42.4 12.6 24.2 2004 27.9 11.3 17.6 2004a 3.0 1.4 11.6 4.2 2001 64.1 58.0 62.4 2002 67.2 42.6 48.5 2003a <2 <0.5 20.8 4.7 1998 32.6 39.4 35.6 2002 43.4 30.3 36.1 2002a 10.8 2.2 44.6 15.1 1990­91 18.0 7.6 13.1 1998­99 27.2 12.0 19.0 1998­99a <2 <0.5 14.3 3.1 1996­97 71.3 62.0 69.4 .. .. .. .. 2002­03a 36.2 11.6 74.1 34.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993b 34.9 14.0 55.8 30.4 1995­96 43.3 21.6 41.8 2003­04 34.6 9.6 30.9 2003­04a 24.1 5.4 68.5 26.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 76.1 31.9 50.3 1998 68.5 30.5 47.9 2001a 45.1 16.7 79.9 41.2 1989­93 66.0 52.0 63.0 .. .. .. .. 1995a 60.6 34.0 85.8 54.6 1985 49.5 31.7 43.0 1992­93 36.4 30.4 34.1 2003a 70.8 34.5 92.4 59.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 33.4 17.2 28.6 1998­99 35.9 24.2 32.6 2002a 17.0 3.1 73.6 26.1 1997 64.9 15.3 37.3 .. .. .. .. 2003b 7.4 2.1 18.0 7.5 1996 41.3 16.1 37.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1991 28.5 19.7 21.8 .. .. .. .. 2003b 13.6 5.6 29.8 13.8 2001 77.1 42.0 54.3 2004 72.1 42.9 53.1 2003b 10.5 2.9 30.6 11.9 1994 53.1 28.0 40.6 1997 50.7 21.5 36.8 2003a 14.8 2.9 43.0 16.3 1993 .. .. 23.8 .. .. .. .. 2002a <2 <0.5 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994 27.9 20.4 21.5 .. .. .. .. 2003a <2 0.5 12.9 3.0 1994 .. .. 30.9 .. .. .. .. 2002a <2 <0.5 12.1 3.1 1993 .. .. 51.2 1999­00 65.7 14.3 60.3 2000a 60.3 25.6 87.8 51.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992 40.4 23.7 33.4 .. .. .. .. 2001a 17.0 3.6 56.2 20.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1989 .. .. 82.8 2003­04 79.0 56.4 70.2 1989a 57.0 39.5 74.5 51.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996b <2 <0.5 2.9 0.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998a <2 <0.5 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000a 10.7 1.7 34.1 12.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1990­91 22.0 15.0 20.0 1995­96 27.0 15.0 25.0 2002a 5.6 0.8 41.6 11.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2001­01a 47.7 19.4 77.8 42.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2003a 7.4 1.3 42.8 13.0 1991 40.8 31.2 38.6 2000­01 38.7 29.5 35.7 2000­01a 57.8 20.7 89.9 49.3 1994 .. .. 9.8 1998 .. .. 13.6 2002a <2 <0.5 25.2 6.2 1987­89 .. .. 32.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1990 13.1 3.5 7.4 1995 13.9 3.6 7.6 2000a <2 <0.5 6.6 1.3 1994 .. .. 28.3 2002 34.5 22.0 27.0 2003a 3.4 0.8 18.7 5.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1999­00 37.4 9.6 33.8 2002­03 41.7 12.2 37.7 .. .. .. .. .. 2000 34.9 .. 31.5 2003 28.4 .. 19.5 2003b <2 <0.5 4.9 0.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994 .. 20.2 .. 1998 .. 24.7 .. 2003b <2 <0.5 5.7 1.6 2000 30.5 22.5 27.5 .. .. .. .. 2003a <2 <0.5 <2 0.6 1989 .. .. 31.3 .. .. .. .. 2003b 18.5 8.9 40.1 19.2 1998 45.5 9.2 37.4 2002 35.6 6.6 28.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998 45.0 30.8 41.8 .. .. .. .. 1998a 15.7 4.5 45.2 15.0 1998 83.1 56.0 72.9 2004 78.0 53.0 68.0 2004a 63.8 32.6 87.2 55.2 1990­91 35.8 3.4 25.8 1995­96 48.0 7.9 34.9 1995­96a 56.1 24.2 83.0 48.2 a. b. 370 2008 3 HIV/ 10 11 1,000 HIV% 5 15-49 PPP % % % % 1990- 2000- 1990- 2000- % 95a 06a 1991 2005 1991 2005 1990 2005 2000 95a 06a 2005 2004b 8.2 .. 14 .. 97 96 97 45 18 55 .. 98 .. 1995b 7.0 13 10 79 96 83 99 69 39 140 77 96 0.1 .. .. .. 31 35 .. .. .. 260 260 1,700 .. 45 3.7 2004c,d 3.1 2 4 .. 99 .. 102 29 18 82 96 95 0.6 2003b 8.5 .. 3 90 91 .. 103 54 29 55 .. 98 0.1 1994d 5.9 .. .. .. .. 101 97 10 6 8 100 99 0.1 2000d 8.6 .. .. .. 104 95 97 10 5 4 100 .. 0.3 2001b 7.4 .. 7 .. 94 100 97 105 89 94 .. 88 0.1 2000b 8.6 68 48 49 76 .. 103 149 73 380 10 13 <0.1 2002b 8.5 .. .. 95 100 .. 100 19 12 35 .. 100 0.3 2000d 8.5 .. .. 79 .. 101 98 10 5 10 .. .. 0.3 2003b 7.4 .. 30 21 65 49 73 185 150 850 .. 75 1.8 2002d 1.5 15 8 .. 101 .. 98 125 65 420 47 67 0.1 2001b 9.5 .. 4 .. .. .. .. 22 15 31 97 100 <0.1 2004d 2.8 .. .. 93 105 .. 