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All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0677-3 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0678-0 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0677-3 Cover design: Corporate Visions WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2016 GETTING TO EQUAL GETTING TO EQUAL Table of Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1. Key Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Highlights from Women, Business and the Law 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 What’s new in this edition? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 How common are gender differences in laws? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Why do these gender differences matter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Where are relationships between women and the law changing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Accessing institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Using property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Getting a job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Providing incentives to work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Building credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Going to court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Protecting women from violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2. About Women, Business and the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3. Summaries of Women, Business and the Law Reforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4. Data Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Economy Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 GETTING TO EQUAL Foreword As societies become more equal and every individual’s productive capacity is valued and engaged, economies become more resilient.To build such a society, the key is inclusiveness—to make sure that no group is kept at the margins and subjected to exploitation. One particular group that deserves special attention, if for no other reason than its constituting half the world’s population, is women. It has often been pointed out that an economy cannot grow to its full potential if its women are not treated on par with men. This is likely true. But even if it were not, there is a case for treating men and women equally. We cannot forever remain victims of the idea that the agenda of inclusion and equality (pertaining not just to women but to any group) has to be justified as a means towards the end of higher economic growth. Indeed, what we need to argue is that, even if we had to sacrifice some economic growth in order to achieve inclusion and greater equality, the trade-off would be well worth it. Fortunately, to the best of our knowledge there is no trade-off. There are plenty of studies that demonstrate how empow- ering women, be it in the market place, the office or the household, increases overall efficiency, well-being and the quality of decision-making. However, despite such studies—and despite the fact that great strides have been made in enabling women to achieve greater potential—in most parts of the world their productive capacity and participation are still restricted, and they continue to be discriminated against and lead diminished lives. While this problem has many dimensions, the focus in this report is on the economy and the workplace. Since its inception in 2009, the World Bank Group’s Women, Business and the Law project has been constructing a unique dataset on laws, regulations and policies that constrain women’s economic choices. The data illuminate how government policies limit women’s full economic participation through laws that restrict their ability to engage in entrepreneurial and employment activities. This edition of Women, Business and the Law highlights the World Bank Group’s commitment to generating objective data and building knowledge about gender equality. The report draws on readily comparable data across seven indica- tors: accessing institutions, using property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, building credit, going to court and protecting women from violence. It expands data coverage to 30 more economies than the previous edition in order to enhance global understanding of laws that affect women’s economic opportunities. The data reveal the magnitude of the challenge that the world still faces in the quest for gender equality. It seems clear from the evidence that while governments are working progressively to provide equality of opportunity for women, there are still laws that differentiate between women and men in ways that affect women’s economic prospects: of the 173 economies covered, 155 have at least one law that differentiates between women and men. These inequalities impede development, hinder prosperity and undermine national competitiveness. By informing research and policy discussions about the state of women’s economic opportunities and outcomes, this report promotes the cause of inclusion. Our hope is that the report will celebrate the progress that has been made while emphasizing the work still to be done to ensure economic empowerment for all. Kaushik Basu Senior Vice President and Chief Economist The World Bank Women, Business and the Law 2016 1 GETTING TO EQUAL 1. Key Findings Highlights from Women, Business and the to court, building credit and protecting women from violence. New areas covered within these indicators include legislation Law 2016 on issues such as nondiscrimination in access to credit, care • Legal gender differences are widespread: 155 of the 173 leave for sick relatives, the legal age of marriage and protection economies covered have at least one law impeding wom- orders for victims of domestic violence. en’s economic opportunities. This edition covers 173 economies, including 30 economies • The total number of legal gender differences across 173 that were not previously covered: Afghanistan, Antigua and economies is 943. Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Bhutan, • In 100 economies, women face gender-based job Brunei Darussalam, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, restrictions. Grenada, Guyana, Iraq, Luxembourg, Maldives, Malta, Myanmar, Qatar, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, South Sudan, St. Kitts • 46 of the economies covered have no laws specifically and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, protecting women from domestic violence. Swaziland, Timor-Leste, Tonga and Trinidad and Tobago. • In 18 economies, husbands can legally prevent their wives from working. The previous edition of Women, Business and the Law found that 90% of economies measured had at least one law imped- • Lower legal gender equality is associated with fewer girls ing women’s economic opportunities. This still holds true, even attending secondary school relative to boys, fewer women though this edition covers over 20% more economies. working or running businesses and a wider gender wage gap. However, over the past two years, 65 economies achieved 94 • Over the past two years, 65 economies carried out 94 re- reforms increasing women’s economic opportunities. Most of forms increasing women’s economic opportunities. these reforms took place in developing economies, with 19 in Europe and Central Asia, 18 in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 16 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Economies in the Middle East What’s new in this edition? and North Africa had 12 reforms, and those in East Asia and the Pacific had 11 reforms. The fewest reforms—3—were in Since 2009, Women, Business and the Law has collected data South Asia. about legal restrictions on women’s entrepreneurship and em- ployment in order to inform policy discussions and promote re- Women, Business and the Law 2016 finds that lower legal search on the linkages between the law and women’s economic gender equality is associated with fewer girls attending second- opportunities. Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to ary school relative to boys, fewer women working or running Equal is the fourth in the series. businesses, and a wider gender wage gap. Where laws do not provide protection from domestic violence, women are likely to The data focus on seven indicators: accessing institutions, us- have shorter life spans. But where governments support child- ing property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, going care, women are more likely to receive wages. 2 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings How common are gender differences FIGURE 1.1 MOST ECONOMIES HAVE AT in laws? LEAST ONE LEGAL GENDER DIFFERENCE Women, Business and the Law measures legal restrictions on women’s employment and entrepreneurship by identifying gender-based legal differences. The dataset has captured 21 18 30 differences in policies for unmarried women and 26 for married women that affect women’s economic opportunities, for a total of 47 differences across five indicators (box 1.1). 58 Of the 173 economies covered by Women, Business and the 33 Law, 155 maintain at least one barrier for women seeking op- portunities that does not exist for men; on this simple measure 34 (figure 1.1), the majority of economies have at least one legal gender difference. Legal gender differences 0 0<#<3 3≤#<5 5 ≤ # <10 ≥10 The 30 economies with ten or more legal differences are in the Middle East and North Africa (18), Sub-Saharan Africa (8), East Asia and the Pacific (2) and South Asia (2). Source: Women, Business and the Law database. The 18 economies with no legal differences between women and men in the areas measured are Armenia; Canada; the Why were these areas chosen? Dominican Republic; Estonia; Hungary; Kosovo; Malta; Mexico; Namibia; the Netherlands; New Zealand; Peru; Puerto Rico, ter- Of all the questions covered by Women, Business and the ritory of the United States; Serbia; the Slovak Republic; South Law, only 47 are included in the measure of legal gender dif- Africa; Spain and Taiwan, China (figure 1.2). ferences. Twenty-two questions contain explicit gender-based differences. Three questions pertain to constitutional rights: the absence of a nondiscrimination clause in the constitution with gender as a protected category, the validity of customary law even if it is contrary to constitutional nondiscrimination and BOX 1.1 LEGAL DIFFERENCES FOR MARRIED AND UNMARRIED WOMEN Women, Business and the Law examines differences by comparing 15. Doing the same jobs men and women that have the same marital status in the following 16. Enjoying the same statutory retirement age 21 areas: 17. Enjoying the same tax deductions or credits 18. Having their testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in 1. Applying for a passport court 2. Traveling outside the home 19. Having a gender or sex nondiscrimination clause in the 3. Traveling outside the country constitution 4. Getting a job or pursuing a trade or profession without 20. Applying customary law if it violates the constitution permission 21. Applying personal law if it violates the constitution 5. Signing a contract 6. Registering a business The dataset also captures five other areas that apply only to married 7. Being “head of household” or “head of family” women: 8. Conferring citizenship to their children 9. Opening a bank account 22. Being legally required to obey their husbands 10. Choosing where to live 23. Being able to convey citizenship to a non-national husband 11. Obtaining a national identity card 24. Administering marital property 12. Having ownership rights over property 25. Having legal recognition for nonmonetary contributions to 13. Having inheritance rights over property marital property 14. Working the same night hours 26. Having inheritance rights to the property of their deceased husbands Key Findings 3 FIGURE 1.2 NUMBER OF LEGAL GENDER DIFFERENCES, BY ECONOMY São Tomé and Príncipe United Arab Emirates West Bank and Gaza Syrian Arab Republic Russian Federation Papua New Guinea Brunei Darussalam Equatorial Guinea Congo, Dem. Rep. Iran, Islamic Rep. Egypt, Arab Rep. Kyrgyz Republic Bahamas, The Burkina Faso Mozambique Côte d'Ivoire South Sudan Sierra Leone Saudi Arabia Yemen, Rep. Madagascar Afghanistan Congo, Rep. Bangladesh El Salvador Uzbekistan Mauritania Philippines Costa Rica Azerbaijan Seychelles Cameroon Singapore Swaziland Botswana Argentina Honduras Indonesia Barbados Mauritius Tajikistan Sri Lanka Mongolia Tanzania Malaysia Lebanon Romania Morocco Lao PDR Moldova Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Bulgaria Lesotho Senegal Burundi Georgia Uganda Djibouti Ukraine Bahrain Belarus Guinea Algeria Tunisia Angola Kuwait Jordan Bolivia Turkey Gabon Ghana Sudan Tonga Oman Nepal Benin China Qatar Chad Niger Israel Chile India Togo Haiti Mali Iraq Fiji 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Source: Women, Business and the Law database. equality and the validity of personal law even if it is contrary to These categories of questions were not included in this constitutional nondiscrimination and equality. These questions measure of gender legal differences: (1) questions that are were selected because of the importance for gender equality not gender-differentiated but may disproportionately affect of specific constitutional protections on nondiscrimination and women, such as credit reporting rules; (2) questions describing on the assumption that customary and personal laws might gender-neutral legal frameworks, for example, marital property include gender-based legal differences. One question pertains regimes; and (3) questions from the protecting women from to the absence of legal recognition for nonmonetary contribu- violence indicator, such as whether there are legal protections tions to marital property. This question was selected on the for victims of domestic violence. assumption that women are more likely to perform activities that benefit the household but are not paid, such as childcare. The questions are not weighted by their importance to women or by the number of women affected. For example, prohibi- The measure of legal gender differences is constructed by sum- tions on women working in mines can affect women more ming the restrictions on married and unmarried women: 5 that intensely where mining is a major industry but would matter apply only to married women are counted once and 21 that ap- less in economies where it is not. In contrast, requirements that ply to both married and unmarried women are counted twice, married women get their husbands’ permission to travel outside for a total of 47 restrictions. For example, only married women the home affect all married women. can be legally required to obey their husbands, while both mar- ried and unmarried women may be prohibited from working in certain jobs. The measure of legal gender differences can sum Why do these gender differences matter? to a whole number or a decimal for any economy because the Equality of opportunity allows women to make the choices question on job restrictions has ten sub-questions that exam- that are best for them, their families and their communities. ine specific restrictions on women’s work. Each sub-question However, opportunities for women are not equal where legal thus has a value of one-tenth. This represents the only differ- gender differences are prevalent. Such restrictions constrain ence in the construction of the measure from the 2014 edition women’s ability to make economic decisions in a variety of of the Women, Business and the Law report. Previously, the ways, and can have far-reaching consequences. Moreover, question on job restrictions had 8 sub-questions each equal to they are associated with real economic outcomes. For example, one-eighth. families may decide it does not make sense for girls to continue with school where their employment prospects—and therefore 4 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings St. Vincent and the Grenadines Bosnia and Herzegovina Hong Kong SAR, China Antigua and Barbuda Trinidad and Tobago Dominican Republic St. Kitts and Nevis Puerto Rico (U.S.) United Kingdom Macedonia, FYR Slovak Republic Czech Republic Venezuela, RB Taiwan, China United States New Zealand Luxembourg South Africa Timor-Leste Montenegro Netherlands Switzerland Kazakhstan Korea, Rep. Guatemala Zimbabwe Nicaragua Cambodia Myanmar Suriname Lithuania Paraguay Colombia Dominica Germany Denmark Australia Maldives Hungary Uruguay St. Lucia Portugal Grenada Slovenia Armenia Namibia Ethiopia Ecuador Belgium Jamaica Panama Rwanda Sweden Norway Guyana Canada Albania Estonia Zambia Bhutan Finland Kosovo Croatia Iceland Nigeria Malawi Austria Mexico Greece Ireland Poland Liberia France Serbia Latvia Kenya Belize Japan Malta Brazil Spain Peru Italy their earning potential—are more limited. Where resources are because elected officials better incorporated women’s prefer- limited, families may choose to send boys to school instead of ences within their legislative agendas once women became a girls.1 significant part of the electorate. For example, a study examin- ing state voting rights for women in the United States found Disparities in outcomes can persist throughout a woman’s life: that within a year of voting rights being granted to women, where there are more legal gender differences, not only is she voting patterns shifted to incorporate greater local public health less likely to go to secondary school, she is also less likely to spending by about 35%. This allowed for greater emphasis on be employed or run a business, and if she does manage to do local public health campaigns for issues such as hygiene, lead- either she is likely to earn less than a man would (figure 1.3). ing to a decrease in infectious childhood diseases and a decline in childhood mortality of about 8–15%.2 Having laws on the books is not the only thing that matters. In many economies a more gender-equitable legislative base may Reducing gender-based legal restrictions and promoting the coexist with high gender inequality resulting from poor imple- use of women’s talent in the labor force allows women to mentation of the laws, whether due to poor enforcement, poor choose the opportunities which are best for them, their families design, or low capacity. Thus for women, laws on paper do not and their communities. necessarily reflect legal realities. Good mechanisms for imple- menting and adequate budgetary commitments for enforcing laws also matter. However, better rule of law is associated with Where are relationships between women having more gender equal laws on the books (figure 1.4). and the law changing? The benefits of reform Since 2010, when Women, Business and the Law first pub- lished a baseline of gender legal differences affecting women’s Empowering women legally may have similar effects to em- economic opportunities and started measuring reforms, the powering them politically, allowing them to better reflect their pace of reform has either remained relatively constant or has preferences in decision-making. been increasing (figure 1.5). Moreover, there is evidence that after women were granted The region with the fewest reforms over time is South Asia. the right to vote, legislative decisions differed in such areas While economies in South Asia have introduced quotas to as child welfare and spending on public health. This may be Key Findings 5 FIGURE 1.3 GREATER LEGAL GENDER INEQUALITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH FEWER GIRLS ATTENDING SECONDARY SCHOOL RELATIVE TO BOYS, FEWER WOMEN WORKING OR RUNNING BUSINESSES, AND A HIGHER GENDER WAGE GAP Ratio of female to male enrollment in secondary education 140 80 Female employment to population ratio 120 60 100 40 80 20 60 0 40 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Legal gender differences Legal gender differences The negative relationship between the number of legal gender differences and the ratio of The negative relationship between the number of legal gender differences and the percentage female to male enrollment in secondary education (2012) is statistically significant at the 1% of women employed to the population (age 15+) (2013) is statistically significant at the 1% level after controlling for 2014 GNI per capita. The regression analysis is based on 96 economies level after controlling for 2014 GNI per capita. The regression analysis is based on 132 for which data are available. The regression results remain statistically significant at the 1% level economies for which data are available. The regression results remain statistically significant even after controlling for the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (2014). at the 1% level even after controlling for the proportion of seats held by women in national This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. parliaments (2014) and the ratio of female to male enrollment in secondary education (2012). This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. 40 Estimated earned income, female to male ratio 1 Percent of firms with a female top manager 30 .8 20 .6 .4 10 .2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 10 20 30 Legal gender differences Legal gender differences The negative relationship between legal gender differences and the percent of firms that have The negative relationship between the number of legal gender differences and the female to male a female top manager is statistically significant at the 1% level after controlling for 2014 GNI ratio of estimated earned income (2014) is statistically significant at the 1% level after controlling per capita. The analysis is based on 106 economies for which data are available. The regression for 2014 GNI per capita. The regression analysis is based on 106 economies for which data are results remain statistically significant at the 1% level even after controlling for the proportion available. The regression results remain statistically significant at the 1% level even after controlling of seats held by women in national parliaments (2014) and the ratio of female to male enrollment for the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (2014) and the ratio of female in secondary education (2012). This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. to male enrollment in secondary education (2012). This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. Source: Women, Business and the Law, World Development Indicators and Enterprise Surveys databases; World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Report 2014 (Table E3, p. 66). 6 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings increase women’s representation and enacted legislation pro- FIGURE 1.4 IMPROVED RULE OF LAW IS tecting women from violence, they have shown little reform in ASSOCIATED WITH FEWER LEGAL the economic domains measured by Women, Business and the GENDER DIFFERENCES Law over time. 10 In the most recent two-year period (ending in April 2015) 65 8 economies made 94 reforms increasing gender parity (table 1.1). Rule of law index Getting a job had the most reforms with 26, followed by protect- 6 ing women from violence with 23, and accessing institutions with 4 18. Nine economies reformed in building credit, 7 in providing incentives to work and in going to court, and 4 in using property. 2 Reform descriptions can be found in the Summaries of Women, Business and the Law Reforms section of this report. 0 0 10 20 30 The following sections examine new data and regional trends in Legal gender differences each of the Women, Business and the Law indicators. Source: Women, Business and the Law, World Development Indicators and Quality of Government Institute databases. Accessing institutions Note: The negative relationship between legal gender differences and the rule of law index (2012) (including: to what extent is there a working separation of powers; to what extent Women, Business and the Law’s accessing institutions indica- does an independent judiciary exist; to what extent are public office holders who abuse their tor explores women’s legal ability to interact with public au- positions prosecuted or penalized; to what extent are civil rights guaranteed and protected; thorities and the private sector just as men do, by examining and to what extent can citizens redress for violations of these rights?) is statistically significant at the 1% level after controlling for 2014 GNI per capita. The analysis is based on 106 both legal capacity and rights, as well as quotas for the public economies for which data are available. The regression results remain statistically significant and private sector. at the 1% level even after controlling for the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (2014) and the ratio of female to male enrollment in secondary education (2012). Women’s access to public education, health care and social This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. benefits, such as those for low-income households, depend on FIGURE 1.5 PERCENTAGE OF ECONOMIES THAT REFORMED IN AT LEAST ONE INDICATOR, BY REGION 50 40 Percent of economies 30 20 10 0 Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia OECD high income Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 2010-2012 2012-2014 2014-2016 Source: Women, Business and the Law database. Note: The analysis is based on the list of questions and the 141 economies examined in the Women, Business and the Law 2012 cycle, which was back calculated to 2010. Questions added to the dataset after the 2012 cycle, for example, on quotas or laws protecting women from violence are not considered here. Chile and Hungary are categorized as OECD high income in all three time intervals. South Asia is the only region with no reforms recorded during the three periods. Key Findings 7 TABLE 1.1 CHANGES INCREASING GENDER PARITY OVER THE PAST TWO YEARS Indicator Changes increasing gender parity Accessing institutions Chile; Congo, Rep.; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Fiji; Germany; Haiti; India; Mexico; Nicaragua; Niger; Norway; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Sudan; Suriname; Togo; Tunisia Using property Croatia; Hungary; Kenya; Nicaragua Getting a job Albania; Belarus; Croatia; Georgia; Guinea; Hong Kong SAR, China; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Israel; Jamaica; Kazakhstan; Lao PDR; Latvia; Lebanon; Macedonia, FYR; Mauritius; New Zealand; Nicaragua; Poland; São Tomé and Príncipe; Serbia; Singapore; Slovenia; South Africa; Taiwan, China; United Kingdom; Uruguay Providing incentives to work Belarus; Lao PDR; Malawi; Mexico; Oman; Tajikistan; Turkey Building credit Belarus; Jamaica; Lao PDR; Mongolia; Seychelles; Taiwan, China; United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza; Zambia Going to court Chad; Colombia; Costa Rica; Fiji; Kazakhstan; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia Protecting women from violence Albania; Belarus; Belgium; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Georgia; Hungary; Israel; Italy; Kenya; Latvia; Lebanon; Luxembourg; Macedonia, FYR; Malawi; Mozambique; New Zealand; Nicaragua; Pakistan; Peru; Saudi Arabia; Tonga; Uruguay; Zimbabwe Source: Women, Business and the Law database. their ability to move freely, prove their identity, and easily and woman can leave the house only for purposes allowed by law or independently contract with others. These abilities are also nec- custom, otherwise she needs her husband’s permission or she essary for dealing with private providers of goods and services, loses her right to financial support. such as landlords and lenders. Other issues arise when women cannot convey nationality to Over the past century, women have been acquiring greater in- their children or spouses. A mother’s inability to pass her citi- stitutional access, beginning with voting rights. Over the last 50 zenship to her children may mean that they cannot access ser- years, many reforms have removed barriers to married women’s vices, such as free public education or health care. It may also legal capacity.3 For example, in 1974, Indonesia granted mar- mean that when the children seek jobs, immigration laws will ried women the right to open individual bank accounts. Other not allow them to work. This problem can be particularly acute economies, such as Spain (in 1978), Switzerland (in 1984) and in economies where the public sector is the largest employer Paraguay (in 1991), removed legal requirements that husbands and nationality is a prerequisite for public sector employment grant their wives permission to work outside the home. (box 1.2). While progress has been made in many economies to allow Of the economies examined by Women, Business and the Law, women more access, legal restrictions on their ability to take 22 do not allow married mothers to pass citizenship on to their action persist. In economies where husbands can prohibit their children as fathers can, and 44 do not allow married women to wives from working, women are less likely to have formal bank pass citizenship to their spouses as married men can. accounts, savings or credit.4 Recently, Suriname amended its Nationality and Residency Act to allow married women to pass on nationality to their children Access denied and non-national spouses in the same way that men can, and Many laws remain restricting women from taking certain actions. Niger reformed its Nationality Law to allow women to pass on Women, Business and the Law examines 11 areas where women citizenship to non-national spouses. may face constraints on their legal capacity to act or ability to conduct transactions. Each action or transaction is examined separately for married and unmarried women. The data show that The importance of a legal identity most restrictions apply only to married women (table 1.2). Before a woman can enter an employment contract or access finance, she must prove her identity. Where women face more Among the obstacles to married women working are laws that hurdles than men in obtaining national identity (ID) cards, cer- allow the wife to work outside the home only if it is in the inter- tain activities become difficult, if not impossible. One example is est of the family. In some economies, a woman can lose her borrowing from a financial institution. A basic precursor to bor- right to receive financial support from her husband if she works rowing from banks is proof of identity. Proof of identity is nec- without his consent. For example, according to Article 1 of the essary to prevent financial fraud and identity theft. However, Personal Status Law of the Arab Republic of Egypt, a married where women face greater difficulty obtaining a national ID 8 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings TABLE 1.2 BLOCKING ACCESS Action Economies where married women cannot perform some actions in the same way as married men Apply for a Afghanistan | Algeria | Bahrain | Barbados | Belize | Benin | Botswana | Cameroon | Congo, Rep. | Dominica | Egypt, Arab Rep. | Fiji passport Gabon | Grenada | Haiti | Iran, Islamic Rep. | Iraq | Jordan | Malawi | Mali | Myanmar | Oman | Pakistan | Philippines | Saudi Arabia 32 Seychelles | St. Vincent and the Grenadines | Sudan | Trinidad and Tobago | Uganda | United Arab Emirates | Yemen, Rep. Be head of Bahrain | Benin | Burundi | Cameroon | Chad | Chile | Congo, Dem. Rep. | Congo, Rep. | Djibouti | Gabon | Guinea | Honduras household Indonesia | Iran, Islamic Rep. | Iraq | Jordan | Madagascar | Mali | Mauritania | Morocco | Niger | Oman | Philippines | Rwanda 30 Saudi Arabia | Senegal | Sudan | Tunisia | United Arab Emirates | Yemen, Rep. Choose where Afghanistan | Bahrain | Benin | Brunei Darussalam | Burkina Faso | Cameroon | Chad | Congo, Dem. Rep. | Congo, Rep. to live Equatorial Guinea | Gabon | Guinea | Haiti | Iran, Islamic Rep. | Iraq | Jordan | Kuwait | Malaysia | Mali | Niger | Oman | Qatar 30 Rwanda | Saudi Arabia | Senegal | Sudan | Syrian Arab Republic | United Arab Emirates | West Bank and Gaza | Yemen, Rep. Confer citizenship Bahamas, The | Bahrain | Barbados | Brunei Darussalam | Guinea | Iran, Islamic Rep. | Iraq to children Jordan | Kuwait | Lebanon | Madagascar | Malaysia | Mauritania | Nepal | Oman | Qatar Saudi Arabia | Sudan | Swaziland | Syrian Arab Republic | United Arab Emirates 22 West Bank and Gaza Get a job without Bahrain | Bolivia | Cameroon | Chad | Congo, Dem. Rep. | Gabon | Guinea permission Iran, Islamic Rep. | Jordan | Kuwait | Mauritania | Niger | Qatar | Sudan Syrian Arab Republic | United Arab Emirates | West Bank and Gaza 18 Yemen, Rep. Travel outside the Afghanistan | Bahrain | Brunei Darussalam | Egypt, Arab Rep. home Iran, Islamic Rep. | Iraq | Jordan | Kuwait | Malaysia | Oman Qatar | Saudi Arabia | Sudan | Syrian Arab Republic 17 United Arab Emirates | West Bank and Gaza | Yemen, Rep. Obtain a national Afghanistan | Algeria | Benin | Cameroon identity card Egypt, Arab Rep. | Mauritius | Oman 10 Pakistan | Saudi Arabia | Senegal Travel outside the Iran, Islamic Rep. | Iraq country Qatar | Saudi Arabia 6 Sudan | Syrian Arab Republic Register a Bhutan | Congo, business Dem. Rep. 4 Pakistan Suriname Open a bank Congo, account Dem. Rep. 2 Niger Sign a contract Congo, Dem. Rep.  Equatorial 2 Guinea Source: Women, Business and the Law database. Key Findings 9 BOX 1.2 NATIONALITY MATTERS In Jordan, because married mothers are unable to convey citizenship to their children or spouses, children with Jordanian mothers and foreign fathers cannot obtain free public health care or education. As they grow older, it is difficult for them to obtain driver’s licenses and work permits. Public school can cost up to 12 times more for noncitizens, and a one-year work permit for a foreign spouse or child can cost up to 5% of income per capita. The Jordanian government estimates there are almost 400,000 such children living in the country, of a total population of about 6.5 million. In recognition of the challenges such families face, as of January 2015 children of Jordanian mothers and non-Jordanian fathers can apply for a special identification card that allows them to obtain such subsidized government benefits as free high school education and health care. Adult children of Jordanian mothers and non-Jordanian fathers will no longer have to pay for work permits and will have second priority for jobs after Jordanian citizens. They will also be able to own property and obtain driver’s licenses. In the first month almost 10,000 applications for these identification cards were submitted. However, for children to be eligible for benefits, their mother must have resided in Jordan for at least five years. This creates difficulties for those whose mothers reside outside Jordan, do not have records of when they entered the country or have died. Source: “Over 9,000 Children of Women Married to Foreigners Apply for IDs,” Rana Husseini, Jordan Times, January 27, 2015, www.jordantimes.com/news/local/over-9000-children- jordanian-women-married-foreigners-apply-ids; “Regional Dialogue on Gender Equality, Nationality and Statelessness: Overview and Key Findings,” UNHCR and CRTD.A., 2011, www.unhcr.org/4f33ea656.pdf; “Jordan’s Second-Class Citizens,” Elizabeth Whitman, Boston Review, October 14, 2013. card, they are less likely to borrow from a financial institution (figure 1.6). FIGURE 1.6 WOMEN ARE LESS LIKELY TO BORROW FROM A FINANCIAL In ten economies, married women need to provide additional INSTITUTION WHERE PROCESSES documentation to get a national ID card—a requirement to FOR GETTING NATIONAL ID which married men are not subject. CARDS DIFFER BY GENDER Borrowed from a financial institution, female (% age 15+) Sometimes, difficulty in obtaining a national ID card starts be- fore a woman can even apply for one. Often, the first step to 11% securing any form of identification is to produce a birth certifi- cate. Women need birth certificates not only to interact with government institutions and conduct official transactions, but also to ensure that their children can access public services. However, women may not be able to register their children’s 5% births or obtain birth certificates (box 1.3). Increasing women’s representation In addition to reforming laws restricting women’s legal capac- ity and ability to conduct transactions, many economies are Yes No establishing gender quotas to increase women’s representation at the highest levels of government and the private sector. Can a married woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a married man? Women, Business and the Law examines reserved seat and party list quotas for parliaments and local governments, and Source: Women, Business and the Law, Global Findex and World Development Indicators quotas for corporate boards. databases. Note: The positive relationship between the percentage of females (age 15+) who borrowed The principle of equity is at the core of arguments in fa- from a financial institution and the legal ability of a married woman to apply for a national vor of gender quotas. Quotas can enable a more equitable ID card in the same way as a man is statistically significant at the 1% level after controlling representation of women in leadership positions, improving for 2014 GNI per capita. The regression analysis is based on 117 economies for which data their descriptive representation—which may translate into are available. The regression results remain statistically significant at the 5% level even after controlling for the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (2014) and more equitable representation of women’s interests in de- the ratio of female to male enrollment in tertiary education (2012). However, the results are cision making. The aim is to improve women’s substantive sensitive to other levels of education largely due to two outlier economies. This statistical representation. relationship should not be interpreted as causal. 10 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings Decisions by legislative bodies with more women involved in Democratic Republic of Congo the law is silent on both place- decision making may differ qualitatively from those by insti- ment requirements and sanctions for noncompliance. Other tutions with fewer women involved. A study of 265 village examples of sanctions used to enforce compliance of gender councils in two states in India where a third of the positions quotas in candidate lists are fines in El Salvador and the loss of of council head had been reserved for women since 1993 state funding in Ireland. found that women leaders invest more in infrastructure that is directly relevant to women’s needs.5 Another cross-country Recently, Egypt introduced a 25% women’s quota for local study analyzing government spending over more than 35 councils and a 10% women’s quota for parliament. Tunisia’s years found that countries with quotas for the number of new electoral law introduced a 50% gender quota on candi- female legislators spent more money on social services and date lists. Niger and Sudan both increased their reserved seat welfare than countries which lacked such quotas.6 quotas for women in parliament, Niger to 15% and Sudan to 30%. Pakistan introduced a 22% quota for women in local gov- The use of quotas to boost women’s political representation ernments and Haiti’s new Electoral Law provides that one out is widespread. Globally, over 40% of economies have quotas of three city council members must be a woman. Saudi Arabia for women members of parliament and local government: has introduced a 20% reserved seat quota for women at the for parliament 21 economies have reserved seat quotas and national level. 52 have candidate list quotas, and for local governments 23 have reserved seat quotas and 42 have candidate list quotas Policy makers are also attempting to increase the number of (table 1.3). women who serve on corporate boards. Some studies have found a positive correlation between companies with women Candidate list quotas determine the minimum number of women on their boards and their financial success.7 Recently, a survey that must be on a party list. Reserved seat quotas for parliament of 6,500 companies showed that companies with greater fe- range from 10% in Jordan to 33% in Kenya, and candidate list male participation on boards were less likely to be hit by gover- quotas range from 20% in Mongolia to 50% in Tunisia. nance scandals involving bribery, fraud and other factors likely to depress business confidence.8 Boosting the employment of Although candidate list quotas in both Bolivia and the women on corporate boards may be beneficial for economic Democratic Republic of Congo are 50%, representation of growth by improving the quality of governance. women in the Bolivian parliament is 53% and in the Democratic Republic of Congo it is just 9%. This may be attributable to Of the economies measured by Women, Business and the Law, differences in placement requirements and sanctions between nine have quotas for publicly listed companies: Belgium, France, the two economies: in Bolivia there is a zipper system that re- Germany, Iceland, India, Israel, Italy, Norway and Spain. The most quires political parties to alternate genders on candidate lists. recent quotas were introduced in Germany (30%) and India (at Failure to comply results in rejection of the party list. In the least one board member has to be a woman). Quotas range from BOX 1.3 BARRIERS TO WOMEN OBTAINING BIRTH CERTIFICATES Birth certificates are required when applying for a range of social benefits, including health care and school registration, and for most forms of civil identi- fication. In some economies, such as Barbados, France and the Syrian Arab Republic, the father is legally responsible for registering the birth of a child. Several economies make birth registration contingent on the existence of a marital relationship between parents. For example, in the Islamic Republic of Iran if the parents’ marriage is not registered, both parents must appear before the civil registrar to register a child’s birth. In Egypt a mother who cannot prove her marital relationship can register a birth only if a person who witnessed the child’s birth testifies. In Senegal any person declaring the birth other than the father has to show a marriage certificate for the child’s parents. And in Swaziland the law specifically requires the father to register the birth of a child. In 2006 Nepal updated its legislation with more gender-neutral language for its birth registration procedures. Previously, notice of a birth was given by the head of household, and in his absence, by the eldest male member of the family. Women as well as men can now be designated head of household, and the eldest male member no longer provides birth notification if the head of household is absent. Source: France, Civil Code, Art. 56; France, Circular of 28 October 2011; Iran, Islamic Rep., Registration of Personal Status Code, Art. 16; Egypt, Arab Rep., Civil Status Code, Law No. 143 of 1994, Art. 20; Egypt, Arab Rep., Law No. 12 of 1996 Promulgating the Child Law Amended by Law No. 126 of 2008, Art. 15; “Livret d’Informations Juridiques l’Etat Civil,” Ministry of Justice of Senegal, January 2009; Nepal, Law Amending Some Nepal Acts to Maintain Gender Equality, 2063 (2006); Swaziland, Births, Marriages and Deaths Registration Act, 1983, Arts. 10 and 15; Syrian Arab Republic, Civil Status Law, Art. 23; UNICEF 2013. Key Findings 11 TABLE 1.3 QUOTAS FOR PARLIAMENT AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT, BY REGION Region Quotas for parliament Quotas for local government Reserved seats Candidate lists Reserved seats Candidate lists East Asia &   China; Indonesia; Mongolia; Philippines; Taiwan, China; Indonesia; Mongolia Pacific Taiwan, China; Timor-Leste Timor-Leste Europe & Kosovo Albania; Armenia; Bosnia and Kosovo Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Central Asia Herzegovina; Croatia; Kyrgyz Croatia; Macedonia, FYR; Republic; Macedonia, FYR; Montenegro; Serbia; Uzbekistan Montenegro; Serbia; Uzbekistan Latin America Haiti Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Haiti Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; & Caribbean Costa Rica; Dominican Republic; Costa Rica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guyana; Ecuador; El Salvador; Honduras; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Mexico; Nicaragua; Paraguay; Peru; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Uruguay Uruguay Middle East & Djibouti; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Iraq; Algeria; Tunisia; West Bank and Egypt, Arab Rep.; Iraq; Jordan; Algeria North Africa Jordan; Morocco; Saudi Arabia Gaza Morocco; West Bank and Gaza OECD high   Belgium; Chile; France; Greece;   Belgium; France; Greece; Italy; income Ireland; Korea, Rep.; Poland; Korea, Rep.; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovenia; Spain Portugal; Slovenia; Spain South Asia Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Pakistan Nepal Bangladesh; India; Pakistan Nepal Sub-Saharan Burundi; Kenya; Mauritania; Niger; Burkina Faso; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Burundi; Guinea; Kenya; Lesotho; Burkina Faso; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Africa Rwanda; South Sudan; Sudan; Congo, Rep.; Guinea; Lesotho; Mauritania; Niger; Rwanda; Sierra Congo, Rep.; Mauritius; Namibia; Tanzania; Uganda; Zimbabwe Mauritania; Senegal; Togo Leone; South Sudan; Uganda Senegal; South Africa Source: Women, Business and the Law database. 20% in France to 40% in Iceland, Norway and Spain. In Israel, as wealth is associated with a higher likelihood of joint decision- in India, publicly listed companies must have at least one woman making about employment and spending. In Colombia women on their boards. More movement is expected in this area due to who own property are in a better bargaining position at home, recent European Union efforts encouraging member states to and are more likely to be able to move freely, negotiate the right increase women’s representation on corporate boards to 40%.9 to work, and control their income.11 Whether legislation sets corporate board quotas for the private Despite these advances, regional and local gender asset gaps sector or quotas for local governments and parliaments, the persist in property ownership, particularly of major assets.12 goal is clear: to make women better represented in all institu- Traditionally, women own less property than men and their prop- tions, public and private. erty rights are less secure. And women in informal unions may have even less secure property rights than other groups of wom- en. In Rwanda after evidence demonstrated that titling policies Using property were systematically overlooking women in informal unions, land registration forms were revised to be more inclusive of them.13 The using property indicator examines women’s ability to acquire, access, manage and control property—the ability to In Ghana insecure property rights have been found to lead use property—by analyzing inheritance and marital property women to make farming decisions that have negative effects on regimes to better understand how they affect women’s access land productivity.14 One study found that increasing women’s to assets. access to resources could raise agricultural output in developing countries by an estimated 2.5–4%.15 The ability to use property is important to everyone, regard- less of gender. Access to property not only increases women’s financial security, but is also associated with their increased Inheritance bargaining power within the household. Access to assets has One reason for gaps between women’s ownership of assets and also been linked to gains in family welfare, such as children’s men’s may be inheritance. Often, inheritance offers the surest health.10 In Ecuador, for example, women’s share in couples’ opportunity for both men and women to own land or housing; a 12 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings 2014 study in Ghana found that 30% of owner-occupied dwell- Different marital property regimes have different consequences ings were inherited or received as gifts.16 Where inheritance for the allocation of property within households. Each economy rights for men and women are unequal under the law, women sets its default regime in the family or personal status law. Full may be less likely to own land or housing. and partial default community property (joint property) regimes offer equal access to property, including land, for both spouses Giving women greater access to assets through inheritance during and after marriage. These are generally beneficial to can change outcomes for children, particularly girls. In 1994, women as long as the effects of the marital property regimes two states in India, Karnataka and Maharashtra, reformed the are not negated by other laws. In the Democratic Republic of Hindu Succession Act to allow women and men the same rights Congo, for example, the Family Code vests control of joint prop- to inherit joint family property. This altered control over assets erty solely in the husband. within families and increased parental investments in daugh- ters. The second-generation effects were even larger in such Of the 173 economies covered by Women, Business and the areas as daughters’ education. For example, mothers who Law, 79 have a full or partial community property regime; in benefited from the reform spent twice as much on their daugh- six of these, however—Cameroon, Chad, Chile, Democratic ters’ education. Moreover, where the reforms occurred, women Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire—the hus- were more likely to have bank accounts and their households band has the right to administer the joint property. were more likely to have sanitary latrines, suggesting that legal empowerment gives women more bargaining power within the Comparing Women, Business and the Law data with Global household and leads to better educational and financial out- Findex data shows that women are more likely to have a bank comes for families.17 Although the reform was initiated at the account in economies with a community property regime;19 state level, it has now been implemented throughout India. however, where the husband has the right to administer the joint marital property, the share of women with a bank account Access to assets through inheritance is particularly important for decreases (figure 1.7). widows, who may depend on inheritance for economic security and survival. In 35 of the 173 economies covered by Women, Business and the Law, female surviving spouses do not have the same inheritance rights as their male counterparts. None of the OECD high-income economies, nor the economies in Europe and FIGURE 1.7 WHERE HUSBANDS CONTROL Central Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, have legal re- MARITAL PROPERTY, WOMEN strictions on the ability of female surviving spouses to inherit. In ARE LESS LIKELY TO HAVE AN East Asia and the Pacific, four economies—Brunei Darussalam, ACCOUNT AT A FINANCIAL Indonesia, Malaysia and Tonga—do not grant widows equal inher- INSTITUTION itance rights. In South Asia, widows do not have equal inheritance Account at a financial institution, female (% age 15+) rights in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. In Sub- Saharan Africa, the law does not give equal inheritance rights to 57% widows in nine economies: Burundi, Guinea, Kenya, Mauritania, Senegal, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania and Uganda. None of the economies in the Middle East and North Africa, except Malta, grant widows the same inheritance rights as widowers. Women may also be pressured by relatives to give up the in- heritances they do receive. In 2010, Jordan passed a law pre- 18% venting women from waiving their inheritance and requiring any property they inherit to be registered in their name when the will is executed.18 The law also requires that relatives chal- lenging the bequest go to court to demonstrate valid reasons Full/Partial regimes Full/Partial regimes for nullifying a woman’s inheritance. with joint control with husband control Source: Women, Business and the Law, Global Findex and World Development Indicators Marital property regimes databases. Marital property regimes determine the allocation of property Note: The difference in the percentages illustrated is statistically significant at the 1% level ownership and management between spouses during the mar- after controlling for 2014 GNI per capita. The regression analysis is based on 65 economies riage and at its dissolution through death or divorce. These for which data are available. The regression results remain statistically significant at the 1% level even after controlling for the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments rules have a direct impact on women’s financial inclusion and (2014) and the ratio of female to male enrollment in secondary education (2012). This statisti- can help or deter their access to credit. cal relationship should not be interpreted as causal. Key Findings 13 Four economies have reformed the use of marital property over Restrictions on women’s work the past two years. Croatia introduced special provisions on Of the 173 economies surveyed by Women, Business and the transactions related to the marital home that require written Law, 100 restrict non-pregnant and non-nursing women from spousal consent to alienate or encumber property used as a pursuing the same economic activities as men; some directly family home. Hungary added new provisions to the family law prohibit women from holding particular jobs (table 1.4). section of its civil code that prevent either spouse from dispos- ing of the marital home while property is held in community Restrictions on working hours, sectors and occupations limit and requiring the consent of the other spouse even after the the range of jobs that women can hold and can lead to occu- marriage is dissolved until tenancy rights are settled. Kenya’s pational segregation and confinement of women to low-paying new law on matrimonial property makes partial community of sectors and activities. In fact, many of the jobs prohibited for property the standard, and both spouses now have equal rights women are in highly paid industries, such as mining and manu- to administer joint property. In Nicaragua, the new family code facturing. This has real implications for their earning potential. makes separation of property the default regime and repeals Restrictions on the types of work that women pursue can also provisions giving judges the power to decide ownership of as- hurt firms and the overall competitiveness of an economy sets when spouses disagree. because the pool of qualified candidates for open positions is artificially halved, reducing the likelihood of getting the most talented people. Getting a job Such laws can curtail women’s economic choices. For example, The getting a job indicator assesses restrictions on women’s the Russian Federation had a high gender earnings differential work, such as prohibitions on working at night or in certain in- during its transition to a market economy largely because of dustries. This indicator also covers laws on work-related mater- occupational gender segregation. That segregation was related nity, paternity and parental benefits. All the economies covered more to gender-based job restrictions in Soviet-era labor regu- by Women, Business and the Law have labor regulations that lations, than to gender differences in education or the higher treat men and women differently. Some of the differences may incidence of part-time work among women. Because of their facilitate women’s participation in the workforce, but many maternity and childcare functions, women were considered a prevent it. Differences in how the law treats women and men specific labor force barred from “unsuitable” occupations and can affect women’s incentives and ability to get the job of their encouraged to concentrate in health care, education, light in- choice. dustry and white collar jobs.20 TABLE 1.4 TASKS AND OCCUPATIONS PROHIBITED TO WOMEN Economy Examples Argentina Producing or manipulating explosives, flammable or corrosive materials, or working in or around such areas; working as a machinist or fire-stoker; selling distilled or fermented alcoholic beverages in any location or space in which they are dispensed; distilling alcohol and producing or mixing liquors; sizing or polishing glass, working in any location or site that regularly contains dust or irritating or toxic vapors; greasing or cleaning machinery in movement; loading or unloading ships, cranes or derricks; transporting incandescent materials. France Women may not carry loads greater than 25 kilograms or transport loads of greater than 45 kilograms with a wheelbarrow. Madagascar Preparing, handling and selling printed literature, posters, drawings, engravings, paintings, emblems, images and other objects whose sale, offer, exposure, display or distribution is punishable under criminal laws or, that without falling afoul of the law, are contrary to morality. Pakistan Working in the same room as a cotton-opener in a factory; working inside any factory to clean, lubricate or adjust any part of machinery while that part is in motion, or working between moving parts or between fixed and moving parts of any machinery. Russian Truck driver in agriculture; freight train conductor; deckhand (boatswain, skipper, assistant skipper and sailors of all denominations) on ships of all types Federation of fleets as well as floating docks and cranes for loading grain, cement, coal and other dusty cargo; worker in integrated teams and longshoreman engaged in loading and unloading in ports and harbors; woodworker; installer of antennas at high places; mining rig operator; operator of chemical treat- ment of wells; lift machinist in oil and gas industry; bulldozer machinist; plumber involving the repair of sewer networks; metal and alloy smelter; driver of loading machine; pipe, furnace and flue cleaner; controller of speed of train wagons. United Arab Manufacturing lead monoxide or a number of other lead derivatives and compounds; working in the asphalt industry, tanneries, or in bars; working Emirates with fertilizer derived from animal droppings or blood; welding by oxygen, ethylene, or electricity; making mercury mirrors; extracting silver from lead ashes; cleaning the workshops used for the three previous jobs; managing and monitoring mechanical machines; repairing or cleaning mechanical machines; flaying, chopping, and depilating animals and melting their fats; manufacturing charcoal from the bones of animals except the operation of isolating the bones before burning them. Source: Women, Business and the Law database. 