Improving women’s participation in Solomon Islands Introduction 1 2 © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO and Development/The World Bank license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 igo. Under the Creative Commons At¬tribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial Telephone: 202-473-1000; www.worldbank.org purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution – Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2018. Gender Inclusive Value Chains: Improving Women’s Participation in Solomon Islands. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations – If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations – If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. Third-party content – The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank SOME RIGHTS RESERVED therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual This work is a product of Consultants working for and the staff at component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a component of the work, it is your World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, can include, but are not limited to tables, figures, or images. and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the le¬gal status Publications, The World Bank Group. 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all Cover photo: Rachel Skeates-Millar/World Bank of which are specifically reserved. Report design: Heidi Romano 1 2 Photo: Alana Holmberg/World Bank. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments 11 Executive Summary 13 Abbreviations 17 CHAPTER 1: Introduction 19 1.1 Background 19 1.2 Objective of the Assessment 19 1.3 Framework for Analysis 20 1.31 Constraints to Women’s Participation in Agricultural Value Chains Under Five ‘Domains’ 20 1.32 Identifying Appropriate Interventions to be Examined in Conjunction with RDP II 24 1.33 Data Collection Methodology 28 1.4 Structure of the Report 28 CHAPTER 2: Intervention 1: Mobile Banking Access to Resources 31 2.1 Background 31 2.2 Approach 32 2.3 Impact of Savings Mechanisms 35 2.31 Decisions on Household Finances are Predominantly Made by Husbands 35 2.32 Saving is Equally Important for Men and Women 37 2.33 Very Few Households Practice Saving 37 2.34 Savings Club as the Most Popular Savings Mechanism 39 2.35 Mobile Banking as a Less Attractive Mechanism 39 Table of Contents 3 CHAPTER 3: Intervention 2: Informal Mentorship Arrangement Production Decisions 41 3.1 Background 41 3.2 Approach 43 CHAPTER 4: Intervention 3: Tailoring of Training Provision Production Decisions 45 4.1 Background 45 4.2 Approach 47 4.3 Barriers to Women’s Participation in Training 47 4.31 Training Attended Mostly by Men 47 4.32 Mostly Men Decide Who Attends Training 47 4.33 Women’s Participation Constrained by Household Responsibilities 49 CHAPTER 5: Intervention 4: Cocoa Solar Dryer Access to Income 51 5.1 Background 51 5.2 Approach 52 5.3 Impact of Cocoa Solar Dryers 54 5.31 Reduced Workload as a Key Advantage for Women 54 5.32 Lack of Fermenting Boxes and Capital Limiting its Use 56 5.33 Increase in Female Participation in Drying Beans and Selling Dry Beans 56 5.34 Decrease in Selling Price for Dry Beans 58 4 CHAPTER 6: Intervention 5: Household Training for Long-term Change in Attitudes Control Over Income 61 6.1 Background 61 6.2 Approach 63 6.3 Impact of Gender Awareness Training 66 6.31 Limited Impact Could be Observed Due to Poor Quality Training Method 66 CHAPTER 7: Recommendations 69 Recommendation One: Make savings clubs more accessible, attractive and sustainable 69 Recommendation Two: Support a family-oriented and gender-sensitive training program on financial literacy 70 Recommendation Three: Support linkages to high-end or specialty cocoa markets and buyers for solar-dried cocoa 71 Recommendation Four: Explore design improvements to cocoa solar dryers 71 Recommendation Five: Sensitize lead partners to the benefits of engaging women 71 Appendix 1: Global Evidence: Interventions to Increase Women’s Presence and Empowerment as Agricultural Value Chain Actors 72 Appendix 2: Stakeholders Consulted for Assessment Design 79 Appendix 3: Household Questionnaire 81 Appendix 4: Cocoa Agribusiness Partnerships Under RDP II 97 References 99 Table of Contents 5 6 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. BOXES Box 2-1: Features of ‘goMoney’ Mobile Banking 32 Box 2-2: Features of ‘Savings Club’ 33 Box 3-1: Impact of social networks on productivity in Uganda 42 Box 4-1: Gender-sensitive agricultural extension in Venezuela 46 Box 4-2: Reasons for women not attending training 49 Box 5-1: Trial of cocoa solar dryer: Elsie Sedo 52 Box 5-2: Perceptions of traditional dryer vs. solar dryer (baseline) 55 Box 5-3: Perceptions among households that received and used solar dryers (followup) 55 Box 6-1: Family Teams Program in Papua New Guinea 62 Box 6-2: Participant reflections on training 67 FIGURES Figure 6-1: Discussing the role of men in cocoa value chain (Tandai) 65 Figure 6-2: Collective decision making helps “Keep The Balloon in the Air” (Malango) 65 Figure 6-3: Roles of men and women (Ghaobata) 65 Table of Contents 7 TABLES Table 1-1: Limits to female participation in agricultural value chains in Solomon Islands 21 Table 1-2: Potential interventions under RDP II 26 Table 2-1: Survey sample for savings intervention, Makira/Ulawa 34 Table 2-2: Respondent profiles for savings intervention, Makira/Ulawa 34 Table 2-3: Household decision making 36 Table 2-4: Income sources and expenditure needs (ranked by importance) 36 Table 2-5: Household saving practices 37 Table 2-6: Reasons for not saving: male vs. female 38 Table 4-1: Attendance at technical training 48 Table 4-2: Basis for deciding who attends training (ranked by importance) 48 Table 5-1: Survey Sample for Solar Dryer Intervention (Guadalcanal) 53 Table 5-2: Respondent profiles for solar dryer intervention (Guadalcanal) 53 Table 5-3: Existing use of cocoa drying technologies (Baseline) 54 Table 5-4: Use of cocoa drying technologies (Followup) 56 Table 5-5: Responsibility in drying and selling dry beans (baseline and followup) 57 Table 5-6: Production and selling price for dry beans (baseline and followup) 59 Table 6-1: Participants of training intervention (Guadalcanal) 64 Table 6-2: Gender training modules 64 8 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. Introduction 9 10 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is an output of Solomon Islands Second The team would like to thank Tracey Newbury, Director Rural Development Program (RDP II), a multidonor of the Gender Equality and Disability Inclusiveness initiative to improve basic infrastructure and services Section of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade in rural areas and strengthen links between smallholder (DFAT), as well as the team from DFAT in Solomon farming households and markets. It was financed by Islands who provided valuable inputs during report the Australian Government, through Pacific Women preparation. The team is also grateful to Sonya Sultan Shaping Pacific Development, and the World Bank. and Melissa Williams for peer-reviewing the report. The assessment was led by Task Team Leader of The stakeholders consulted for the design of the RDP II, Kosuke Anan. The core team comprised assessment are listed in Appendix 2. Brenna Moore, Ethel Frances, and Abigail Blenkin who contributed to the literature review and baseline survey; Kamakshi Perera Mubarak who analyzed the survey results, prepared the write-up, and finalized the overall report; and Alison Ofotalau who coordinated the work of field enumerators and the training firm in Honiara. Technical inputs during the baseline survey were provided by Gayatri Acharya. Anuja Utz and Gitanjali Ponnambalam assisted the team with the management of funding sources. Heidi Romano (Consultant) designed the report. Acknowledgments 11 12 Photo: Rachel Skeates-Millar/World Bank. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The aim of this assessment was to identify the The assessment was framed within the literature on constraints to, and effective measures for, increasing women’s empowerment in value chains. Improving women’s participation and productivity in agricultural women’s participation in agricultural value chains value chains in Solomon Islands, including through is not simply a matter of increasing their presence, the Second Rural Development Program (RDP II). A but of increasing their empowerment as value chain multidonor initiative, RDP II was designed to improve actors. Five ‘domains’ where women are constrained in basic infrastructure and services in rural areas and to participating in agricultural value chains were identified: strengthen the linkages between smallholder farming (i) access to resources (land, technology, finance); (ii) households and markets. Amongst other objectives, production decisions (extension services, knowledge the program supports farming households to engage in transfer, education); (iii) access to and control over productive partnerships with commercial enterprises. It income (earning and controlling income); (iv) group has been observed that women are not always engaged participation and leadership (sociocultural barriers); and fully benefitting from agricultural value chains and (v) time allocation (domestic responsibilities and supported by RDP II. health). Agribusiness partnerships under RDP II have relatively A household questionnaire was used to collect data, short timeframes (2-3 years) and are mostly focused supplemented by informal discussions with farmers on improving agricultural productivity and access to and community members. Cocoa and coconut value markets as opposed to transformative change in social chains were ideal focus areas. Women here are and behavioral norms. This assessment, therefore, typically involved in the more time-consuming and adopted an action-oriented approach to test and/ labor-intensive activities of planting, production or examine potential interventions for RDP II that and harvesting, while men dominate post-harvest can improve women’s participation in the short-term processing, sales, and resulting income. To facilitate while still laying the foundation for more sustainable, an accurate comparison between agribusiness transformative change. Accordingly, the assessment partnerships and a sufficiently comparable control was framed around four key questions: (i) what are the group, however, the assessment focused on cocoa relative benefits of engaging women in different types partnerships only. Data collection occurred in July of savings mechanisms; (ii) what are the barriers to 2017-March 2018. women’s participation in training and what measures can be applied in future iterations of RDP II; (iii) what impact does the introduction of cocoa solar dryers have on women; and (iv) how can gender awareness training be effectively provided to households. Executive Summary 13 THE ASSESSMENT RESULTED IN FIVE KEY 2. Roll out a family-oriented and gender- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RDP II: sensitive financial literacy training program. The fact that a large proportion of households do not save at all highlights the need for dedicated 1. Make ‘savings clubs’ more accessible, training on financial literacy to build the foundation attractive and sustainable. for savings habits. It is often the husbands who decide on how income is used. It is, therefore, Although both men and women indicate ‘savings’ as an important to sensitize households to the benefits important use of household income, the assessment of involving females in financial decision making. found that a considerable proportion of respondents The training is also an opportunity to build the do not actually save. Among households that do save, confidence of women, the lack of which prevents the most common mechanism is the savings club or some women from joining savings clubs. informal savings group. Mobile phone-based banking is To be effective, due consideration must be given a less appealing mechanism despite initial enthusiasm to the design and delivery aspects of the proposed for the service when it was first introduced. training. Despite joint responsibilities in cocoa production, training programs are mostly attended The assessment recommends the following: by husbands and rarely by both husband and wife. (i) reduce club fees which are a deterrent to the The decision on who attends is often made by the participation of some women; husbands. Furthermore, invitations to training events are typically addressed to the head of (ii) introduce mandatory savings or restrictions household, which is interpreted as the husband. on withdrawals since women appreciate the Women are eager to learn and attend training but disciplined method of saving; constrained by household responsibilities. The (iii) enhance the capacity of club management teams gender-based training intervention piloted under (especially on transparency and accountability of the assessment also highlights several lessons. the management of savings) which has played a key role in the success of savings clubs; and The assessment recommends seven key features (iv) monitor progress in these clubs to identify good of a training program on financial literacy: practices and ensure sustainability. (i) family-oriented and participatory method; (ii) invitations addressed to both women and men; (iii) specific strategies to facilitate female participation; (iv) modules on importance of saving, role of women in household financial decision making, and confidence building for women; (v) participant feedback through formal evaluation methods; (vi) monitoring training impact; and (vii) appropriately skilled firms and trainers to carry out the training. 