102 60 33 260 72 97 0.5 2003b 8.7 .. .. 85 98 99 96 19 15 32 .. 99 <0.1 2003b 6.9 33 38 21 31 62 78 210 191 1,000 42 38 1.8f 1998b 5.1 .. 45 46 36 82 84 190 190 1,000 .. 25 3.3 2004b 6.8 .. 36 .. 92 73 87 115 87 450 .. 44 1.6 2001b 5.6 15 18 56 62 83 84 139 149 730 58 62 5.5g 2000d 7.2 .. .. .. .. 99 98 8 6 6 98 98 0.3 1993b 2.0 23 24 27 23 60 .. 168 193 1,100 46 44 10.7 .. .. .. 37 18 32 41 60 201 208 1,100 .. 14 3.5 2003d 3.8 1 1 .. 123 100 98 21 10 31 100 100 0.3 2004d 4.3 13 8 103 98 87 99 49 27 56 .. 97 0.1h 1996d 5.3 .. .. 102 110 103 95 .. .. .. .. 100 .. 2003d 2.5 8 7 70 97 107 104 35 21 130 86 96 0.6 .. .. 34 31 46 39 .. 73 205 205 990 .. 61 3.2 .. .. .. .. 54 57 85 90 110 108 510 .. 86 5.3 2003d 3.5 2 .. 79 92 101 102 18 12 43 98 99 0.3 2002b 5.2 24 17 43 .. 65 68 157 195 690 45 68 7.1 2001b 8.3 1 .. 85 91 102 101 12 7 8 100 100 <0.1 1996d 10.3 1 .. .. 102 98 101 13 4 9 99 100 0.1 1997d 8.3 .. .. 98 99 101 102 9 5 5 .. .. 0.2 2004d 4.0 10 5 61 92 .. 105 65 31 150 93 99 1.0 1998b 3.3 .. 12 91 101 .. 100 57 25 130 .. 75 0.3 1999­2000b 8.6 17 9 .. 98 81 93 104 33 84 46 74 <0.1 2002d 2.7 11 10 41 87 102 98 60 27 150 51 92 0.9 .. .. 44 40 19 51 .. 72 147 78 630 21 28 2.4 1999­2000b 9.1 48 38 26 58 68 81 204 127 850 .. 6 1.4 2000d 9.6 .. .. 97 100 109 102 7 4 6 100 100 0.1 1995d 7.2 .. .. 104 .. 102 100 9 5 17 99 .. 0.4 2003b 5.6 .. .. .. 87 98 101 47 45 32 .. 92 0.2 2000d 8.5 .. .. 100 94 99 99 9 5 8 .. .. 0.1 1998­99b 5.6 27 22 63 72 79 94 122 112 540 44 47 2.2f 2000d 6.7 .. .. 99 100 99 99 11 5 9 .. .. 0.2 2002d 2.9 27 23 .. 74 .. 92 82 43 240 34 41 0.9 2003b 7.0 27 33 17 55 46 75 234 160 740 31 56 1.5 2001d 2.4 28 17 27 .. 95 .. 150 120 680 20 24 3.8 2003d 3.4 18 17 65 79 108 107 59 40 110 45 56 1.5 2002b 9.5 .. .. 93 94 100 99 17 8 16 .. 100 0.1 2004­05b 8.1 53 .. 68 90 70 89 123 74 540 34 43 0.9 2002b 8.4 34 28 91 101 93 97 91 36 230 37 72 0.1 1998b 5.1 16 .. 91 96 85 105 72 36 76 .. 90 0.2 2000d 7.4 .. .. .. 98 104 103 9 6 5 .. 100 0.2 2001d 5.7 .. .. .. 101 105 100 12 6 17 .. .. .. 2000d 6.5 .. .. 104 100 100 99 9 4 5 .. .. 0.5 2004b 5.3 5 4 90 82 102 101 20 20 87 .. 97 1.5 1993d 10.6 .. .. 101 .. 101 100 6 4 10 100 .. <0.1 2002­03b 6.7 6 4 72 100 101 101 40 26 41 87 100 .. 2003b 7.4 8 .. .. 114 102 98 63 73 210 100 .. 0.1 1997b 6.0 23 20 .. 95 94 96 97 120 1,000 45 42 6.7 1998d 7.9 .. .. 98 101 99 100 9 5 20 98 100 <0.1 .. .. .. .. .. 100 97 102 16 11 5 .. 100 .. 2003b 8.9 .. 7 .. 97 .. 100 80 67 110 .. 99 0.1 2002b 8.1 40 40 46 76 75 84 163 79 650 .. 19 0.1 2003b 6.6 .. .. .. 89 100 100 18 11 42 100 100 0.8 .. .. .. 4 .. 90 .. 102 37 30 150 .. 93 0.1 2003b 6.8 .. .. 89 90 .. 99 13 9 13 .. 100 0.2 2003b 6.1 .. .. 98 97 99 99 38 17 23 .. 99 <0.1 2001b 4.9 34 42 33 58 98 .. 168 119 550 57 51 0.5 2004­05b 7.0 30 22 28 57 81 99 221 125 1,800 55 56 14.1 1997d 4.4 20 11 91 92 101 106 22 12 41 .. 97 0.5 2001b 6.1 .. 33 11 38 59 75 250 218 1,200 .. 41 1.8k 2000b 6.2 48 32 33 45 67 98 133 125 1,000 40 57 0.7 371 3 HIV/ 10 11 1,000 HIV% 5 15-49 PPP % % % % 1990- 2000- 1990- 2000- % 95a 06a 1991 2005 1991 2005 1990 2005 2000 95a 06a 2005 2004b 4.3 .. .. 86 100 98 101 46 27 83 .. 83 0.3 2003b 7.8 .. 4 .. 92 105 102 35 16 36 .. 100 1.1 2002b 7.5 12 13 .. 95 109 108 108 49 110 .. 97 <0.1 1998­99b 6.5 10 10 47 80 70 88 89 40 220 40 63 0.1 2002­03b 5.4 27 24 27 41 72 83 235 145 1,000 .. 48 16.1 1993d 1.4 26 24 78 74 108 105 86 62 300 68 76 19.6 2003­04b 6.0 49 45 51 76 59 93 145 74 740 7 19 0.5 1999d 7.6 .. .. .. 100 97 98 9 5 16 .. .. 0.2 1997d 6.4 .. .. 100 .. 100 104 11 6 7 100 .. 0.1 2001b 5.6 11 10 44 76 109 102 68 37 230 .. 67 0.2 1995b 2.6 43 40 17 28 57 72 320 256 1,600 15 16 1.1 2003b 5.0 39 29 .. 80 79 85 230 194 800 31 35 3.9 2000d 9.6 .. .. 100 99 102 100 9 4 16 .. .. 0.1 .. .. 23 .. 65 93 89 98 32 12 87 91 95 .. 2002b 9.3 38 38 .. 63 .. 75 130 99 500 19 31 0.1 2003d 2.5 6 .. 86 97 .. 101 34 24 160 86 93 0.9 1996b 4.5 .. .. 47 54 80 87 94 74 300 .. 