14 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings Women, Business and the Law finds that having restrictions FIGURE 1.8 THE WAGE GAP IS LIKELY TO BE on women’s work lowers women’s earning potential relative to SMALLER WHERE THERE ARE NO men’s (figure 1.8). JOB RESTRICTIONS ON WOMEN’S WORK Maternity, paternity and parental leave Estimated earned income, female to male ratio Women, Business and the Law measures the length of paid and 64% unpaid maternity, paternity and parental leave, who pays it and the rate at which it is paid. Maternity, paternity and parental 52% leave affects the choices women make and the opportunities available to them in the working world. But too much leave may undermine women’s labor force participation if it makes women less competitive in the labor market and discourages employers from hiring women of child-bearing age. Though maternity leave is standard in almost all economies, it varies greatly in duration, from a few weeks to a few years. No job restrictions At least 1 job restriction Most maternity leave is paid, though economies vary on wheth- er it is paid by employers, governments or both. Source: Women, Business and the Law and World Development Indicators databases; World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Report 2014 (Table E3, p. 66) Of all the economies covered, only Tonga in East Asia and the Pacific and Suriname in Latin America and the Caribbean do Note: The difference in the estimated earned income, female to male ratio (2014), in econo- mies with no restrictions on women’s work and economies with at least 1 restriction is sta- not entitle parents to any kind of leave, paid or unpaid, when tistically significant at the 1% level after controlling for 2014 GNI per capita. The regression a child is born. Papua New Guinea provides unpaid maternity analysis is based on 121 economies for which data are available. The regression results remain leave and the United States provides unpaid parental leave. All significant at the 5% level even after controlling for the proportion of seats held by women in other economies provide paid maternity leave or offer mater- national parliaments (2014) and the ratio of female to male enrollment in secondary education (2012). This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. nity benefits through paid parental leave. Of equal importance to having the benefit is the question of who pays for it. If firms must pay for maternity leave, from the employer perspective the cost of hiring women of reproductive Currently women are prohibited from working in 456 specified age will be higher than the cost of hiring men. If, however, the jobs in Russia, ranging from driving a truck carrying agricul- cost of maternity leave is paid by the government, firms would tural produce to woodworking. In 2009, a woman applied to not necessarily face higher costs for hiring women. In 51% of be an assistant driver in the St. Petersburg subway system the economies that provide paid maternity leave, the govern- and was turned down because the law prohibits women from ment pays for maternity benefits, in 30% the employer pays the holding such jobs. She challenged this in court on grounds of full cost and in 19% this cost is shared between the employer gender discrimination, but the Supreme Court of the Russian and the government (figure 1.9). Federation rejected her argument and found the state’s interest in protecting women’s health a justifiable reason to enforce the Parental benefits enabling mothers, fathers or both to take paid prohibition.21 or unpaid time off to care for a newborn child can foster a more equitable division of childrearing responsibilities in the family. The getting a job indicator tracks 10 areas of job restrictions This in turn can give women greater opportunities for career for women: mining, construction, factory work, metal work, advancement. weight-lifting limits, jobs deemed hazardous, jobs deemed ar- duous, jobs deemed morally inappropriate, other occupations While 167 of 173 economies mandate maternity leave, paid or not listed above, and other tasks not listed above. unpaid parental leave is still a rarity. Only 53 of the economies covered, none in Sub-Saharan Africa, have any form of parental Nearly every economy in the Middle East and North Africa has leave (figure 1.10). And paternity leave is still only offered in at least one restriction on women’s work; 28 of 41 Sub-Saharan half of economies. African economies examined have such restrictions, compared to only 8 of 32 OECD high-income economies examined. The Providing options for who takes parental leave can give both OECD high-income economies that restrict the jobs women can parents more flexible work schedules. This is especially rel- do are Chile, Czech Republic, France, Israel, Japan, the Republic evant for mothers, whose return to the workforce after ma- of Korea, Poland and Slovenia. ternity leave may depend on their ability to share child-rearing Key Findings 15 FIGURE 1.9 WHO PAYS FOR MATERNITY LEAVE? 100 90 80 70 Percent of economies 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia OECD high income Latin America Middle East South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa & Caribbean & North Africa Employer 100% Employer and Government Government 100% Source: Women, Business and the Law database. FIGURE 1.10 JUST UNDER ONE-THIRD OF are made by both parents. Portugal uses bonuses to extend ECONOMIES PROVIDE FOR the total length of paid parental leave if both parents share it. PARENTAL LEAVE Parents in Italy, Germany and Japan have similar options. Exclusively Recently, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia intro- parental leave (4) duced unpaid parental leave, and Poland, Singapore and the United Kingdom introduced paid parental leave. Parental All three (31) leave (53) Providing incentives to work Paternity leave (86) Women, Business and the Law covers two areas that may af- fect a woman’s incentive to work in paid employment: personal income tax regulations and the availability of public and/or sub- sidized private childcare. Tax benefits Gender differences in personal income tax regulations may affect Maternity leave (167) a woman’s decision to enter the workforce in the formal sector, especially if it means paying disproportionately higher taxes. In 16 of 173 economies—Benin, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Source: Women, Business and the Law database. Cambodia, Republic of Congo, Fiji, Guinea, Indonesia, Iraq, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Morocco, Niger, the Philippines, Togo and Tunisia— tax provisions directly favor responsibility with their spouses. Regulatory schemes allowing men. These economies either grant men an explicit tax deduc- parents to better balance parenthood with employment vary. tion or credit, or an implicit tax deduction or credit is granted to the male head of household. In Estonia and Lithuania, for example, parental leave is a family In some of these economies, women can in limited circum- entitlement and decisions about who takes it and for how long stances also benefit from these provisions. For example, the 16 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings income tax law of Iraq grants women tax deductions if they no public childcare facilities; 27 of these are low and middle- are widowed or divorced. However, if women are married, the income economies. tax deduction is granted to the husband by default as the legal head of household. Other economies, such as Burkina Faso, al- Tajikistan now has a law on preschool education, including di- low women to claim the tax deduction if it has not already been rect public childcare, and Turkey has introduced free preschool claimed by their husbands. Only Israel, Singapore and Spain education for children ages 4–5. provide a specific tax credit or deduction to women. Governments sometimes take women’s unpaid care work into consideration when designing leave policies because women Family care and women’s employment must often balance employment with care responsibilities for The ease, cost and availability of care for young children and children, sick relatives and the elderly. Women, Business and free public education for school-age children can affect whether the Law finds that 70 of the covered economies provide paid a mother decides to work outside the home for paid compensa- or unpaid leave to care for a sick relative. The Employment and tion or to stay at home with the children. Labor Relations Act of Tanzania, for example, allows employees to take at least four paid days to care for a sick child. More public assistance for childcare may create opportunities for women to participate in the labor force because women are often the primary care-givers for children. The percentage Building credit of women who reported receiving wages in economies that Building credit identifies the minimum value of loans tracked by provide public childcare was more than twice that in economies private credit bureaus and public credit registries and assesses that do not (figure 1.11). Of the economies covered, 39 have bureaus and registries that collect information from microfi- nance institutions, retailers and utility companies. This edition expands coverage to legislation on nondiscrimination in access to credit on the basis of gender and marital status. FIGURE 1.11 MORE WOMEN RECEIVE Recent initiatives to improve the collection of data on women’s WAGES WHERE GOVERNMENTS access to credit22 highlight the reality that women receive less SUPPORT CHILDCARE credit than men. The reasons for women’s credit constraints Received wages in the past year, female (% age 15+) are often different from those of men. 30% Building a credit history Where public credit registries and private credit bureaus only record loans above a certain threshold, they might exclude small borrowers, many of whom are female entrepreneurs. Where credit registries and bureaus do not record loans from micro- 13% finance institutions—for whom women make up a large share of borrowers—the good repayment histories of microfinance clients cannot be leveraged. Finally, where information from nonbank institutions, such as retailers and utilities, is not used to assess borrower creditworthiness, it excludes those who lack traditional banking relationships, many of whom are women. Yes No Of the 173 economies covered by Women, Business and the Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Law, 30 do not have a public credit registry or private credit bureau that covers more than 5% of the population. Among the Source: Women, Business and the Law, Global Findex and World Development Indicators 143 economies that have credit reporting institutions covering databases. more than 5% of the population, 14 have minimum loan thresh- olds higher than 1% of income per capita. Note: The positive relationship between the percentage of females who report receiving salary or wages from an employer in the past 12 months (2014) and legislation subsidizing or man- dating public provision of childcare for those too young for primary education is statistically Nondiscrimination under the law significant at the 1% level after controlling for 2014 GNI per capita. The regression analysis is based on 139 economies for which data are available. The regression results remain significant However, even with a credit rating based on successful pay- at the 1% level even after controlling for the proportion of seats held by women in national ment of retail or utility bills, lenders may discriminate against parliaments (2014) and the ratio of female to male enrollment in secondary education (2012). women. This edition of Women, Business and the Law includes This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. Key Findings 17 new questions on whether legislation prohibits discrimination in relating to banking, insurance and the provision of grants, loans, access to credit based on either gender or marital status. credit or finance.24 The United States led the way in nondiscrimination in access to Of the 46 economies that prohibit discrimination on the basis of credit with the Equal Credit Opportunities Act of 1974, thanks gender, 24 also prohibit discrimination based on marital status: to the efforts of a female Representative who inserted the Australia; Austria; Bolivia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; terms sex and marital status into the legislation and called out Canada; Croatia; France; Hong Kong SAR, China; Hungary; male committee members for their “oversight” in initially not Ireland; Mexico; Mongolia; Morocco; the Netherlands; New including them as protected categories.23 The law specifically Zealand; Peru; Philippines; Puerto Rico, territory of the United prohibits discrimination based on sex and marital status with States; Slovak Republic; South Africa; Trinidad and Tobago; respect to any aspect of a credit transaction. United Kingdom and the United States. Globally, 46 economies require nondiscrimination in access to Even in economies that do not legislate nondiscrimination in credit on the basis of gender (table 1.5). access to credit, women’s access can be bolstered by programs targeting women entrepreneurs, which exist in economies as The Australian Sex Discrimination Act, for example, prohibits varied as Brazil, Nigeria and Vietnam (box 1.4). discrimination on the grounds of sex when providing services TABLE 1.5 WHERE DISCRIMINATION IN ACCESS TO CREDIT IS PROHIBITED Region Economies East Asia & Pacific Hong Kong SAR, China; Mongolia; Philippines; Vietnam (4) Europe & Central Asia Azerbaijan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Kosovo; Kyrgyz Republic; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Romania (10) Latin America & Caribbean Bolivia; Mexico; Peru; Puerto Rico (U.S.); Trinidad and Tobago (5) Middle East & North Africa Malta; Morocco (2) OECD high income Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; New Zealand; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom; United States (24) Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa (1) Source: Women, Business and the Law database. BOX 1.4 SPOTLIGHT ON NIGERIA In 2003, Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development in cooperation with the Bank of Industry established the Business Development Fund for Women (BUDFOW), a $1.5 million initiative that provides individual women entrepreneurs with low-interest loans, technical support and capacity-building training to expand their businesses. Any adult Nigerian woman can make the case to the BUDFOW that expansion of her business is stalled due to lack of access to funding. From 2011 to 2013, 56 female-run businesses received approximately $500,000 from the revolving loan scheme. In another initiative, highlighting the country’s commitment to decrease gender disparity, the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2011 formulated a policy target to increase women’s access to financial services by 15 percent annually. To achieve this goal it set up the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Fund which provides microcredit loans. Sixty percent of funds amounting to roughly $810 million disbursed by partner financial institu- tions are reserved for women entrepreneurs. Source: “Business Fund for Women,” Bank of Industry Nigeria, accessed June 12, 2015. http://boinigeria.com/business-fund-for-women/; “Microfinance Policy Framework for Nigeria: Revised, April 29, 2011,” Central Bank of Nigeria, http://www.cenbank.org/out/2011/pressrelease/gvd/revised%20microfinance%20policy%20july%2012%202011.pdf; “Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Fund (MSMEDF) Guidelines, Revised, August 2014,” Central Bank of Nigeria, http://www.cenbank.org/Out/2014/DFD/MSMEDF%20GUIDELINES%20 %20.pdf; Federal Ministry of Women Affairs & Social Development, Economic Services Department, Nigeria, 2013, http://www.womenaffairs.gov.ng/index.php/department/economic- services; “2013 Ministerial Platform: A Mid-Term Report on the Progress & Achievements of President Goodluck Jonathan’s Administration in the Federal Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Social Development,” June 25, 2013, http://fmi.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/2013-MP-WA.pdf. 18 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings Going to court FIGURE 1.12 PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE The going to court indicator examines women’s access to jus- JUSTICES IN CONSTITUTIONAL tice by looking at the number of women justices in constitution- COURTS al courts and examining whether there are small claims courts. Sierra Leone St. Vincent and the Grenadines St. Lucia St. Kitts and Nevis Grenada Women’s access to justice can be hindered by limits on their Dominica Antigua and Barbuda Zambia representation in judicial institutions. The United Nations es- Slovenia Rwanda Djibouti timates that globally women account for 27% of all judges.25 Kyrgyz Republic Jamaica Zimbabwe However, evidence is emerging that women judges can make Puerto Rico (U.S.) Madagascar Macedonia, FYR a difference in cases where gender is an issue. For example, Gabon Ecuador Canada an analysis of U.S. federal appellate cases in 1999, 2000 and Bosnia and Herzegovina Venezuela, RB Latvia 2001 found that in cases involving sex discrimination or sexual Belarus Serbia Liberia harassment, plaintiffs were twice as likely to win when a woman Honduras Portugal Croatia was on the panel deciding the cases. The data showed both Norway Mauritius Sweden that women judges were significantly more likely than their Guyana Angola male counterparts to find for the plaintiff and that having a Ghana Austria United States woman on the panel increased the probability that male judges Paraguay Myanmar Mali would support the plaintiff.26 Luxembourg Georgia Germany Denmark Slovak Republic France Women justices may also matter in cases other than sex discrim- Burkina Faso Montenegro Malta ination or sexual harassment cases. For example, in Tanzania Kenya Côte d'Ivoire Bolivia the Hon. Ms. Munuo wrote a decision for the High Court in Benin Belize Australia Ndossi v. Ndossi holding that the nondiscrimination clause of Trinidad and Tobago Sri Lanka Ireland the Constitution entitled a widow to administer her estate on Poland Israel behalf of her children.27 This decision expanded constitutional Uganda Bulgaria Argentina protections to women and domesticated international human Dominican Republic Seychelles Romania rights instruments, including the Convention on the Elimination Mongolia Lithuania Kosovo of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Congo, Rep. Colombia Cambodia Azerbaijan Armenia Algeria Women, Business and the Law finds that in the 153 economies Albania Timor-Leste São Tomé and Príncipe where there are constitutional courts, 122 have at least one Philippines Japan Italy female justice, and women are chief justices in 26 economies Guatemala Czech Republic Chile (figure 1.12). The regional distribution of female justices is dis- Bhutan Malawi Nigeria proportionate, however, as there is not one female chief justice South Africa Mexico in the Middle East and North Africa or in South Asia. Brazil Swaziland Spain Fiji Chad Belgium Russian Federation Small claims courts Singapore Uzbekistan Tajikistan Peru Although most economies do not prevent women from access- Niger Mozambique Kazakhstan ing the court system, many do not make it easy for them to do Costa Rica Burundi Bahrain so. Legal formalities and the costs of litigation, both direct and Papua New Guinea Taiwan, China incidental, discourage poor people from accessing courts.28 Even Hungary Bangladesh West Bank and Gaza for relatively simple disputes, legal formalities are associated Togo Sudan Korea, Rep. with lower enforceability of contracts, longer duration of cases Indonesia Guinea Estonia and a perception among participants of lower-quality justice.29 Nepal Iceland Haiti Ukraine India Small claims courts have jurisdiction over civil cases when less 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 than a specified monetary threshold is at issue. Procedures of these courts are simplified; the reduced cost and faster pro- cesses to render a judgment make them ideal for small busi- Source: Women, Business and the Law database. nesses, many of which are owned by women. Note: Thirty economies do not have a woman on the constitutional court. These economies are: Afghanistan; Cameroon; the Democratic Republic of Congo; the Arab Republic of Egypt; El Small claims courts expedite dispute resolution and improve ac- Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Hong Kong SAR, China; the Islamic Republic of Iran; Iraq; Jordan; cess to justice for minor disputes of relatively low value. They do Kuwait; Lebanon; Maldives; Mauritania; Moldova; Morocco; Namibia; Nicaragua; Pakistan; Panama; Qatar; Senegal; South Sudan; the Syrian Arab Republic; Thailand; Tonga; Turkey; United Arab Emirates; Uruguay and the Republic of Yemen. A further 20 economies do not have a constitutional court. Key Findings 19 so by setting aside legal formalities and using simplified proce- dures. Simpler processes and more relaxed rules lower costs for FIGURE 1.13 WOMEN’S LIFE EXPECTANCY claimants, who can file and present their own cases; filing fees AND LEGAL PROTECTION FROM are lower and judges issue decisions rapidly.30 For small business DOMESTIC VIOLENCE owners, small claims courts can be a preferable forum for resolv- Survival to age 65, (% of cohort) ing simple disputes.31 80% Fifty-three economies do not have small claims courts or fast- 70% track procedures for smaller claims. While more than 90% of OECD high-income economies have such courts, only 46% of economies in Sub-Saharan Africa do. A few economies have made positive changes in this area; Kazakhstan introduced small claims courts in 2014 and Chad, Colombia, Costa Rica and Trinidad and Tobago raised the maximum amount they can decide on. Protecting women from violence Yes No The protecting women from violence indicator examines laws Is there legislation that specifically addresses on domestic violence against women and the existence and domestic violence? scope of laws on sexual harassment. The data for this edition expands coverage to whether women are protected from mari- Source: Women, Business and the Law and World Development Indicators databases. tal rape, what the legal age of marriage is for boys and girls, and Note: The positive relationship between female survival to age 65 (% of cohort; 2013) and whether protection orders can be authorized. laws that specifically address domestic violence is statistically significant at the 1% level after controlling for 2014 GNI per capita. The regression analysis is based on 168 economies Violence affects women and girls of all ages, regardless of loca- for which data are available. The regression results remain statistically significant at the 5% tion, income level or social status. It can undermine women’s level even after controlling for the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments economic empowerment by preventing employment and block- (2014) and the ratio of female to male enrollment in secondary education (2012). This statisti- cal relationship should not be interpreted as causal. ing access to other financial resources. In Tanzania, for example, the earnings of women in formal wage work who are exposed to severe partner violence are 60% lower than women who are not exposed.32 Conversely, economic empowerment seems to protect women from violence: women living in wealthier house- 122 cover psychological violence. Economic violence, which holds have a 45% lower risk of violence than those living in can result in women being deprived of the economic means poorer households.33 to leave an abusive relationship, is rarely covered. Subjecting women to economic violence is not addressed in 94 of the total Domestic violence: Greater protection at home 173 economies for which data has been collected. Globally, the most common form of violence women experience Laws covering all four types of violence are prevalent in Europe is from an intimate partner.34 Almost one-third of all women and Central Asia, and in South Asia, where about 74% of who have been in a an intimate relationship have experienced economies examined cover physical, sexual, emotional, and physical or sexual violence. Indeed, intimate partners commit economic abuse. This is also the case in 63% of economies as many as 38% of all murders of women.35 Legal protection in Latin America and the Caribbean, 44% in East Asia and the against domestic violence is crucial to reduce impunity and Pacific, 37% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 25% of OECD high- open avenues for redress. Women, Business and the Law has income economies. found that life expectancy for women is higher where they are legally protected from domestic violence (figure 1.13). In 2014, Lebanon adopted Law 293 on the Protection of Women and Family Members from Domestic Violence—the only Domestic violence legislation varies greatly in scope and ap- law in the Middle East and North Africa to cover all four forms plicability. The data examine where economies have legislation of violence. Additionally, Italy and FYR Macedonia, amended on domestic violence and whether it covers different types of their domestic violence legislation to cover financial violence, abuse (box 1.5). and Belarus, Latvia, Saudi Arabia and Tonga enacted new laws on domestic violence. Of the economies covered, 127 have laws on domestic vio- lence, of which 95 cover both physical and sexual violence and 20 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings BOX 1.5 DEFINING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Domestic violence is gender-specific violence, commonly directed against women, occurring in the family and in interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal relationships can refer to partners who do not live together or are not married. The abuse can be physical, emotional or psychological, sexual, or financial or economic: • Physical violence is any intentional behavior that offends a woman’s bodily integrity or health. • Emotional or psychological violence is any conduct or behavior that causes emotional damage, reduces self-worth or self-esteem or aims at degrad- ing or controlling a woman’s actions, behaviors, beliefs and decisions by means of threat, embarrassment, humiliation, manipulation, isolation, constant surveillance or pursuit, insult, intimidation, blackmail, ridicule, exploitation or any other behavior that damages a woman’s psychological health. • Sexual violence is any conduct or behavior that forces a woman to witness, maintain or participate in unwanted sexual contact or behavior by means of intimidation, threat, coercion or use of force, including sexual assault, marital rape or forcing any type of sexual activity without consent. • Financial or economic violence is any conduct or behavior involving the use or misuse of the partner’s consent regarding their financial resources or assets, including the deprivation, retention or subtraction of money or property or by other means making or attempting to make a woman financially dependent by maintaining control over financial resources. Source: United Nations General Assembly, Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, December 20, 1993; United Nations Economic and Social Council 1996; UNHCR 2005; United Nations 2010. However, in many economies, women still have no legal protec- when criminal offences are committed against spouses or tion. In fact, 46 out of the 173 covered economies have yet to within the family. enact laws to address domestic violence (figure 1.14). Seven economies—Belgium, Canada, Estonia, Iceland, Morocco, the In economies which have neither enacted legislation on domes- Netherlands and Tunisia—have no explicit laws on domestic tic violence nor increased penalties for intra-family violence, violence but have addressed the issue by intensifying penalties violence within the family can still be prosecuted under gen- eral criminal laws such as assault. However, specific laws on FIGURE 1.14 COVERAGE AND SCOPE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE LAWS, BY PERCENTAGE OF ECONOMIES IN A REGION 88 81 83 56 88 97 46 87 94 75 69 81 50 39 74 28 88 97 49 81 11 89 37 87 5 46 16 88 72 69 16 39 61 32 26 South Asia Latin America Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific OECD high income Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & Caribbean & North Africa Criminal penalties Emotional violence Economic violence Physical violence Sexual violence Source: Women, Business and the Law database. Note: Data indicate percentage of economies in a region with legislation. Key Findings 21 domestic violence provide clarity by addressing the unique ele- from the common home and prohibit contact with the victim. ments of intra-family violence and incorporate mechanisms to Albania’s Law on Measures against Violence in Family Relations, protect and support women seeking assistance. for example, provides for ordering the perpetrator to leave the common home and pay rent for the victim’s residence. There In Latin American and the Caribbean, East Asia and the Pacific are similar provisions in 113 other economies covered, and in and South Asia, only Haiti, Myanmar and Afghanistan have no 94% of the economies that have protection orders, the perpe- laws on domestic violence. In Europe and Central Asia, Armenia, trator can be prohibited from contacting the victim. Russia and Uzbekistan have no laws on domestic violence. Establishing specialized courts or procedures for domestic vio- Legislation on domestic violence is less prevalent in the Middle lence cases may make legal action more effective. Approaches East and North Africa, where only 4 out of 19 economies cov- taken include setting up dedicated courts to handle all domestic ered have enacted such laws, and in Sub-Saharan Africa, where violence cases, establishing fast-track procedures or authoriz- about half of the covered economies have done so. ing specific orders of protection for domestic violence cases. Over the past 25 years, the number of economies introducing For example, Brazil’s Maria da Penha Law provides for the laws addressing domestic violence has risen precipitously from creation of domestic and family violence courts. In Nepal, the close to zero, to 118. This increase has been driven by interna- supreme court mandated the establishment of fast-track courts tional and regional human rights conventions and campaigns in addition to the in-camera hearings that the Domestic Violence (figure 1.15). Crime and Punishment Act provides for.38 Of the 173 economies covered, 117 have specialized courts or procedures for domestic Protection orders: Making laws more effective violence cases. Protection orders are among the most effective remedies avail- able to victims of violence.36 A 2009 study conducted in the Sexual harassment United States, shows that protection orders are effective in re- Although women are statistically at greater risk of violence from ducing violence while increasing the victim’s safety, and further an intimate partner, sexual harassment and other forms of sexual have a positive impact in terms of cost savings for the state.37 In violence are common in many settings. Globally, 7% of women have 124 of 173 economies, victims of domestic violence may seek been sexually assaulted by someone other than a partner. In New such measures to limit an abuser’s behavior. Where protection Zealand and Australia, 10% to 20% of women have experienced orders exist, they generally allow for removal of the perpetrator sexual violence from non-partners.39 Women who have experienced FIGURE 1.15 ECONOMIES INTRODUCING LAWS ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 10 Beijing Platform for Action Council of Europe initiates Campaign Belém do Para to Combat Violence against Women Convention CEDAW Optional Protocol and Domestic Violence 8 Maputo Protocol UN Declaration on UN Secretary-General's Elimination of Violence Campaign "UNiTE to End Against Women Violence against Women” 6 Istanbul Convention 4 General Recommendation No. 19 by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women 2 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: Women, Business and the law database. 22 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings this are 2.3 times more likely to have alcohol use disorders and 2.6 Recently, Egypt amended its criminal code to apply to sexual times more likely to suffer from depression or anxiety.40 harassment. Peru introduced legislation on sexual harassment in public spaces, and Mozambique introduced legislation on Sexual harassment is a common form of sexual violence against sexual harassment in education. women. It affects women and girls not only at work and in edu- cational institutions but also in public places. Within European Where laws fail to fully protect women Union economies, for example, 40% to 50% of women have In recent years, regional and international human rights instru- experienced unwanted sexual advances, physical contact or ments have recognized the need for legal protection and called other forms of sexual harassment at work.41 for enactment of laws covering all forms of violence against Women, Business and the Law data show that 41 economies women. Despite progress, however, some economies still have out of the 173 examined have no laws against sexual harass- no legal protections against domestic violence or sexual harass- ment. Where laws do exist, they vary in the areas covered, such ment. Women, Business and the Law data show that 18 econo- as employment, education and public places. Specific provi- mies have no legislation in either area: Afghanistan; Cameroon; sions covering sexual harassment in employment are the most Chad; Republic of Congo; Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; common, having been enacted in 114 economies. Guinea; Haiti; Islamic Republic of Iran; Liberia; Mali; Mauritania; Oman; Russia; South Sudan; Swaziland; and Uzbekistan. Laws on sexual harassment in education are less common: only 52 economies specifically protect girls from sexual harassment in schools. And only 18 economies specifically protect women from sexual harassment in public places. These laws are most prevalent in South Asia and the Middle East and North Africa (figure 1.16). The French government recently unveiled mea- sures to curb sexual harassment in public transportation after a poll in which 100% of women surveyed said they had been confronted with the problem. Measures include introducing an emergency telephone number to report harassment and the creation of an app to geo-locate reported incidents.42 FIGURE 1.16 SEXUAL HARASSMENT LAWS, BY PERCENTAGE OF ECONOMIES IN A REGION 94 53 9 OECD high income South Asia 63 50 25 Latin America & Caribbean 66 38 6 Europe & Central Asia 74 26 4 East Asia & Pacific 67 22 6 Sub-Saharan Africa 61 17 12 Middle East & North Africa 21 11 21 Law on sexual harassment in employment Law on sexual harassment in education Law on sexual harassment in public places Source: Women, Business and the Law database. Note: Data indicate percentage of economies in a region with legislation. Key Findings 23 Notes 20 Lebedev and Radevich 2014; Oglobin 1999. 21 Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 21 1 World Bank 2011; UN Women 2015. May 2009 N KAC09-196 available at: http://www.consultant.ru 2 Miller 2008. /document/cons_doc_LAW_88941/. 3 Historical Data: 50 Years of Women’s Rights data, Women, 22 “Global Banking Alliance for Women Announces Partnership to Business and the Law, available at: http://wbl.worldbank.org/ Close Gender Data Gap in Finance,” Multilateral Investment Fund, data/timeseries. New York, December 15, 2014, http://www.fomin.org/en-us 4 Demirguc-Kunt, Klapper and Singer 2013. /Home/News/PressReleases/ArtMID/3819/ArticleID/2769/Global -Banking-Alliance-for-Women-announces-partnership-to-close 5 Chattopadhyay and Duflo 2004. -gender-data-gap-in-finance.aspx. 6 Chen 2010. 23 “Lindy Boggs, Longtime Representative and Champion of Women, 7 Credit Suisse 2012. Is Dead at 97,” Douglas Martin, New York Times, July 27, 2013, 8 “Boards without Women Breed Scandal,” Sophia Grene and Chris http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/28/us/politics/lindy-boggs Newlands, Financial Times, March 8, 2015, http://www.ft -longtime-representative-from-louisiana-dies-at-97.html?_r=1. .com/intl/cms/s/0/cdb790f8-c33d-11e4-ac3d-00144feab7de 24 Sex Discrimination Act 1984, Sec. 22. .html#axzz3k2S6jnmR. 25 UN Women 2011. 9 The European Commission proposed a Directive to increase gen- 26 Peresie 2005. der parity on corporate boards. The Commission, with the support of the European Parliament, recommends the adoption of binding 27 Hallward-Driemeier and Hasan 2012. legislation introducing measures to achieve representation of 40% 28 Gloppen and Kanyongolo 2007. of the under-represented sex in non-executive positions on the 29 Djankov, La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes and Shleifer 2003. boards of publicly listed companies (excluding small and medium enterprises), though the directive does not use the word quota, 30 Zucker and Herr 2003. instead recommending that companies establish criteria to attain 31 Yew 2008. the percentage. Member states would have to meet the target by 32 Klugman et al. 2014. 2020. 33 Klugman et al. 2014. 10 Allendorf 2007; Duflo 2003; Swaminathan, Lahoti and Suchitra, 2012. 34 WHO 2013. 11 Friedemann-Sánchez 2008; Deere and León 2001, 2003. 35 WHO 2013. 12 Deere and León 2003; Quisumbing and Hallman 2005; Deere and 36 United Nations 2010. Doss 2006. 37 Logan, Walker, Hoyt and Faragher 2009. 13 Ali, Deininger and Goldstein 2015. 38 “Nepal: Fast-Track Courts Ordered for Cases Involving Women, 14 Goldstein and Udry 2008. Children,” The Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/lawweb /servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205401837_text. 15 FAO 2011. 39 United Nations 2006. 16 Oduro 2014. 40 WHO 2013. 17 Deininger, Goyal and Nagarajan 2010; Deininger and others 2014. 41 United Nations 2006. 18 World Bank 2013. 42 “France Unveils Plan to Tackle Sexual Harassment,” The Local, 19 Note that Global Findex data do not distinguish between joint July 9, 2015, http://www.thelocal.fr/20150709 and individual bank accounts, so it is impossible to say whether a /france-to-tackle-sexual-harassment-on-transport. woman shares a bank account with her husband or has her own account. 24 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings References FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2011. 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Child Survival in American History.” The Quarterly Journal of —. 2003. “The Gender Asset Gap: Land in Latin America.” World Economics 123 (3): 1287-1327. Development 31 (6):925–47. Oduro, Abena D. 2014. “Ownership of the Place of Residence in Ghana: Deininger, Klaus, Aparajita Goyal and Hari Nagarajan. 2010. “Inheritance A Gender Analysis.” Journal of African Development 17 (1): Law Reform and Women’s Access to Capital: Evidence from 17-44. India’s Hindu Succession Act.” Policy Research Working Paper Oglobin, C. G. 1999. “The Gender Earnings Differential in the Russian 5338, World Bank, Washington, DC. Transition Economy.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52: Deininger, Klaus, Fang Xia, Songqing Jin and Hari K. Nagarajan, 2014. 602–27. “Inheritance Law Reform, Empowerment, and Human Capital Peresie, Jennifer L. 2005. “Female Judges Matter: Gender and Collegial Accumulation Second-Generation Effects from India.” Policy Decision making in the Federal Appellate Courts.” Yale Law Research Working Paper 7086. World Bank, Washington DC. Review 114: 1759-90. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper and Dorothe Singer. 2013. Quisumbing, Agnes R., and Kelly Hallman. 2005. “Marriage in “Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination against Women: Transition: Evidence on Age, Education, and Assets from Six Evidence from Developing Countries.” Policy Research Working Developing Countries.” In The Changing Transitions to Adulthood Paper 6416, World Bank, Washington, DC. in Developing Countries, edited by Cynthia B. Lloyd, Jere R. Djankov, Simeon, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Behrman, Nelly Stromquist and Barney Cohen. Washington, DC: Andrei Shleifer. 2003. “Courts.” Quarterly Journal of Economics National Academies Press. 118 (2): 453-517. Swaminathan, Hema, Rahul Lahoti and Suchitra J. Y. 2012. “Women’s Duflo, Esther. 2003. “Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old Age Property, Mobility and Decision-Making: Evidence from Rural Pension and Intra-Household Allocation in South Africa.” World Karnataka, India.” IFPRI Discussion Paper 01188, International Bank Economic Review 17 (1): 1–25. Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Key Findings 25 United Nations. 2010. “Handbook on Legislation for Violence Against —. 2015. Progress of the World’s Women 2015–2016: Transforming Women.” New York. Economies, Realizing Rights. New York, NY. —. 2006. “In-depth Study of All Forms of Violence against Women: World Bank. 2011. World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality Report of the Secretary-General.” UN document A/61/122/Add.1. and Development. New York: Oxford University Press. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2013. Every Child’s Birth —. 2013. Opening Doors: Gender Equality in the Middle East and Right: Inequalities and Trends in Birth Registration. New York: North Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank. UNICEF. World Economic Forum. 2014. The Global Gender Gap Report 2014. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2008. Human Cologny, Switzerland: WEF. Development Report 2007/2008. New York, NY: UNDP. WHO (World Health Organization). 2013. Global and Regional Estimates United Nations Economic and Social Council. 1996. “A Framework of Violence Against Women Prevalence and Health Effects of for Model Legislation on Domestic Violence.” Report of the Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence. Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Geneva: WHO. Consequences, Commission on Human Rights, Geneva. Yew, Gary Chan Kok. 2008. “Access to Justice for the Poor: The UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). 2005. Singapore Judiciary at Work.” Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal “Policy on Harassment, Sexual Harassment, and Abuse of 17 (3): 595-648. Authority.” UNHCR, Geneva. Zucker, Bruce, and Monica Herr. 2003. “The People’s Court Examined: UN Women (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the A Legal and Empirical Analysis of the Small Claims Court System.” Empowerment of Women). 2011. Progress of the World’s Women University of San Francisco Law Review 37 (2): 315-50. 2011–2012: In Pursuit of Justice. New York, NY. 26 Women, Business and the Law 2016 About Women, Business and the Law GETTING TO EQUAL 2. About Women, Business and the Law Though legal gender parity has improved around the world, ma- that affect women’s incentives or capacity to work or to set up jor differences persist. Many laws continue to prevent women and run a business. from improving their own well-being and that of their families by working or running a business. Since its inception in 2009, Women, Business and the Law has collected unique data on laws and regulations constraining Datasets such as the World Bank Group’s Enterprise Surveys women’s entrepreneurship and employment. The dataset illu- and Doing Business have led the way in providing informa- minates how government policies limit women’s full economic tion on the challenges confronting firms and entrepreneurs in participation through unequal laws and a business environment starting and expanding their businesses and creating jobs.1 But which does not adequately support the businesses women tend women often face additional constraints in starting businesses to concentrate in. and navigating the workforce. By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to How can governments improve women’s access to entrepre- compare legal gender differences across economies and over neurial and employment activities? Answering that question time, Women, Business, and the Law offers objective and mea- requires understanding many factors—from access to educa- surable benchmarks for assessing where reforms have occurred tion and healthcare, to social and cultural norms, and many that can also be helpful in measuring global progress toward things beyond. One important factor is how laws, regulations legal gender equality (box 2.1). and institutions differentiate between women and men in ways BOX 2.1 BEIJING + 20: MEASURING PROGRESS TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITY Twenty years ago, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action brought together over 17,000 participants from across the world to promote women’s empowerment and equality. The Platform for Action marked an ambitious agenda to advance women’s rights in a variety of areas, such as power and decision-making, the girl child, the economy, poverty, violence, human rights and education. Every five years in the ensuing two decades, the Commission on the Status of Women has reviewed progress on the Platform. Leading up to the Commission’s 59th session in March 2015, a majority of UN member states reviewed the status of national implementation to guide the Commission in adopting a post-2015 agenda. Positive outcomes were observed on poverty reduction, female political and economic participation and reforms conferring equal legal rights to men and women. Moreover, the gender gap in primary education has nearly closed globally. Concerns remain on the disproportionate impact of poverty on women, who are also more likely to do unpaid care and domestic work than men and are often paid less in formal employment. Discriminatory legislation, particularly in the area of family law, persists. And despite legislative advances, violence against women and girls is still a major problem in all regions. Worldwide an estimated 35% of women have been victims of intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual abuse. However, women also face many other forms of violence, including through early and forced marriage. The Beijing Platform continues to serve as a landmark document setting out key issues on women’s rights and reforms that have yet to be achieved. Sources: UN Economic and Social Council 2014; UN Economic and Social Council 2013/18: Future Organization and Methods of Work of the Commission on the Status of Women, Resolution adopted by the Economic and Social Council, July 24, 2013; WHO 2013. About Women, Business and the Law 27 TABLE 2.1 EXPANDED GEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE Region Economies previously in the dataset Economies added to the dataset East Asia & Pacific Cambodia; China; Fiji; Hong Kong SAR, China; Indonesia; Lao PDR; Malaysia; Mongolia; Papua Brunei Darussalam; Myanmar; Timor-Leste; New Guinea; Philippines; Singapore; Taiwan, China; Thailand; Vietnam Tonga Europe & Central Asia Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Georgia; 0 Kazakhstan; Kosovo; Kyrgyz Republic; Latvia; Lithuania; Macedonia, FYR; Moldova; Montenegro; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Tajikistan; Turkey; Ukraine; Uzbekistan OECD high income Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Chile; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Luxembourg Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea, Rep.; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; United States Latin America & Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas, The; Caribbean Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Puerto Barbados; Belize; Dominica; Grenada; Guyana; Rico (U.S.); Uruguay; Venezuela, RB St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago Middle East & North Algeria; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Morocco; Oman; Saudi Bahrain; Djibouti; Iraq; Malta; Qatar Africa Arabia; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza; Yemen, Rep. South Asia Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka Afghanistan; Bhutan; Maldives Sub-Saharan Africa Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Chad; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Congo, Equatorial Guinea; São Tomé and Príncipe; Rep.; Côte d’Ivoire; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Seychelles; South Sudan; Swaziland Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Sierra Leone; Senegal; South Africa; Sudan; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe Women, Business and the Law 2016, the fourth in a series, discrimination and the use of gender quotas in govern- provides data on legal and regulatory barriers to women’s en- ment and the private sector. This edition expands the cov- trepreneurship and employment in 173 economies, up from erage on quotas to political party candidate lists.3 143 covered in the 2014 edition (table 2.1). • Using property analyzes women’s ability to own, manage, control and inherit property. It also examines women’s This expansion enhances the global data on laws and regula- ownership rights in the marital home and whether legis- tions that affect women’s prospects as entrepreneurs and lation accounts for nonmonetary contributions, such as employees while also making it easier to compare economies. unpaid care for children or the elderly. The inclusion of 30 additional economies will further inform re- search and policy discussions on improving women’s economic • Getting a job assesses restrictions on women’s work, such opportunities and outcomes. as prohibitions on working at night or in certain industries. This indicator also covers laws on work-related maternity, paternity and parental benefits and retirement ages. What does Women, Business and the Law • Providing incentives to work examines personal income measure? tax liabilities, taking into account tax credits and deduc- tions that may differ for women and men. This indicator Women, Business and the Law 2016 provides quantitative covers both taxation and such public services as childcare measures of laws and regulations that affect women’s eco- and education. nomic opportunities in seven areas: accessing institutions, us- ing property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, going • Going to court examines access to small claims courts, to court, building credit and protecting women from violence.2 whether women’s testimony in court is given the same evidentiary weight as that of men, and the number of • Accessing institutions explores women’s legal ability to women justices—including chief justices—in constitutional interact with public authorities and the private sector in courts. the same ways as men. This indicator provides disag- gregated information on 11 categories of legal ability, • Building credit identifies the minimum value of loans highlighting differences between married and unmarried tracked by private credit bureaus and public credit reg- women. It also assesses constitutional protections from istries and assesses bureaus and registries that collect 28 Women, Business and the Law 2016 About Women, Business and the Law information from microfinance institutions, retailers and rate of male participation, would add 1.8 percentage points to utility companies. This edition expands coverage to legis- potential GDP growth each year and help to lift the country to lation on nondiscrimination in access to credit on the basis medium-income level by 2021.15 To achieve this, policies should of gender and marital status. go beyond anti-poverty programs to focus on childcare, trans- portation and removing legal restrictions on women’s work.16 • Protecting women from violence examines laws on do- mestic violence against women and the existence and The Women, Business and the Law indicators build on the scope of laws on sexual harassment. This edition expands growing body of research and empirical evidence that stresses coverage to whether women are protected from marital the importance of legal and institutional frameworks in shaping rape, what the legal age of marriage is for boys and girls women’s economic opportunities and improving gender equal- and whether protection orders can be authorized.4 ity (table 2.2). Research has called into question the notion that economic growth alone increases gender equality. Rather, Women, Business and the Law presents two main types of continuous policy commitments to gender equality might be indicators: those which capture legislation with direct gender required to achieve it.17 dimensions and are based on a reading of laws from the per- spective of women, and those which are not gender-specific but favor inclusiveness by supporting the businesses women tend to concentrate in—smaller, informal and more likely to be What does Women, Business and the Law home-based. not