14 3. Support high-end or specialty 4. Explore modifications to the cocoa markets and buyers. design of cocoa solar dryers. The introduction of cocoa solar dryers brought There is a need to address the downside in two key benefits for women: reduced workload design elements of solar dryers. The assessment and increased involvement in drying beans and recommends exploring design options to increase selling dry beans. Nevertheless, due to market the size of dryers and to introduce trays or turning price fluctuations, the average selling price of devices, which will help to turn the beans when dried cocoa beans declined after the introduction dryers are too hot. of solar dryers. If sold to the right market and buyers, however, beans dried using solar dryers can be sold at higher prices compared to beans 5. Sensitize lead partners under RDP II dried using traditional, firewood dryers. Continuing to the benefits of engaging women. to sell these beans in regular markets at regular Given the many responsibilities under their partnership prices can dissuade cocoa farmers from investing agreements, lead partners of agribusiness partnerships efforts and time in solar dryer technology. The may view women-specific interventions as an additional recommendation is, therefore, to help link up the burden with little direct benefit. If women are motivated users of solar dryers with markets and buyers for to engage in cocoa value chains, however, lead partners high quality cocoa. can benefit from better quality production. Engaging with women farmers is also a form of corporate social responsibility. It can provide lead partners with the opportunity to build their reputation and public profile. Executive Summary 15 16 Photo: Rachel Skeates-Millar/World Bank. ABBREVIATIONS ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ANZ Australia and New Zealand Banking Group $A Australian dollar HH Household ICT Information and Communication Technology IFC International Finance Corporation IWDA International Women’s Development Agency kg Kilogram NPF National Providence Fund PFIP Pacific Financial Inclusion Program PHAMA Pacific Horticultural and Agricultural Market Access Program PNG Papua New Guinea RDP II Solomon Islands Second Rural Development Program SI Solomon Islands SI$ Solomon Islands Dollar SIDPS Solomon Islands Development Project Solution UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme Abbreviations 17 18 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Because women are not always engaged and fully benefitting from agricultural value chains supported Agriculture can be an important engine of growth and by the RDPII, an assessment was commissioned poverty reduction, however, women face significant to identify how to improve women’s engagement constraints to effectively engage in agricultural value in agricultural value chains supported under the chains (FAO 2011). In Solomon Islands, women play program. It was funded by the World Bank and the a significant role in the rural economy in producing, Australian Government’s Pacific Women Shaping harvesting and selling fruit, vegetables, root crops and Pacific Development, a 10-year $A320 million small-scale livestock. Nevertheless, their participation Australian Government commitment to improve the in more remunerative agricultural activities–crops political, social and economic opportunities of women such as coconut or cocoa, or value-added processing living in the Pacific (Pacific Women Shaping Pacific of horticultural produce–is limited. This represents Development 2018). a missed opportunity for poverty reduction and for business development (KIT et al. 2012). Recognizing and addressing the barriers women face in agricultural 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSESSMENT value chains offers an opportunity to achieve social The objective of this assessment was to identify inclusion for women and to drive economic growth. constraints to, and effective measures for, increasing Solomon Islands Second Rural Development Program women’s participation and productivity in agricultural (RDP II) is a multidonor initiative funded by Solomon value chains in Solomon Islands. This was done Islands Government, the World Bank, the International by examining three key questions: (i) what are Fund for Agricultural Development, European Union, the constraints affecting women’s participation and the Australian Government. It seeks to improve in agricultural value chains; (ii) what are the basic infrastructure and services in rural areas and to recommended measures for addressing the constraints strengthen the linkages between smallholder farming and factors (for example, are there any measures that households and markets (World Bank 2014; 2018). have been proven effective in other countries); and (iii) Under Component 2 of RDP II, specific support is do the recommended measures work effectively in the provided to farming households to engage in productive context of Solomon Islands. partnerships with commercial enterprises, such as cocoa exporters. Introduction 19 The assessment drew on the wealth of literature on 1.3 FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS women’s economic empowerment and engagement in agriculture, both in Solomon Islands and globally, to identify the constraints to women’s participation in 1.31 CONSTRAINTS TO WOMEN’S agricultural value chains, and potential interventions to PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL address these. This analytical framework is presented in the next section. The assessment then focused VALUE CHAINS UNDER FIVE ‘DOMAINS’ on relevant and practical interventions that could be Agricultural value chains offer significant opportunities piloted and/or examined through RDP II, to understand to men and women through better market linkages how they can be best applied in the context of Solomon and employment opportunities, however, the way Islands. these value chains operate can affect some groups negatively. This report aims to answer the following specific Women face gender-based constraints to participation questions on four interventions that were in all stages of agricultural value chains - these can be piloted and/or examined through RDP II: considered under five ‘domains’:1 1. Savings mechanisms: What are the relative 1. Access to resources: Not having ownership, benefits of engaging women in different types access to or decision-making power over of savings mechanisms? productive resources such as land, livestock, agricultural equipment, and credit; 2. Technical training: What are the barriers to women’s participation in training and what 2. Production decisions: Lacking decision-making measures can be applied? power (autonomous or shared) or the appropriate skills to inform agricultural production decisions; 3. Solar dryers for cocoa: What impact does the introduction of cocoa solar dryers have on women? 3. Access to, and control over, income: Constraints to accessing markets and not having decision- 4. Gender awareness training: How can gender making power over resulting income and awareness training be effectively provided to expenditures; households? 4. Group participation and leadership: Limited The findings of this assessment are intended to participation in economic or social groups or the inform future strategies and practical measures in community, especially in leadership roles; and the agricultural sector and, more broadly, impact on 5. Time allocation: Heavy workloads and insufficient existing gender inequalities and women’s economic time for leisure or income-generating activities. empowerment in Solomon Islands. The results are also expected to directly inform the future iterations Studies in Solomon Islands have identified such of agribusiness partnerships and commercialization constraints across all five domains, as summarized in support activities to be supported by RDP II. Table 1-1. 1. Adapted from Stern et al. 2016. 20 TABLE 1-1 Limits to Female Participation in Agricultural Value Chains in Solomon Islands DOMAIN CONSTRAINT Type Detail 1. Access Land Women lack decision-making power over the use of land. Even in to resources communities where land ownership is matrilineal, decisions are made by male chiefs. Technology Men tend to control the means of production, and women do not have access to (or are not aware of) new planting materials, inputs, or postharvest technologies that could improve productivity, add value, and reduce time/labor inputs. Finance Although both male and female farmers have limited access to finance, women face difficulties due to low literacy levels, lack of confidence when dealing with public institutions, absence of formal identification documents, and the insistence of officials on requiring the husband’s permission to access bank accounts. Actual literacy rates are much lower than census-derived official figures, with only 15% of women being fully literate (the figure for men is also low at 21%). Extension The application of scientific research and new knowledge to 2. Production services agricultural practices through farmer education, known as decisions extension services, are limited and not gender sensitive, so women are frequently excluded from skills development opportunities. Technology Women have fewer opportunities to learn about new practices adoption via knowledge transfer within social networks (an important determinant of technology adoption decisions). Literacy Women tend to be less educated than men and less literate and numerate, which limits their ability and motivation to adopt new farming practices. Although 90% of girls enroll in primary school, the completion rate is only around 50%. Enrolment rates for girls in junior and senior secondary school are low, at 23% and 17%, respectively (the rate for boys is only marginally better). Introduction 21 TABLE 1-1 / CONTINUED DOMAIN CONSTRAINT Type Detail 3. Access to, and Earning For high-value crops like cocoa, women are involved in planting, control over, income harvesting and selling wet beans. They are, however, less involved income in the postharvest practices that determine quality and fetch a higher price (for example, fermentation and drying), and thus are not involved in selling the product or controlling the resulting income. For lower-value crops like peanuts, fruit, vegetables and root crops, women are often the main vendors at roadside stalls or markets. Nevertheless, they experience harassment, theft, assault, and intimidation, must endure unhygienic operating conditions, and face entrenched male collusion and corruption in market operations. Men typically own and operate the transportation means (from villages to provincial centers or from the outer islands to Honiara), which may constrain women’s participation in markets. Women are less mobile than men due to household responsibilities, and so may have less access to market information or awareness of value-adding opportunities. Women are not trained in entrepreneurship or financial skills, which is compounded by lower literacy and numeracy skills compared to men. Controlling Women often have little control over how household income is income spent and may risk gender-based violence if they try to change this. This makes it difficult to control the money they have earned. While both women and men are subject to traditional obligations of the wantok system, women often have less power than men to refuse the requests of wantoks who ask for favors, free goods, and financial handouts, and are more likely to be subjected to physical, sexual, or psychological intimidation by male relatives wanting goods/money.2 2. The wantok system or wantokism is derived from the Solomons Pijin term for ‘one talk,’ which means from the same language. It implies giving preference to kin in the expectation of a series of reciprocal obligations. 22 TABLE 1-1 / CONTINUED DOMAIN CONSTRAINT Type Detail 4. Group Leadership Women are constrained from taking leadership or management participation roles by sociocultural barriers, stereotypes, high levels of violence and leadership against women, and lack of institutional support such as maternity leave provisions and sexual harassment legislation. This results in women being underrepresented in key decision-making functions for the cocoa and coconut value chains. Participation There is an entrenched bias against women’s participation in decision making, from the household to the political level. Community- Community and church-based women’s organizations do exist and based may be able to influence change but are dependent (to varying organizations extents) on the support and approval of men if their initiatives are to become internalized practices. Household Women are responsible for the bulk of domestic chores, caring for 5. Time allocation obligations children and the elderly, and fulfilling cultural obligations, leaving little time or energy to engage in productive economic activities. Health status Women’s health status can limit their ability to be economically active. The high fertility rate (4.1 births per woman) comes with a health burden, there is a high dropout rate for immunization of girls, and it has been suggested that increasingly heavy household workloads are the cause of physical exhaustion for many women. Note: The table was prepared based on the literature review of the following 12 sources: (i) Asian Development Bank 2015; (ii) Asian South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education 2007; (iii) AusAID 2006; (iv) DFAT 2016: (v) IFC 2010; (vi) Eves and Crawford 2014; (vii) Georgeou et al 2015; (viii) Krushelnytska 2015; (ix) Laven 2015; (x) Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development 2012; (xi) UN Women 2012; and (xii) World Health Organization 2015. Introduction 23 1.32 IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE + Focus on short-term interventions while still INTERVENTIONS TO BE EXAMINED laying the foundation for more sustainable, transformative change. IN CONJUNCTION WITH RDP II The RDP II agribusiness partnerships have relatively short timeframes (2-3 years) and are mostly focused on improving agricultural Improving women’s participation in agricultural value productivity and access to markets, rather than any chains is not simply a matter of increasing their transformative change with respect to social and presence, but of increasing their empowerment as behavioral norms. value-chain actors. For example, if women participate in training to + There are potential risks to the effectiveness improve productivity but they do not have control over of interventions since women are not a the income generated from the higher output, then homogenous group. they are not empowered and there is little incentive for A given intervention may not suit all women, for them to engage. There is substantial global experience example, the circumstances of widows or single and evidence on both short-term actions to improve women differ from those of married women (Stern women’s immediate engagement (presence), as well et al. 2016). Interventions such as Information and as longer-term actions to effect social or behavioral Communication Technology (ICT)-based extension change (empowerment). These are summarized services or credit facilities require women to be in Appendix 1 along with potential indicators for literate and/or numerate, which may be a barrier in monitoring progress. Solomon Islands. The selection of potential interventions is based on the wealth of literature on women’s economic + Interventions that seek to empower women empowerment and engagement in agriculture in may have unintended consequences. Solomon Islands and globally and was also guided by Women may experience increased workloads for the following factors: productive activities on top of existing household + Prioritize interventions that seek to empower responsibilities (KIT et al. 2012; Smee and Martin women with respect to control over household 2016). They may face intense pressure from their income and their own time. husbands or wantok (extended family) to use increased income to fulfil cultural obligations At the time of rolling out this assessment, 16 or other purposes (Hedditch and Manuel 2010). agribusiness partnerships had been approved Male household members may perpetrate gender- for the first round of RDP II. Of these, eight were based violence in an effort to assert more control for cocoa, five for coconut, and three for other over women who are taking on more equal roles products. The cocoa and coconut partnerships (Eves and Crawford 2014). This is in a context of present opportunities for intervention since prevalent gender-based violence,3 which has been women in these activities are typically involved found to limit the contributions of small-scale in planting, production and harvesting while men women farmers (IFC 2016). Meanwhile, there is dominate postharvest processing, sales and evidence that domestic violence may decrease as control of resulting income (Laven 2015). men do not want to disrupt their wives’ ability to earn an income (Smee and Martin 2016). 3. In Solomon Islands, 64 percent of women aged 15–49 years are reported to have experienced physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner (World Bank 2017). 