S P D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R NO. 0616 38170 rev. Pension Systems in Latin America: Concepts and Measurements of Coverage Rafael Rofman Leonardo Lucchetti Guzmán Ourens Updated October 2008 Pension Systems in Latin America: Concepts and Measurements of Coverage Rafael Rofman, Leonardo Lucchetti and Guzmán Ourens*** October 2008**** Rafael Rofman (rrofman@worldbank.org) is a Lead Social Protection Specialist at the Human Development Department, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office (LCSHS), the World Bank. Leonardo Lucchetti (llucche2@uiuc.edu) worked at this project while being a Junior Professional Associate at the Human Development Department, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office (LCSHS), the World Bank. ***Guzmán Ourens (gourens@gmail.com) is a research assistant at the Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de la República, Uruguay. ****This is an updated and expanded version of the paper: Rofman, Rafael and Leonardo Lucchetti. 2006. "Social Security in Latin America: Concepts and Measurements of Coverage." Social Protection Discussion Papers: Washington DC. This version includes data from additional countries, as well as an expanded period of reference. The information and opinions contained in this work are the exclusive responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent their employers. We would like to thank Alejandro Tamola for his help processing some of the data bases, and Fabio Bertranou, Marisa Bucheli, Ivan Cordero, Carmen Corral, Alvaro Forteza, Ramiro Gamboa, Carlos Grushka, Carmelo Mesa Lago, Eduardo Morón, Thomas Otter, Helena Ribe, and Francis Suñiga Gonzalez, for their comments and guidance. Gustavo Demarco, Robert Palacios and Fabio Bertranou provided excellent comments, as well as participants in several seminars held in Washington and Buenos Aires, where earlier versions of the document were presented. Sarah Bailey and Maria Lourdes Noel provided invaluable support editing the document, and Stanislao Maldonado helped us with a final revision of the data set. Of course, the information and opinions contained in this work are the exclusive responsibility of the authors. I. INTRODUCTION Pension systems' performance around the world can be usually assessed by considering three dimensions: coverage, adequacy, and sustainability. The first dimension refers to the proportion of the elderly population protected by the systems (and, if contributory, the proportion of young adults contributing). Adequacy refers to the level of benefits and whether those who receive them are able to maintain an "adequate" level of consumption. Finally, sustainability refers to the ability, of society and government, to maintain the systems operating without major disturbances in fiscal accounts. This paper focuses on the coverage dimension, looking at empirical data in Latin America. Coverage of pension systems has slowly become a central issue in the policy debate in the region. After more than two decades of reforms and debates, the central problem of the pension systems in Latin America (how to protect most workers and their families from the economic risks caused by aging and retirement from the labor force) remains unsolved in countries were structural reforms were implemented, as well as in countries where reforms were limited to parametric adjustments and countries where no significant reforms were adopted. Proposals and debates over the last decade have been shaped by ideological positions and objectives that were not always related to the central goals of the programs, and should not be the driving force to shape the social security systems. Good practice in policy design requires rigorous evaluation, which in turn requires data sources that are reliable, comparable, and consistent over time. However, many analyses are seriously affected by the lack of such data, impairing the ability of policy makers to review and propose reforms to the systems. This problem is clear with regards to coverage and fiscal impacts of the old age income protection systems, as data sources have serious problems of definitions, consistency, and comparability, over time and across countries. This paper presents a new stage in the efforts by the authors to produce a reliable estimation of coverage indicators in the region. This project started in 2004-05 with the analysis of a coverage data for a smaller group of countries around 2002 (Rofman and Carranza, 2005), as was significantly revised and expanded, to include time series beginning in the mid 1990s in 2006-07. This version presents a new expansion in the time series of indicators, going now from 1990 to 2006, and included additional countries in the region. Of course, the data still present gaps, and comparability problems originated on differences in the sources are still present, as explained in the methodological annex. The literature on pension systems generally agrees that the core objectives of these systems are to prevent poverty among the elderly and smooth consumption profiles over a person's lifetime. In addition, several authors have focused their analysis on other objectives or secondary aspects that need to be addressed when designing pension systems, such as their effects on national savings, the accumulation of capital, the labor market, or the fiscal situation. The relative importance of each of these elements (including the role of the State in the design, implementation, and management of the systems) varies in accordance with the philosophical and political position of the various authors. Some authors believe that the principal objective should be the alleviation of poverty in extreme cases. Others propose a broader approach, giving the pension system a central role in a society's income redistribution policy. A third group focuses on the labor market, 1 understanding that pension benefits are part of labor agreements in the form of delayed wages and, as such, only in the context of a performing labor market is it possible to find an effective pension system. This controversy on the best way to achieve the core objectives of pension is far from being settled, and it seems that better information on what is the current status and recent trends on coverage and access should clarify the debate. A good conceptual definition is a necessary but insufficient condition for ensuring proper empirical measurements of coverage. There are many methodological problems, arising from practical difficulties for implementing the concept. These include the quality of the information collection instruments, availability and access to databases, and issues involving the comparability of different countries and different time spans. Data were available for 18 countries, for a period that starts in the early 1990s to the mid 2000s. Recognizing the difficulties involved in comparing the available information, the paper presents a group of similar indicators that make it possible to measure coverage in the various countries, both among active workers and among the elderly. In addition, several socio-demographic characteristics of the covered population are presented and discussed, identifying relevant differentials. The covariates taken into account in the study are: age, geographical areas, sector of employment, level of education, gender, occupation, firm size, and income quintiles. The paper has five sections, including this introduction and final conclusions, and three annexes. The second section discusses the conceptual dimension of pension coverage. The third section focuses on the methodological approach and discusses problems and caveats, while the fourth presents comparative results for the 18 countries considered. Two annexes include detailed data on coverage for each country, considering the systems as a whole (in Annex I) and only the non contributory schemes for countries with available data (Annex II). Finally, Annex III offers a detailed explanation of methodological aspects. II. PENSION SYSTEMS, THEIR OBJECTIVES AND TOOLS Pension systems are State-instituted transfer programs, aiming at providing income security to the elderly in a context where traditional informal arrangements are considered to be insufficient. The rationale that supports the creation of pension systems is clear. In traditional societies, the elderly were either supported through family or informal social networks that shared food and goods produced by its members, or received no support at all, living in poverty and exposed to high morbidity and mortality. As economies developed, labor markets extended and salaried work became the main source of income for most households, an alternative approach to this problem became necessary. This need was enhanced by the demographic transition process, as the ratio of elderly to young adults in families slowly increased, making the old informal arrangements less sustainable. While the overarching goal is generally agreed upon, there are divergences on how to achieve it. Debates are focused on three main dimensions, where analysts and policy makers have opposing views. First, there are some divergences regarding the links between pension systems and the labor market, a question that defines who has the right to receive benefits as a general principle. The second area of debate is the origin of financial resources for the system, where some support the idea of requiring contributions from future beneficiaries (hence, making the system "contributory") and others propose to keep it open to all individuals, making it "non contributory". The third dimension in discussion 2 refers to the role of the State, either as a facilitator, enforcer or provider. While there are other debates (the most noticeable one in regards to whether contributory pension systems should be pre-funded or an intergenerational transfer scheme), they seem to refer to a second level problem, as they do not affect the main principles of the systems, but how they are implemented. The three main controversies are presented next. - Postponed salaries or citizens right? A central discussion regarding pension systems is whether they should be considered as a continuation of a financial flow for salaried workers after retirement or a benefit provided to all citizens. The first approach is based on the idea that the need for a pension system originates in the inability of individuals to continue working and earning salaries after a certain age. This would make it necessary to find a scheme in order to replace those lost earnings. Within this logic, there would be no reason to provide pension benefits to those who had no earnings before retirement, since they have no "loss" at retirement that needs to be compensated. Alternatively, the second approach postulates that the society concern should not be about replacing income, but about ensuring adequate living conditions for a group (the elderly) that cannot generate income in the form of labor earnings. In this view, all individuals should have the right to receive benefits, regardless of their past history, and the only discriminating criteria that should be admissible are the existence of alternative income sources, such as savings, capital earnings, et cetera. This controversy is usually presented as the opposition between those supporting "Bismarkian" models and those preferring "Beveridgian" schemes, in reference to the founders of the pension systems in Germany and the UK. - Contributory or non-contributory? The second area of debate is about the financing principles of pension systems. This discussion relates to the previous one, as the previous one focuses on who should receive benefits, and this is about who should finance them. The opposing views, in this case, refer to whether the system should be financed by those who will benefit from it or by the population in general, through general taxation. The first approach is defined as "contributory", since those who contribute earn the right to receive benefits, the second, by opposition, as "non contributory". Proponents of pension systems as income-smoother mechanisms usually prefer contributory schemes, as it is relatively simple to link benefits to previous earnings through contributions. Thus, active workers would contribute part of their salaries to the system, and then receive a benefit proportional to past contributions and wages. The smoothing effect can be achieved through different schemes, including funded systems (where workers save to finance their future benefits) or unfunded systems (where current workers finance current retirees), as well as individual (where each worker provides for him or herself) or collective (where a group of workers provide for each other). Non-contributory approaches usually focus on the elderly needs, regardless of past income or contributions history. With this approach, the source of financing becomes irrelevant, as long as it is sustainable. Benefits are assigned to all elderly (in universal models) or those who need assistance (in targeted models). The first approach has some advantages in terms of political economy (universal programs usually have wider public support as everyone benefits from them) and managing costs, but it may be unnecessarily 3 costly if they end up providing generous benefits to those who already had adequate means to support themselves. While income-smoothing schemes are usually organized as contributory schemes, this is not caused by technical constraints. It is possible, and there are more than a few examples around the world, to design a contributory scheme that provides universal or targeted poverty alleviation for the elderly. Symmetrically, systems financed with general revenue taxes but paying benefits that are linked to individual income history are also common. However, these combinations are usually strongly criticized from a political economy perspective, as they tend to generate implicit and sometimes unwanted effects on income distribution. In most countries actual pension systems are organized as a combination of contributory and non contributory schemes, as they provide poverty alleviation and income-smoothing. All across Latin America, and also throughout the world, pension systems have components that aim at replacing income and components that aim at providing basic support to the elderly. This combination was traditionally achieved in an implicit way, as pension systems were formally contributory and fully financed through "Pay-As-You-Go" (PAYG) schemes, but in practice most of them had minimum or non- contributory pensions and received some financial support from general revenues. Many structural reforms in the 1990s introduced multipillar schemes, where the components became more clearly separated, as zero and first pillars focus on distributive goals and second and third pillars on income smoothing through individual savings. - The role of the State While agreeing in the need for income security, scholars and policy makers have important differences about the role the State should have, either as a regulator, facilitator or provider. The literature is wide open and full of controversies in this matter. Some analysts suggest that the State should limit its role to regulation of financial and insurance markets that could provide adequate financial tools for most individuals trying to smooth their lifetime consumption, allowing them to exercise their own decisions with regards to their lifetime consumption strategy. By adequately regulating financial and insurance markets, the State would allow most workers to save according to their preferences during their working years and then spend these funds after retirement, either through regular savings schemes or through annuity providers. A second approach proposes that the State should have a more proactive role, mostly because market incentives may not be fully aligned with social interest. Thus, governments could promote individual savings, by subsidizing them (for example, declaring long term savings as income tax free), matching individual's contributions to private savings accounts, and so on. Finally, a third approach considers that these measures are not enough to overcome problems such as information asymmetry, myopia and uncertainty, and consequently the State needs to actively intervene in the process by providing income support in the form of a state run pension system, with compulsory participation. Pension system coverage is one of the main indicators of the effectiveness of the State's policy regarding income security, but the way it is measured is affected by the definition of this policy. It is not the only one as other aspects, such as benefits adequacy or financial and political sustainability are equally important. Coverage is the first indicator of inclusion, since a system that is sustainable and adequate but does not cover most of those who are supposed to be protected suffers from a serious failure as a public policy. 4 Coverage definitions and measurement is affected by the policy principles adopted for the system's design. For example, systems that focus on labor market participation and aim at maintaining an income flow after retirement should have, in general, lower coverage than those aiming at universal coverage, but this should not be treated as evidence of a flaw in the system, since the policy goal is to cover a smaller portion of the population. A similar problem arises with regards to coverage measurement among active workers. The literature usually considers that workers are covered if they are affiliated or contributing to a pension system. However, if a country has a universal pension scheme financed with general revenue funds, then everyone is covered regardless of any affiliation. In fact, the most serious conceptual and methodological problems arise when considering coverage among active workers, since the definition of this status is not clear. The most common definition of coverage in social protection programs refers to the proportion of persons receiving a benefit within a given reference group, considered to be the "target population." This general definition needs to be refined when considering pension systems, since it is necessary to indicate the type of benefit involved and the target population that will be considered when evaluating the scope of the system. According to Grushka (2001) and Bertranou, Grushka and Rofman (2001a, 2001b), quite frequently when discussing pension coverage, reference is made to those individuals who are receiving a pension or retirement benefit. Nonetheless, coverage has two phases. The first is related to the period in which a worker contributes to the system and accrues the right to benefits. This phase is coverage of the economically active population. The second is related to the receipt of monetary benefits when the individual reaches an advanced age, that is, coverage of the elderly. Coverage indicators among active workers are usually presented as ratios of covered to potentially covered population. One indicator is the ratio between the number of affiliates to pension systems (that is, individuals registered in the pension institutions), and the economically active population. A great advantage of this indicator is the relative simplicity of its calculation. Indeed, even those pension systems with the most deficient administrations are generally capable of estimating the number of workers enrolled, and the size of the economically active population is easy to obtain. Nonetheless, the indicator poses serious problems when analyzed in detail, since many individuals enrolled in the systems are not actually eligible to receive benefits. The records of pension institutions also tend to exaggerate the number of actual affiliates, as erroneous or duplicate records are rarely corrected. One particular problem that became evident after the pension reforms in Latin America is that workers can enroll as participants but not make contributions (or make just a few in the course of their economically active life), either because they lose their job, or because they abandon economic activities (but without applying for benefits, since they do not meet the legal requirements), or simply because they stop paying into the system, joining the informal sector, yet without "disenrolling." This phenomenon of alternation between a status of non-activity, unemployment, informal employment, and formal employment to economically active population, results in a high and ever-growing ratio of affiliates which eventually surpasses 100%.1 1When analyzing the Argentine case, Paz (2004) estimated that 24% of the economically active population moves between jobs with contributions, jobs without contributions, and unemployment. 5 Figure 1 illustrates the evolution of this indicator in Argentina, Chile, and Mexico, based on the number of years passed since the implementation of the reforms. The ratio tends to steadily grow in the three countries, even during recession periods, simply because those who were affiliates and stop contributing during the crises maintained their status. Eventually, the ratio tends to reach and surpass the 100% mark, indicating that there are more affiliates than labor force in the country (in Chile that occurred in 1995, 15 years after the reform). The problem with this indicator (the lack of relevance of the number of affiliates to the system) also affects another commonly used indicator in analyses of the new funded schemes: the ratio of contributors to affiliates, which tends to decline overtime. Figure 1. Ratio of affiliates to labor force ratio, by years after the reform Argentina, Chile and Mexico. 120% Chile 100% e rcoFrob 80% La Argentina of 60% % Mexico 40% 20% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Years since reform Source: Own, based on information from Arenas de Mesa (2001), SAFJP (2005), CONSAR, and ECLAC Trying to avoid these distortions, several authors prefer to compare the number of contributors (that is, the number of persons actually making contributions in a given period) with the number of workers employed--occupational coverage--or with the economically active population (EAP)--coverage of the labor force--in order to provide better estimations of coverage. Though this measurement seems more appropriate, it is important to note that it is not free of biases or distortions. The problem is that the definition of what "being covered" means for active workers is not always clear, as discussed before. Some workers may be covered (meaning that they have the right to receive benefits after retirement) even if they are not making contributions, if they qualify for non-contributory benefits or if they have already made enough contributions to qualify for a contributory benefit. Others, are not covered even if they make contributions, since they live in a country where a relatively high vesting period is required for accessing benefits. Measuring coverage of the elderly poses fewer difficulties than measuring coverage for the economically active population, since instead of measuring the accrual of rights to a potential benefit, the indicators are based on the number of individuals actually receiving benefits. The indicator customarily used in this regard is the proportion of the elderly population that receives a retirement benefit or pension. This measurement has some limitations, as some elderly individuals may qualify for retirement benefits but prefer to 6 continue working, and others may have enough alternative resources that they do not need or want to apply for a retirement benefit. Bertranou, Grushka and Rofman (2001a) proposed three alternative measurements for coverage among the elderly that would take these factors into consideration. Accordingly, it would be possible to measure "individual coverage," which would estimate the proportion of the population receiving a benefit, "joint coverage," which includes spouses of benefit recipients among those covered, or "joint occupational coverage," which also includes as "covered" those persons who remain employed in the labor market and their spouses. The relevance of this final indicator is that its complement (that is, those who are not covered) are persons who do not have any income from the labor market or from the pension system. Their survival, therefore, depends on the consumption of savings or family transfers. III.METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND CAVEATS: Data sources, comparability and risks. Traditionally, coverage has been measured using registration data, a simple choice given the availability of data sources. This provides a simple method for monitoring coverage trends over time, since pension agencies and institutes customarily release annual membership figures. The method also makes it possible, if the records are high in quality, to analyze labor histories and observe the "density" of their contributions, which cannot be accurately measured by other means. However, using records poses certain problems. Information in countries with multiple independent systems can vary in availability. The quality of the records can also vary (in particular, many pension systems are affected by the existence of incorrect records or duplications). Finally, other socio-demographic characteristics of the population with coverage may be hard to determine through these records. In countries with multiple pension systems, it is common that records are readily available for the largest national schemes, but less accessible for smaller schemes. The