41 1.8 2003d 2.4 4 5 71 89 99 99 41 23 170 67 77 0.4 2003d 3.7 11 7 .. 99 96 100 78 27 410 .. 73 0.6 2003b 5.4 30 28 86 97 100 103 62 33 200 53 60 <0.1 2002b 7.5 .. .. 98 97 101 99 18 7 13 .. 100 0.1 1997d 5.8 .. .. 95 104 103 102 14 5 5 .. 100 0.4 2003b 8.1 6 3 96 99 99 100 31 19 49 99 99 <0.1 2002b 6.1 3 6 93 94 104 99 27 18 67 .. 99 1.1 2000b 5.3 29 23 33 39 96 100 173 203 1,400 26 39 3.0 .. .. 15 .. 56 85 84 98 44 26 23 .. 93 .. 2001b 6.6 22 23 42 50 69 91 149 119 690 47 58 0.9 2003b,e 8.3 .. 2e .. .. .. .. 28e 15e 11e .. 92e 0.2e 1989b 1.1 29 27 .. .. 67 80 302 282 2,000 .. 42 1.6 1998d 5.0 .. 3 .. .. 95 .. 8 3 30 .. 100 0.3 1996d 8.8 .. .. 96 94 .. 100 14 8 3 .. 99 <0.1 1998b 9.1 .. .. 95 102 .. 99 10 4 17 100 100 <0.1 2000b 3.5 9 .. 75 99 104 101 60 68 230 82 92 15.6i 2000d 7.0 .. .. .. 108 104 102 9 5 4 .. .. 0.6 2002b 7.0 33 29 97 .. 102 102 32 14 92 94 96 <0.1 .. .. 34 41 41 50 78 89 120 90 590 86 87 1.6 2000d 9.1 .. .. 96 .. 102 100 7 4 2 .. .. 0.2 2000d 7.6 .. .. 53 95 97 96 9 5 7 .. .. 0.4 .. .. 13 7 89 111 85 94 39 15 160 77 70 .. 2003b 7.9 .. .. .. 102 .. 88 115 71 100 .. 71 0.1 2000­01b 7.3 29 22 61 72j 97 .. 161 122 1,500 44 43 7.0g 2002b 6.3 18 .. .. 82 95 100j 37 21 44 .. 99 1.4 .. .. .. .. 35 65 59 73 152 139 570 .. 61 3.2 2000b 6.0 9 4 74 99 86 103 52 24 120 81 90 0.1 2003b 5.3 10 4 90 87 81 89 82 29 70 76 83 .. 1998b 6.1 .. 12 .. .. .. .. 97 104 31 .. 97 <0.1 2002b 5.7 26 23 .. 56 82 98 160 136 880 38 39 6.4l 2003b 9.2 .. 1 94 95 .. 94 26 17 35 .. 100 1.4 1999d 6.1 .. .. .. .. 98 102 10 6 13 .. .. .. 2000d 5.4 1 2 .. .. 100 100 11 7 17 .. 99 0.6 2003c,d 5.0 5 .. 94 91 .. 106 23 15 27 .. 99 0.5 2003b 7.2 .. 8 .. 97 94 98 79 68 24 .. 96 0.2 2003d 3.3 5 4 43 92 105 103 33 21 96 .. 95 0.7 2004b 7.1 45 28 .. 94 .. 96 53 19 130 .. 90 0.5m .. .. .. 5 .. 98 .. 104 40 23 .. .. 97 .. 1998b 7.4 39 46 .. 62 .. 66 139 102 570 16 27 .. 2004b 3.6 25 23 .. 78 .. 93 180 182 750 51 43 15.6n 1995­96b 4.6 16 .. 99 80 92 96 80 132 1,100 69 .. 20.1 30w ..w ..w 88w ..w 94w 95w 75w 411w ..w 62w 0.9w 46 .. 59 76 .. 88 147 115 684 33 41 1.7 15 12 92 97 .. 99 58 37 150 .. 87 0.6 16 13 94 97 .. 98 62 40 154 .. 85 0.3 .. .. 88 98 99 100 46 30 139 .. 93 1.6 31 22 78 86 .. 94 104 82 451 .. 60 1.0 20 15 99 98 .. 99 59 33 117 .. 87 0.2 .. 5 93 95 98 96 49 33 60 .. 94 0.6 .. .. 82 98 99 101 54 31 194 73 87 0.6 16 14 77 91 .. 94 80 52 183 .. 73 0.1 53 .. 65 84 69 88 129 83 564 30 37 0.7 32 29 49 61 .. 86 185 163 919 46 44 5.8 .. .. .. 97 100 100 12 7 14 .. .. 0.4 a. b. 1 5 c. d. 1 5 e. f. 2003 g. 2004 h. i. 2002 j. 2006 k. 2001 l. 2004-05 m. 2005 n. 2001/02 372 2008 4 GDP GDP GDP% 1 100 % 2000 GDP% GDP% GDP% GDP% % 2006 2000-06 1990-92 2001-03 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2000-06 9,136 5.3 773 1,314 23 22 56 90 9 26 ­24 3.8 114,727 5.0 1,911 2,067 8 61 30 33 12 30 24 8.1 44,033 11.1 183 160 7 74 19 67 ..a 8 25 68.2 214,058 3.6 6,764 9,272 9 35 56 66 8 21 5 12.2 6,406 12.6 1,428 2,645 19 47 34 71 11 30 ­13 4.3 768,178 3.1 22,405 31,218 3 27 70 59 18 26 ­3 3.6 322,444 1.7 12,048 20,587 2 31 68 56 18 21 5 1.6 20,122 15.6 1,085 1,033 9 67 24 30 9 38 23 7.3 61,961 5.6 246 308 20 28 52 76 6 25 ­7 4.1 36,945 8.1 1,977 2,513 9 43 47 51 19 30 0 31.1 392,001 1.7 21,356 36,043 1 24 75 53 23 21 2 1.9 4,775 3.8 368 578 32 13 54 78 15 20 ­13 3.3 11,163 3.3 670 746 14 26 60 61 13 13 13 6.0 11,296 5.1 .. 5,696 10 25 64 99 26 19 ­45 2.8 1,067,962 3.0 1,507 2,790 5 31 64 60 20 17 3 9.3 31,483 5.6 2,493 6,313 9 32 59 69 18 32 ­19 4.4 6,205 5.7 143 163 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.0 807 2.5 110 80 35 20 45 87 28 12 ­28 7.0 7,193 9.4 .. 297 34 27 39 85 4 20 ­9 3.3 18,323 3.6 389 596 20 34 46 72 10 18 ­1 2.4 1,251,463 2.6 28,224 37,590 .. .. .. 55 20 21 4 2.5 1,486 ­0.6 290 407 54 21 25 .. .. .. .. 2.1 6,541 14.3 179 226 21 55 25 52 6 22 21 8.6 145,841 4.3 3,618 4,795 6 47 48 58 11 22 9 6.8 2,668,071 9.8 254 368 12 47 41 44 11 41 4 3.4 189,798 5.0 .. .. 