24 Consultations were held with stakeholders in Solomon Islands in December 2016 and February 2017, including RDP II project staff and beneficiaries (see Appendix 2) with the following areas shortlisted for potential intervention in RDP II (Table 1-2): 1. Mobile banking (access to resources); 2. Informal mentorship arrangement (production decisions) (dropped); 3. Tailoring of training provision (production decisions); 4. Cocoa solar dryer as a technological intervention (access to income); and 5. Household training for long-term change in attitudes (control over income). The second intervention was subsequently dropped given issues related to cultural context, logistics and cost (see Chapter 2). Introduction 25 26 TABLE 1-2 Potential Interventions Under RDP II DOMAIN CONSTRAINTS IN POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS IN RDP II RECENT EXAMPLES SOLOMON ISLANDS (Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea) 1. Access to Women do not control land Provide equipment and training to female farmers Tugeda Tude Fo Tumoro savings resources in the more remunerative postharvest processing of club (Live & Learn/IWDA, SI) Men control the means of cocoa and coconuts, for example on fermentation and production Livelihoods Program drying of cocoa, or on the production of coconut oil. (Ministry of Agriculture and Women face difficulties in Connect female producers to credit opportunities, Livestock, SI) accessing finance accompanied by learning from peers or mentors. Financial Inclusion Program Facilitate women’s participation in partnerships (Central Bank of Solomon training on financial matters, such as by adjusting the Islands and UNDP) curriculum and delivery methods to match the needs of goMoney Mobile Banking female farmers, or by providing child care. (ANZ Bank and IFC) 2. Decision Extension services are limited Facilitate women’s participation in technical training by Kastom Gaden Association (SI) making over and not gender-sensitive customizing the curriculum and delivery methods to be Family Teams program (ACIAR, production more responsive to their needs, such as by changing Women have fewer PNG) the timing of training or providing child care during opportunities to learn about training. new practices Take a household or family-based approach to the Women tend to be less provision of training, engaging men and women equally. educated than men and less literate and numerate Provide training for both men and women on attitudes and social norms regarding women’s control over income, status in the household, and possibly also gender-based violence, which could include successful female farmers sharing their stories and successes. Provide basic literacy and numeracy training. DOMAIN CONSTRAINTS IN POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS IN RDP II RECENT EXAMPLES SOLOMON ISLANDS (Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea) 3. Access Women are less involved in the Engage women in potential income-generating Women’s Financial Literacy and to, and more remunerative parts of activities that complement the agribusiness Livelihoods project (West ‘Are control over, value chains partnership, such as production of cocoa seedlings for ‘Are Rokotanikeni Association/ income and sale and processing of coconut oil or other products. IWDA, SI) Women face difficulties in expenditures accessing markets Establish women’s marketing groups. Credit Union (Solomon Islands Women in Business Women often have little control Connect women to community-managed savings Association) over how household income is groups or encourage a safe place to save at home. spent Facilitate discussions between husbands and wives about attitudes and norms towards control of income; share examples of husbands and wives working as equal partners. Provide basic literacy and numeracy training. 4. Group Women are constrained Raise awareness about the value of women’s Solomon Islands Rural participation from taking leadership or leadership within the agribusiness partnership. Development Program Phase I and management roles ward committees Conduct training that builds confidence, assertiveness leadership There is an entrenched bias and awareness of rights for female farmers. Tugeda Tude Fo Tumoro savings against women’s participation club (Live & Learn/IWDA, SI) Sponsor events that actively link women (female in decision making, from the farmer and agribusiness partner staff) to role models Women’s Financial Literacy and household to the political level or mentors. Livelihoods project (West ‘Are ‘Are Rokotanikeni Association/ Publicly recognize women leaders and their IWDA, SI) contributions/achievements. Markets for Change program (UNWomen, SI) 5. Time Women are responsible for the Showcase time- and labor-saving technologies for allocation bulk of domestic chores and women participating in the cocoa/coconut value fulfilling cultural obligations chains. Women’s health status can limit Facilitate discussions between husbands and wives their ability to be economically about attitudes and norms towards sharing caretaking active roles and household tasks. Introduction 27 1.33 DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY The reliability of data collected in the field is an intrinsic risk to this type of research and there were To facilitate an accurate comparison between instances where information given by members of the agribusiness partnerships and a sufficiently same household was conflicting (for example, size of comparable control group, the assessment focused on the cocoa farm, whether they sell wet or dry beans, cocoa partnerships only (see Appendix 4). The selection and annual income from cocoa farming). On some of partnerships depended on the lead partner’s occasions, the survey team verified information with willingness to engage; the number of beneficiaries that the lead partners of agribusiness partnerships and could be reached; and the suitability of the partnership other members of the community. The selling prices for for the proposed intervention (for example, if a mobile cocoa beans collected through the questionnaire may banking merchant is already present or if the location not be accurate as they were based on the respondent’s is suitable for solar drying technology). recollection as opposed to documented transactions. A structured household survey formed the primary means of data collection, supplemented by informal 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT discussions with farmers and community members (Appendix 3). The survey questionnaire was used The five interventions shortlisted for this assessment to solicit quantitative and qualitative information are discussed across Chapters 2 to 6. Each of these from household respondents and comprised five key chapters focuses on one intervention by describing the sections: (i) background information of respondent experience specific to Solomon Islands and globally, the and household; (ii) household activities; (iii) cocoa applicability of the intervention in the context of RDP II, farming activities; and (iv) questions specific to the survey approach used, and the final results. farmers involved in both cocoa and coconut The report concludes with a list of key production. A follow up survey was carried out for recommendations in Chapter 7. Intervention 4 (solar dryers for cocoa) focusing on   sections (i) and (iii) of the questionnaire, along with a new section (v) which comprised questions specific to the cocoa solar dryer experience. Efforts were made to administer the survey to husbands and wives in separate physical spaces, to ensure females had the opportunity to be candid. 28 Photo: Rachel Skeates-Millar/World Bank. Introduction 29 30 Photo: Rachel Skeates-Millar/World Bank. chapter 2 INTERVENTION 1: MOBILE BANKING ACCESS TO RESOURCES 2.1 BACKGROUND Merchants and agents were trained on how to effectively market and distribute the product to women. Solomon Islanders, particularly those in rural areas, As of June 2016, goMoney had reached nearly 46,000 face several barriers in accessing formal banking clients, most of whom were previously unbanked services. This includes issues related to travel costs customers and 19,000 (41 percent) of whom were and time taken to reach banking outlets, transaction women. In August 2016, ANZ, the Pacific Financial costs, and capacity for financial literacy. Women are Inclusion Program, and the Australian Government further constrained due to their lack of confidence launched a program to extend goMoney services to in dealing with financial institutions, lack of formal Kokonut Pacific coconut farmers and buyers.4 identification documents, competing demands on time, and lower levels of literacy (see Table 1-1). Mobile phone-based banking platforms are a potential solution. With the support of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), ANZ Bank rolled out their mobile banking service, ‘goMoney,’ to rural households in Solomon Islands in September 2014, accompanied by the ‘Money Minded’ financial literacy training program (Box 2-1). 4. The Bank of the South Pacific (BSP) also has a mobile banking initiative, but it has less penetration in rural areas as it requires connectivity for EFTPOS machines. The ANZ product was deemed more suitable for the RDP II context. INTERVENTION 1: Mobile Banking 31 BOX 2-1 A recent evaluation of the goMoney program found that female customers preferred the mobile banking Features of ‘goMoney’ Mobile Banking platform to traditional banking channels, particularly for savings (IFC 2016a). Women reported that mobile banking provided greater control over family finances and better capacity to cope with emergency situations. Access to a steady income stream was > All transactions by mobile phone; generally correlated with more active and consistent needs only an SMS function and no use of mobile banking services. Around 59 percent of need for smartphone or Internet. surveyed female customers were in full-time paid jobs or self-employed while 38 percent were subsistence farmers. > Allows for a range of transactions including cash withdrawals/deposits at any goMoney merchant; purchase 2.2 APPROACH of goods or services from any Makira/Ulawa Province is one of the highest cocoa- producing regions in Solomon Islands and Pakera merchant; transfer of funds to, or Enterprises Limited is one of the leading cocoa receipt of funds from any individual; producers in the country and a lead partner in the purchase of mobile credit; payment province for cocoa farmers under RDP II. Prior to the start of the RDP II partnership, the goMoney mobile of bills; transfer of money between banking service had been introduced to communities accounts; and checking of account producing for Pakera Enterprises Limited along with transactions and balances. an alternative savings mechanism, the ‘savings clubs’ model (see Box 2-2). It was, therefore, decided to assess the relative benefits of engaging women in > A tiered ‘Know Your Customer’ regime different types of savings mechanisms, rather than allows customers with limited formal focusing only on mobile phone-based banking. Potential indicators included the number of male and female identification to open simplified bank beneficiaries using the different savings mechanisms accounts and perform a limited range and reported changes in household decision making of transactions. over finances. > ANZ engaged Premiere Group to provide Money Minded financial literacy training to merchants and agents. 32 The Pakera partnership has 277 partners (145 men BOX 2-2 and 132 women) from 67 households - a sample of 25 households (37 percent) was randomly selected Features of ‘Savings Club’ through farmers’ networks associated with Pakera Enterprises Limited. A team of two enumerators conducted the survey around the communities in Ward 9, Makira/Ulawa from May 30 to July 7, 2017. > Based on an informal group that has The team intended to interview both husband and wife to ensure equal representation. This was not opened a joint savings account with a possible, however, because in some cases one of bank or other financial institution or them did not want to participate or was away in has a locked box for cash savings that Honiara at the time of the survey. Despite efforts to ensure balanced representations of both male is kept at the home of a trusted club and female respondents, the proportion of female member or community leader. respondents was lower than male respondents due to lack of interest, or absence due to sickness and single parenthood. Table 2-2 shows the profile of > Money deposited in the account is the survey respondents. joint property of all club members, but individual members can track their personal savings using a passbook. > Individual members have the right to withdraw funds from the group at different times, in line with club rules. > Clubs may also have a second account for storing the profits from collective fundraising initiatives; these funds are made available to support agreed community projects or as loans to individual members. Source: Brislane and Crawford 2014. INTERVENTION 1: Mobile Banking 33 TABLE 2-1 Survey Sample for Savings Intervention, Makira/Ulawa Household composition HH – both husband and wife respondents 15 60% HH – only one single partner respondent 10 40% Total households 25 100% Respondent composition Male (part of husband/wife response) 15 57% Male (single partner response) 8 Female (part of husband/wife response) 15 43% Female (single partner response) 2 Total respondents 40 100% TABLE 2-2 Respondent Profiles for Savings Intervention, Makira/Ulawa Family size Average 5-6 family members Age range Male: 34-67 years; female: 30-57 years Education Male: primary (48%), secondary (43%), university/vocational (8%); Female: primary (65%), secondary (35%) As HH heads Male (98%) and female (2%) As initiators* Male (45%), Both (35%), Inherited (13%), Female (5%), Son (5%) Farm size range 0.5-4 hectares (300-4,000 trees) *Note: The member of the household who initiated the idea to engage in cocoa production. 34 2.3 IMPACT OF SAVINGS Although both men and women indicated that cocoa MECHANISMS production is the primary source of income for their household,5 they had different sources of secondary income–coconut products for men, and garden 2.31 DECISIONS ON HOUSEHOLD produce for women (Table 2-4). Qualitative data from FINANCES ARE PREDOMINANTLY the survey suggests that this difference in responses between men and women relates to the nature of the MADE BY HUSBANDS household’s decision making on how income from cocoa production is allocated. When women disagree Before considering the impact of savings mechanisms, with the way cocoa income has been used, they will it is important to reflect on household dynamics in often sell garden produce and cooked food to generate controlling finances as this affects the adoption of income to meet the household’s basic needs. Women different savings practices. Engagement in cocoa will also sell garden produce and cooked foods to be production is mostly initiated by men (45 percent of able to make mandatory contributions to the savings households surveyed) and in some households by club, if they are a member. One respondent stated: both husband and wife (35 percent of households surveyed) (see Table 2-2). Men generally acknowledged women’s role in cocoa production and the support they provide, however, decision making and leadership “One of the [savings] club responsibilities are predominantly with the husband. Women have greater control over the use of income rules is for the members to from the sale of wet beans (a lower value product) compared with the more remunerative activity of dry save money every fortnight. bean sales (Table 2-3). Sometimes I have to sell extra Most male respondents stated that they give the money to their wife to store. They (the husbands) make the food at the market so I have final decision, however, on how the money is spent. The money to put against my name storing of cash by the wife does not mean she has the final say over its use: when we meet because I do not have much share from “My husband will give me cocoa income”. money for household needs but will come and take it away from me if he wants to buy beer and smoke when he has used up his share of the income”. 