measure? Equal opportunities for women in business and the workplace Why this focus? depend on an interplay of economic, social and cultural fac- Gender equality favors a variety of positive development out- tors. For example, unless women have opportunities to get an comes. Women tend to spend more household income on education or build their skills, equalizing laws affecting entre- benefits for their families, such as children’s nutrition, health preneurship and employment mean little. Equalizing the ability and education, while men spend more on private goods.5 Such to work might not result in more women entering the workforce spending patterns raise living standards and expand the pool of if they are still expected to be the primary caregivers for their potential contributions to economic growth.6 For instance, in- children and access to childcare is limited. Other factors, such creased access to education for girls is one of many factors that as infrastructure—for example, safe transportation, might also brings down fertility rates.7 When fertility rates are lower, rates affect women’s ability and desire to work in certain locations of human capital and per capita income growth rise, creating or at night. a positive economic effect.8 Thus, economies that integrate women into the workforce could experience higher economic While recognizing that many issues affect women’s economic growth. Conversely, restrictions on women’s ability to work opportunities, Women, Business and the Law focuses on may have negative effects on prosperity.9 the formal legal and regulatory environment that determines whether women can open their own businesses or work. Not Legal gender differences are estimated to significantly decrease everything of importance is covered by the indicators. Rather, female labor force participation and undermine GDP growth.10 the report is concerned with the laws governing the formal The World Bank’s World Development Report on Gender economy. Though most women in developing economies start Equality and Development estimated that eliminating barriers businesses or work in the informal economy, a goal of this proj- discriminating against women working in certain sectors or ect is to define some of the features of the legal framework occupations could increase labor productivity by as much as which make it more difficult for women to transition from the 25% in some economies, simply by increasing women’s labor informal to the formal economy. force participation.11 This would also contribute to higher GDP growth. Research shows that legal gender equality is associated Customary law can exist in parallel with formal legal regimes. with lower gender gaps in labor force participation without any Where these systems exist together, customary law can deter- significant effect on male participation rates.12 mine a woman’s rights in marriage or to property and inheri- tance, which are often different from the rights the statutory Gender gaps in women’s entrepreneurship and labor force par- legal system grants. Women, Business and the Law tries to ticipation account for estimated income losses of 27% in the partially cover customary law by examining its constitutional Middle East and North Africa, 19% in South Asia, 14% in Latin treatment. In particular, the data examine whether customary America and the Caribbean and 10% in Europe.13 Worldwide, law is exempt from constitutional provisions on nondiscrimina- if all women were excluded from the labor force, income per tion and equality. Actual application of customary law is not capita would be nearly 40% lower.14 Similarly, it is predicted covered because it is often uncodified, which makes it difficult that in Bangladesh increasing the female labor force participa- to define its rules. In Sub-Saharan Africa customary law plays a tion rate over the next decade from 34% to 82%, the current About Women, Business and the Law 29 TABLE 2.2 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDICATORS AND ASSOCIATED RESEARCH Indicator Associated research Accessing institutions In 2000 Ethiopia revised its Family Code. Among other things, the reform eliminated a husband’s ability to stop his wife from working. Though the reform has been implemented throughout Ethiopia, it was first introduced in three regions and two cities. Two nationally representative surveys, one before the reform and the other five years later, allowed researchers to estimate its impact. Where the reform occurred, women’s labor force participation and work outside the home increased. Women were also more likely to work full-time and in higher-skilled jobs.a Using property The World Bank Voice and Agency study found a close relationship between marital property regimes and women’s reported owner- ship of housing or land.b Not only are secure property rights important for women’s welfare but the structure of marital property regimes also has a significant influence on the distribution of wealth within families.c  Getting a job Restrictions on the hours women work or the industries they can work in also limit their ability to get the jobs they want and their earning potential. The Russian Federation had a high gender earnings differential during its transition to a market economy largely because of legal restrictions on the jobs women could perform.d Meanwhile, research shows a strong positive relationship between having legislation on nondiscrimination in hiring on the basis of gender and women’s employment relative to men’s in 58 developing countries.e Providing incentives to work Personal income tax liability can affect workers’ decisions about how much or whether to work. Women, particularly those who are married, are more negatively affected by income tax rules.f In contrast, support for mothers—such as tax credits and the availability of childcare—increases women’s participation in the labor force.g Building credit The gender asset gap can undermine women’s bargaining power and capacity to engage in economic activities.h Access to formal credit relies heavily on asset-based lending.i For instance, banks in Ghana greatly prefer land and buildings as collateral,j but where women have more limited access to property, they have less ability to use property as collateral, limiting their access to credit.k That is why reputation collateral, such as a record of successful repayments to microfinance institutions or retailers, may help women build their credit histories and ultimately access finance. Going to court Both direct and incidental legal formalities and litigation costs discourage poor people—regardless of their gender—from accessing courts.l Even for relatively simple disputes, legal formalities are associated with less contract enforcement, longer cases and percep- tions of lower-quality justice.m One-stop shops such as small claims courts can improve access to justice for both men and women.n Protecting women from violence In economies where there is a high prevalence of violence against women, women are less likely to have formal accounts, savings or credit.o In Tanzania, for example, women in formal wage work who are exposed to severe partner violence earn 60 percent less than women who are not exposed to such violence.p a  Hallward-Driemeier and Gajigo 2010. b World Bank 2014. c Deere et al. 2013. d Oglobin 2005. e Amin and Islam 2015. f Eissa 1995; Eissa and Hoynes 2004; Eissa, Kleven and Kreiner 2008. g  Averett, Peters and Waldman 1997; Baker, Gruber and Milligan 2008. h Deere and León 2003; Quisumbing and Hallman 2005; Deere and Doss 2006; Fletschner and Kenney 2014. i IFC 2011. j Law and Development Partnership 2011. k IFC 2011. l Gloppen and Kanyongolo 2007. m Djankov and others 2003. n UN Women 2011. o Demirguc-Kunt, Klapper and Singer 2013. p  World Bank 2014. larger role than in other regions, therefore the results should be Methodological strengths and limitations interpreted bearing this in mind. The Women, Business and the Law methodology was designed to be an easily replicable way to benchmark the legal and regu- While focusing on written legislation, the report recognizes the latory environment for women as entrepreneurs and employ- often large gaps between the laws on the books and actual ees. This approach has advantages and limitations that should practice: women do not always have access to the equality be understood when using the data. which formal laws establish. One reason for this may be poor implementation of legislation due to weak enforcement or de- A key consideration for the project is that the indicators are sign, or low capacity. comparable in economies across the globe. The indicators are based on standardized assumptions. One, for instance, is that Identifying legal differences is one step toward better under- the location of the woman in question is the largest business standing where women’s economic rights may be restricted city of the economy. However, in reality legislation may differ in practice. Of the countries covered by the report, only the within federal economies, where laws affecting women can vary Islamic Republic of Iran, Sudan, Tonga and the United States are by state. Even in non-federal economies, women in rural areas not parties to the United Nations Convention on the Elimination and small towns may face more restrictive local legislation. of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.18 Thus, most women in the economies covered should have access to formal In addition, where several sets of personal law19 prescribe dif- equality. But as the report shows, that is not the case in the ferent rights and obligations for different groups of women, the majority of economies. 30 Women, Business and the Law 2016 About Women, Business and the Law data focus on the most populous group, which may mean that How are the data collected? restrictions that apply only to minority populations are missed. A detailed explanation of the report’s methodology and recent The Women, Business and the Law data are based on domestic changes to it—including all the questions asked and assump- laws and regulations. The data cover small economies and some tions made—is provided in the data notes. of the poorest economies, for which little or no data are avail- able in other data sets. The new areas of coverage are based Women, Business and the Law recognizes the limitations of on consultations across the World Bank Group, including with standardized assumptions, but while such assumptions come the Gender and Jobs Cross-Cutting Solutions Areas and the at the expense of specificity, they also help ensure data compa- Finance and Markets; Governance; Poverty; Social Protection rability. The dataset does not include qualitative assessments. and Labor; Trade and Competiveness; and Urban, Rural and Outcome variables, such as female labor force participation Social Development Global Practices. rates, also are not part of the dataset, though they are used in analysis for this report. The report’s indicators were constructed based on responses from practitioners with expertise in family, labor and criminal The dataset complements a number of other sets of gender law, including lawyers, judges, academics and members of civil indicators which are constructed using both outcome variables society organizations working on gender issues. The data were and in some cases qualitative assessments (box 2.2). These collected through several rounds of interaction with these re- indices take different approaches to developing gender indica- spondents—through responses to questionnaires, conference tors and present different views of women’s position in society. calls, written correspondence and visits by the team (figure However, Women, Business and the Law is one of the only 2.1). The data in this report, covering May 2013 to April 2015, global datasets measuring gender gaps in policies using quan- were collected between September 2014 and April 2015 and titative, objective data. are current as of April 2015. Rules and regulations are directly controlled by policy makers— Besides filling out written questionnaires, Women, Business and and they are often where policy makers start when they set out the Law respondents provide references to the relevant laws to change the incentives that govern women’s economic lives. and regulations. The Women, Business and the Law team col- Women, Business and the Law not only shows where gender lects the texts of the relevant laws and regulations and checks differences exist in the law, it also points to specific laws which questionnaire responses for accuracy. Questionnaire responses may lend themselves to reform. Its quantitative measures are verified against codified sources of national law including support research on how specific regulations affect women’s constitutions, codes, laws, statutes, rules, regulations and pro- incentives to participate in economic activity. Moreover, the cedures, in areas such as labor, social security, civil procedure, dataset is regularly updated every two years, making it possible tax, violence against women, marriage and family, inheritance, to analyze variations over time. nationality and land. Doing Business 2016 surveys are also used to develop some questions in the building credit indicator. BOX 2.2 OTHER GLOBAL GENDER INDICATORS • The Global Gender Gap Index, published by the World Economic Forum, examines gender inequalities in 142 economies using criteria based on economics, politics, education and health. This index uses mainly quantitative outcome variables, such as the ratio of female to male labor force participation. • The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) is a composite measure based on the Gender, Institutions and Development Database produced by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The SIGI, which scores 160 economies on discrimination in social institutions, is an unweighted average of five sub-indices: discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity, son bias, restricted resources and assets and restricted civil liberties. The data are both quantitative and qualitative. • The United Nations Gender Inequality Index (GII) provides a composite measure of gender disparity for 187 economies. This index identifies five indicators in three areas: reproductive health, empowerment (as measured by educational attainment and parliamentary representation) and the labor market. The indicators are based on quantitative outcome variables. • The United Nations Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) adds a gender lens to data gathered for the UN Human Development Index in order to account for gender differences in development outcomes such as health, education and control over economic resources. The indicators are based on quantitative outcome variables and cover 187 economies. About Women, Business and the Law 31 Women, Business and the Law can be used to raise aware- FIGURE 2.1 HOW WOMEN, BUSINESS AND ness, inform policy discussions on gender differences in laws THE LAW DATA ARE COLLECTED and encourage policymakers to take action to build up women’s economic opportunities. The report is also designed to be used The team consults with The updated dataset is gender experts, academics, to further research into each economy and across economies released and the report civil society organizations and is published and colleagues in the World Bank on the links between legal gender differences and outcomes disseminated through Group on which new areas for women. a series of events. should be covered. What’s next? Future editions of this report will seek to expand or refine cur- rent indicators in light of emerging research on gender equality. The team analyzes the The team develops data and writes the report. questionnaires and Comments on the sends them to private Beyond what is already covered for the providing incentives to data and the report are sector practitioners, received from across the civil society organizations work and getting a job indicators, forthcoming reports may ex- World Bank Group through and government officials such as judges. pand the data to cover such areas as the care economy, includ- an internal review process. ing childcare, as well as rules governing part-time work where women tend to be concentrated. More information will also be The team analyzes the gathered on how men and women obtain birth certificates for relevant laws and regulations along their children—an essential precursor to obtaining any identity with the information document. Processes for registering property that may dispro- in the questionnaires. portionately help women will also be examined, as will the exis- tence of collateral registries. Finally, further work will be carried out on how taxation affects women’s inclusion in the economy. Women, Business and the Law requires each legal data point As progress is monitored on the seven indicators, it will become to have a citable legal source, and sources for every data point possible to identify which economies are more active in chang- are posted on the project website (http://wbl.worldbank.org) ing laws affecting women’s economic participation over time, to ensure that the data are transparent. More detailed data and what effect this has on economic outcomes for women. on each economy, including links to the legal sources, are also provided on the website. Feedback is welcome on all aspects of the report and can be offered through the website. Because of the data verification and quality assurance pro- cess, the role of contributors centers on helping the Women, Business and the Law team find and understand relevant laws and regulations. 32 Women, Business and the Law 2016 About Women, Business and the Law Notes References 1 See World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www Aguirre, DeAnne M., Leila Hoteit, Christine Rupp and Karim Sabbagh. .enterprisesurveys.org; and World Bank Group, Doing Business, 2012. Empowering the Third Billion: Women and the World of http://www.doingbusiness.org. Work in 2012. Booz & Company. 2 The protecting women from violence indicator was piloted in the Amin, Mohammad, and Asif Islam. 2015. “Does Mandating Non- 2014 report for a subset of 100 economies. Data covered laws, discrimination in Hiring Practices Affect Female Employment? regulations and institutions that deal with domestic violence and Evidence Using Firm-level Data.” Feminist Economics. sexual harassment. For this edition the data have expanded to http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13545701.2014 all 173 economies and cover additional areas of violence against .1000354#abstract. women. Averett, Susan L., H. Elizabeth Peters and Donald M. Waldman. 1997. 3 Candidate list quotas require that political party candidate lists “Tax Credits, Labor Supply, and Child Care.” Review of Economics contain a minimum percentage of women eligible for election. and Statistics 79 (1): 125-35. Data coverage was expanded to candidate list quotas to capture Baker, Michael, Jonathan Gruber and Kevin Milligan. 2008. “Universal different types of quota systems applicable for women. Child Care, Maternal Labor Supply, and Family Well-Being.” 4 A protection order is issued by a court or judge to protect a Journal of Political Economy 116 (4): 709-45. victim from harassment or abuse. Such orders may prohibit a Cuberes, David, and Marc Teignier. 2014. “Aggregate Costs of perpetrator of domestic violence from contacting or harming the Gender Gaps in the Labor Market: A Quantitative Estimate.” UB victim. Economics Working Papers E14/308, University of Barcelona, 5 Duflo and Udry 2004; Robinson 2012; Duflo 2012. Barcelona. 6 Krogh, Hansen, Wendt and Elkjaer 2009. Deere, Carmen Diana, Abena D. Oduro, Hema Swaminathan and Cheryl R. Doss. 2013. “Property Rights and the Gender Distribution of 7 Lagerlöf 2003. Wealth in Ecuador, Ghana and India.” The Journal of Economic 8 Lagerlöf 2003. Inequality 11 (2): 249-65. 9 Aguirre, Hoteit, Rupp and Sabbagh 2012. Deere, Carmen Diana, and Cheryl R. Doss. 2006. “The Gender Asset 10 Gonzales, Jain-Chandra, Kochhar and Newiak 2015. Gap: What Do We Know and Why Does It Matter?” Feminist 11 World Bank 2011. Economics 12 (1&2): 1-50. 12 Gonzales, Jain-Chandra, Kochhar and Newiak 2015. Deere, Carmen Diana, and Magdalena León. 2001. Empowering Women: Land and Property Rights in Latin America. Pittsburgh, 13 Cuberes and Teignier 2014. PA: University of Pittsburgh. 14 Cuberes and Teignier 2014. —. 2003. “The Gender Asset Gap: Land in Latin America.” World 15 Hussain 2015. Development 31 (6): 925-47. 16 Hussain 2015. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper and Dorothe Singer. 2013. 17 Duflo 2012; Kabeer et al. 2013. “Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination against Women: Evidence from Developing Countries.” Policy Research Working 18 The United States has signed but not ratified the convention. Paper 6416, World Bank, Washington, DC. 19 Personal law refers to non-customary legal systems that stem Djankov, Simeon, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and from tradition or doctrinal texts, which are sometimes uncodified. Andrei Shleifer. 2003. “Courts.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (2): 453-517. Duflo, Esther. 2012. “Women Empowerment and Economic Development.” Journal of Economic Literature 50: 1051-79. Duflo, Esther, and Christopher Udry. 2004. “Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Côte d’Ivoire: Social Norms, Separate Accounts and Consumption Choices.” NBER Working Paper 10498, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Eissa, Nada. 1995. “Taxation and Labor Supply of Married Women: The Tax Reform Act of 1986 as a Natural Experiment.” NBER Working Paper 5023, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. About Women, Business and the Law 33 Eissa, Nada, and Hillary Williamson Hoynes. 2004. “Taxes and the Labor Law and Development Partnership. 2011. “Access to Credit for Women Market Participation of Married Couples: The Earned Income Tax Entrepreneurs in Ghana: Gender Perspectives of Secured Lending Credit.” Journal of Public Economics 88: 1931-58. Initiatives.” London. Eissa, Nada, Henrik Jacobsen Kleven and Claus Thustrup Kreiner. 2008. Meinzen-Dick, Ruth S., Nancy Johnson, Agnes R. Quisumbing, Jemimah “Evaluation of Four Tax Reforms in the United States: Labor Njuki, Julia A. Behrman, Deborah Rubin, Amber Peterman and Supply and Welfare Effects for Single Mothers.” Journal of Public Elizabeth Waithanji. 2014. “The Gender Asset Gap and Its Economics 92 (3-4): 795-816. Implications for Agricultural and Rural Development.” In Gender in Agriculture: Closing the Knowledge Gap, ed., Agnes R. Fletschner, Diana, and Lisa Kenney. 2014. “Rural Women’s Access to Quisumbing, Ruth Suseela Meinzen-Dick, Terri L. Raney, André Financial Services: Credit, Savings, and Insurance.” ESA Working Croppenstedt, Julia A. Behrman and Amber Peterman, 91-115. Paper 11-07, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Netherlands: Springer. Gloppen, Siri, and Fidelis Edge Kanyongolo. 2007. “Courts and the Poor Oglobin, Constantin G. 2005. “The Gender Earnings Differential in Malawi: Economic Marginalization, Vulnerability and the Law.” in Russia after a Decade of Economic Transition.” Applied International Journal of Constitutional Law 5 (2): 258-93. Econometrics and International Development 5 (3): 5-26. Gonzales, Christian, Sonali Jain-Chandra, Kalpana Kochhar and Monique Quisumbing, Agnes R., and Kelly Hallman. 2005. “Marriage in Transition: Newiak. 2015. “Fair Play: More Equal Laws Boost Female Labor Evidence on Age, Education, and Assets from Six Developing Force Participation.” IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/15/02, Countries.” In The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Developing Countries, ed., Cynthia B. Lloyd, Jere R. Behrman, Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and Ousman Gajigo. 2013. “Strengthening Nelly Stromquist and Barney Cohen. Washington, DC: National Economic Rights and Women’s Occupational Choice: The Impact Academies Press. of Reforming Ethiopia’s Family Law.” Policy Research Working Quisumbing, Agnes R., Deborah Rubin, Cristina Manfre, Elizabeth Paper 6695, World Bank, Washington, DC. Waithanji, Mara Van den Bold, Deanna Olney and Ruth S. Hussain, Zahid. 2015. Bangladesh Development Update (April 2015). Meinzen-Dick. 2014. “Closing the Gender Asset Gap: Learning Bangladesh Development Update. Dhaka: World Bank. from Value Chain Development in Africa and Asia.” International IFC (International Finance Corporation). 2011. Strengthening Access Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Discussion Paper 01321, to Finance for Women-Owned SMEs in Developing Countries. IFPRI, Washington, DC. Washington, DC: IFC. Robinson, Jonathan. 2012. “Limited Insurance within the Household: Kabeer, Naila, Ragui Assaad, Akosua Darkwah, Simeen Mahmud, Hania Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya.” American Economic Sholkamy, Sakiba Tasneem, Dzodzi Tsikata and Munshi Sulaiman. Journal: Applied Economics 4(4): 140-64. 2013. Paid Work, Women’s Empowerment and Inclusive Growth: UN (United Nations) Economic and Social Council. 2014. Review and Transforming the Structures of Constraint. New York, NY: UN Appraisal of the Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Women. Platform for Action and the Outcomes of the Twenty-third Klugman, Jeni, Lucia Hanmer, Sarah Twigg, Tazeen Hasan, Jennifer Special Session of the General Assembly. Report of the Secretary- McCleary-Sills and Julieth Santamaria, 2014. Voice and Agency: General, 15 December 2014. Empowering Women and Girls for Shared Prosperity. Washington, UN Women (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the DC: World Bank Group. Empowerment of Women). 2011. Progress of the World’s Women Krogh, Elsebeth, Thomas Nikolaj Hansen, Susanne Wendt and 2011–2012: In Pursuit of Justice. New York: UN Women. Morten Elkjaer. 2009. “Promoting Employment for Women as a WHO (World Health Organization). 2013. Global and Regional Estimates Strategy for Poverty Reduction.” In Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Employment, 133-47. OECD. Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Intimate Partner Sexual Lagerlöf, Nils-Petter. 2003. “Gender Equality and Long-Run Growth.” Violence. Geneva: WHO. Journal of Economic Growth 8 (4): 403-26. World Bank. 2011. World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. New York: Oxford University Press. 34 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Reform Summaries GETTING TO EQUAL 3. Summaries of Women, Business and the Law Reforms Women, Business and the Law reforms that affected all indica- ✔ Protecting women from violence tors, covering the period from May 2013 through April 2015: Belarus adopted a law on domestic violence that criminalizes physical, sexual and psychological violence and establishes ✔ Reform increasing gender parity specialized procedures for cases of domestic violence, in- o Reform neutral to gender parity cluding provisions for protection orders. ✘ Reform decreasing gender parity Belgium Albania ✔ Protecting women from violence ✔ Getting a job Belgium introduced civil remedies for victims of sexual ha- Albania is gradually removing gender differences in retire- rassment in the workplace. ment ages for men and women so that they are equal by 2056. Chad ✔ Protecting women from violence ✔ Going to court Albania added criminal sanctions for sexual harassment to its penal code. Chad raised the maximum amount for the small claims court. Belarus Chile ✔ Getting a job ✔ Accessing institutions Belarus reduced the number of professions in which female Chile enacted an electoral reform ensuring a 40% quota for work is prohibited from 252 to 182. Further, the Labor Code women at the national level. no longer distinguishes between prenatal and postnatal maternity leave, which gives mothers more flexibility about Colombia how to take their leave. ✔ Going to court ✔ Building credit Colombia raised the maximum amount for small claims eli- Belarus adopted a new law in 2014 that mandates micro gible for a fast-track procedure. finance institutions to report data on credit history to the national credit bureau. Congo, Rep. ✔ Providing incentives to work ✔ Accessing institutions Belarus introduced additional non-tax-related benefits for Republic of Congo increased its candidate list quotas for the state allowance to families with children. women from 15% to 30% for elections at the national level. Reform Summaries 35 Costa Rica Georgia ✔ Going to court ✔ Getting a job Costa Rica raised the maximum amount for the small claims Georgia increased the length of paid maternity leave from court. 126 to 183 days. It also increased the length of unpaid maternity leave from 351 to 547 days. Croatia ✔ Protecting women from violence ✔ Using property Georgia amended its criminal code to explicitly penalize Croatia introduced special provisions on transactions related marital rape. The code also provides for removal of a per- to the marital home: written spousal consent is required to petrator of domestic violence from the home and calls for alienate or encumber property that is used as a family home. criminal sanctions for the forced marriage of a minor. ✔ o Getting a job Germany Croatia increased the length of paid parental leave from 90 to 120 days per person. ✔ Accessing institutions Germany introduced a 30% quota for women on corporate Croatia is also gradually raising the retirement and early boards. pensionable ages for both men and women. Egypt, Arab Rep. Guinea ✔ Getting a job ✔ Accessing institutions Guinea’s new labor code mandates nondiscrimination in hir- The Arab Republic of Egypt added “sex” as a protected cat- ing based on gender. egory in the nondiscrimination clause in its new constitution. The constitution also introduced reserved seat quotas for women in parliament (10%) and on local councils (25%). Haiti o Going to court ✔ Accessing institutions The constitution altered the composition of the constitu- A new electoral law provides that in Haiti one of three city tional court. council members must be a woman. ✔ Protecting women from violence Hong Kong SAR, China The Arab Republic of Egypt adopted a law which criminalizes sexual harassment in employment, education and public ✔ Getting a job spaces. Hong Kong SAR, China introduced three days of paid paternity leave. Fiji ✔ Accessing institutions Hungary Fiji adopted a new constitution which no longer recog- ✔ Using property nizes customary law as a source of law. Previously cus- Hungary reformed the family law section of its civil code. tomary law was exempt from constitutional provisions on It added new provisions that prevent either spouse from nondiscrimination. disposing of the marital home while property is held in com- ✔ Going to court munity and requires the consent of the other spouse even after dissolution of the marriage until the right of tenancy The new constitution also establishes that the Supreme is settled. Court may review any matter concerning the application or interpretation of the constitution. ✔ Protecting women from violence Economic violence is now criminalized as a form of domestic violence. 36 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Reform Summaries India Kenya ✔ Accessing institutions ✔ Using property India introduced a quota on female representation on cor- Kenya’s new law on matrimonial property makes partial porate boards: at least one board member of every listed community of property the standard regime. Both spouses company must be a woman. now have equal rights to administering joint property. o Getting a job Iran, Islamic Rep. Kenya raised the age at which both men and women can ✔ Getting a job retire and receive benefits to 60. Islamic Republic of Iran increased the length of paid mater- ✔ Protecting women from violence nity leave from 180 to 270 days and introduced 14 days of Kenya’s new marriage act stipulates that the minimum legal paid paternity leave. age of marriage for both boys and girls is 18 and marriages that violate the age requirement are void. The law also es- Israel tablishes criminal penalties for underage marriage. ✔ Getting a job Israel introduced three days of unpaid paternity leave. Korea, Rep. o Protecting women from violence ✔ Protecting women from violence The Republic of Korea lowered the age of majority, and Israel raised the age of marriage for girls from 17 to 18. therefore the age at which boys and girls can get married without parental consent, from 20 to 19. Italy ✔ Protecting women from violence Lao PDR In Italy economic violence is now criminalized as a form of ✔ Providing incentives to work domestic violence and a specialized procedure is established The Lao People’s Democratic Republic enacted a new labor to hear such cases. code which introduces leave to care for family members. Jamaica ✔ ✘ Getting a job The Lao People’s Democratic Republic also introduced three ✔ Getting a job days of paid paternity leave and increased the length of paid Jamaica repealed legislation that had restricted night work maternity leave from 90 to 105 days. for women. However, the new labor code does not mandate equal ✔ Building credit remuneration for work of equal value, as was previously the Jamaica also has a new credit bureau which reports loans case. smaller than 1% GNI per capita. ✔ Building credit Kazakhstan The Lao People’s Democratic Republic lowered to zero the minimum loan amount for inclusion in the credit registry. ✔ Going to court Kazakhstan adopted a fast-track procedure for claims of a small value in its civil code. ✔ Getting a job Kazakhstan is gradually removing gender differences in retirement ages for men and women so that they are equal by 2027. Reform Summaries 37 Latvia Malawi ✔ Getting a job ✔ Providing incentives to work Latvia increased the percentage of wages paid by the Malawi’s new education act provides for free and compul- government during maternity and paternity leave from 68% sory primary education. to 80%. ✔ Protecting women from violence ✔ Protecting women from violence The legal age of marriage has been raised for both boys and For the first time Latvia adopted legislation on domestic girls to 18. violence. It comprehensively defines all forms of domestic violence and protects spouses, former spouses, partners Mauritius in nonmarital intimate relationships and family members. A ✔ Getting a job special procedure to hear these cases was also introduced. Mauritius now mandates equal remuneration for work of equal value. Lebanon ✔ Getting a job Mexico Lebanon increased the length of paid maternity leave from ✔ Accessing institutions 49 to 70 days. Mexico increased gender quotas for party lists in federal ✔ Protecting women from violence district elections from 46% to 50%, and also introduced For the first time Lebanon adopted legislation on domestic the requirement that male and female candidates alternate violence. The law defines all forms of domestic violence and placement on the list. establishes clear criminal penalties. It protects spouses and ✔ Building Credit family members and allows victims to apply for protection orders that can provide for removal of the perpetrator from Mexico facilitated women’s access to credit by amending its the home and prohibition of contact with the survivor. It sets legislation to provide for equality between men and women out a special procedure to hear these cases. when accessing goods and services. ✔ Providing incentives to work Lesotho Mexico has a new law that makes payments for childcare o Accessing institutions tax-deductible. Lesotho introduced national ID cards. The application pro- cess is the same for men and women. Mongolia ✔ Building credit Luxembourg Credit reports in Mongolia now include negative payment ✔ Protecting women from violence information for communications services as well as full pay- ment history for mobile phone leasing. Luxembourg raised the age of marriage for girls from 16 to 18. Mozambique Macedonia, FYR ✔ Protecting women from violence ✔ Getting a job Mozambique enacted a new penal code which no longer allows charges for rape to be dropped when the perpetrator The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia introduced 90 marries the victim. The code also incorporates protections days of unpaid parental leave. against sexual harassment in education. ✔ Protecting women from violence It also passed a law on domestic violence which for the first time includes economic violence and a special procedure for domestic violence cases. 38 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Reform Summaries New Zealand Oman ✔ Getting a job ✔ Providing incentives to work New Zealand increased the length of paid maternity leave Oman introduced free and compulsory primary education. from 98 to 112 days. ✔ Protecting women from violence Pakistan It also introduced legislation to address economic violence ✔ Accessing institutions as a form of domestic violence. Pakistan introduced a 22% quota for women in local governments. Nicaragua ✔ Protecting women from violence ✔ Accessing institutions The legal age of marriage for both boys and girls is now set Nicaragua reformed its family code to give married men and at 18, and there are criminal sanctions for men who contract women equal rights to be head of family and to choose the and anyone who performs, facilitates or permits underage marital home. marriage. ✔ Using property The new family code of Nicaragua makes separation of prop- Papua New Guinea erty the default regime and repeals the provisions that gave o Accessing institutions judges decision-making power about ownership of assets in Papua New Guinea introduced a national identification sys- case of disagreement between spouses. Thus, when prop- tem. The application process for national ID cards is equal erty is divided, all separate property remains with its owner for men and women. and assets over which spouses disagreed are presumed to be jointly owned in equal shares. Peru ✔ Getting a job ✔ Protecting women from violence Nicaragua introduced five days of paid paternity leave. Peru enacted new legislation covering sexual harassment in ✔ Protecting women from violence public spaces. The new family code of Nicaragua also raised the minimum age of marriage for both boys and girls from 14 to 16. Poland ✔ Getting a job Niger Poland introduced 182 days of paid parental leave. ✔ Accessing institutions Niger reformed its nationality law to allow both men and Portugal women to pass on their citizenship to foreign spouses. o Getting a job It also raised the reserved seat quota for women at the Portugal raised the age at which both men and women can national and local levels to 15%. retire and receive benefits to 66. Norway São Tomé and Príncipe ✔ Accessing institutions ✔ Getting a job Norway amended its constitution to include an equality São Tomé and Príncipe raised the age at which women can provision. retire and receive benefits so that it is now equal with the o Getting a job age at which men can retire and receive benefits. Though the total length of parental leave remains the same, Norway changed the allocations for mothers and fathers. Reform Summaries 39 Saudi Arabia South Africa ✔ Accessing institutions ✔ Getting a job Saudi Arabia introduced a 20% quota for women at the South Africa now mandates equal remuneration for work of national level. equal value. ✔ Protecting women from violence Saudi Arabia enacted its first law on domestic violence, St. Vincent and the Grenadines which it defines to include physical, sexual and psychological o Getting a job violence. It provides criminal penalties and protects spouses St. Vincent and the Grenadines is gradually increasing the and family members. age at which men and women can retire and receive ben- efits to 65. Senegal ✔ Accessing institutions Sudan Senegal reformed its nationality law to grant women the ✔ Accessing institutions same rights as men to transfer their nationality to their Sudan raised the reserved seat quota for women in national husbands and children. parliament to 30%. Serbia Suriname ✔ Getting a job ✔ Accessing institutions Serbia is gradually removing gender differences in retire- Suriname reformed its nationality law to grant women the ment ages for men and women so that they are equal by same rights as men to transfer their nationality to spouses 2032. It also now obliges employers to provide break time and children. for breast-feeding employees. Taiwan, China Seychelles ✔ Getting a job ✔ Building credit Taiwan, China increased the length of paid paternity leave Seychelles established a new registry which reports loans from three to five days. It also lifted previous restrictions smaller than 1% GNI per capita. that prevented women from working in mining, jobs deemed hazardous and occupations that require heavy lifting. Singapore ✔ Building credit ✔ Getting a job Taiwan, China’s Joint Credit Information Center is now col- Singapore introduced seven days of paid paternity leave and lecting data on payment of utility services as part of the seven days of paid parental leave. credit information they gather. Slovenia Tajikistan ✔ o Getting a job ✔ Providing incentives to work Slovenia increased the length of paid paternity leave from Tajikistan now provides public childcare services. 15 to 30 days. It also made parental leave an individual entitlement but did Thailand not alter the total amount of days granted to the parents. ✘ Accessing institutions Thailand’s 2014 Constitution, meant as an interim constitu- tion, addresses mostly the mechanisms of government and no longer includes a nondiscrimination clause. Drafting of a more comprehensive constitution with rights and liberties is currently underway. 40 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Reform Summaries Togo United Arab Emirates ✔ Accessing institutions ✔ Building credit Togo reformed its family code to remove the provision that In United Arab Emirates the credit registry is now collect- designated husbands to be head of household. ing data on the payment history of utilities as part of the information they gather. Tonga Uruguay ✔ Protecting women from violence Tonga enacted a new law which covers physical, sexual and ✔ Getting a job economic domestic violence against former and current Uruguay increased the length of paid maternity leave from spouses and family members. The law criminalizes domestic 84 to 98 days. It also increased the length of paternity leave violence, protects women in nonmarital intimate relation- from three to seven days. Paternity leave is now paid by the ships and gives access to protection orders through special- government instead of the employer. ized court procedures. Marital rape is explicitly criminalized. ✔ Protecting women from violence Uruguay raised the minimum age of marriage with parental Trinidad and Tobago consent for both boys and girls to 16. ✔ Going to court Trinidad and Tobago raised the maximum amount for the West Bank and Gaza small claims court. ✔ Building credit West Bank and Gaza’s credit registry, managed by the Tunisia Palestine Monetary Authority, has started reporting credit ✔ Accessing institutions data from one home appliance retailer and one mobile Tunisia’s new constitution specifies gender as a protected phone utility, in addition to data from banks and microfi- category in its nondiscrimination clause. Tunisia also intro- nance institutions. duced quotas for candidate lists in national elections. Zambia ✔ Going to court The new constitution establishes a court with jurisdiction to ✔ Building credit examine the constitutionality of laws. In Zambia, the credit bureau is collecting data from retailers and utility companies as part of the information they gather. Turkey Zimbabwe ✔ Providing incentives to work Turkey enacted a new law that introduced one year of pub- ✔ Protecting women from violence licly provided pre-primary services. Zimbabwe’s new constitution now prevents child and early marriage by setting the legal age of marriage at 18 for boys Uganda and girls. o Accessing institutions Uganda introduced national identity cards in 2014. The ap- plication process is the same for men and women. United Kingdom ✔ Getting a job United Kingdom introduced 259 days of paid parental leave. It also introduced 91 days of unpaid parental leave. Reform Summaries 41 GETTING TO EQUAL 4. Data Notes Women, Business and the Law highlights legal gender differ- • Building credit identifies the minimum loan thresholds ences worldwide. Specifically, the report examines laws and of private credit bureaus and public credit registries and regulations that affect women’s ability to be entrepreneurs and tracks bureaus and registries that collect information from employees. Legislation can affect women’s economic potential microfinance institutions, utilities and retailers. directly and indirectly. Thus, the indicators covered in the re- • Going to court considers the ease and affordability of ac- port capture both laws that directly differentiate between men cessing justice by examining small claims courts, women’s and women and laws that indirectly have a greater impact on ability to testify in court and the incidence of women women’s ability to earn an income, start a business or get a judges on constitutional courts. job. The Women, Business and the Law project worked with contributors in each of the economies covered to determine • Protecting women from violence examines the existence the sources of gender differentiation in the law. Data from the of legislation on domestic violence, sexual harassment, surveys were checked for accuracy by referencing primary legal marital rape, age of marriage and protection orders. sources to revise or expand the information collected. The data Since the publication of Women, Business and the Law 2014 was collected over a two-year period that ended in April 2015. there have been methodological changes in the seven indica- tors, both in the number of questions covered and in the way With regard to women’s rights, different economies reflect the previously existing questions were analyzed. The principal different cultural norms and values in their legislation. Though methodological changes are summarized at the end of this there has been progress toward gender parity, restrictions that chapter and new questions are footnoted throughout the text. limit women’s prospects as entrepreneurs and employees re- main. This report provides objective, easily comparable data to inform dialogue and research about women’s economic rights Economy coverage and characteristics and opportunities. The economies covered in this report are listed in table 4.1. Covering 173 economies, Women, Business and the Law pro- vides comparable data on the following seven areas: This report is global in scope. It builds on the experience of the Doing Business project in developing objective indicators of • Accessing institutions explores women’s legal ability to impediments to entrepreneurship and employment by apply- interact with public authorities and the private sector in ing specific analysis to conditions for women. Doing Business the same ways as men. analyzes regulations in 189 economies that apply to a busi- • Using property analyzes women’s ability to access and ness throughout its life cycle, including start-up and operations, use property based on their ability to own, manage, con- trading across borders, paying taxes and resolving insolvency. trol and inherit it. As in the Doing Business project, Women, Business and the Law uses formal laws as a starting point for analysis. • Getting a job assesses restrictions on women’s ability to work, such as prohibitions on working at night or in cer- The report’s indicators were constructed using responses from tain occupations. This indicator also covers laws on work- expert country practitioners in family, labor and criminal law: related maternity, paternity and parental benefits, retire- including lawyers, judges, academics and members of civil so- ment age, equal remuneration for work of equal value and ciety organizations working on gender issues. The data were nondiscrimination in hiring. collected through several rounds of interaction with these re- • Providing incentives to work examines personal income spondents, including standardized questionnaires, conference tax credits and deductions available to women relative to calls, written correspondence and visits by the team. men and the provision of childcare and education services. Besides filling out written questionnaires, Women, Business and the Law respondents provide references to the relevant 42 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes TABLE 4.1 ECONOMIES COVERED BY WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2016 Region Number of Economies by region economies East Asia & Pacific 18 Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Fiji; Hong Kong SAR, China; Indonesia; Lao PDR; Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Singapore; Taiwan, China; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Tonga; Vietnam Europe & Central Asia 23 Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Georgia; Kazakhstan; Kosovo; Kyrgyz Republic; Latvia; Lithuania; Macedonia, FYR; Moldova; Montenegro; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Tajikistan; Turkey; Ukraine; Uzbekistan OECD high income 32 Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Chile; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea, Rep.; Luxembourg; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; United States Latin America & 32 Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Bahamas, The; Barbados; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Dominica; Dominican Caribbean Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Grenada; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Puerto Rico (U.S.); St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay; Venezuela, RB Middle East & North 19 Algeria; Bahrain; Djibouti; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Malta; Morocco; Oman; Qatar; Africa Saudi Arabia; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza; Yemen, Rep. South Asia 8 Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka Sub-Saharan Africa 41 Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Chad; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Congo, Rep.; Côte d’Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; São Tomé and Príncipe; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Senegal; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe laws and regulations. The Women, Business and the Law team The Women, Business and the Law methodology has several collects the texts of relevant laws and regulations and checks useful characteristics: questionnaire responses for accuracy. Questionnaire responses • It is transparent and uses factual information derived di- are verified against codified sources of national law, including rectly from laws and regulations. constitutions, marriage and family codes, labor laws, passport procedures, citizenship rules, inheritance statutes, tax regula- • Because the assumptions used when collecting the data tions, land laws, gender equality laws, civil procedure rules, are standardized, comparisons are valid across economies. electoral laws, social security codes, criminal laws and laws on • The data identify both potential obstacles to women in violence against women. Doing Business 2016 surveys were business and legislative sources that can be changed as a also used to develop some of the questions in the building result of the new information. credit indicator. While Women, Business and the Law focuses on written laws, Women, Business and the Law requires each legal data point to there is often a large gap between law on the books and ac- have a citable legal source, and to ensure transparency of the tual practice. Thus, women do not always have access to the data the source is provided for every data point on the project equality they are legally entitled to. What this project attempts website (wbl.worldbank.org). The website also provides more to do, however, is to identify areas where there is still formal detailed data on each economy, with links to the legal sources legal differentiation and clarify how these legal differences af- used. fect women. The report team welcomes feedback on the methodology and The following 142 questions were asked about the seven main construction of the indicators with the hope of improving both topics for 173 economies, producing a total of 24,566 data its coverage and scope. Feedback on all aspects of the report points. Each question is followed by information on how the can be offered through the project website. answers were standardized and made comparable across all economies. Any assumptions are also listed. Data Notes 43 ECONOMY CHARACTERISTICS Gross national income per capita Women, Business and the Law 2016 reports 2014 income per capita as published in the World Bank’s World Development Indicators 2015. For cost indicators expressed as a percentage of income per capita, 2014 gross national income (GNI) Atlas method in current U.S. dollars is used as a denominator. GNI data based on the Atlas method were not available for Austria; Bahrain; Barbados; Belize; Brunei Darussalam; Czech Republic; Djibouti; Finland; the Islamic Republic of Iran; Jamaica; Kuwait; Luxembourg; Malta; New Zealand; Oman; Papua New Guinea; Puerto Rico (U.S.); Saudi Arabia; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Suriname; Switzerland; the Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, China; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; West Bank and Gaza; and the Republic of Yemen. In these cases GDP or GNP per capita data and growth rates from other sources, such as the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook database and the Economist Intelligence Unit were used. Region and income group Women, Business and the Law uses the World Bank regional and income group classifications, available at http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending groups. Regional averages presented in figures and tables in the Women, Business and the Law report include economies from all income groups (low, lower middle, upper middle and high income), though high income OECD economies are assigned the “regional” classification OECD high income. Female population and labor force participation rate Women, Business and the Law 2016 reports midyear 2014 female population data as published in the World Bank’s World Development Indicators 2015. That publication was also used to obtain data on the female labor force participation rate, as percentage of the female population age 15–64. Accessing institutions do not assess its content. Reciprocal restrictions that govern the conduct of both spouses are not covered; this indicator Assumptions measures only restrictions that govern the conduct of the wife, but not the husband. It is assumed that the woman • Resides in the main business city of the economy being Constitutional rights examined. This subtopic analyzes constitutional provisions that are rel- • Has reached the legal age of majority and is capable of evant for gender equality. In economies that do not have a making decisions as an adult; if there is no legal age of unified written constitution but do have basic laws or similar majority, the woman is assumed to be 30 years old. documents that have been recognized as having the same legal • Is sane, competent, in good health and has no criminal force as a constitution, for example a supreme court decision, record. or economies that have enacted a charter of fundamental rights, these documents are used as the basis for the questions. • Is a lawful citizen of the economy examined. For economies without a written constitution, these questions • Where the question assumes the woman or man is mar- do not apply. ried, the marriage is monogamous and registered with the authorities. The seven questions for this subtopic are: • Where the question assumes the woman or man is unmar- 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondis- ried, she or he has never been married. crimination? • Where the answer differs according to the legal system • For the answer to be “Yes,” the constitution must applicable to the woman in question (as may be the case use either the word discrimination or the word in economies where there is legal plurality), the answer nondiscrimination. used will be the one that applies to the majority of the • The answer is also “Yes” even when there is a “claw- population. back” provision granting exceptions to the nondis- crimination clause for certain areas of the law, such Answers to the questions are based on codified law and not as inheritance, family and customary law. how that law is applied in practice. Therefore, customary law is not taken into account unless it has been codified. Questions • The answer is “No” if on the status of customary law within the legal system refer to • there is no nondiscrimination provision, or its existence and position within the hierarchy of legislation but 44 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes • the nondiscrimination language is present in the • there is merely a stipulation that the sexes are preamble but not in an article of the constitution, equal before the law but there is no provision dedi- or cated to nondiscrimination, or • there is a provision that merely stipulates that the • there is merely language negating privileges based sexes are equal, or the sexes have equal rights and on sex, or obligations—this is considered to be an equality • there is merely a provision entitling both sexes to clause, or fundamental rights without use of the word dis- • there is merely a provision stipulating that people crimination, although a phrase such as “without are equal before the law, but no provision is dedi- regard to sex” or “whatever his sex” is used. cated to nondiscrimination, or 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? • there is merely language negating privileges based on categories, such as “There shall be no privileges • The answer is “Yes” if there is an equal protection or a based on birth, sex, class or religion,” or general equality provision in the constitution, and the provision applies generally to “all citizens” and does • the constitution refers to an international treaty not specify women as a protected category. that addresses discrimination but does not have its own nondiscrimination provision, or • The answer is “No” if there is no equal protection or general equality provision in the constitution. • the constitution does not ban discrimination but empowers the legislative branch to enact laws fos- 4a. Is customary law recognized as a valid source of law un- tering nondiscrimination. der the constitution? 