most serious problems are seen in relation to sub-national systems (such as provincial pension funds in Argentina or state pension funds in Brazil and Mexico) or systems that cover a specific occupation (such as professional funds in Uruguay, Paraguay, or Argentina, civil servants systems in Peru and Mexico, or retirement schemes for the military and police in almost all the countries of the region), since such programs rarely offer updated, reliable information. Given this situation, one promising alternative consists of using data from household surveys, which allow for a more detailed analysis of the information and reduce the influence of administrative errors. Household surveys collect detailed data on a variety of socio-demographic and economic characteristics, making cross-comparisons of variables possible and assemble information that is not available in the official records. In recent years, several studies have been published in the region using this methodology, but they rarely include international comparisons. Among these works are case studies on Argentina (Bertranou, Grushka and Rofman, 2003), Brazil (MPS, 2004), Ecuador (World Bank, 2006), Paraguay (Cruces and Arca, 2003), Peru (World Bank, 2003), and Uruguay (Bucheli, 2004). Some efforts have also been made to collect information on coverage based on surveys at a regional level, assembling comparable published information. These comparisons represent an important advance in the effort to obtain cross-national data, but they have rarely gone beyond a description of the most basic indicators. Among the most important works in this area are 7 the report issued by the ILO (2000), a compilation of data from surveys published by Packard (2002), and a more recent study focusing on employment histories, by Gasparini (2004). While more reliable than register information, data from household surveys are not problem-free, as a number of consistency and definition problems affect longitudinal and cross-national comparability. The problems arise from differences in coverage (some surveys are national, other are urban only), phrasing of questions (some surveys ask about affiliation in pension schemes, others about actual contributions; in some cases individuals are asked if they are pensioners, in others they are asked about sources of income, including pensions), individuals interviewed (in some cases, only salaried workers are questioned about their status, in others all workers are questioned) and, of course, differences in systems design. This paper presents the results of an effort to collect, review, and process household surveys for 18 countries in Latin America in a period that spans from the early 1990s to the mid 2000s2. Data series for each indicator were built and are presented in a statistical annex. Coverage is captured by measuring the proportion of the economically active population above the age of 20 who make contributions to a pension system as an indicator of coverage in the economically active stage and the proportion of the population over the age of 65 who receive benefits as an indicator of coverage among the elderly. For active workers, three indicators were selected and processed: (i) the ratio of contributors to economically active individuals (ii) the ratio of contributors to employed workers, and (iii) the ratio of contributors to wage earners. Additionally, two indicators for the elderly were considered: (i) the ratio of pension recipients to individuals over the age of 65 and (ii) the ratio of individuals aged 65 and more and residing in households with pension recipients to individuals over the age of 65. The indicators and their evolution are presented in the next section. Additionally, tabulates on the coverage rates for different groups were calculated, where age, geographical areas, sector of employment, level of education, gender, occupation, firm size, and income quintiles are the main covariates to be considered3. Results presented in this paper are generally consistent with published and unpublished data from national pension scheme registries around the region. While figures are not identical (and shouldn't be, considering the difference in sources), informal consultations with colleagues and local experts around the continent indicated that the data presented in the rest of the paper is reasonable and, with some unavoidable margin of error, represent the actual situation in each country. 2The analysis is similar to the one presented by Rofman and Carranza (2005) and Rofman and Lucchetti (2006), but the present one includes all the available data between 1990 and 2006. 3For a complete description of the indicators, coverage of every survey, description of the covariates, and the questions posed by all the surveys, see the methodological annex. 8 IV. MEASURING THE LEVEL AND EVOLUTION OF PENSION COVERAGE IN LATIN AMERICA IV.1 Coverage of the Active workers Figure 2 presents coverage rates for active workers in the mid 1990s and 2000s4, using the three indicators described in the previous section. Specifically, it shows the coverage of the economically active population, of the employed, and of the wage earner workers. Figure 2. Coverage Rates of the Economically Active Population (a) Economically Active Population 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR EC GU SA CO VE MX AR PA BR UY CR CL 1990s 2000s 4Since available years are not identical across countries, the data presented in figures in this section represent the closest years to 1995 and 2006 as available. Years used are: Argentina 1995 - 2006; Bolivia 1999 - 2005; Brazil 1995 - 2006; Chile 1996 - 2006; Colombia 1996-2006; Costa Rica 1995 - 2006; Dominican Rep. 2006; Ecuador 1995 - 2006; Guatemala 1998 - 2006; Honduras 2006; Mexico 1998 - 2006; Nicaragua 1998 - 2005; Panama 2004; Paraguay 1999 - 2006; Peru 1999- 2006; El Salvador 1995 - 2005; Uruguay 1995 - 2006; Venezuela 1995 - 2006. 9 Figure 2. Coverage Rates of the Economically Active Population (cont...) (b) Employed 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR EC GU SA CO VE MX AR PA BR UY CR CL 1990s 2000s (c) Wage Earners 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BO PY PE NI DR EC GU SA CO VE MX AR BR UY CR CL 1990s 2000s Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 4 Coverage rates of the labor force are below 30 percent in half of the countries for which this information could be obtained. The numbers somehow improve for the occupied and the wage earners, indicating that unemployment and low coverage among independent workers are a problem in most countries, but even so coverage continues to be low. Only four countries are providing pension protection to more than 70 percent of their salaried workers. Not only are the current levels low, but there are no clear signs of improvement in this period. Coverage of the labor force is higher in the mid 2000s than 1990s in some countries but lower in other ones. The observed variation in coverage might be at least partially driven by the business cycle. In the early 2000s, the deep recession that hit most countries in the region may have negatively impacted on coverage, but most countries were 10 already experiencing a strong recovery by the mid 2000s and yet social security coverage was not showing clear signs of improvement in most countries. Figure 3 presents the level of the coverage by sector of activity for the two periods under analysis. The employed population was divided into three groups of activity: agriculture, manufacturing and services (called primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors respectively in the figure). The primary sector has low coverage in relation to the other two sectors and the difference is considerable for those countries with relative lower aggregated coverage. This difference is expected given the difficulties experienced by traditional pension systems in covering the rural areas. The differences between manufacturing and services are relatively minor. The figure also indicates that, in several countries, the poor overall evolution of coverage of the employed is driven mainly by a steadily decreasing coverage in the manufacturing sector. Figure 3. Coverage Rates of the Employed Persons, by Sector of the Economy 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR EC GU SA 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 CO VE MX AR BR UY CR CL Primary 1990s Secondary 1990s Tertiary 1990s Primary 2000s Secondary 2000s Tertiary 2000s Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 4 11 It is also important to study the coverage indicator of the wage-earners depending on whether they work for the public or the private sector. One would expect a full coverage in the public sector; however, Figure 4 shows that this is far from being the case. In some cases, the coverage in the public sector is less than 80 percent, as in Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru in the 2000s. Though part of the gap could be explained by data misreporting, the low coverage rate of many of the countries in the public sector might be related to a real informality problem in the sector (which is growing over time in some cases, like in Argentina and Bolivia).5 Figure 4. Coverage Rates of Wage Earners, by Type of Employer 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 BO PY PE NI DR EC GU SA 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 CO VE MX AR BR UY CR CL Public 1990s Private 1990s Public 2000s Private 2000s Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 4 It is well known that there is a high correlation between the coverage of workers and the size of the workplace. Figure 5 confirms this view showing coverage rates of the employed by size of the firm. We considered three firm size groups -small (five or less workers), medium (6 to 50 workers), and big workplaces (more than 50 workers).6 5 In the case of Uruguay, we followed the methodology adopted by Marisa Bucheli (2004) who assumes that all the public sector is covered. Although this is not the case, it is close to the real situation in the country. 6 We could not do the same division for all of the countries given that the surveys do not contemplate the same size among countries. However, we tried to maintain a similar definition across countries. See the methodological annex for a full description in relation to the size of the workplace. 12 Figure 5. Coverage Rates of the Employed, by Firm Size 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 BO PY PE NI EC GU SA 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 VE MX AR BR UY CR CL Small 1990s Medium 1990s Large 1990s Small 2000s Medium 2000s Large 2000s Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 4 We explore in what follows whether coverage of the labor force also varies across individuals according to several socio-demographic characteristics like gender, age, income level and education. There are no systematic and important differences in the coverage of active workers by gender at any time in the observed period (Figure 6). Figure 6. Coverage Rates of the Economically Active Population, by gender 80 60 40 20 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR EC GU SA CO VE MX AR BR UY CR CL Male 1990s Male 2000s Female 1990s Female 2000s Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 4 13 Figure 7. Coverage Rates of the Employed, by Age 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR EC GU SA 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 CO VE MX AR PA BR UY CR CL 20-29 (1990s) 30-39 (1990s) 40-49 (1990s) 50-59 (1990s) 60-69 (1990s) 20-29 (2000s) 30-39 (2000s) 40-49 (2000s) 50-59 (2000s) 60-69 (2000s) Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 4 Figure 8 presents coverage rates of the labor force by quintiles of per capita income. In all countries, coverage of the labor force varies markedly across individuals by income level, consistently increasing from the poorest to the richest quintile. In most countries the poorest are practically out of the system. These differences do not seem to be due to the higher rates of unemployment that low income workers usually experience, since the employed population show basically the same pattern by income level described for the active population. The coverage gap between the rich and the poor seems to be widening in the region. In some countries this is taking place through an expansion of coverage at the top of the income distribution, with stable coverage at the bottom. In other countries -Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Uruguay- coverage is growing at the top and decreasing at the bottom. Argentina is the most dramatic example (Figure 9). 14 Figure 8. Coverage Rates of the Economically Active Population, by Quintile of Per capita Income 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 PY NI HO DR BO PE EC GU SA 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 CO VE MX AR PA BR UY CR CL Q-I (1990s) Q-II (1990s) Q-III (1990s) Q-IV (1990s) Q-V (1990s) Q-I (2000s) Q-II (2000s) Q-III (2000s) Q-IV (2000s) Q-V (2000s) Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 4 Figure 9. Argentina - Coverage Rates for Employed Workers by Quintile of Per capita Income. 80 60 40 20 0 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Serie5 Source: own, based on Survey of Households. 15 Coverage of the labor force also varies according to the education level (Figure 10). In all countries, the better educated show systematically higher rates of social security coverage than the less educated. In some countries, the gap seems to be widening (see for example Argentina and Venezuela). Figure 10. Coverage Rates of the Active Population, by Level of Education 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 BO PY PE NI HO DR EC GU SA 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 CO VE MX AR PA BR UY CR CL Primary 1990s Secondary 1990s Superior 1990s Primary 2000s Secondary 2000s Superior 2000s Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 4 The decrease in coverage of the Brazilian labor force in the three education levels observed in Figure 10 seems to be at odds with the increase in average coverage shown in figure 2. A significant improvement in the education of the population explains the puzzle. While the proportion of the active population with only primary education fell from 82.6% to 67.6% between 1995 and 2006, the proportion with secondary education rose from 12.3% to 23.1% and with superior education rose from 5.1% to 9.3%. Therefore, average coverage grew thanks to the improvement in education even when coverage of each education level fell. IV.2 Coverage of the Elderly Pension coverage among the elderly is relatively simpler to measure, as it only requires verification of whether individuals are actually receiving benefits or not. Figure 11 presents the coverage of the elderly (individuals aged 65 and above) in Latin America and its 16 evolution in the near past7. Coverage is extremely low in many countries, and only in Costa Rica, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay, and Brazil the rates are at about 60 percent or higher. In some countries, coverage decreased between the 1990s and the 2000s. The most significant increase in these years took place in Bolivia driven by the introduction of a non- contributory program, the Bonosol. The household surveys do not distinguish between contributory and non contributory beneficiaries in most cases, but the available information suggests that non-contributory pensions make a significant contribution to coverage in some countries. Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile and Costa Rica, surveys ask specifically about these programs. In these cases, those who receive only non contributory benefits represent 58%, 17%, 14% and 21% of the elderly, respectively. Uruguay and Argentina have small non contributory benefits that cover some poor individuals aged 70 or more that do not qualify for contributory retirement benefits. In Brazil, there is a large quasi-non contributory system that covers rural workers8. Other countries, like Mexico, have some non-contributory schemes at the subnational level. Figure 11. Coverage Rates of the Elderly 100 80 60 40 20 0 HO DR PY GU SA MX CO PE EC VE PA CR AR CL BR UY BO 1990s - Non cont. 2000s - Non cont. 1990s - Cont. 2000s - Cont. Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Notes: For exact years shown, see footnote 7. The lighter section of the bars represents beneficiaries that receive only non contributory pensions. Coverage of the elderly is larger among men than women in almost all countries. In several cases the coverage rate of men is twice as high as of women (Figure 12). 7 Years used are: Argentina 1995 - 2006; Bolivia 1999 - 2005; Brazil 1995 - 2006; Chile 1996 - 2006; Colombia 1996 - 2006; Costa Rica 1995 - 2006; Dominican Rep. 1996 - 2006; Ecuador 2006; Guatemala 1998 - 2006; Honduras 1995 - 2006; Mexico 1998 - 2006; Panama 1995 - 2006; Paraguay 1999 - 2006; Peru 1999- 2006; El Salvador 1997 - 2005; Uruguay 1995 - 2006; Venezuela 1995 - 2006. Notice that these years are not exactly the same as in the previous section. 8While the rural pension system in Brazil is formally contributory, contributions are not linked to salaries or individual income but on rural production. Benefits are not linked in any way to past contributions, but defined in relation with the minimum wage, and the system is heavily subsidized. (for a detailed discussion, see Schwarzer and Querino, 2002) 17 Figure 12. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Gender 100 80 60 40 20 0 HO DR PY GU SA MX CO PE EC VE PA CR AR CL BR UY BO Men 1990s - Non Cont. Men 2000s - Non Cont. Women 1990s - Non Cont. Women 2000s - Non Cont. Men 1990s - Cont. Men 2000s - Cont. Women 1990s - Cont. Women 2000s - Cont. Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 7. The lighter section of the bars represents beneficiaries that receive only non contributory pensions. Coverage rates tend to be higher at higher ages in countries that have comparatively mature pension systems and higher coverage (Figure 13). In turn, countries with lower average coverage fail to show increasing rates of coverage at advanced ages, probably responding to only very partial incorporation of older cohorts to the system. The proportion of the population receiving a social security benefit at ages close to the minimum retirement age seems to be reducing in some of the countries that exhibit highest coverage in the region (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay are the clearest examples). This could be a sign of increasing average retirement ages. 18 Figure 13. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Age 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 MX CO PE EC HO DR PY GU SA 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 VE PA CR AR CL BR UY BO 60-64 (1990s) 65-69 (1990s) 70-74 (1990s) 75-79 (1990s) 60-64 (2000s) 65-69 (2000s) 70-74 (2000s) 75-79 (2000s) Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 7. The lighter section of the bars represents beneficiaries that receive only non contributory pensions. Most contributors to pension are urban residents, as labor markets are better organized in cities and government agencies have more enforcement power. In consequence, most beneficiaries are also urban residents. Figure 14 presents coverage rates of the elderly by residence, showing that there is a considerable coverage gap favoring urban residents. Changes in the last decade do not seem to have affected the elderly differentially. Brazil is the exception in this case, due to the existence of a large, cuasi non-contributory, rural pension scheme. 19 Figure 14. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Region 100 80 60 40 20 0 HO DR PY GU SA MX CO PE EC VE PA CR AR CL BR UY BO Rural 1990s - Non Cont. Rural 2000s - Non Cont. Urban 1990s - Non Cont. Urban 2000s - Non Cont. Rural 1990s - Cont. Rural 2000s - Cont. Urban 1990s - Cont. Urban 2000s - Cont. Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 7. The lighter section of the bars represents beneficiaries that receive only non contributory pensions. Figure 15. Brazil - Coverage Rates of the Elderly by Region, 1992-2002 100 80 60 40 20 0 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 Rural Urban Source: own, based on Survey of Households Figure 16 shows coverage rates of the elderly, by quintiles of per capita income. The figure indicates a clear bias towards covering the richer groups in almost every country, a finding consistent with the literature. There seems to be three clear categories of countries in this respect. The first group includes six countries (Honduras, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Paraguay, and Mexico) that offer low protection (less than 40% coverage rate) to all income groups, with some inequities. This group pension systems coverage could be characterized as "universally low with inequities". The second group includes four countries (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and Panama) that provide better protection to the rich elderly, but their incidence among the poor is minimal. A characterization of coverage in these countries could be "reasonable for the rich, minimum for the poor". Finally, the third group of countries is integrated by those that provide protection to most of their citizens (Costa Rica, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay and Brazil). While there are some inequities in access, coverage among the poorest is 20 significant, partly thanks to the impact of non contributory benefits. This group's coverage could be defined as "reasonable, with some inequities"9. Figure 16. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Quintile 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 HO DR PY GU SA MX CO PE EC 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 VE PA CR AR CL BR UY BO Q-I (1990s) Q-II (1990s) Q-III (1990s) Q-IV (1990s) Q-V (1990s) Q-I (2000s) Q-II (2000s) Q-III (2000s) Q-IV (2000s) Q-V (2000s) Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 7. The lighter section of the bars represents beneficiaries that receive only non contributory pensions. The decline in overall coverage reported before appears to be affecting mostly the poorest groups. This trend is particularly acute in Argentina (Figure 17). In turn, the richest quintile has improved its coverage in several countries. 9The inclusion of Bolivia in this group is caused by the non contributory scheme (BONOSOL), which covers almost 75% of the population in a very equalitarian way. If only the contributory scheme is considered, then Bolivia would be part of the first group ("universally low with inequities") 21 Figure 17. Argentina ­ Coverage Rates of the Elderly by Quintile 100 80 60 40 20 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Source: own, based on Survey of Households Figure 18. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Level of Education 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 HO DR PY GU SA MX CO PE EC 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 VE PA CR AR CL BR UY BO Primary 1990s Secondary 1990s Superior 1990s Primary 2000s Secondary 2000s Superior 2000s Source: own, based on Survey of Households. Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 7. The lighter section of the bars represents beneficiaries that receive only non contributory pensions. The finding that higher income households are better covered by pensions is to some extent tautological though. Indeed, as pensions are part of the household income used to classify households, it is just natural to find a higher proportion of pension recipients in high income households. This tautological reasoning can be circumvented using education as a proxy for lifetime income. Old individuals achieved their maximum educational level years before retiring, and the literature has shown that there is a strong link between 22 educational attainment and lifetime income. As expected, the pension systems cover higher educated individuals more extensively than those with lower education, in most countries. The coverage gaps and trends observed with regards to income levels are similar for this dimension, but differences are smaller. Still, the three groups of countries described before can be easily identified in Figure 18. Pension benefits received by covered individuals are regularly used to finance their consumption, as well as that of other members of their household. Adapting a definition originally used for Argentina by Bertranou, Grushka and Rofman (2001a), we present an alternative measurement of coverage that includes all members of households in which there is at least one pensioner. This approach allows considering spouses and dependents of covered individuals as covered as well. The indicator ("joint coverage") thus represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one pension benefit is received. Figure 19 presents, for comparison, both the individual and the joint coverage for each country. As expected, joint coverage is somewhat higher than individual coverage, since it includes all beneficiaries and their relatives aged 65 and more. The effect is similar in almost all the countries, with increases in coverage ranging from 2 to 12 percentage points. The evolution of both indicators, as expected, is also similar over time. Figure 19. Individual and Joint Coverage 100 80 60 40 20 0 HO DR PY GU SA EC BO MX CO PE VE CR PA CL AR BR UY Individual 1990s Individual 2000s Joint 1990s Joint 2000s Source: own, based on Survey of Households Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 7. Finally, as discussed in previous sections, coverage is only one dimension to assess the effectiveness of a pension system. High coverage with extremely low benefits results in inadequate income protection for the elderly. An indirect approach to assess the adequacy of pension benefits is to consider the proportion of total household income that originates from pensions, in the case of households with pensioners. Figure 20 shows these proportions for each country, for households composed exclusively of elderly members and households that have younger and older members (but, still, at least one of them is a pensioner)10. As expected the importance of pension benefits in the household budget is less important when younger individuals live in the household, since some of them have other income sources. Still, in many countries the proportion for these households is over 10This figure is only for contributory benefits, as data on noncontributory benefits income is incomplete in most surveys. 