5. Note that the surveys were conducted with cocoa-producing households who received cocoa dryers from RDP II. The survey results may not necessarily represent typical households in rural parts of Solomon Islands. INTERVENTION 1: Mobile Banking 35 TABLE 2-3 Household Decision MakingB SUBJECT REQUIRING DECISION WHO MAKES THE DECISION Husband Wife Both Familyd Daily household expensesb 23% 58% 20% - Use of income from wet beans 41% 36% 10% 10% Use of income from dried beans 59% 24% 18% - Sending kids to schoolc 18% 20% 58% - Notes: A: Totals of each row may not necessarily add up to 100%. This is due to rounding up and down of the figures. The denominator (sample size) varies between the rows, since not all households sell wet beans, dry beans, and have children in school. B: Includes food, durable goods (such as bicycles), schooling, medical, community contributions (for example, church), transport, and others; C: Being able to send kids to school is one of the main reasons given by respondents for engaging in cocoa production; D: Represents children, brothers, and sisters of farmers. TABLE 2-4 Income Sources and Expenditure Needs (Ranked by Importance) RANK INCOME SOURCES EXPENDITURE NEEDS Ranking by men Ranking by women Ranking by men Ranking by women 1 Cocoa production Cocoa production Food and HH goods Food and HH goods 2 Coconut products Garden produce School-related School-related 3 Garden produce Cooked food Community obligations Community obligations 4 Betel nuts Betel nuts Savings Savings 5 Cooked food Coconut products Farming Farming 6 Fishing Fishing Cigarettes & alcohol Medical *Note: 1 – most important to 6 – least important. 36 TABLE 2-5 Household Saving Practices RESPONDENT ARE YOU SAVING? SAVINGS MECHANISM USED Yes No % Yes Savings At Commercial goMoney club Home Male 13 10 57% 69% 15% 15% 0% Female 10 7 59% 50% 40% 0% 10% Total 23 17 58% 61% 26% 9% 4% Note: Totals for each row may not add to 100 percent due to the effects of rounding. 2.32 SAVING IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT 2.33 VERY FEW HOUSEHOLDS FOR MEN AND WOMEN PRACTICE SAVING ‘Savings’ is ranked as an equally important use of Although men and women ranked saving as an equally household income (after food and household goods, important use of household income, only around 58 school-related costs, and community obligations) by percent of respondents indicated that they do save both men and women (Table 2-4). Households noted money (Table 2-5). This is because of insufficient money that the primary reason they save money is to send left over to put towards savings; concerns with savings their children to school, build a better house for the clubs that preclude their involvement; and satisfaction family, and provide for basic household needs. Very few with how they are managing existing finances (Table respondents saved for reinvesting into their farming 2-6). Lack of confidence and assertiveness was business. an additional obstacle for women in terms of their participation in savings clubs. These results also suggest that few households practice saving due to limited saving options (financial services) available for rural households; they generally do not seem to consider using commercial bank accounts as the default saving option, and they seem to consider keeping money at home or through savings clubs as common saving options. It is usually difficult to save when the money is readily accessible at hand and when households are pressed with daily consumption needs. INTERVENTION 1: Mobile Banking 37 TABLE 2-6 Reasons for Not Saving: Male vs. Female Male We trust each other so we only save at home. There is nothing left to save as all income is spent on household needs and fees. We do not trust those who look after the money in savings clubs. Saving in savings clubs is too demanding. Each member of the family has their own turn to harvest and therefore control their own money. Female We have nothing left to save as our income from cocoa is small. We are not aware of savings clubs. Savings club close to us has the maximum number of members and so we could not join. We applied for an account with Pan-Oceanic Bank and Bank of South Pacific but no update yet. Banks and savings clubs charge fees so I do not want to join. I am controlling our income well; husband is happy so we have no need for commercial banks and savings club. I am too shy to join savings clubs or commercial banks as I can only spare a small amount of money. There are daily needs; no point of saving anywhere else as you will always take it out again. Used to save in 2016 but not anymore due to mismanagement of club funds by those managing it. 38 2.34 SAVINGS CLUB AS THE MOST 2.35 MOBILE BANKING AS A LESS POPULAR SAVINGS MECHANISM ATTRACTIVE MECHANISM Among households that do save, different savings The mobile phone-based banking platform, goMoney, mechanisms are used (Table 2-5), the most common was the least used savings mechanism (Table 2-5). mechanism is by joining a savings club. This is followed Feedback from the local goMoney merchant suggested by saving at home or keeping cash securely at home. that, while there was initial enthusiasm for the service The savings club model was widely reported by when it was first introduced, the usage rate had respondents to be the most effective because savings dropped. Reasons given by the merchant and by survey are enforced with strict conditions on withdrawing respondents for not using goMoney included the need money. Women saw several benefits to these informal to pay fees to use the service; no mandatory periodic savings groups: (i) created space for their recognition savings; and no restrictions on withdrawing savings. in the household and the community; (ii) a disciplined A survey undertaken by IFC in October 2016 on the use method of saving; (iii) a simpler and more accessible and impact of goMoney found that those users that mechanism compared to commercial banks, especially continued to use mobile banking in the long-term were given their low education levels; and (iv) included primarily those with a higher level of education and complementary financial literacy training which had receiving regular income through formal employment reportedly helped to improve their role in financial (IFC 2016a). While mobile banking may, therefore, offer decision making in the household. Men were generally one way to provide low-cost, easy access banking supportive of their wives’ involvement in savings clubs services to the rural population of Solomon Islands, as they could see a benefit in having savings as a buffer both the present assessment and the IFC survey for unexpected emergencies. suggest that it may be less appealing to primarily Deterrents to women joining savings clubs included: (i) subsistence farmers with irregular income streams. lack of awareness; (ii) joining fee; (iii) lack of confidence; (iv) savings clubs nearby having reached membership capacity; and (v) mismanagement of club funds by the management team (see Table 2-6). The sustainability and success of savings clubs was to a large extent reliant on the commitment and ability of the management team. Continuous monitoring and follow- up training to these teams by organizations, such as World Vision, that had helped set them up played a role in the effective functioning of these clubs. INTERVENTION 1: Mobile Banking 39 40 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. chapter 3 INTERVENTION 2: INFORMAL MENTORSHIP ARRANGEMENT PRODUCTION DECISIONS 3.1 BACKGROUND There are many approaches to making the provision of extension services more gender sensitive, including Extension services in Solomon Islands are limited hiring more female extension officers, or making the and what is provided are of more benefit to men curriculum or delivery methods more responsive to than women. As with the experience of Papua New women’s needs. Such approaches may not be feasible Guinea, women face an ‘invisible barrier’ in accessing in all contexts and may have limited impact on female agricultural training. Women may not be permitted, participation and knowledge retention. Knowledge or feel comfortable, to attend training conducted by transfer through informal social networks may be men; they do not have the time or resources to travel more appropriate, as shown recently in Uganda (Box to central training locations; training may be provided 3-1). This allows for less experienced or productive at inconvenient times; and women lack literacy skills female farmers to be mentored by more successful required for training (Cahn and Liu 2008). female farmers. INTERVENTION 2: Informal Mentorship Arrangement 41 BOX 3-1 Impact of Social Networks on Productivity in Uganda > Researchers used a randomized > Overall, women’s yields increased by controlled trial to compare a standard 67 kilograms/acre under the formal agricultural training program, which training program and 98 kilograms/acre targeted men and women, with a under the social network intervention, a social network intervention that large increase compared to the average only targeted women. yield (180 kilograms/acre). The social network intervention allowed less > The standard agricultural training productive women to learn from more program was implemented by productive women within their own extension agents and involved village and was less costly and more bi-weekly meetings with participants. effectively targeted to women than For the social network intervention, traditional extension services. the team invited female cotton farmers to a networking session and paired each woman with another female cotton farmer whom they did not know. The paired women were given photos of each other and asked to speak to each other throughout the cotton-growing season. During the networking session, the paired women identified cultivation issues, chose a collaborative goal, and set times when they would meet to exchange information in the future. Source: Leonard and Vasilaky 2016. 42 3.2 APPROACH Consultations with stakeholders suggested that this approach (mentoring through social networks) would be unlikely to work in Solomon Islands. It would be difficult to overcome the concept of blokim (or jealousy), which is the tendency for some groups to not want to see others succeed in business as it could threaten their own success. Knowledge is perceived as currency and successful farmers will not give this away out of goodwill but instead seek reciprocity. RDP II is also not able to provide substantial incentives for farmers to participate as mentors. This issue could be mitigated by introducing mentoring between groups on different islands, but this will be logistically complex and costly. It was, therefore, decided to not pilot this intervention as part of the assessment, but consider possibilities in the future under RDP II. INTERVENTION 2: Informal Mentorship Arrangement 43 44 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. chapter 4 INTERVENTION 3: TAILORING OF TRAINING PROVISION PRODUCTION DECISIONS 4.1 BACKGROUND Practical steps to overcome these barriers to women’s participation include: The provision of extension services can be made more gender-sensitive by customizing the curriculum or (i) offering separate sessions for men and women; delivery method to be more responsive to women’s (ii) having female staff facilitate training to female needs. Lead partners under RDP II provide extension farmers; services through technical training on improving productivity and other topics. Anecdotal evidence (iii) scheduling training sessions at a time that is from field visits, supported by similar analysis in other convenient for female farmers considering their countries (Meinzen-Dick et al. 2010),6 suggests that other household obligations; female farmers are not comfortable participating in (iv) providing child care services during the training; this training. They do not like to participate in the same and forum as men; the timing is not convenient–particularly given child-minding duties–and the content is not (v) ensuring that training materials suit women’s tailored to their needs. education and literacy levels. An example in private-sector provision of agricultural extension services is shown in Box 4-1. 6. See also Stern et al. 2016 (Chapter IV). INTERVENTION 3: Tailoring of Training Provision 45 BOX 4-1 Gender-sensitive Agricultural Extension in Venezuela 7 > Agricultural extension services > The results of the program were positive, were privatized and decentralized showing an increase of 54% in average in Venezuela in the 1990s. The new crop productivity and 127% in average service shifted from an economic livestock productivity in relation to the approach (aimed at improving income base year; and an increase in the share and production of the rural family) of women participating in the program to a rural development approach to 21%. An important lesson was that (integral development of the family having a gender strategy for extension with a gender equity perspective). requires earmarked funding and planning for more literacy development > Under the new model, municipal-level and capacity building for women, extension associations or producer and consideration of women’s time organizations became responsible constraints. for the provision of such services. Extension workers received training on gender and other social aspects of community development, including on strategies to improve women’s engagement–such as face-to-face contact with women; organizing dynamic and creative training activities; having flexible training schedules; and choosing meeting places with easy access. 7. Meinzen-Dick, R. et al 2010, and World Bank, FAO and IFAD 2009, ‘Thematic Note 1: Gender in Extension Organizations’, Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook, pp. 268-273. 46 4.2 APPROACH 4.3 BARRIERS TO WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN TRAINING Tailoring the provision of training to better respond to women’s needs is a relevant intervention for RDP II, given that the focus of the agribusiness partnerships 4.31 Training Attended Mostly by Men is to improve productivity through the provision of Technical training was mostly offered through RDP training and equipment. Most partnerships, however, II although there were a few households that had had started their training programs at the time of this attended training conducted by the Ministry of assessment. It would have been difficult to retrofit Agriculture or other lead partners. Table 4-1 shows these programs with initiatives to improve women’s who attended the technical training from each engagement, particularly given the additional costs household. Out of those households that attended (for example, recruiting additional training facilitators). training, 83 percent (40 out of 48) sent the husband The assessment, therefore, focused on identifying the (predominantly alone) and 35 percent (17 out of 48) barriers women face in participating in training with a sent the wife (predominantly with the husband). view to identifying simple, low-cost interventions for Only 21 percent (10 out of 48) of households sent future iterations of the RDP II agribusiness partnership the husband and wife together, despite their joint program. Potential indicators included the number responsibilities in cocoa production. of males and females participating in training and reporting on which household member decides on if/ who participates in training. 