2. If there is a nondiscrimination clause in the constitution, • The answer is “Yes” if does it mention gender? • the constitution explicitly recognizes customary • The answer is “Yes” if law or customary law courts, or • the constitution explicitly states that gender or sex • the constitution refers to methods by which is a protected category for nondiscrimination, or customary law will be aligned with constitutional principles, or by which customary law is to be • the nondiscrimination clause does not explicitly determined, or the constitution refers to require- mention gender or sex but specifies that male and ments that customary chiefs be consulted before female citizens are equal without discrimination. enactment of legislation, or • The answer is also “Yes” if there is a clawback pro- • the constitution allows laws that applied before the vision granting exceptions to the nondiscrimination constitution comes into force to continue to have clause for certain areas of the law, such as inheri- the force of law, if the country had a robust system tance, family and customary law. of customary law in place at the time. • The answer is “N/A” if there is no nondiscrimina- • The answer is “No” if tion provision. • there is no explicit constitutional recognition of • The answer is “No” if customary sources or systems of law, or • there is no nondiscrimination provision, or • the constitution recognizes customary law to be • there is a nondiscrimination provision that does not applied only in certain limited territorial areas. specify gender or sex as protected categories, or • This question does not include customary contractual • the nondiscrimination language that includes sex is terms or other forms of implied usage. present in the preamble but not in an article of the constitution, or 4b. If customary law is recognized as a valid source of law un- der the constitution, is it invalid if it violates constitutional • there is merely a provision stipulating that the provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? sexes are equal or the sexes have equal rights and obligations—this is considered to be an equality • The answer is “Yes” if clause, or • the constitution provides that customary law is considered invalid if it violates other provisions of constitutional law, or Data Notes 45 • the constitution makes reference to methods by • The answer is “N/A” if there are no constitutional pro- which customary law will be aligned with consti- visions on nondiscrimination or equality, or if personal tutional principles on nondiscrimination or equality, or religious laws are not considered valid sources of or law under the constitution. • the constitution establishes that customary laws or rights are guaranteed equally to men and women. Quotas This subtopic focuses on the existence of quotas for corporate • The answer is “No” if customary law takes precedence boards, parliaments and local governments. The five questions over constitutional nondiscrimination or equality pro- capture mandatory quotas concerning the number of seats visions or the constitution is silent with regard to a reserved for women or the proportion of women on candidate hierarchy of laws or provisions. lists that parties submit for elections. In hybrid quota systems • The answer is “N/A” if there are no constitutional where both candidate list and reserved seat mechanisms are provisions on nondiscrimination or equality, or the used to determine the women’s quota, the more dominant sys- constitution does not explicitly state that customary tem that ultimately establishes the quota is counted. In cases of law is considered a valid source of law. cumulative quota systems where the final quota is determined by adding together a reserved seat and a candidate list system, 5a. Is personal law recognized as a valid source of law under both are counted. the constitution? • The answer is “Yes” if 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? • the constitution explicitly recognizes personal or • Proportions are entered in percentage terms, e.g., religious law, or 40%. • the constitution makes reference to methods by • If the quota is an absolute number and does not de- which personal law will be aligned with constitu- pend on the size of the corporate board, the answer tional principles or by which personal law is to be is > 0. determined, or provides for a religious council • “No quota” means there is no quota in place. or other body to advise on the passage of per- sonal laws, or recognizes religious systems of law • Percentages are entered if there are quotas for pri- or religious sources of law, or vate sector companies, even if they apply only to certain companies, such as those of a certain size or • the constitution allows laws that applied before those listed on a stock market. the constitution came into force to remain valid, if the country had a robust system of personal law in • The answer is “N/A” if quotas exist only for public sec- place at the time. tor or government-owned companies. • The answer is “No” if there is no explicit constitutional • The question does not cover voluntary or recom- recognition of religious sources or systems of law. mended quotas. 5b. If personal law is recognized as a valid source of law un- 7. What are the quotas for women representatives in der the constitution, is it invalid if it violates constitutional parliament? provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? • Quotas reflect reserved seats and proportions are • The answer is “Yes” if the constitution provides that entered in percentage terms, e.g., 40%. personal or religious law is considered invalid if it vio- • “No quota” means there is no quota in place. lates other provisions of constitutional law. • The question does not cover voluntary or recom- • The answer is “No” if mended quotas. • personal or religious law takes precedence over • If the parliament has two chambers and the law spec- constitutional provisions on nondiscrimination or ifies a quota for one but not the other, the answer equality, or reflects the quota only for the chamber that has a • religious law is declared to be the basis of all quota. legislation, and the constitution either contains a • If both parliamentary chambers have quotas, only supremacy clause or is silent with regard to a hier- the quota for the lower chamber, e.g., the national or archy of laws or provisions. people’s assembly, is counted. 46 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes 8. What are the quotas for women representatives in local • If the quota refers not to a percentage but to where government? women must be placed on the list (e.g., every third candidate must be a woman), this information is con- • This question aims to capture seat quotas for the verted to a percentage format (in this example, 33%). municipal level. • If the quota varies depending on the length of the • Where the main business city is both a municipal and candidate list or the number of seats contested, the a federal entity, it is treated as a municipality. highest quota is recorded. • Where municipal gender quotas vary, the quota for • If the quota is an absolute number, the answer is > 0. the municipality that includes the main business city will be reflected. • “No quota” means there is no quota for candidate lists. • Proportions are entered in percentage terms, e.g., 40%. • This question does not apply to quotas for internal party elections. • “No quota” means there is no quota in place. • The question does not cover voluntary or recom- Rights of married and unmarried women mended quotas. This subtopic addresses whether a woman can engage in 9. What are the quotas for women representatives on can- certain legal transactions in the same way as a man. It also didate lists in national elections?1 addresses whether the marital status of the woman makes a difference. Married and unmarried men and women may not be • If there is a quota for candidate lists, the percentage able do things in the same way when, for instance, women must will be indicated. have permission or an additional signature in order to complete • If the quota refers not to a percentage but to where certain transactions, or when they must provide documenta- women must be placed on the list (e.g., every third tion not required of men, such as a marriage license or a proof candidate must be a woman), this information is con- of name change. Differences related to property transactions verted to a percentage format (in this example, 33%). are taken into account only for the using property indicator. Accessing institutions does not count this type of difference. • If the quota is an absolute number, the answer is > 0. • If the quota varies depending on the length of the This subtopic has 22 questions covering 11 transactions that candidate list or the number of seats contested, the are either legal or relate to women’s freedom of movement. highest quota is recorded. In the data tables, the 22 questions for accessing institutions • “No quota” means there is no quota for candidate are condensed into 11 questions with two possible answers lists. each, one for married and one for unmarried women: • The question does not apply to quotas for internal party elections. 11a. Can an unmarried woman apply for a passport in the same way as an unmarried man? • If the parliament has two chambers, and the law specifies a quota for one but not the other, the an- • The answer is “Yes” if, upon reaching the legal age swer reflects the quota only for the chamber that of majority, all civil acts can be completed and there has the quota. If both parliamentary chambers have are no differences in the way an unmarried woman or quotas, only the quota for the lower chamber, e.g., man obtains a passport. the national or people’s assembly, is counted. • The answer is “No” if 10. What are the quotas for women representatives on can- • an adult unmarried woman needs the permission didate lists in local elections?2 or signature of a guardian to apply for a passport, or • This question aims to capture quotas for the munici- pal level. • the passport application of an adult unmarried woman requires a reference to her father’s name • Where the main business city is both a municipal and or any other male relative or guardian. a federal entity, it is treated as a municipality. • If there is a quota for candidate lists, the percentage will be indicated. Data Notes 47 11b. Can a married woman apply for a passport in the same • identity cards are optional for women, but required way as a married man? for men, or • The answer is “Yes” if upon reaching the legal age of • the identity card of a married woman displays the majority, all civil acts can be completed and there are name of her spouse, but the identity card of a mar- no differences in the way a married woman or man ried man does not. obtains a passport. • The answer is “N/A” if there is no national identity • The answer is “No” if card. • an adult married woman needs the permission or 13a. Can an unmarried woman travel outside the country in signature of her husband in order to apply for a the same way as an unmarried man? passport, or • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on an • documentation is required from a married woman unmarried woman travelling alone internationally. that is not required from a married man, e.g., a marriage certificate, or a married woman’s applica- • The answer is “No” if an unmarried woman has to tion requires reference to her husband’s name. have permission or additional documentation to leave the country; however, this permission must be differ- 12a. Can an unmarried woman obtain a national ID card in the ent from what is required to get a passport, which is same way as an unmarried man? covered in a separate question. • The answer is “Yes” if there are no inequalities in the 13b. Can a married woman travel outside the country in the process for obtaining a national identity card. same way as a married man? • The answer is “No” if • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a • an unmarried woman requires additional signa- married woman travelling alone internationally. tures, such as those of her father or guardian, • The answer is “No” if which are not required from an unmarried man, or • permission or additional documentation is required • an unmarried woman must indicate the name of for a married woman to leave the country; how- her father or guardian, but an unmarried man is ever, this permission must be different from that not required to do so, or required to get a passport, which is covered in a • identity cards are optional for a woman, but re- separate question, or quired for a man. • the law requires a married woman to accompany • The answer is “N/A” if there is no national identity her husband out of the country if he so wishes. card. 14a. Can an unmarried woman travel outside her home in the 12b. Can a married woman obtain a national ID card in the same way as an unmarried man? same way as a married man? • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on an • The answer is “Yes” if there are no inequalities in the unmarried woman travelling alone domestically. process for obtaining a national identity card. If mar- • The answer is “No” if ried men must provide a marriage certificate or birth certificate as proof of name, whereas married women • permission, additional documentation or the pres- must provide a marriage certificate, the answer is still ence of a guardian is required for her to travel “Yes.” domestically, or • The answer is “No” if • an unmarried woman must justify her reasons to her father or guardian for leaving the home. • a married woman must provide a marriage certifi- cate, but a married man need not, or 14b. Can a married woman travel outside her home in the • a married woman, but not a married man, must same way as a married man? provide additional signatures, such as those of the • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a husband, father or guardian, or married woman travelling alone domestically. • a married woman must indicate the name of her spouse, but a married man is not so required, or 48 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes • The answer is “No” if • The answer is “No” if an unmarried woman has limited legal capacity to sign a binding contract. • permission, additional documentation or the pres- ence of her husband or a guardian is required for a 16b. Can a married woman sign a contract in the same way as married woman to travel domestically, or a married man? • a married woman must justify her reasons to her • The answer is “Yes” if full legal capacity is obtained husband for leaving the home, or upon the age of majority and there are no restrictions • leaving the home without a valid reason is con- on a married woman signing legally binding contracts. sidered disobedience with consequences under • The answer is “No” if a married woman has limited the law, for example, loss of her right to financial legal capacity to enter into contracts or needs the maintenance. signature, consent or permission of her husband to legally bind herself. 15a. Can an unmarried woman get a job or pursue a trade or profession in the same way as an unmarried man? • This question does not concern restrictions on mar- ried women signing contracts specifically related • The answer is “Yes” if to marital property governed by the default marital • no permission is needed for an unmarried woman property regime; these are covered under the using to get a job or practice a trade or profession, or property indicator. • there is no restriction in family or civil law on an 17a. Can an unmarried woman register a business in the same unmarried woman’s ability to work. way as an unmarried man? • The answer is “No” if permission or additional docu- • The answer is “Yes” if a woman obtains full legal ca- mentation is required, or if a guardian can prevent an pacity upon reaching the age of majority and there unmarried woman from working. are no restrictions on an unmarried woman register- 15b. Can a married woman get a job or pursue a trade or pro- ing a business. fession in the same way as a married man? • The answer is “No” if • The answer is “Yes” if • an unmarried woman has limited legal capacity to • no permission is needed for a married woman to register a business; this would include situations get a job or practice a trade or profession, or in which a woman may not bind herself to a legal document, or • there is no restriction in family or civil law on a married woman’s ability to work. • the registration process requires additional infor- mation or documentation for unmarried women • The answer is “No” if not required of unmarried men. • the husband can prevent his wife from getting or • The answer is also “No” for member states of regional keeping a job or pursuing a trade or profession, or bodies, such as the Organisation pour l’Harmonisation • permission or additional documentation is required en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) for which for a married woman to get a job, or supranational law applies (e.g., OHADA Acte Uniforme Révisé sur le Droit Commercial Général) when domes- • a married man can go to court to get his wife’s tic law contravenes these supranational rules and employer to fire her from her job or force her to limits the legal capacity of women. leave her profession, or • it is considered a form of disobedience with legal 17b. Can a married woman register a business in the same ramifications for a wife to engage in employment way as a married man? contrary to her husband’s wishes or the interests • The answer is “Yes” if full legal capacity is obtained of the family. upon the age of majority and there are no restrictions on a married woman registering a business. 16a. Can an unmarried woman sign a contract in the same way as an unmarried man? • The answer is “No” if a married woman • The answer is “Yes” if full legal capacity is obtained • has limited legal capacity to register a business, as upon the age of majority and there are no restric- when she may not legally bind herself to a con- tions on an unmarried woman signing legally binding tract, or contracts. Data Notes 49 • needs her husband’s permission, signature or con- 19a. Can an unmarried woman choose where to live in the sent to register a business, or same way as an unmarried man? • must provide information or documentation at any • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on an stage of the registration process, and the require- unmarried woman choosing where to live. ment does not apply to a married man. • The answer is “No” if there are explicit restrictions on • The answer is also “No” for member states of regional an unmarried woman choosing her place of residence. bodies, such as the Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) for which 19b. Can a married woman choose where to live in the same supranational law applies (e.g., OHADA Acte Uniforme way as a married man? Révisé sur le Droit Commercial Général) when domes- • The answer is “Yes” if there are no explicit restrictions tic law contravenes these supranational rules and on a married woman choosing where her family may limits the legal capacity of women. live. 18a. Can an unmarried woman open a bank account in the • The answer is “No” if the husband chooses the fam- same way as an unmarried man? ily residence or marital home or has more weight in determining where the family will live. • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on an unmarried woman opening a bank account. Only pro- 20a. Can an unmarried woman confer citizenship on her chil- visions from the body of family law are systematically dren in the same way as an unmarried man? reviewed; any that exist in other types of law, such as • The answer is “Yes” if banking regulations, are not included here. • both the mother and the father can convey citizen- • The answer is “No” if specific provisions limit the ship to the child in the same manner, regardless of ability of an unmarried woman to open a bank ac- where the child is born, or count, such as required permissions or additional documentation. • there are additional procedures that must be com- pleted by men but not by women (e.g., proof of 18b. Can a married woman open a bank account in the same paternity). way as a married man? • The answer is “No” if • The answer is “Yes” if • only the father can convey citizenship to the child, • there are no restrictions on a married woman wherever that child may have been born, or opening a bank account—only provisions from the body of family law are systematically reviewed, or • additional procedures are required when citizen- ship is conveyed by the mother. • the law explicitly states that a married woman may open a bank account, or that both spouses may • Where a citizenship law and the constitution conflict open bank accounts in their own names. on the passage of citizenship, the answer is coded according to whichever came later in time. • The answer is “No” if 20b. Can a married woman confer citizenship on her children • specific legal provisions limit the ability of a mar- in the same way as a married man? ried woman to open a bank account, such as those stating that a married woman who is separately • The answer is “Yes” if employed from her husband may open a bank ac- • both the married mother and father may convey count in her own name, because that implies that citizenship to their children in the same manner, a woman without a separate income stream may wherever the children are born, or not do so, or • there are additional procedures that must be com- • specific provisions limit the capacity of a married pleted by men but not by women (e.g., proof of woman and prevent her from opening a bank ac- paternity). count in her own name, such as required permis- sions or additional documentation. • The answer is “No” if only the married father can con- vey citizenship to the child, wherever that child may have been born, or if additional requirements exist when citizenship is conveyed by the mother. 50 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes • Where a citizenship law and the constitution conflict • neither spouse may convey citizenship to the on the passage of citizenship, the answer is coded other; citizenship must be obtained through the according to whichever came later in time. general naturalization procedures with no prefer- ence of any sort given to the spouse of a national. 21a. Can an unmarried woman be “head of household” or • The answer is “No” if “head of family” in the same way as an unmarried man? • a national husband can convey citizenship to his • The answer is “Yes” if the definition of head of house- non-national wife, but a national wife may not do hold is codified, and there are no explicit restrictions so for her non-national husband, or on an unmarried woman becoming “head of house- hold” or “head of family.” • the ability to convey citizenship to a spouse is pro- cedurally differentiated by gender, e.g., a woman • The answer is “No” if there is an explicit restriction on married to a national receives automatic citizen- an unmarried woman becoming “head of household” ship rights upon her marriage, but a man married or “head of family;” e.g., a provision stating that only to a national must wait a specific number of years men can be designated “head of household” or “head to become a citizen. of family” or that men “lead the family.” • The answer is “N/A” if the definition of head of house- 23. Are married women required by law to obey their hold is not codified. husbands? • The answer is “Yes” if 21b. Can a married woman be “head of household” or “head of family” in the same way as a married man? • there is an explicit provision stating that a married woman must obey her husband, or • The answer is “Yes” if the definition of head of house- hold is codified, and there are no explicit restrictions • a provision states that disobedience toward her on a married woman becoming “head of household” husband has legal ramifications for the wife, such or “head of family.” as loss of maintenance. • The answer is “No” if • The answer is “No” if there is no provision that a mar- ried woman must obey her husband. • there is an explicit restriction on a married woman becoming “head of household” or “head of family,” 24. Do married couples jointly share legal responsibility for e.g., a provision stating that only husbands can be financially maintaining the family’s expenses? so designated or that husbands “lead the family” or “represent the family,” or • The answer is “Yes” if • a male is designated as the default family member • there is an explicit provision stating that spouses who receives the family book or equivalent docu- have joint or shared legal responsibility for finan- ment that is necessary for access to services. cially maintaining their family, even if husbands are primarily responsible, or • The answer is “N/A” if the definition of head of house- hold is not codified. • spouses have equal rights and responsibilities within marriage, or Division of responsibility within marriage • the law is silent on the matter. The three questions in this subtopic address potential legal in- • The answer is “No” if there are provisions stating that equalities that apply to married women: husbands are solely responsible for the financial sup- 22. Can a woman convey citizenship to a non-national spouse port of the family. in the same way as a man? • This question compares the ability of an adult married Using property woman to legally convey her citizenship to her non- national husband with the ability of an adult married Assumptions man to do the same for his non-national wife. It is assumed that the woman • The answer is “Yes” if • Resides in the economy’s main business city. • marriage to a national male or female equally con- • Has reached the legal age of majority and is capable of fers some preference in naturalization to the non- making decisions as an adult; if there is no legal age of national spouse, or majority, the woman is assumed to be 30 years old. Data Notes 51 • Is sane, competent, in good health and has no criminal ends, when there is no prenuptial agreement. Default record. marital property regimes are classified as follows: • Is a lawful citizen of the economy being examined. • Separation of property: All assets and income ac- quired by the spouses both before they marry and • Where the question assumes that the woman or man is during the marriage remain the separate property of unmarried, she or he has never been married. the acquiring spouse. At the time of divorce or the • Where the question assumes that the woman or man is death of one of the spouses, each spouse retains married, the marriage is monogamous and registered with ownership of all assets and income brought to the the authorities. marriage or acquired during marriage by that person • Where the question assumes that the woman or man is and any value that has accrued to that property. married, the marital property regime under which she or • Partial community of property: Assets acquired be- he is married is assumed to be the default marital property fore marriage are regarded as the separate property regime, and it is also assumed that the marital property of the acquiring spouse, and assets and income ac- regime will not change during the course of the marriage. quired after marriage, with a few exceptions specified • Where the answer differs according to the legal system by law, are regarded as joint property of the couple. that applies to the woman—as may occur in economies This regime also applies to cases where assets ac- where legal plurality exists—the answer used will be the quired before marriage and assets acquired during one that applies to the majority of the population. marriage are regarded as the separate property of the acquiring spouse but the accrued value of the proper- The answers to these questions are based on the law as codi- ty acquired by any of the spouses is considered joint fied in the main business city and not the practice of that law. property. At the time of dissolution of the marriage Therefore, customary law is not taken into account unless it by divorce or death, the joint property or its accrued has been codified. Social or cultural norms are also not taken value is divided equally between the spouses. into account. • Full community of property: All assets and income whether brought into the marriage and acquired The questions for the using property indicator are designed to during the marriage, with a few exceptions specified determine what management and control of marital property by law, become the joint property of the couple. If looks like in the default marital property regime in each econo- the marriage is dissolved, all joint property is divided my covered. For all questions relating to the ability of married equally between the spouses. women to carry out activities independently of their husbands, the key concern is reciprocity. Unequal treatment is counted • Deferred full or partial community of property: The only where a married man can carry out the activity, and his rules of full or partial community of property apply at wife is not able to do so equally. the time the marriage is dissolved; until then, separa- tion of property applies. Marital property regime • Other: This occurs in economies where the default The main areas of differentiation between women and men in property regime does not fit any of the four descrip- exercising property rights lie in the rights granted under various tions above. marital property regimes: Some of these grant spouses equal • There is no default marital property regime: This al- treatment in property ownership. Other regimes grant hus- ternative applies in economies where the law requires bands administrative control over jointly owned marital proper- the spouses to opt into the marital property regime ty. Still others grant husbands administrative control over their of their choice—with legal alternatives provided—be- wives’ property. The marital property regime also determines fore or at the time of marriage. In economies where property ownership and administrative rights when a marriage there is no default marital property regime, the most is dissolved. common regime is used instead. Women, Business and the Law identifies the main charac- 26. Who legally administers marital property? teristics of the default marital property regime by asking two questions: The answer to this question assumes that the default marital property regime applies and is classified as follows: 25. What is the default marital property regime? • Original owner: Each spouse retains administrative • The default marital property regime is the set of power over the assets he or she brings into or ac- rules that apply to the ownership and management quires during the marriage and their accrued value. of property within marriage and when the marriage No consent is needed from the other spouse for 52 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes transactions in separate property. This administrative • The answer is “No” where there is no legal requirement scheme is usually found in separation of property re- for the wife to consent to transactions performed by gimes and can also be found in deferred full or partial the husband in the property he administers. community regimes. It does not cover special provi- • The answer is “N/A” where the husband does not sions concerning the marital home. solely administer marital property. • Separate with spousal consent: Each spouse ad- ministers his or her separate property but for major 28. Are there special provisions for major transactions con- transactions needs spousal consent. This administra- cerning the marital home? tive scheme is mostly found in separation of prop- • This question is designed to measure specific legal erty regimes but can also be found in deferred full or protections concerning the marital home, regardless partial community and in partial community regimes. of the default marital property regime. • Both must agree: Both spouses have equal rights in • The answer is “Yes” where the law has provisions re- administration and transaction of joint property; they lated to administration of the marital home, such as perform all acts of administration together and, if a requirement that both spouses agree to any major one of the spouses has been delegated administra- transaction involving the home, including selling or tive rights by the other, spousal consent is implied. pledging it as collateral, or that the court will inter- This administrative scheme is mostly seen in full and vene when the spouses disagree. Such provisions are partial community property regimes. particularly relevant where separation or deferred full • Husband: The husband has administrative rights over or partial community are the default regimes. all property, including any separate property of the • The answer is “No” if the general rules on transactions wife. This scheme is found only in partial community related to property within marriage are followed. regimes. 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary • Other: This alternative applies wherever the adminis- contributions? trative scheme does not fit into any of the previous categories. It includes, for example, cases in which in • This question is designed to measure if, at the time principle the law provides for both spouses to admin- a marriage is dissolved, the division of property ben- ister marital property but if they disagree, either the efits both spouses. The process of dividing property husband is given the power to ultimately decide, or upon divorce is examined to identify whether caring other members of the family have a say in how the for minor children, taking care of the family home, property is administered. Where there is disagree- or any other nonmonetized contribution from the ment on how to administer marital property, a court stay-at-home spouse, usually the wife, is taken into may decide. consideration. • The answer is “Yes” Protecting a wife’s interests • where an explicit legal recognition of such con- This subtopic focuses on two areas: (1) legal provisions that tributions is found and the law provides for equal limit transactions concerning major assets; and (2) legal recog- or equitable division of the property based on the nition of married women’s nonremunerated contributions. The nonmonetary contributions, or related questions are: • when the default marital property regime is full 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent community, partial community or deferred full or required for major transactions? partial community, because these regimes implic- itly recognize nonmonetary contributions at the • This question is designed to measure whether the law time of property division and benefit both spouses sets limits to the administrative rights granted to the regardless of which of them actually purchased it husband over property to prevent deterioration that or holds title to it. may be detrimental to the wife. • The answer is “No” where • The answer is “Yes” where the law requires the wife to give consent to any major transaction in property • the default marital property regime is separation the husband administers, such as selling or pledging of property or other, and there is no explicit legal the property as collateral. provision providing for equal or equitable division of property based on nonmonetary contributions. Data Notes 53 Property rights 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal rights This subtopic deals with the following two legal transactions: to inherit assets? • For purposes of this question, it is assumed that the 30a. Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal deceased spouse left no children or any heirs other ownership rights to property? than the surviving spouse. • Ownership rights as used here covers the ability to • This question examines whether both spouses have manage, control, administer, access, encumber, re- equal rank and rights to inherit assets when there is ceive, dispose of and transfer property. no will. • The answer is “Yes” when there is no specific legal re- • The answer is “Yes” when surviving spouses of either striction related to property applied to single women gender have the same legal rights. or men based on gender. • The answer is “No” where there are gender-based dif- • The answer is “No” when legal restrictions on prop- ferences in inheritance. erty ownership are applied to single women or men, based on gender. Going to court 30b. Do married men and married women have equal owner- ship rights to property? Assumptions • Ownership rights as used here covers the ability to It is assumed that the woman manage, control, administer, access, encumber, re- • Resides in the economy’s main business city. ceive, dispose of and transfer property. The answer to this question is based on whether husbands and • Has reached the legal age of majority and is capable of wives married under the default property regime have making decisions as an adult. equal ownership rights over property. • Is sane, competent, in good health and has no criminal • The answer is “Yes” when there is no specific restric- record. tion or difference in legal treatment applied to mar- • Where the answer differs according to the legal system ried women or men based on gender. that applies to the woman—as may be the case in econo- • The answer is “No” when there are gender differences mies where legal plurality exists—the answer used will be in the legal treatment of spousal property, for ex- the one that applies to the majority of the population. ample, if husbands are granted administrative control over marital property. The answers are based on codified law and not whether it is applied in practice. Therefore, customary law is not taken into account unless it has been codified. Inheritance rights This subtopic focuses on the law that applies where there is no This topic assesses both indirect and direct differentiation in the will. In economies where codified law applies only to individuals law with relation to women’s access to the judicial system. For who have affirmatively renounced customary law, the presump- the first subtopic on equality of access, three questions exam- tion is that an affirmative renunciation has been made. ine the existence of courts to adjudicate matters of customary or personal law and assess the value of a woman’s testimony in 31. Do sons and daughters have equal rights to inherit assets court relative to a man’s. from their parents? • This question examines whether there are gender- Equality of access based differences in the rules of intestate succession 33. Does the law recognize customary courts? (there is no will) for transfer of property from parents to children. • The answer is “Yes” if the constitution or another law establishes or recognizes the authority of a judicial • The answer is “Yes” when the law recognizes children body (e.g., a court or tribunal) that is competent to as heirs to property without any restrictions based exclusively hear cases and apply customary law, codi- on gender. fied or not. • The answer is “No” when there are gender-based • The answer is “No” if the constitution or another law differences in the recognition of children as heirs to establishes or recognizes the authority of a judicial property. body that applies customary law, codified or not, in addition to laws other than customary law. 54 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes 34. Does the law recognize personal law courts? 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? • The answer is “Yes” if the constitution or another law • This question reflects if the Chief Justice of the con- establishes or recognizes the authority of a judicial stitutional court or the court-like body mandated with body (e.g., court or tribunal) that is competent to ex- the determination of constitutionality of laws and clusively hear cases and apply personal law, codified regulations is a woman. or not. • The answer is “No” if the constitution or another law Efficiency of procedure establishes or recognizes the authority of a judicial For this subtopic, questions examine the existence of small body that is competent to hear cases and apply per- claims courts and the threshold for claims that they can sonal law, codified or not, in addition to laws other adjudicate. than personal law. 39. Is there a small claims court or a fast-track procedure for 35. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary small claims? weight in court as a man’s? • Small claims courts hear only civil cases between • This question covers all types of court cases. private litigants involving relatively small amounts • The answer is “No” if the law explicitly differentiates of money; though the names of such courts vary between the evidentiary value of a woman’s testi- by jurisdiction, common features generally include mony and that of a man. relaxed rules of civil procedure, the appearance of adversaries without legal representation, the use of • The answer is “Yes” if the law does not differentiate plain language and relaxed evidentiary rules. Fast- between the evidentiary value of a woman’s testi- track and simplified procedural rules for small claims mony and that of a man. operate similarly but the cases are tried in courts of more general jurisdiction. Judicial representation • The answer is “Yes” if For this subtopic, three questions look at women’s representa- • there is either a small claims court or a fast-track tion on constitutional courts and other court-like institutions procedure for civil claims of small value, and there that are mandated to review legislative and executive acts and is a maximum value of cases that may be heard in a interpret the constitution. small claims court or fast-track procedure, or 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? • the small claims court or fast-track procedure has • For the purposes of this question, constitutional jurisdiction to hear at least general civil cases. courts and court-like institutions mandated with the • The answer is “No” if determination of constitutionality of laws and regula- • there is a small claims court or fast-track procedure tions are examined. but it is competent only to hear commercial claims, • When a specific number of justices is set by law, the not all civil claims, or data reflect that number of justices. • only a few types of civil disputes are within the • When the number of justices set by law is a minimum, jurisdiction of the small-claims court (e.g., rent a maximum or a range, the data reflect the actual disputes only). number of justices. 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount for a small claim? • When a separate chamber of the highest court carries out constitutional review, the question reflects the • This indicates the highest amount for claims that composition of that chamber. can be heard in a small claims court; when different amounts apply to civil and commercial cases, the 37. Of those, how many are women? amount that applies to civil cases is used. • This question reflects how many members of con- • The answer is “N/A” if the economy in question has stitutional courts or court-like institutions mandated no small claims courts or fast-track procedures for with the determination of constitutionality of laws civil claims of small value. and regulations are women. • The answer is presented as a percentage of income per capita. Data Notes 55 Providing incentives to work 44. Does the government provide free and compulsory pri- mary education? Taxes and the provision of certain public services can make it • The answer is “Yes” if elementary education is man- either easier or more difficult for women to participate in the dated by the Constitution or another law and is pub- labor force. Questions on this topic are: licly funded. Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to • The answer is “Yes” if childcare expenses are listed parents?3 as deductible items in the personal income tax code; for this purpose, childcare expenses cover, e.g., • This question covers financial support granted by fees for kindergartens or crèches, daycare centers, the government to parents for children not yet old after-school centers, in-home care and child-minding enough for primary school. Support may take such arrangements. forms as vouchers or preschool fee waivers and transfers. Payments are granted while mothers work. • The answer is “No” if the childcare allowance granted The payments are not tax benefits and do not require by the government is not taxable. attendance at preschool. 42a. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? • The answer is “Yes” • This question is designed to determine whether the • if allowance is granted up to a certain age and is tax code differentiates between men and women on not associated with maternity, paternity, or paren- deductions and credits and covers instances where tal leave, or tax-specific deductions and credits can only be • even if the allowance is granted to only one of the claimed by male heads of household. parents. • The answer is “Yes” if • The answer is “No” if the allowance is granted to a • the personal income tax code specifies that a tax specific class of people (e.g., parents of children with deduction or credit applies only to male taxpayers, disabilities). or 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives?4 • the code provides for a tax deduction or credit that can only go to the head of household, and only • Family care leave is granted to the employee spe- men can legally be the head of household. cifically for the purpose of caring for a sick relative and does not include maternity, paternity or parental 42b. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to women? leave. • The answer is “Yes” if the personal income tax code • The answer is “Yes” if provides for a tax credit or deduction that can only be • the leave is to take care of a sick parent, child or claimed by female taxpayers. other relative, or Childcare and education • the law specifies that the employer has an obliga- tion to grant an employee leave to take care of a 43. Does the government support or provide childcare sick relative, or services? • the leave is granted in exceptional circumstances • For purposes of this question, childcare for children related to family matters. too young for primary education may take such forms as kindergartens or crèches, preschools, daycare • The answer is “No” if the law centers, after-school centers, in-home care and child- • gives the employer the option to grant such leave, minding arrangements. or • The answer is “Yes” if • provides that such leave is subject to collective • public authorities fund childcare facilities and ser- bargaining agreements or any other agreement, vices (public or private), or including the employer’s consent, or • public authorities subsidize the use of private child- • allows an employee to work part-time or have a care facilities and services, as well as the hiring of flexible work schedule to care for a sick relative. child-minders. 56 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes Building credit 48c. Do microfinance institutions provide information to pri- vate credit bureaus or public credit registries? Registries and bureaus • High-income economies are not included in this sam- The background information for these questions comes from ple because microfinance institutions are far more the depth-of-credit-information index that is part of the Doing prevalent in developing economies. Also, because Business 2016 getting credit indicator. That index covers rules traditional bank financing is generally widely available affecting the scope, accessibility and quality of credit informa- to women in high-income economies, microfinance is tion available through private credit bureaus and public credit less critical to women’s quest for capital. registries. Credit bureaus and registries are only considered if • For purposes of this question, it is sufficient that any their coverage extends to at least 5% of the adult population private credit bureau or public credit registry in the within an economy. Four questions related to areas that could economy in question collects information from micro- affect women’s ability to build credit were examined: finance institutions. 47. What is the minimum loan amount covered in the private • The answer is “N/A” if credit bureau or public credit registry? • the economy in question is high-income, or • This number reflects the lowest minimum loan • there is no private credit bureau or public credit amount of any credit bureau or registry in the econ- registry. omy in question. • If a credit bureau or registry collects data on loans Discrimination worth less than 1% of income per capita, it is treated 49a. Does the law prohibit discrimination by creditors on the as if it collects data on loans of any value; thus an basis of gender in access to credit?5 answer of zero here means either that there is no minimum loan amount in at least one credit bureau or • The answer is “Yes” if registry, or that at least one credit bureau or registry • the law prohibits discrimination on the basis of collects data on loans worth less than 1% of income gender or sex, or provides for equal access for both per capita; sexes when conducting financial transactions, such • The answer is “N/A” if there is no credit bureau or as applying for credit or loans, or registry in the economy. • the law prohibits discrimination on the basis of • The answer is presented as a percentage of income gender or sex when conducting entrepreneurial per capita. activities or receiving financial assistance, or • the law prohibits discrimination on the basis of 48a. Do retailers provide information to private credit bureaus gender or sex when accessing goods and services, or public credit registries? and the definition of services in law, regulation or • For purposes of this question, it is sufficient that any government-published explanations/promotional private credit bureau or public credit registry in the material covers financial services, or economy in question collects information from any • banking and financial services are not listed as ser- retailer. vices exempt from nondiscrimination laws. • The answer is “N/A” if there is no private credit bu- • The answer is “No” if the law does not prohibit such reau or public credit registry. discrimination. 48b. Do utility companies provide information to private credit 49b. Does the law prohibit discrimination by creditors on the bureaus or public credit registries? basis of marital status in access to credit?6 • For purposes of this question, it is sufficient that any • The answer is “Yes” if private credit bureau or public credit registry in the economy in question collects information from a util- • the law specifically prohibits discrimination on the ity company. basis of marital status or provides for equal access irrespective of marital status when conducting fi- • The answer is “N/A” if there is no private credit bu- nancial transactions, such as applying for credit or reau or public credit registry. loans, or Data Notes 57 • the law prohibits discrimination on the basis of • For purposes of determining paternity leave or parental marital status when conducting entrepreneurial leave, has a first child who was born on or after January 1, activities or receiving financial assistance, or 2014, without complications, was 30 years old when his child was born, and the child is in good health. • the law prohibits discrimination on the basis of marital status when accessing goods and services, • Is sane, competent, in good health and has no criminal and the definition of services in law, regulation or record. government-published explanations/promotional • Has been working long enough to accrue all benefits, in- material covers financial services, or cluding any paternity, parental or retirement benefits. • banking and financial services are not listed as ser- • Is working as a cashier in the food retail sector in a super- vices exempt from nondiscrimination law. market or grocery store of at least 60 employees. • The answer is “No” if the law does not prohibit such • Has completed infant care training courses, which some- discrimination. times serve as a prerequisite for extended paternity leave. In general, the answers to the questions in the getting a job Getting a job indicator are based on written law and not collective bargaining agreements; however, the latter are taken into account when Assumptions two conditions are met: It is assumed that the woman • They cover more than 50% of the work force in the food • Resides in the economy’s main business city. retail sector. • Has reached the legal age of majority and is capable of • They apply to individuals who were not party to the origi- making decisions as an adult. nal collective bargaining agreement. • Is a lawful citizen of the economy being examined. Parental benefits • For purposes of determining the retirement and pension- able age, that she is currently 40 years old and started The subtopic on parental benefits contains 19 questions on working at age 25. maternity, paternity and parental benefits. Maternity covers benefits that apply only to the mother, and paternity covers • For purposes of determining maternity or parental leave, benefits that apply only to the father. Parental covers benefits that she gave birth to her first child without complications that apply to both, even if the distribution of benefits between on or after January 1, 2014, at age 30, and her child is in the two parents is unequal. good health. • Is sane, competent, in good health and has no criminal 50a. Does the law mandate paid or unpaid maternity leave? record. • Maternity leave may be paid or unpaid, as long as • Has been working long enough to accrue all benefits, in- the government explicitly mandates the right to some cluding any maternity, parental or retirement benefits. form of maternity leave. • Will be nursing until the child is one year old. • Maternity leave is defined as leave available only to the mother; it does not cover parental leave that is • For purposes of determining the retirement and pension- available to both parents. able age, that she has raised only one child. • Provisions for circumstantial leave by which an em- • Is working as a cashier in the food retail sector in a super- ployee is entitled to a certain number of days of paid market or grocery store of at least 60 employees. leave (usually fewer than five days) upon the birth of a child are considered paternity leave; even if the law It is assumed that the man is gender-neutral, such leave is not considered mater- • Resides in the country’s main business city. nity leave if the law covers maternity leave elsewhere. • Has reached the legal age of majority and is capable of 50b. Does the law mandate paid or unpaid paternity leave? making decisions as an adult. • Paternity leave may be paid or unpaid as long as the • Is a lawful citizen of the economy being examined. government explicitly mandates the right to some • For purposes of determining the retirement and pension- form of paternity leave. able age, that he is currently 40 years old and started working at age 25. 