23 50%, showing that pension benefits have an important role to finance consumption of younger individuals. In elderly only households, the proportions are high, over 70% in most countries, with the exception of Dominican Republic and Peru, where benefits appear to be relatively low in comparison with other income sources. Figure 20. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family 100 80 60 40 20 0 HO DR PY GU SA EC BO MX PE CR PA CL AR BR UY Total 1990s Total 2000s Only Elderly 1990s Only Elderly 2000s Source: own, based on Survey of Households Note: For exact years shown, see footnote 7. V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES This paper presents the results of an important effort to collect, review, and process information from household surveys in Latin America, to measure pension coverage and some relevant covariates. After reviewing existing data, a set of eighteen countries was selected and available data since the early 1990s was processed. While this paper does not aim at presenting an elaborate analytical framework, explaining coverage determinants or attempting to identify causalities, it provides an important amount of comparable data that allows formulation of a few stylized facts about pension coverage in Latin America: - Coverage among active workers is low in most countries, as less than 40% of the labor force made regular contributions to pension systems in 12 of the 18 countries considered in the mid 2000s. This low coverage is partly caused by high unemployment and low participation of self employed workers, but even if only salaried workers are considered, there are seven countries with rates at 50% or below. - Problems are higher among workers in the primary sector and small firms, where coverage is almost non existent, with a few exceptions. Manufacturing and services sectors are doing better, and large firms (50 workers or more) have very high rates. - As expected, coverage is high among public sector employees. However, in most countries this rate is far from 100% (in some cases, as Argentina, Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru is below 80%), showing that compliance problems also affect the public sector. 24 - Women generally have lower coverage rates than men, particularly among the elderly. The data seem to indicate that the cause of the gender bias in coverage among the elderly is not mainly a differential access to contributory systems for woman in the labor force, but differences in access to the labor force. It is also possible that the large differences in elderly coverage by sex observed in recent years respond to very low coverage of the currently old women when they were in their working age. - Poor workers have little or no participation in contributory pension systems, with the exception of two or three countries. In the mid 2000s, coverage of the lowest quintile was below 20% in 13 of the 18 countries in the sample, while the rates for the highest quintile were between three and forty five times larger. Inequity in access has increased since the 1990s in countries with high coverage and declined in those with lower coverage. - Coverage of contributory schemes among the elderly is very low in most countries in the region, since eleven of the eighteen countries with available data provide pensions to 40% of their elderly or less. The low coverage of public pensions affects more seriously those living in rural areas, the poorest and least educated. - Four countries (Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil) have significantly higher coverage rates, at about 60% or higher. Two other countries, Costa Rica and Bolivia, join the group when non contributory benefits are considered. If older individuals living in households where at least one member receives a benefit are also considered as covered, then rates grow to over 70% in Chile and Argentina and over 90% in Uruguay and Brazil. - The trends in elderly coverage have been mixed since the 1990s. Some countries had small increases in rates, while other countries had declines. These changes are slow by design since individuals live long periods as retirees. In a few cases there is a declining trend in the overall rates, which is mostly originated in a lower flow of new retirements. For example, in Argentina the coverage rate of population aged 65 to 69 declined by 9 percentage points. While findings in this document are useful to better understand the pension systems in the region, much remains to be done. On one hand, the data presented in the paper and its annex will probably require further evaluation as definition, inconsistencies and comparison problems are likely to be identified once the data are used for analytical purposes. Also, the time series should be continued, as more surveys become available, and more countries and indicators incorporated. In this sense, this paper presents a work in progress, which will be continued in the future. As discussed in the introduction, old age income security systems performance can be analyzed considering three basic dimensions: coverage, adequacy and sustainability. This paper focused on the first one, showing the current status and recent evolution of coverage indicators in several Latin American countries. Further work should improve and expand this analysis, but should also aim at collecting data on adequacy and sustainability. In the first case, information on benefits of those currently retired would be important. Also, as most systems continue to be contributory, the question of contribution densities and accrued rights of active workers is critical to predict future coverage and adequacy of 25 benefits. Analysts in several countries in the region have been working on this topic for some time, and comparable data, with some restrictions, could be collected. Finally, the discussion about sustainability should always be present. Indicators of long term financial sustainability, such as the "Implicit Pension Debt" have been used for some time and are appropriate for those comparisons, but other, shorter term indicators should also be collected and analyzed. These are all pending tasks that analysts around the region should work on to advance in a more comprehensive understanding of the pension systems, their performance and possible improvements. 26 REFERENCES Arenas de Mesa Alberto and Hernández Sánchez, Héctor (2001) "Análisis, evolución y propuestas de ampliación de la cobertura del sistema civil de pensiones en Chile," in Cobertura Previsional en Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, [International Labor Office] Santiago, Chile. Arza, Camila and Cruces, Guillermo (2003) "Social Protection in Paraguay: Pension Coverage and Social Vulnerability." Mimeo. The World Bank, Washington. Bertranou, Fabio; Grushka, Carlos and Rofman, Rafael (2001a) "La Política Previsional en Argentina a comienzos del siglo XXI." In VI Jornadas Argentinas de Población. AEPA [Asociación de Estudios de Población de la Argentina ­ Argentine Association on Population Studies], Neuquén. Bertranou, Fabio; Grushka, Carlos and Rofman, Rafael (2001b) "La previsión social en la Argentina: una mirada integral de sus instituciones, las políticas públicas y sus desafíos." In "Informe de Tercera Edad en la Argentina", Secretaría de la Tercera Edad y Acción Social [Secretariat on Aging and Social Action], Buenos Aires. Bertranou, Fabio; Grushka, Carlos and Rofman, Rafael (2003) "De la reforma a la crisis: El Sistema de Pensiones de la Argentina." In Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social, ISSA [International Social Security Association], Geneva. Bucheli, Marisa (2004) "La cobertura de la Seguridad Social en el Empleo, 1991- 2002," in Protección Social y Mercado Laboral, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo [Internacional Labor Office], Santiago. Gasparini, Leonardo (2004) "América Latina: Estudio de la protección social y el empleo sobre la base de encuestas de hogares," in Protección Social y Mercado Laboral, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo [International Labor Office], Santiago. Gill, Indermint, Packard, Truman and Yermo, Juan (2004) Keeping the Promise of Social Security in Latin America. The World Bank, Washington. Grushka, Carlos (2001) La cobertura previsional en Argentina a fines del Siglo XX. In Socialis, No. 4. Rosario, Argentina. Holzmann, Robert (2005) Perspectivas y tendencias internacionales en las reformas a los sistemas de pensiones. In Avances, experiencia internacional y retos de los sistemas de ahorro para el retiro. CONSAR (Comisión Nacional del Sistema de Ahorro para el Retiro [National Commission for the Retirement Savings System]), Mexico City. Publication pending. ILO (2001) Social Security: A New Consensus. International Labor Office, Geneva. ILO [International Labor Organization] (2000) World Labor Report. International Labor Office, Geneva. Isuani, Aldo (1979) The State and Social Security Policies towards Labor: Theoretical Elements and the Argentine Case, 1900-1925. Doctoral Thesis, University of Pittsburg. 27 Mesa Lago, Carmelo (2001) "La cobertura de pensiones de seguridad social en América Latina. Antes y después de la reforma previsional." En Socialis, No. 4. Rosario, Argentina. MPS [Ministério da Previdência Social] (2004) Informe de Previdencia Social Vol. 16 No. 5. Ministério da Previdência Social [Social Security Department], Brasilia. Packard, Truman (2002) "Are there Positive Incentives from Privatizing Social Security? A Panel Analysis of Pension Reform in Latin America," Journal of Pensions, Economics, and Finance, Vol. 1., No. 2. Paz, Jorge (2004) "Argentina: Dinámica de la protección social y el Mercado laboral, 1995-2002," in Protección Social y Mercado Laboral, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo [International Labor Office], Santiago. Rofman, Rafael and Carranza, Eliana (2005) Social Security Coverage in Latin America. Social Protection Discussion Paper Series # 0523. The World Bank, Washington DC. SAFJP [Superintendencia de Administradoras de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones] (2005) El régimen de capitalización a diez años de la reforma. Superintendencia de AFJP [Superindendency of Administrators of Pension and Retirement Funds], Buenos Aires. Schwarzer, Helmut and Querino, Ana C. (2002) "Beneficios sociales y los pobres en Brasil: Programas de Pensiones no Convencionales" in Bertranou et al (eds) Pensiones no Contributivas y Asistenciales. ILO, Santiago Secretaría de Seguridad Social [Secretariat of Social Security] (2002) Libro Blanco de la Seguridad Social. MTESS [Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social ­ Ministry of Labor, Employment, and Social Security], Buenos Aires. World Bank (1994) Averting the Old Age Crisis. Washington. World Bank (2004) Peru: Restoring the Multiple Pillars of Old Age Income Security. Washington. World Bank (2006) Ecuador: Policy Options for the Social Insurance System. Publication pending, Washington. 28 ANNEX I Basic Statistics 1. Argentina Table A1.1. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly, Alternative Indicators Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Employed Contributors / Employers - Population Age Active Population Persons Wage-Earners Independent 65+ 1992 46.76 49.71 72.44 . 78.09 1993 44.22 47.98 71.26 . 77.16 1994 45.45 50.86 73.67 . 77.60 1995 41.41 48.68 69.26 . 77.74 1996 40.51 48.06 67.09 . 76.34 1997 41.28 47.28 65.66 . 75.19 1998 41.09 46.22 64.36 . 73.38 1999 39.99 45.93 63.81 . 73.31 2000 39.04 45.28 63.24 . 70.70 2001 36.88 44.65 62.97 . 71.59 2002 34.08 40.93 57.00 . 69.44 2003 32.98 38.29 51.94 . 68.26 2004 34.95 39.45 53.26 . 67.82 2005 37.69 41.62 55.91 . 68.91 2006 39.18 43.43 57.67 . 70.50 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base Table A1.2. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1992 52.89 52.17 51.01 48.17 31.71 1993 52.46 50.72 48.49 45.77 27.92 1994 53.75 55.04 49.61 49.43 30.65 1995 48.49 53.97 48.84 46.92 34.48 1996 52.06 52.35 47.2 44.07 30.98 1997 49.5 52.38 47.07 44.28 32.1 1998 46.8 51.31 47.36 42.98 33.31 1999 46.81 50.61 46.71 43.56 33.14 2000 44.87 50.42 46.94 42.45 33.29 2001 43.67 49.47 46.63 43.02 33.26 2002 35.49 46.43 43.66 41.48 35.09 2003 32.91 44.24 42.6 38.34 31.41 2004 37.05 44.95 41.88 39.05 28.7 2005 41.03 45.67 45.16 39.75 30.8 2006 40.97 49.02 46.6 42.39 33.03 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base 29 Table A1.3. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1992 65.59 79.98 85.09 91.69 1993 64.12 80.90 84.83 89.83 1994 65.86 80.40 86.17 88.50 1995 65.99 80.41 85.96 88.71 1996 63.23 80.41 85.34 86.89 1997 61.07 75.34 86.73 88.56 1998 58.41 74.15 82.96 90.63 1999 56.44 72.56 84.54 90.99 2000 51.42 71.07 83.54 88.71 2001 53.08 69.84 82.97 89.91 2002 54.46 68.39 76.33 87.35 2003 49.95 66.42 79.54 86.67 2004 48.27 67.51 78.53 84.87 2005 48.56 67.92 81.96 85.40 2006 51.37 71.20 79.87 87.98 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base Table A1.4. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1992 47.60 45.35 50.50 48.39 84.39 73.86 1993 45.73 41.83 49.01 46.31 85.46 71.50 1994 46.66 43.53 51.39 49.98 85.68 72.58 1995 42.34 39.99 48.80 48.49 86.61 71.89 1996 42.02 38.20 48.88 46.73 85.24 70.55 1997 42.82 38.96 48.05 46.05 80.82 71.60 1998 41.99 39.73 46.74 45.42 80.61 68.62 1999 40.71 38.96 46.28 45.40 79.00 69.67 2000 39.77 37.98 45.61 44.78 74.88 68.01 2001 36.80 37.01 44.86 44.35 76.34 68.56 2002 33.48 34.90 40.13 42.02 73.39 66.96 2003 34.92 30.48 39.83 36.24 74.26 64.24 2004 36.92 32.37 41.05 37.29 73.23 64.32 2005 39.30 35.60 42.73 40.11 73.06 66.31 2006 41.48 36.18 45.07 41.19 75.32 67.35 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base 30 Table A1. 5. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Year Active Population Population Age 65+ Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1992 . 46.76 . 49.71 . 78.09 1993 . 44.22 . 47.98 . 77.16 1994 . 45.45 . 50.86 . 77.60 1995 . 41.41 . 48.68 . 77.74 1996 . 40.51 . 48.06 . 76.34 1997 . 41.28 . 47.28 . 75.19 1998 . 41.09 . 46.22 . 73.38 1999 . 39.99 . 45.93 . 73.31 2000 . 39.04 . 45.28 . 70.70 2001 . 36.88 . 44.65 . 71.59 2002 . 34.08 . 40.93 . 69.44 2003 . 32.98 . 38.29 . 68.26 2004 . 34.95 . 39.45 . 67.82 2005 . 37.69 . 41.62 . 68.91 2006 . 39.18 . 43.43 . 70.50 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base Table A1. 6. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1992 39.49 48.31 50.28 57.74 52.68 1993 34.36 43.28 50.91 50.26 50.07 1994 30.21 43.88 50.81 51.86 56.38 1995 22.28 39.58 44.40 52.46 53.47 1996 17.60 41.26 44.07 50.58 53.38 1997 21.01 38.09 45.16 52.03 54.37 1998 19.48 36.42 44.90 53.40 54.61 1999 18.12 35.09 44.56 50.50 55.43 2000 14.98 32.53 43.90 51.21 55.63 2001 9.50 29.80 41.00 50.20 56.18 2002 5.44 24.64 36.52 45.58 57.24 2003 4.49 21.32 35.32 46.87 56.01 2004 6.08 23.31 36.53 48.65 57.36 2005 7.40 26.04 41.44 51.94 60.06 2006 8.64 28.42 42.51 53.31 61.17 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base 31 Table A1.7. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1992 48.29 51.65 54.71 58.04 54.27 1993 43.47 49.45 53.95 52.71 51.13 1994 42.61 52.61 55.53 55.22 57.56 1995 36.49 49.71 52.09 59.62 55.03 1996 33.00 52.1 52.45 55.56 56.66 1997 31.06 47.55 52.28 56.81 56.37 1998 29.15 42.90 51.68 57.73 55.55 1999 28.07 43.77 50.65 55.51 58.87 2000 24.08 42.90 51.28 55.77 58.91 2001 21.60 40.95 51.48 57.56 58.96 2002 11.45 35.49 46.91 53.89 60.02 2003 8.92 30.17 44.62 52.34 59.67 2004 9.58 30.93 44.00 53.77 59.39 2005 11.43 33.07 47.16 55.58 61.81 2006 13.30 35.02 48.36 57.57 63.43 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base Table A1.8. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1992 63.43 84.04 83.77 84.18 79.74 1993 62.39 80.07 86.06 79.88 81.57 1994 58.65 82.00 80.45 85.17 84.41 1995 58.10 79.23 82.92 85.24 86.67 1996 59.03 79.38 82.24 84.02 80.58 1997 57.67 76.90 84.07 83.42 77.49 1998 56.72 73.45 80.14 80.65 78.82 1999 57.74 71.21 79.51 80.77 81.29 2000 50.78 67.08 77.86 80.27 80.89 2001 50.05 67.37 81.60 79.80 81.45 2002 52.39 64.76 75.62 78.50 80.86 2003 33.06 63.18 78.92 80.17 80.09 2004 34.17 63.61 74.96 80.44 79.01 2005 36.58 63.74 78.46 80.23 80.24 2006 40.10 62.51 80.92 83.65 80.90 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base 32 Table A1.9. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1992 36.61 53.29 48.61 1993 37.70 51.12 47.05 1994 40.98 51.05 51.01 1995 32.84 49.38 48.68 1996 49.05 46.40 48.66 1997 51.84 45.97 47.80 1998 33.95 43.33 47.40 1999 39.14 43.06 46.94 2000 32.28 41.63 46.52 2001 40.89 39.24 46.23 2002 34.85 33.68 42.89 2003 27.08 32.26 40.08 2004 35.28 34.45 41.00 2005 37.58 36.76 43.08 2006 38.86 38.02 45.11 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base Table A1.10. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the employed, by Sizes of Establishment Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1992 13.73 74.53 93.48 1993 12.57 74.59 91.64 1994 15.90 75.19 93.51 1995 12.75 71.26 90.14 1996 12.99 70.61 89.09 1997 12.32 67.80 88.12 1998 11.81 67.08 87.58 1999 11.78 66.06 87.39 2000 12.35 66.77 88.18 2001 10.90 68.75 89.06 2002 10.52 57.07 85.22 2003 9.78 51.27 81.29 2004 9.67 53.09 84.07 2005 10.35 56.22 85.16 2006 10.84 58.00 86.10 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base 33 Table A1.11. Argentina - Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1992 94.14 67.66 1993 95.95 66.02 1994 96.20 69.69 1995 94.71 62.13 1996 94.42 59.53 1997 88.09 59.36 1998 88.62 57.13 1999 87.82 56.73 2000 86.21 56.24 2001 85.46 55.61 2002 66.18 53.29 2003 64.21 47.72 2004 68.35 48.67 2005 74.25 50.85 2006 75.95 52.36 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base Table A1.12. Argentina - Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1992 37.28 49.29 59.68 39.94 52.50 62.41 1993 34.78 46.98 54.70 38.26 51.17 57.97 1994 36.97 46.44 57.65 41.81 52.72 62.05 1995 33.74 42.17 51.77 40.65 50.29 57.53 1996 30.39 42.57 51.78 37.01 50.68 58.98 1997 30.53 41.97 54.24 35.65 48.46 59.97 1998 29.34 41.80 55.16 33.95 47.32 59.41 1999 28.33 40.68 52.80 33.10 47.18 58.64 2000 26.61 38.94 53.99 31.80 45.70 59.60 2001 23.39 36.61 52.63 29.45 45.22 59.52 2002 20.28 33.72 49.40 24.69 41.39 56.93 2003 20.04 31.20 48.44 23.62 36.56 54.82 2004 21.22 33.99 50.00 24.14 38.90 55.11 2005 22.94 36.95 52.11 25.44 41.51 56.18 2006 25.48 37.43 53.76 28.18 42.19 58.57 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base 34 Table A1. 13. Argentina - Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1992 76.94 82.12 81.86 1993 76.69 80.76 73.26 1994 76.34 79.19 87.30 1995 76.28 80.36 86.05 1996 74.86 79.58 82.68 1997 74.51 77.58 75.09 1998 72.05 77.90 73.75 1999 72.44 74.25 79.67 2000 69.44 74.35 74.73 2001 70.01 74.76 77.86 2002 67.54 73.83 72.73 2003 66.13 70.38 78.81 2004 65.88 69.01 77.86 2005 67.69 69.33 75.97 2006 67.87 75.26 75.96 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base Table A1.14. Argentina - Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly At Least one Elderly 1992 92.75 48.47 70.29 1993 92.17 49.72 69.67 1994 93.98 48.91 71.78 1995 93.19 49.82 72.36 1996 93.31 51.56 72.62 1997 91.71 52.67 72.90 1998 91.18 51.48 71.81 1999 91.50 50.68 71.05 2000 91.21 52.55 72.30 2001 93.21 54.27 74.89 2002 94.88 55.25 76.00 2003 86.64 54.05 71.98 2004 86.34 52.19 71.21 2005 84.77 50.34 69.20 2006 85.81 49.71 69.39 Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base 35 Table A1.15. Argentina - Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1992 88.77 93.80 1993 89.13 94.34 1994 88.88 93.45 1995 89.17 93.29 1996 88.39 93.79 1997 85.98 93.00 1998 85.22 92.33 1999 85.25 92.34 2000 82.15 90.32 2001 83.57 90.71 2002 81.67 89.60 2003 81.01 88.99 2004 80.37 89.44 2005 80.90 90.84 2006 82.24 91.22 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on Permanent and Ongoing Survey of Households ­ Expanded User Base. 36 2. Bolivia Table A2.1. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population Age Population Persons Independent 65+ 1992 . . . . 38.08 1995 . . . . 34.15 1996 . . . . 17.63 1997 . . . . 19.92 1999 13.76 14.15 40.62 1.02 17.73 2000 13.35 13.56 37.99 1.53 16.97 2001 13.04 13.26 33.75 1.93 19.87 2002 10.71 10.85 29.01 1.62 14.71 2004 11.45 11.64 28.21 2.03 15.05 2005 12.50 13.11 30.53 3.78 17.99 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program Table A2.2. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1999 12.64 17.79 17.39 12.26 4.87 2000 11.93 16.28 17.45 11.56 4.77 2001 11.33 15.31 18.35 12.86 4.09 2002 8.36 13.38 14.30 10.94 4.72 2004 9.56 14.95 15.11 11.05 4.40 2005 12.53 14.46 12.99 18.11 6.85 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program Table A2.3. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1992 35.39 31.94 55.12 40.00 1995 31.11 31.71 38.20 41.30 1996 14.70 20.70 14.76 21.25 1997 15.01 17.68 24.12 33.65 1999 16.15 16.96 16.46 24.64 2000 15.18 13.14 24.91 19.27 2001 15.97 19.79 20.17 28.23 2002 11.19 12.42 18.19 22.46 2004 15.10 12.91 16.21 17.35 2005 13.51 19.97 20.78 22.04 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program 37 Table A2.4. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1992 . . . . 55.95 22.46 1995 . . . . 47.09 23.74 1996 . . . . 23.37 12.30 1997 . . . . 24.72 15.52 1999 15.50 11.63 15.86 12.05 22.58 13.27 2000 15.35 10.81 15.40 11.18 23.85 11.57 2001 15.17 10.49 15.33 10.78 22.97 17.20 2002 12.30 8.69 12.44 8.80 16.93 12.87 2004 13.55 8.93 13.72 9.14 21.00 10.69 2005 14.05 10.61 14.61 11.25 22.26 14.15 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program Table A2.5. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1997 . . . . 5.82 32.95 1999 4.02 20.04 4.04 20.98 3.44 34.25 2000 3.84 19.20 3.85 19.79 4.04 27.90 2001 3.02 19.45 3.03 20.18 5.34 33.74 2002 2.74 15.72 2.74 16.14 5.07 24.40 2004 5.60 15.26 5.64 15.69 5.68 25.69 2005 . 19.74 . 21.21 5.36 30.82 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program Table A2.6. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1999 0.38 4.94 11.67 20.85 31.35 2000 0.96 3.49 9.97 19.07 33.79 2001 0.74 3.60 9.97 17.33 33.89 2002 0.67 2.58 7.44 13.14 30.13 2004 0.43 4.15 7.74 13.51 31.68 2005 0.24 3.16 10.20 14.27 35.03 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program 38 Table A2.7. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1999 0.39 4.72 12.39 21.21 32.50 2000 0.99 3.32 10.07 19.89 34.09 2001 0.40 3.52 10.01 17.61 35.16 2002 0.54 2.57 7.50 13.21 30.86 2004 0.34 4.21 7.91 13.76 32.23 2005 0.25 3.32 10.73 15.62 36.06 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program Table A2.8. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1992 18.07 36.32 38.07 49.79 48.00 1995 19.64 24.82 40.11 37.17 49.30 1996 0.16 3.44 15.66 24.60 44.36 1997 . 3.53 16.70 35.28 44.12 1999 . 0.40 12.32 25.32 50.56 2000 . 3.38 8.56 28.93 44.01 2001 . 1.47 15.25 29.72 52.93 2002 . 0.20 5.72 21.32 46.19 2004 . 2.77 5.52 24.76 43.35 2005 0.12 0.12 11.15 25.36 52.24 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program Table A2.9. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1999 1.38 11.89 25.78 2000 2.96 11.93 22.98 2001 3.19 11.21 23.68 2002 1.91 8.39 19.85 2004 2.82 8.03 19.49 2005 2.80 13.07 21.16 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program 39 Table A2.10. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1999 1.67 18.79 80.05 2000 1.51 29.23 63.87 2001 2.37 22.97 68.07 2002 2.06 22.70 56.88 2004 2.75 40.06 . 2005 2.71 28.41 67.54 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program Table A2.11. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1999 100.00 22.21 2000 72.78 27.98 2001 73.50 22.51 2002 69.29 16.99 2004 78.96 15.06 2005 61.28 22.24 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program Table A2.12. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1999 2.81 15.75 47.19 2.82 16.77 49.35 2000 3.35 13.90 47.52 3.32 14.35 49.10 2001 3.05 11.75 46.87 3.10 12.13 48.59 2002 2.18 10.56 43.59 2.21 10.91 44.87 2004 2.70 10.01 45.73 2.69 10.42 47.74 2005 3.17 10.62 40.92 3.26 11.27 44.70 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program 40 Table A2.13. Bolivia. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1992 30.23 50.19 73.48 1995 25.60 45.74 70.50 1996 13.34 42.81 55.26 1997 14.29 41.95 67.73 1999 11.22 31.70 84.99 2000 12.05 34.18 55.89 2001 13.03 39.53 68.87 2002 8.86 32.15 69.98 2004 10.06 44.08 65.73 2005 10.93 39.78 84.95 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program Table A2.14. Bolivia. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1992 80.10 47.46 55.53 1995 78.77 43.50 51.03 1996 82.08 45.47 58.81 1997 84.07 46.80 58.12 1999 82.42 51.84 59.71 2000 84.89 46.27 56.80 2001 80.14 55.65 62.67 2002 81.25 54.44 62.61 2004 75.09 51.02 58.65 2005 86.90 50.81 60.17 Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program Table A2.15. Bolivia. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1992 47.14 72.06 1995 41.81 67.85 1996 22.48 78.84 1997 24.86 80.17 1999 21.59 78.69 2000 21.42 73.59 2001 24.31 79.42 2002 18.14 72.32 2004 18.84 74.76 2005 22.72 75.49 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program 41 3. Brazil Table A3.1. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly, Alternative Indicators Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Employed Contributors / Employers - Population Age Active Population Persons Wage-Earners Independent 65+ 1992 46.28 48.89 68.49 19.97 80.78 1993 45.89 48.27 67.27 19.85 83.50 1995 47.63 47.63 67.27 18.18 84.08 1996 47.85 47.85 65.82 19.51 84.51 1997 47.74 47.74 66.60 18.06 84.21 1998 13.85 13.85 39.06 7.17 85.08 1999 47.27 47.27 67.40 16.00 85.77 2001 45.10 48.95 67.96 14.92 85.92 2002 44.67 48.35 67.74 13.81 86.66 2003 45.37 49.45 68.78 14.84 87.27 2004 45.92 49.60 68.65 14.29 86.67 2006 48.09 51.69 70.38 15.60 85.29 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling Table A3.2. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1992 49.31 55.06 52.93 42.53 26.30 1993 48.41 54.28 52.40 42.09 25.96 1995 47.93 52.82 52.36 41.82 24.51 1996 47.54 53.20 52.48 41.80 26.47 1997 48.30 52.94 52.02 40.82 25.36 1999 48.46 52.43 51.59 40.82 23.67 2001 50.49 53.67 52.90 42.81 25.29 2002 49.87 53.36 52.39 42.36 23.76 2003 51.33 53.84 53.19 44.64 25.63 2004 51.35 54.18 53.34 44.75 24.66 2006 54.15 55.86 55.34 48.25 26.60 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling 42 Table A3.3. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1992 69.24 85.52 89.36 91.37 1993 75.39 85.96 89.57 91.62 1995 76.93 86.15 90.80 91.59 1996 76.44 86.38 91.23 93.09 1997 75.84 87.07 90.37 92.76 1998 77.40 86.52 91.78 93.36 1999 77.72 88.42 91.62 93.42 2001 77.74 88.84 90.72 94.15 2002 77.94 88.99 92.93 94.39 2003 79.35 89.55 92.24 94.30 2004 80.51 88.44 90.66 92.55 2006 79.62 86.60 89.36 90.13 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling Table A3.4. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Year Population Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Men Women Men Women Men Women 1992 50.14 40.47 69.61 66.70 88.44 74.61 1993 49.75 40.13 68.75 64.95 89.73 78.42 1995 50.78 43.03 68.79 65.03 90.25 79.19 1996 50.18 44.35 67.24 63.76 89.61 80.51 1997 49.69 44.81 67.68 65.05 89.26 80.20 1998 16.58 8.19 39.96 36.42 89.41 81.71 1999 48.76 45.12 68.21 66.28 89.93 82.48 2001 46.83 42.73 68.93 66.66 89.89 82.90 2002 46.35 42.43 68.61 66.59 89.98 84.17 2003 47.08 43.11 69.68 67.62 91.23 84.26 2004 47.95 43.30 70.26 66.60 91.22 83.25 2006 50.22 45.38 71.90 68.48 89.33 82.22 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling Table A3.5. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1992 15.91 55.12 16.11 58.97 80.56 80.85 1993 16.80 54.19 17.00 57.65 87.55 82.34 1995 16.74 56.57 16.74 56.57 88.42 82.87 1996 19.15 55.74 19.15 55.74 88.77 83.33 1997 17.96 56.07 17.96 56.07 89.79 82.73 1998 3.48 21.74 3.48 21.74 89.83 83.82 1999 19.77 55.07 19.77 55.07 89.82 84.73 2001 17.64 50.49 18.02 55.48 92.04 84.62 2002 17.31 49.94 17.67 54.69 92.13 85.56 2003 18.33 50.51 18.72 55.77 93.49 86.06 2004 19.08 51.49 19.51 56.26 92.32 85.52 2006 21.71 53.41 22.24 58.00 90.65 84.21 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling 43 Table A3.6. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1992 14.56 34.80 48.77 59.71 73.76 1993 15.70 36.06 47.16 59.14 71.48 1995 18.97 36.20 48.40 60.18 72.28 1996 19.23 37.43 49.77 60.07 70.25 1997 18.13 36.67 49.45 60.51 71.15 1998 5.41 5.99 7.43 14.01 35.73 1999 18.13 36.28 47.64 60.04 70.81 2001 17.02 35.62 46.90 57.61 68.04 2002 16.97 35.76 46.07 57.16 67.17 2003 17.02 35.96 46.94 57.98 68.76 2004 17.27 36.25 48.11 59.18 68.58 2006 20.29 39.60 50.20 60.20 69.97 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling Table A3.7. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1992 16.69 38.05 51.51 62.57 75.90 1993 18.04 38.78 49.94 61.49 73.25 1995 19.46 36.66 49.21 60.42 72.56 1996 19.89 38.00 50.62 60.32 70.54 1997 18.78 37.25 50.34 61.23 71.26 1998 5.39 5.78 7.68 14.01 35.77 1999 18.95 37.28 48.40 60.50 71.17 2001 21.38 40.42 51.04 61.13 70.53 2002 21.00 40.44 49.93 60.47 69.74 2003 21.63 41.60 51.02 61.53 71.35 2004 21.61 40.93 52.20 62.17 70.91 2006 24.68 44.58 53.71 63.26 72.11 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling Table A3.8. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1992 69.59 78.30 89.37 84.89 81.81 1993 75.26 81.91 93.17 84.85 82.38 1995 76.88 88.43 89.64 83.61 81.85 1996 76.11 89.61 88.97 84.16 83.72 1997 76.42 89.10 88.73 84.18 82.67 1998 79.13 89.69 88.77 84.70 83.32 1999 79.79 89.63 88.82 86.01 84.75 2001 77.28 90.30 89.51 86.62 85.94 2002 78.78 90.39 90.91 86.74 86.53 2003 78.96 90.10 92.30 87.91 87.08 2004 78.88 89.11 88.75 89.13 87.52 2006 75.44 86.40 88.09 88.38 88.19 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling 44 Table A3.9. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Field of Activity Year Primary Secondary Tertiary 1992 11.00 67.32 60.35 1993 11.56 65.09 58.97 1995 11.48 63.54 57.43 1996 12.60 61.74 56.97 1997 11.95 60.75 57.22 1998 3.08 27.50 29.91 1999 12.54 57.82 57.09 2001 12.60 58.70 57.33 2002 11.81 53.60 58.41 2003 12.53 54.74 59.67 2004 13.14 56.67 59.22 2006 15.41 57.08 60.87 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling Table A3.10. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1992 27.90 80.50 71.89 1993 29.18 77.59 70.45 1995 32.10 77.72 69.58 1996 32.78 75.43 67.85 1997 32.41 75.61 68.94 1998 11.68 46.95 47.72 1999 35.15 73.28 70.48 2001 33.98 74.81 70.26 2002 33.18 73.43 70.31 2003 33.68 74.90 71.33 2004 35.03 75.95 70.57 2006 37.52 76.90 72.10 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling Table A3.11. Brazil. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1992 86.89 78.02 1993 83.63 77.05 1995 85.96 76.00 1996 82.38 73.56 1997 85.25 74.28 1998 83.25 45.17 1999 87.23 74.16 2001 88.84 74.05 2002 89.73 73.18 2003 90.25 74.50 2004 90.10 74.49 2006 90.53 75.88 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling 45 Table A3.12. Brazil. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1992 37.16 66.52 81.54 39.11 72.03 84.69 1993 36.51 65.68 80.63 38.26 70.67 83.75 1995 37.30 68.94 82.23 37.30 68.94 82.23 1996 37.71 66.60 79.91 37.71 66.60 79.91 1997 36.83 67.47 80.00 36.83 67.47 80.00 1998 10.90 39.77 50.96 10.90 39.77 50.96 1999 35.27 66.27 80.62 35.27 66.27 80.62 2001 33.37 59.22 74.82 36.05 65.87 79.24 2002 32.53 57.70 73.86 34.92 64.38 78.25 2003 32.64 57.47 74.42 35.24 64.75 79.18 2004 32.63 57.75 75.11 34.84 64.43 79.54 2006 33.82 58.69 74.63 35.91 64.94 79.05 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling Table A3.13. Brazil. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1992 80.67 82.24 82.61 1993 83.47 81.80 87.51 1995 84.13 79.72 89.31 1996 84.56 80.92 88.48 1997 84.30 80.45 87.28 1998 85.15 82.59 87.38 1999 85.83 83.92 87.16 2001 85.94 84.48 87.78 2002 86.78 83.15 89.80 2003 87.36 83.89 91.00 2004 86.65 85.16 89.50 2006 85.16 85.13 88.08 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling Table A3.14. Brazil. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1992 90.33 59.98 68.54 1993 90.34 63.58 71.33 1995 87.32 53.40 62.89 1996 88.08 53.91 63.59 1997 88.63 54.07 63.58 1998 87.23 59.34 68.92 1999 87.93 56.53 65.49 2001 90.20 62.41 71.25 2002 90.92 62.13 71.15 2003 91.14 63.29 72.36 2004 89.56 62.38 71.15 2006 90.54 62.71 71.98 Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling 46 Table A3.15. Brazil. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1992 90.19 95.95 1993 91.47 96.23 1995 91.79 95.97 1996 91.74 95.84 1997 91.46 95.74 1998 92.19 96.19 1999 92.77 96.85 2001 92.88 96.52 2002 93.15 96.78 2003 94.01 97.08 2004 93.54 96.39 2006 91.63 95.11 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on National Household Survey by Sampling 47 4. Chile Table A4.1. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly, Alternative Indicators Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Employed Contributors / Employers - Population Age Active Population Persons Wage-Earners Independent 65+ 1990 62.21 67.46 80.71 30.24 73.04 1992 61.14 64.35 79.10 20.68 66.50 1994 62.26 66.20 80.42 23.40 68.21 1996 62.43 65.84 79.62 21.71 65.94 1998 58.90 64.77 78.58 20.47 62.17 2000 58.06 64.34 78.09 18.61 63.71 2003 58.74 64.71 78.65 19.02 63.89 2006 62.68 67.29 80.85 21.88 61.71 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey Table A4.2. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1990 67.36 70.89 68.15 63.88 57.87 1992 66.74 67.14 65.05 59.63 50.08 1994 69.26 69.10 66.51 62.62 50.91 1996 69.63 69.43 65.69 60.66 48.15 1998 67.70 68.16 65.18 62.35 46.59 2000 66.02 68.82 64.91 62.19 46.56 2003 65.63 69.31 64.96 63.14 50.62 2006 71.85 72.18 67.98 63.31 50.74 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey Table A4.3. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1990 60.10 77.49 80.89 83.91 1992 55.08 70.05 74.48 75.96 1994 59.16 70.35 75.09 75.85 1996 56.34 66.59 72.89 77.18 1998 53.96 61.75 68.92 72.64 2000 57.19 63.40 67.40 72.75 2003 55.34 64.04 68.09 73.22 2006 52.44 61.77 67.16 71.41 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey 48 Table A4.4. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1990 63.31 59.96 68.22 65.86 80.11 67.49 1992 62.39 58.61 65.10 62.81 74.42 60.53 1994 63.46 59.91 66.88 64.85 78.43 60.38 1996 63.46 60.48 66.41 64.72 74.70 59.51 1998 60.08 56.84 65.54 63.39 69.08 57.01 2000 59.38 55.81 65.23 62.78 72.43 57.05 2003 61.13 54.89 66.31 62.02 72.91 57.14 2006 66.02 57.51 69.96 63.02 70.59 54.91 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey Table A4.5. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1990 46.59 65.05 49.67 70.75 67.81 74.27 1992 45.02 63.78 46.31 67.38 58.47 68.26 1994 46.20 64.73 48.63 68.95 57.81 70.49 1996 41.67 65.48 43.26 69.22 55.87 68.17 1998 39.42 61.60 42.65 67.89 43.42 66.10 2000 42.48 60.11 45.66 66.88 45.83 67.32 2003 44.78 60.52 47.74 66.95 45.77 67.53 2006 53.36 63.85 55.96 68.76 46.87 64.59 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey Table A4.6. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1990 45.07 59.68 63.29 68.56 72.94 1992 49.45 59.86 62.23 64.21 68.33 1994 45.98 58.87 64.03 69.39 71.74 1996 47.41 60.67 65.20 68.03 69.77 1998 39.50 57.45 61.82 64.94 70.05 2000 36.98 54.00 61.19 65.60 71.15 2003 40.20 55.46 61.45 65.27 70.19 2006 47.24 61.48 65.39 67.09 71.65 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey 49 Table A4.7. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1990 56.26 66.31 67.03 71.51 74.85 1992 56.44 63.91 64.70 65.88 69.35 1994 54.29 63.60 67.37 71.08 73.58 1996 55.15 64.98 67.80 69.50 70.87 1998 53.35 63.57 66.26 67.95 72.21 2000 49.94 61.67 66.04 69.91 72.97 2003 53.08 62.60 65.78 68.71 72.41 2006 57.69 66.41 68.37 70.00 73.42 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey Table A4.8. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1990 61.56 74.12 81.40 80.04 68.30 1992 52.10 66.26 74.12 72.21 67.78 1994 55.70 67.87 75.28 73.09 69.61 1996 47.87 67.42 76.56 72.04 65.81 1998 41.97 59.99 71.06 68.33 69.58 2000 50.42 59.67 72.54 65.97 70.12 2003 44.03 60.25 73.55 71.41 70.44 2006 40.69 57.25 68.86 69.23 73.12 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey Table A4.9. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1990 55.04 73.31 68.92 1992 52.46 71.16 64.75 1994 53.85 70.79 67.32 1996 50.27 72.77 67.19 1998 49.86 69.92 66.34 2000 52.07 68.53 65.56 2003 55.19 66.12 66.34 2006 61.90 70.31 67.21 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey 50 Table A4.10. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1990 42.60 80.91 93.41 1992 36.20 77.55 91.37 1994 37.47 82.25 91.95 1996 37.92 80.30 91.10 1998 34.66 77.89 90.42 2000 34.06 77.54 90.43 2003 32.71 77.97 90.76 2006 34.37 79.66 91.69 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey Table A4.11. Chile. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1990 82.96 . 1992 81.34 . 1994 82.82 . 1996 93.51 80.21 1998 81.21 . 2000 92.22 78.35 2003 91.42 79.53 2006 92.06 82.36 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey Table A4.12. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1990 50.36 65.68 79.14 54.68 71.94 83.72 1992 49.14 65.31 77.97 51.35 69.28 81.75 1994 48.70 65.19 78.79 51.68 69.87 82.35 1996 46.66 65.88 78.52 49.14 69.99 81.65 1998 42.05 61.28 75.90 46.90 67.56 81.52 2000 41.90 59.04 75.12 46.92 66.22 80.23 2003 44.15 59.26 72.93 48.29 66.15 78.87 2006 48.97 63.92 74.12 52.14 69.07 79.18 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey 51 Table A4.13.Chile. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1990 74.61 67.25 76.59 1992 66.98 63.54 70.33 1994 67.72 66.99 78.89 1996 65.58 64.62 77.99 1998 61.09 63.29 67.89 2000 61.46 67.11 72.62 2003 61.78 65.53 78.17 2006 58.94 65.50 75.43 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey Table A4.14. Chile. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly At Least one Elderly 1990 84.96 45.32 54.60 1992 82.71 45.09 55.19 1994 85.09 45.29 56.12 1996 83.72 43.32 53.71 1998 79.95 42.32 52.68 2000 80.45 47.89 56.69 2003 81.55 43.54 54.01 2006 81.32 40.03 51.99 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey Table A4.15. Chile. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1990 81.98 89.55 1992 77.54 85.94 1994 79.08 87.08 1996 78.59 87.20 1998 74.03 82.69 2000 76.60 84.08 2003 75.96 84.15 2006 74.73 83.25 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey 52 5. Colombia Table A5.1. Colombia. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population Age Population Persons Independent 65+ 1992 . . . . 20.03 1995 . . . . 13.66 1996 25.25 27.55 42.76 6.13 13.34 1997 27.20 29.78 46.12 6.96 13.53 1998 26.33 29.51 48.34 5.98 13.91 1999 22.99 26.91 44.98 5.71 15.26 2000 . . . . 18.61 2001 . . . . 17.22 2002 30.57 31.48 51.06 6.46 15.77 2003 25.22 25.78 46.24 4.59 21.02 2004 . . . . 20.11 2006 31.77 32.31 55.38 6.05 25.13 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households Table A5.2. Colombia. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1996 28.35 31.58 29.92 21.98 12.39 1997 31.23 33.75 31.98 24.48 12.79 1998 29.00 34.40 32.77 26.39 11.66 1999 26.00 29.82 30.48 24.99 14.95 2002 31.81 34.99 33.70 30.96 12.01 2003 25.71 26.17 31.63 26.52 8.65 2006 35.03 36.66 33.46 31.14 9.47 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households 53 Table A5.3. Colombia. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1992 18.99 21.22 20.34 20.06 1995 14.42 14.08 14.20 10.75 1996 13.50 13.64 12.76 13.10 1997 14.17 13.37 13.51 12.45 1998 14.90 12.80 15.13 12.48 1999 15.42 16.94 15.47 12.15 2000 19.25 20.02 18.83 15.27 2001 17.39 16.22 20.34 15.41 2002 19.21 14.58 15.68 11.80 2003 18.59 23.71 23.79 19.25 2004 19.76 21.53 21.73 17.44 2006 24.53 26.71 26.19 23.05 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households Table A5.4. Colombia. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1992 . . . . 29.16 13.06 1995 . . . . 19.37 8.66 1996 22.88 29.18 24.42 33.05 17.87 9.38 1997 25.05 30.72 26.76 35.08 17.88 9.66 1998 24.93 28.49 27.18 33.39 19.14 9.35 1999 21.56 25.12 24.31 31.19 20.34 10.98 2000 . . . . 24.51 13.55 2001 . . . . 22.69 12.48 2002 29.91 31.39 30.52 32.67 22.07 10.57 2003 24.19 26.71 24.50 27.66 27.62 15.39 2004 . . . . 26.04 15.40 2006 31.00 32.80 31.33 33.64 33.06 18.83 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households 54 Table A5.5.Colombia. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1992 . . . . 20.18 20.00 1995 . . . . 4.86 20.82 1996 10.57 33.28 11.12 37.06 5.26 18.97 1997 11.63 35.59 12.27 39.78 4.97 19.78 1998 12.07 33.76 12.81 38.99 4.83 20.31 1999 10.49 29.52 11.53 35.78 4.81 22.41 2000 . . . . 6.23 27.24 2001 . . . . 2.72 22.63 2002 . 30.73 . 31.48 4.78 19.28 2003 12.46 29.58 12.71 30.26 9.73 25.10 2004 . . . . 5.54 25.42 2006 29.59 33.97 30.02 34.63 23.63 26.50 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households Table A5.6.Colombia. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1996 9.25 13.26 21.39 32.26 50.75 1997 12.07 13.67 23.44 35.23 52.36 1998 11.01 13.12 21.88 33.70 52.59 1999 9.71 9.67 17.17 28.71 49.71 2002 17.72 14.12 26.64 39.64 47.33 2003 12.02 11.19 23.29 38.00 41.42 2006 8.11 20.59 34.89 50.14 45.66 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households Table A5.7.Colombia. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1996 10.42 15.41 24.24 35.22 53.37 1997 13.67 15.62 26.68 38.60 55.37 1998 12.86 15.84 25.41 38.19 56.27 1999 11.90 12.89 21.89 33.83 54.38 2002 18.63 15.00 27.52 40.46 48.09 2003 12.04 12.08 23.60 38.78 42.23 2006 8.22 21.22 35.56 50.96 46.20 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households 55 Table A5.8.Colombia. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1992 7.14 15.02 22.51 27.93 27.74 1995 3.18 7.40 10.46 18.99 28.70 1996 4.98 4.76 11.58 17.39 28.29 1997 5.20 3.85 11.20 20.28 27.38 1998 0.06 3.52 11.34 21.15 33.64 1999 0.07 3.37 10.76 23.35 38.54 2000 5.89 3.94 12.41 25.99 44.88 2001 . 2.69 16.14 27.88 39.39 2002 . 1.12 11.69 28.38 37.72 2003 0.29 6.91 25.69 41.37 30.51 2004 0.26 6.10 21.71 44.11 28.66 2006 2.06 9.03 28.90 50.88 35.11 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households Table A5.9.Colombia. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1996 6.77 31.86 34.15 1997 8.04 34.87 36.20 1998 8.25 34.09 37.13 1999 6.53 30.77 33.48 2002 13.85 32.79 32.69 2003 10.00 29.15 30.35 2006 9.51 37.46 36.33 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households Table A5.10.Colombia. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1996 82.10 38.05 1997 85.46 41.37 1998 87.71 43.71 1999 87.36 40.40 2002 97.94 45.30 2003 97.22 41.77 2006 95.54 53.86 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households 56 Table A5.11.Colombia. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1996 10.02 30.88 60.50 10.64 34.90 65.59 1997 10.93 32.14 61.19 11.62 36.45 66.90 1998 10.03 30.87 59.77 10.80 36.27 67.08 1999 8.77 25.46 55.77 9.74 31.60 65.43 2002 11.45 29.33 61.08 11.59 30.46 63.38 2003 9.62 24.92 61.40 9.68 25.79 63.35 2006 10.87 31.46 63.45 10.92 32.16 64.99 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households Table A5.12.Colombia. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1992 17.79 27.02 33.07 1995 10.61 30.53 40.11 1996 9.99 29.74 45.01 1997 10.11 29.77 42.97 1998 10.34 30.24 42.18 1999 11.37 31.01 47.33 2000 13.92 37.94 60.98 2001 13.08 31.85 49.56 2002 11.46 34.20 50.86 2003 14.65 41.99 63.62 2004 13.14 42.37 63.75 2006 17.04 42.73 75.08 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households Table A5.13.Colombia. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1998 80.09 57.09 60.44 1999 81.64 58.52 62.62 2000 85.89 62.46 66.45 2001 87.14 59.64 63.91 2002 85.86 61.49 65.17 2003 81.61 64.58 68.22 2004 81.78 37.86 40.46 2006 83.52 31.47 34.00 Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households 57 Table A5.14.Colombia. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1992 25.57 49.36 1995 17.99 53.02 1996 17.38 50.66 1997 17.55 51.81 1998 18.46 51.85 1999 19.40 49.26 2000 23.73 54.42 2001 23.73 52.41 2002 22.40 47.77 2003 28.91 56.38 2004 31.16 58.15 2006 38.18 62.73 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on Continual Survey of Households 58 6. Costa Rica Table A6.1. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly, Alternative Indicators Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Employed Contributors / Employers - Population Age Active Population Persons Wage-Earners Independent 65+ 1990 66.93 68.50 79.13 43.16 . 1991 . . . . 25.60 1992 67.96 69.65 79.68 42.97 28.11 1993 68.97 70.45 80.73 44.69 28.59 1994 67.09 68.51 78.50 43.36 31.53 1995 67.49 69.17 79.40 42.56 32.79 1996 66.30 68.52 77.93 44.00 32.97 1997 63.84 66.13 76.84 39.10 36.79 1998 64.84 66.96 77.19 38.43 37.48 2000 63.83 65.95 76.44 37.39 36.62 2001 62.02 64.25 77.61 30.71 35.98 2002 61.41 63.98 77.65 30.55 35.73 2003 60.93 63.46 76.04 29.09 . 2004 62.00 64.67 78.36 29.63 39.42 2005 61.15 63.75 75.58 . . 2006 62.67 65.07 76.96 31.47 41.34 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A6.2. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1990 68.32 73.26 70.95 67.05 45.46 1992 70.27 73.66 71.31 67.47 45.89 1993 72.50 74.74 69.97 66.43 47.48 1994 69.90 72.74 68.31 66.41 47.49 1995 71.90 73.43 69.10 64.51 48.40 1996 70.43 71.89 69.60 66.32 46.55 1997 68.87 69.63 67.21 62.86 42.73 1998 70.68 69.70 67.66 63.08 48.39 2000 66.26 68.99 66.80 65.95 48.91 2001 67.26 66.66 65.97 61.26 41.98 2002 65.95 66.92 64.94 61.80 42.58 2003 63.37 66.61 65.83 62.56 45.53 2004 66.43 68.21 65.14 62.57 46.48 2005 65.12 67.31 66.07 59.44 47.21 2006 67.77 68.83 65.50 61.41 48.10 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 59 Table A6.3. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1991 29.69 30.74 23.12 19.09 1992 31.90 30.03 31.38 20.87 1993 31.12 33.72 28.29 23.64 1994 33.96 32.03 34.87 26.98 1995 33.28 36.76 34.62 27.53 1996 36.26 33.94 38.93 24.12 1997 38.53 39.66 40.77 28.90 1998 40.31 39.68 38.23 33.88 2000 37.14 42.26 37.64 31.27 2001 33.78 40.74 39.43 30.55 2002 34.67 39.28 43.36 27.13 2004 35.57 43.99 45.81 33.72 2006 37.29 44.30 43.91 41.30 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A6.4. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1990 69.49 60.49 80.21 76.71 . . 1991 . . . . 34.95 16.67 1992 70.98 60.89 81.09 76.70 40.92 16.05 1993 72.41 60.93 82.14 77.65 41.03 17.35 1994 70.66 58.80 80.31 74.55 44.07 19.36 1995 71.12 59.28 80.91 76.16 45.08 21.50 1996 69.79 58.41 79.68 74.34 43.30 23.10 1997 67.80 55.39 78.54 73.48 46.41 27.53 1998 69.69 55.02 79.45 72.90 49.39 26.86 2000 67.74 56.05 79.04 71.77 48.01 26.65 2001 66.60 53.88 79.42 74.50 48.63 25.33 2002 66.02 53.06 79.77 73.96 47.44 25.68 2003 65.15 53.46 77.57 73.39 . . 2004 65.98 54.66 79.84 75.69 51.13 29.25 2005 66.21 52.35 77.71 71.90 . . 2006 67.94 53.84 79.99 72.06 52.50 32.06 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 60 Table A6.5. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1990 63.50 70.71 64.70 72.77 . . 1991 . . . . 16.36 34.76 1992 64.04 72.38 65.51 74.34 17.64 38.44 1993 65.73 72.53 67.13 74.09 19.04 37.73 1994 63.27 71.16 64.56 72.72 20.99 42.56 1995 64.98 70.21 66.47 72.10 23.59 42.50 1996 63.42 69.45 65.23 72.14 22.81 43.50 1997 61.55 66.34 63.36 69.16 24.78 49.12 1998 61.72 68.26 63.77 70.47 25.49 49.28 2000 59.09 66.57 60.82 68.94 23.00 44.73 2001 55.87 65.56 57.93 67.86 23.56 43.23 2002 55.99 64.52 57.79 67.58 23.50 42.75 2003 56.00 63.78 57.98 66.63 . . 2004 57.12 64.79 59.47 67.65 24.45 47.59 2005 55.99 64.17 58.19 67.04 . . 2006 58.42 65.14 60.76 67.57 29.62 48.41 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A6.6. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1990 55.24 61.28 66.85 73.23 78.05 1992 56.64 61.40 68.75 72.34 80.55 1993 58.71 65.49 69.91 73.59 77.21 1994 56.78 63.75 67.60 71.20 76.50 1995 56.02 63.62 68.46 71.25 78.06 1996 55.09 63.10 67.18 69.93 76.01 1997 53.25 60.05 65.64 66.62 73.55 1998 53.40 59.80 65.26 70.32 75.49 2000 50.40 59.24 64.13 67.70 77.33 2001 47.88 55.91 62.40 68.32 75.41 2002 47.40 55.49 61.92 66.87 75.45 2003 45.27 54.33 62.69 67.37 74.83 2004 46.07 57.25 62.35 67.73 76.57 2005 45.16 56.15 60.42 67.28 77.05 2006 48.26 57.95 61.85 67.61 78.09 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 61 Table A6.7. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1990 56.22 64.01 69.47 74.35 78.48 1992 59.20 63.80 70.02 74.12 81.00 1993 61.12 67.57 71.44 74.33 77.86 1994 58.95 65.08 68.83 72.30 77.61 1995 58.55 65.54 70.42 72.41 78.85 1996 58.29 65.77 69.24 71.96 77.16 1997 56.34 62.97 67.83 68.88 74.54 1998 57.06 62.56 66.69 71.91 76.74 2000 54.39 61.53 66.29 68.61 78.62 2001 51.11 58.74 64.81 70.58 75.90 2002 51.47 58.48 64.98 68.81 76.33 2003 49.90 57.24 65.06 69.45 75.54 2004 50.27 60.96 64.75 69.54 77.80 2005 49.43 59.56 62.93 68.83 78.42 2006 52.98 60.02 64.62 69.45 78.62 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A6.8. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1991 2.73 14.03 27.65 37.40 45.79 1992 3.42 19.04 31.36 40.67 46.26 1993 3.74 23.92 28.20 41.54 45.49 1994 7.39 24.16 32.89 43.71 49.47 1995 4.80 28.15 30.74 46.83 53.17 1996 4.05 21.37 34.20 49.85 55.07 1997 10.68 26.69 37.75 50.54 57.24 1998 11.32 28.70 39.55 48.12 58.43 2000 8.00 32.74 37.32 48.95 53.73 2001 7.72 28.54 38.85 48.77 53.55 2002 10.52 22.54 38.18 50.86 55.69 2004 10.88 29.72 46.87 45.86 62.05 2006 11.89 36.33 46.75 50.57 61.67 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 62 Table A6.9. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1990 59.34 70.97 71.75 1992 61.79 73.81 70.86 1993 63.72 74.25 71.41 1994 62.87 70.95 69.43 1995 64.06 71.34 70.09 1996 62.13 69.98 70.29 1997 60.96 68.29 66.93 1998 60.65 69.40 68.04 2000 61.50 66.53 67.01 2001 57.13 66.22 65.20 2002 55.71 65.45 65.40 2003 55.17 65.72 64.47 2004 56.97 66.01 65.90 2005 58.16 66.16 64.22 2006 61.92 66.03 65.41 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A6.10. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1990 45.32 89.46 . 1992 46.99 89.29 . 1993 47.54 90.75 . 