0 9 91 58 8 22 12 ­3.1 135,836 3.9 3,406 2,951 12 34 54 72 8 19 1 6.7 8,543 4.7 186 154 46 28 27 88 7 16 ­12 35.7 7,385 4.5 .. .. 4 73 22 17 14 24 45 4.7 22,145 4.8 3,143 4,283 9 30 61 66 14 26 ­5 9.8 17,484 0.1 601 761 21 24 55 65 8 12 16 2.9 42,653 4.7 4,748 8,957 7 31 62 59 18 30 ­8 3.7 141,801 4.0 .. 4,564 3 39 58 49 22 27 2 2.3 275,237 1.6 15,157 35,696 2 25 74 48 26 21 5 2.3 30,581 3.9 2,254 4,108 12 26 61 75 7 24 ­6 18.6 40,800 5.1 1,686 1,486 6 46 48 64 13 24 ­1 10.4 107,484 4.0 1,531 1,975 15 36 49 71 12 19 ­2 6.4 18,306 2.4 1,633 1,616 10 30 60 93 11 16 ­20 3.1 1,085 2.7 .. 64 17 23 60 81 42 19 ­42 15.4 13,315 5.7 .. 149 48 13 39 94 12 20 ­26 4.6 209,445 2.8 15,425 29,735 3 30 68 54 23 20 4 1.0 2,230,721 1.5 22,234 39,220 2 21 77 57 24 20 ­1 1.9 7,550 7.8 2,388 1,404 13 26 61 79 9 29 ­17 6.2 2,906,681 0.9 14,025 23,475 1 30 69 59 19 17 5 0.9 12,906 5.3 302 331 38 21 41 78 14 32 ­25 21.1 244,951 4.4 7,563 9,114 5 21 74 67 16 24 ­7 3.4 35,290 2.8 2,149 2,274 23 19 58 86 4 25 ­16 7.1 3,317 2.9 149 193 13 37 50 84 5 13 ­3 17.2 4,961 ­0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17.7 9,235 4.0 976 1,110 13 30 56 77 18 30 ­26 7.8 112,899 4.3 4,134 5,080 4 31 65 66 10 23 1 5.2 906,268 7.4 332 381 18 28 55 58 11 33 ­3 4.1 364,459 4.9 483 556 12 42 46 67 7 24 2 9.6 222,889 5.7 1,953 2,330 10 45 45 46 12 33 9 17.4 222,650 5.3 .. .. 2 37 60 44 16 25 15 3.4 123,434 1.9 .. .. .. .. .. 59 28 18 ­5 1.3 1,844,749 0.7 11,536 21,113 2 27 71 59 20 21 0 2.8 10,533 1.8 2,013 1,944 5 31 64 69 17 30 ­16 10.6 4,340,133 1.6 20,196 33,546 2 30 68 57 18 23 2 ­1.4 14,176 6.3 1,892 1,099 3 32 66 102 16 26 ­44 2.6 77,237 10.1 1,745 1,389 7 39 54 49 13 25 13 12.9 21,186 3.8 335 327 28 17 55 76 15 17 ­9 4.6 888,024 4.6 5,677 9,948 3 40 57 54 15 30 1 2.0 80,781 7.3 .. 13,048 .. .. .. 28 15 20 37 8.3 2,695 3.8 676 929 33 20 47 101 19 17 ­37 5.3 3,404 6.4 360 458 45 29 26 72 ..a 32 ­4 10.3 20,116 8.6 1,790 2,442 4 21 75 65 17 38 ­20 6.1 22,722 3.7 .. 24,436 6 22 71 89 16 21 ­25 1.7 29,791 7.9 .. 4,072 5 34 61 66 17 28 ­11 2.1 6,217 2.1 2,256 2,964 13 29 58 79 19 22 ­20 2.3 5,499 2.7 187 179 28 15 57 78 9 25 ­11 11.5 2,232 4.1 72 130 36 20 45 92 17 16 ­25 14.5 148,940 5.1 3,803 4,570 8 52 40 46 13 19 23 3.7 5,929 5.7 204 227 37 24 39 79 ..a 24 ­3 3.8 2,663 5.0 574 385 17 44 39 62 19 23 ­5 11.4 373 4 GDP GDP GDP% 1 100 % 2000 GDP% GDP% GDP% GDP% % 2006 2000-06 1990-92 2001-03 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2000-06 839,182 2.3 2,247 2,704 4 27 69 68 12 22 ­1 6.7 3,266 6.8 1,286 725 17 21 62 104 17 31 ­51 10.9 2,689 6.6 .. 684 21 44 35 45 15 36 4 14.2 57,307 4.4 1,438 1,515 17 29 54 60 21 26 ­7 1.1 7,608 8.2 108 137 22 29 49 70 10 25 ­5 11.9 6,372 4.7 811 1,057 11 31 58 42 24 30 4 4.9 8,052 2.7 196 208 39 21 39 79 10 30 ­19 4.5 657,590 1.0 24,056 37,337 2 24 74 49 24 19 8 2.4 103,873 3.3 20,180 26,310 .. .. .. 59 18 25 ­1 2.2 5,369 3.2 .. 1,901 19 29 51 91 8 30 ­29 7.6 3,544 3.7 170 172 .. .. .. 79 12 19 ­9 2.1 114,686 5.9 592 843 23 58 19 39 22 21 18 15.7 310,960 2.1 20,055 32,649 2 43 55 42 20 21 17 3.3 24,284 3.0 1,005 1,128 2 56 42 45 23 18 14 1.8 128,830 5.4 589 691 20 27 53 81 8 20 ­9 6.8 17,097 5.1 2,363 3,557 7 16 76 66 12 20 2 1.7 5,654 2.0 390 473 42 39 19 .. .. .. .. 7.8 9,110 2.9 1,596 1,939 21 19 60 87 9 21 ­17 10.7 93,269 4.9 930 1,428 7 34 60 66 8 20 7 3.5 116,931 4.8 905 1,017 14 33 53 84 9 15 ­7 5.2 338,733 3.6 1,502 1,967 5 32 64 62 19 20 ­1 2.3 192,572 0.6 4,640 5,925 3 25 72 65 21 22 ­9 3.1 121,609 6.0 2,196 3,477 11 38 52 73 13 24 ­10 19.6 986,940 6.4 1,824 2,226 6 38 56 49 17 21 13 17.0 2,494 5.1 192 222 41 21 38 85 13 21 ­20 6.6 309,778 4.2 7,867 13,964 4 59 37 26 23 16 34 6.3 8,936 4.5 249 249 18 18 64 77 14 24 ­15 2.3 31,808 5.3 .. .. 13 26 62 78 21 21 ­21 21.7 1,443 12.3 .. .. 47 25 28 89 11 15 ­15 8.3 132,158 5.0 22,695 28,313 0 35 65 38 11 19 32 0.2 55,049 5.1 .. 