58 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes • Paternity leave is defined as leave available only to assumption is that the mother takes her full entitle- the father; it does not include leave available to both ment to maternity leave. parents. 51c. What is the length of paid parental leave? • Provisions for circumstantial leave in which an employee is entitled to a certain number of days of • This is the mandatory minimum number of calendar paid or unpaid leave (usually fewer than five days) days of parental leave which by law must be paid by upon the birth of a child are considered paternity the government, the employer or both. leave; even if the law is gender-neutral, such leave is • If parental leave is an individual rather than a family not considered maternity leave as long as maternity entitlement, the assumption is that only one parent leave is covered elsewhere by the law. For example, takes the full entitlement. if the labor code provides that a worker may take a • If the law mandates that the length of parental leave “one-day leave for the birth of a child” as an unpaid is not a specified amount of time but is rather worded justified absence, the term “worker” is gender-neutral, “until the child reaches a [certain] age,” postnatal and maternity leave is covered in another article of maternity leave days are subtracted from the number the code, the one-day unpaid justified absence is of parental leave days. considered paternity leave. • Parental leave is counted only if it is contiguous with 50c. Does the law mandate paid or unpaid parental leave? maternity and paternity leave. • Parental leave may be paid or unpaid as long as the • It is assumed that the mother and the father both government explicitly mandates the right to some take the full maternity and paternity leave available to form of parental leave shared between mother and them before taking parental leave. father; parental leave may also be an individual • If there are several parental leave schemes that the entitlement. parents or family can choose from, it is assumed that • Allowances for a fixed number of days per year ap- parents select the scheme that pays the most. plied to family emergencies or child-related respon- sibilities are not considered parental leave; the leave 52a. Who pays maternity leave benefits? must be contiguous with the birth of the child and • This question covers whether maternity leave benefits with maternity or paternity leave. are funded by the government, the employer or both; if only the employer funds the benefits, the employer 51a. What is the length of paid maternity leave? bears the entire cost and pays the employee directly. • This is the mandatory minimum number of calendar • Employer contributions to government funds (such as days of maternity leave that legally must be paid by social security) that pay maternity benefits are not the government, the employer or both. considered employer payment of maternity benefits. • Maternity leave is defined as leave available only to • If the law provides that the government must reim- the mother; it does not cover parental leave that is burse the employer for all maternity leave benefits available to both parents. paid to employees, the answer is “government 100%.” • If paid leave not contiguous with the birth of a child If the government only reimburses a portion of the is provided, it is not considered paid maternity leave benefits, the answer is “government and employer.” because it can be taken at any point after the child • If the answer is “N/A,” no paid maternity leave is is born. available. 51b. What is the length of paid paternity leave? 52b. Who pays paternity leave benefits? • This is the mandatory minimum number of calendar • This question covers whether paternity leave benefits days of paternity leave that legally must be paid by are funded by the government, the employer or both; the government, the employer or both. if only the employer funds paternity leave benefits, • Paternity leave is defined as leave available only to the employer bears the entire cost and pays the em- the father; it does not include leave available to both ployee directly. parents. • Employer contributions to government funds (such • If a father can take paid paternity leave only if the as social security) that pay paternity benefits are not mother does not take her maternity leave, the considered employer payments of paternity benefits. Data Notes 59 • If the law provides that the government must reim- percentage, it is assumed that the man earns the burse the employer for paternity leave benefits paid equivalent of the average value-added per worker. to employees, it is considered a government payment The average value-added per worker is the ratio of an of the portion reimbursed. economy’s GNI per capita to the working-age popula- tion as a percentage of the total population. • If the answer is “N/A,” no paid paternity leave is available. • If the answer is “N/A,” no paid paternity leave is available. 52c. Who pays parental leave benefits? 53c. What percentage of wages is paid during parental leave? • This question covers whether parental leave benefits are funded by the government, the employer or both; • This is the total percentage of wages covered by all if the employer alone funds parental leave benefits, sources during paid parental leave. the employer bears the entire cost and pays the em- • The answer is “Partially paid” if the total percentage ployee directly. of wages paid is less than 100%. • Employer contributions to government funds, such • If the answer is “N/A,” no paid parental leave is as social security, that pay parental benefits are not available. considered employer payments of parental benefits. • If the law provides that the government must reim- 54a. What is the length of unpaid maternity leave? burse the employer for parental leave benefits paid • This is the mandatory minimum number of calendar to employees, the government is considered to be days of unpaid maternity leave that an employer must paying the portion reimbursed. allow an employee to take, whether or not she elects • If the answer is “N/A,” no paid parental leave is to take it. Parental leave that is optional for both par- available. ents is not covered here. • If leave is provided but is not contiguous with the 53a. What percentage of wages is paid during maternity birth, the leave is not considered unpaid maternity leave? leave because it can be taken at any point after the • This is the total percentage of wages covered by all child is born. sources during paid maternity leave; when different • Unpaid maternity leave is in addition to any paid ma- percentages of wages are covered at different stages ternity leave available. of maternity leave, a weighted average is calculated; weights are proportional to the duration of each 54b. What is the length of unpaid paternity leave? stage. • This is the mandatory minimum number of calendar • If the law sets a maximum amount of maternity ben- days of unpaid paternity leave that an employer must efits that can be paid or does not stipulate an exact allow an employee to take; parental leave that is op- percentage, it is assumed that the woman earns the tional for both parents is not included here. equivalent of the average value-added per worker. • If a father can take unpaid paternity leave only if the The average value-added per worker is the ratio of an mother does not take her maternity leave, it is as- economy’s GNI per capita to the working-age popula- sumed that the mother takes her full entitlement of tion as a percentage of the total population. maternity leave. • If the answer is “N/A,” no paid maternity leave is • Unpaid paternity leave is in addition to any paid pa- available. ternity leave available. 53b. What percentage of wages is paid during paternity leave? 54c. What is the length of unpaid parental leave? • This is the total percentage of wages covered by all • This is the number of calendar days of unpaid paren- sources during paid paternity leave; when different tal leave that an employer must allow an employee percentages of wages are covered at different stages to take. of paternity leave, a weighted average is calculated; weights are proportional to the duration of each • Unpaid parental leave is in addition to any paid paren- stage. tal leave available. • If the law sets a maximum amount of paternity ben- efits that can be paid or does not stipulate an exact 60 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes • If unpaid parental leave is an individual rather than a • “Remuneration” refers to the ordinary, basic or mini- family entitlement, the assumption is that only one mum wage or salary and any additional emoluments parent takes it. payable directly or indirectly, whether in cash or in kind, by the employer to the worker and arising out of 55a. How many days of unpaid parental leave must be taken the worker’s employment. by the mother? • “Work of equal value” refers not only to the same • The question captures whether there is a minimum or similar jobs but also to different jobs of the same number of calendar days of unpaid parental leave that value. can be taken only by the mother and therefore can- not be shared with the father. 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gen- der in hiring? • If the answer is “N/A,” no unpaid parental leave is available. • This question is designed to determine whether the law specifically prevents or penalizes gender-based 55b. How many days of unpaid parental leave must be taken discrimination in the hiring process; the law may by the father? prohibit discrimination in employment on the basis of • The question captures whether there is a minimum gender but be silent about whether job applicants are number of calendar days of unpaid parental leave that protected from discrimination. can be taken only by the father and therefore cannot • Hiring refers to the process of employing a person for be shared with the mother. wages and making a selection by presenting a candi- • If the answer is “N/A,” no unpaid parental leave is date with a job offer. available. • Job advertisements, selection criteria and recruit- ment, although equally important, are not considered 56a. How many days of paid parental leave must be taken by “hiring” for purposes of this question. the mother? • The question captures whether there is a minimum 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about number of calendar days of paid parental leave that family status? can be taken only by the mother and therefore can- • This question is designed to determine whether an not be shared with the father. employer is allowed to inquire about the family status • If the answer is “N/A,” no paid parental leave is of a prospective employee during a job interview; the available. law may prohibit discrimination based on this infor- mation but be silent about whether employers are 56b. How many days of paid parental leave must be taken by allowed to ask for it in the first place. the father? • Family status refers to both whether the applicant is • The question captures whether there is a minimum married and has children. number of calendar days of paid parental leave that • The answer is “Yes” if the employer may not ask can be taken only by the father and therefore cannot whether the applicant is married or has children. be shared with the mother. • If the law prohibits employers from asking prospec- • If the answer is “N/A,” no paid parental leave is tive employees personal information, it is assumed available. that family status constitutes personal information. Workplace protections 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? For this subtopic seven questions examine women’s legal rights • This question is designed to determine whether preg- in the workplace: nancy can serve as grounds for dismissal. 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of • The answer is “Yes” if the law explicitly prohibits or equal value? penalizes the dismissal of pregnant women. • This question captures whether employers are legally 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after ma- obliged to pay equal remuneration to male and fe- ternity leave? male employees who do work of equal value. • The question takes into account paid and unpaid ma- ternity leave and captures whether the employer has Data Notes 61 a legal obligation to reinstate the returning employee 64b. What is the age at which a woman can retire and receive in an equivalent or better position and salary than the full benefits? employee had pre-leave. • It is assumed that the retiree has completed all the • Where the maternity leave regime explicitly states necessary qualifications to retire and receive full that the employee may not be indefinitely replaced, benefits. the answer is assumed to be “Yes.” • If there is no national law on retirement benefits, the • Where the maternity leave regime explicitly estab- answer is “N/A.” lishes a suspension of the employee’s contract, the answer is assumed to be “Yes.” 65a. What is the age at which a man can retire and receive partial benefits? • In economies that also have parental leave and the law guarantees return after the leave to the same or • This is the age at which a man can retire but not with an equivalent position paid at the same rate but is full pension benefits, either because he did not ac- silent on guaranteeing the same position after mater- cumulate enough work experience or contributions, nity leave, the answer is “Yes.” or because he has not reached the age that would qualify him for a full pension. • The answer is “N/A” if no paid or unpaid maternity leave is available. • If there is no specified age at which a man can retire and receive partial benefits, the answer is the same 62. Are employers required to provide break time for nursing as the age at which a man can retire and receive full mothers? benefits (see 64a). • The answer is “Yes” if the law specifically requires • If there is no national law on retirement benefits, the firms and employers to provide break time for nursing answer is “N/A.” mothers who breastfeed at work; such a requirement may depend on the size of the firm or the proportion 65b. What is the age at which a woman can retire and receive of women it employs. partial benefits? • This is the age at which a woman can retire but not 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? with full pension benefits, either because she did • The answer is “Yes” if the law offers employees who not accumulate enough work experience or contri- have minor children easier access to flexible work butions, or because she did not reach the age that schedule arrangements or part-time work than em- would qualify her for full pension. ployees who are not parents of minor children. • If there is no specified age at which a woman can retire and receive partial benefits, the answer is the Retirement and pensions same as the age at which she can retire and receive For this subtopic there are six questions on retirement and pen- full benefits (see 64b). sions. The following assumptions are specific to this subtopic: • If there is no national law on retirement benefits, the • If retirement is governed not by age but by number of answer is “N/A.” years worked or number of years in which contributions have been made, or if transitional provisions increase or 66a. What is the mandatory retirement age for men? decrease the retirement age over a period of years, it is • This is the age at which a man must cease employ- assumed that the worker is currently 40 years old and ment or loses the right to continue working for his started working at age 25. employer. Even if the law allows employers and • Answers are rounded to the nearest year. employees to contract for work beyond that age, retirement is still considered mandatory because the 64a. What is the age at which a man can retire and receive full employer can legally oblige the employee to retire. benefits? • “N/A” means there is no age at which a man is re- • It is assumed that the retiree has completed all the quired to retire. necessary qualifications to retire and receive full benefits. 66b. What is the mandatory retirement age for women? • If there is no national law on retirement benefits, the • This is the age at which a woman must cease em- answer is “N/A.” ployment or loses the right to continue working for her employer. Even if the law allows employers and 62 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes employees to contract for work beyond that age, or “arduous” conditions, or in jobs deemed morally or retirement is still considered mandatory because the socially inappropriate. employer can legally oblige the employee to retire. • Where the law indicates that a given ministry or min- • “N/A” means there is no age at which a woman is ister may promulgate regulations restricting women’s required to retire. work in particular industries, this is considered a restriction. Working hours and industry restrictions Questions 69a to 71c disaggregate the information collected in The 12 questions for this subtopic cover working hour and job- question 68 to determine in which job categories women face specific restrictions on women. Restrictions specific to pregnant restrictions. women or nursing mothers are not covered here. For purposes of this section, it is assumed that the woman gave all necessary Implicit restrictions permissions, including written consent. The assumption that 69a. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women work in jobs the woman is employed in the food retail sector does not apply deemed hazardous in the same way as men? here; restrictions for all industries are counted. • The answer is “Yes” if there are no laws that prohibit 67. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women work the same women from working in a broad and subjective cat- night hours as men? egory of jobs deemed “hazardous.” • This question is designed to determine whether non- • The answer is “No” if the employer can determine pregnant and nonnursing women—but not men—are whether particular jobs are too hazardous for women prohibited from working at night. Night-hour restric- but not for men. In such cases, the law explicitly uses tions on women in specified industries are captured the term “hazardous” or its synonyms to describe a in later questions. broad category of jobs that women—but not men— are prohibited from doing. Work of a hazardous • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on nature includes, for example, jobs that could have a women working at night. If the law conditions wom- harmful effect on or increased risk to women’s lives en’s ability to work at night on employer compliance or health, given women’s psycho-physical qualities, with safety measures (such as providing transporta- or jobs not deemed to have a harmful effect on or tion to and from work), the answer is also “Yes.” increased risk to men’s life or health given men’s • The answer is “No” if the law psycho-physical qualities. • broadly prohibits women from working at night, or • Where the law indicates that a given minister or min- • broadly prohibits women from working at night but istry may promulgate regulations restricting women’s provides for exceptions, such as in cases of force work in hazardous jobs, the answer is “No.” majeure. 69b. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women work in jobs • Where the law indicates that a given ministry or min- deemed morally or socially inappropriate7 in the same ister may promulgate regulations restricting women’s way as men? work at night, this is considered a restriction. • The answer is “Yes” if there are no laws that prohibit 68. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women do the same women from working in a broad and subjective cate- jobs as men? gory of jobs deemed morally or socially inappropriate. • This question is designed to determine if there are • The answer is “No” if the employer can determine specific jobs that women explicitly or implicitly cannot whether particular jobs are morally inappropriate perform except in limited circumstances. or socially harmful for women but not for men. In such cases, the law explicitly uses the term “morally • Both partial and full restrictions on women’s work are inappropriate” or its synonyms to describe a broad counted as restrictions. For example, if women are category of jobs that women—but not men—are pro- only allowed to work in certain jobs within the min- hibited from doing. Work that is morally inappropriate ing industry, e.g., as health care professionals within includes, for example, employment that is considered mines but not as miners, this is a restriction. not in accordance with the “moral development” only • Explicit restrictions on women doing certain jobs, of women. such as mining, are examined, as are implicit restric- • Where the law indicates that a given minister or min- tions stating that women cannot work in “hazardous” istry may promulgate regulations restricting women’s Data Notes 63 work in morally or socially inappropriate jobs, the • The answer is “No” if there are restrictions on women answer is “No.” working in specific occupations or sectors other than mining, construction and factory work. 69c. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women work in jobs deemed arduous in the same way as men? Explicit restrictions on job-related tasks • The answer is “Yes” if there are no laws that prohibit 71a. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women work in metal- women from working in a broad and subjective cat- working in the same way as men? egory of jobs deemed arduous. • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on • The answer is “No” if the employer can determine women working in metal work. whether particular jobs are too arduous for women • The answer is “No” if there are full or partial restric- but not for men. In such cases, the law explicitly uses tions on women working in metal work. the term “arduous” or its synonyms to describe a broad category of jobs that women—but not men— 71b. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women engage in jobs are prohibited from doing. Work of an arduous nature requiring lifting weights above a threshold in the same includes jobs that involve particularly hard manual way as men? labor or jobs that are considered to exceed women’s capabilities. • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on women engaging in jobs with a minimum weight- • Where the law indicates that a given minister or min- lifting requirement, or if there are no differences be- istry may promulgate regulations restricting women’s tween the amount of weight men and women can lift. work in arduous jobs, the answer is “No.” • The answer is “No” if there are full or partial restric- tions on women engaging in such jobs. Explicit restrictions on occupations and sectors 70a. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women work in mining • The answer is also “No” if women cannot perform in the same way as men? work requiring heavy lifting, for example, if the law prohibits women from working in jobs that involve the • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on loading and unloading of goods. women working in the mining industry. • The answer is “No” if there are full or partial restric- 71c. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women do the same tions on women working in the mining industry. job-related tasks as men?9 • Job-related tasks refers to specified actions women 70b. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women work in facto- are prohibited from doing, materials or substances ries in the same way as men? women are prohibited from working with, or par- • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on ticular settings women are prohibited from working women working in factories. in. For purposes of this question, metalwork and lift- ing weights above a set threshold are not included • The answer is “No” if there are full or partial restric- because they are captured separately in previous tions on women working in factories. questions. 70c. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women work in con- • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on struction in the same way as men? women doing the same job-related tasks as men. • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on • The answer is “No” if there are restrictions on women women working in construction. doing particular job-related tasks but not on men do- • The answer is “No” if there are full or partial restric- ing them. tions on women working in construction. 70d. Can nonpregnant and nonnursing women work in the Protecting women from violence same occupations as men?8 The indicator on protecting women from violence examines • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on the existence and scope of laws covering domestic violence, women working in specific occupations or sectors sexual harassment, marital rape, age of marriage and protec- other than mining, construction and factory work. tion orders. 64 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes Assumptions • the provision protects only a specific category of It is assumed that the woman women (e.g., pregnant) or defines the offense in terms of specific motives (e.g., violence against • Resides in the main business city of the economy being a person in connection with performing a profes- examined. sional or civil duty), or • Has reached the legal age of majority and is capable of • there is only a provision that heightens penalties making decisions as an adult. If there is no legal age of for general crimes covered in the criminal code if majority, the woman is assumed to be 30 years old. committed between spouses or within the family. • Is sane, competent, in good health, has no criminal record and is a lawful citizen of the economy where she resides. 73. If there is no legislation specifically protecting against domestic violence, are there aggravating penalties10 for The answers to the questions below are based on statutory or crimes against a spouse or family member?11 codified law for civil law systems, and on case law, which for • The answer is “Yes” if penalties are increased for common law systems is law established by judicial decisions in offenses committed by a spouse, family member or cases that set binding precedents. Customary law is not taken intimate partner but there is no other provision on into account unless it has been codified or upheld by case law. domestic violence. The answers are based solely on the letter of the law and not on how the law is applied in practice. 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence?12 • The answer is “Yes” if Domestic violence • the law addressing domestic violence clearly es- This subtopic covers the existence and scope of laws on domes- tablishes criminal penalties for domestic violence tic violence. Domestic violence is gender-specific, commonly offenses, or directed against women, and occurring within the family and in intimate relationships. Intimate relationships may be with either • the domestic violence law does not prescribe crimi- spouses or unmarried intimate partners. The violence can take nal sanctions but states that domestic violence of- the form of physical, sexual, emotional or financial abuse. There fenses will be sanctioned in accordance with the are 14 questions for this subtopic: criminal code, or • domestic violence is addressed in the criminal 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? code, which criminalizes violence by or against a • The answer is “Yes” if spouse, a family member or an intimate partner, or • there is legislation addressing domestic violence: • the criminal code provides for aggravated penalties violence between spouses, within the family or if an offense is committed by or against a spouse, a members of the same household, or in interperson- family member or an intimate partner. al relationships, including intimate partner violence • The answer is “No” if that is subject to criminal sanctions or provides for protection orders for domestic violence, or • the domestic violence law does not provide for criminal sanctions or the provision on sanctions • the legislation addresses “cruel, inhuman or de- does not protect individuals from violence by or grading treatment” or “harassment” that clearly against a spouse, a family member or an intimate affects physical or mental health, and it is implied partner, or that such behavior is considered domestic violence. • the provision addressing domestic violence prohib- • The answer is “No” if its only the conduct or establishes only noncriminal • there is no legislation addressing domestic vio- penalties or penalties for violating a protection lence, or what does so refers to or prohibits do- order. mestic violence but does not provide for sanctions or orders of protection, or 75a. Does domestic violence legislation cover physical violence? • the provision enables a woman to obtain a protec- tion order only if the husband has been convicted • The answer is “Yes” if of the offense or the wife has ceased to reside in • the term “physical” violence or abuse is clearly de- the common home, or fined or stated in the law or provision as a form of domestic violence, or Data Notes 65 • the language in the provision can clearly be inter- 75d. Does domestic violence legislation cover economic preted as treating physical violence or abuse as a violence? form of domestic violence, including cruel or inhu- • The answer is “Yes” if man treatment, or harassment if stated as affect- ing physical health. • the term “financial” or “economic” violence or abuse is clearly defined or stated in the law as a • The answer is “No” if the domestic violence law does form of domestic violence, or not use the term “physical” violence or abuse or other language that can clearly be interpreted as physical • the law contains language that can clearly be inter- violence or abuse. preted as financial or economic violence or abuse, or • a provision covers the use of violence that causes 75b. Does domestic violence legislation cover sexual violence? or results in consequences affecting the livelihood • The answer is “Yes” if of the victim. • the term “sexual” violence or abuse is clearly de- • The answer is “No” if the domestic violence provi- fined or stated in the law or provision as a form of sion does not use the term “financial” or “economic” domestic violence, or violence or abuse, or other language that can clearly be interpreted as financial or economic violence or • language in the provision can clearly be inter- abuse. preted as treating sexual violence or abuse as a form of domestic violence, including rape between 76. Does legislation on domestic violence protect family spouses. members?13 • The answer is “No” if • The answer is “Yes” if • the domestic violence law does not contain the • the law addressing domestic violence clearly pro- term “sexual” violence or abuse or other language tects spouses or married couples, or that can clearly be interpreted as referring to sexual violence or abuse, or • the law clearly protects family members or mem- bers of the same household, including cohabiting • the provision on sexual abuse is not classified as individuals. occurring within the context of domestic violence, or if legislation on sexual abuse covers only female • The answer is “No” if the law addressing domestic genital mutilation or rape. violence does not cover married couples, spouses, family members or members of the same household. 75c. Does domestic violence legislation cover emotional violence? 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses?14 • The answer is “Yes” if • The answer is “Yes” if it clearly protects former part- • the term “psychological” or “emotional” violence or ners or spouses. abuse is clearly defined or stated in the law as a form of domestic violence, or • The answer is “No” if it does not clearly protect for- mer partners or spouses. • the law contains language that can clearly be in- terpreted as psychological or emotional violence 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried inti- or abuse being a form of domestic violence, such mate partners? as outrages upon personal dignity, humiliating and • The answer is “Yes” if the legislation clearly protects degrading treatment and harassment, if affecting women in unmarried, intimate relationships, including mental health, and harm, if interpreted as emo- cohabiting and noncohabiting partners. tional harm. • The answer is “No” if the legislation only covers mar- • The answer is “No” if the domestic violence law does ried couples or spouses and does not protect women not contain the term “psychological” or “emotional” in unmarried, intimate relationships. violence or abuse or other language that can clearly be interpreted as psychological or emotional violence • The answer is also “No” if the legislation covers de or abuse. facto spouses, defined as persons who have gone through a form of ceremony recognized as a marriage but that has not been registered or is not capable of being registered. 66 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist?15 • The answer is “Yes” if • The answer is “Yes” if victims of domestic violence • legislation specifically addresses and protects can obtain a protection order in cases of domestic against sexual harassment, including unwelcome violence. sexual advances; requests for sexual favors; verbal or physical conduct or gestures of a sexual nature; 80. Do protection orders provide for removal of the perpetra- annoyance, if understood to include harassment tor from the home?16 with sexual content; or any other behavior of a • The answer is “Yes” if the protection order obtained sexual nature that might reasonably be expected in cases of domestic violence provides for removal of or be perceived to cause offense or humiliation to the perpetrator from the home or ensures the perpe- another, or trator does not approach the home. • sexual harassment is considered “discrimination,” and legislation protects against discrimination, or 81. Do protection orders cover prohibition of contact and maintaining distance from the survivor?17 • there is a provision protecting against sexual ha- rassment in employment, including provisions on • The answer is “Yes” if the protection order obtained inducing indecent or lewd behavior coupled with in cases of domestic violence provides for prohibiting financial or official dependence or authority, abuse contact with the survivor and/or requiring the per- of position or authority, or language that can be petrator to maintain a geographic distance from the clearly interpreted to mean such dependence or survivor or contains similar language. abuse. 82. Is there a specialized court or procedure for cases of do- • The answer is “No” if mestic violence? • the law does not specifically address sexual harass- • The answer is “Yes” if the law ment, or • establishes a court with exclusive jurisdiction on • the behavior or gesture of sexual nature is per- matters related to domestic violence, or formed using force or violence or the threat of force or violence, which is understood to constitute • provides revised rules of civil procedure or specially a crime, e.g., sexual assault or abuse, or trained judges for matters related to domestic vio- lence in a nonspecialized court, or • the conduct covered in the legislation is not di- rected at a specific individual, or • establishes special procedures for protection or restraining orders for cases of domestic violence. • the legislation allows an employee to terminate employment based on sexual harassment but pro- • The answer is “No” if there are no special courts, pro- vides for no other protection (however, a provision cedures or protection or restraining orders for cases allowing the employer to terminate an employee’s of domestic violence. contract for committing sexual harassment will be considered), or Sexual harassment • the legislation protects only a specific category of Sexual harassment is any unwelcome sexual advance, request women or those in a specific area or sector of em- for sexual favor, verbal or physical conduct or gesture of a ployment, e.g., protection from sexual harassment sexual nature or any other behavior of a sexual nature that in political functions, or applies only to government might reasonably be expected or be perceived to cause offense or state-owned enterprises, or or humiliation to another.18 Such harassment may be but is not necessarily of a form that interferes with work, is made a • the legislation accounts only for sexual acts, in- condition of employment or creates an intimidating, hostile or cluding intercourse or copulation, as clearly involv- offensive work environment. There are nine questions for this ing contact of or with genital organs, or subtopic. • the legislation states only that the employer has a duty to prevent sexual harassment, but there are 83a. Is there legislation that specifically addresses sexual no provisions to prohibit or provide sanctions for harassment? sexual harassment, or • The question is meant to capture whether there is a • the legislation addresses harassment in general but law or specific provisions on sexual harassment; pro- makes no reference to acts of a sexual nature or visions may be general or apply only to employment. contact. Data Notes 67 83b. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment?19 • The answer is “No” if • The question covers whether the law provides for civil • there is no legislation specifically addressing sexual remedies such as compensation for victims of sexual harassment in employment, or harassment or recovery of monetary damages. • a behavior or gesture of sexual nature uses force • The answer is “Yes” if or violence or the threat of force or violence, which is understood to constitute a crime, e.g., sexual as- • the legislation provides for civil remedies or com- sault or abuse, or pensation for victims of sexual harassment, or • the conduct covered by legislation is not directed • there is a provision on sexual harassment in the at a specific individual, or criminal code that provides for reparation of dam- ages for offenses covered by the code. • the legislation allows an employee to terminate an employment contract based on sexual harassment 83c. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment? but provides for no other protection, although a • The answer is “Yes” if legislation specifies criminal provision allowing the employer to terminate an sanctions, such as fines and imprisonment, for sexual employee’s contract for committing sexual harass- harassment. ment will be taken into account, or • The answer is “No” if • the legislation covers only public or only private sector employees, but not both, or • there are no criminal sanctions for sexual harass- ment, or • the legislation protects only a specific category of women or only a specific area of employment, • the legislation on sexual harassment refers to e.g., protection from sexual harassment in political penalties for more serious offenses in the criminal functions, or applies only to government or state- code, such as sexual assault, or owned enterprises, or • the law prohibits only sexual harassment in em- • the legislation refers only to sexual acts, including ployment and sets forth only that the employer intercourse or copulation, as clearly involving con- should apply discretionary sanctions. tact of or with genital organs, or 84a. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? • the legislation states only that the employer has a duty to take measures to prevent sexual harass- • The question covers provisions on sexual harassment ment, but there are no provisions prohibiting or in the workplace or in employment, whether or not providing sanctions for sexual harassment, or sanctions apply. • the legislation addresses harassment in general but • The answer is “Yes” if makes no reference to acts of a sexual nature or • there is legislation that specifically protects against contact. sexual harassment in employment, including un- welcome sexual advances, requests for sexual 84b. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in favors, verbal or physical conduct or gestures of a employment?20 sexual nature, annoyance if understood to include • The question covers whether the law provides for civil harassment with sexual content, or any other be- remedies for sexual harassment in employment, such havior of a sexual nature that might reasonably as compensation for victims or recovery of monetary be expected or be perceived to cause offense or damages. humiliation to another in connection with employ- ment, including provisions on inducing indecent • The answer is “Yes” if or lewd behavior coupled with financial or official • the legislation provides for civil remedies or com- dependence or authority, abuse of position or au- pensation for victims of sexual harassment in em- thority, or language that can be clearly interpreted ployment, or to mean such dependence or abuse, or • there is a provision on sexual harassment in the • sexual harassment is deemed discrimination workplace in the criminal code that provides for in employment, and the law protects against reparation of damages for offenses covered by the discrimination. code. 68 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes 84c. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in Child and early marriage employment? 87a. What is the legal age of marriage for boys?21 • The question covers sanctions such as imprisonment • The legal age of marriage for boys is the age at which or fines specifically for sexual harassment in the boys can be married without parental or another au- workplace. thority’s consent. • The answer is “Yes” if the legislation specifies criminal • The legal age of marriage for boys is also the age sanctions, such as fines and imprisonment, for sexual before which boys are not allowed to be married, as- harassment in employment. suming no exceptions are provided for. • The answer is “No” if 87b. What is the legal age of marriage for girls?22 • there are no criminal sanctions for sexual harass- ment in employment, or • The legal age of marriage for girls is the age at which girls can be married without parental or another au- • the law on sexual harassment refers to penalties thority’s consent. for more serious offenses in the criminal code, such as for sexual assault, or • The legal age of marriage for girls is also the age before which girls are not allowed to be married, as- • the law prohibits sexual harassment in employment suming no exceptions are provided for. but states only that the employer should apply dis- cretionary sanctions. 88. Are there any exceptions to the legal age of marriage?23 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? • The answer is “Yes” if girls or boys may get married before the specified legal age of marriage with the • The question covers provisions addressing sexual ha- consent of, e.g., a parent, guardian, the judge, the rassment in education, educational facilities, schools court, or any other authority. or where the offender is in the role of educator, pro- fessor or in charge of the education of the victim, 89. Does the law prohibit or invalidate child or early whether or not there are sanctions associated with marriage?24 the provision. • The answer is “Yes” if there are provisions that pre- • The answer is “Yes” if the legislation specifically covers vent the marriage of girls, boys, or both before they sexual harassment in education or contains language reach the legal age for marriage or the age of mar- that can clearly be interpreted as sexual harassment riage with consent, including, for example, a prohibi- in education. tion on registering the marriage or provisions stating • The answer is “No” if that such a marriage is null and void. • the legislation does not specifically cover sexual • The answer is “No” if harassment in education, or • there are no provisions invalidating the marriage or • it covers sexual harassment only in public or only in prohibiting the registration under a minimum age, private education, but not in both. or • the marriage is invalid based on lack of consent of 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? the parent or guardian when the law does not set • The answer is “Yes” if the legislation specifically a minimum age. covers sexual harassment in public places, includ- ing public spaces, in the public life or sphere, or in 90. Are there penalties in the law for authorizing or knowingly transportation. entering into child or early marriage?25 • The answer is “No” if the legislation does not cover • The answer is “Yes” if there are enforcement mea- sexual harassment in public places, public spaces, in sures or sanctions in the law against anyone who public, in the public life or sphere, or in transportation. allows, registers or celebrates the marriage of girls or boys violating the legal age requirements, including for any party to the marriage who is over the legal age of marriage and knowingly marries someone not of legal age. Data Notes 69 Marital rape 92. If there is no specific provision that explicitly criminalizes 91. Does legislation explicitly criminalize marital rape? 26 marital rape, can a woman otherwise file a criminal com- plaint against her husband for rape?27 • The answer is “Yes” if • The answer is “Yes” if legislation entitles a woman • there is legislation that explicitly criminalizes the to file a complaint for rape against her husband or act of marital rape by providing that rape or sexual partner, and does not exclude spouses from its assault provisions apply “irrespective of the nature application. of the relationship” between the perpetrator and complainant or by stating that “no marriage or • The answer is “No” if other relationship shall constitute a defense to a • the legislation on rape or sexual assault contains charge of rape or sexual assault under the legisla- exemptions that prevent spouses from being tion,” or charged with the offense or states that there is no • there is legislation that explicitly criminalizes the crime of rape between husband and wife or within act of rape between (i) persons in marital relation- marriage, or ships; (ii) relatives, when the law explicitly considers • rape is not a codified crime. spouses relatives (but not for relatives in general); or (iii) persons in situations of abuse or depen- 93. Is the husband exempt from facing criminal penalties for dency of family position (but not of dependency rape (marital rape exemption)?28 in general), when the law clearly includes spouses • The answer is “Yes” if within the definition of family; or when legislation that explicitly criminalizes the act of rape states • the legislation on rape or sexual assault, or general that the spouse is a potential offender or is not criminal law, exempts husbands or spouses from exempt from charges, or being charged with the offense or clearly states that there is no crime of rape between husband • marital relationships are an aggravating factor for and wife or within marriage, or the crimes of rape and sexual assault that includes elements of rape, or if the law sets out conditions • the provision on rape between spouses is condi- in which the penalty for marital rape or rape by the tioned on the act being committed with violence. husband is mitigated so that the criminalization of 94. Are perpetrators exempt from facing criminal charges for marital rape can be inferred. rape if they marry the victim?29 • The answer is “No” if • The answer is “Yes” if • there are no criminal sanctions for the offense (i.e., • the legislation on rape or sexual assault, or general the law only “prohibits” the act, provides for the criminal law, exempts the perpetrator from being application of protection orders, or “allows a judge charged with the offense if he marries the victim to order a husband not to rape his wife”), or after the crime, or • the provision on marital rape applies only if the • the legislation provides for mitigated penalties if spouses are separated or in the process of getting the perpetrator marries the victim after the crime. separated, or • the provision covers only relationships of depen- dency in general, or financial or official depen- Summary of methodology changes dence, or There were several changes of methodology between Women, • the provision on rape applies only in certain cir- Business and the Law 2014 and Women, Business and the Law cumstances, such as sickness, or 2016. For that reason, the data presented on the website were • the provision applies only to family members, and recomputed to match the new methodology. In six of the topics spouses are not clearly included in the definition there were changes of methodology as follows: of family. Accessing institutions: includes new questions on whether legislative quotas exist for women candidates on candidate lists in national parliament and local government elections. Where such quotas exist the applicable percentage is stated. These new questions complement previous questions on reserved 70 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Data Notes seat quotas, allowing for a more accurate representation of and factories, which are considered separately. Additionally how women’s political representation is promoted in a diver- a question has been added to capture whether there are any sity of political systems. The methodology for the question on other job-related tasks that women cannot do, apart from met- whether customary law is recognized by the constitution has alwork or lifting weights above a certain threshold, which are been revised to capture only cases in which customary law is examined separately. The question on whether non-pregnant and non-nursing women can work the same night hours as men widely applicable. The question no longer captures instances now captures laws that broadly restrict women from working where customary law may only be applied by indigenous com- at night. Previously, restrictions on women working at night munities in restricted territories.  in factories were also captured by this question, as it was as- sumed that the woman works in the manufacturing sector. Going to court: explicit restrictions on women’s testimony rela- Where the law conditions women’s ability to work at night on tive to men’s are taken into account. Unwritten laws, including employer compliance with safety measures (such as providing unwritten religious laws, are excluded from this question. The transportation to and from work), a restriction is not counted, questions on customary law and personal law courts only cover as legislating safety measures can facilitate women’s ability to courts with exclusive jurisdiction. work at night. Providing incentives to work: the question on childcare now Protecting women from violence: the question on whether covers public childcare services, including preschools, which are there is legislation specifically addressing domestic violence either provided directly by the government or by government- was revised to exclude provisions that only provide for aggra- subsidized private childcare institutions. New questions were vated penalties in case of crimes committed between spouses added covering financial support provided by the government or family members and a new question was added to capture to parents with children under the age of primary education such provisions. The question addressing protection of victims and the availability of a leave for employees specifically to care of domestic violence was further disaggregated to determine for a sick relative. whether the law specifically covers spouses or family members Building credit: includes new questions that examine whether and former spouses or partners. A new question was added the law prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender and to determine whether the legislation establishes criminal penal- marital status by creditors in access to credit. ties for domestic violence. Four new questions were included to cover explicit provisions on marital rape, the availability of Getting a job: the assumption that the woman or man is a general criminal law to prosecute for rape, and exemptions for non-managerial employee in the manufacturing sector work- perpetrators of rape when they are married or subsequently ing for a firm of at least 50 employees has been modified. It marry the victim. New questions were added examining the is now assumed that the woman or man is a cashier in the availability of protection orders for victims of domestic violence food retail sector working for a supermarket or grocery store and whether they provide for removing the perpetrator from of at least 60 employees. For questions on the length of paid the home and prohibiting contact with the victim. Additionally, and unpaid parental leave, an assumption has been added that new questions were added to capture the legal age of mar- only one parent takes the full parental leave entitlement where riage of boys and girls, exceptions to the legal age of marriage, parental leave is an individual entitlement. The questions on provisions invalidating or prohibiting child or early marriage industry restrictions for women’s work have been further disag- and penalties for authorizing or knowingly entering into child gregated into 10 specific areas, rather than the previous 8. A marriages. The questions on sexual harassment provisions were question has been added to capture if there is any other sector further disaggregated to cover the availability of civil remedies where women cannot work apart from mining, construction for victims of sexual harassment. Data Notes 71 Notes 1 This is a new question. 