1994 46.27 76.93 94.09 1995 46.49 79.15 93.21 1996 48.75 77.99 91.71 1997 43.54 76.11 93.54 1998 44.68 78.68 92.54 2000 42.71 74.32 91.58 2001 38.11 74.47 93.30 2002 37.64 76.27 93.88 2003 36.90 74.93 92.56 2004 37.21 74.36 92.71 2005 36.36 72.51 93.41 2006 37.41 74.80 93.09 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 63 Table A6.11. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1990 96.62 75.29 1992 96.84 76.89 1993 97.99 77.99 1994 96.77 75.89 1995 97.69 76.98 1996 95.09 75.68 1997 96.18 74.48 1998 95.85 75.37 2000 94.02 74.69 2001 96.60 75.30 2002 97.70 75.49 2003 97.74 73.94 2004 97.80 76.36 2005 98.28 73.60 2006 97.80 75.32 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A6.12. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1990 59.21 74.50 82.23 60.34 76.85 84.32 1992 60.20 74.17 84.11 61.57 76.56 85.49 1993 61.27 74.75 83.90 62.58 76.52 85.32 1994 60.26 72.85 79.70 61.46 74.56 81.37 1995 60.05 72.19 81.68 61.24 74.69 83.54 1996 58.94 71.33 80.10 60.94 73.57 82.79 1997 55.26 69.59 79.45 56.94 72.59 82.30 1998 56.24 68.84 80.48 58.08 71.53 82.31 2000 53.68 68.15 81.73 55.83 70.55 82.98 2001 51.05 66.14 79.82 52.84 68.84 82.01 2002 50.25 64.21 80.67 52.38 67.43 82.83 2003 50.24 63.27 78.01 52.42 66.15 80.31 2004 51.28 63.56 80.51 53.43 67.05 82.73 2005 51.01 61.64 79.58 53.07 64.96 81.99 2006 52.32 62.32 82.06 54.36 64.98 84.39 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 64 Table A6.13. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1991 22.88 49.79 65.07 1992 25.20 47.38 66.33 1993 25.48 44.15 70.02 1994 27.49 48.39 77.15 1995 28.70 57.52 64.17 1996 29.45 57.48 63.45 1997 32.01 62.53 81.83 1998 33.15 56.91 76.93 2000 33.05 51.97 77.69 2001 32.40 45.96 78.15 2002 32.64 46.13 69.78 2004 35.17 57.76 73.54 2006 36.88 58.49 67.51 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A6.14. Costa Rica. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1991 93.98 54.59 61.31 1992 89.82 52.04 58.76 1993 90.48 55.15 62.69 1994 86.34 47.84 56.27 1995 87.56 48.46 57.78 1996 85.80 49.40 57.59 1997 87.57 52.40 61.33 1998 83.43 50.91 59.13 2000 85.01 48.78 56.87 2001 89.89 53.35 62.34 2002 87.65 50.66 59.24 2004 90.25 48.62 60.30 2006 84.83 48.04 59.87 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 65 Table A6.15. Costa Rica. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1991 32.92 55.15 1992 36.52 53.92 1993 38.13 56.10 1994 41.36 59.27 1995 42.38 58.64 1996 42.24 57.34 1997 45.07 63.63 1998 46.75 63.10 1999 36.70 61.82 2000 45.68 60.63 2001 45.79 61.59 2002 45.34 62.66 2004 49.07 63.61 2005 74.44 74.44 2006 53.33 65.68 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 66 7. Dominican Republic Table A7.1. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Population Age Population Persons 65+ 2000 . . . 10.99 2001 . . . 12.15 2002 . . . 11.42 2003 . . . 10.87 2004 . . . 13.17 2005 16.74 20.13 40.37 12.89 2006 20.15 23.71 48.59 11.92 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.2. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 2004 . . . . . 2005 22.90 23.07 19.83 14.80 9.25 2006 26.16 26.22 25.29 19.50 13.57 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.3. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 2000 12.68 9.82 10.49 10.19 2001 12.58 13.33 13.65 8.36 2002 11.32 10.72 13.38 11.06 2003 9.90 10.92 16.39 8.26 2004 15.63 12.07 13.71 10.75 2005 13.08 11.92 16.49 11.17 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force 67 Table A7.4. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 2000 . . . . 15.59 6.76 2001 . . . . 18.59 6.72 2002 . . . . 16.53 6.95 2003 . . . . 17.60 5.28 2004 . . . . 18.77 7.42 2005 16.42 17.20 18.25 23.55 18.73 7.64 2006 19.08 21.75 20.72 29.21 18.00 6.26 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.5. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 2000 . . . . 3.88 15.18 2001 . . . . 3.85 17.11 2002 . . . . 3.82 15.97 2003 . . . . 3.69 15.53 2004 . . . . 6.02 18.26 2005 9.87 19.32 11.67 23.39 5.58 16.65 2006 13.48 23.51 15.66 27.83 5.56 16.22 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.6. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2004 . . . . . 2005 6.45 13.97 15.62 20.79 26.86 2006 6.72 15.10 20.59 26.02 32.31 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.7. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2004 . . . . . 2005 9.99 18.14 19.83 22.81 29.86 2006 10.95 20.00 23.19 29.00 35.38 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force 68 Table A7.8. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2000 5.50 5.68 10.86 17.67 15.22 2001 1.84 12.95 11.87 16.67 17.37 2002 2.32 8.08 10.09 15.81 20.77 2003 4.46 4.32 8.48 17.41 19.70 2004 4.45 10.42 11.35 17.97 21.64 2005 2.02 8.36 12.93 18.44 22.70 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.9. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 2004 . . . 2005 1.41 30.12 19.94 2006 3.19 32.03 25.55 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.10. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 2004 . . . 2005 0.18 7.62 22.82 2006 0.17 7.80 26.43 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.11. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 2004 . . 2005 49.58 33.65 2006 67.51 38.03 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.12. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 2004 . . . . . . 2005 9.08 17.43 35.11 10.68 21.85 42.24 2006 10.58 22.30 42.19 12.17 27.48 49.41 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force 69 Table A7.13. Dominican Republic. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 2000 9.12 38.10 38.99 2001 10.08 36.05 42.66 2002 8.97 30.21 41.96 2003 8.96 27.98 44.84 2004 11.26 23.68 45.77 2005 11.57 23.15 36.84 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.14. Dominican Republic. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 2000 41.61 25.39 28.12 2001 41.92 27.23 30.51 2002 44.19 26.27 30.17 2003 46.66 28.95 32.43 2004 50.53 29.18 33.25 2005 49.98 32.64 36.37 Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force Table A7.15. Dominican Republic. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 2000 13.76 43.81 2001 15.55 41.47 2002 14.31 41.03 2003 14.55 40.48 2004 16.01 45.98 2005 16.40 44.59 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on Panel Survey of the Labor Force 70 8. Ecuador Table A8.1. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population age Population Persons Independent 65+ 1990 39.42 40.32 61.29 9.46 18.60 1991 38.82 39.90 58.75 11.61 19.83 1992 38.94 40.25 60.68 13.26 18.65 1993 38.03 39.30 56.79 14.52 19.35 1994 38.06 39.10 56.13 13.48 19.27 1995 37.23 38.23 56.38 11.26 20.20 1996 39.90 41.42 61.17 13.13 21.17 1997 38.38 39.57 57.53 12.09 19.64 1998 33.95 35.76 52.17 10.43 20.85 1999 32.97 34.79 50.13 10.78 22.38 2000 26.29 26.83 39.38 11.41 13.68 2001 26.61 27.18 39.33 13.37 14.66 2003 26.66 27.40 39.69 12.17 15.22 2004 26.81 27.57 41.94 11.79 16.08 2005 26.82 27.23 40.68 10.99 15.29 2006 26.19 26.61 39.23 11.00 17.45 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A8.2. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1990 35.28 45.69 44.97 36.88 35.72 1991 33.76 45.21 44.36 40.19 34.46 1992 34.53 45.31 44.16 40.70 35.34 1993 32.56 42.58 45.01 40.55 39.99 1994 33.14 41.72 44.25 42.14 38.17 1995 32.37 41.51 43.41 37.75 37.18 1996 36.89 43.81 46.10 42.14 39.70 1997 34.86 41.24 45.37 40.74 33.48 1998 29.60 37.71 40.35 39.42 35.77 1999 28.00 37.39 40.20 36.88 33.57 2000 22.37 28.79 31.71 28.65 23.64 2001 21.75 29.15 31.71 29.71 26.58 2003 22.42 27.90 32.66 29.56 27.67 2004 22.91 28.14 31.19 32.20 25.20 2005 22.97 28.29 29.35 32.17 25.64 2006 22.90 25.50 29.25 31.65 27.59 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 71 Table A8.3. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1990 15.78 18.41 21.50 20.66 1991 16.87 19.54 22.81 21.97 1992 14.27 22.51 24.69 16.71 1993 14.01 22.77 22.77 22.21 1994 13.33 20.25 30.23 19.09 1995 16.08 20.15 26.85 21.44 1996 17.20 20.12 24.27 26.91 1997 19.12 19.21 21.53 19.53 1998 18.34 22.52 20.99 23.85 1999 16.58 23.75 29.07 24.61 2000 12.21 15.30 13.15 14.41 2001 14.07 13.44 17.56 14.34 2003 11.48 16.97 18.06 16.20 2004 11.31 16.98 18.57 19.99 2005 10.39 17.30 18.12 17.98 2006 11.45 18.36 21.16 22.13 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A8.4. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1990 40.88 36.86 60.83 62.19 28.43 9.83 1991 40.37 36.31 57.18 61.69 27.99 12.83 1992 41.26 35.40 60.49 61.04 27.86 10.13 1993 39.80 35.29 55.72 58.74 27.46 12.44 1994 38.69 37.07 54.60 58.77 29.38 10.61 1995 37.79 36.35 54.74 59.21 30.50 11.19 1996 40.82 38.45 60.17 62.89 30.58 12.43 1997 38.30 38.52 55.58 60.81 26.94 13.14 1998 34.58 33.03 49.82 56.10 30.05 13.31 1999 33.86 31.63 48.41 53.04 30.92 15.23 2000 25.70 27.31 35.84 46.58 18.25 9.18 2001 27.31 25.55 37.11 43.71 17.68 11.72 2003 27.17 25.83 37.39 44.30 18.71 11.87 2004 27.06 26.42 38.95 47.68 19.38 12.95 2005 27.21 26.22 38.55 44.64 18.16 12.59 2006 25.87 26.66 35.61 46.31 20.26 14.89 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 72 Table A8.5. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1990 . 39.42 . 40.32 . 18.60 1991 . 38.82 . 39.90 . 19.83 1992 . 38.94 . 40.25 . 18.65 1993 . 38.03 . 39.30 . 19.35 1994 . 38.06 . 39.10 . 19.27 1995 . 37.23 . 38.23 . 20.20 1996 . 39.90 . 41.42 . 21.17 1997 . 38.38 . 39.57 . 19.64 1998 . 33.95 . 35.76 . 20.85 1999 . 32.97 . 34.79 . 22.38 2000 18.39 30.15 18.46 31.05 3.70 20.72 2001 21.16 29.46 21.25 30.36 4.90 21.67 2003 18.33 30.55 18.37 31.81 4.85 22.16 2004 19.13 30.49 19.10 31.80 5.45 23.17 2005 18.48 30.82 18.54 31.49 4.40 22.51 2006 19.90 29.22 20.01 29.86 5.32 25.51 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A8.6. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1990 25.98 29.38 35.54 45.08 61.35 1991 23.49 29.37 36.79 48.10 56.09 1992 24.00 30.24 36.11 48.10 56.83 1993 25.65 30.64 35.27 46.30 52.42 1994 28.45 28.06 35.77 44.23 53.59 1995 22.67 28.98 34.21 47.20 52.68 1996 26.99 31.64 38.42 46.45 55.74 1997 22.43 28.89 38.39 45.57 56.23 1998 13.30 22.86 32.32 43.60 57.41 1999 15.10 23.08 28.63 42.05 56.21 2000 14.23 16.79 22.37 31.05 46.55 2001 14.99 16.65 22.58 32.52 45.70 2003 13.92 15.81 22.15 33.14 48.22 2004 13.81 16.17 22.17 32.80 49.13 2005 11.12 12.16 18.77 33.69 58.29 2006 11.75 12.30 19.34 30.82 56.79 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 73 Table A8.7. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1990 27.57 29.66 36.48 46.68 61.50 1991 24.28 31.22 37.19 49.60 56.94 1992 25.97 30.81 37.27 50.84 57.07 1993 27.00 32.16 37.63 46.96 52.93 1994 29.63 29.54 36.37 45.38 54.43 1995 24.02 29.67 35.66 48.52 52.93 1996 28.28 33.87 40.26 47.39 57.10 1997 23.91 29.93 39.88 46.96 56.78 1998 14.58 25.60 34.34 44.78 59.33 1999 16.62 24.56 30.71 44.91 57.45 2000 14.41 17.49 22.63 32.30 46.89 2001 15.41 17.01 23.21 33.42 46.21 2003 14.30 16.29 23.07 34.10 49.20 2004 14.31 16.82 23.04 33.56 50.15 2005 11.22 12.26 19.14 34.28 59.16 2006 11.61 12.44 19.81 31.44 57.81 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A8.8. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1990 5.26 15.41 15.50 25.00 31.94 1991 8.96 16.00 18.00 24.74 31.75 1992 5.33 13.18 19.77 25.51 29.49 1993 4.79 15.48 22.18 20.55 33.79 1994 2.05 16.60 16.92 25.15 34.68 1995 5.45 12.42 19.07 28.85 35.28 1996 7.79 17.20 20.63 28.31 31.69 1997 7.75 13.81 20.25 26.39 29.65 1998 7.13 15.05 17.04 28.33 36.74 1999 5.59 19.95 20.67 30.81 34.84 2000 3.43 8.61 12.78 19.15 24.42 2001 2.11 10.37 15.00 16.05 29.59 2003 1.90 4.52 11.46 17.71 40.50 2004 2.03 7.72 10.86 22.82 36.95 2005 . 2.24 7.74 22.87 43.85 2006 . 4.29 8.57 23.13 51.18 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 74 Table A8.9. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1990 18.78 38.25 43.45 1991 19.70 38.35 42.59 1992 24.57 38.85 42.32 1993 23.70 37.02 41.87 1994 22.94 35.27 41.95 1995 21.86 34.27 40.83 1996 26.00 36.39 44.31 1997 22.11 35.05 42.65 1998 18.69 31.29 38.96 1999 20.75 29.84 37.82 2000 15.74 23.53 33.86 2001 18.43 26.17 32.43 2003 17.28 25.83 33.46 2004 16.91 26.53 33.95 2005 16.34 25.80 33.65 2006 17.50 25.05 32.04 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A8.10. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1990 . . . 1991 . . . 1992 17.43 54.40 81.82 1993 18.18 51.15 79.52 1994 17.44 47.81 81.24 1995 15.34 45.51 80.37 1996 17.51 48.72 86.27 1997 15.23 43.91 82.38 1998 13.24 38.06 82.39 1999 13.99 40.28 80.09 2000 13.09 34.61 64.38 2001 14.42 33.33 65.40 2003 12.64 36.27 72.30 2004 12.41 36.37 74.58 2005 12.37 33.96 76.43 2006 12.06 33.03 71.49 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 75 Table A8.11. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1990 92.24 47.93 1991 88.51 46.92 1992 90.70 50.68 1993 88.58 46.36 1994 89.31 46.15 1995 89.78 46.20 1996 99.76 48.99 1997 100.00 44.57 1998 99.41 40.44 1999 98.52 40.27 2000 79.99 31.21 2001 83.38 32.22 2003 83.95 31.95 2004 88.36 33.46 2005 93.02 32.73 2006 83.91 32.40 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A8.12. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1990 23.86 42.08 68.39 23.95 43.63 70.46 1991 23.35 41.88 63.86 23.71 43.40 66.53 1992 22.62 40.72 64.58 23.07 42.32 68.18 1993 21.93 39.91 63.29 22.32 41.53 66.17 1994 20.97 38.70 62.14 21.19 40.26 64.11 1995 21.04 36.18 62.09 21.27 37.48 64.25 1996 23.14 38.87 65.75 23.41 41.09 69.10 1997 19.95 37.96 63.78 20.10 39.64 66.16 1998 16.18 33.00 60.71 16.73 35.17 64.48 1999 16.70 30.72 60.15 17.17 32.81 64.04 2000 15.76 27.23 54.38 15.92 28.16 56.16 2001 16.70 27.05 51.07 16.88 27.83 52.84 2003 15.80 28.02 50.03 16.01 29.11 52.31 2004 15.72 27.03 52.88 15.88 28.17 55.45 2005 16.12 26.08 54.62 16.28 26.55 56.11 2006 16.68 24.81 51.67 16.89 25.31 53.06 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 76 Table A8.13. Ecuador. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1990 13.55 36.98 52.43 1991 14.58 39.10 44.64 1992 12.39 35.21 50.00 1993 12.40 40.96 42.04 1994 13.20 33.65 48.70 1995 13.38 41.19 45.17 1996 16.12 35.16 54.46 1997 12.90 36.69 44.81 1998 14.06 40.30 54.46 1999 14.89 45.71 54.69 2000 9.32 33.08 43.54 2001 9.75 37.18 48.16 2003 10.35 40.73 44.11 2004 11.82 36.47 44.91 2005 12.92 37.50 49.37 2006 15.39 44.66 53.63 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A8.14. Ecuador. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly At Least one Elderly 1991 81.97 38.18 48.56 1992 84.62 42.72 50.93 1993 80.52 45.77 52.28 1994 84.46 56.32 62.80 1995 80.21 42.96 52.31 1996 83.71 49.79 56.23 1997 80.88 43.98 51.47 1998 78.05 43.54 51.38 1999 81.06 38.02 47.97 2000 61.32 31.66 38.73 2001 67.73 31.61 42.00 2003 74.23 37.82 47.59 2004 76.85 40.51 50.51 2005 82.81 56.26 64.44 2006 86.57 55.53 65.02 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 77 Table A8.15. Ecuador. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1990 25.80 62.15 1991 25.88 62.10 1992 24.51 63.59 1993 24.89 62.39 1994 24.91 60.72 1995 26.33 61.06 1996 27.16 62.89 1997 25.21 60.92 1998 25.39 59.61 1999 29.66 58.15 2000 18.07 60.32 2001 18.47 64.62 2003 20.20 63.39 2004 20.41 64.89 2005 20.22 65.66 2006 22.21 68.12 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 78 9. Guatemala Table A9.1.Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population Age Population Persons Independent 65+ 1998 18.90 19.19 37.18 0.78 13.73 2000 19.62 19.90 39.70 0.12 11.17 2006 26.78 27.17 46.15 6.21 15.41 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.2. Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1998 22.67 22.36 20.17 15.77 7.55 2000 24.65 21.63 21.19 13.46 7.77 2006 32.33 29.22 27.26 21.12 13.79 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.3. Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1998 11.76 15.18 13.28 16.21 2000 14.65 11.10 7.44 7.72 2006 11.69 18.05 17.20 16.06 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.4. Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1998 20.98 15.43 21.36 15.60 18.10 9.50 2000 21.60 16.09 21.87 16.35 19.10 3.59 2006 26.81 26.72 27.16 27.20 19.96 11.05 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions 79 Table A9.5. Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1998 12.18 26.27 12.28 26.88 8.64 19.94 2000 11.58 28.97 11.65 29.62 6.89 16.46 2006 15.93 34.97 16.03 35.71 8.24 22.04 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.6. Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1998 1.69 11.31 17.27 28.68 36.40 2000 2.05 11.03 19.00 26.79 39.77 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.7 Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1998 1.72 11.40 17.19 29.37 37.15 2000 2.10 11.08 19.25 27.25 40.35 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.8. Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1998 3.80 11.33 11.91 16.94 24.60 2000 0.67 6.50 8.57 13.97 26.08 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.9. Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1998 13.71 22.42 22.10 2000 8.34 26.93 25.71 2006 10.87 33.31 34.38 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions 80 Table A9.10. Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1998 . . . 2000 2.67 39.44 77.62 2006 8.13 43.81 77.58 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.11. Guatemala. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1998 72.14 32.93 2000 73.84 37.78 2006 81.50 43.90 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.12. Guatemala. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1998 12.42 36.19 52.41 12.53 37.70 53.57 2000 12.16 39.13 49.10 12.29 40.22 50.10 2006 16.71 45.47 56.25 16.85 46.88 57.44 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.13. Guatemala. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1998 11.11 46.72 54.66 2000 8.15 47.01 59.27 2006 11.55 52.16 62.84 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions 81 Table A9.14. Guatemala. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1998 52.85 26.65 32.75 2000 83.03 41.76 50.76 2006 72.48 27.53 37.07 Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions Table A9.15. Guatemala. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1998 17.85 68.78 2000 14.75 63.45 2006 20.07 58.66 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on National Survey on Living Conditions 82 10. Honduras Table A10.1. Honduras. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Active Employed Population Age Population Persons 65+ 1990 . . 4.57 1992 . . 4.86 1994 . . 2.65 1995 . . 5.03 1996 . . 4.82 1997 . . 4.10 1998 . . 3.95 1999 . . 3.10 2001 . . 4.72 2002 . . 4.74 2003 . . 4.63 2006 20.11 20.75 5.32 Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes Table A10.2. Honduras. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 2005 . . . . . 2006 26.83 24.27 19.37 14.32 6.38 Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes Table A10.3. Honduras. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1990 3.26 7.01 4.78 3.87 1992 3.27 7.53 4.42 4.64 1995 5.17 5.89 5.37 2.97 1996 3.87 4.92 6.61 4.74 1997 4.43 3.66 4.70 3.50 1998 3.58 4.09 3.64 4.73 1999 2.63 3.77 3.11 3.11 2001 3.91 5.01 5.00 5.45 2002 4.36 5.42 5.09 4.25 2003 3.91 4.99 5.50 4.59 2006 4.99 6.04 5.99 4.49 Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes 83 Table A10.4. Honduras. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women 1990 . . 6.29 2.85 1992 . . 7.52 2.42 1994 . . 4.73 0.68 1995 . . 7.45 2.79 1996 . . 6.86 3.03 1997 . . 5.71 2.61 1998 . . 6.40 1.73 1999 . . 4.57 1.72 2001 . . 6.85 2.75 2002 . . 6.13 3.46 2003 . . 5.46 3.88 2006 17.01 25.59 6.56 4.17 Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes Table A10.5. Honduras. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1990 . . . . 0.61 10.00 1992 . . . . 0.94 10.78 1995 . . . . 1.52 10.03 1996 . . . . 1.22 9.41 1997 . . . . 1.00 8.08 1998 . . . . 1.67 7.06 1999 . . . . 0.95 6.15 2001 . . . . 1.65 8.23 2002 . . . . 1.39 8.64 2003 . . . . 0.78 8.76 2006 7.43 31.96 7.56 33.41 0.98 10.23 Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes Table A10.6. Honduras. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2005 . . . . . 2006 0.87 6.04 16.65 25.76 38.25 Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes 84 Table A10.7. Honduras. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2005 . . . . . 2006 0.88 6.09 16.90 26.12 38.90 Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes Table A10.8. Honduras. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 2005 . . . 2006 2.02 32.92 28.66 Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes Table A10.9. Honduras. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1990 2.91 30.64 32.42 1992 3.36 42.68 23.17 1994 2.32 34.51 . 1996 3.94 20.76 19.93 1998 3.02 17.50 39.95 1999 1.93 23.78 21.31 2001 2.71 40.33 26.80 2002 2.72 35.86 43.32 2003 2.38 35.95 38.33 2006 1.17 36.37 39.99 Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes Table A10.10. Honduras. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1997 65.37 38.80 41.33 1999 61.35 33.82 37.17 2001 63.57 29.08 33.40 2003 50.88 19.11 25.71 2006 67.53 34.94 42.22 Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes 85 Table A10.11. Honduras. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1990 7.10 54.91 1992 6.82 52.29 1994 3.71 46.52 1995 6.76 52.66 1996 7.62 56.36 1997 6.10 55.02 1998 5.84 53.08 1999 4.69 54.18 2001 6.92 52.48 2002 6.54 51.41 2003 6.85 55.02 2006 7.27 53.98 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least onesocial security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which atleast one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on Household Ongoing Survey for Multiple Purposes 86 11. Mexico Table A11.1. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly, Alternative Indicators Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population Age Population Persons Independent 65+ 1992 . . . . 16.66 1994 . . . . 15.72 1996 . . . . 17.95 1998 34.33 34.98 56.06 . 19.88 2000 36.06 36.62 55.93 . 19.03 2002 34.75 36.16 55.02 0.63 18.70 2004 35.95 37.03 52.96 0.59 22.52 2005 35.43 36.50 53.09 0.86 22.66 2006 35.89 36.01 53.44 0.66 23.34 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses Table A11.2. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1998 41.73 40.45 33.29 25.60 11.85 2000 44.62 40.79 36.65 26.24 15.05 2002 41.88 41.24 36.50 28.27 18.12 2004 42.03 42.39 38.78 29.04 13.99 2005 41.43 41.70 38.22 29.18 15.02 2006 40.84 41.07 38.54 29.26 12.92 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses Table A11.3. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1992 14.64 21.01 15.67 15.06 1994 16.69 16.56 15.44 13.39 1996 18.33 15.23 22.24 16.93 1998 17.89 22.56 21.30 18.92 2000 20.12 17.04 23.91 15.97 2002 18.82 19.44 21.16 15.09 2004 23.21 21.69 22.44 22.60 2005 22.13 22.70 25.05 21.57 2006 22.89 23.51 27.10 20.69 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses 87 Table A11.4. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1992 . . . . 26.47 7.58 1994 . . . . 22.21 9.92 1996 . . . . 24.35 12.53 1998 34.99 33.12 54.05 60.41 26.31 13.52 2000 35.83 36.49 52.84 62.58 23.94 14.91 2002 34.87 34.54 52.91 59.02 26.18 12.14 2004 36.43 35.17 51.42 55.79 31.53 14.26 2005 36.19 34.19 51.65 55.74 31.73 14.91 2006 37.56 33.47 52.20 55.54 30.33 17.49 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses Table A11.5. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1992 . . . . 4.56 21.19 1994 . . . . 6.56 19.24 1996 . . . . 7.55 22.09 1998 9.82 42.11 9.88 43.06 7.97 25.75 2000 10.56 43.32 10.68 44.04 6.29 24.57 2002 12.00 41.27 12.37 43.06 7.97 23.40 2004 15.13 41.29 15.51 42.59 9.07 28.03 2005 15.79 40.51 16.15 41.81 8.86 27.39 2006 14.70 41.35 14.73 41.52 9.48 29.28 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses Table A11.6. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1998 5.74 23.78 37.75 49.30 55.08 2000 5.88 27.02 38.83 51.41 57.16 2002 7.30 24.55 37.29 47.88 56.70 2004 10.10 26.87 36.05 49.26 56.00 2005 8.69 26.63 38.11 47.72 55.61 2006 10.49 27.32 36.96 47.93 56.30 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses 88 Table A11.7. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1998 5.85 24.49 38.63 50.17 55.74 2000 6.00 27.72 39.34 52.34 57.70 2002 7.95 25.80 39.02 49.15 58.87 2004 10.69 27.91 37.58 50.18 56.88 2005 9.32 27.82 39.27 49.24 56.46 2006 10.56 27.46 37.08 48.13 56.40 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses Table A11.8. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1992 2.56 15.36 19.15 20.50 25.73 1994 1.59 6.07 16.97 21.55 32.48 1996 0.86 8.25 18.71 28.40 33.71 1998 1.16 8.03 22.15 32.47 35.59 2000 2.15 9.42 16.45 29.52 37.66 2002 2.95 12.79 18.65 28.98 30.13 2004 1.97 15.86 29.43 36.05 39.37 2005 4.01 15.35 22.84 28.45 43.03 2006 3.86 15.62 25.74 33.56 38.14 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses Table A11.9. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1998 4.52 57.55 37.67 2000 7.99 46.43 40.93 2002 8.71 44.87 40.44 2004 9.35 47.40 38.88 2005 9.67 45.58 39.00 2006 9.54 43.59 38.79 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses 89 Table A11.10. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1998 7.08 57.35 88.66 2000 7.13 57.34 88.15 2002 7.24 55.80 88.06 2004 8.12 45.69 77.93 2005 7.43 42.48 79.06 2006 7.77 48.81 79.47 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses Table A11.11. Mexico. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1998 85.16 48.98 2000 87.34 48.76 2002 85.55 47.88 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses Table A11.12. Mexico. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1998 17.00 49.54 58.81 17.17 50.74 61.12 2000 17.56 48.12 61.91 17.74 49.07 63.23 2002 16.82 45.97 59.82 17.52 47.51 63.27 2004 16.88 44.12 57.39 17.27 45.68 59.34 2005 16.56 42.67 56.57 16.91 44.05 59.03 2006 15.66 43.32 57.85 15.69 43.47 58.21 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses 90 Table A11.13. Mexico. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1992 14.50 43.86 33.76 1994 13.45 50.26 46.29 1996 15.53 43.86 50.31 1998 16.83 45.22 58.92 2000 15.72 52.05 50.49 2002 15.52 39.13 57.05 2004 18.47 48.40 50.91 2005 17.72 47.29 53.06 2006 18.30 46.88 51.01 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses Table A11.14. Mexico. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1992 82.15 38.36 48.95 1994 74.71 41.00 49.53 1996 71.82 40.43 49.05 1998 82.46 44.27 54.29 2000 81.52 39.82 51.87 2002 73.75 41.92 50.81 2004 73.88 46.26 56.53 2005 75.16 38.48 48.47 2006 73.69 37.74 48.15 Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses Table A11.15. Mexico. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1992 22.85 56.22 1994 20.94 59.93 1996 23.27 60.28 1998 25.20 64.88 2000 24.27 62.33 2002 25.01 66.23 2004 31.88 69.62 2005 29.49 63.46 2006 30.29 66.77 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on National Survey on Income and Household Expenses 91 12. Nicaragua Table A12.1. Nicaragua. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly11 Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population Persons Independent 1993 24.38 27.51 44.90 6.98 1998 18.01 18.54 32.86 1.24 2001 18.78 19.43 36.04 0.85 2005 18.52 19.26 37.48 0.26 Source: own, based on National Household Survey to Measure the Standard of Living Table A12.2. Nicaragua. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1993 28.87 32.33 26.39 20.90 16.03 1998 18.21 22.15 21.24 15.61 6.34 2001 21.14 22.63 20.30 15.63 7.34 2005 22.71 22.86 19.11 14.23 5.70 Source: own, based on National Household Survey to Measure the Standard of Living Table A12.3. Nicaragua. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Year Population Men Women Men Women 1993 22.46 27.88 25.64 30.79 1998 16.64 20.46 17.10 21.14 2001 16.97 21.78 17.53 22.61 2005 16.23 22.31 16.83 23.31 Source: own, based on National Household Survey to Measure the Standard of Living 11Coverage of the active population in Nicaragua shows a strong decline between 1993 and 1998 in all tables. We have no hypothesis to explain this fact and cannot rule out data errors. 92 Table A12.4. Nicaragua. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban 1993 11.36 32.10 12.10 37.50 1998 8.81 24.51 8.93 25.50 2001 8.03 25.10 8.16 26.25 2005 6.53 26.07 6.66 27.46 Source: own, based on National Household Survey to Measure the Standard of Living Table A12.5. Nicaragua. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1993 4.22 14.17 28.46 32.69 42.33 1998 2.71 11.38 16.27 25.97 33.72 2001 4.43 12.70 20.05 29.06 27.65 2005 3.09 9.29 19.30 25.35 35.56 Source: own, based on National Household Survey to Measure the Standard of Living Table A12.6. Nicaragua. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1993 4.84 18.28 32.07 37.18 45.09 1998 2.85 12.04 16.92 26.19 34.69 2001 4.95 12.77 20.76 29.83 28.83 2005 3.21 9.71 20.10 26.44 36.83 Source: own, based on National Household Survey to Measure the Standard of Living Table A12.7. Nicaragua. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1998 4.55 27.70 24.28 2001 3.04 29.28 25.68 2005 2.18 31.92 25.09 Source: own, based on National Household Survey to Measure the Standard of Living 93 Table A12.8. Nicaragua. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1993 12.60 39.36 71.63 1998 2.86 32.31 66.42 2001 3.07 34.70 69.98 Source: own, based on National Household Survey to Measure the Standard of Living Table A12.9. Nicaragua. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1993 33.15 79.95 1998 . 32.86 2001 78.70 26.86 2005 79.50 29.53 Source: own, based on National Household Survey to Measure the Standard of Living Table A12.10. Nicaragua. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1993 14.57 40.33 59.99 16.26 46.43 70.05 1998 7.88 31.27 52.30 8.04 32.64 55.27 2001 8.46 29.75 53.37 8.64 31.57 56.33 2005 7.23 26.54 50.84 7.40 28.11 54.87 Source: own, based on National Household Survey to Measure the Standard of Living 94 13. Panama Table A13.1. Panama. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Year Economically Contributors / Beneficiaries / Active Population Employed Persons Population Age 65+ 1991 . . 35.55 1995 . . 35.04 1996 . . 36.87 1997 . . 37.40 1998 . . 40.53 1999 . . 43.27 2000 . . 44.97 2001 . . 41.13 2002 . . 42.52 2003 . . 41.86 2004 45.05 54.44 41.72 2005 . . 41.49 2006 . . 41.69 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A13.2. Panama. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 2004 47.61 55.94 58.77 58.74 53.07 2005 . . . . . 2006 . . . . . Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A13.3. Panama. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1991 36.30 36.70 37.56 30.61 1995 35.45 37.04 36.25 30.78 1996 35.55 38.98 39.58 34.00 1997 37.17 38.84 40.39 33.56 1998 38.35 41.90 46.43 36.80 1999 41.14 45.30 48.71 39.44 2000 44.46 45.06 47.80 43.31 2001 41.18 41.60 41.16 40.44 2002 42.28 44.36 43.02 40.23 2003 43.87 40.73 41.88 40.06 2004 42.39 41.96 44.90 37.76 2005 42.11 39.52 44.31 40.32 2006 41.59 42.43 43.21 39.80 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 95 Table A13.4. Panama. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women 1991 . . 43.91 26.94 1995 . . 44.70 26.21 1996 . . 45.79 28.66 1997 . . 44.92 30.30 1998 . . 46.36 35.41 1999 . . 51.32 35.86 2000 . . 52.05 38.39 2001 . . 50.00 32.58 2002 . . 50.06 35.19 2003 . . 48.72 35.04 2004 42.33 49.48 47.21 36.56 2005 . . 47.86 35.24 2006 . . 49.87 34.11 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A13.5. Panama. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1995 . . . . 15.44 49.87 1996 . . . . 14.92 52.42 1997 . . . . 15.37 53.20 1998 . . . . 16.25 55.47 1999 . . . . 20.44 56.86 2000 . . . . 20.57 58.57 2001 . . . . 17.54 56.22 2002 . . . . 17.64 58.55 2003 . . . . 17.69 57.62 2004 29.33 52.09 32.38 65.72 18.42 57.69 2005 . . . . 18.58 56.35 2006 . . . . 19.33 55.49 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A13.6. Panama. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2004 15.11 39.56 47.39 58.84 64.47 2005 . . . . . 2006 . . . . . Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 96 Table A13.7. Panama. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 2004 16.19 47.37 57.39 71.03 80.90 2005 . . . . . 2006 . . . . . Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A13.8. Panama. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1991 1.14 15.65 39.37 52.89 68.54 1995 1.78 17.46 34.94 51.94 69.23 1996 1.86 19.99 37.07 50.44 75.02 1997 2.78 20.07 33.71 55.65 73.57 1998 3.33 21.33 39.21 61.46 73.89 1999 5.26 25.37 42.79 66.04 75.21 2000 6.77 30.27 48.15 65.01 74.12 2001 5.51 22.52 43.35 59.00 74.57 2002 5.26 24.16 44.06 63.02 75.61 2003 5.16 24.42 42.17 63.13 73.96 2004 2.95 25.91 42.96 60.41 75.78 2005 6.52 21.08 44.08 58.71 76.80 2006 5.29 23.76 40.37 60.87 77.07 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A13.9. Panama. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 2004 28.51 40.09 49.48 2005 . . . 2006 . . . Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A13.10. Panama. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 2004 29.03 44.67 65.64 34.09 55.36 79.17 2005 . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 97 Table A13.11. Panama. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1991 27.09 68.67 75.98 1995 25.46 67.02 87.23 1996 26.33 70.83 82.77 1997 26.56 66.75 85.48 1998 28.55 72.51 84.64 1999 30.63 70.73 84.98 2000 31.74 73.62 83.03 2001 30.95 72.68 87.32 2002 29.68 76.12 92.33 2003 29.30 72.78 86.89 2004 28.66 75.98 78.86 2005 28.88 74.57 82.27 2006 29.99 68.83 82.48 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Table A13.12. Panama. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and Elderly At Least one Elderly 1991 91.20 59.48 67.86 1995 89.10 51.31 61.32 1996 91.50 51.76 60.71 1997 86.93 52.19 60.75 1998 87.34 52.70 61.36 1999 87.78 52.16 60.72 2000 87.53 51.87 60.53 2001 87.67 56.04 62.02 2002 86.11 52.50 59.56 2003 86.20 52.17 59.27 2004 86.87 51.83 59.86 2005 85.13 51.67 59.95 2006 84.55 50.47 59.06 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 98 Table A13.13. Panama. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1991 43.46 65.57 1995 42.37 64.83 1996 44.62 65.65 1997 44.59 67.40 1998 45.84 66.10 1999 49.58 68.79 2000 52.22 70.54 2001 47.93 67.19 2002 49.45 70.94 2003 48.90 70.71 2004 47.97 70.14 2005 47.62 69.43 2006 48.32 70.52 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 99 14. Paraguay Table A14.1. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population Age Population Persons Independent 65+ 1999 14.36 15.23 30.85 1.34 17.39 2000 13.85 14.79 32.49 0.01 19.60 2002 12.94 14.24 30.92 1.21 15.81 2003 12.98 13.94 29.48 1.27 16.55 2004 11.56 12.35 27.25 0.51 14.91 2005 15.01 15.76 32.75 0.39 18.18 2006 12.76 13.54 28.51 0.18 14.91 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey Table A14.2. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1999 15.53 16.20 15.87 15.76 9.82 2000 15.66 19.04 15.51 10.32 5.56 2002 13.36 16.86 16.38 11.98 8.95 2003 12.63 17.62 14.42 12.88 7.73 2004 12.04 15.50 12.94 10.76 7.32 2005 13.87 22.91 16.80 10.23 7.53 2006 11.37 19.53 15.51 10.94 6.04 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey Table A14.3. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1999 12.31 10.15 16.02 37.64 2000 14.95 12.35 19.65 37.36 2002 8.39 15.82 12.38 31.95 2003 10.89 13.68 15.11 29.87 2004 10.25 13.31 15.34 24.89 2005 17.21 14.88 16.29 25.71 2006 8.19 18.16 12.26 23.51 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey 100 Table A14.4. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1999 14.51 14.11 15.32 15.08 21.42 14.49 2000 13.90 13.78 14.73 14.88 22.63 17.08 2002 12.77 13.21 13.80 14.96 16.60 15.13 2003 12.82 13.22 13.60 14.49 18.74 14.69 2004 11.22 12.04 11.86 13.07 15.23 14.64 2005 14.47 15.79 15.06 16.80 16.70 19.28 2006 12.47 13.21 13.05 14.31 15.35 14.55 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey Table A14.5. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1999 4.92 20.85 5.05 22.61 8.09 25.58 2000 5.37 19.95 5.55 21.80 11.30 25.71 2002 5.93 17.63 6.18 20.15 7.17 22.89 2003 6.00 17.74 6.21 19.56 9.34 21.51 2004 4.52 16.39 4.67 17.91 6.64 21.39 2005 6.80 20.41 6.97 21.78 5.28 27.50 2006 5.28 17.80 5.44 19.25 4.17 22.03 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey Table A14.6. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1999 0.46 4.90 14.46 21.94 30.15 2000 0.68 4.11 12.23 21.38 31.59 2002 2.44 3.04 9.73 18.51 31.37 2003 0.88 3.21 9.92 20.25 31.24 2004 0.59 3.33 9.37 17.87 27.04 2005 0.79 4.64 14.54 21.96 33.89 2006 0.30 4.38 12.29 19.52 27.85 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey 101 Table A14.7. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1999 0.49 5.44 16.18 23.12 31.04 2000 0.73 4.42 13.68 23.23 32.75 2002 2.68 3.60 11.71 21.08 32.58 2003 0.95 3.61 11.18 22.26 32.45 2004 0.60 3.68 10.13 19.59 28.23 2005 0.83 4.87 15.72 22.85 35.40 2006 0.36 4.88 13.64 21.27 28.14 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey Table A14.8. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1999 . 4.80 18.32 20.64 42.95 2000 2.73 2.52 18.55 27.89 46.20 2002 2.35 3.35 9.24 22.55 41.28 2003 0.61 5.64 16.44 22.53 37.50 2004 1.03 4.55 7.79 23.01 37.85 2005 0.78 0.38 9.64 33.18 46.69 2006 0.46 5.24 6.86 24.76 37.22 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey Table A14.9. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1999 0.88 16.83 22.16 2000 1.41 15.38 22.12 2002 1.71 13.50 22.13 2003 1.52 13.03 21.21 2004 1.23 11.33 19.26 2005 1.38 16.32 23.57 2006 0.45 13.88 20.68 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey 102 Table A14.10. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1999 4.08 30.83 68.23 2000 2.46 41.67 66.79 2002 3.55 34.42 65.50 2003 3.52 37.96 62.80 2004 2.67 34.44 63.25 2005 3.07 41.25 71.21 2006 0.17 . . Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey Table A14.11. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1999 77.16 22.81 2000 82.20 25.45 2002 81.04 19.86 2003 81.73 18.03 2004 80.67 17.51 2005 84.63 21.30 2006 78.10 18.44 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey Table A14.12. Paraguay. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1999 5.05 20.18 46.22 5.33 21.73 48.11 2000 4.35 17.28 46.80 4.58 19.04 49.75 2002 4.81 15.48 48.38 5.21 17.61 52.89 2003 4.17 13.22 45.21 4.40 14.58 48.82 2004 3.18 13.03 41.96 3.35 14.20 45.45 2005 3.77 14.98 48.54 3.91 16.01 51.19 2006 3.40 16.33 35.62 3.54 17.86 38.01 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey 103 Table A14.13. Paraguay. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1999 13.84 41.35 67.63 2000 15.96 27.32 66.09 2002 12.35 35.84 61.91 2003 12.18 36.40 51.39 2004 11.91 30.79 53.10 2005 12.63 38.22 57.55 2006 10.64 45.19 57.25 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey Table A14.14. Paraguay. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1999 85.02 54.29 60.38 2000 70.36 49.49 53.80 2002 88.97 52.37 60.87 2003 76.62 55.07 58.68 2004 87.38 56.10 62.65 2005 80.93 52.72 58.70 2006 80.16 45.28 53.29 Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey Table A14.15. Paraguay. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1999 22.07 61.72 2000 25.73 63.01 2002 19.98 61.98 2003 21.44 60.54 2004 18.73 62.66 2005 22.96 64.79 2006 19.67 56.27 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on Integrated Household Survey 104 15. Peru Table A15.1. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population Age Population Persons Independent 65+ 1998 . . . . 29.85 1999 10.81 11.51 26.61 1.08 31.52 2000 10.46 11.16 26.02 1.61 28.40 2001 13.70 14.24 30.41 3.16 25.91 2002 13.88 14.41 31.29 2.69 25.74 2003 14.83 15.24 33.35 3.68 26.19 2004 14.68 15.21 33.20 3.24 26.91 2005 12.42 13.08 30.57 1.33 27.16 2006 13.96 14.61 33.25 1.24 27.67 Source: own, based on National Household Survey Table A15.2. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1999 11.46 14.19 13.88 10.69 3.28 2000 11.47 16.62 12.67 5.06 2.77 2001 10.90 16.35 17.06 14.77 12.30 2002 10.33 16.91 17.88 16.92 10.29 2003 10.49 17.30 18.39 19.16 12.69 2004 10.74 17.16 17.93 19.28 11.40 2005 10.15 15.52 17.53 14.48 7.79 2006 12.59 17.49 18.10 14.56 10.75 Source: own, based on National Household Survey Table A15.3. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1998 25.38 29.01 35.95 33.19 1999 23.96 33.32 38.81 35.36 2000 24.07 32.20 37.03 22.55 2001 22.24 30.30 30.74 22.41 2002 21.03 29.99 30.07 24.15 2003 21.58 28.62 27.34 29.02 2004 21.54 28.97 31.67 28.16 2005 23.69 29.27 30.09 27.30 2006 22.05 28.68 31.64 30.91 Source: own, based on National Household Survey 105 Table A15.4. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1998 . . . . 38.91 21.66 1999 12.09 9.27 25.76 27.95 40.78 22.52 2000 12.11 8.50 24.94 27.86 38.84 18.58 2001 16.48 10.25 30.29 30.61 34.02 18.14 2002 16.52 10.62 32.13 29.87 35.01 17.42 2003 18.56 10.31 35.40 29.90 34.49 18.62 2004 18.60 9.90 35.41 29.31 35.35 19.32 2005 15.19 9.06 32.39 27.45 35.02 20.47 2006 17.10 10.21 35.21 29.94 36.40 19.81 Source: own, based on National Household Survey Table A15.5. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1998 . . . . 6.73 41.97 1999 1.92 15.05 1.99 16.37 9.63 42.10 2000 1.63 14.91 1.64 16.39 5.09 40.67 2001 3.06 19.16 3.09 20.46 5.21 37.22 2002 3.73 19.07 3.79 20.32 4.74 37.01 2003 3.78 20.74 3.85 21.85 5.72 38.80 2004 3.93 20.24 4.02 21.57 5.44 40.06 2005 3.35 17.27 3.40 18.69 6.42 39.48 2006 3.34 19.40 3.38 20.81 5.69 40.15 Source: own, based on National Household Survey Table A15.6. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1999 0.40 4.59 8.60 13.55 27.79 2000 0.94 3.84 9.47 13.86 24.55 2001 1.41 4.41 10.03 20.13 33.09 2002 0.89 4.86 10.85 19.70 33.53 2003 1.58 4.83 11.32 20.72 36.25 2004 2.01 5.58 12.67 19.22 34.04 2005 2.47 3.90 10.51 17.15 28.14 2006 2.06 4.45 11.59 19.22 32.95 Source: own, based on National Household Survey 106 Table A15.7. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1999 0.33 4.99 9.25 14.31 29.65 2000 0.80 3.78 10.20 14.74 26.72 2001 1.06 4.23 10.71 21.24 34.54 2002 0.63 4.84 11.53 20.68 34.85 2003 1.31 4.71 11.59 21.48 37.71 2004 1.75 5.39 13.20 20.09 35.71 2005 2.42 3.95 11.00 18.12 29.99 2006 1.86 4.40 12.02 20.71 34.60 Source: own, based on National Household Survey Table A15.8. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1998 4.02 10.69 29.75 43.94 61.86 1999 2.59 18.00 24.76 45.13 67.35 2000 2.58 15.39 26.78 34.43 61.32 2001 2.12 10.35 23.83 40.70 53.40 2002 0.85 8.27 23.32 40.42 56.49 2003 0.95 8.27 22.22 41.51 58.46 2004 2.14 10.30 24.09 42.21 55.95 2005 3.22 9.20 22.60 38.24 62.57 2006 1.98 9.16 25.90 39.96 61.74 Source: own, based on National Household Survey Table A15.9. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1999 2.05 15.45 15.95 2000 1.57 13.81 16.16 2001 3.04 17.22 21.06 2002 3.33 16.56 21.53 2003 4.40 21.72 21.68 2004 3.82 19.83 22.05 2005 3.63 15.91 19.32 2006 4.00 19.57 20.80 Source: own, based on National Household Survey 107 Table A15.10. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1999 1.37 17.83 52.93 2000 1.69 13.99 51.57 2001 3.29 17.62 60.18 2002 3.16 19.28 56.38 2003 4.08 17.90 63.45 2004 3.52 17.41 64.18 2005 1.88 13.12 58.87 2006 1.77 16.02 62.96 Source: own, based on National Household Survey Table A15.11. Peru. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1999 45.57 23.36 2000 48.32 19.75 2001 63.38 22.08 2002 60.33 23.95 2003 65.88 26.20 2004 68.23 24.38 2005 63.79 22.34 2006 64.86 26.32 Source: own, based on National Household Survey Table A15.12. Peru. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1999 1.27 9.61 29.53 1.32 10.25 32.78 2000 0.77 10.62 27.64 0.77 11.38 30.55 2001 3.20 11.96 37.62 3.09 12.65 40.08 2002 2.95 11.68 36.79 2.85 12.30 39.42 2003 3.67 12.83 37.23 3.53 13.15 40.08 2004 3.30 12.49 36.23 3.22 12.98 39.22 2005 2.50 11.10 30.96 2.56 11.85 33.52 2006 2.37 11.59 35.21 2.38 12.14 37.98 Source: own, based on National Household Survey 108 Table A15.13. Peru. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1998 17.03 58.54 80.67 1999 20.11 63.77 83.84 2000 18.77 55.42 90.35 2001 17.04 54.93 76.74 2002 16.13 54.05 76.79 2003 17.15 51.81 76.44 2004 17.27 55.67 76.92 2005 17.03 53.84 82.48 2006 17.05 56.09 77.57 Source: own, based on National Household Survey Table A15.14. Peru. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1998 46.25 23.35 27.22 1999 47.55 27.67 31.31 2000 50.47 30.68 34.44 2001 52.48 32.54 35.41 2002 51.03 30.95 33.88 2003 52.21 33.09 36.58 2004 55.13 33.12 37.08 2005 52.63 36.19 40.17 2006 51.48 32.66 36.80 Source: own, based on National Household Survey Table A15.15. Peru. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1998 37.28 76.30 1999 38.83 77.33 2000 35.56 74.43 2001 33.17 74.48 2002 32.79 75.82 2003 32.35 76.01 2004 34.29 77.89 2005 34.02 77.01 2006 34.89 79.01 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on National Household Survey 109 16. El Salvador Table A16.1. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population Age Population Persons Independent 65+ 1995 25.84 27.46 47.47 0.97 . 1996 25.10 26.79 44.02 3.25 . 1997 26.19 28.10 46.33 2.88 12.35 1998 30.28 32.43 51.78 2.26 11.96 1999 31.05 33.04 52.25 2.19 13.91 2000 29.67 31.60 52.95 1.84 14.49 2001 29.69 31.75 51.91 2.19 14.47 2002 29.79 31.61 53.94 1.23 15.72 2003 29.76 31.80 51.39 1.65 13.88 2004 28.80 30.69 49.30 1.57 14.57 2005 29.14 31.16 51.68 1.44 16.19 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A16.2. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1995 34.88 32.31 24.82 17.97 10.05 1996 33.45 30.22 26.30 19.34 8.82 1997 34.58 33.22 24.57 23.31 9.46 1998 38.16 37.93 30.74 22.19 14.25 1999 38.80 39.43 31.39 23.27 16.17 2000 37.30 36.80 31.43 24.48 13.26 2001 36.79 37.74 30.89 24.62 12.66 2002 36.81 37.70 31.95 23.08 12.15 2003 36.99 37.71 28.18 24.64 13.60 2004 35.10 37.25 28.26 23.36 14.08 2005 36.32 37.74 30.70 20.81 13.78 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A16.3. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1997 12.63 14.39 12.72 9.19 1998 15.15 10.39 10.11 9.84 1999 15.58 13.96 12.99 12.20 2000 15.18 16.05 14.63 11.52 2001 15.37 17.54 13.83 10.25 2002 16.46 16.49 18.23 11.95 2003 13.79 16.38 13.35 11.40 2004 15.82 15.10 13.72 12.86 2005 18.25 15.61 17.03 13.35 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 110 Table A16.4. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1995 26.32 25.09 28.24 26.27 . . 1996 25.29 24.80 27.13 26.27 . . 1997 26.07 26.38 28.37 27.70 17.98 7.93 1998 31.08 29.10 33.57 30.78 15.26 9.34 1999 31.17 30.88 33.62 32.23 19.54 9.56 2000 29.51 29.92 32.06 30.96 20.34 9.95 2001 29.41 30.08 31.82 31.65 19.02 11.04 2002 29.12 30.72 31.51 31.73 21.97 11.03 2003 29.49 30.14 32.34 31.10 19.80 9.39 2004 29.10 28.37 31.64 29.40 20.76 9.49 2005 29.08 29.22 31.63 30.55 22.61 11.06 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A16.5. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1995 10.34 35.03 11.01 37.17 . . 1996 10.24 33.96 10.93 36.25 . . 1997 11.04 34.94 11.91 37.37 3.41 18.34 1998 13.66 39.12 14.58 41.98 4.18 17.06 1999 13.27 40.38 14.10 43.00 4.63 19.56 2000 12.71 38.53 13.59 40.93 4.21 20.54 2001 13.16 38.39 14.08 41.03 5.98 19.51 2002 13.47 38.31 14.27 40.67 4.59 21.98 2003 13.59 38.21 14.73 40.52 3.89 20.00 2004 14.14 36.31 15.17 38.57 4.48 20.47 2005 15.08 36.19 16.05 38.78 5.23 22.26 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 111 Table A16.6. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 4.27 15.13 24.01 35.22 51.34 1996 3.42 13.37 25.23 33.66 50.77 1997 4.41 14.81 24.72 36.02 52.07 1998 4.18 16.36 28.32 43.31 60.23 1999 4.43 16.45 30.90 42.42 61.80 2000 4.11 16.07 28.77 39.98 60.27 2001 6.45 14.49 28.52 39.43 60.26 2002 7.42 15.72 29.68 40.20 56.60 2003 11.17 17.00 29.23 37.92 54.30 2004 8.44 18.13 27.11 38.89 51.70 2005 3.82 17.23 28.14 38.93 57.90 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A16.7. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 5.41 17.11 25.70 37.45 52.51 1996 4.06 15.56 26.08 36.54 52.81 1997 5.13 17.06 27.11 38.34 54.12 1998 5.06 18.48 31.52 45.45 62.75 1999 5.31 18.94 32.83 44.80 64.18 2000 5.25 18.25 30.72 42.74 61.94 2001 7.63 17.35 30.77 42.29 61.50 2002 8.44 18.28 31.65 42.69 57.70 2003 13.12 19.51 31.28 40.19 55.81 2004 10.26 20.08 29.32 41.14 52.96 2005 5.21 19.04 30.95 41.32 59.63 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A16.8. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1997 0.66 5.13 10.74 16.96 28.33 1998 0.62 4.25 8.67 17.62 28.63 1999 1.04 6.93 14.81 16.35 30.45 2000 1.16 6.09 11.76 17.09 36.51 2001 3.07 7.56 10.56 18.34 33.09 2002 1.17 6.07 14.72 22.01 34.70 2003 1.13 4.82 13.66 17.12 32.66 2004 0.51 7.83 11.66 19.09 33.76 2005 0.95 6.14 12.03 24.98 36.85 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 112 Table A16.9. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1995 2.37 39.68 32.71 1996 2.02 37.73 33.39 1997 2.72 39.85 33.74 1998 3.80 46.12 37.84 1999 3.36 43.13 39.22 2000 3.50 42.30 36.64 2001 2.96 41.97 36.86 2002 3.01 43.14 35.56 2003 2.48 41.66 35.54 2004 3.29 39.79 34.96 2005 3.08 39.39 36.23 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A16.10. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1995 2.32 23.50 65.67 1996 4.47 23.60 55.95 1997 6.03 47.54 75.24 1998 5.05 46.38 82.01 1999 4.81 45.90 84.15 2000 4.26 41.46 84.57 2001 4.25 43.15 86.70 2002 4.23 45.74 86.82 2003 3.70 36.07 85.62 2004 3.51 36.10 85.42 2005 3.75 43.75 70.29 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A16.11. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1995 76.98 43.98 1996 65.07 43.25 1997 70.52 44.39 1998 87.95 48.39 1999 91.88 48.59 2000 92.04 48.48 2001 91.93 48.51 2002 92.62 50.65 2003 93.60 47.99 2004 91.50 46.21 2005 93.90 47.94 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 113 Table A16.12. El Salvador. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1995 15.81 50.53 62.93 16.75 54.72 66.48 1996 15.22 49.68 57.11 16.12 55.17 60.65 1997 15.31 51.45 60.15 16.35 56.50 64.29 1998 17.61 54.26 73.62 18.77 59.67 78.06 1999 17.24 55.67 74.42 18.24 60.64 79.34 2000 16.52 51.57 72.62 17.49 56.64 76.46 2001 15.57 52.72 73.20 16.64 57.29 76.60 2002 15.64 51.00 71.46 16.51 55.32 75.15 2003 15.60 50.08 73.31 16.66 54.32 76.81 2004 15.21 48.90 68.39 16.21 52.21 72.74 2005 15.12 46.02 70.80 16.08 50.44 75.06 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A16.13. El Salvador. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1997 80.82 40.10 47.46 1998 67.85 37.54 44.42 1999 68.82 41.11 46.56 2000 73.98 37.61 46.35 2001 76.25 41.73 48.48 2002 74.79 43.56 50.93 2003 72.65 44.43 49.90 2004 79.55 44.49 51.25 2005 74.21 39.76 47.74 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey Table A16.14. El Salvador. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1997 15.81 50.86 1998 15.17 50.43 1999 17.89 52.62 2000 17.78 52.56 2001 17.92 51.60 2002 19.50 51.67 2003 17.62 47.92 2004 18.62 48.56 2005 20.83 50.73 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 114 17. Uruguay Table A17.1. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly (Urban Population) Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population Age Population Persons Independent 65+ 1991 58.04 61.31 76.71 20.22 88.05 1992 56.79 60.31 75.70 20.03 88.10 1993 57.18 60.21 76.23 19.47 88.05 1994 56.78 60.02 76.25 20.60 87.76 1995 55.47 59.54 75.03 20.56 87.62 1996 54.81 59.21 74.61 20.96 87.32 1997 53.32 58.00 73.10 19.81 88.17 1998 54.33 58.44 74.01 18.57 87.44 1999 53.56 58.45 74.15 17.67 87.73 2000 52.93 58.67 74.05 16.01 87.49 2001 52.64 59.62 77.04 16.34 85.87 2002 51.80 59.80 77.76 15.95 87.09 2003 49.95 57.82 75.48 13.96 85.93 2004 51.43 57.35 74.02 16.23 85.97 2005 56.64 63.24 76.07 23.79 86.31 2006 a/ 60.86 67.33 80.41 25.44 85.59 2006 b/ 61.13 67.31 79.89 27.95 85.55 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey 115 Table A17.2. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1991 65.17 66.49 62.19 58.71 43.44 1992 61.37 64.76 62.78 59.95 44.26 1993 63.56 65.18 61.27 58.71 42.23 1994 62.79 65.58 61.43 58.31 40.99 1995 61.83 64.40 60.64 59.22 42.75 1996 61.12 63.61 61.19 58.06 42.92 1997 62.27 61.61 58.55 57.46 40.11 1998 60.02 63.93 59.73 57.89 37.93 1999 60.02 62.48 60.11 58.33 39.38 2000 59.75 61.86 60.21 59.25 43.83 2001 61.33 63.26 62.00 58.73 44.33 2002 60.08 63.45 62.25 59.18 47.21 2003 55.00 60.26 62.84 58.89 44.87 2004 53.92 61.20 60.79 58.52 47.85 2005 59.31 65.58 68.08 65.06 53.73 2006 a/ 64.99 70.29 71.32 69.46 55.91 2006 b/ 64.48 70.28 71.55 69.74 56.16 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey Table A17.3. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1991 78.70 90.54 94.41 94.77 1992 78.73 89.68 94.38 95.56 1993 78.50 90.41 93.53 95.58 1994 77.79 90.11 92.99 95.78 1995 77.31 89.21 93.92 96.40 1996 77.98 87.27 93.31 96.69 1997 78.67 89.04 93.83 96.31 1998 77.88 88.14 93.56 95.94 1999 76.38 88.86 94.50 96.96 2000 77.70 88.46 91.75 96.73 2001 72.56 87.76 92.66 96.73 2002 75.24 87.93 92.68 96.76 2003 72.28 86.07 92.44 96.34 2004 72.40 86.87 91.71 96.09 2005 72.19 87.18 92.77 95.97 2006 a/ 70.18 87.06 92.17 96.10 2006 b/ 69.95 87.38 92.33 96.20 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey 116 Table A17.4. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1991 62.12 52.43 64.43 56.81 89.17 87.29 1992 61.37 50.83 63.71 55.64 89.51 87.15 1993 61.16 51.98 63.22 56.08 88.14 88.00 1994 60.87 51.38 62.96 55.96 88.78 87.10 1995 59.40 50.35 62.34 55.68 87.07 87.98 1996 57.80 51.06 61.07 56.76 87.91 86.93 1997 56.23 49.52 59.70 55.64 88.19 88.16 1998 57.56 50.29 60.45 55.77 87.78 87.23 1999 56.56 49.85 60.04 56.34 89.10 86.85 2000 55.38 49.93 59.64 57.39 89.60 86.13 2001 55.54 49.23 60.23 58.83 86.27 85.60 2002 54.20 48.96 59.98 59.56 88.87 85.92 2003 51.79 47.80 57.53 58.18 88.50 84.25 2004 53.33 49.15 57.62 57.01 87.44 85.03 2005 58.92 54.02 63.83 62.51 88.55 84.86 2006 a/ 63.39 57.98 68.09 66.41 87.37 84.48 2006 b/ 63.82 57.93 68.20 66.18 86.53 84.90 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Table A17.5. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1991 . 58.04 . 61.31 . 88.05 1992 . 56.79 . 60.31 . 88.10 1993 . 57.18 . 60.21 . 88.05 1994 . 56.78 . 60.02 . 87.76 1995 . 55.47 . 59.54 . 87.62 1996 . 54.81 . 59.21 . 87.32 1997 . 53.32 . 58.00 . 88.17 1998 . 54.33 . 58.44 . 87.44 1999 . 53.56 . 58.45 . 87.73 2000 . 52.93 . 58.67 . 87.49 2001 . 52.64 . 59.62 . 85.87 2002 . 51.80 . 59.80 . 87.09 2003 . 49.95 . 57.82 . 85.93 2004 . 51.43 . 57.35 . 85.97 2005 . 56.64 . 63.24 . 86.31 2006 a/ . 60.86 . 67.33 . 85.59 2006 b/ 69.71 60.51 72.46 66.92 80.48 85.88 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey 117 Table A17.6. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1991 42.25 58.55 62.84 66.35 60.93 1992 38.77 56.58 63.41 65.22 60.27 1993 39.60 55.06 63.81 66.96 61.01 1994 37.42 54.72 62.22 67.46 62.49 1995 33.27 51.85 61.35 67.72 63.64 1996 32.24 50.43 62.21 65.01 64.62 1997 29.23 47.21 59.37 66.30 64.84 1998 30.85 49.22 59.54 66.89 65.31 1999 28.52 49.06 59.12 64.65 66.34 2000 24.13 45.18 59.59 67.65 68.07 2001 24.49 45.20 57.28 66.52 69.67 2002 20.47 42.82 56.42 66.78 72.48 2003 19.70 37.98 53.86 66.69 71.57 2004 18.91 41.83 55.77 67.41 73.22 2005 21.33 46.19 59.47 72.91 83.38 2006 a/ 26.64 50.61 64.56 76.69 85.80 2006 b/ 27.58 51.45 64.59 76.61 85.46 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey Table A17.7. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1991 48.73 61.67 66.20 68.68 62.15 1992 45.05 61.21 66.86 67.67 61.18 1993 44.44 59.94 66.70 68.52 62.11 1994 43.65 58.68 65.22 69.74 63.37 1995 39.95 58.06 65.45 69.65 65.24 1996 38.97 57.23 66.27 68.02 66.22 1997 36.18 54.08 64.45 69.18 66.61 1998 37.36 54.71 64.08 69.58 66.71 1999 34.97 56.90 63.23 69.71 67.41 2000 31.90 53.67 66.27 72.24 69.33 2001 32.70 54.31 65.45 72.82 72.93 2002 29.72 53.28 66.05 73.14 76.86 2003 27.51 48.98 63.19 73.75 75.86 2004 24.97 50.26 62.78 73.21 75.60 2005 29.28 54.04 66.37 79.54 87.12 2006 a/ 34.40 59.21 71.45 82.39 89.29 2006 b/ 35.09 59.76 71.06 81.70 89.05 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey 118 Table A17.8. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1991 88.25 90.90 89.55 88.08 83.90 1992 88.40 91.00 90.29 89.90 80.91 1993 87.95 91.25 89.38 87.34 84.38 1994 86.58 90.14 89.46 88.50 84.23 1995 86.33 91.57 88.06 88.69 83.75 1996 85.38 90.78 88.62 87.49 84.37 1997 84.90 90.94 90.68 89.47 84.95 1998 85.84 88.77 88.76 89.79 84.17 1999 83.11 90.80 90.14 89.63 85.43 2000 83.10 90.10 90.28 88.59 85.77 2001 81.04 85.97 87.39 88.01 86.99 2002 82.47 86.26 90.04 89.71 87.09 2003 78.40 87.10 88.44 88.62 87.11 2004 78.04 87.03 88.83 88.84 87.10 2005 80.47 87.25 87.33 88.53 88.14 2006 a/ 78.42 87.78 87.40 88.19 86.30 2006 b/ 78.49 88.29 87.44 88.06 85.60 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey Table A17.9. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1991 42.98 63.83 61.17 1992 43.89 63.43 59.98 1993 46.50 62.23 60.03 1994 43.91 61.16 60.50 1995 47.77 58.83 60.62 1996 49.47 57.12 60.47 1997 50.20 55.04 59.56 1998 45.44 55.23 60.26 1999 48.62 55.93 59.88 2000 44.47 53.71 61.27 2001 50.28 52.40 62.50 2002 50.42 50.51 63.10 2003 49.44 46.60 61.56 2004 50.55 48.26 60.43 2005 53.06 52.59 65.48 2006 a/ 66.11 60.00 69.66 2006 b/ 70.81 59.78 69.22 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey 119 Table A17.10. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1991 30.94 55.34 84.47 1992 26.20 53.37 84.46 1993 25.72 52.61 84.99 1994 26.98 53.28 85.11 1995 27.96 55.26 84.85 1996 26.66 58.14 84.80 1997 25.86 57.96 83.58 1998 25.13 53.63 84.25 1999 24.81 60.50 84.61 2000 24.91 56.03 85.21 2001 26.11 74.77 94.85 2002 26.32 75.33 96.23 2003 24.42 71.25 96.42 2004 23.57 68.79 96.40 2005 32.28 77.90 96.52 2006 a/ 37.47 82.19 95.62 2006 b/ 40.67 82.25 95.52 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey Table A17.11. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1991 100.00 66.48 1992 100.00 66.18 1993 100.00 66.56 1994 100.00 67.01 1995 100.00 65.17 1996 100.00 64.96 1997 100.00 63.56 1998 100.00 65.84 1999 100.00 66.06 2000 100.00 65.52 2001 100.00 69.59 2002 100.00 69.72 2003 100.00 66.63 2004 100.00 64.87 2005 98.77 68.75 2006 a/ 98.67 74.61 2006 b/ 98.65 74.15 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey 120 Table A17.12. Uruguay. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1991 50.81 62.13 64.14 53.41 65.96 67.56 1992 49.06 60.63 63.63 51.81 64.89 66.92 1993 48.87 60.68 64.95 50.91 64.46 68.27 1994 47.63 60.39 65.93 49.93 64.45 68.89 1995 45.23 59.51 65.23 48.38 64.44 68.85 1996 43.84 57.53 66.91 47.21 62.81 70.51 1997 42.20 56.55 65.82 45.55 62.32 69.95 1998 42.34 57.29 66.56 45.50 62.08 70.16 1999 41.87 56.20 66.67 45.75 61.77 70.96 2000 40.44 56.09 65.72 45.35 62.15 71.37 2001 40.34 54.59 66.83 45.72 62.25 74.17 2002 37.39 53.75 68.10 43.14 62.62 76.51 2003 35.57 51.18 67.72 41.33 59.49 77.05 2004 36.78 51.64 70.51 40.77 58.10 77.21 2005 39.04 56.31 79.39 43.62 63.37 86.74 2006 a/ 43.37 61.47 80.59 48.51 68.06 87.85 2006 b/ 47.25 61.81 80.62 52.13 68.26 87.87 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey Table A17.13. Uruguay. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1991 89.36 80.12 86.28 1992 89.50 80.33 87.58 1993 89.09 81.42 88.07 1994 88.56 82.18 90.37 1995 89.21 79.32 85.61 1996 88.92 79.19 87.67 1997 89.25 82.83 86.87 1998 88.69 81.50 88.12 1999 88.93 81.88 88.76 2000 88.62 82.69 87.68 2001 86.78 81.96 86.72 2002 88.20 82.41 88.67 2003 86.26 82.92 90.81 2004 86.82 83.05 87.14 2005 87.12 82.33 90.09 2006 a/ 86.97 81.15 86.69 2006 b/ 86.80 81.01 86.53 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey 121 Table A17.14. Uruguay. Rate of Total Household Income from Pensions to Total Household Income, by Type of Family Year Only Elderly Youth and At Least one Elderly Elderly 1991 82.80 47.30 61.95 1992 84.42 49.46 63.08 1993 84.92 49.81 65.06 1994 85.55 49.40 65.30 1995 86.06 50.36 65.76 1996 87.14 51.70 67.39 1997 87.97 53.09 68.68 1998 85.49 50.76 66.22 1999 86.09 51.37 67.90 2000 85.79 51.49 68.37 2001 84.58 51.99 67.84 2002 85.91 53.54 69.20 2003 85.46 53.39 69.28 2004 83.44 51.78 67.14 2005 83.63 52.12 68.35 2006 a/ 81.68 50.83 66.97 2006 b/ 81.61 50.67 66.89 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey 122 Table A17.15. Uruguay. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1991 94.16 97.53 1992 93.83 97.45 1993 93.96 97.71 1994 93.79 97.49 1995 93.55 97.63 1996 93.84 97.69 1997 94.22 97.93 1998 93.75 97.64 1999 93.93 97.78 2000 93.96 97.58 2001 92.98 97.43 2002 93.70 97.16 2003 93.59 97.11 2004 92.94 97.20 2005 93.66 97.35 2006 a/ 92.82 97.15 2006 b/ 92.50 97.29 Notes: a/ Based on the same methodology than previous years. b/ Based on a new methodology: (i) different question and (ii) includes urban and rural population. See annex III for the details. Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on Ongoing Household Survey 123 18. Venezuela Table A18.1. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population and Elderly Contributors / Contributors / Contributors / Beneficiaries / Year Economically Contributors / Active Employed Wage-Earners Employers - Population Age Population Persons Independent 65+ 1995 36.30 39.90 66.36 . 18.79 1996 33.59 37.76 64.56 . 18.78 1997 34.58 38.21 62.71 . 23.10 1998 34.46 38.18 66.21 . 20.67 1999 33.95 39.11 68.31 . 21.20 2000 35.12 39.96 71.49 . 23.82 2001 35.48 39.07 68.17 . 26.43 2002 32.43 36.65 64.94 . 25.61 2003 30.24 34.37 62.54 . 25.75 2004 31.86 36.08 63.71 . 26.82 2005 32.64 35.69 61.07 . 26.63 2006 35.30 37.85 63.75 . 31.27 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling Table A18.2. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Employed Person, by Age Year 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 1995 43.50 42.29 40.71 34.51 19.16 1996 42.52 40.39 37.94 28.84 19.47 1997 41.08 40.87 39.13 33.41 17.57 1998 39.98 41.59 39.26 34.16 17.45 1999 40.79 41.83 41.16 35.12 20.75 2000 42.34 43.53 41.20 34.22 20.19 2001 40.14 43.14 40.56 34.36 20.58 2002 36.22 40.99 39.41 32.12 20.54 2003 32.64 38.30 37.63 32.30 20.11 2004 35.22 40.64 38.55 32.63 20.95 2005 35.81 39.58 38.37 31.59 20.35 2006 39.06 42.02 39.72 33.39 21.02 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling 124 Table A18.3. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Elderly , by Age Year 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 1995 18.54 18.95 19.40 18.49 1996 16.19 19.70 20.57 20.95 1997 22.98 23.71 23.10 22.44 1998 20.36 21.43 21.40 19.44 1999 20.06 23.33 23.59 18.06 2000 22.43 25.35 25.37 22.92 2001 25.36 27.54 28.33 25.13 2002 24.22 26.35 29.68 23.64 2003 23.72 27.04 30.33 23.64 2004 25.65 27.43 30.38 24.87 2005 26.97 27.56 28.59 23.26 2006 31.36 30.60 32.48 30.95 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling Table A18.4. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Gender Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Men Women Men Women Men Women 1995 33.22 42.23 35.92 47.95 24.93 13.67 1996 30.77 38.80 33.95 45.22 26.09 12.67 1997 32.62 37.98 35.49 43.15 29.58 17.71 1998 33.29 36.44 36.56 40.98 27.32 15.15 1999 32.28 36.79 36.88 42.97 28.48 15.17 2000 33.34 38.13 37.70 43.86 30.72 18.11 2001 33.16 39.47 36.61 43.25 33.13 20.90 2002 29.83 36.85 33.83 41.42 32.12 20.24 2003 27.96 34.03 31.80 38.65 31.13 21.31 2004 29.46 35.90 33.38 40.60 33.00 21.73 2005 30.49 36.13 33.37 39.47 32.49 21.91 2006 32.81 39.40 35.17 42.26 36.84 26.51 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling 125 Table A18.5. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, Employed Persons, and Elderly, by Region Contributors / Economically Active Contributors / Employed Persons Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Year Population Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1995 . 36.30 . 39.90 . 18.79 1996 . 33.59 . 37.76 . 18.78 1997 . 34.58 . 38.21 . 23.10 1998 . 34.46 . 38.18 . 20.67 1999 . 33.95 . 39.11 . 21.20 2000 . 35.12 . 39.96 . 23.82 2001 . 35.48 . 39.07 . 26.43 2002 . 32.43 . 36.65 . 25.61 2003 . 30.24 . 34.37 . 25.75 2004 . 31.86 . 36.08 . 26.82 2005 . 32.64 . 35.69 . 26.63 2006 . 35.30 . 37.85 . 31.27 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling Table A18.6. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Economically Active Population, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 15.51 27.97 40.27 47.87 49.83 1996 15.68 26.15 34.88 42.93 48.41 1997 18.05 30.28 35.39 41.47 47.65 1998 18.73 29.36 34.69 41.37 47.38 1999 14.90 28.69 35.27 42.68 48.04 2000 19.33 29.10 35.96 42.07 48.61 2001 35.01 34.27 35.06 35.15 37.49 2002 13.34 24.43 33.30 39.80 50.87 2003 12.90 21.51 29.20 37.33 49.59 2004 15.64 23.44 31.86 38.57 49.37 2005 22.82 25.47 30.89 37.28 46.63 2006 18.83 26.00 34.81 43.81 52.99 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling Table A18.7. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Employed Persons, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 19.81 33.19 44.80 50.35 51.38 1996 19.15 33.35 38.82 47.29 50.36 1997 23.09 34.81 38.97 44.94 49.26 1998 23.57 34.51 39.34 43.72 49.04 1999 23.29 33.59 41.57 46.48 50.49 2000 26.25 35.02 40.67 45.60 51.79 2001 38.68 38.83 39.55 38.84 39.05 2002 18.60 28.96 36.63 44.79 53.89 2003 16.54 26.70 33.56 41.91 52.44 2004 20.51 29.00 35.51 42.60 52.33 2005 25.68 28.21 34.20 40.89 49.40 2006 21.48 29.57 37.89 45.68 54.56 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling 126 Table A18.8. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile Year Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 1995 9.84 16.23 18.71 22.34 26.99 1996 14.21 14.27 19.49 21.25 24.70 1997 12.97 15.13 25.59 24.59 37.32 1998 10.85 14.81 18.38 25.71 33.68 1999 11.98 12.46 20.27 27.65 33.95 2000 9.92 15.35 24.68 26.95 42.12 2001 25.60 25.18 28.03 25.71 27.71 2002 8.57 13.05 24.60 33.21 48.64 2003 10.39 15.22 22.06 34.81 46.25 2004 11.89 16.11 23.72 35.17 47.37 2005 16.91 20.32 24.14 30.67 41.23 2006 13.28 18.54 29.32 38.43 56.93 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling Table A18.9. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Field of Activity Year Field of Activity Primary Secondary Tertiary 1995 10.07 46.74 43.61 1996 13.38 42.99 40.88 1997 14.02 41.75 40.33 1998 16.71 41.59 40.22 1999 17.89 42.79 41.04 2000 18.12 42.56 42.45 2001 18.82 40.22 41.58 2002 15.70 37.75 39.39 2003 13.48 35.22 37.35 2004 15.38 38.01 38.61 2005 16.30 36.94 38.00 2006 15.88 38.89 40.59 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling Table A18.10. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Employed, by Sizes of Establishments Year Sizes of Establishments Small Medium Large 1995 5.21 49.79 84.44 1996 4.02 50.66 81.69 1997 4.63 48.55 80.16 1998 5.04 52.95 82.91 1999 5.75 53.06 83.58 2000 6.53 53.86 84.42 2001 6.14 41.39 78.58 2002 5.45 38.50 78.58 2003 5.11 39.43 76.54 2004 5.52 41.45 77.45 2005 4.36 41.00 75.17 2006 4.33 40.37 77.42 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling 127 Table A18.11. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for Wage Earners, by Sector Year Sector Public Private 1995 86.27 57.40 1996 83.36 56.25 1997 83.11 54.15 1998 84.65 58.61 1999 89.74 59.95 2000 91.35 63.79 2001 88.05 60.43 2002 88.98 55.86 2003 87.05 52.97 2004 84.85 55.32 2005 81.85 52.56 2006 83.55 55.12 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling Table A18.12. Venezuela. Coverage Rates for the Active Population and Employed, by Education Year Contributors / Economically Active Population Contributors / Employed Persons Primary Secondary Superior Primary Secondary Superior 1995 27.69 49.61 54.58 30.27 55.19 60.52 1996 25.10 45.91 51.02 28.21 52.07 56.88 1997 24.90 45.02 54.58 27.45 50.68 59.54 1998 25.49 44.69 54.35 28.18 50.18 59.83 1999 25.32 41.03 54.89 29.12 47.96 62.51 2000 26.62 42.76 55.11 30.00 49.99 62.79 2001 25.76 42.66 56.66 28.20 47.51 62.66 2002 22.58 39.55 54.16 25.45 45.01 61.24 2003 20.62 36.14 51.90 23.27 41.75 59.20 2004 22.18 38.44 53.20 24.97 44.20 60.37 2005 21.32 37.75 56.37 23.20 41.60 61.99 2006 22.50 40.04 59.74 24.02 43.38 64.00 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling 128 Table A18.13. Venezuela. Coverage Rates of the Elderly, by Education Year Beneficiaries / Population Age 65+ Primary Secondary Superior 1995 16.04 49.17 50.03 1996 16.77 41.16 53.53 1997 19.48 54.27 62.35 1998 17.56 48.14 53.95 1999 18.49 44.29 56.09 2000 20.71 45.37 59.40 2001 23.35 50.74 58.09 2002 22.68 48.45 59.79 2003 23.07 49.11 48.12 2004 24.11 46.13 55.41 2005 23.52 45.37 54.45 2006 26.84 52.46 67.63 Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling Table A18.14. Venezuela. Other Definitions of Pensions Year Definition (1) Definition (2) 1995 23.51 51.93 1996 24.23 53.94 1997 27.67 53.41 1998 25.60 53.88 1999 26.41 54.17 2000 29.74 55.20 2001 32.65 56.56 2002 31.71 56.52 2003 31.83 57.64 2004 32.89 58.42 2006 37.85 61.58 Note: Definition (1) refers to the "Joint Coverage" which represents the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received. On the other hand, Definition (2) refers to the percentage of the elderly who reside in a household in which at least one social security benefit is received or one person over 65 years of age is occupied. Source: own, based on Household Survey by Sampling 129 ANNEX II Detail of contributory and non contributory benefits Table A1. Coverage Rates for the Elderly by Type of Pension Year Bolivia Chile Costa Rica Ecuador Total Cont. Non cont. Total Cont. Non cont. Total Cont. Non cont. Total Cont. Non cont. 1990 . . . 77.19 73.04 6.78 . . . 18.60 18.60 . 1991 . . . . . . 25.55 25.55 . 19.83 19.83 . 1992 . . . 74.63 66.50 8.47 45.99 28.11 17.96 18.65 18.65 . 1993 . . . . . . 43.68 28.55 15.11 19.35 19.35 . 1994 . . . 75.93 68.21 9.65 47.44 31.48 17.19 19.27 19.27 . 1995 . . . . . . 49.90 32.79 17.56 20.20 20.20 . 1996 17.63 17.63 . 76.03 65.94 14.36 51.81 32.97 19.12 21.11 21.11 . 1997 19.92 19.92 . . . . 56.03 36.79 19.36 19.64 19.64 . 1998 . . . 75.59 62.17 13.56 56.48 37.48 18.96 20.88 20.88 . 1999 17.73 17.73 . . . . 27.50 27.50 . 22.38 22.38 . 2000 16.97 16.97 . 77.64 63.71 14.01 55.63 36.62 18.37 27.52 13.68 14.54 2001 75.07 19.87 70.78 . . . 57.42 35.98 20.65 31.36 14.66 17.71 2002 72.34 14.71 69.46 . . . 59.65 35.73 23.12 . . . 2003 . . . 78.10 63.89 14.42 . . . 34.22 15.22 20.45 2004 80.69 15.05 78.47 . . . 60.09 39.42 20.12 33.27 16.08 18.47 2005 89.78 17.99 88.74 . . . 62.06 62.06 19.02 29.53 15.29 14.91 2006 . . . 78.66 61.71 17.36 59.20 41.34 17.86 31.02 17.45 13.77 Source: own, based on Survey of Households 130 Table A2. Bolivia. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile and Type of Pension Total Contributory Non contributory Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 0.16 3.44 15.65 24.61 44.36 0.16 3.45 15.64 24.62 44.36 . . . . . 1997 . 3.54 17.10 34.86 44.12 . 3.53 16.49 35.46 44.12 . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . 0.40 12.36 25.32 50.56 . 0.40 12.32 25.32 50.56 . . . . . 2000 . 3.38 8.56 28.93 44.01 . 3.38 8.56 28.93 44.01 . . . . . 2001 66.77 69.36 67.41 87.73 84.42 . 1.47 15.25 30.67 51.96 66.23 69.78 62.72 83.70 71.82 2002 59.89 73.40 71.11 77.41 79.85 . 0.20 5.70 21.32 46.19 59.89 73.40 69.33 74.24 70.41 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004 62.36 82.75 87.16 83.76 86.68 . 2.77 5.52 24.76 43.35 62.36 81.22 85.90 81.88 80.05 2005 88.35 88.22 87.66 91.36 93.51 0.12 0.12 11.15 25.36 52.24 88.37 88.19 87.30 90.47 90.42 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source: own, based on Household Survey, Mecovi Program 131 Table A3. Chile. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile and Type of Pension Total Contributory Non contributory Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 1990 70.61 79.27 84.80 81.90 69.61 61.56 74.12 81.41 80.03 68.30 10.33 7.64 7.00 6.82 2.16 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 72.69 76.78 79.94 74.98 68.81 52.10 66.26 74.12 72.21 67.78 21.03 11.01 6.17 3.13 1.08 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 73.57 78.95 80.41 76.67 70.62 55.70 67.87 75.28 73.09 69.61 19.34 13.21 7.44 6.93 1.47 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 72.17 80.18 83.95 76.45 67.46 47.90 67.57 76.37 72.04 65.81 27.15 17.84 14.18 9.98 2.78 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 74.71 79.13 78.80 73.93 71.58 41.97 59.99 71.06 68.33 69.58 32.76 19.51 7.92 5.67 2.04 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 71.91 77.81 84.80 80.74 73.09 50.42 59.67 72.47 66.25 69.91 21.62 18.10 12.41 14.91 2.97 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 76.08 80.18 83.65 78.05 72.89 44.03 60.25 73.55 71.41 70.44 32.29 20.27 10.39 6.86 2.46 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 75.05 80.57 82.18 78.75 76.70 40.69 57.25 68.86 69.23 73.12 34.48 23.91 13.77 9.98 4.02 Source: own, based on National Socioeconomic Survey 132 Table A4. Costa Rica. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile and Type of Pension Total Contributory Non contributory Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 2.73 14.23 26.54 37.63 46.24 2.74 14.30 26.45 37.63 46.24 . . . . . 1992 26.25 51.66 48.40 53.06 50.84 3.28 19.19 31.36 40.67 46.26 22.81 32.74 17.04 12.84 4.58 1993 21.24 45.64 44.29 55.46 51.88 3.72 23.49 28.52 41.35 45.66 16.80 22.13 15.95 14.69 5.95 1994 29.10 46.52 50.35 56.91 54.41 7.16 24.38 33.19 43.66 49.01 22.77 23.08 18.48 14.27 7.49 1995 29.14 53.76 49.35 59.12 58.04 4.80 28.15 30.74 46.83 53.17 24.83 26.29 19.04 12.29 5.54 1996 29.76 57.07 51.56 60.55 59.78 4.05 21.36 34.22 49.71 55.23 25.98 35.65 17.24 12.05 4.83 1997 40.96 59.13 52.36 64.07 62.98 10.68 27.09 37.41 50.50 57.24 29.38 33.12 14.72 14.16 5.70 1998 43.38 56.75 59.05 59.46 62.80 11.23 28.77 39.55 48.12 58.43 31.13 27.59 20.30 11.32 4.61 1999 10.77 23.82 28.86 33.47 40.29 10.77 23.82 28.86 33.47 40.29 . . . . . 2000 39.05 61.03 57.25 61.22 58.20 8.43 32.10 37.60 49.13 53.56 29.06 26.59 19.96 12.01 4.31 2001 38.20 65.48 58.52 64.44 58.52 7.54 28.77 38.80 48.74 53.56 26.97 36.47 19.34 15.51 5.11 2002 41.77 63.98 61.59 66.09 64.03 10.52 22.54 38.17 50.86 55.69 28.88 41.09 22.94 14.90 7.88 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004 45.97 62.01 67.16 58.50 65.94 11.48 29.16 46.72 46.01 62.05 32.36 31.95 20.44 12.03 3.83 2005 59.34 64.05 58.11 61.80 66.41 59.34 64.05 58.11 61.80 66.41 42.53 26.70 14.04 9.81 1.91 2006 49.64 56.51 64.08 60.70 65.03 12.13 36.82 46.03 50.57 61.67 37.73 19.63 17.93 10.08 3.39 Source: own, based on Multi-Purpose Household Survey 133 Table A5. Ecuador. Coverage Rates for the Elderly, by Quintile and Type of Pension Total Contributory Non contributory Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 1990 5.26 15.95 14.93 25.05 31.94 5.26 15.95 15.01 24.92 31.94 . . . . . 1991 7.96 17.02 17.98 24.74 31.75 8.96 16.03 18.56 24.15 31.75 . . . . . 1992 5.34 13.31 18.60 26.46 29.56 5.35 13.39 18.79 26.23 29.49 . . . . . 1993 4.95 15.33 21.73 20.99 33.79 5.08 15.19 21.73 20.99 33.79 . . . . . 1994 2.05 16.59 16.92 25.49 34.32 2.05 16.60 16.92 25.88 33.95 . . . . . 1995 5.44 13.03 18.53 28.74 35.28 5.45 13.11 18.43 29.03 35.03 . . . . . 1996 7.99 17.08 20.35 29.02 30.90 7.98 16.71 20.78 28.25 31.61 . . . . . 1997 7.78 13.72 20.29 26.39 29.65 7.75 13.76 20.30 26.39 29.65 . . . . . 1998 7.55 15.05 16.67 28.31 36.84 7.56 15.02 16.67 28.35 36.80 . . . . . 1999 5.59 19.98 20.64 30.81 34.84 5.59 19.94 20.66 30.83 34.84 . . . . . 2000 22.02 27.01 29.06 28.89 30.66 3.55 8.43 12.84 18.91 24.67 18.71 19.31 16.74 11.45 6.51 2001 17.97 33.73 32.29 34.91 37.84 2.11 10.40 14.97 16.06 29.57 16.13 24.92 19.30 19.37 9.00 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 28.42 32.92 33.10 32.53 44.20 1.90 4.52 11.46 17.75 40.44 27.17 29.84 22.91 16.79 5.64 2004 30.02 30.22 31.51 33.67 40.75 2.03 7.71 10.87 22.82 36.96 28.48 24.35 22.12 11.99 5.21 2005 . 38.87 27.83 33.02 47.84 . 2.24 7.74 22.87 43.85 . 36.92 20.87 11.23 5.19 2006 . 44.32 25.75 32.95 52.31 . 4.31 8.54 23.42 50.89 . 40.44 17.36 10.19 1.13 Source: own, based on National Survey on Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment 134 ANNEX III: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS The study analyzes pension coverage using data from household surveys of 18 countries of Latin America from 1990 to 2006 (see table MA.1). This source was preferred over other sources given that it has a larger level of detail and consistency. Though these surveys differ in terms of their geographic coverage and other elements (both between countries and years within the same country), they nonetheless make it possible to apply a standardized conceptual framework and standard definitions for calculating coverage levels of social security systems in Latin America. The study measures the level of coverage, but also tries to understand coverage presenting it by age group, gender, geographical areas, occupation, sector of employment, size of firms, level of education, and income. Table MA.1: Name, geographical coverage and period of time of the household surveys used in the study Country Name Geographical coverage Period of time 1990 to 2002 ­ Encuesta Permanente de Hogares 1990 to 2002 - October. Argentina (EPH). 