3,999 4 32 65 57 19 29 ­5 4.4 37,303 3.7 11,310 32,311 3 34 63 54 19 27 ­1 4.8 254,992 4.1 1,796 2,391 3 30 67 64 20 20 ­4 6.5 1,223,988 3.2 9,515 18,691 3 29 67 58 18 30 ­5 4.2 26,967 4.8 705 737 16 26 57 76 8 27 ­11 8.8 37,565 6.9 346 707 31 35 34 70 16 25 ­11 10.0 384,927 2.6 21,463 30,116 1 28 71 48 27 17 8 1.5 379,758 1.2 22,228 22,348 .. .. .. 60 12 20 7 1.0 34,902 4.0 2,357 3,406 25 33 42 63 14 21 2 6.8 2,811 9.1 395 379 24 26 50 87 8 15 ­9 20.3 12,784 6.5 245 283 45 17 37 70 18 19 ­7 7.3 206,247 5.4 501 586 10 46 44 61 9 29 1 2.7 2,206 2.3 354 404 44 24 32 85 10 18 ­13 1.0 30,298 4.6 2,431 2,431 11 28 60 62 14 24 0 2.4 402,710 5.6 1,788 1,764 13 22 65 67 12 27 ­6 21.8 10,496 .. 1,222 .. 20 40 40 46 13 23 18 .. 9,322 5.6 187 230 32 25 44 78 14 25 ­17 5.4 106,111 7.7 1,194 1,433 10 33 57 71 14 17 ­3 12.6 2,345,015 2.4 22,506 25,876 1 26 73 65 22 17 ­4 2.5 13,201,819 2.8 20,797 36,216 1 22 77 70 16 19 ­5 2.4 19,308 2.3 5,714 6,743 9 30 61 72 11 18 ­1 10.1 17,178 5.7 1,274 1,524 28 29 42 47 15 26 11 27.7 181,862 3.4 4,548 5,899 .. .. .. 46 11 21 22 28.2 60,884 7.6 215 290 21 41 38 64 6 35 ­5 6.3 4,059 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. 95 32 27 ­54 3.2 19,057 3.9 273 348 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.0 10,907 4.9 161 205 16 25 59 67 15 27 ­9 19.6 5,010 ­5.6 244 266 22 27 51 64 26 14 ­3 286.6 48,244,879t 3.0w 753w 872w 3w 28w 69w 61w 17w 21w 0w 1,611,831 6.5 315 363 20 28 51 63 11 29 ­4 10,049,512 5.6 530 708 9 36 55 59 13 26 2 4,734,576 7.6 388 521 12 43 45 56 11 33 1 5,316,864 3.9 2,139 2,723 6 31 63 61 15 21 3 11,661,911 5.7 444 557 10 35 55 60 13 26 2 3,636,593 8.6 303 412 12 46 42 50 11 36 4 2,493,602 5.7 1,844 1,938 9 30 61 60 15 24 1 2,945,193 3.1 2,152 2,856 6 30 63 64 14 20 2 730,103 4.1 1,581 1,928 11 41 48 58 14 26 1 1,142,319 6.9 340 393 18 28 54 63 10 31 ­4 709,500 4.7 304 325 15 32 52 67 17 21 ­4 36,583,031 2.3 14,997 24,438 2 26 72 62 18 20 0 ab 374 2008 5 a GNI GDP 100 100 % % 100 100 100 % % 1,000 2006 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 2006 2000-05a 791 3,049 80 1 ­671 262 102 1,839 19 49 ­110 52,822 21,005 2 1 .. 1,081 11 16,879 21 4 ­140 35,100 11,600 .. .. 5,138 ­1,304 28 11,755 59 ­4 175 46,569 34,159 31 7 8,053 4,730 3 114,335 73 31 ­100 1,004 2,194 71 1 ­254 258 64 1,861 36 8 ­100 123,280 139,585 25 13 ­40,633 ­34,420 .. .. .. 117 593 138,423 139,012 80 13 10,259 9,057 .. .. .. 128 180 5,897 5,050 13 1 167 1,680 27 1,881 18 14 ­100 12,050 16,100 90 0 ­176 802 9 18,935 22 58 ­500 19,739 22,323 52 3 ­1,512 305 6 4,734 20 27 0 371,953 355,919 79 9b 9,328 31,959 .. .. .. 111 180 570 990 13 0 ­288 21 41 1,855 23c 10 99 3,863 2,819 11 9 498 ­277 63 6,390 38c 39 ­100 3,312 7,305 .. .. ­1,261 299 140 5,564 52 52 115 137,470 88,489 54 13 14,199 15,193 1 187,994 34 82 ­229 15,030 23,048 59 5 ­5,010 2,614 80 16,786 68 43 ­43 430 1,450 8 10 .. 20 50 2,045 22c 14 100 55 420 6 6 ­256 1 48 1,322 131 50 192 3,770 4,900 97 0 ­356 379 38 3,515 58 6 10 3,770 3,170 3 2 .. 18 25 7,151 14c 8 6 387,551 357,274 58 14 21,441 34,146 .. .. .. 224 1,041 120 210 36 0 .. 6 24 1,016 67 17 ­45 3,750 1,200 .. .. .. 705 39 1,633 31c 5 219 58,996 38,490 14 5 5,256 6,667 9 45,154 52 83 30 969,073 791,614 92 31 160,818 79,127 1 281,612 14 138 ­1,900 322,664d 335,753 96d 34 20,575 35,897 1 .. .. 135 300 24,391 26,162 36 5 ­2,909 10,375 11 37,656 43 35 ­120 2,300 2,800 .. .. .. 402 32 10,600 123 3 ­237 6,780 1,800 .. .. 903 724 362 5,936 156 ­9 ­10 8,216 11,520 66 38 ­959 861 7 6,223 36 45 84 8,715 5,300 20 8 ­12 266 7 10,735 69 18 ­339 10,376 21,488 68 12 ­3,175 1,761 28 30,169 89 81 100 95,106 93,198 88 13 ­6,052 4,454 27 39,719 51 49 67 92,543 86,277 65 22 6,696 5,238 .. .. .. 189 46 6,437 11,160 .. .. ­500 1,023 8 7,398 37 49 ­148 12,362 11,215 9 8 ­59 1,646 16 17,129 60 18 ­400 13,702 20,595 31 1 2,103 5,376 13 34,114 36 105 ­525 3,513 7,628 60 4 ­786 517 29 7,088 48 47 ­143 10 400 .. .. .. 11 81 736 57 139 229 1,050 4,710 11 0 ­1,786 265 27 6,259 21c 54 ­140 76,777 68,295 84 25 9,517 3,978 .. .. .. 