2 This is a new question. 3 This is a new question. 4 This is a new question. 5 This is a new question. 6 This is a new question. 7 “Morally inappropriate” jobs are often not defined objectively but are left to employers to determine subjectively. However, some economies categorize such jobs as distributing images, working in casinos, or producing alcohol as morally inappropriate. 8 This is a new question. 9 This is a new question. 10 “Aggravated penalties” refers to circumstances that heighten the severity of the criminal act, leading to an increase in the perpetra- tor’s penalty or punishment. 11 This is a new question. 12 This is a new question. 13 This is a new question. 14 This is a new question. 15 This is a new question. 16 This is a new question. 17 This is a new question. 18 UNHCR. 2005. “UNHCR’s Policy Framework on Harassment, Sexual Harassment and Abuse of Authority.” http://www.un.org /womenwatch/osagi/UN_system_policies/(UNHCR)policy_on _harassment.pdf 19 This is a new question. 20 This is a new question. 21 This is a new question. 22 This is a new question. 23 This is a new question. 24 This is a new question. 25 This is a new question. 26 This is a new question. 27 This is a new question. 28 This is a new question. 29 This is a new question. 72 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Economy Tables Economy Tables AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA REGION South Asia Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Low income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 15,422,818 1,445,100 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 16% 52% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 27% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 30% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 30% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? No No Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? No Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 74 Women, Business and the Law 2016 AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 90 10 N/A 365 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 65% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? N/A N/A 64 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? N/A N/A 61 62 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 65 65 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 16 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 75 ALGERIA ANGOLA REGION Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 19,745,898 11,158,094 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 16% 65% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 35% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 11 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 4 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 76 Women, Business and the Law 2016 ALGERIA ANGOLA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 3 N/A 90 0 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 28 1 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 54 57 59 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 45 50 59 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 54 60 59 60 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes No No Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 19 19 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No Yes Economy Tables 77 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ARGENTINA REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 47,463 21,342,720 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION .. 55% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? No Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 30% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 30% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Separate with spousal consent Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 25 4 37. Of those, how many are women? 14 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 4% 5% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 78 Women, Business and the Law 2016 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ARGENTINA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A No Yes No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 91 N/A N/A 90 2 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov N/A N/A Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 78% N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 60 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 60 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 66 66 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 79 ARMENIA AUSTRALIA REGION Europe & Central Asia High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 1,453,506 11,802,936 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 58% 71% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes No Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 20% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 7 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 15% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 80 Women, Business and the Law 2016 ARMENIA AUSTRALIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No Yes No Yes Yes N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 140 0 0 N/A N/A 126 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A N/A N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A N/A N/A Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 60 1025 N/A N/A 239 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No Yes 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes N/A 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 63 63 67 67 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 63 63 67 67 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No No Yes No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No No Yes No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 17 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 81 AUSTRIA AZERBAIJAN REGION High income: OECD Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 4,364,011 4,796,225 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 71% 68% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Deferred community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 14 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 5 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 39% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? Yes No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 82 Women, Business and the Law 2016 AUSTRIA AZERBAIJAN BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 1% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes N/A No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: Yes Yes No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 112 N/A 0 126 0 1039 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Gov N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A 647 0 14 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 60 63 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 65 65 60 63 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 83 BAHAMAS, THE BAHRAIN REGION Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 195,338 510,506 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 76% 41% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? No Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? N/A 7 37. Of those, how many are women? N/A 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? N/A No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 24% 47% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 84 Women, Business and the Law 2016 BAHAMAS, THE BAHRAIN BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 91 0 N/A 60 1 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov N/A N/A Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 7 N/A 15 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 55 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 40 45 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 60 60 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No Yes Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 15 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No Yes Economy Tables 85 BANGLADESH BARBADOS REGION South Asia Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 78,362,971 143,333 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 60% 77% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes No 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes No Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 14% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 23% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 8 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 33% 30% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 86 Women, Business and the Law 2016 BANGLADESH BARBADOS BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 55% N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 112 N/A N/A 84 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 67 67 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 64 64 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 60 60 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes No Yes Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? Yes No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 21 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 87 BELARUS BELGIUM REGION Europe & Central Asia High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Upper middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 5,077,124 5,714,264 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 62% 62% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No No 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota 33% 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 50% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 50% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 12 12 37. Of those, how many are women? 5 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 7% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 88 Women, Business and the Law 2016 BELARUS BELGIUM BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 1% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes Yes No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 126 N/A 1095 105 10 120 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A Gov Gov Emp & Gov Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A Partially paid 86% 80% Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A 0 0 0 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 60 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 60 65 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A Yes 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes No No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 89 BELIZE BENIN REGION Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 170,087 5,315,341 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 52% 69% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No Yes 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 7 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 53% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Yes No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 90 Women, Business and the Law 2016 BELIZE BENIN BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 1235% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 N/A N/A 98 3 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Emp & Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 80% N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No Yes No No No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes No No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No Yes Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 91 BHUTAN BOLIVIA REGION South Asia Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 354,222 5,428,762 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 69% 66% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 50% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 50% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Other Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 5 7 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 92 Women, Business and the Law 2016 BHUTAN BOLIVIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No Yes No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 56 5 N/A 90 3 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Emp & Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? N/A N/A 57 58 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? N/A N/A 49 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No No No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 93 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA REGION Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,958,149 1,011,825 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 42% 75% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? No No Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 40% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 40% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 4 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 140% 14% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 94 Women, Business and the Law 2016 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: Yes Yes No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 365 7 N/A 84 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 60% 100% N/A 50% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 60 65 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 65 65 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? Yes No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 21 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 95 BRAZIL BRUNEI DARUSSALAM REGION Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Upper middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 102,721,419 208,876 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 65% 56% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes No Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 30% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 30% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property No default 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes No Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 11 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 117% 22% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? Yes No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Yes No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 96 Women, Business and the Law 2016 BRAZIL BRUNEI DARUSSALAM BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes Yes No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 120 5 N/A 91 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 14 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 65 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 55 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 65 70 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 97 BULGARIA BURKINA FASO REGION Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 3,717,047 8,753,094 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 64% 80% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 30% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 30% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 12 10 37. Of those, how many are women? 3 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Yes No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 98 Women, Business and the Law 2016 BULGARIA BURKINA FASO BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 1425% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: Yes Yes No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 410 15 365 98 3 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Gov Gov Emp & Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 90% 90% Partially paid 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 0 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? Yes No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 63 65 56 56 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 63 65 56 56 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No Yes No Yes Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 20 20 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? Yes No Economy Tables 99 BURUNDI CAMBODIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Low income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 5,303,902 7,886,298 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 84% 82% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 30% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 30% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Full community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 223% 24% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Yes No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 100 Women, Business and the Law 2016 BURUNDI CAMBODIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 223% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 4 N/A 90 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov Emp N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 50% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 55 55 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 60 60 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 21 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 101 CAMEROON CANADA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 11,410,432 17,900,562 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 65% 75% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Husband Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? No N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? No Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 6 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 4 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 1436% 46% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 102 Women, Business and the Law 2016 CAMEROON CANADA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 1% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No Yes Yes N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 3 N/A 105 N/A 245 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Gov N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 34% N/A Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 14 N/A 14 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No Yes 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 50 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No Yes 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No Yes Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 21 21 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? Yes No Economy Tables 103 CHAD CHILE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Low income High income FEMALE POPULATION 6,593,973 8,982,586 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 65% 55% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 40% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? .. .. Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Husband Husband Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? No Yes 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? No Yes No Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 6 10 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 20% 269% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 104 Women, Business and the Law 2016 CHAD CHILE BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 2% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No Yes No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 1 N/A 126 5 84 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Gov Emp Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 50% 100% N/A 100% 100% 100% 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 42 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 60 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 55 60 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 21 21 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 105 CHINA COLOMBIA REGION East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 657,033,636 24,878,046 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 70% 60% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? >0 30% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 30% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Deferred community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No Yes 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? N/A 9 37. Of those, how many are women? N/A 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? N/A No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 49% 173% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 106 Women, Business and the Law 2016 CHINA COLOMBIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 128 3 N/A 98 10 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov Emp N/A Gov Gov N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 50 60 57 62 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 60 57 62 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes No No Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes No No Yes No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 22 20 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 107 CONGO, DEM. REP. CONGO, REP. REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Low income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 34,905,563 2,279,702 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 72% 70% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% 30% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 50% 30% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Husband Husband Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? Yes Yes 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? No Yes No Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 656% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Yes No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 108 Women, Business and the Law 2016 CONGO, DEM. REP. CONGO, REP. BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 1% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 2 N/A 105 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Emp & Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 67% 100% N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 65 52 52 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 65 52 52 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 60 65 57 57 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No No No Yes No Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No Yes No No No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes No No Yes No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? N/A No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 18 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 109 COSTA RICA CÔTE D’IVOIRE REGION Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 2,430,743 10,209,279 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 51% 53% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 50% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Deferred community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Husband Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A Yes 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes No Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 7 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 57% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 110 Women, Business and the Law 2016 COSTA RICA CÔTE D’IVOIRE BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 1279% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No Yes No No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 120 N/A N/A 98 2 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov N/A N/A Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 55 55 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 62 50 50 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 55 55 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No No No Yes Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 21 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 111 CROATIA CZECH REPUBLIC REGION Europe & Central Asia High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 2,192,467 5,334,852 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 58% 65% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes No Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? >0 No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? >0 No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 13 15 37. Of those, how many are women? 5 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 13% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 112 Women, Business and the Law 2016 CROATIA CZECH REPUBLIC BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: Yes Yes No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 208 N/A 120 196 N/A 1095 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A Gov Gov N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A Partially paid 70% N/A Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A 795 0 N/A 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No Yes 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 66 66 67 67 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 62 62 62 62 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 113 DENMARK DJIBOUTI REGION High income: OECD Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 2,840,857 441,157 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 76% 39% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? No Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota 10% 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Deferred community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 16 12 37. Of those, how many are women? 5 6 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 14% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 114 Women, Business and the Law 2016 DENMARK DJIBOUTI BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 973% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes N/A No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No Yes No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 126 14 224 98 3 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Gov Gov Emp & Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 50% 50% Partially paid 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 0 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 67 67 55 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 67 67 55 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 60 60 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No Yes No No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 115 DOMINICA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION .. 5,264,218 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION .. 56% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? No Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 33% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 33% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 25 13 37. Of those, how many are women? 14 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 52% 1% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 116 Women, Business and the Law 2016 DOMINICA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 N/A N/A 84 2 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Emp & Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 60% N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 65 65 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 117 ECUADOR EGYPT, ARAB REP. REGION Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 7,993,615 41,511,797 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 58% 26% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota 10% 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota 25% 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 50% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Other Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? No Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 11 37. Of those, how many are women? 4 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 81% 171% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 118 Women, Business and the Law 2016 ECUADOR EGYPT, ARAB REP. BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 12 N/A 90 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov Emp N/A Emp & Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 45 45 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 60 60 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No No No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes No No No No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes No Yes No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes No No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? Yes Yes Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 119 EL SALVADOR EQUATORIAL GUINEA REGION Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 3,361,085 379,731 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 51% 82% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 30% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 30% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes .. .. 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Deferred community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Separate with spousal consent Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes No Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 5 5 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 654% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 120 Women, Business and the Law 2016 EL SALVADOR EQUATORIAL GUINEA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes No Yes No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 3 N/A 84 3 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 75% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 60 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 60 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 23 23 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No Yes Economy Tables 121 ESTONIA ETHIOPIA REGION High income: OECD Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP High income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 704,249 48,229,992 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 72% 81% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No Yes 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 14% 46% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 122 Women, Business and the Law 2016 ESTONIA ETHIOPIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 140 10 435 90 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Gov Gov Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% Partially paid 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 590 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? Yes No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 63 63 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? Yes N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No Yes Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 123 FIJI FINLAND REGION East Asia & Pacific High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Upper middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 435,616 2,778,257 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 39% 73% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Deferred community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 6 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 59% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? Yes No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 124 Women, Business and the Law 2016 FIJI FINLAND BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes Yes No No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 N/A N/A 147 24 215 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Gov Gov Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 58% 58% Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 0 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 55 63 63 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 55 63 63 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? Yes No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No No 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 125 FRANCE GABON REGION High income: OECD Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 34,135,260 850,885 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 67% 58% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? 20% No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 50% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Other 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Other Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes No Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 10 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 3 4 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 12% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? Yes No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 126 Women, Business and the Law 2016 FRANCE GABON BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No N/A No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: Yes Yes No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 112 11 0 98 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Gov N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 73% 73% N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 1025 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 67 67 57 57 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 62 62 57 57 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 70 70 57 57 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes No No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 21 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 127 GEORGIA GERMANY REGION Europe & Central Asia High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 2,380,984 41,167,323 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 61% 72% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota 30% 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Deferred community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Separate with spousal consent Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 16 37. Of those, how many are women? 3 5 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 31% 2% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 128 Women, Business and the Law 2016 GEORGIA GERMANY BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 183 N/A N/A 98 N/A 360 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Emp & Gov N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 547 N/A N/A 0 N/A 679 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 60 60 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 65 67 67 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 65 63 63 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No No Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No No Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 129 GHANA GREECE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 13,316,516 5,549,303 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 69% 59% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 33% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 33% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 14 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 5 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 31% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 130 Women, Business and the Law 2016 GHANA GREECE BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes No No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 N/A N/A 119 2 0 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 0 120 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 55 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 131 GRENADA GUATEMALA REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 53,026 8,121,898 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION .. 51% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? No Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 25 5 37. Of those, how many are women? 14 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 46% 36% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 132 Women, Business and the Law 2016 GRENADA GUATEMALA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 90 N/A N/A 84 2 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov N/A N/A Emp & Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 88% N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 62 62 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 62 62 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 133 GUINEA GUYANA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Low income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 6,010,600 395,411 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 67% 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 30% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 30% 33% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? .. .. Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 11 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 4 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 6% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? Yes No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 134 Women, Business and the Law 2016 GUINEA GUYANA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 N/A N/A 91 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov N/A N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 70% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 270 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No Yes 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 55 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 55 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No Yes No Yes No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 21 21 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 135 HAITI HONDURAS REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Low income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 5,292,357 4,127,197 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 63% 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 30% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 33% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 40% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 40% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Deferred community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Other Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? No Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 12 5 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 67% 108% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 136 Women, Business and the Law 2016 HAITI HONDURAS BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 201% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No Yes Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 42 N/A N/A 84 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Emp & Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 42 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 55 60 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 55 60 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 21 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 137 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HUNGARY REGION East Asia & Pacific High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 3,852,616 5,174,659 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 60% 58% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 4 15 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 16% 32% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 138 Women, Business and the Law 2016 HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HUNGARY BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: Yes Yes Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 70 3 N/A 168 5 590 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Gov Emp Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 80% 80% N/A 70% 100% Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 65 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 21 21 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 139 ICELAND INDIA REGION High income: OECD South Asia INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 162,643 612,195,535 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 82% 29% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? 40% >0 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota 33% 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Deferred community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 12 28 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 10% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 140 Women, Business and the Law 2016 ICELAND INDIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes No N/A No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 90 90 90 84 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Gov Gov Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 49% 49% Partially paid 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 0 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 67 67 58 58 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 67 67 50 50 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? Yes N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 141 INDONESIA IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. REGION East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 125,649,068 39,036,275 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 54% 18% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 30% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 30% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes No Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 12 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? Yes No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 142 Women, Business and the Law 2016 INDONESIA IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 90 2 N/A 270 14 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Gov Gov N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 67% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 55 55 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 55 45 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 21 21 15 13 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 143 IRAQ IRELAND REGION Middle East & North Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Upper middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 16,953,380 2,320,825 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 16% 63% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 25% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 25% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 30% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 11 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 6% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? Yes No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 144 Women, Business and the Law 2016 IRAQ IRELAND BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 1% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A No No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 72 N/A N/A 182 N/A 0 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 35% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 112 N/A 126 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 50 55 68 68 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 55 68 68 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? Yes No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? Yes No Economy Tables 145 ISRAEL ITALY REGION High income: OECD High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 4,144,558 31,520,325 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 67% 54% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? No Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? >0 33% 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 33% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Deferred community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 15 15 37. Of those, how many are women? 4 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 26% 19% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No Yes No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 146 Women, Business and the Law 2016 ISRAEL ITALY BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No Yes N/A No No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 0 0 150 1 300 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Gov Gov Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 80% 100% Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 3 365 0 0 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 62 67 66 66 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 66 66 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 67 67 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 147 JAMAICA JAPAN REGION Latin America & Caribbean High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Upper middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 1,381,405 65,306,963 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 62% 65% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Other 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 31 15 37. Of those, how many are women? 14 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 179% 15% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 148 Women, Business and the Law 2016 JAMAICA JAPAN BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes Yes No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 56 N/A N/A 98 N/A 309 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Gov N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 67% N/A Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 28 N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 65 65 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 20 20 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 149 JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN REGION Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 3,237,104 8,969,881 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 16% 75% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 10% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 25% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? No Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 12 7 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 51% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 150 Women, Business and the Law 2016 JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 525% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 70 N/A N/A 126 N/A 0 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A 1039 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 60 63 63 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 50 63 63 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No Yes No No No No No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No No No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? Yes No Economy Tables 151 KENYA KOREA, REP. REGION Sub-Saharan Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 22,824,526 25,355,149 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 63% 56% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 33% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 33% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 50% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 50% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Other 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 43% 67% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 152 Women, Business and the Law 2016 KENYA KOREA, REP. BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes No Yes N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 90 14 N/A 90 3 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Emp & Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 2 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 50 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes No Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 19 19 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 153 KOSOVO KUWAIT REGION Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION .. 1,400,030 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION .. 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 30% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 30% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes No Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 5 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 16% 41% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 154 Women, Business and the Law 2016 KOSOVO KUWAIT BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes Yes No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No Yes No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 270 2 3 70 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov Emp Emp Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 63% 100% 100% 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 90 14 0 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 N/A N/A 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 65 65 N/A N/A 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No No No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 17 15 88. Are there exceptions? Yes No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 155 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC LAO PDR REGION Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 2,956,715 3,460,737 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 60% 80% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 30% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes .. .. 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Other 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 11 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 5 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Yes No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 156 Women, Business and the Law 2016 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC LAO PDR BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No Yes No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 126 0 0 105 3 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov N/A N/A Emp Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 19% N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 5 1039 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? Yes No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 58 63 55 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 58 63 55 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 157 LATVIA LEBANON REGION Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,080,003 2,220,844 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 73% 26% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Other Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 10 37. Of those, how many are women? 3 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 18% 665% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 158 Women, Business and the Law 2016 LATVIA LEBANON BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No Yes No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 112 10 547.5 70 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Gov Gov Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 80% 80% Partially paid 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 0 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? Yes No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 64 64 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 65 65 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 64 64 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 .. .. 88. Are there exceptions? Yes .. 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes .. 90. Is child marriage penalized? No .. Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No Yes Economy Tables 159 LESOTHO LIBERIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 1,060,985 2,181,703 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 60% 60% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 33% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? .. .. Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? N/A 5 37. Of those, how many are women? N/A 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? N/A No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 74% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 160 Women, Business and the Law 2016 LESOTHO LIBERIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 N/A N/A 90 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 70 70 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 70 70 50 50 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No No No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 161 LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG REGION Europe & Central Asia High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 1,581,028 279,181 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 71% 62% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 13% 18% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 162 Women, Business and the Law 2016 LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes Yes N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No Yes No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 126 30 309 112 2 180 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Gov Gov Gov Emp Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 365 0 0 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 65 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 65 65 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 163 MACEDONIA, FYR MADAGASCAR REGION Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 1,052,739 11,822,431 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 51% 88% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 33% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 33% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 4 4 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 74% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 164 Women, Business and the Law 2016 MACEDONIA, FYR MADAGASCAR BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No Yes Yes N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No Yes Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 270 N/A 0 98 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Emp & Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A 90 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 62 64 55 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 62 64 55 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 64 64 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No No No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No Yes No No No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 165 MALAWI MALAYSIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Low income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 8,389,623 15,527,460 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 85% 47% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes Yes No 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 21 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 4 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 5% 15% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Yes No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 166 Women, Business and the Law 2016 MALAWI MALAYSIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 56 N/A N/A 60 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 50 50 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 50 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 16 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 167 MALDIVES MALI REGION South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 174,623 7,819,851 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 58% 52% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? No default Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 4363% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 168 Women, Business and the Law 2016 MALDIVES MALI BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 1372% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 60 3 0 98 3 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Gov Gov N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 365 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 58 58 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 65 65 53 53 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No No No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 16 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 169 MALTA MAURITANIA REGION Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 213,853 1,977,795 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 48% 29% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota >0 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota 20% 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 50% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Other Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes No Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes No Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 21 6 37. Of those, how many are women? 