2003 to 2006 ­ Encuesta Continua de Hogares Urban 2003 to 2004 - Second (EPH-C). Semester. 1996 and 1997 - Encuesta Nacional de Empleo 1996 - June. 1997 to 2001 - Bolivia (ENE). 1996 to 2005 1999 to 2003 and 2005 - Encuesta Continua de - National. November. Hogares - Condiciones de Vida (ECH). 2002 - December. 2004 to 2005 - Annual Brazil 1992 to 2004 and 2006 - Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD). National September 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003 and Chile 2006 - Encuesta de Caracterización National November Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN). 1992 and 1995 to 1999 - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares - Fuerza de Trabajo (ENH). 2001 to 1992 - Urban, 1992 and 1995 to 1999 Colombia 2004 and 2006 Encuesta Continua de Hogares, - September. 2001 to Ciudades y Areas Metropolitanas, Cabeceras 1995 to 2006 2004 and 2006 - Second Municipales, Centros Poblados y Area Rural - National Quarter Dispersa (ECH) 1992 to 1995 - Encuesta de Hogares de Costa Rica Propósitos Múltiples (EHPM). 1996 to 2006 - Encuesta Permanente de Hogares National July de Propósitos Múltiples (EpHPM). Dominican 2000 to 2006 - Encuesta Nacional de Fuerza de Republic Trabajo (ENFT). National Abril 1990 to 2001 - Encuesta Periódica de Empleo y 1990 a 1999 - 1990 to 2001 - Ecuador Desempleo (EPED). Urban. November. 2002 to 2006 - Encuesta de Empleo, Desempleo y 2000 al 2006- 2003 - December. Subempleo. (ENEMDU) National. 2004 to 2006- March. El Salvador 1995 to 2005 - Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples (EHPM). National. Annual 1998/99 ­ Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y 1998/99 - March 1998 Guatemala Gastos (ENIGFAM). to March 1999. 2000 and 2006 - Encuesta Nacional sobre National. 2000 and 2006 - July to Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI). November. 135 Country Name Geographical coverage Period of time 1992, 1994 to 2003, and 2006 - Encuesta de Honduras Permanente de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples (EPHPM). National. September 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004 to México 2006 - Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de National. Third Quarter los Hogares (ENIGH) 1993 - February to 1993, 1998, 2001and 2005 - Encuesta Nacional April Nicaragua de Hogares sobre Medición de Nivel de Vida National. 1998 - April to (EMNV). September 2001and 2005 - April to August 1991 Encuesta de Hogares ­ Mano de Obra Panama (EMO). National. August. 1995 to 2006 - Encuesta de Hogares (EH). 1999 - August to December. 1999 Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH) 2000/2001 - September Paraguay 2000/2001Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (EIH). 2000 to August 2001. 2002 to 2006 Encuesta Permanente de Hogares National 2003 - August to (EPH). December. 2004 to 2006 - August to November. Perú 1998 to 2006 - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO). National Fourth quarter. 1995 to 2005 - Encuesta Continua de Hogares 1991 to 2005 Uruguay (ECH). 2006 Encuesta Nacional de Hogares - Urban. Annual. Ampliada (ENHA) 2006 - National. Venezuela 1995 to 2006 - Encuesta de Hogares por Muestreo (EHM). National Second Semester. Given that the definitions of economic activity status, the geographic scope considered, and the concept of coverage used by prior studies varies from country to country, the coverage indicators are not exactly equivalent. Furthermore, a comparison of indicators derived from local studies overlooks the fact that workers in certain occupational categories are not entitled to social security benefits in all countries (for example, the laws differ on the treatment given to household workers and the self-employed). As such, the measurement of coverage called for by the legal criteria also differs. In order to overcome these obstacles, this study focuses on measuring national levels of coverage12 and considers all persons over the age of 20 - of the economically active phase - or who are over the age of 65 - for the beneficiary stage to be potentially eligible for social security protection. Although the definition of the Economically Active Population usually includes individuals approximately 15 years of age or older, we have not used this reference group 12All the countries have information at a national level with the exception of Argentina which has data for the urban area and Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Uruguay which have data at a national level in some of the years under consideration. 136 and prefer to define the Economically Active Population as starting at age 20 for various reasons. Primarily, because being of adult age is explicitly required in order to participate in social security systems. This definition also considers the quality of the information presented on child and adolescent employment and the customary age at which an individual is expected to take responsibility for supporting himself. The justification of the age bracket for the elderly is much more direct: the majority of national legislations indicate 60 or 65 as the age for receiving retirement benefits. We chose to work with the "over the age of 65" bracket in order to keep the coverage indicator of the elderly from being distorted by age-requirement differences from one country to another. Additional information on determination of the coverage indicators is presented below. COVERAGE IN THE ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE STAGE When analyzing general levels of coverage in the economically active stage, we defined three indicators of interest: (i) contributors/economically active individuals (ii) contributors/employed persons, and (iii) contributors/wage earners. The first two indicators are known as "coverage of the labor force" and "occupational coverage." One measures the degree of social security protection enjoyed by the labor force, while the other recognizes the existence of a group of persons who are not employed and therefore not so entitled. The third indicator of "coverage for wage earners" could be called legal coverage, since national laws coincide in recognizing entitlement to social security and a call for mandatory participation of wage earners in the pension systems (with some exceptions, such as household employees in El Salvador). In order to standardize criteria for defining the ratios, we consider the "economically active population" to be individuals over the age of 20 who are employed or are actively seeking employment. Employed persons are defined as those over the age of 20 who are engaged in some form of work, whether paid or unpaid during the reference week of the survey, or who may not have worked (due to vacations, medical leave, etc.) but do have employment to which they are expected to return. We also include those who describe themselves as underemployed in this category. Our definition of wage earners includes workers and employees of the public and private sectors, as well as household employees. Finally, the self-employed include employers, whether or not they receive wages, those who work for themselves with or without business premises, farm hands, day laborers, and members of labor cooperatives. It is, in fact, relatively easy to standardize the basis for the coverage indicator. That is hardly the case, however, for information on participation in the system. The surveys pose different types of questions to elicit that information: whether benefits are received at work (Argentina, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Uruguay, and Venezuela), whether contributions are being made into the pension system (Brazil, Chile and Honduras), whether contributions are being made into the social security system (Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua), whether the person is enrolled in the pension system (Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru), or whether the person is enrolled in the social security system (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Nicaragua). Due to these differences, the coverage indicator for the first three groups of countries responds to a definition of coverage as the making of 137 contributions, while in the case of the last two groups a coverage indicator is obtained in terms of enrollment. No question whatsoever is asked in Panama. Differences are also seen in terms of the individuals who were asked the question regarding the pension systems: employed persons (Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and Uruguay), employed persons with exceptions (El Salvador and Dominican Republic), wage earners (Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela), or anyone (Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Peru). All things considered, taking into account that the number of unemployed persons who contribute to the pension systems is low, the distortions to the results for the ten countries that did not ask the question to all economically active persons are minor. Table MA.2 summarizes the information related to coverage in the economically active stage. Table MA.2: Information about coverage in the economically active stage Country Type of question Variable constructed Person asked Benefits received by the The worker has only pension Argentina worker (EPH) or the worker or a combination of benefits receives pension discount and pension (EPH) or the Salaried workers (EPH-C) worker has pension (EPH-C). Bolivia Enrollment into the pension All individuals older than system (AFP) The worker is enrolled seven years old. Brazil Contributions made into the pension system. The person contributes Employed Persons Chile Contributions made into the pension system The person contributes Employed Persons Colombia Enrollment into the social security system The person is enrolled Employed Persons The person contributes to the Costa Rica Contributions made into the social security system (as social security system salary worker, as self Anyone employed or with convenio) Dominican Benefits received by the The worker has AFP or Employed Persons with Republic worker Pension Plan exceptions The person is enrolled (until 2000) or the person is enrolled into IESS seguro Ecuador Enrollment into the social security system (IESS) general, IESS seguro Anyone campesino, and ISSFA and ISSPOL (from 2001 to 2004). 138 Table MA.2 : Information about coverage in the economically active stage - Continuation Country Type of question Variable constructed Person asked Enrollment into the social The worker is enrolled (or is El Salvador security system (enrollment Employed Persons with or benefits from 1998 to beneficiary from 1998 to exceptions 2003) 2003) Guatemala Contributions made into the social security system (IGSS) The person contributes Employed Persons Contributions made into All individuals older than 4 Honduras RAP, INJUPEMP, IMPREMA, IPM, IHSS, or The person contributes years old and economically Private Pension Found active. The worker has SAR or AFORE, or is covered by México Benefits received by the worker IMSS, ISSTE, PEMEX, or Salaried Workers University insurance programs Enrollment and contributions The person is enrolled or Nicaragua (included in 1998) made into the social security system contributes to the INSS or to Employed Persons (INSS) or other firm. other firm. Paraguay Enrollment into the pension system The worker is enrolled Employed Persons Peru Enrollment into the pension All individuals older than 13 system The worker is enrolled years old. Benefits by DISSE or others or the individual is a public employee (until 2000) or Rights to receive medical benefits by DISSE, reception attention (ECH). of income from "cuotas Uruguay Contributions made into the mutuales" (health insurance) Employed Persons social security system or the person is a public (ENHA). employee (from 2001 to 2004), the person contributes to Social Security System (2006). Venezuela Benefits received by the The worker receives social worker benefits Salaried Workers 139 COVERAGE AMONG THE ELDERLY Two ratios were defined to analyze coverage among the elderly: (i) pension recipients/ individuals over the age of 65, (ii) individuals residing in households with pension recipients/individuals over the age of 65. The first ratio responds to the traditional definition of coverage of the elderly: the proportion of persons who receive income from pensions. The second indicator, known as "joint coverage," also recognizes those cases in which social security protection is available through the retirement-benefit income of one's spouse. When the traditional indicator of coverage was developed, pension recipients were identified based on variables regarding the receipt of income from pensions. Such questions were preferred over those relating to the condition of being a retired person/ pensioner, to eliminate those cases in which an elderly person withdraws from the labor market without receiving any type of benefits, and declares that he or she is retired, even though he/she does not receive benefits. The information on income from pensions and retirement benefits was captured using three question formats: (i) source of income (Argentina, Honduras and Nicaragua), (ii) whether the person is receiving income from pensions (Brazil, Dominican Republic, Peru, and Venezuela) (iii) the amount of income from pensions (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Uruguay). The quality of the information gathered using the first two formats is better, since cases were identified in which the individuals state that they receive a pension but they cannot remember the amount. In countries where the amount of the pension is the only source of information on the condition of being a pensioner, coverage would be underestimated. Table MA.3 summarizes the information related to coverage among the elderly. Table MA.3 : Information about coverage among the elderly Country Type of question Variable constructed Argentina Sources of income (EPH) or The person receives income from income from pensions (EPH-C) pensions. Contributory pensions: The person Amount of income from pensions receives income from pensions, "benemerito", or survivor benefits, Bolivia (contributory pensions) and amount of income from Bonosol (non (disability is included in 1999). contributory pensions). Non contributory pensions: The person receives income from Bonosol. The person receives aposentadoria ou pensão do Instituto de Brazil Reception of income from pensions previdência ou do governo federal or de outro tipo de aposentadoria ou pensão. 140 Table MA.3: Information about coverage among the elderly - Continuation Country Type of question Variable constructed Contributory pensions: The person receives income from old age Amount of income from pensions pension or retirement, from (contributory pensions) and amount disability benefit (included in 1992), from "montepíos" (widow's Chile of income from PASIS (non contributory pensions). In 2000 and pension, included also 1992), and 2003, reception of income from from orphans pension (included in pensions (contributory pensions). 1996). Non contributory pensions: The person receives income from PASIS. Colombia Amount of income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions. Amount of income from pensions Contributory pensions: The person (contributory pensions) and type of receives income from pensions. Costa Rica social security coverage that the Non contributory pensions: The person has (non contributory person belongs to the non pensions). contributory regime. Dominican Republic Amount of income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions. Amount of income from pensions Contributory pensions: The person (contributory pensions) and amount receives income from pensions. Ecuador of income from the Human Non contributory pensions: The Development Bond (non person receives income from the contributory pensions). Human Development Bond. The person receives income from El Salvador Amount of income from pensions. pension, disability or old age benefits The person receives pensions, annuities, sickness retirement Guatemala Amount of income from pensions. benefits (included in 1998), and "pensión y jubilación" (included in 2000) Honduras Sources of income. The person receives income from pensions. México Amount of income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions. Nicaragua Sources of income. The person receives income from pensions. The person receives income from Panama Amount of income from pensions. pensions, disability benefit or widow's pension Paraguay Amount of income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions. The person receives jubilación and Peru Reception of income from pensions cesantía or receives pensión por viudez, orfandad o sobrevivencia 141 Table MA.3: Information about coverage among the elderly - Continuation Country Type of question Variable constructed Uruguay Amount of income from pensions. The person receives income from pensions or jubilaciones. The person receives Social Venezuela Reception of income from pensions Insurance pensions, "jubilación por trabajo" or survivor benefits. SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF COVERAGE In order to better understand coverage by the pension system, indicators were examined for different ranges of age, gender, geographic area, occupational category, sector where employed, company size, income quintile, and education. As mentioned before, coverage indicators where constructed considering the population older than 20 years old for active population and 65 years old for the elderly. We consider only the active population to calculate the ratio of individuals who contribute (or are affiliated) for those over 20 years old. Additionally, we included employees in the private and public sector and domestic workers to construct the ratio of individuals who contribute (or are affiliated) to salary workers. Finally, we consider employers, self employers, "peones", cooperative members and family workers without remuneration to calculate the ratio of individuals who contribute to independent workers. We did not include domestic workers when computing the total family income (as well as any component of it, such us the total family income from pensions), the per capita income, and the household size. We excluded also those observations that appeared twice and those that had some missing information in the survey. This means that we deleted those observations that are identical for the variables that identified each household, the individuals within each household, the age of the individuals, and the relationship to the head of the household. We also deleted those observations that had missing age. Coverage by age and gender First, coverage indicators were calculated considering 10-year age intervals for persons in the economically active stage (from 20 to 80 years old or more) and 5-year age intervals for the elderly (65 to 80 years old or more). Then, coverage for men and women was considered separately. Coverage by geographical area With respect to geographic area, coverage levels were estimated in the urban and rural areas of each country. Unlike other countries, the surveys from Mexico and Peru did not include an indicator for urban vs. rural areas, and those indicators had to be constructed based on information regarding population strata, using the definition of urban provided by the statistics office of each country: population greater than 2500 inhabitants in the case of 142 Mexico and population settlements with more than 400 housing units or 2000 inhabitants in the case of Peru. Coverage by occupational category In the case of the occupational category, the surveys gathered information with varying degrees of detail. In order to make these categories more comparable, individuals were categorized into 4 groups: (i) independent, self-employed, and family workers; (ii) workers employed in the public sector; (iii) workers employed in the private sector; and (iv) other workers. The first category included business owners with and without wages, self-employed workers with and without business premises, cooperative members (Bolivia, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Uruguay) and day laborers (Ecuador and Mexico). The second category included government agencies, government-owned companies, the armed forces, and law enforcement (Brazil, Chile, and Peru), autonomous and municipal governments (Nicaragua). Finally, the fourth category was comprised of household employees and other kinds of workers. In the analysis we included only workers in the public and the private sector. Coverage by sector of activity Three major categories were defined (i) Primary sector, (ii) Secondary sector and (iii) Tertiary sector based on the UIIC classifications (Uniform International Industrial Classifications) adopted by all countries, but with variations in the degree of desegregation detail. Coverage by firm size With respect to firm size, differences were seen in the manner of reporting the information. It was therefore decided to categorize company size into three groups: small, medium, and large. The first group was comprised of establishments with five workers or less, the second with establishments employing six to 50 workers, and the third with 51 workers or more. Nonetheless, in several countries these limits had to be corrected, due to a lack of availability of the information. In these cases, the distribution was made considering the number of individuals which was closer to the limit imposed by the three groups. Table MA.4 lists the intervals used for each country. Information regarding to firm size is not available in Colombia's survey for any year. Table MA.4: Information related to firm size Number of workers Country Small Medium Large 1992 to 1994 - 6 to 1992 to 1994 - more Argentina 1 to 5 50 than 40 1995 to 2004 - 6 to 1995 to 2004 - more 40 than 40 Bolivia 1 to 5 6 to 49 More than 49 Brazil 1 to 5 6 to 10 More than 10 143 Table MA.4: Information related to firm size Number of workers Country Small Small Small Chile 1 to 5 6 to 49 More than 49 Costa Rica 1 to 5 6 to 19 More than 19 Dominican Republic 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Ecuador 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 1995 to 1996 - 5 to 9 1995 to 1996 ­ more El Salvador 1 to 4 1997 to 2003 - 5 to than 9 50 1997 to 2003 - more than 50 Guatemala 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Honduras 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 México 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Nicaragua 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Panama 1 to 4 5 to 49 More than 49 Paraguay 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 Peru 1 to 5 6 to 50 More than 50 1995 to 2000 - 5 to 9 1995 to 2000 - more Uruguay 1 to 4 2001 to 2004 - 5 to than 9 49 2001 to 2004 - more than 49 1995 to 1998 - 5 to 1995 to 1998 - more Venezuela 1 to 4 50 than 50 1999 to 2004 - 5 to 1999 to 2004 - more 20 than 20 Coverage by quintile of income To evaluate coverage by income quintiles, total-income quintiles were generated for economically active workers and the employed, and then coverage was considered by quintile for each group. Zero incomes were included in the analysis and only the population under study was considered to build the quintiles (this means that in observing coverage by quintiles for those individuals who are employed, the quintiles are constructed taking the employed over 20 years old into account). The same applies to the elderly. Coverage by level of education Given the diversity of the different systems of education between countries and the changes that they suffer from year to year within the same country, only three binary variables were constructed to capture the level of education for each individual. Those variables refer to primary education (no education is included here), secondary education, and university. 144 Pension systems are generally assessed considering their coverage, adequacy, and sustainability. Among these dimensions, this paper presents the results of a year long effort to collect, process, consist, and verify information on pension coverage indicators in seventeen countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, for a period that goes from 1990 to 2004. The goal of the paper is to describe the level, trends and profiles of pension coverage among active workers and the elderly in these countries, using household surveys as the main source and presenting data in a comparative approach, providing the basic framework to advance in the policy discussion regarding the current status of pension systems in the region and possible reforms in the future. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NETWORK About this series... Social Protection Discussion Papers are published to communicate the results of The World Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally edited texts. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors ofThe World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. For free copies of this paper, please contact the Social Protection Advisory Service, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Room G7-703, Washington, D.C. 20433-0001. Telephone: (202) 458-5267, Fax: (202) 614-0471, E-mail: socialprotection@worldbank.org or visit the Social Protection website at www.worldbank.org/sp.