82 33 490,145 533,407 80 20 ­27,667 70,686 .. .. .. 116 722 993 3,681 40 23 ­1,162 450 69 1,911 28 25 ­248 1,112,320 910,160 83 17 146,874 32,034 .. .. .. 132 1,000 3,550 5,940 12 9 ­812 107 51 6,739 26c 32 12 20,840 63,157 56 10 ­29,565 640 .. .. .. 114 154 6,025 11,920 57 3 ­1,387 208 20 5,349 20 33 ­300 900 900 .. .. ­162 102 20 3,247 35 16 ­425 476 1,875 .. .. 54 10 60 1,323 24 25 ­140 1,929 5,418 36 2 ­86 464 95 5,242 37 41 ­150 73,719 76,514 84 25 ­6,212 6,436 30 66,119 69 68 65 120,168 174,376 70 5 .. 6,598 2 123,123 16 64 ­1,350 103,964 78,393 47 16 929 5,260 11 138,300 55 42 ­1,000 75,200 51,100 9 3 .. 30 2 21,260 13 46 ­1,250 112,882 72,347 86 .. ­5,331 ­29,730 .. .. .. 180 188 46,449 49,985 83 14 6,841 5,585 70 .. .. 85 115 409,572 436,083 85 8 ­27,724 19,585 .. .. .. 113 1,125 1,964 5,352 66 .. ­1,079 682 13 6,511 93 61 ­100 647,137 577,472 92 22 170,517 3,214 .. .. .. 302 270 5,144 11,475 72 5 ­2,311 1,532 115 7,696 65 116 130 37,986 23,224 16 2 ­1,797 1,975 15 43,354 106 34 ­200 3,450 7,320 21 3 ­495 21 22 6,169 29 40 25 325,681 309,309 91 32 6,093 4,339 ­1 .. .. 107 ­80 54,496 16,314 .. .. 32,634 250 1 .. .. 72 264 780 1,694 27 2 ­203 43 52 2,032 54 12 ­75 980 1,090 .. .. .. 28 52 2,690 63 7 ­115 6,089 11,316 57 5 ­4,280 730 70 14,283 104 89 ­20 2,814 9,647 70 2 ­1,881 2,573 61 22,373 114 196 0 14,067 19,215 56 6 ­3,244 1,032 73 11,201 52 42 ­30 2,401 3,763 72 1 ­81 100 113 2,243 40 24 ­10 830 1,380 22 1 ­554 29 50 3,465 37c 10 ­5 620 1,020 16 7 .. 3 45 3,155 58c 20 ­30 160,556 130,989 75 55 19,980 3,966 1 50,981 46 125 150 1,350 1,600 .. .. ­438 159 51 2,969 30c 14 ­134 1,270 700 .. .. .. 115 62 2,281 117c .. 30 375 5 a GNI GDP 100 100 % % 100 100 100 % % 1,000 2006 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 2006 2000-05a 250,292 268,169 77 20 ­1,475 18,772 2 167,228 26 40 ­3,983 1,033 2,585 39 3 ­399 199 49 2,053 70 35 ­250 1,529 1,489 21 0 84 182 83 1,327 63 25 ­50 12,559 23,302 65 10 1,110 1,552 22 16,846 34 90 ­550 2,420 2,970 7 8 ­761 108 65 5,121 28c 8 ­20 2,720 2,730 41 3 634 .. 61 .. .. 66 ­1 760 2,100 74 0 153 2 16 3,285 34 .. ­100 462,083 416,121 68 30 57,448 40,416 .. .. .. 188 110 22,449 26,441 31 14 ­9,373 1,979 .. .. .. 145 102 1,035 2,977 11 5 ­800 241 144 5,144 46 73 ­210 540 800 8 3 ­231 12 37 1,972 25c 8 ­28 52,000 23,000 2 2 24,202 2,013 46 22,178 34 9 ­170 121,505 64,120 17 17 56,074 3,285 .. .. .. 10 84 22,340 10,730 6 2 4,717 715 12 3,472 14 35 ­150 16,917 29,825 82 2 ­3,608 2,183 11 33,675 30 42 ­1,239 1,039 4,833 9 1 ­378 1,027 6 9,765 90 91 8 4,300 2,010 6 39 640 34 45 1,849 55 23 0 1,906 6,090 13 7 ­22 64 9 3,120 54 18 ­45 23,431 15,327 17 3 2,456 2,519 14 28,653 49 15 ­510 47,028 51,980 89 71 2,338 1,132 7 61,527 67 49 ­900 109,731 124,178 78 4 ­7,925 9,602 40 98,821 39 33 ­200 43,255 66,538 75 9 ­18,281 3,200 .. .. .. 163 276 32,458 51,160 80 3 ­8,504 6,630 42 38,694 51 27 ­270 304,520 163,867 19 8 94,467 15,151 9 229,042 40 21 917 135 485 10 25 ­52 8 64 1,518 18c 10 43 208,867 64,995 9 1 87,131 .. 1 .. .. 47 285 1,510 3,505 43 12 ­513 54 59 3,793 34c 24 ­100 6,428 13,172 .. 6 .. .. .. .. .. 24 ­339 220 390 .. .. ­103 59 62 1,682 41c 11 472 271,772d 238,652 81d 57 33,212 20,071 2 .. .. 73 200 41,580 45,698 84 7 .. 1,908 44 23,654 61 50 3 23,208 24,039 88 5 ­959 541 31 .. .. 76 22 58,412 77,280 57e 7 ­16,276 6,257 15 30,632 14 83 75 206,186 318,757 77 7 ­106,344 22,789 .. .. .. 178 2,846 6,860 10,226 70 1 ­647 272 61 11,444 48 44 ­442 5,320 7,400 0 0 ­2,768 2,305 50 18,455 88 19 ­532 147,266 126,301 79 17 23,643 10,679 .. .. .. 125 152 147,457 141,373 93 22 63,494 15,420 .. .. .. 188 100 8,750 9,670 11 1 ­1,061 427 4 6,508 27 32 200 1,401 1,680 .. .. ­21 54 37 1,022 41 15 ­345 1,687 3,970 14 1 ­536 473 39 7,763 22c,f 11 ­345 130,575 128,600 77 27 3,230 4,527 ­3 52,266 32 101 231 630 1,200 58 0 ­206 3 14 1,708 74 17 ­4 11,513 14,865 78 5 ­303 723 38 17,789 69 73 ­29 85,142 137,032 82 2 ­23,155 9,805 6 171,059 59 59 ­30 5,280 3,111 .. .. .. 