4.32 Mostly Men Decide Who Attends Training Data for this intervention was collected as part The survey results suggest that the decision on who of surveys conducted for Interventions 1 and 4. attends the training is made largely by the husbands, Respondents were asked specific questions about their although they may say it depends on who is available participation in formal agricultural training, including at the time or is based on mutual agreement (Table who had attended training, dynamics in household 4-2). Several men noted that since they were the ones decision making, and perceptions on the usefulness of invited by the training provider, they should attend as training for farming activities. The composition of the opposed to another household member. survey sample and profile of respondents are in Tables 2-1 and 2-2 (Makira/Ulawa Province) and Tables 5-1 and 5-2 (Guadalcanal Province). INTERVENTION 3: Tailoring of Training Provision 47 TABLE 4-1 Attendance at Technical Training HH PROVINCE INVITED TO TRAINING WHO ATTENDED Yes no Husband Husband Wife only Other Invited only and Wife family but member did not attend Nos. Guadalcanal 24 1 15 7 3 0 0 Makira/Ulawa 23 2 15 3 4 1 2 Total No. 47 3 30 10 7 1 2 % Guadalcanal 96% 4% 60% 28% 12% 0% -- Makira/Ulawa 92% 8% 65% 13% 17% 4% -- Total % 94% 6% 63% 21% 15% 2% -- TABLE 4-2 Basis for Deciding Who Attends Training (Ranked by Importance) RANK* MALE RESPONDENTS FEMALE RESPONDENTS 1 Depends on who is available Depends on who is available 2 Agreed mutually in the family Must be the household head (husband) 3 Must be the household head (husband) Must be related to the person’s role on the farm 4 Must be related to the person’s role on the farm The one who is more educated 5 Depends on who is invited Depends on who is invited 6 The one who is more educated Agreed mutually in the family *Note: 1 – most important to 6 – least important. 48 4.33 Women’s Participation Constrained BOX 4-2 by Household Responsibilities Reasons for Women Not Attending Training Women’s responses regarding the barriers that prevented them from attending training are summarized in Box 4-2. These show that while women are eager to learn and willing to attend training, they are often constrained by other household > I would like to attend but have responsibilities such as caring for children or elderly a family commitment. family members. These commitments were often mentioned by male respondents as the reason why > I really wanted to join and my women were ‘not available’ to attend training. It is also clear that the design of the invitation influences who husband wanted me to join but I attends. Several respondents, both male and female, must look after my mother and wait noted that the invitation to training was only issued to the head of household (interpreted as the husband) for the kids to return from school. and who should, therefore, be the one to attend (see also Table 4-2). > We heard that only men can join the training so I did not go, but I am willing to go to any future training. > They only invited the men/ my husband. > I wanted to but it was too far from home, my husband will allow if it is closer. > I wanted to but I needed to look after the kids. INTERVENTION 3: Tailoring of Training Provision 49 50 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. chapter 5 INTERVENTION 4: COCOA SOLAR DRYER ACCESS TO INCOME 5.1 BACKGROUND The preferred technology is termed an ‘assisted sun dryer’, which is a greenhouse-like structure that The division of labor on household cocoa farms in uses polyethylene sheeting to intensify the drying Solomon Islands is heavily gender biased. Men are effect (AECOM 2015). Besides improving the drying primarily involved in hard physical labor (clearing process and reducing the need for dry wood, which is land, setting up nurseries, and pruning), value-adding increasingly expensive, the solar dryer is also easier for activities (fermentation and drying), and selling the women to use compared to the physically demanding higher-value dry cocoa beans. Women are mainly wood-fired dryers. The drying shelves are set at waist involved in taking care of seedlings in the nursery, height and can be easily managed. RDP II has partnered harvesting, breaking pods, and selling the lower-value with PHAMA to trial a solar dryer with a number of wet cocoa bean (Laven 2015). farmers, including a female farmer producing for The fermentation and drying of cocoa beans are JEMS Cocoa Enterprises–a lead partner of RDP II particularly important in the postharvesting process (see Box 5-1). as they determine the characteristic cocoa flavor, which develops later during the roasting of the beans, and ensure quality. Fermentation and drying using traditional wood-fired dryers has led to significant problems with smoke taint and, consequently, a low price for most cocoa produced in Solomon Islands. The Pacific Horticultural and Agricultural Market Access Program (PHAMA) has been supporting research into solar technologies that could provide an alternative, cleaner approach to drying cocoa beans. INTERVENTION 4: Cocoa Solar Dryer 51 BOX 5-1 5.2 APPROACH Trial of Cocoa Solar Dryer: Elsie Sedo Following the trial of the cocoa solar dryer facilitated by RDP II and PHAMA, RDP II distributed 57 solar dryers to households affected by the 2014 floods in Guadalcanal Province as part of the program’s > Elsie is a 30-year-old farmer from emergency recovery component. The assessment, Guadalcanal (featured on the therefore, sought to assess the impact of these solar dryers in terms of female participation in the value- cover page). She is single and lives adding activity of cocoa drying. Potential indicators with her father, Solomon, and her included the volume of dry beans produced using solar young son. Elsie used to sell wet dryers, the selling price for beans dried using solar dryers, and reporting on changes compared bean and wood-fired dry bean, to traditional dryers. which she grew herself or bought A baseline and follow-up survey of farmers in from other farmers, to JEMS Guadalcanal on their use of traditional fire-driven Cocoa Enterprises (an exporter). dryers and solar dryers was undertaken. A sample of 25 households (44 percent of all recipients) were In April 2016, RDP II and PHAMA selected from the two wards that were affected by cofinanced the construction of the floods and where the 57 solar dryers were to be a solar dryer next to Elsie and distributed, based largely on the accessibility of these households to the survey team. The baseline survey Solomon’s home. This will be used was conducted from July 8 to July 30, 2017. Some as a demonstration site for farmers households were only accessible by boat and had to from other provinces who will be excluded due to poor weather conditions during the survey period. receive dryers through the project. The solar dryers were distributed from October to November 2017 with households given a choice in > Cocoa produced by Elsie using terms of the type of dryer they would like to receive the solar dryer did well at a recent (solar dryer or hot air dryer). The follow up survey was chocolate festival and secured carried out from February 28 to March 9, 2018. Of the sampled 25 households, six could not be reached her a consignment to the United during the follow up survey. They were substituted States, at a price of SI$30/kilogram with six other households but data specific to cocoa for dry bean (compared to SI$15/ farming was not collected. The composition of the baseline survey sample and profile of respondents kilogram with JEMS). The local are provided in Tables 5-1 and 5-2. representative of the US importer paid Elsie directly into her ANZ bank account, which she used to buy more wet beans from local growers. She is positive about the future and has recently secured another consignment to New Zealand. Elsie notes that some farmers have indicated an interest in having their own dryers, but “they don’t know how and don’t have the money.” 52 TABLE 5-1 Survey Sample for Solar Dryer Intervention (Guadalcanal) Household HH – both husband and wife respondents 14 56% composition HH – only one single partner respondent 11 44% Total households 25 100% Respondent Male (part of husband/wife response) 11 56% composition Male (single partner response) 9 Female (part of husband/wife response) 12 44% Female (single partner response) 4 Total respondents 36 100% TABLE 5-2 Respondent Profiles for Solar Dryer Intervention (Guadalcanal) Family size Average 3-6 family members Age range Male: 28-64 years; female: 24-50 years Education Male: primary (50%), secondary (25%), university/vocational (25%); Female: primary (56%), secondary (38%), university/vocational (6%) As HH heads Male (80%) and female (20%) As initiators* Male (44%), Both (33%), Inherited (14%), Female (8%) Farm size range 1-14 hectares (900-15,000 trees) *Note: The member of the household who initiated the idea of engaging in cocoa production. INTERVENTION 4: Cocoa Solar Dryer 53 5.3 IMPACT OF COCOA SOLAR DRYERS Households tended to use the traditional dryers as it was “the only way they knew,” but were largely optimistic about some of the perceived benefits of the 5.31 REDUCED WORKLOAD AS A KEY solar dryer (Box 5-2). Female respondents emphasized ADVANTAGE FOR WOMEN the reduced workload for solar dryers in terms of collecting firewood, which was “a tiring job” especially At the time of the baseline survey, around two-thirds with firewood becoming “increasingly difficult to find.” of sample households owned a traditional fire-driven These views were confirmed during the follow up cocoa dryer (Table 5-3). A handful of households owned survey (Box 5-3). both a fire-driven dryer and solar dryer which they had received as part of pilots under other projects (including one under RDP II). Households that did not own their own dryers, often used the dryer of a neighbor or family member since dry beans offered a higher price than wet beans. TABLE 5-3 Existing Use of Cocoa Drying Technologies (Baseline) HOUSEHOLD OWN A DRYER TYPE OF DRYER OWNED Yes No Fire-driven Solar Fire-driven and solar No. 17 8 13 0 4 % 68% 32% 76% 0% 24% 54 BOX 5-2 BOX 5-3 Perceptions of Traditional Dryer Perceptions Among Households That vs. Solar Dryer (Baseline) Received and Used Solar Dryers (Followup) TRADITIONAL DRYER (FIRE-DRIVEN) DISADVANTAGES > The only way that we know > Heavy rain reduces heat > The only way available and slows down production (drying time is 4-5 days) > Needs hard work, especially collecting firewood > Area is prone to floods which can affect the dryer > Easy to build > Not able to turn cocoa beans > Variable bean quality, in the dryer during the day sometimes smoke taint because it is very hot > Can be used when it is raining– > Smaller capacity/size of dryer means better suited to local weather it cannot cater to large quantity of > Can be used at night time wet beans in high crop season > Once the dryer is damaged SOLAR DRYER it cannot be replaced > Needs less labor, especially since > Made of plastic so can it does not need firewood be damaged by rats. > Easy to build ADVANTAGES > Long-lasting > Needs less labor, especially > Produces better quality beans since it does not need firewood > Will take time to learn how it works > Easy for family and women to use > Smaller capacity than fire dryers but > Produces high quality, gets a better price for the output smoke-free quality beans > Faster to dry (2-3 days) > Reduces cost of labor > More reliable > Saves more time for harvesting INTERVENTION 4: Cocoa Solar Dryer 55 5.32 LACK OF FERMENTING BOXES AND 5.33 INCREASE IN FEMALE PARTICIPATION CAPITAL LIMITING ITS USE IN DRYING BEANS AND SELLING DRY BEANS Of the 25 households surveyed, 18 received solar dryers and one received an air dryer. The remaining There appears to be a notable increase in the six households represented the ‘substitute’ category involvement of females in drying beans and selling dry where cocoa farming specific data was not collected. beans after the introduction of solar dryers (see Table Of the 18 households that received solar dryers, 11 5-5). The number of households where both husband (61 percent) used them and seven (39 percent) did and wife were involved in drying beans increased not (see Table 5-4). Households highlighted not having from two households during the baseline survey to fermenting boxes and lack of capital to start a business eight households at follow up survey. The number of as reasons for not being able to use their solar dryers. households where both husband and wife were involved in selling dry beans increased from four households during the baseline survey to eight households at the follow up survey. TABLE 5-4 Use of Cocoa Drying Technologies (Followup) HOUSEHOLD RECEIVED SOLAR DRYER Used Not used Total Nos. 11 7 18 % 61% 39% 100% 56 TABLE 5-5 Responsibility in Drying and Selling Dry Beans (Baseline and Followup) RESPONDENT NO. DRYING BEANS SELLING DRY BEANS (HH CODE / GENDER) Baseline Follow up Baseline Follow up 1 (4/Male) Husband / Labor Husband & Wife Husband & Wife Husband & Wife 2 (4/Female) Husband & Wife Husband & Wife Husband & Wife Husband & Wife 3 (8/Male) Family / Labor Family Husband Family 4 (9/Male) Family / Labor Husband & Wife Husband Husband & Wife 5 (10/Male) Husband & Wife / Husband & Wife No data Husband & Wife Labor 6 (11/Female) No data Husband & Wife No data Husband & Wife 7 (13/Female) No data Husband & Wife Wife Husband & Wife 8 (15/Male) Husband Husband Husband Husband 9 (19/Male) No data Husband & Wife Husband & Wife Husband & Wife 10 (20/Male) Husband Husband & Wife Husband & Wife Husband & Wife 11 (21/Male) Family Husband & Wife Husband & Wife Husband & Wife 12 (24/Male) Husband / Labor Husband & Family Husband Husband Summary H&W–1 H&W–8 H&W–4 H&W–8 H&W/L-1 H&F–1 W–1 H–2 H/L–2 F–1 H–4 F–1 H–2 H–1 F–1 F/L–2 Notes: Data is from 12 respondents from the 11 households that received and used solar dryers. HH 4 comprises 2 respondents (Respondents 1 and 2) and so is aggregated into a single household response in the summary. H – husband; F – family; L – hired labor; W – wife. INTERVENTION 4: Cocoa Solar Dryer 57 5.34 DECREASE IN SELLING PRICE Out of seven households who quoted a baseline figure for production quantity, four indicated that outputs had FOR DRY BEANS increased. There were, however, significant variations– with some households experiencing a drastic increase Contrary to expectations, the average selling price in output and others experiencing a notable decline. for dry beans declined compared to the baseline for The latter may correlate with household perceptions on households that received and used their solar dryers weather conditions (heavy rains or hot periods) or on (Table 5-6). This is likely due to the sharp decline in smaller capacity8 of solar dryers (see Box 5-3). international cocoa prices experienced since the baseline measurement. If sold to the right market or buyers, however, beans dried using solar dryers should be sold at higher prices compared to beans dried with firewood dryers which can taint the beans with 8. This is likely to be a misconception. The solar dryers were designed to hold the same volume of beans as the standard hot smoke. While this assessment could not verify to which air dryer in Solomon Islands (1,000 kg of wet cocoa). The solar markets and through which buyers the dried beans dryers do work better with less beans, and most farmers seem were sold, the lack of access to a premium market and to have the perception that they do not hold as much as the hot buyers for high-quality beans may be an issue. air dryer. 