6 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 21% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? Yes No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 170 Women, Business and the Law 2016 MALTA MAURITANIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 1% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No Yes No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 126 1 0 98 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov Emp N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 82% 100% N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 120 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 55 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 65 65 55 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 65 65 55 60 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No No No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No Yes No No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 171 MAURITIUS MEXICO REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 639,144 63,806,469 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 49% 48% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 40% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 33% 50% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Other 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Other Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 21 11 37. Of those, how many are women? 8 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 8% 420% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? Yes Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 172 Women, Business and the Law 2016 MAURITIUS MEXICO BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 5 N/A 84 5 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 65 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 65 65 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 173 MOLDOVA MONGOLIA REGION Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,871,412 1,454,615 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 44% 60% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 20% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 20% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Other 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Other Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 6 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 174 Women, Business and the Law 2016 MOLDOVA MONGOLIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No Yes Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No Yes Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 126 N/A 1039 120 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A Gov Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A Partially paid 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A 1095 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? Yes Yes 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 57 62 55 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 57 62 55 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No No No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No No Yes No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 175 MONTENEGRO MOROCCO REGION Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 314,621 16,930,150 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 52% 27% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota 15% 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota 33% 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 30% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 30% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 12 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 9% 4% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Yes No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 176 Women, Business and the Law 2016 MONTENEGRO MOROCCO BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 45 N/A 365 98 3 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A Gov Gov Gov N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A 100% 67% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A 730 90 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 45 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? Yes No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 67 67 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 67 67 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 67 67 60 60 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No No No No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No Yes No Yes Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A Yes 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 177 MOZAMBIQUE MYANMAR REGION Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Low income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 13,516,240 27,637,901 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 86% 79% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property No default 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 1555% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 178 Women, Business and the Law 2016 MOZAMBIQUE MYANMAR BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 60 1 N/A 98 15 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Gov Gov N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 70% 70% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 60 N/A N/A 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 60 N/A N/A 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 55 60 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 20 20 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 179 NAMIBIA NEPAL REGION Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 1,207,264 14,536,095 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 56% 83% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 33% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? >0 40% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Full community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 3 12 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 1% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 180 Women, Business and the Law 2016 NAMIBIA NEPAL BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 1437% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes No Yes No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 N/A N/A 52 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 N/A N/A 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 N/A N/A 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 55 55 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 20 20 88. Are there exceptions? Yes No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No No 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 181 NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND REGION High income: OECD High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 8,494,129 2,294,969 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 74% 73% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes No Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Full community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No Yes 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? N/A N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? N/A N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? N/A N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 64% 28% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 182 Women, Business and the Law 2016 NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 1% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes No N/A Yes Yes N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: Yes Yes Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 112 2 N/A 112 0 0 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 47% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 14 294 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 67 67 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 67 67 65 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? Yes N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No Yes Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 183 NICARAGUA NIGER REGION Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 3,118,592 9,190,551 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 50% 41% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota 15% 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota 15% 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 50% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Other 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Other Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A .. 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No .. 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes .. Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes .. .. Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes .. 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes .. GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 5 7 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 206% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Yes No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 184 Women, Business and the Law 2016 NICARAGUA NIGER BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 2322% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes Yes No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 5 N/A 98 1 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov Emp N/A Emp & Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No No No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes No Yes Yes No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 21 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 185 NIGERIA NORWAY REGION Sub-Saharan Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 87,630,281 2,564,449 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 49% 76% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota 40% 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 40% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Deferred community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 16 21 37. Of those, how many are women? 3 8 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 2049% 20% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 186 Women, Business and the Law 2016 NIGERIA NORWAY BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes No Yes No No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No No No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 N/A N/A N/A N/A 343 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A N/A N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 50% N/A N/A N/A N/A Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 91 70 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No Yes 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No N/A 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 50 50 67 67 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 50 62 62 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No Yes Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 187 OMAN PAKISTAN REGION Middle East & North Africa South Asia INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,387,214 90,000,515 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 31% 26% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota 17.5% 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota 22% 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? No No No Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? No No Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? N/A 17 37. Of those, how many are women? N/A 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? N/A No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 205% 69% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 188 Women, Business and the Law 2016 OMAN PAKISTAN BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 50 N/A N/A 84 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 60 55 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 45 45 50 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 60 60 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No No Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No Yes Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 189 PANAMA PAPUA NEW GUINEA REGION Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,943,920 3,662,233 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 53% 72% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Deferred community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No Yes 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 29 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 4 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 45% 199% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 190 Women, Business and the Law 2016 PANAMA PAPUA NEW GUINEA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes No N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 42 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 57 62 55 55 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 60 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes Yes Yes Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 21 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 191 PARAGUAY PERU REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 3,432,342 15,349,299 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 59% 69% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? >0 30% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? >0 30% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 3 7 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 111% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 192 Women, Business and the Law 2016 PARAGUAY PERU BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 63 2 N/A 90 4 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 50% 100% N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 21 0 N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 55 65 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 70 70 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No Yes Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 20 20 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 193 PHILIPPINES POLAND REGION East Asia & Pacific High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 49,965,757 19,655,977 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 53% 60% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A No 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 2% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 35% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 35% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Full community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Other Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? No Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 15 15 37. Of those, how many are women? 3 4 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 66% 23% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? Yes No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 194 Women, Business and the Law 2016 PHILIPPINES POLAND BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes No Yes N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: Yes Yes No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 60 7 N/A 182 14 182 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Gov Gov Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% 100% Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 898 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 30 30 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 67 67 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 62 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 65 65 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 25 25 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 195 PORTUGAL PUERTO RICO (U.S.) REGION High income: OECD Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 5,358,928 1,841,533 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 70% 41% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 33% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 33% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 13 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 5 4 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 91% 77% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? Yes Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 196 Women, Business and the Law 2016 PORTUGAL PUERTO RICO (U.S.) BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No N/A Yes Yes No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No Yes Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: No No Yes Yes No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? N/A N/A 120 56 N/A 0 52. Who pays for such leave? N/A N/A Gov Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? N/A N/A 0 0 N/A 84 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 42 14 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? Yes No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? N/A Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 66 66 67 67 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 66 66 62 62 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 21 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 197 QATAR ROMANIA REGION Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 532,829 10,214,931 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 52% 57% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes No 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? No Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 9% 30% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 198 Women, Business and the Law 2016 QATAR ROMANIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 50 N/A N/A 126 15 302 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Gov Emp Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 85% 100% Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 0 365 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 30 30 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 60 63 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 40 40 63 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 63 65 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No No No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 16 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 199 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RWANDA REGION Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP High income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 77,505,380 6,190,093 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 69% 88% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota 30% 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota 30% 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Full community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 19 14 37. Of those, how many are women? 3 7 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 11% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 200 Women, Business and the Law 2016 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RWANDA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes No Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 140 N/A 1025 84 4 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A Gov Emp Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A Partially paid 60% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A 0 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 60 55 55 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 60 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? N/A No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? N/A No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 21 21 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 201 SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE SAUDI ARABIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 100,129 12,378,753 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 48% 21% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes No Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota 20% 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No No 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A No No Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes No Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 5 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 21% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 202 Women, Business and the Law 2016 SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE SAUDI ARABIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 90 0 N/A 70 1 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Emp Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 1 N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 62 62 55 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 62 62 55 50 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 55 60 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No No Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 .. .. 88. Are there exceptions? Yes No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 203 SENEGAL SERBIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 7,407,650 3,645,506 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 67% 54% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% 30% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 50% 30% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 5 15 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 6 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 1% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 204 Women, Business and the Law 2016 SENEGAL SERBIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 1903% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 1 N/A 135 N/A 230 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Emp N/A Gov N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% N/A 100% 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 53 53 65 65 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 60 60 65 65 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No No No Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 205 SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP High income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 45,040 3,122,940 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION .. 68% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota 42% 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No Yes 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 5 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 136% 31% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 206 Women, Business and the Law 2016 SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONE BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 N/A N/A 84 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp & Gov N/A N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 63 63 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? Yes No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 207 SINGAPORE SLOVAK REPUBLIC REGION East Asia & Pacific High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 2,769,370 2,783,544 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 65% 62% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Other Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 13 13 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 4 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 14% 7% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No Yes No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 208 Women, Business and the Law 2016 SINGAPORE SLOVAK REPUBLIC BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 105 7 7 238 N/A 899 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Gov Gov Gov N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% Partially paid 65% N/A Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 0 0 N/A 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No Yes 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 62 62 62 62 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 62 62 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 67 67 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 21 21 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 209 SLOVENIA SOUTH AFRICA REGION High income: OECD Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,037,434 27,774,550 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 67% 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 35% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 40% 50% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Full community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No Yes 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 11 37. Of those, how many are women? 5 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 11% 10% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 210 Women, Business and the Law 2016 SLOVENIA SOUTH AFRICA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No N/A Yes Yes No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No Yes Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 105 30 130 120 3 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Gov Gov Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% 100% 38% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 0 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 30 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 N/A N/A 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 65 65 N/A N/A 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 211 SOUTH SUDAN SPAIN REGION Sub-Saharan Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Low income High income FEMALE POPULATION 5,864,318 23,471,223 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION .. 68% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota 40% 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 25% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 25% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 40% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 40% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? No default Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Other Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 12 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 2 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 27% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No Yes Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 212 Women, Business and the Law 2016 SOUTH SUDAN SPAIN BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 56 N/A N/A 112 13 0 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Gov Gov N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 0 1095 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? N/A N/A 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? N/A N/A 63 63 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes No No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 213 SRI LANKA ST. KITTS AND NEVIS REGION South Asia Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 10,564,282 .. FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 39% .. ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 11 25 37. Of those, how many are women? 3 14 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 0% 63% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 214 Women, Business and the Law 2016 SRI LANKA ST. KITTS AND NEVIS BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 N/A N/A 91 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 65% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 50 55 62 62 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 55 62 62 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 215 ST. LUCIA ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 93,487 54,179 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 69% 61% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes No Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 25 25 37. Of those, how many are women? 14 14 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? Yes Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 25% 83% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 216 Women, Business and the Law 2016 ST. LUCIA ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 91 N/A N/A 91 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 65% N/A N/A 65% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 42 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? Yes No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 217 SUDAN SURINAME REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 19,318,117 271,427 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 33% 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 30% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No No N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? No Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 218 Women, Business and the Law 2016 SUDAN SURINAME BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No No No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 56 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No N/A 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 50 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 60 60 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes No No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? Yes No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: No min. No min. 21 21 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 219 SWAZILAND SWEDEN REGION Sub-Saharan Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 641,588 4,859,770 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 45% 79% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? No No Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? No default Deferred community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Husband Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? No N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? No No Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 6 16 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 6 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 37% 5% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 220 Women, Business and the Law 2016 SWAZILAND SWEDEN BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes Yes No No N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 14 N/A N/A 0 10 480 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A N/A Gov Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A N/A 50% Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 70 N/A N/A 98 0 11 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 60 60 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 50 50 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 50 61 61 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A 67 67 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 21 21 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 221 SWITZERLAND SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC REGION High income: OECD Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 4,150,985 11,435,605 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 78% 14% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Deferred community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes No Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? N/A 11 37. Of those, how many are women? N/A 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? N/A No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 37% 58% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 222 Women, Business and the Law 2016 SWITZERLAND SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes No N/A No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 N/A N/A 120 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 59% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 14 N/A N/A 30 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 64 65 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 62 63 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 69 70 65 65 Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No No No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes No No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 17 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No Yes Economy Tables 223 TAIWAN, CHINA TAJIKISTAN REGION East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION .. 4,191,647 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION .. 62% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 25% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Deferred community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 15 7 37. Of those, how many are women? 2 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 15% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes Yes 224 Women, Business and the Law 2016 TAIWAN, CHINA TAJIKISTAN BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No Yes Yes No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 56 5 180 140 N/A 477.5 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp Gov Gov N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% Partially paid 100% N/A Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 550 0 N/A 547.5 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 65 65 58 63 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 50 58 63 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 65 65 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 225 TANZANIA THAILAND REGION Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Low income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 25,372,041 34,315,295 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 90% 71% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 30% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? N/A 9 37. Of those, how many are women? N/A 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? N/A No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 174% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 226 Women, Business and the Law 2016 TANZANIA THAILAND BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 3 N/A 90 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Emp & Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 55 55 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 55 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 20 20 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? No N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? Yes No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 227 TIMOR-LESTE TOGO REGION East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 595,879 3,543,062 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 25% 82% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? >0 No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 33% 50% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 5 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Yes No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 228 Women, Business and the Law 2016 TIMOR-LESTE TOGO BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 1735% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 5 N/A 98 2 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Emp & Gov Emp N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? N/A N/A 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? N/A N/A 55 55 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 17 17 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 229 TONGA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REGION East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 52,748 679,957 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 56% 60% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? No No Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 3 11 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 130% 47% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 230 Women, Business and the Law 2016 TONGA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No Yes No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: No No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? N/A N/A N/A 98 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? N/A N/A N/A Emp & Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? N/A N/A N/A 61% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? N/A Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 65 65 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No No No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes No 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 231 TUNISIA TURKEY REGION Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 5,549,022 38,599,168 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 27% 32% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 50% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 12 17 37. Of those, how many are women? .. 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? .. No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 92% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? Yes No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 232 Women, Business and the Law 2016 TUNISIA TURKEY BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No No No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 30 1 N/A 112 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov Gov N/A Gov N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 67% 100% N/A 67% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 180 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 58 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 58 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No Yes Yes Yes Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? Yes N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? Yes No Economy Tables 233 UGANDA UKRAINE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Low income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 19,370,053 24,467,344 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 77% 63% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 29% No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? 33% No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? Yes No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 12 18 37. Of those, how many are women? 3 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes No 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 575% N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 234 Women, Business and the Law 2016 UGANDA UKRAINE BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes No No Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 84 4 N/A 126 0 1039 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp Emp N/A Gov N/A Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% 100% N/A 100% N/A Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 0 N/A 0 14 0 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? No Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 55 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 50 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes No No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 21 21 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 235 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM REGION Middle East & North Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 2,854,292 32,702,700 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 47% 70% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? No N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes No Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes N/A N/A 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No Yes 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 5 N/A 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 N/A 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No N/A Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 64% 37% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Yes Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No Yes 236 Women, Business and the Law 2016 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes No Yes Yes N/A Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 45 N/A N/A 14 14 259 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Emp & Gov Emp & Gov Emp & Gov 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 90% 18% Partially paid 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 0 91 Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 0 0 Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Yes Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 67 67 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 50 55 67 67 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes No Yes No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? Yes No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? No Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 237 UNITED STATES URUGUAY REGION High income: OECD Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 161,907,741 1,766,735 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 66% 67% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No No 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A N/A 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 33% 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota 33% Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? Yes Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 5 37. Of those, how many are women? 3 0 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 9% 87% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? Yes No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 238 Women, Business and the Law 2016 UNITED STATES URUGUAY BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions Yes Yes N/A Yes Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: Yes Yes No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: No No Yes Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? N/A N/A 0 98 7 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? N/A N/A N/A Gov Gov N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? N/A N/A N/A 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? N/A N/A 84 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? N/A No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 67 67 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 62 62 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? Yes Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes No Yes No No 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No Yes No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 239 UZBEKISTAN VENEZUELA, RB REGION Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 15,453,049 15,387,263 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 51% 55% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? 30% No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? 30% No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Partial community of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Separate with spousal consent Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 7 37. Of those, how many are women? 1 3 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 442% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? Yes Yes 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 240 Women, Business and the Law 2016 UZBEKISTAN VENEZUELA, RB BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes No No No Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 126 N/A 674 182 14 N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A Emp Emp & Gov Emp & Gov N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A Partially paid 100% 100% N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A 365 0 0 N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: 0 0 N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? Yes No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 60 55 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 60 55 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 55 60 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No No Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: No No No Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes Yes Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 17 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 241 VIETNAM WEST BANK AND GAZA REGION East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 45,889,400 2,115,138 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 79% 16% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A No N/A 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes Yes Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota 20% 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota >0 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes No No 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? Yes Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes No 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes No USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Partial community of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No No 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No Yes 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes No Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? N/A 9 37. Of those, how many are women? N/A 1 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? N/A No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 150% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? Yes No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? Yes No 242 Women, Business and the Law 2016 VIETNAM WEST BANK AND GAZA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No Yes No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 180 N/A N/A 70 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Gov N/A N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 60 N/A N/A 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 55 60 N/A N/A 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 55 60 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes No 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other No Yes No No No Yes Yes No 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No No No Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes No 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A No 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes No 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes No 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes No 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes No 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No No 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes No 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes No Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No No Yes No Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes No No No No No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No No Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 20 18 16 15 88. Are there exceptions? No No 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes No Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A No 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No Yes 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No Yes Economy Tables 243 YEMEN, REP. ZAMBIA REGION Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 12,382,833 7,530,526 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 26% 73% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? No Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? N/A Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Yes Recognized Invalid Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Yes No 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes No No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? No quota No quota 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? No Yes Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? No Yes N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? No Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? No Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes Property rights Married Unmarried Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? No Yes 34. Are personal law courts recognized? Yes No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? No Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 7 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 0 5 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Yes Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? No Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? N/A 191% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No No Men Women Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No Yes 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No No 244 Women, Business and the Law 2016 YEMEN, REP. ZAMBIA BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? N/A 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions institutions N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 70 N/A N/A 84 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Mother Father Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? No No 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes No 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No No Retirement & pensions Women Men Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 55 60 55 55 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 46 50 50 50 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? 60 60 N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? No Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No Yes 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous No No No Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other Mining Factories Construction Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Metalwork Heavy lifting Other Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? No Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? No N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? No No Physical Sexual Emotional Economic Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? No Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? No Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? No Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? No Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? No Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? No Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? No Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: No No No Yes No Yes 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No Yes Child and early marriage Boys Girls Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 15 15 21 21 88. Are there exceptions? No Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? No Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? No No 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? Yes Yes 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No No Economy Tables 245 ZIMBABWE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Low income FEMALE POPULATION 7,383,540 FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 85% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Constitutional rights 1. Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination? Yes 2. If yes, does it mention gender? Yes 3. Does the constitution contain a clause on equality? Yes Recognized Invalid 4. Is customary law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? Yes Yes 5. Is personal law recognized / invalid if it violates provisions on nondiscrimination or equality? No N/A Quotas 6. What are the quotas for women on corporate boards? No quota 7. What are the quotas for women in parliament? 22% 8. What are the quotas for women in local government? No quota 9. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for parliament? No quota 10. What are the quotas for women on candidate lists for local government? No quota Rights of married and unmarried women Married Unmarried 11. Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man? Yes Yes 12. Can a woman apply for a national ID card in the same way as a man? Yes Yes 13. Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man? Yes Yes 14. Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man? Yes Yes 15. Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man? Yes Yes 16. Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man? Yes Yes 17. Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man? Yes Yes 18. Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man? Yes Yes 19. Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man? Yes Yes 20. Can a woman confer citizenship to children in the same way as a man? Yes Yes 21. Can a woman be “head of household” in the same way as a man? N/A N/A Division of responsibility within marriage 22. Do spouses have equal rights to convey citizenship? Yes 23. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No 24. Must spouses jointly financially maintain the family? Yes USING PROPERTY Marital property regime 25. What is the default marital property regime? Separation of property 26. Who administers marital property? Original owner Protecting a wife’s interests 27. If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions? N/A 28. Are there special provisions governing the marital home? No 29. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Property rights Married Unmarried 30. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Yes Inheritance rights 31. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes 32. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes GOING TO COURT Equality of access 33. Are customary law courts recognized? Yes 34. Are personal law courts recognized? No 35. Is a woman’s testimony afforded equal weight to that of a man? Yes Judicial representation 36. How many justices are on the constitutional court? 