62 6 1,092 16 .. ­10 991 2,600 17 14 ­131 257 42 4,463 29c 10 ­5 38,368 45,035 69 4 2,531 7,808 9 33,297 53 46 ­173 443,358 600,833 77 28 ­79,966 158,801 .. .. .. 179 948 1,037,320 1,919,574 82 32 ­856,669 109,754 .. .. .. 230 6,493 4,106 4,775 32 2 ­457 711 4 14,551 116 32 ­104 5,365 3,915 .. .. .. 45 7 4,226 34 .. ­300 63,250 29,800 9 3 27,167 2,957 2 44,201 48 13 40 39,605 44,410 53 6 217 1,954 23 19,287 38 75 ­200 .. .. .. .. .. .. 304 .. .. 9 11 8,100 5,840 4 5 1,215 ­266 16 5,363 32 5 ­100 3,689 2,920 9 1 .. 259 81 5,668 29 16 ­82 1,920 2,100 28 1 .. 103 28 4,257 85 93 ­75 12,063,483t 12,278,444t 75w 22w 974,283s 17w ..s 167w .. 323,706 388,830 50 4 20,522 17 379,239 55 ­4,690 3,305,551 2,934,082 64 21 260,273 15 2,363,139 77 ­14,021 1,689,269 1,480,026 73 27 150,874 19 1,146,475 103 ­9,750 1,615,598 1,450,813 57 16 109,399 3 1,216,664 53 ­4,271 3,629,251 3,323,081 64 21 280,795 20 2,742,378 74 ­18,711 1,468,437 1,243,894 81 34 96,898 5 621,223 121 ­3,847 830,238 834,338 52 7 73,687 12 834,484 36 ­1,730 661,934 601,583 54 15 70,017 11 727,628 57 ­6,811 280,881 210,805 20 3 13,765 88 152,724 52 ­2,768 157,727 236,737 72 4 9,869 6 191,479 61 ­2,484 232,065 201,520 33 4 16,559 43 214,841 47 ­1,070 8,435,922 8,960,432 78 22 693,488 0 195 18,604 a. b. c. HIPCd. e. f. GNI g. 376 2008 6 PPP 1 1 GNIa GNIb 15 km 0-14 2 1 1 GDP % 1000 % % 100 100 % 2000- 2006 2000-06 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005-06 2005 2005 2004c 2003 .. .. .. .. 8,092 ..d .. .. .. .. .. 28 .. 60 1.5e 298 .. .. ..f .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.1 67 0.5e 143 .. .. ..g .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84 1.5 190 .. 937 11,210 1,129 13,500 6.9 .. .. .. 5.0 101 0.7e 533 .. .. ..g .. .. .. .. .. 97 21.8 327 1.4 33 28 .. ..g .. .. .. 68 74 .. 5.9 740 1.6 1,042 27 10,288 14,370 13,436 18,770 5.3 73 76 87 31.0 270 0.2 628 19 .. ..g .. .. .. 73 78 .. 4.4 297 2.9 13 36 1,084 3,650 1,977 6,650 2.1 69 74 .. 2.9 64 0.4 1,276 .. .. ..g .. .. .. 76 81 .. 7.9 647 2.4 14 38 915 1,410 3,681h 5,690h 5.8 63 65 .. 0.6 1,758 0.0 3 37 10,380 5,900 21,534 12,250 4.0 35 34 81 2.3 381 2.2 72 29 .. ..g .. .. ­0.5 75 79 93 12.7 518 2.3 129 39 1,105 2,130 3,100h 5,980h 3.7 68 74 81 0.3 46 2.2e 177 .. .. ..g .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.1 150 0.4 .. 16 .. ..g .. .. .. 76 83 .. .. 614 2.1 275 42 406 660 1,233h 2,010h ­1.6 61 64 .. 0.2 11,286 0.2 103 19 .. ..i .. .. 5.2 75 79 100 2.3 765 1.6 83 19 13,633 18,430 15,898 21,490 1.3 77 82 97 10.1 806 2.0 35 41 857 1,060 2,046h 2,540h 3.2 52 55 .. 0.5 72 0.2 97 .. 287 3,960 470 6,490 3.5 .. .. .. 2.0 515 2.3 18 45 4,246 8,250 5,226h 10,150h ­7.0 42 43 87 0.3 1,341 ­0.4 32 15 15,307 11,410 23,522 17,540 11.8 67 78 100 13.5 48 0.2e 35 .. .. ..g .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.7 853 0.9 47 31 2,815 3,300 5,292 6,200 2.7 66 71 .. 1.3 260 1.6 71 27 .. ..g .. .. .. 71 76 .. 2.8 1,406 1.7 5 40 7,032 5,000 7,465 5,310 ­0.4 53 54 84 0.9 1,553 2.8 155 40 488 310 3,059h 1,970h 2.1 55 58 .. 0.2 57 0.2 0 .. .. ..g .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.0 108 1.1 318 .. 478 4,420 845 7,810 4.9 .. .. .. 2.1 172 1.7 312 30 .. ..g .. .. .. 73 78 .. 24.9 1,633 3.0 58 48 307 190 1,355h 830h 1.2 44 47 .. 0.2 751 0.2 4 29 849 1,130 3,515h 4,680h 4.8 61 67 .. 2.2 299 1.0 3 22 15,122 50,580 10,930 36,560 1.8 79 83 .. 7.6 .. .. .. .. .. ..i .. .. .. 74 .. 77 0.9 134 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 1.7 138 .. 124 1,230 902h 8,970h 4.2 .. .. .. 0.3 22,569 0.5 187 25 .. ..d .. .. .. 61 67 .. 3.5 1,789 0.0 59 38 1,839 1,030 7,764h 4,340h 3.1 34 36 82 .. 3,380 1.6 35 47 469 140 .. .. 4.7 42 43 52 0.1 5,965 2.0 3 30 44,011 7,380 .. .. 3.6 72 77 84 8.9 35 0.8e 218 .. .. ..g .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 462 0.9 178 19 35,133 76,040 27,519 59,560 5.0 76 82 .. 