58 TABLE 5-6 Production and Selling Price for Dry Beans (Baseline and Followup) HH NO. (HH CODE) AVERAGE PRODUCTION (BAGS/YEAR) AVERAGE SELLING PRICE (SI$/BAG) Baseline Follow up Baseline Follow up 1 (4) 164.16 80.6 525.00 507.50 2 (8) Not known 41.6 800.00 500.00 3 (9) Not known 400.16 675.00 540.00 4 (10) 50 249.6 562.50 540.00 5 (11) Not known 26 1,000.00 475.00 6 (13) 110 78 662.50 540.00 7 (15) 150 39 825.00 500.00 8 (19) Not known 291.2 800.00 475.00 9 (20) 42.24 208 850.00 475.00 10 (21) 17.6 93.6 850.00 475.00 11 (24) 48.8 83.2 725.00 540.00 Note: In the case of two respondents (male and female) per household, figures were averaged to reach a single figure per household; one bag is equivalent to 50 kg of dry beans; although surveys asked the price of cocoa per 50 kg bag, cocoa is usually exported in 62.5 kg bags, and farmers are paid by weight and not bags; average selling prices stated by farmers are consistent with prices of bulk market cocoa (SI$16-SI$18 per kg during the time of the baseline and SI$9-SI$10 during the follow up). INTERVENTION 4: Cocoa Solar Dryer 59 60 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. chapter 6 INTERVENTION 5: HOUSEHOLD TRAINING FOR LONG-TERM CHANGE IN ATTITUDES CONTROL OVER INCOME 6.1 BACKGROUND The ‘family teams’ approach trialed with farming households in Papua New Guinea offers a potential There is an entrenched bias in Solomon Islands model for such training (see Box 6-1). Organizations against women’s participation in decision making at in Solomon Islands such as Live & Learn and World the household level. This suggests that, even with the Vision have provided training on gender-based short-term interventions described above, greater violence and inequality, and can adapt this to the effort will be needed to fundamentally empower agriculture household context. Such training would women. Attitudes and social norms regarding women’s typically include illustrative examples of families, role in society may change through training and with husbands and wives working together as awareness raising on gender issues. Such training equal partners, and the benefits this brings to the should include both male and female members of a household (Sterne et al. 2016). given household. INTERVENTION 5: Household Training for Long-Term Change in Attitudes 61 BOX 6-1 Family Teams Program in Papua New Guinea9 The ‘family teams’ program is a series THE WORKSHOP COVERS of four family-based learning modules FOUR MODULES: presented in a workshop format. > Working as a family team for Participants include (at least) the male and family goals: Households learn how to female heads from each farming household. map their current division of labor and Since many participants have low levels of then consider more equitable ways literacy, the program uses visual activities, to work as a family, and determine small group work, role plays and discussion. farming goals, financial goals and The workshops are held in local venues to general family goals. ensure women do not have to leave their > Planning your family farm as a families and farms for extended periods of family team: Family teams work time and children are welcome. The length together to map their crop plots and of each module depends on literacy levels identify agricultural activities and and group size and can range from half to space allocation, water sources, housing, full day sessions. animal shelters and other assets; they then consider and plan for their long- term vision of their farm. > Feeding your family team: Group activities are used to enable participants to consider the food and nutritional security of the whole family. > Communicating and decision-making as a family team: Participants explore communication issues within the family and consider the importance of shared decision making, especially in the areas of family farm activities and financial decision making. 9. Pamphilon and Mikhailovich 2016. 62 6.2 APPROACH The training was initially planned for the provinces of Makira (Kirakira Ward) and Guadalcanal (West Apart from technical training on agricultural Ghaobata, Ghaobata, Tandai, and Malango Wards), production, the RDP II partnerships also provide a however, due to a delay in hiring SIDPS, it was decided valuable platform for the provision of other training that to limit the training to three wards–Ghaobata, Tandai, could benefit households. The assessment, therefore, and Malango in Guadalcanal. The training was piloted the provision of gender awareness training to conducted from January 8-20, 2018. Participants were selected households in Guadalcanal Province. Potential selected based on if they were recipients of the RDP indicators included reported changes in female II disaster recovery program or cocoa solar dryers. participation in household decision making and Transport was provided to participants between their farming activities. villages and training venues. Table 6-1 summarizes the Several service providers in Solomon Islands composition of training recipients. facilitate gender awareness training at household A gender training manual was developed highlighting and community levels. Three providers were the importance of women’s participation in decision approached for this assessment as suggested making at the household level through a family-based by stakeholders consulted for the assessment: approach. The manual comprised four modules: (i) Live & Learn, World Vision, and Solomon Islands gender in the family; (ii) gender roles in cash crop value Development Project Solutions (SIDPS). As the first chains; (iii) collective decision making; and (iv) family two were not available in the timeframe required, visioning (Table 6-2). SIDPS was selected as the training provider at the recommendation of World Vision. The delivery of the training followed a participatory approach. Four facilitators moderated the sessions, including a female facilitator for female-only groups. Given the low literacy level of participants, the focus was on visual activities such as working in small groups of three to five persons to discuss and present information (Figure 6-1), role plays and games (Figure 6-2), and drawing (Figure 6-3). Sessions were oriented towards building on what participants already knew while examining new information and attitudes. A baseline survey was administered during the training while the follow up survey was still underway during the finalization of this report. INTERVENTION 5: Household Training for Long-Term Change in Attitudes 63 TABLE 6-1 Participants of Training Intervention (Guadalcanal) Household HH – both husband and wife respondents 28 60% composition HH – only one single partner respondent 19 40% Total households 47 100% Respondent Male (part of husband/wife response) 28 56% composition Male (single partner response) 14 Female (part of husband/wife response) 28 44% Female (single partner response) 5 Total respondents 75 100% TABLE 6-2 Gender Training Modules MODULE OBJECTIVES 1. Family as an entity To understand the social, cultural and biological meaning of being male or female (gender vs. sex). To understand what gender equality and equity means in the family unit, and how men and women in the family can benefit equally from social change and economic growth. 2. Roles of the family in cash To identify and understand the different roles of family members, and crop value chain how these roles help to sustain the family’s farming business and support family needs. 3. Power of collective decision To explore three types of family decision making approaches: making in the family individualism, familyism and egalitarian. 4. Family visioning To understand the importance of family goal setting and how to play for short, medium and long-term goals. 64 FIGURE 6-1: Discussing the Role of Men in Cocoa Value Chain (Tandai) FIGURE 6-2: Collective Decision Making Helps “Keep The Balloon in the Air” (Malango) FIGURE 6-3: Roles of Men and Women (Ghaobata) INTERVENTION 5: Household Training for Long-Term Change in Attitudes 65 6.3 IMPACT OF GENDER AWARENESS TRAINING 6.31 LIMITED IMPACT COULD BE OBSERVED DUE TO POOR QUALITY TRAINING METHOD The gender awareness training is likely to have had an impact by improving the understanding of participants on different roles of men and women in the household, the links between gender equity and household agricultural production, and the benefits of joint decision making in the household. As the assessment faced several technical challenges, however, it could not generate conclusive findings on the impact of gender awareness training on women’s involvement in agricultural value chains.10 There are lessons learned that can inform the design and delivery of gender awareness training in the future. There need to be improvements in technical content (more application based), delivery methods (better linkage between modules and facilitators), timing (more time allocation), and participant feedback (structured evaluation). The extent to which female participation was supported during the training is not clear. A female trainer moderated female group discussions, and transport was provided between training venue and villages, however, there was no arrangement for child care. Some women brought their children to 10. The study was not able to guarantee accuracy, reliability or the training along with someone who could look after completeness of the training and survey results. The intention them. There is no information to suggest that women’s was to select farmers receiving RDP II support through schedules were factored into the timing and location agribusiness partnerships, but the study could not verify if this logic was followed by the training provider. The baseline survey, of the training. The training was also limited to one expected a week in advance, was conducted during the training. day per ward which has implications in terms of The delays experienced in the timing of training also inhibited meaningful capacity building. Box 6-2 summarizes the carrying out of the follow-up survey within the timeframe of reactions from participants. the study. 66 BOX 6-2 Participant Reflections on Training WHAT WENT WELL WHAT CAN BE IMPROVED > Raised awareness on gender in > Practical knowledge application of relation to sex, equity, equality gender in agricultural value chains. and decision making. > Conflicting messages between lead > Ability to be honest about facilitator and support trainers. feelings on gender. > Disconnect between modules. > Participatory training method. > Sticking to time during activities. > Facilitator’s confidence, > Have more role plays. skills and experience. > More time to answer baseline > Having three facilitators to support survey questionnaire. simultaneous breakout sessions. > Add an icebreaker after lunch hour. > Logistics for supporting training. > Providing a formal evaluation sheet at end of workshop. INTERVENTION 5: Household Training for Long-Term Change in Attitudes 67 68 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. chapter 7 RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the above findings and lessons learned, this RECOMMENDATION ONE: assessment makes five key recommendations. These Make savings clubs more accessible, cover the following areas: (i) increasing the uptake of savings clubs; (ii) improving women’s participation attractive and sustainable in training; (iii) increasing the sales benefits of solar dryers; (iv) exploring design modifications to solar Although men and women ranked ‘savings’ as an dryers; and (v) enhancing the awareness of lead equally important use of household income, a agribusiness partners on the benefits of engaging considerable portion of respondents do not save women. Although informal mentorship arrangements in practice. for women was not piloted, given its inherent longer- Among households that do save, the most common term benefits this intervention should be further mechanism was the savings club. Mobile phone- explored in a future iteration of RDP. based banking was a less appealing mechanism despite enthusiasm for the service when it was first introduced. Recommendations 69 Interventions to make savings clubs a more accessible, The gender-based training intervention piloted under attractive and sustainable model are, therefore, the assessment also highlights several lessons. recommended and could include: This includes the need to facilitate female participation; 1. Reducing club fees which are a deterrent to the make training content more application based; allocate participation of some women; sufficient time; solicit participant feedback in a structured manner; monitor the impact of training; and 2. Introducing mandatory savings or restrictions ensure training providers are suitably qualified. on withdrawals, since women appreciate the disciplined method of saving;11 Recommended features of financial literacy training include: 3. Enhancing the capacity of club management teams which have played a key role in the success 1. Family-oriented and participatory method to of savings clubs and because ensuring the improve spousal communication and partnership; team’s capacity to maintain transparency and 2. Addressing invitations to both women and accountability in the management of savings is men. For some households, this may be the only important to encourage female participation; and push needed to legitimize women’s attendance; 4. Continuously monitoring progress to identify invitations should explicitly state that both should good practices and ensure sustainability. attend and specify supporting arrangements (for example, transport and child care); 3. Strategies to facilitate female participation. This could include: (i) training of trainers on gender RECOMMENDATION TWO: issues; (ii) involving female trainers; (iii) considering Support a family-oriented and gender-sensitive female farmers’ capacities; (iv) scheduling training training program on financial literacy at locations and times that are convenient for women; (v) ensuring child care arrangements (for The fact that a large proportion of households do not example, provide enough breaks so women can save at all highlights the need for a dedicated training feed babies, provide space and food for family program on financial literacy to build the foundation members to look after children during training); for savings habits. and (vi) communicating information in advance; Decision making on the use of income lies 4. Including modules on importance of saving, role predominantly with the husband, particularly of women in household financial decision making, regarding the use of income from the more and confidence building for women in dealing remunerative, dry cocoa beans. Financial training with formal or informal banking institutions; can be used to sensitize households to the benefits 5. Soliciting participant feedback through formal of involving females in financial decision making in evaluation methods; the household. It is also an opportunity to build the confidence of women, the lack of which often prevents 6. Monitoring training impact through gender them from joining savings clubs. disaggregated data; and 7. Identifying appropriately skilled training To be effective, due consideration must be providers. Such providers are not necessarily given to the design and delivery aspects of the common in Solomon Islands. proposed training. Despite joint responsibilities in cocoa production, training programs are mostly attended by husbands and rarely by both husband and wife. The decision 11. For example, the National Providence Fund (NPF) of Solomon on who attends is often made by the husbands. Islands has a saving scheme called “YouSave.” It is open to the informal sector to make voluntary pension contributions. Furthermore, invitations to training events are Of these contributions, 50 percent is preserved and the other typically addressed to the head of household which 50 percent can be withdrawn. All the money in the account is interpreted as the husband. Women are eager receives the same interest payments as the normal NPF to learn and attend training but constrained by accounts. To date, one agribusiness partnership supported household responsibilities. under RDP II has registered its farmers under the scheme. 