9 37. Of those, how many are women? 4 38. Is the Chief Justice a woman? No Efficiency of procedure 39. Is there a small claims court/fast track procedure? Yes 40. If yes, what is the maximum amount (%GNI/capita)? 5834% PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Personal income tax 41. Are childcare payments tax deductible? No Men Women 42. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men/women? No No Childcare and education 43. Is childcare subsidized or publicly provided? No 44. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Financial support and care 45. Does the government provide a child allowance to parents? No 46. Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives? No 246 Women, Business and the Law 2016 ZIMBABWE BUILDING CREDIT Credit agencies 47. Minimum loan amount covered by credit agencies (%GNI/capita)? 0% 48. Do the following provide information to credit agencies: Retailers Utilities Microfinance institutions Yes Yes Yes Discrimination Marital Status Gender 49. Is discrimination in access to credit prohibited based on: No No GETTING A JOB Parental benefits Maternity Paternity Parental 50. Does the law mandate the following types of leave: Yes No No 51. How much of such leave is paid (days)? 98 N/A N/A 52. Who pays for such leave? Emp N/A N/A 53. What % of wages are paid? 100% N/A N/A 54. How much of such leave is unpaid (days)? 0 N/A N/A Mother Father 55. In unpaid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A 56. In paid parental leave is there a portion that must be taken by the: N/A N/A Workplace protections 57. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes 58. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? Yes 59. Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status? No 60. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No 61. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes 62. Are nursing mothers entitled to nursing breaks? Yes 63. Are parents entitled to flexible/part-time schedules? No Retirement & pensions Women Men 64. When can one retire and get full benefits? 60 60 65. When can one retire and get partial benefits? 60 60 66. What is the mandatory retirement age? N/A N/A Working hours and industry restrictions 67. Can women and men work the same night hours? Yes 68. Can women and men do the same jobs? No 69. Can women work in these types of jobs in the same way as men: Hazardous Morally inappropriate Arduous Yes Yes Yes 70. Can women work in these occupations in the same way as men: Mining Factories Construction Other No No No Yes 71. Can women work on these tasks in the same way as men: Metalwork Heavy lifting Other No No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Domestic violence 72. Is there domestic violence legislation? Yes 73. If not, are there aggravated penalties for offenses between spouses/family members? N/A 74. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? Yes Physical Sexual Emotional Economic 75. Does domestic violence legislation cover the following abuse: Yes Yes Yes Yes 76. Does domestic violence legislation protect family members? Yes 77. Does domestic violence legislation protect former spouses? Yes 78. Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners? Yes 79. Do protection orders for domestic violence exist? Yes 80. Do protection orders for domestic violence remove the perpetrator from the home? Yes 81. Do protection orders for domestic violence prohibit contact? Yes 82. Is there a specialized court/procedure for domestic violence? Yes Legislation Civil Criminal Sexual harassment remedies penalties 83. To protect against sexual harassment, do the following exist: Yes Yes Yes 84. Do the following exist concerning sexual harassment in employment: Yes Yes No 85. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No 86. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places? No Child and early marriage Boys Girls 87. What is the legal age of marriage for: 18 18 88. Are there exceptions? Yes 89. Is child marriage void or prohibited? Yes 90. Is child marriage penalized? Yes Marital rape 91. Is marital rape explicitly criminalized? Yes 92. If not, can a wife or partner file a complaint? N/A 93. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they are married to the victim? No 94. Are rape perpetrators exempt if they marry the victim? No Economy Tables 247 GETTING TO EQUAL Acknowledgments Data collection and analysis for Women, Business and the Law Aphichoke Kotikula, Begona Lasagabaster, Daniel Lederman, 2016 was conducted by a team led by Sarah Iqbal (Program Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Priyani Malik, Alexandre Marc, Teresa Coordinator, Women, Business and the Law), under the general Marchiori, Daniela Marotta, Jennifer McCleary-Sills, Saiyed direction of Augusto López-Claros (Director, Global Indicators Shabih Ali Mohib, Komal Mohindra, Ferenc Molnar, Joao Group, Development Economics) and Melissa Johns (Adviser, Montalvao, Matthew Morton, Stella Mukasa, Miriam Muller, Global Indicators Group, Development Economics). Overall guid- Ana Maria Munoz Boudet, Sarah Nedolast, Celia Ortega, Alice ance for the preparation of the report was provided by Kaushik R. Ouedraogo, Elizaveta Perova, Patti Petesch, Paul Pettitore, Basu, Senior Vice President and Chief Economist of the World Keomanivone Phimmahasay, Aminur Rahman, Rita Ramalho, Bank. Members of the core research team included Gharam Vijayendra Rao, Lowie Rosales-Kawasaki, Helene Carlsson Rex, Alkastalani Dexter, Nayda Almodóvar-Reteguis, Nisha Nicole Mehnaz Safavian, Iffath Sharif, Joana Silva, Nistha Sinha, Sylvia Arekapudi, Yasmin Bin Humam, Julia Constanze Braunmiller, Solf, Jennifer Solotaroff, Steffi Stallmeister, Victoria Stanley, Maia Estelle D’Anna, Morgane Lucia Gruet, Tazeen Hasan, Rachel Vogelstein, Laurel Weldon, Alys Willman, William Carolina Szasz Jatene, Svetlana Matt, Adeola Bunmi Olagunju, Wiseman and Johannes Zutt. Isabel Santagostino Recavarren, Katrin Anna Schulz, Alena Sakhonchik and Paula Tavares. Assisting with data collection The report was edited by Anne Grant, with design and graphics were Ghufran Ayidh Alqahtani, Yuriy Valentinovich Avramov, by Corporate Visions. Data visualization support was provided Martha Branigan-Sutton, Marina Elefante, Dorina Peteva by Francis Gagnon of Voilà Information Design. The online Georgieva, Adrian Gonzalez-Gonzalez, Isabella Maria Grisanti Women, Business and the Law database (http://wbl.worldbank Vollbracht, Joyce Antone Ibrahim, Parviz Jabarov, Michele .org) is supported by Varun V. Doiphode, Andres Baquero Jarrouj, Chantal Khalil, Magdalini Konidari, Gloria Daniele Diba Franco, Fengsheng Huang, Kunal Patel, Rajesh Sargunan, Vinod Etonde Kuoh, Heather Elaine McAuliffe, Frederic Meunier, Vasudevan Thottikkatu and Hashim Zia. The Women, Business Marianna Buchalla Pacca, David Mark Sebstead, Christian De and the Law outreach strategy is managed by Indira Chand, la Medina Soto and Marilyne Florence Youbi. Mohammad Amin supported by Hyun Kyong Lee, under the general direction and Asif Islam assisted in the data analysis. of Phillip Jeremy Hay. The events strategy is coordinated by Sushmitha Narsiah Pidatala. The core research team is assisted The team is grateful for valuable comments provided by col- by Rose Gachina. leagues in the World Bank Group (both on the draft report and on the surveys used for data collection) and outside the World Support for expanding geographic coverage of the database was Bank Group (on the surveys used for data collection). The team provided by the United Kingdom Department for International would especially like to acknowledge the comments and sup- Development (DFID). Support for data collection and expansion port of Indermit Gill. Comments were also received from: Issam was provided by the Switzerland State Secretariat for Economic A. Abousleiman, Gavin Adlington, Bina Agarwal, Ahmad Ahsan, Affairs (SECO). Support for expanding coverage of the protect- Aly Salman Alibhai, Diana Arango, Clarissa Augustinus, Fareda ing women from violence indicator was provided by the United Banda, Elena Bardasi, Amjad Bashir, Nina Bhatt, Christina States Agency for International Development (USAID). Biebesheimer, Moussa Blimpo, Genevieve Boyreau, Laura Chioda, Rea Chiongson, Maitreyi Das, Benedicte de la Briere, This report was made possible by the generous contributions of Ana Paula de la O Campos, Klaus Deininger, Gustavo Demarco, over 1,000 lawyers, judges, academics, civil society representa- Cheryl Doss, Beatrice Duncan, John Eekelaar, Hebatalla Elgazarr, tives and public officials in 173 economies. Contact details for Julianna Flanagan, Maria Elena Garcia Mora, Jimena Garrote, local partners are available on the Women, Business and the Gisela Geisler, Renee Giovarelli, Anne Goldstein, Caren Grown, Law website at: http://wbl.worldbank.org/contributors. Lucia Hanmer, Birgit Hansl, Yasmeen Hassan, Thea Hilhorst, The names of local partners wishing to be acknowledged indi- Masako Hiraga, Yumeka Hirano, Mala Htun, Sriyani Hulugalle, vidually are listed. The global and regional contributors listed Elena Ianchovichina, Soumya Kapoor, Jane Katz, Kathrine are firms or organizations that have completed multiple ques- Kelm, Karin Erika Kemper, Naomi Kenney, Irina L. Kichigina, tionnaires in their various offices around the world. Talip Kilic, Antonia Kirkland, Daniel Kirkwood, Henriette Kolb, 248 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Acknowledgments GLOBAL AFGHANISTAN ANGOLA ARGENTINA CONTRIBUTORS Jamila Afghani Daniela Cristovão Ursula Basset Advocates for International Noor Educational and Lourdes Caposso Fernandes & Pontificia Universidad Católica Development (A4ID) Capacity Development Associados Argentina Organization (NECDO) American Bar Association Pedro Rodrigues da Silva Carina Marcela Castrillón Najla Ayubi Advoconsulting, SA Angola Estudio Bullo - Tassi - Bridges Across Borders Estebenet - Lipera - Torassa Southeast Asia Community Nelab Bayani Lourdes Caposso Fernandes Abogados Legal Education Initiative Lourdes Caposso Fernandes & Fazal Ghani Associados Graciela De Oto (BABSEA CLE) NUA Afghanistan Fundación Suma Veritas CARE International Arnold Ferreira Hussain Moin FBL Advogados Diego Sebastián Kelly Center for International Afghanistan Independent Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal Private Enterprise (CIPE) Human Rights Commission Dário Gaspar (AIHRC) DC Lawyers Enrique Mariano Stile Due Diligence Project Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal Jamila Safi Carla Vieira Mesquita Equality Now Karama Network of Advocacy Adjuris María Victoria Tarzian and Human Rights (KNAHR) Estudio Bullo - Tassi - Global Alliance for Justice Yuma Munana Estebenet - Lipera - Torassa Education (GAJE) Abdul Basir Sarwari Lourdes Caposso Fernandes & Abogados Associados Habitat for Humanity Latifa Sultani Gustavo Torassa International Afghanistan Independent Laurinda Toko Estudio Bullo - Tassi - Human Rights Commission Lourdes Caposso Fernandes & Estebenet - Lipera - Torassa Huairou Commission (AIHRC) Associados Abogados International Bar Association ALBANIA ANTIGUA AND ARMENIA International Development Law Organization (IDLO) Aurela Bozo BARBUDA Larisa Minasyan Center for Legal Civic Gale Archibald Open Society Foundations Legal Action Worldwide Initiatives Ministry of Finance Vaneh Torosyan Organization of Sokol Elmazaj Sherrie-Ann Bradshaw Open Society Foundations American States Boga & Associates S. Bradshaw & Associates Mariam Vardanyan The Law Society of England Vasilika Laçi Kari-Anne Reynolds Open Society Foundations & Wales Civil Rights Defenders Hill & Hill Susanna Vardanyan The Protection Project Arben Lena Kamilah Roberts Women’s Rights Center Lena & Associates Law Firm Roberts & Co. Thomson Reuters Foundation Liana Voskerchyan Erion Lena Alexandrina Wong K-Telecom UN Women Lena & Associates Law Firm Women Against Rape Inc. Vital Voices Global Aida Lico AUSTRALIA Partnership Lena & Associates Law Firm Elizabeth Bedford Women for Women Silva Velaj Keira Brennan International Boga & Associates Norton Rose Fulbright LLP Women in Law and Louise Cooney Development in Africa ALGERIA Radia Abdous Hedy Cray Ghellal & Mekerba Clayton Utz Sonia Benbouzid Patrick Parkinson Cabinet Tabet Avocats & University of Sydney Conseils Elly Patira Yamina Kebir Cabinet Kebir Susan Pearson Pearson Emerson Family Lamine Tabet Lawyers Cabinet Tabet Avocats & Conseils Leah Reid Genevieve Woods Jane Wright Work Dynamic Australia Acknowledgments 249 AUSTRIA BARBADOS BENIN BOSNIA AND Verein Wiener Frauenhäuser Cadian Drummond Lydvine Ahouangnivo HERZEGOVINA Harridyal-Sodha & Associates Women in Law and Jesenko Behlilovic Julian Feichtinger (Liza Law) Development in Africa Advokatska Kancelarija Spaho CHSH Cerha Hempel Spiegelfeld Hlawati Shena-Ann Ince Cristel Akofa Gomez Naida Custovic Clarke Gittens Farmer Cabinet Kepha Consultants Wolf Theiss d.o.o. Sarajevo Valerie Kramer Attorneys at Law Yacoubou Moutairou Selma Demirović-Hamzić AZERBAIJAN Jill St George Réseau pour l’Intégration des Marić & Co. Law Firm Sarvar Hummatov University of the West Indies Femmes des Organisations at Cavehill Non Gouvernementales Mervan Miraščija Deloitte & Touche LLC et Associations Africaines Open Society Fund Fuad Karimov BELARUS (RIFONGA) Amela Selmanagic Kermur Specialized Bureau of Sergei Makarchuk Wolf Theiss d.o.o. Sarajevo Advocates CHSH Cerha Hempel BHUTAN Spiegelfeld Hlawati Karma Tshewang Emir Spaho Shahla Samedova Visit Asia Advokatska Kancelarija Spaho Baku State University Law Andrei Neviadouski School AB Cierech, Neviadouski and Pema Wangda Mehmed Spaho Partners Ministry of Labour and Advokatska Kancelarija Spaho BAHAMAS, THE Human Resources Natallia Raisanen Selma Spaho Vann P. Gaitor AB Cierech, Neviadouski and Advokatska Kancelarija Spaho Higgs & Johnson BOLIVIA Partners Knijah Knowles Andrea Bollmann Duarte BOTSWANA Elizaveta Rovbuts Salazar, Salazar & Asociados Tatenda Dumba Chad D. Roberts Arzinger & Partners Soc. Civ. Armstrongs Attorneys Callenders & Co. Elena Rusenchik Polina Chtchelok Notaries & Conveyancers Arzinger & Partners ESPCs Multidisciplinary BAHRAIN Consulting Amel Al Aseeri Vadzim Samaryn Zeenat Al Mansoori & Asdruval Columba Jofre Associates Dzmitryj Shylau AC Consultores Legales AB Cierech, Neviadouski and Mohammad Aljishi Partners Claudia López Monterrey Aljishi Law Office ESPCs Multidisciplinary Juri Slepitch Consulting Zeenat Al Mansoori Arzinger & Partners Zeenat Al Mansoori & Julieta Montaño Associates Nikita Tolkanitsa Oficina Jurídica Para la Mujer CHSH Cerha Hempel Ismaeel Al Nasri Spiegelfeld Hlawati Pedro Antonio Otondo Janahi Law Office Ledezma Reem Al Rayes BELGIUM AC Consultores Legales Zeenat Al Mansoori & Mayer Brown International Lorena Salazar Machicado Associates LLP Salazar, Salazar & Asociados Ibrahim Akrouh Soc. Civ. Omar Naghaway Legisquadra Sandra Salinas Eman Omar C.R. & F. Rojas Abogados, Zu’bi & Partners - Attorneys & Ian Forrester White & Case LLP members of Lex Mundi Legal Consultants Renaat Hoop BANGLADESH VIVES University College Kazi M U Ahamed Temple Chamber Guillaume Lys Vincent Lurquin & Associés Ishrat Ahmed Eline Murat Salma Ali White & Case LLP Bangladesh National Woman Lawyers’ Association BELIZE Monirul Azam Natalia Carter Department of Law, Belize Family Court University of Chittagong Magali Marin Young Shajib Mahmood Alam Magali Marin Young & Co. 250 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Acknowledgments BRAZIL BRUNEI DARUSSALAM CAMBODIA CHAD BM&A Advogados Rena Azlina Abd Aziz The Cambodian Center for Eléonore Djekounlar Nembaye Ministry of Finance Human Rights Maria Vitória Almeida Ndouba Mborbe Djikoloum Hajah Norahimah Haji Aji Sophal Chea Tatiana Miyano Balduino Department of Labor, Ministry Better Factories Cambodia Lucas Madji Laoro Machado, Meyer, Sendacz e of Home Affairs Cabinet Abdoulaye Adam Opice Advogados Pagnawat Heng Bahar Norizzah Hazirah Husin P&A Asia Law Firm Leticia Calderaro Batista Department of Labor, Guy Emmanuel Ngankam Centro Universitário do Ministry of Home Affairs Bunthea Keo PricewaterhouseCoopers Distrito Federal Cambodian Human Rights Nava Palaniandy Task Force Foba Toukpleye Elisa Colares Ahmad Isa & Partners Secretaria de Políticas para as Sunsafari Leng CHILE Mulheres da Presidência da P&A Asia Law Firm Juan Ignacio Ipinza Mayor República BULGARIA Desislava Abrasheva Sereyvathney Mao Lucía Planet Sepúlveda Ligia Maura Costa P&A Asia Law Firm Defesoría Laboral Ligia Maura Costa, Advocacia Dimitar Dimov Dimov & Tashev Law Firm Sovannith Nget Paulina Rivera Viviane Barbosa da Silva P&A Asia Law Firm Lobo & de Rizzo Advogados Kate Dinovska Luis Andrés Ulloa Martínez NOVA JUS Allen Prak Energía Llaima Moana Furletti P&A Asia Law Firm Quadros e Quadros Sociedade Boris Georgiev Cristina Vilches de Advogados NOVA JUS Sokla San P&A Asia Law Firm Katerina Partenova CHINA Murilo Caldeira Germiniani Machado, Meyer, Sendacz e Dimov & Tashev Law Firm Gloria Li CAMEROON China Top Credit Financial Opice Advogados Radoslav Tashev Che Collins Information Service Michelle Lopes Dimov & Tashev Law Firm Voice of Grace Foundation Jing Li Patricia MacDermot Hyacinthe Fansi Kirkland & Ellis International BURKINA FASO SCP Ngassam Njike & Associes Lobo & de Rizzo Advogados Samirah Dera LLP Cristiane Sayuri Masuno Neba Priscillia Lum Esther Sun Safièta Nawalagumba Voice of Grace Foundation Machado, Meyer, Sendacz e Koanda Dera Ashurst LLP Opice Advogados Désiré Makondo Mariam Lamizana Han Yang Jorge Gonzaga Matsumoto DM & Partners DLA Piper LLP Voix de Femmes (VdF) Machado, Meyer, Sendacz e Nyamboli Ngwe Opice Advogados Abdoulaye Sedogo Tiana Zhang Destiny Chambers Kirkland & Ellis International Vivian Pereira Alfred Benjamin Patindé Franklin Njumbe Ngabe LLP Tiendrebeogo Carlos Rebolo Ministère de la Fonction Bolleri Pym Ana Carolina Ribeiro Publique, du Travail et de la Université de Douala Secretaria de Políticas para as Sécurité Sociale Ndonwi Wilfred Mulheres da Presidência da Voice of Grace Foundation República BURUNDI Dany-Axelle Ndayishimiya Andrea Massei Rossi CANADA Mkono & Co. Burundi Lobo & de Rizzo Advogados Stefanie Di Francesco Cyriaque Nibitegeka McMillan LLP Camilla Arno Sant’Anna Nibitegeka Advocates Norton Rose Fulbright LLP Jaclyn Giffen Lambert Nigarura Exclusive Transfer Enterprise Mauricio Quadros Soares Mkono & Co. Burundi Corporation Quadros e Quadros Sociedade de Advogados Fabien Segatwa Caroline Kim Segatwa & Associés - Naomy Christiani Takara Cabinet d’Avocats Anne Levesque University of Ottawa Aline Yamamoto Verena Marion Stamm Secretaria de Políticas para as Fondation Stamm Louise MacDonald Mulheres da Presidência da Barbra Schlifer República Commemorative Clinic Caroline Sand Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic Acknowledgments 251 COLOMBIA CONGO, DEM. REP. COSTA RICA CZECH REPUBLIC Fundación ProBono Colombia Tiphaine Bueke Bolombo Rocío Amador Hasbun Barbara Adamcová Bufete Amador María Margarita Bucheli Eraso Kalasi Ngay Guy Lenka Droscová Alejandra Arguedas Balcar Polanský Eversheds María Claudia Escandón Eve Ingwa Arias & Muñoz Aesca S.A. American Bar Association Radek Matouš Rule of Law Initiative Anna Karina Jiménez Balcar Polanský Evershedsík Patricia Hernández Arias & Muñoz Cavelier Abogados Aimé Kahindo American Bar Association Gabriela Mata DENMARK María Adelaida Palacio Puerta Rule of Law Initiative Arias & Muñoz Elsebeth Aaes-Jørgensen Universidad Sergio Arboleda Norrbom Vindinq Pappy Kajabika Ana Priscilla Ortiz Saborío Nicolás Eduardo Riaño Vision Sociale ASBL Batalla Abogados Mille Albrektsen Jiménez Copenhagen University Universidad Sergio Arboleda Upio Kakura Wapol Diana Pál-Hegedüs Ortega Emery Mukendi Wafwana & Pál-Hegedüs & Ortega Francesca Cantarella Diana Rodríguez Associates Abogados Thomassen Universidad Sergio Arboleda Danish Center against Human Ridelphine Katabesha Marianne Pál-Hegedüs Ortega Trafficking Liliana Rodriguez Association des Femmes des Pál-Hegedüs & Ortega Rodríguez Retamoso & Medias du Sud-kivu AFEM/SK Abogados Jacob Engelbrechtsen Asociados Copenhagen University Christophe Manzanga Graciela Soto Henry Javier Rodriguez Boyomba Arias & Muñoz Majken Johansen Jiménez Advokat Majken Johansen Cavelier Abogados Rigobert Nzundu Mawunga Emery Mukendi Wafwana & CÔTE D’IVOIRE Annette Kronborg Julieth Roldán Associates Arci Eric Djélardjé Copenhagen University Cavelier Abogados Cabinet Kignaman Soro Roger Mulamba Nell Rasmussen Julián Triana Vargas RMK & Associés Moumouni Konaté Universidad Sergio Arboleda Konfirm-Advies Tina Reissmann Patrick Unyon-Pewu Watum Plesner Claudia M. Zambrano Ariza Cabinet Kalongo Mbikayi CROATIA DJIBOUTI Pascaline Zamuda Marko Borsky Marko Borsky Law Office Ouloufa Ismail Abdo CREEIJ Ivana Delalić M. Abdoulrahman Dunia Zongwe Divjak, Topić & Bahtijarević Amina Ahmed Abdillahi Law Firm CONGO, REP. Iwad Ali Mohamed Patrice Bazolo Saša Divjak Ministère de la Justice Divjak, Topić & Bahtijarević Pierre Vincent Bissouekeme Law Firm Ali Dini CENAGES Cabinet d’Avocat Ali Dini Marko Lovrić Laetitia Nadine Loko Divjak, Topić & Bahtijarević Abdoulkader Hassan Association les Amis de la Fac Law Firm Mouhoumed de Droit Universite de Djibouti Daniela Marasović Franck Darnod Nguimbi Divjak, Topić & Bahtijarević Mbenze DOMINICA Law Firm Cabinet d’Avocats Claude Danielle Edwards COEHO Ema Marušić Marko Borsky Law Office H. Noreen John Issan Giska Ntsila Noreen John & Associates Cabinet d’Avocats Ntsila Karlo Novosel Law Office Karlo Novosel Eric Mendes Ministry of National Security, Davor Rukonić Immigration and Labour Divjak, Topić & Bahtijarević Law Firm Andrej Žmikić Divjak, Topić & Bahtijarević Law Firm 252 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Acknowledgments DOMINICAN REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR FIJI FRANCE Merielin Almonte Christian Bará Cousin Jon Apted Elise Baha Merielin Almonte Estudio Bufete Arias & Muñoz Munro Leys Mayer Brown International Legal LLP María José Benítez Nicholas Barnes Isabel Andrickson Munro Leys Jérémie Blond Pellerano & Herrera Efraín Marroquín Abarca Cabinet Jérémie Blond Bufete Arias & Muñoz Lalotoa Mulitalo Ana Isabel Cáceres Matos The University of the South Sylvia Cleff Le Divellec Troncoso & Caceres Josue Rafael Reyes Campos Pacific Altidem Bufete Arias & Muñoz Paola Carolina Figueroa Gemma Pinol Puig Angélique Devaux Rosario Violeta Alexandra Molina Troncoso & Caceres Rivas Shayne Sorby Louis Fearn García & Bodán Munro Leys Mayer Brown International Ingry Montaño LLP Pina Méndez & Asociados Julio Vargas García & Bodán FINLAND Aude Chloé Froment Elisabetta Pedersini Jessica Brander Froment Marginale Associés Aaron Suero & Pedersini Dittmar & Indrenius EQUATORIAL GUINEA Régine Goury Laura Pellerano Javier Iñiguez Petri Eskola Mayer Brown International Pellerano & Herrera PwC Tax and Legal Backstrom & Co. Attorneys LLP Ltd. Aida Ripoll Ponciano Mbomio Nvo Marina Martins Guzmán Ariza Abogados y Gabinete Jurídico Maija Kokkonen Mayer Brown International Notarios Asianajotoimisto White & LLP ESTONIA Case Oy Juan Manuel Suero Estonian Human Rights Wye-Peygn Morter Aaron Suero & Pedersini Laura-María Lindström Mayer Brown International Centre Borenius Attorneys Ltd. LLP ECUADOR Karin Madisson Raija-Leena Ojanen Law firm SORAINEN Virginie J.M. Tassin Mariuxi Daniela Baquerizo Dittmar & Indrenius BHM Penlaw Andrade Rando Maisvee Katri Piiparinen Daniela Burbano Advokaadibüroo Eversheds Asianajotoimisto White & GABON ESEICO S.A. Ots & Co. Case Oy Harold Leckat Juan Pablo Morales Viteri Lennart Oja Tanja Törnkvist Irénée Mezui Proyelítica Advokaadibüroo Eversheds Asianajotoimisto White & Cabinet BBM Avocats Ots & Co. Case Oy Wendy Reyes Chiriboga Ussi’n Yala Proyelítica Lauri Paulus Kiira Tuohimaa Cabinet d’Avocats Albert Law Office Legalia Asianajotoimisto White & Bikalou EGYPT, ARAB REP. Case Oy ETHIOPIA Bernie Yala Tchimbakala Dalia Abdel Ghany Sami Tuominen Cabinet d’Avocats Albert Sharkawy & Sarhan Dagnachew Tesfaye Abetew Dagnachew Tesfaye and Borenius Attorneys Ltd. Bikalou Sahar Abdul Sattar Mahlet Mesganaw Law Office Menoufia University GEORGIA Fikadu Asfaw Mariam Asanishvili Hala Abo El Enien Fikadu Asfaw Law Office MKD Law Firm Egypt Women Association for Development and Yodit Gurji Boris Janjalia Participation Fikadu Asfaw Law Office Ekaterine Lobadze Sahar Emam Mahlet Mesganaw Getu Union Sakhli - Advice Centre Menoufia University Mahlet Mesganaw Legal for Women Advisory Office Mamdouh Farghaly Ana Natsvlishvili The Egyptian Law Firm Yehenew Walilegne Georgian Young Lawyers’ World Health Organization Association Rabha Fathy Association of Egyptian Behailu Weldeyohannes Rusudan Pkhakadze Female Lawyers Yaser Gamaluddin Mahmoud Hamam The Egyptian Law Firm Acknowledgments 253 GERMANY GUATEMALA HAITI HONG KONG SAR, CHINA Ashurst LLP Eduardo Calderón Mimose Andre Royal Anthony Chan Ministère à la Condition Kirkland & Ellis International Marco Daub María Mercedes Castro Guerra Féminine et aux Droits des LLP Sfh Schumacher García & Bodán Femmes Steuerberatungsgesellschaft Cynthia Chung Fausto García Guerda Benjamin Deacons Sibylla Flügge Universidad Francisco Organisation de Femmes Frankfurt University of Marroquín Pour le Développement de Nga Kit (Christy) Tang Applied Sciences Thomonde - OFAT Francisco Sagastume Manisha Roshedri Leonie Sylvia Kampshoff García & Bodán Francoise Bouzi Bonhomme Wijesinghe Kirkland & Ellis International Cabinet Dantès P. Colimon LLP María Eugenia Villareal Sandy Yeung Asociación para la Eliminación Elisabeth Colimon Woolley Kirkland & Ellis International Nicole Schlatter de la Explotación Sexual, Cabinet Dantès P. Colimon LLP Kirkland & Ellis International Pornografía, Turismo y Tráfico LLP Sexual de Niñas, Niños y Missly Gilles David Yun Adolescentes en Guatemala Kirkland & Ellis International Bärbel Schmidt (ECPAT/Guatemala) Patrice Laventure LLP Independent Consultant International Labor Organization (ILO) HUNGARY Jürgen Streng GUINEA Amadou Babahein Camara Martine Romain Mégie Zoltán Csató Manuela Vogg Société Civile Professionnelle Cabinet Dantès P. Colimon Kanzlei Vogg Schalkház Éva Edit d’Avocats - A&A Schalkház Law Office HONDURAS GHANA Amadou Laba Julia Gebhard Gina María Aronne Laitano Selasi Adika Andrássy University Budapest Adika & Co. GUYANA Alma Coello Ashton Chase Csaba Györy Hilary Gbedemah Ashton Chase Associates Edwin Flores Eötvös Loránd University The Law Institute Bufete Casco-Fortín-Cruz & (ELTE) Shaunella Glen Asociados Fanni Murányi GREECE Temple Chambers, Ramjattan Vivian Linck Kék Vonal Gyermekkrízis Ioanna Manou & Associates Alapítvány Ministry of Education Jennifer Ayana McCalman Ada Carolina López Aguilar McCalman & Co Legal Secretaría de Justicia y András Németh Alexandra Pentaraki Derechos Humanos András P. Németh Brain Matters Services Attorney-at-Law Charlie Ogle Claribel Medina Zena Prodromou CENTRAL LAW Honduras Zsuzsanna Papp White & Case LLP Ministry of Labour, Human Services and Social Security Kék Vonal Gyermekkrízis Jesús Humberto Medina-Alva Alapítvány Chara Selli CENTRAL LAW Honduras Association of Small and Kayreen T.H. Stephenson Réka Török Big Private Nursery and Judy Stuart Irza Rojas Zavala Pázmány Péter Catholic Kindergartens of Greece Ministry of Legal Affairs and Secretaría de Justicia y University, Faculty of Law Attorney General Chambers Derechos Humanos Malamati Zachou Marianna Toth Ana Romero Law Office of Marianna Toth Viktoria Zioga Roberto Williams Cruz Márton Leó Zaccaria GRENADA Bufete Casco-Fortín-Cruz & University of Debrecen Cecil Edwards Asociados Faculty of Law Melisse Ogilvie Program for Adolescent ICELAND Mothers Grenada Gudrun Bergsteinsdottir LOCAL Attorneys Jasmin Redhead Legal Aid and Counseling Steinunn Holm Gudbjarsdottir Clinic Grenada Law Firm of Holm & Partners Lisa Taylor Jóna Pálmadóttir Henry Hudson-Phillips & Co. Icelandic Human Rights Centre A. Anande Trotman-Joseph Law Firm of Joseph & Joseph Margrét Steinarsdóttir Icelandic Human Rights Centre 254 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Acknowledgments INDIA IRAQ ITALY JAPAN Mohak Bhadana Fadhel Al Qaseer Umberto Antonelli Kaoru Haraguchi Supreme Court of India Naam for Human Rights Studio Legale Associato ad Haraguchi International Law Ashurst LLP Office Shweta Bharti Ahmed Al-Jannabi Hammurabi & Solomon Mena Associates, member of Enrichetta Sandra Bellini Kenichi Kojima Amereller Rechtsanwälte Fornera Ushijima & Partners Manjula Chawla Business and Professional Phoenix Legal Adnan Alsakban Women International (BPWI) Tetsuya Kondo Association for Accountants PricewaterhouseCoopers Ritika Ganju Francesca Brilli Phoenix Legal Maha Alsakban Studio Legale Associato ad Yuriko Sakamoto Center for Women’s Human Ashurst LLP Hayabusa Asuka Law Offices Atul Gupta Rights Trilegal Marco Calabrese Tomoko Tsuchida Zeyad Saeed Studio Legale Calabrese & A. Rajas Kasbekar Iraqi Law Firm Shin Ushijima Little & Co. Advocates & Manuela Cavallo Ushijima & Partners Solicitors Hind Salih Portolano Cavallo Studio United Lawyers Firm Legale JORDAN Shinjni Kharbanda Phoenix Legal Osama Al Husamie IRELAND Federica Di Mario Osama Sukkari & Associates - Manoj Kumar Catherine Austin Studio Legale Associato ad Attorneys at Law Hammurabi & Solomon Arthur Cox Ashurst LLP Ahmed Al-Hawamdeh Apoorva Moorthy Inge Clissmann Andrea Gangemi Jerash University Hammurabi & Solomon Inge Clissmann S.C. Portolano Cavallo Studio Legale Rana Atwan Bhargavi Mudakavi Leanne Cochrane Atwan & Partners Attorneys Trilegal Giliola Langher and Legal Kathleen Garrett Ajay Raghavan Arthur Cox Carloandrea Meacci Rasha Maqableh Trilegal Studio Legale Associato ad Jerash University Patricia McCarvill Ashurst LLP Vrajlal Sapovadia Arthur Cox Shanti Business School Nicola Toscano KAZAKHSTAN Elaine Mettler Studio Legale Associato ad Zulfiya Akchurina Tanya Singh Arthur Cox Ashurst LLP GRATA Law Firm Hammurabi & Solomon Valentina Turco Alexandr Alexeyev ISRAEL Portolano Cavallo Studio Signum Law Firm INDONESIA Pnina Broder Manor Legale Indrawan Dwi Yuriotomo Naschitz, Brandes, Amir & Co. Konstantin Derbyshev Soewito Suhardiman Luisa Zappalà Astapov Lawyers International Eddymurthy Kardono Shoshana Gavish Elsa International Law Group S. Horowitz and Co. Beauty Erowati Siswojo Artem Timoshenko LBH-APIK Nusa Tenggara Eran Goren JAMAICA Colibri Law Firm Barat Rachel Bond Ofir Kaplan Patterson Mair Hamilton Viktoriya Trofimovich Rusmaini Lenggogeni S. Horowitz and Co. Signum Law Firm Soewito Suhardiman Deborah Dowding Dana Naor Mande’el Assel Uraztayeva Eddymurthy Kardono Israeli Women’s Network Tenesha Myrie Colibri Law Firm Asep Wijaya Moien Odeh Natasha Parkins Wijaya & Company Law Firm Sofiya Zhylkaidarova Odeh Law Office Institute for Gender and Signum Law Firm Development Studies IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. Gally Perry Behrooz Akhlaghi Naschitz, Brandes, Amir & Co. Melissa Powell Wright International Law Office Law Office of Melissa N. of Dr. Behrooz Akhlaghi & Powell Associates Tracy Robinson Nasim Gheidi Inter-American Commission Nasim Law Office on Human Rights Parya Maleknia Sharon Smith Patterson Mair Hamilton Seyed Iman Mohammadian Nasim Law Office Elizabeth Ward Violence Prevention Alliance Elahi Parisa Acknowledgments 255 KENYA KYRGYZ REPUBLIC LIBERIA MACEDONIA, FYR Jane Kamangu Azima Bokoshova Rosetta Jackollie Jasminka Frishchikj Women Achieve Africa Trust Kalikova & Associates Law Association for Emancipation, Firm Keith Peterson Solidarity and Equality of Catherine Kiama Women Aids Law Project - Kenya Lenara Mambetalieva Jefferson G. Togba Marija Gelevska Allan Maleche Pamira Sainazarova LITHUANIA Association for Emancipation, KELIN Kalikova & Associates Law Viktorija Čivilytė Solidarity and Equality of Firm Budvytis, Civilis and Partners, Women Joash Moitui Help for the Vulnerable in Gulmira Shakiralieva Law Firm Emilija Kelesoska Sholjakovska Society Edita Gruodyte Debarliev, Dameski & Helene Namisi LAO PDR Vytautas Magnus University Kelesoska Attorneys-at-Law Namisi & Company Advocates Agnès Couriol DFDL Giedrė Narbutė Martin Monevski Christine Ochieng Magnusson Monevski Law Firm Federation of Women Rupert Haw DFDL Marius Navickas Vojdan Monevski Lawyers Budvytis, Civilis and Partners, Monevski Law Firm Briana Olson Law Firm KOREA, REP. DFDL MADAGASCAR Robert Flemer Ausrine Pasvenskiene Danyel Thomson Vytautas Magnus University Johanne Andria-Manantena Kim & Chang DFDL Tsiry Andriamisamanana Chun Wook Hyun Simona Žižienė Kim & Chang Vytautas Magnus University Hanna Gräfin Keyserlingk LATVIA Irina Frolova Evelina Žurauskaitė HK-JURIFISC Taejin Kim K&P Law Firm MARTA Resource Centre for Vytautas Magnus University Alexandra Rajerison Women Cabinet d’Avocats Rajerison Yong Min Lee LUXEMBOURG YM Law Office Valerijs Ickevics Olivia Alberte Rajerison V. Ickevics, Sworn Yuri Auffinger Linklaters LLP Cabinet d’Avocats Rajerison Sukyung Sin Attorneys-at-Law National Child Protection Louis Berns Joan Harivola Rakotomanjaka Agency Jelena Kvjatkovska Law Office Rode & Partners Arendt & Medernach S.A. MALAWI KOSOVO Rūdolfs Vilsons Raphaëlle Carpentier Masauko Chamkakala Genc Alimehmeti Linklaters LLP University of Tirana Mike Chinoko LEBANON Katia Fettes Malawi Law Commission Nita Shala Kamal Abu Thaher Linklaters LLP Kosovo Legal Group Kamal Abou Zahr Law Office Martha Chizuma Harry Ghillemyn Limbe Leaf Tobacco Company Xhevdet Shala Leila Alem Hammoud Linklaters LLP Kosovo Legal Group Alem & Associates Law Firm Burton Mhango Guy Loesch Mbendera & Nkhono Liridon Shurdhani Melkar El Khoury Linklaters LLP Associates University for Business and Chafic Majdalani Melinda Perera Technology (UBT) Wongani Mvula Roula Abdallah Law Firm Linklaters LLP Rachel Sophie Sikwese KUWAIT Charbel Moarbes Sandra Rapp High Court of Malawi Ahmad Abo Al Majd Kleyr Grasso Ghassan Moghabghab Tadala Tembo Al-Hamad Legal Group Moghabghab & Associates Philippe Schmit John Tennyson and Athra Alrefaai Law Firm Arendt & Medernach S.A. Associates Athra Alrefaie Legal Group LESOTHO Land Administration Authority UNFPA Lesotho Mateboho Tohlang-Phafane Webber Newdigate 256 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Acknowledgments MALAYSIA MALTA MEXICO MONTENEGRO Nadia Abu Bakar Commission on Domestic Juan Carlos De la Vega Vesna Čejovic Messrs Shearn Delamore Violence Santamarina y Steta SC Advkokatska Kancelarija & Co. Čejović Women’s Rights Foundation Francisco Figueroa Chávez Jamie Goh Wissen Abogados, SC Jelena Danilović Messrs Shearn Delamore Romina Bartolo Karanovic & Nikolic Law Office & Co. Iuris Malta Advocates José Luis Gutiérrez Román Asistencia Legal por los Milica Filipovic Hakimah Yaacob Matthew Brincat Derechos Humanos, A.C. Karanovic & Nikolic Law Office International Shariah Research Ganado Advocates ASILEGAL Academy for Islamic Finance Ljiljana Iraicevic Ann M. Bugeja Paula Ximena Méndez Azuela Women’s Safe House (ISRA) CSB Advocates Centro Estratégico de Ren Chung Yu Impacto Social, A.C. Sanja Kalezic Christine Calleja Supreme Court of Women’s Aid Organisation Mamo TCV Advocates (WAO) Luis Francisco Núñez Garrido Montenegro Carla Camilleri Wissen Abogados, SC Jovana Pavlovic MALDIVES Aditus Foundation Ana Cristina Pérez Marín Women’s Rights Center Junaina Ahmed Richard Camilleri Centro Estratégico de Shah, Hussein and Co. Impacto Social, A.C. Biljana Pejovic Mamo TCV Advocates Gender Equality Department Aishath Nuzuha Ali Shareef Clement Mifsud Bonnici Francisco Udave Treviño of the Government of Hope for Women - Family Ganado Advocates Santamarina y Steta, SC Montenegro Legal Clinic Lara Pace Mirjana Vlahovic MOLDOVA Women’s Room Hawwa Shafeea Riza Ganado Advocates Hope for Women - Family Andriana Cebotari Legal Clinic Lena Sammut Moldova State University, MOROCCO Iuris Malta Advocates Faculty of Law Shuaib M. Shah Moulay El Amine El Shah, Hussein and Co. Diana Ichim Hammoumi Idrissi MAURITANIA Turcan Cazac Hajji & Associés Mohamed Sidi Abderrahmane MALI Brahim Ecaterina Madan Reda Gzouli Hadji Diakite Etude Me. Mohamed Sidi Cabinet Gzouli & Associés Vladimir Palamarciuc Abdrahamane Diallo Aminetou Ely Turcan Cazac Ilham Hamdai Fatoumata D. Diarra Bari Association des Femmes Chefs de Famille (AFCF) MONGOLIA MOZAMBIQUE African Legal & Tax Mali (ALT-Mali) Otgon Altankhuyag Ancha Abdala Med Meine ELB Partners Mariam Doumbia Attorneys-at-Law Fulvia Boniardi Association pour le Progres MAURITIUS CARE International et la Defense des Droits des Fayaz Hajee Abdoula Nyamchimeg Bayaraa Mahoney Liotta LLP Eduardo Calú Femmes BLC Chambers Sal & Caldeira Advogados LDA Diarisso Mariam Traore Jason Harel Nomin Dashnyam Mahoney Liotta LLP Gimina Mahumana Association pour le Progres BLC Chambers Sal & Caldeira Advogados LDA et la Defense des Droits des Otgontungalag Tsevel Sharvan Mooneesawmy Edurne Monreal Garcés Femmes Confederation of Mongolian BLC Chambers Bouare Samake Trade Unions Delphine Pinault Bhomitrajeet Ramlochund CARE International Women in Law and Bolormaa Volodya Mardemootoo Solicitors Development in Africa Grata Law Firm Diana Ramalho Bhavna Ramsurun Sal & Caldeira Advogados LDA Cheick Oumar Tounkara BLC Chambers Hera Conseils Acknowledgments 257 MYANMAR NETHERLANDS NIGER OMAN Gender Equality Network Wendy Guns Fati Kountche Dawood Aimahrizi Open Universiteit Jaime Casanova Bachir Talfi Abdullah Al Barwani DFDL Nelleke Hoffs Faculté des Sciences Verwiel & Van der Voort Economiques et Juridiques de Haitham Omar Albalulah Divyasree Damaraju l’Université Abdou Moumouni Mohammed Ibrahim Law Firm VDB Loi Co. Eugenie Nunes de Niamey Boekel De Nerée N.V. Tariq Abdelaziz Mohammed Katherine East Idrissa Tchernaka Sadig DFDL Linda Strous Oman Environmental Services Holding Company S.A.O.C. William D. Greenlee Jr. Anne-Marie Verwiel NIGERIA DFDL Verwiel & Van der Voort Adebolapo Adesina Hassan Shad Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Arab Law (Advocates & Legal Htar Htar Consultants) Akhaya Women NEW ZEALAND Adebola Amao Penny Ehrhardt Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Sai Zin Naing Linn Ehrhardt Advisors PAKISTAN DFDL Folashade Dapo Zeeshan Ashraf Meer Ross Knight Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Meer & Hasan Jean Loi Ross Knight, Barrister VDB Loi Co. Joseph Eimunjeze Salim Hasan Tim Marshall Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Meer & Hasan U San Lwin Tauawhi Men’s Centre JLPW Legal Services Mary Ekemezie Saman Rafat Imtiaz Phillipa Muir Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie The Law Offices of Saman R. Ah Lonn Maung Simpson Grierson Imtiaz DFDL Folake Elias Adebowale NICARAGUA Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Hiba Thobani Nay Chi Min Maung The Law Offices of Saman R. DFDL Minerva Adriana Bellorín Oluwabukola Iji Rodríguez Imtiaz SPA Ajibade & Co. Adam Mcbeth Pacheco Coto DFDL Mojisola Jawando PANAMA Blanca Paola Buitrago Molina Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Nelva Marissa Araúz Reyes Kyawtmon Min García & Bodán Morgan y Morgan VDB Loi Co. Okorie Kalu Karen Amelia Cerrato Punuka & Solicitors Mayrolis Parnther Mya Thita Oo Espinoza Arias & Muñoz VDB Loi Co. Alvarado y Asociados Jennifer Obado-Joel Enyenaweh Gisela Porras Yuri Fernando Cerrato NAMIBIA Arias & Muñoz Espinoza Ozofu Ogiemudia Petrine Hango Alvarado y Asociados Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Camila Vengoechea Office of the Morgan y Morgan Prosecutor-General Vanessa Cortes Osai Ojigho Alvarado y Asociados Alliances for Africa Lovisa Ihalwa PAPUA NEW GUINEA Office of the Government Miriam Socorro Espinoza Egoyibo Okoro Tam Diep Attorney Pacheco Coto Gadens Lawyers Olaoye Olalere Luz Marina Espinoza Ruiz SPA Ajibade & Co. Deborah Edo NEPAL Alvarado y Asociados Ashurst LLP Dal Bahadur Dhami Tolulope Osindero West Nepal Law Firm María Marvis Jiron Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Wavie Kendino Gadens Lawyers Pratima Burma Dania Navarrete Folakemi Praise Gandhi and Associates García & Bodán Margsolu Legal Practitioners Lisa Kudada & Consultants Gadens Lawyers Seema Dhami Carlos Ordeñana Pacheco Coto Christopher Udeaja Eunice Parua Sabin Gurung Oguchienti & Oguchienti Leahy Lewin Lowing Sullivan Maiti Nepal Hansel Saborío Lawyers García & Bodán Deepak Raj Joshi NORWAY Mayambo Peipul Gandhi and Associates Carlos Eduardo Téllez Páramo Marte Bauge Ketan Lawyers García & Bodán Vishnu Kumari Elin Paula Kvitberg Diogenes Emiliano Velasquez KPMG Law Advokatfirma AS Rishu Mulepati Vela Gandhi and Associates Pacheco Coto Hans C. Steenstrup Hartsang Advokatfirma DA Surendra Pokharel Balkrishna Sharma 258 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Acknowledgments PARAGUAY POLAND PUERTO RICO (U.S.) ROMANIA Ferrere Abogados Wojciech Babicki Brenda L. Colón Reyes Roxana Dobrila Miller, Canfield, W. Babicki, A. Colón Law Offices Gilescu & Partenerii Alejandra Tabel Chełchowski i Wspólnicy Sp.k. Vouga & Olmedo Abogados Carlos Marín Vargas Ioana Dumitru Karolina Figura Igartua, Igartua & Marín Law Popovici Nitu & Asociatii Andrés Vázquez Miller, Canfield, W. Babicki, A. Offices Attorneys-at-Law Rodolfo G. Vouga Chełchowski i Wspólnicy Sp.k. Eva Prados Rodríguez Ileana Glodeanu Vouga & Olmedo Abogadoss Małgorzata Grzelak Wolf Theiss & Asociatii Squire Patton Boggs Swiecicki QATAR PERU Krzesniak Sp.k. Smaranda Mihaela Mandrescu Ahmed Mohamed Abd Al-Latif Pop & Partners S.C.A. Clea Guerra Doha Bank Centro de la Mujer Peruana Monika Kamińska Attorneys-at-Law Flora Tristan University of Warsaw, Faculty Mahmoud Abuwassel of Law and Administration Mirela Nathanzon Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Gilescu & Partenerii Alonso Gurmendi Dunkelberg Universidad del Pacifico Anna Masiota Noor Al Huda Yahiya Masiota - Adwokaci i Vlad Neacsu Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Popovici, Nitu & Asociatii Liliana Tsuboyama Shiohama Radcowie Prawni Tsuboyama, Cuzquén & Khawla Al-Atiyat Attorneys-at-Law Nicolini Michal Niemirowicz-Szczytt White & Case LLP Bnt Neupert Zamorska & Anda Nicoara Lidia Vilchez Garcés Partnerzy SC Monita Barghachieh Gilescu & Partenerii Estudio Ferrero Abogados Pinsent Masons LLP Alina Panaitov Dominika Wagrodzka Bnt Neupert Zamorska & Mohammad Bedier Center for Partnership and PHILIPPINES Equality (CPE) Partnerzy SC Kenneth Chua James Elwen Quisumbing Torres, a member Monika Wołłk-Łaniewska Pinsent Masons LLP Irina Sorescu firm of Baker and Mckenzie Circuit Chamber of Legal Center for Partnership and International Counsel in Warsaw Mohammed Fouad Equality (CPE) Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Leslie Dy Mariola Wolska-Wasiak Diana Şteţiu SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Squire Patton Boggs Swiecicki Karim Hamdy Wolf Theiss & Asociatii Gatmaitan Krzesniak Sp.k. Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Cristina Gabriela Vedel Anthony Edsel Tupaz Malgorzata Zamorska Salman Mahmood Pop & Partners S.C.A. The Law Offices of Tupaz & Bnt Neupert Zamorska & Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Attorneys-at-Law Associates Partnerzy SC Michael Palmer Mihai Vlasceanu Squire Patton Boggs LLP Wolf Theiss & Asociatii PORTUGAL Ali Shaikley Maria Shearman de Macedo RUSSIAN FEDERATION White & Case LLP Associação de Mulheres Alexander Ksenofontov Contra a Violência (AMCV) Shahab SiddiquI Levant & Partners Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Elisabete Ferreira Yulia Dovgaya Universidade Católica Neifeld IP Law, PC Portuguesa, Escola de Direito do Porto Valery Getmanenko Baker & McKenzie Ricardo Lopes Caiado Guerreiro & Yulianna Vertinskaya Associados RWANDA Paula Luz Cartório Notarial de Portugal Pamela Abbott University of Aberdeen Joana Graça Moura Caiado Guerreiro & Valentin Akayezu Muhumuza Associados Tânia Pinheiro Caiado Guerreiro & Associados Acknowledgments 259 SÃO TOMÉ AND SEYCHELLES SINGAPORE SOUTH AFRICA PRÍNCIPE Marie-Nella Azemia Claire Bostock Amanda Arumugam Salustino David dos Santos Citizens Engagement Platform Association of Women for Bowman Gilfillan Inc. Andrade Seychelles Action & Research (AWARE) Richard Bollaert Assembleia Nacional de São Marie-Josée Bonne Kelly Forbes RMB Wands Attorneys Tomé e Príncipe Ministry of Social Affairs, Association of Women for Community Development and Action & Research (AWARE) Chantelle de Sousa Ernestina Menezes Neves Sport The SADC Lawyers’ INPG Corinna Lim Association Matias Rita dos Ramos Francis Chang-Sam Association of Women for Law Chambers of Francis Action & Research (AWARE) Chantal Kur INPG Chang-Sam The Mediation Clinic and Neanyl Wilfref Su Mien Tee Divorce Mediations INPG Karen Domingue Rajah & Tann Asia LLP Lusanda Raphulu Rosemary Elizabeth Francis Xavier Bowman Gilfillan Inc. SAUDI ARABIA Women in Action and Rajah & Tann Asia LLP Ammar Alattas Solidarity Organisation Sheena Swemmer GSK (WASO) Swart Redelinghuys Nel & SLOVAK REPUBLIC Partners Inc. Badr Aljaafari Jimmy Finesse Iveta Abelovská Badr Aljaafari Law Office Ministry of Labour Abelovsky & Sulva Legal SRO Ziona Tanzer and Human Resource Michal Jendzelovsky Richard Wands Abdulaziz Alkheraiji Development Clifford Chance LLP RMB Wands Attorneys Alkheraiji Law Office Jane Jolicoeur Peter Makys Sadeel Balkhyour SOUTH SUDAN Women in Action and Clifford Chance LLP Vinson & Elkins Solidarity Organisation Vincent Museke Karim Fawaz (WASO) Miroslava Obdržálková Clyde & Co. Clifford Chance LLP SPAIN Gerard Maurel Igor Šváby Ana Armijo Sara Khoja Lucie Antoinette Pool Bartošík Šváby SRO Ashurst LLP Clyde & Co. John Renaud Maroš Terkanič Inés Chamarro SENEGAL John M R Renaud’s Chamber Abelovsky & Sulva Legal SRO Marta García Mandaloniz Mohamed Dieng Fiona Robinson Universidad Carlos III de Géni & Kébé SCP d’Avocats SLOVENIA Judiciary of the Seychelles Madrid Alioune Dione Law Firm Fatur o.p., d.o.o. Divino Sabino María Ángeles Jaime de Pablo Ministère de la Femme Pardiwalla Twomey Lablache Legal-Information Center for de l’Enfance et de Belén Martín NGOs l’Entreprenariat Féminin Monica Servina Citizens Engagement Platform Damijan Gregorc Lourdes Martín Flórez Bineta Mbaye Uría Menéndez Seychelles Miro Senica and Attorneys, Alioune Badara Ndiaye d.o.o. Raquel Mendieta Grande Cabinet Maître Cheikh Fall SIERRA LEONE Suzana Kralijic Ashurst LLP Francis Kaifala Fa Ndiaye Katharina Miller Kaifala, Conteh & Co. Trademark Art Designs Victor Moinina Isabel Rodríguez Léon Oumou Kalsoum Toure Uría Menéndez Forum for the Development of Young People Gracia Sendín SERBIA Alpha Sesay Ashurst LLP Mirjana Antic Open Society Justice Initiative Olga Cvejić Jančić SRI LANKA University Educons - Sremska Thuwaraka Ganeshan Kamenica, Faculty of Tiruchelvam Associates European Legal and Political Studies - Novi Sad Lasantha Garusinghe Tiruchelvam Associates Jovana Tomić Živković Samardžić Law Office Menaka Lecamwasam University of Peradeniya Ramani Muttettuwegama Tiruchelvam Associates 260 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Acknowledgments ST. KITTS AND NEVIS SUDAN SWEDEN TAJIKISTAN Wesley George Mohamed Abdeen National Centre for Khujanazar Aslamshoev Walwyn Law Law Office of Mohamed Knowledge on Men’s Violence Colibri Law Firm Abdeen Against Women (NCK) Jennifer Harding Aisanat Safarbekkyzy Walwyn Law Yassir Ali Geraldine R. Bjallerstedt Grata Law Firm AIH Law Firm Kalisia Isaacs Christina Davis Kanat Seidaliev Myrna R. Walwyn & Aziza Ismat Hassanien Grata Law Firm Associates AIH Law Firm Katarina Jansson Stockholm Arbitration & Sherzod Sodatkadamov Perry Joseph Amel Sayed Litigation Center (SALC) Law Nazrisho & Mirzoev Law Firm Law Offices of Sylvester Firm LLC Anthony SURINAME Jenny Jilmstad Jaffarbek Uldashev Midge A. Morton Yvonne Baal Ashurst Advokatbyrå AB Human Rights Centre Morton Robinson, LP Anton de Kom University of Dushanbe Suriname Chrystal Kunosson Leonora Walwyn National Centre for Walwyn Law Ingrid de Bel-Simson Knowledge on Men’s Violence TANZANIA DB & Partners Corporate Law Against Women (NCK) Rita Akena Jihan Williams Services Legal Counsel The High Court of Saint Kitts Jonas Lindblad and Nevis Arielle Delprado Advokatfriman Vinge KB Celina Kibasa Arielle’s Consultancy Carolina Nilsson Victoria Lyimo Makani ST. LUCIA Velma Law Caribbean Centre for Family SWAZILAND Johanna Nyström and Human Rights (CARIFAM) Nokwanda Dlamini Advokatfirman Vinge KB Andrew Mandwa Swaziland Action Group Zenith Attorneys Michelle Anthony-Desir Against Abuse (SWAGAA) SWITZERLAND Zipporah Mvena Du Boulay, Anthony & Co. Ntsika Fakudze Francesca Montali Woolaston Tanzania Social Services Francis Belle Valueworks AG Industrial Workers Union The High Court of Saint Lucia Olivia Lwabukuna Human Sciences Research Caroline Raeber-Piraud Janet Ndyetabura Geoffrey DuBoulay Council of South Africa Valueworks AG Velma Law Floissac Fleming & Associates Cebile Manzini-Henwood Peter Reinert Mectrida Rweyemamu Brenda Floissac-Fleming Swaziland Action Group Baker & McKenzie Zenith Attorneys Floissac Fleming & Associates Against Abuse (SWAGAA) Beatriz Vera Cheryl Goddard-Dorville THAILAND Tenele Mkhabela Floissac Fleming & Associates Swaziland Action Group John Lewis TAIWAN, CHINA Against Abuse (SWAGAA) International Thai Foundation Leandra Gabrielle Verneuil Chuang Chiaoju Jennifer Remy & Associates Nozipho Msibi Themis Attorneys-at-Law Chadamarn Rattanajarungpond Federation of Swaziland Price Sanond Prabhas & Yu-Shiou (Clarence) Chou Wynne ST. VINCENT AND Employers and Chamber of Anchung THE GRENADINES Commerce Nualporn Satawiriya Sophia Hsieh Price Sanond Prabhas & Rene M. Baptiste Tsar & Tsai Law Firm, member Wynne Baptiste & Co. Law Firm Inc. of Lex Mundi Mikhail Charles Aroonee Sirivadhna Yen-jong Lee Association for the Promotion Baptiste & Co. Law Firm Inc. Themis Attorneys-at-Law of the Status of Women Nerissa Gittens Scarlett Tang Pramote Srisamai Department of Labour Tsar & Tsai Law Firm, member Price Sanond Prabhas & Melene A. Glynn of Lex Mundi Wynne Organization of American States (OAS) Andrew Wynne Price Sanond Prabhas & Nelcia Robinson Wynne Committee for the Development of Women (CEW) Acknowledgments 261 TIMOR-LESTE TONGA TURKEY UGANDA Rui Botica Santos Grabriella R Blake ‘Ilolahia Nebahat Akkoc Brenda Peace Amito CRA Law Firm Timor-Leste Kamer FIDA Uganda Fitilagi Ioane Fa’anunu Eusebio Guterres Duygu Alkan David Akky Batema UNIDO Business Regulatory Akanesi E. Katoa Mavioglu & Alkan Law Office Ndikabona Consultant Attorney General’s Office of (ADMD) High Court of Uganda Tonga Gonçalo Neves Lestro Mustafa Alp Augustine Idoot Obilil CRA Law Firm Timor-Leste Juliana Lafaialii Lutui Dokuz Eylul University, Tumusiime, Kabega & Co. Attorney General’s Office of Faculty of Law Advocates Paulo Palma Tonga Ministry of Public Works, Ayca Bayburan Brigitte Kusiima Sendi Transports and Lute Takau Mavioglu & Alkan Law Office Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Communications, Government (ADMD) Advocates of the Democratic Republic TRINIDAD AND of Timor-Leste TOBAGO Duygu Beyazo Rachel Musoke Çelen Law Firm Masembe, Makubuya, Adriko, Angelique Bart Duarte Simões Carneiro Karugaba & Ssekatawa Hamelsmith & Company Gökçe Çelen CRA Law Firm Timor-Leste Advocates Çelen Law Firm Sherna Alexander Benjamin Anna Yang Doreen Nawaali Organization for Abused and N. Fulya Kazbay The Asia Foundation, Ending Masembe, Makubuya, Adriko, Battered Individuals (OABI) Kazbay Law Firm Violence Against Women Karugaba & Ssekatawa Program (EVAW) Linda M. Besson Onur Can Korkmaz Advocates Employers’ Consultative Serap Zuvin Law Offices TOGO Association of Trinidad & UKRAINE Christian Adovelande Tobago Aybala Kurtuldu Marta Barandiy ECOWAS Bank for Investment Serap Zuvin Law Offices Promote Ukraine Geeta Maharaj and Development Melis Oget Koc Kateryna Ilikchiieva Gina Maharaj Serap Zuvin Law Offices Ablavi Ahouefa Noussoessi Kyiv National Economic Organization for Abused and Michele Aguey Sıla Pınar University Battered Individuals (OABI) Mawussé Yawa Akpama Hergüner Bilgen Özeke Evhenia Kolomiyets-Ludwig Ria Mohammed-Davidson Attorney Partnership Centre de Recherche Promote Ukraine Caribbean Court of Justice d’Information et de Formation Batuhan Sahmay pour la Femme CRIFF/GF2D Oksana Orlova Linnel Pierre Bener Law Firm Dentons Hamelsmith & Company Stanislas Baba Deren Suzme Peter Zenon Teluk Carl Quamina Mavioglu & Alkan Law Office Paneto Beguédouwè Squire Patton Boggs LLC Organization for Abused and (ADMD) Ehonam Yvette Gamisso Battered Individuals (OABI) Andriy Tsvyetkov Yévénou Ebru Unal Attorneys’ Association SCP Aquereburu & Partners TUNISIA Hergüner Bilgen Özeke Gestors Attorney Partnership Fiaza Benhadid Mayi Gnofam Programme d’Appui à Ali Yurtsever Béchir Ghachem la Femme et à l’Enfance Mavioglu & Alkan Law Office GLA Déshéritée (PAFED) (ADMD) Wael Haffar Epiphanie Meteteiton Houmey Serap Zuvin Eklu-Koevanu Aziz Sammoud Serap Zuvin Law Offices Centre de Recherche CAG Law Firm d’Information et de Formation Helmi Toumi pour la Femme CRIFF/GF2D CAG Law Firm Sandra Johnson Bariki Kadhanga 262 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Acknowledgments UNITED ARAB UNITED STATES VIETNAM YEMEN, REP. EMIRATES Sherri Donovan Huong Bui Emad Al-Garash Raya Abu Gulal Sherri Donovan & Associates, PBC Partners & RHT Law Yemen Organization for Manaar Legal Consultancy PC Defending Rights and Jérôme Buzenet Democratic Freedoms Hanan Ahli Areej Faiz DFDL Legal & Tax Abdulkader Al-Hebshi Maryam Al Suwaidi Ndidi N. Menkiti Vi Dang Advocacy & Legal Littler Mendelson PBC Partners & RHT Law Consultations Office (ALCO) Mohammed Al-Qasimi Mary Rothwell Davis Phong Anh Hoang Heba Alsaid Stefania Franchini Sanctuary for Families DFDL Advocacy & Legal TLG The Legal Group Andrew Lai Consultations Office (ALCO) Diana Hamade URUGUAY Kelvin Chia Partnership International Advocate Legal Ileana Borbonet ZAMBIA Services Ferrere Abogados Linh Chi Nguyen Sandra Jacobs Kelvin Chia Partnership J. C. Mulunga & Company Abdulla Lootah Graciana Buffa Emirates Competitiveness Estudio Bado, Kuster, Zerbino Phuong Ha Nguyen Mabvuto Sakala Council & Rachetti Honor Partnership Law Corpus Legal Practioners Company Limited (HPLaw) Mhairi Main Garcia Alvaro Carrau Wantemwa Simutenda Ashurst LLP Estudio Bado, Kuster, Zerbino Tat Thang Nguyen Alliance One Zambia Limited & Rachetti Honor Partnership Law Nisreen Rabah Company Limited (HPLaw) Ashurst LLP Geanella Pígola ZIMBABWE Pígola - Zeballos & Asociados Thi Linh Chi Nguyen Precious Chakasikwa Hala Shash Kelvin Chia Partnership Kantor and Immerman Emirates Competitiveness Verónica Raffo Council Ferrere Abogados Tien Lap Nguyen Slyvia Chirawu NHQuang & Associates Women and Law In Southern Stefanía Rainaldi Africa (WLSA) UNITED KINGDOM Ferrere Abogados Tieu My Nguyen Lucia Ferrer Honor Partnership Law Davison Kanokanga Clifford Chance LLP Lucía Van Velthoven Company Limited (HPLaw) Kanokanga & Partners Eleanor Matthews Carla Zeballos Minh Phuong Vu Prince Kanokanga Pígola - Zeballos & Asociados DFDL Legal & Tax Kanokanga & Partners Rose Meller Mayer Brown International UZBEKISTAN Thu Hang Vu Roselyn Mhlanga LLP Honor Partnership Law Kanokanga & Partners Elvina Asanova Grata Law Firm Company Limited (HPLaw) Chloe Meredith Ashurst LLP Benjamin Yap Khurshida Khabibullaeva Collette O’Connor Grata Law Firm PBC Partners & RHT Law Karen O’Leary Nodir Yuldashev WEST BANK AND GAZA Caldwell & Robinson Grata Law Firm A’laa Al-Skafi Amarjit Singh Al Mezan Center for Human VENEZUELA, RB Rights Dutton Gregory Solicitors Gilberto Jorge David Smith Palacios Ortega y Asociados Mu’ien Barghouti Clifford Chance LLP Institute of Law of Berzeit Gabriela Longo University Hilary Stauffer Palacios, Ortega y Asociados London School of Economics, Hanna N. Hanania Eduardo Meier García Hanania Law Office Centre for the Study of Front Despacho de Abogados Human Rights Tamer Sabah José Manuel Ortega Pérez Tamer Sabah Law Office Herbert Swaniker Palacios, Ortega y Asociados Clifford Chance LLP Luis Esteban Palacios Zsolt Vertessy Palacios, Ortega y Asociados Mayer Brown International LLP Ricardo Rojas Gaona Rojas Gaona & Bandres Laura Whiteway-Bell Sadie Whittam Acknowledgments 263 264 Women, Business and the Law 2016