22.1 463 0.7 16,422 15 .. ..g .. .. 16.2 78 82 91 4.1 337 2.5 1,123 40 902 2,680 .. .. 16.0 68 67 96 1.4 405 0.6 1,266 17 5,491 13,610 7,517 18,630 1.9 78 81 .. 6.2 65 3.6 363 .. 196 3,000 .. .. 0.6 .. .. .. .. 1,253 0.9 617 24 6,833 5,450 16,934 13,510 2.7 70 77 84 2.6 187 3.9e 499 .. .. ..f .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 111 0.6 159 39 264 2,380 869h 7,830h ­1.2 67 69 .. .. 33 0.3e 16,718 .. .. ..g .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 606 ­1.7 44 .. 2,317 3,860 .. .. 7.7 72 77 .. .. 50,962 1.1 78 29 .. ..d .. .. 3.9 58 64 90 0.2 184 0.7 230 22 .. ..g .. .. .. 73 80 96 22.7 238 1.9 13 28 .. ..g .. .. .. 72 78 .. 8.3 82 2.6e 172 .. .. ..f .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 0.8e 44 .. 162 7,990 .. .. 5.2 .. .. .. 12.3 3,929 0.5 443 22 .. ..g .. .. .. 74 82 90 0.5 828 5.2 75 22 .. ..g .. .. 1.4 72 77 89 63.0 186 0.7 66 40 421 2,270 1,188h 6,400h 2.0 68 74 99 0.8 29 1.1j 477 .. .. ..g .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 160 2.3 167 39 124 780 .. .. 4.6 62 65 85 0.6 86 0.9 186 .. 741 8,650 1,420h 16,560h 3.0 .. .. 92 6.6 489 2.6 17 40 331 680 1,062h 2,170h 2.8 62 64 .. 0.4 8,485 3.2 14 44 .. ..d .. .. .. 47 49 .. .. 48 1.5 134 .. 428 8,840 614 12,690 3.8 .. .. .. 2.7 166 1.0 272 28 848 5,110 1,157 6,970 4.1 72 76 .. 2.0 120 0.5 307 29 470 3,930 839 7,010 3.6 70 75 .. 1.7 452 0.7 3 30 1,446 3,200 3,667 8,120 5.3 67 73 90 5.0 1,126 1.2 65 40 2,737 2,430 5,822 5,170 2.5 42 41 80 0.9 1,029 4.5 69 41 865 840 .. .. ­6.7 56 58 .. 0.2 102 0.4 142 35 223 2,170 879h 8,580h 1.8 71 74 .. 1.1 1,309 0.3 255 21 17,461 13,340 21,281 16,260 12.2 67 73 98 22.1 4,636 5.9 55 22 103,460 23,950 103,637h 23,990h 3.4 77 82 89 33.4 215 2.0 18 39 369 1,710 706h 3,280h 3.6 68 71 .. 0.4 109 0.0 310 24 .. ..g .. .. .. 77 80 .. 124.3 a. b. ppp c. d. 905 e. 2003-06 f. (3,596-11,115 g. 11,116 h. i. 906-3,595 j. 2004-06 377 World Development Indicators 2007 CD-ROM WDI Online World Development Indicators 2007 1 6 2006 1 GNI World Development Indicators 2007 CD-ROM World Development Indicators IMF 2 3 World Development Indicators 2007 GDP GDP 2000 GDP 378 2008 PPP 2000 3 2 PPP 118 OECD 1999 1996 93 1996 PPP 1 GNI PPP GNI 1 GDP 1 GDP GDP GDP 15 0-14 0-14 GNI GNI GDP CO2 3 1 1 GNI GNI CO2 CO2 1 GNI 1 GNI CDIAC1 UNSD PPP GNIPPP GNI PPP CDIAC 1950 1 GNI GNI 379 2 World Development Report 1990 22 Ravallion, Datt, and van de Walle 1991 15 100 440 1980 93% 110 World Development Indicators 1979 20 1979-81 13 97-99 100 1999 41 2 World Development 1 Indicators 48 28 http://iresearch.worldbank.org/povcalnet 2 1 1985 PPP 1 1 World Development Report 1990: Poverty 380 2008 Penn World Table PPP PPP PovcalNet World Development Report Penn World Table PPP PovcalNet 1993 PPP 1 1 1985 PPP 1 1 1.50 3 93 PPP 1 1.08 PPP PPP PovcalNet http://iresearch.worldbank.org/povcalnet/ 1 1 1 2 1993 1 1.08 2.15 PPP World Development Indicators 3 3 1 1 PPP 1993 PovcalNet 1 1.08 PovcalNet PPP PovcalNet 1 5 0-59 2 1983 PovcalNet WHO 381 ISCED3-4 5-6 7 HIV 15-49 HIV HIV HIV 2005 HIV UNESCO 4 5 5 1,000 ISIC 3 IMF 5 UNICEF 10 GDP 2000 WHO UNICEF HIV 382 2008 ISIC 3 OECD ISIC 1-5 5 ISIC 10-45 FOB ISIC 50-99 CIF WTO SITC 5 67 8 68 R&D 10% IMF Balance of Payments Statistical Yearbook International Financial Statistics OECD OECD 1993 SNA DAC ODADAC ODA 25% 3 ODA DAC ODA GDP DAC GDP GDP GDP ODA 25% 383 IMF 1 IMF 100 % Global Development Finance 2 2 IMF International Financial Statistics 2 5 World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision 6 1 GNI 1 GNI GNI 1 GNI 2 GDP SDR SDR IMF SDR r SDR GDP 384 2008 1 SDR SDR SDR SDR GNI GNI 1 GNI 1 GNI GDP SDR 1 GNI GNI World Development Indicators 2006 1 1949 2004 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 3 17 170-0002 1-24-11OPT 3F Tel:03-5981-2071/Fax:03-5981-2072 101-8460 3-1 Tel:03-3233-0641/Fax:03-3293-6224 ISBN978-4-903532-34-9 C3033 http://www.ittosha.co.jp/ © Printed in Japan