70 RECOMMENDATION THREE: RECOMMENDATION FOUR: Support linkages to high-end or specialty cocoa Explore design improvements to cocoa solar dryers markets and buyers for solar-dried cocoa Feedback from households highlights the need to The average selling price of dried cocoa beans address the downside in design elements of cocoa declined after the introduction of solar dryers. solar dryers. If sold to the right market and buyers, however, For example: (i) increasing the size of dryers may beans dried using solar dryers can be sold at higher help to increase production quantity, (b) introducing prices compared to beans dried using traditional, improved trays or turning devices that can turn the firewood dryers, provided the wet beans are of high beans more quickly can help to reduce the time working quality. Beneficiaries of solar dryers under RDP II in hot dryers; and (iii) efficient methods to equip solar were households affected by the floods in April 2014 dryers with fermenting boxes may encourage the use and do not necessarily benefit from the Agribusiness of solar dryers. The recommendation is, therefore, to Partnerships of the Project which aim to strengthen the explore possibilities to modify the structural design of linkage between small farmers and agribusinesses. solar dryers. Introducing households using solar dryers to premium cocoa buyers may help them to establish channels to RECOMMENDATION FIVE: sell their solar-dried cocoa beans at higher prices.12 Sensitize lead partners to the benefits Continuing to sell these beans to regular cocoa bean of engaging women markets at the regular price will not give them the incentives to invest effort and time to apply the solar It will be important to sensitize lead partners to the dryer technology. The recommendation is, therefore, to benefits of engaging women during discussions on further support the cocoa producers in connecting with gender-based interventions. cocoa buyers who pay premium prices for high-quality cocoa. Despite their impact on prices, the introduction Given the many responsibilities under their partnership of cocoa solar dryers has brought two key benefits agreements, lead partners of RDP II may view women- for women: (i) reduced workload; and (ii) increased specific interventions as an additional burden with little involvement in drying beans and selling dry beans. direct benefit. Experience from Papua New Guinea has Linking producers with premium buyers will provide shown, however, that for cash crops such as cocoa, if additional benefits for women and men. women are motivated to engage in the value chain, lead partners can benefit from better quality production. Engaging with women farmers is also a form of corporate social responsibility as it provides lead partners with an opportunity to build their reputation and public profile. 12. At the time of writing, solar dryer owners are trying to start an association to help aggregate cocoa for marketing. There is a buyer who is also acting as an aggregator and forwarding agent. The buyer met with many of the solar dryer owners at the SolChoc festival (an exhibition event organized to showcase cocoa produced in Solomon Islands) held in May 2018 and is willing to buy more from solar dryer owners. The third place winner of the SolChoc cocoa competition was a recipient of a solar dryer under RDP II. He has now been linked with a buyer of premium beans. Recommendations 71 72 Appendix 1 GLOBAL EVIDENCE: INTERVENTIONS TO INCREASE WOMEN’S PRESENCE AND EMPOWERMENT AS AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAIN ACTORS13 13. Adapted from Stern et al. 2016. AREA OF INTERVENTION EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS BASED POTENTIAL INDICATORS ON GLOBAL EXPERIENCE 1. ACCESS TO PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES Raise awareness about Embed land rights messages into agricultural No. of people reached by communications land rights capacity-building activities Provide information about land rights at fairs Reporting by men and women on greater and demonstration plots awareness of land rights/decision making Build the capacity of local actors to advocate for land rights Strengthen community- Connect groups to financial institutions, economic Women’s membership in groups managed financial groups opportunities and markets Support financial education for group members Number of loans granted to female members Support women to become field agents who advise these groups Changes in decision making over finances Make financial institutions/ Connect female producers and women’s groups Number of providers trained products more inclusive to credit opportunities in reaching women Explore ICT as a mechanism for increasing women’s Number of women requesting/granted loans access to financial products Introduce peer learning and support for female Changes in decision making over finances borrowers and their partners Embed access to finance Ensure that women do not need a man’s signature Number of men and women who receive through private companies to approve a loan input or cash credit from value chain actors in the value chain Encourage companies that source directly from farmers Reported changes in decision making and provide inputs or credit to facilitate women’s over financial resources participation in the outgrower farmers group Provide partner companies with templates of more inclusive credit policies Implement ‘smart subsidies’ Provide in-kind grants to poor farmers with flexible Number of women and men receiving leverage requirements a subsidy Design a subsidy based on the economics Whether recipients have greater access of the investment (that is, sustainable) to productive resources as a result Deliver subsidies through financial institutions, buyers or service providers Facilitate access to financial Encourage more proactive outreach, training trainers on gender Number of women and men education issues, and hiring more female trainers to improve women’s access who receive financial education to financial education Adjust curriculum and delivery methods to match the needs Whether new financial literacy of female farmers skills are being applied Provide child care during financial education training sessions Appendix 1 73 74 AREA OF INTERVENTION EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS BASED POTENTIAL INDICATORS ON GLOBAL EXPERIENCE 1. ACCESS TO PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES Social and behavioral change Seek to change attitudes and social norms regarding None identified women’s access to productive resources Demonstrate that women are capable of managing larger assets, and how this could mean more income for the entire household Deliver a message that appeals to concerns about vulnerability and resilience – for example, a woman needs to be able to protect herself and the household if something happens to her partner, such as if he becomes sick or has to migrate for work Demonstrate examples of thriving households where women and men make decisions together as partners Find data indicating that women have good repayment rates on loans 2. DECISION MAKING OVER PRODUCTION Facilitate women’s access Change outreach efforts to increase the number Number of men and women trained, and to training and extension of female farmers reached adopting new agricultural technologies services Customize extension curricula/methods to be Number of service providers trained more responsive to women’s needs in gender Take a household or family business approach to training Men and women’s perceptions of training Train extension staff on gender issues and hire a gender-balanced team Use ICT for extension Promote a range of ICT that builds on existing channels Number of men and women with of information access to ICT extension services Establish radio listenership clubs for female farmers Deliver mobile-enabled agriculture services to more female farmers Social and behavioral change Seek to change attitudes and social norms regarding None identified women’s decision making over production: Share examples of families with husbands and wives working as equal partners Present evidence on how women’s contributions to agriculture are similar to men’s Find opportunities for successful female farmers to share their stories and successes with both men and women Use a participatory process to explore what would happen if women did not perform their agriculture roles 3. ACCESS TO FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND CONTROL OVER INCOME AND EXPENDITURES Connect female farmers to Facilitate direct linkages between female farmers and Number of men and women who have access smallholder sourcing schemes traders or buyers to new buyers and the income received Work with buyers to ensure women are more likely to receive Perceptions of control over income and control payment for their work, for example by making contract payments in the name of the woman Support female entrepreneurs Bundle services for female entrepreneurs: financial literacy, Track technical assistance and business business skills training, network building, access to finance services provided to male and female and follow-up technical assistance entrepreneurs Facilitate business growth, for example, through provision Track sales and workforce growth of of child care, safe transport women’s business and improvements in social networks Support female groups/collectives who can market at scale Facilitate women’s access Facilitate women’s access to technologies such as prepaid cards Number of women who have access to such to secure mechanisms for to distribute loan payments or mobile phone-based banking mechanisms and their perceptions about storing their money whether this has enabled them to safely Encourage women to set up a safe place to save at home, store and save money for example, a locked safebox Connect women to community-managed savings groups Appendix 1 75 76 AREA OF INTERVENTION EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS BASED POTENTIAL INDICATORS ON GLOBAL EXPERIENCE 3. ACCESS TO FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND CONTROL OVER INCOME AND EXPENDITURES Social and behavioral change Seek to change attitudes and social norms regarding None identified women’s control over income: Share examples of families with husbands and wives working as equal partners Use community leaders or “gender champions” to facilitate discussions between husbands and wives about fears such as the perception of dishonor to the household if the wife is working, or that she will use the money to go out with other men Illustrate how women have a right to spend money on their own leisure, skills or assets, not only on the family and the household 4. GROUP PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP Increase women’s active Revise cooperative policies to be more conducive to women’s Number of organizations that receive participation in groups participation, for example, time meetings and training to assistance accommodate women’s schedules and workloads Set targets or quotas for women’s membership Number of male and female group members Incentivize women to join cooperatives by offering a range Whether members feel included in of services that reflect women’s priorities (finances, health, organizational decisions education) Identify and strengthen women-led or women-majority groups Increase women’s Set targets or quotas for women’s leadership Number of groups that receive assistance leadership in groups to help them promote women’s leadership Raise awareness about the value of women’s leadership Number of women linked with mentors/role within the cooperative models Conduct training that builds confidence, assertiveness Changes in women’s leadership in groups and awareness of rights compared with men’s Sponsor events that expose women to role models or mentors Create opportunities for women to speak in public in their community Facilitate literacy and Link farmers’ groups with functional literacy and/or Access to literacy or numeracy training numeracy training numeracy training Partner with a local organization or government with Whether participants have achieved or relevant expertise applied basic literacy or numeracy skills Social and behavioral change Seek to change attitudes and social norms regarding None identified women’s leadership capacity: Showcase effective female leaders to beneficiaries, such as through exposure visits or online videos Discuss and seek to address perceptions that ‘men are better leaders’ or ‘women are too shy or too busy to lead’ Work with the community to support women’s leadership roles and create a safe space for women to exercise their leadership 5. TIME ALLOCATION Increase access to Encourage development and showcasing of technologies Number of men and women accessing time- and labor-saving that women are likely to adopt, considering women’s limited and applying these technologies technologies access to land, cash and other inputs Promote local construction or distribution of technologies Influence of technologies on women’s and as an alternative income-generating opportunity men’s time, and control over income Promote positive images Run advocacy campaigns promoting the role of Number of advocacy events and of men as caregivers fathers in the health of the family people reached If the project has a strong nutrition focus, hire men Changes in men’s contributions to as health promoters child care and domestic tasks Social and behavioral change Seek to change attitudes and social norms regarding None identified men’s and women’s work: Encourage husbands and wives to come together for discussions and training about sharing and dividing caretaking roles Emphasize that both caretaking and income-generating contributions deserve equal value and respect Appendix 1 77 78 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. Appendix 2 STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED FOR ASSESSMENT DESIGN NAME POSITION ORGANIZATION Lottie Vaisekavea Project Manager RDP II Project Management Unit Gabriel Hiele Component 2 Coordinator RDP II Project Management Unit Mark Johnston International Advisor RDP II Project Management Unit Margot Szamier Designing RDP II Gender Action Plan Independent consultant Agnes Pilopaso Cocoa farmer and exporter Independent, Guadalcanal Elsie Sedo Cocoa farmer and exporter JEMS cocoa partnership, Guadalcanal Female beneficiaries Farmers JEMS cocoa partnership, Guadalcanal Julie Gegeu Haro Managing Director Premiere Group (Solomon Islands) Eli Sodu Manager, Mobile Banking Team Premiere Group (Solomon Islands) Krishnan Narasimhan Deputy Programme Manager PFIP Kristy Nowland Project Manager, Markets for Change UN Women (Solomon Islands) Colin Potakana Project Coordinator, Markets for Change UN Women (Solomon Islands) Hannah Wheaton Advisor, Cocoa Value Chains PHAMA Amy Luinstra Senior Operations Officer – Gender IFC John Vivian Senior Financial Sector Specialist IFC Appendix 2 79 80 Photo: Alana Holmberg/World Bank. Appendix 3 HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONAIRE PART 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cocoa is one of the significant contributor to village livelihood and national export earnings in Solomon Islands. In recognizing this, a multi donor funded program (RDP II) was designed to provide support to cocoa farmers throughout the country. With this intervention, the program’s main objective is to help farmers increase their production and improve the quality of their beans. This questionnaire is set to capture the benefit this has on farmers with special focus on women. 1.1 SURVEY RESPONDENT 1.1.1 Survey respondent name 1.1.2 Age 1.1.3 Gender 1.1.4 Highest level of Education Primary Secondary Vocational College University 1.1.5 Denomination/Religion 1.1.6 Head of household? Yes No Appendix 3 81 1.2 HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION Name/No. of Sex Age Relationship to Highest level Occupation HH member respondent of Education 1 2 3 4 5 (If adult children are helping in the farm, it can be stated as their occupation) 1.3 INFORMATION ABOUT FARM 1.3.1 In whose initiative enables you (HH) to establish the farming business 1.3.2 Farm type Ccocoa Coconut Kitchen Garden Livestock Other 1.3.3 Year of establishment 1.3.4 Farm size 1.3.5 How did you finance/start your business? (If they are both cocoa and coconut farmers they need to respond to Part 4) PART 2: HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES 2.1. TIME USE 2.1.1 How do you use your time on a typical day? Activity Time spent Order of priority Preparing meals Gardening/Harvesting for household Work in the farm 82 Activity Time spent Order of priority Other farm work Fishing Cleaning Fetching water Community obligations Others (explain) (If they do not know time spent ask them order of priority to indicate importance of activity to them) 2.1.2 How do you use your time on a typical week? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 2.1.2 Overall, how do you feel about a typical day? A I had too many things to do B I had a comfortable amount of time in the day; C I did not have enough to do; D I did not have a comfortable amount of time in the day Appendix 3 83 2.2 HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 2.2.1 What are the household’s sources of income generation, and how important are they? Income source Rank (order of importance) Comments Cocoa production Coconut production Sell garden surplus at markets Cooked food Livestock keeping Remittances Others (explain) (Note: Income from sales of cocoa/coconut production is different from wages earned for working in the family farm – may help differentiate it to them. Refer to 3.2.3) 2.2.2. What are the household’s main expenses? Expenditure types Rank (order of % of HH Comments importance) Expenditures Food Clothes School fees Medical expenses Personal goods Social obligations Savings Others (explain) Note: If possible, for each response show the percentage of expenditure, e.g. food 50%, school fees 20%, social obligations 20%, alcohol 10%] 84 2.2.2. What are the household’s main expenses? Items (a) husband (b) wife (c) both (d) sons (e) daughters Food Clothes School fees Medical expenses Personal goods Social obligations Savings Others (explain) 2.2.4 Who in your family decides on sending kids to school? (a) Husband (b) Wife (c) Both discuss and agree (d) I decide although husband/wife disagree 2.2.5 Who in the family decides who attend training opportunities offered by outsiders? (a) Husband (b) Wife (c) Both discuss and agree (d) I decide although husband/wife disagree 2.2.6 Who controls the income generated from wet cocoa beans? (a) Husband (b) Wife (c) Both husband and wife discuss and agree (d) Son (e) Daughter (f) I decide although husband/wife disagree 2.2.7 Who controls the income generated from dry cocoa beans? (a) Husband (b) Wife (c) Both husband and wife discuss and agree (d) Son (e) Daughter (f) I decide although husband/wife disagree Appendix 3 85 2.2.8 How is the income generated from cocoa used? (a) Household needs (b) Assist community work (c) Reinvested to farm business (d) School-related expenses (e) Others 2.2.9 Are there ever any disagreements in the household on how the cocoa income should be used? (a) Yes, why (b) No, why not? 2.2.10 Do you save any of your income? (a) Yes (b) No 2.2.11 If yes, which of the following banking services do you use? (a) Commercial Banks, why? (b) Savings Club, why? (c) SPBD, why? (d) goMoney, why? 2.2.12 Why do you choose the one you are using? 2.2.13 If No, why not? (a) No money left over for savings (b) Have nowhere close by to save money (no available services) (c) Not allowed to by husband/wife (d) Others, why? 2.2.14 Does your household sometimes have problems managing your income? (a) Yes, why? (b) No, why? 86 PART 3: FARMING ACTIVITIES 3.1 TECHNOLOGY 3.1.1 Do you own your own cocoa dryer? (a) Yes (b) No 3.1.2 If yes, what type of dryer do you have? (a) fire-driven hot air-dryer (b) solar dryer (c) both 3.1.3 Why do you choose the type of dryer you are using now? 3.1.4 Is it the best method for you? (a) Yes (b) No 3.1.5 Why do you use both methods? (if they choose to use both method, ask them why) 3.1.6 If you do not own any cocoa dryer how do you sell your cocoa beans? (a) As wet beans (b) Use other farmers dryers (c) Lend out farm to others to harvest and pay you for the fruits (d) Others (explain) 3.1.7 Which types of cocoa beans you would prefer to sell? (a) Wet beans? Why? (b) Dry beans? Why? Appendix 3 87 3.2 PLANNING AND PRODUCTION 3.2.1 Approximately how much cocoa (50 kilogram bag of cocoa) do you produce per year? (a) Wet bean production (b) Dry bean production (may need to calculate annual production if they quote monthly production) 3.2.2 How much sales are you making in a year from (a) Wet beans (b) Dry beans (c) Selling farm to others (d) Others (explain) 3.2.3 Who is responsible for the following tasks relating to cocoa farming? Items (a) husband (b) wife (c) both (d) family (e) hired labor Clearing the land Planting cocoa trees Pruning cocoa trees Managing pests and weeds Harvesting cocoa Opening pods Fermenting cocoa beans Collecting firewood Drying cocoa beans Selling wet bean Selling dry bean 88 3.2.4 How much time do you spend each week on following farming activities? Tasks (a) half day (b) 1 day (c) 2 days (d) 3 days (e) 4 days (f) 5 days Clearing the land Planting cocoa trees Pruning cocoa trees Managing pests and weeds Harvesting cocoa Fermenting cocoa beans Drying cocoa beans Selling wet bean Selling dry bean 3.2.5 Which is the most difficult tasks in cocoa production? 3.2.6 Who is doing these difficult tasks? 3.2.7 If you (for female respondents) are doing these difficult tasks, will it be possible to get someone to help you? If not why? 3.2.8 If these tasks are difficult and you are not able to find help, why doing it? Appendix 3 89 3.3 SALES AND REWARDS 3.3.1 How far do you have to travel to sell your cocoa products? (a) To a local buyer close by. Why, (e.g.to reduce transportation costs?) (b) Travel to Honiara to find buyers. Why, (e.g. for better price?) (c) A buyer come and collect from us (d) Other (explain) 3.3.2 What is the total sales from cocoa production in a year from? (a) Wet bean sales (b) Dry bean sales (c) Not sure – don’t keep records (can ask why he/she doesn’t know) 3.3.3 How do you get paid for your labor? (a) I get a share from the sales (b) I get paid for my labor like wages (c) I do not get anything as all the money is control by my husband/wife (d) All the money is put in one place and we both (husband and wife) decide on what to use it for (e) Others (explain) 3.3.4 What is the biggest obstacle to you not selling the cocoa beans yourself? (for female respondents only if they are not involved in the selling of cocoa beans – be it wet or dried) 90 3.3.5 What are your business expenditures? Expenditure types Ranking Comments Equipment Materials (e.g.poly bags) Laborers Transportation - fuel Transportation - hire Savings Others (explain) Others (explain) 3.3.6 Is engaging in farming important to you, (yes/no), why? a. The income received is meeting my needs b. I do not have any other income generating option c. I am forced to work in the farm d. I enjoy working and doing cocoa farming e. Others (explain) 3.3.7 What impact has your engagement in cocoa farming had on: (a) Yourself (b) Your family (c) Your community (d) The life of your children (please explain for each) 3.3.8 What is one thing you wish to achieve through your involvement in farming? Have you reached that goal? (explain) Appendix 3 91 3.4 TRAINING 3.4.1 Has your household received any training on cocoa production? (a) yes (b) no 3.4.2 If yes, who provided this training? 3.4.3 If yes, who attended this training? (a) Husband (b) wife (c) other family member (d) laborers (e) not applicable 3.4.4 How is the person attending training decided upon? (a) Depends on who is available (b) The one who is more educated in the family (c) Has to be the household head (husband) (d) Has to be related to the role the person in doing in the farm (e) Others (explain) 3.4.5 Would you wish you would have attended? Why? (ask only if the respondent is the wife or female member of the household and is not attending any training at all) 3.4.6 If yes, what type of training was provided? (trainings provided may be related to the following) (a) Technical training (b) Financial management training (c) Business/Farm management training (d) Others (explain) 3.4.7 If yes, how useful was this training to your role in the farm business? (a) Very relevant and useful (b) Not so relevant (c) Was a waste of time 3.4.8 If select (c), why? 92 PART 4. COCOA AND COCONUT PRODUCTION (ONLY FOR FARMERS ENGAGED IN BOTH) 4.1.1 Why do you choose to farm both cocoa and coconut? (a) To increase household income (b) To meet seasonal shortfalls (c) To make use of land availability (d) Others (explain) 4.1.2 Which of them is more important to you? (a) Cocoa (b) Coconut (c) Both important, why? 4.1.3 How do you manage both farms? (a) Work on them alternately during the week (b) Determine by market price which to concentrate on (c) Depends on how much labor is available (d) Work on both with paid laborers (e) Others (explain) 4.1.4 How do you sell the coconut fruits? (a) As green coconuts in the market, why? (b) As dry coconuts at the market, why? (c) As dry coconuts to copra producers, why? (d) As dry coconuts to DME operator, why? (e) Make my own copra (f) Others (explain) 4.1.5 How far do you have to travel to sell your coconut fruits? (a) Sale to a buyer in the village (b) Travel to find a buyer in the next villages (c) Travel to Honiara and sale to dedicated buyer (d) Travel to Honiara and find a buyer to sell to 4.1.6 How far do you have to travel to sell your copra? (a) Sale to a buyer in the village (b) Travel to find a buyer in the next villages (c) Travel to Honiara and sale to dedicated buyer (d) Travel to Honiara and find a buyer to sell to 4.1.7 Does engaging in two cash crops increase your share of the sales? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Others (explain) Appendix 3 93 PART 5: COCOA SOLAR DRYERS 5.1 Did you receive a cocoa solar dryer under the RDP program? a) Yes b) No 5.2 If yes, household did receive a cocoa solar dryer: How did you dry your cocoa beans before? What are the advantages of the solar dryer? What are the disadvantages of the solar dryer? For female respondents only: Were you involved in cocoa drying before the solar dryer? a) Yes b) No If yes, why; if no, why not? 5.3. If no, household did not receive a cocoa solar dryer: Do you dry your cocoa beans at home? If yes, how do you dry them? Why do you choose this method? If no, do you dry them elsewhere? a) No, I sell only wet beans b) Yes, I use another family member’s dryer c) Yes, I use a neighbor’s dryer Have you visited a neighbor who has a cocoa solar dryer? a) Yes b) No What do you think about the cocoa solar dryer? 5.4 FOR FEMALE RESPONDENTS ONLY: are there any cocoa-related activities you would like to be involved in? Are there any barriers preventing this? 94 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. Appendix 3 95 96 Photo: Rachel Skeates-Millar/World Bank. Appendix 4 COCOA AGRIBUSINESS PARTNERSHIPS UNDER RDP II PROVINCE NAME LEAD PARTNER Guadalcanal Pitukoli Cocoa Rehabilitation and Marketing Project JEMS Cocoa Enterprises Ltd Makira Ulawa Ngauha Cocoa Rehabilitation and Replanting Arania Enterprise Ltd Makira Ulawa Pakera Enterprises Limited Partnership Pakera Enterprises Ltd Malaita Arania & Aimela Ward Cocoa Association Arania Enterprise Ltd Malaita AJ Cocoa Partnership AJ Partners Temotu PZTR Investments Partnership PZTR Investments Western Improving, Increasing and Sustaining High Jesca Theo Commodities Quality Cocoa Production Enterprise Multiple Chan Wing Motors Cocoa Exporter Partnership Chan Wing Motors Appendix 4 97 98 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. REFERENCES AECOM Australia Pty Ltd. 2015. “SOLS22 (Stage 2): Eves, R., and J. Crawford. 2014. “Do No Harm: The Cocoa Marketing Study.” PHAMA Technical Report 84. Relationship between Violence Against Women and Women’s Economic Empowerment in the Pacific.” In Asian Development Bank. 2015. “Solomon Islands Brief 2014/3. Canberra: Australian National University. Country Gender Assessment.” Manila: ADB. FAO. 2011. “The role of women in agriculture.” ESA Asian South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education. 2007. Working Paper No. 11-02. Rome: FAO. “Solomon Islands: Summary Report. Educational Experience Survey – Education, Language and Literary Fernandez, M., 2009. “Thematic Note 1: Gender in Experience.” Asia-South Pacific EdWatch. Canberra: Extension Organizations.” In Gender in Agriculture ASPBAE. Sourcebook, eds. World Bank, FAO and IFAD pp. 268-273. AusAID. 2006. “Solomon Islands Smallholder Agriculture Study: Volume 2 – Subsistence Production, Georgeou, N., C. Hawksley, A. Ride, M. Kii, and W. Livestock and Social Analysis.” Canberra: AusAID. Turasi. 2015. “Human Security and Livelihoods in Savo Island, Solomon Islands: Engaging with the Market Brislane, J., and J. Crawford. 2014. “Gender Equality Economy: A Report for Honiara City Council.” is smart economics – but it takes more than money Australia: Australian Catholic University and and markets.” Gender Matters, Issue #5. Melbourne: University of Wollongong. International Women’s Development Agency. Hedditch, S., and C. Manuel. 2010. “Solomon Islands Cahn, M., and M. Liu. 2008. “Women and rural Gender and Investment Climate Reform Assessment.” livelihood training: a case study from Papua New Washington, DC: IFC. Guinea.” Gender & Development 16(1): 133–146. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2016. DFAT. 2016. “Draft Design Paper on the Solomon “Investing in Women along Agribusiness Value Chains.” Islands Growth Program.” Canberra: DFAT. Washington, DC: IFC. References 99 ———. 2016a. “The Positive Impact of ANZ’s Mobile Smee, S., and R. Martin. 2016. “The Double Burden – Banking Product on the lives of Solomon Islanders.” The Impact of Economic Empowerment Initiatives on Honiara: IFC. Women’s Workload.” Melbourne: International Women’s Development Agency. KIT, Agri-ProFocus and the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR). 2012. “Challenging chains Stern, M., L. Jones-Renaud, and M. Hillesland. 2016. to change: Gender equity in agricultural value chain “Intervention Guide for the Women’s Empowerment development.” Amsterdam: KIT Publishers, The Royal in Agriculture Index (WEAI): Practitioner’s Guide Tropical Institute (KIT). to Selecting and Designing WEAI Interventions”? Washington, DC: USAID. Krushelnytska, O. 2015. “Toward Gender-Equitable Fisheries Management in Solomon Islands.” Honiara: UN Women. 2012. “Rural Pacific Island Women and World Bank. Agriculture: Evidence, Data and Knowledge in Pacific Island Countries.” Suva: UN Women. Laven, A. 2016. “Cocoa and Coconut in the Solomon Islands: A Family Affair.” The Royal Tropical Institute World Bank. 2014. “Solomon Islands Second Rural (KIT): Amsterdam – commissioned by PHAMA. Development Program (RDP II) Project Appraisal Document.” PAD1074. Washington, DC: World Bank. Leonard, K., and K. Vasilaky. 2016. “As good as the company they keep? Improving farmers’ social ———. 2017. “Solomon Islands Systematic Country networks.” Policy Brief Issue 15. Washington, DC: Diagnostic Priorities for Supporting Poverty Reduction World Bank Gender Innovation Lab. & Promoting Shared Prosperity.” Washington, DC: World Bank. Meinzen-Dick, R., A. Quisumbing, J. Behrman, P. Biermayr-Jenzano, V. Wilde, M. Noordeloos, C. Ragasa, ———. 2018. “Solomon Islands Second Rural and N. Beintema. 2010. “Engendering Agricultural Development Program Project: restructuring.” Research, Discussion Paper 00973.” Washington, Washington, DC: World Bank. DC: IFPRI. World Health Organization. 2015. “Solomon Islands Ministry of Education and Human Resource Health System Review.” Suva: Asia Pacific Observatory Development. 2012. “Performance Assessment on Health Systems and Policies. Framework Report 2009-2011.” Honiara: Solomon Islands Government. Pacific Women Shaping Pacific Development. 2018. https://pacificwomen.org/ Pamphilon, B., and K. Mikhailovich. 2016. “Building gender equity through a Family Teams approach: a program to support the economic development of women smallholder farmers and their families in Papua New Guinea.” ACIAR Monograph No. 194. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. 100 Photo: Tom Perry/World Bank. Introduction 101 102 Front Cover Image: Rachel Skeates-Millar/World Bank. Back Cover Thomas Perry/World Bank.