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                            THE URBAN
                        REHABILITATION
                           OF MEDINAS
                       The World Bank Experience in the
                           Middle East and North Africa
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The World Bank Experience in the
    Middle East and North Africa



                                   Anthony G. Bigio
                             Senior Urban Specialist
                  Urban and Social Development Unit
                        Middle East and North Africa

                                     Guido Licciardi
                          Junior Professional Officer
       Urban Development and Local Government Unit
                   Sustainable Development Network

                                     May 2010, No. 9
Urban Development Series
Produced by the World Bank's Urban Development and Local Government Unit of the Sustainable
Development Network, the Urban Development Series discusses the challenge of urbanization and
what it will mean for developing countries in the decades ahead. The Series aims to explore and delve
more substantively into the core issues framed by the World Bank's 2009 Urban Strategy Systems
of Cities: Harnessing Urbanization for Growth and Poverty Alleviation. Across the five domains
of the Urban Strategy, the Series provides a focal point for publications that seek to foster a better
understanding of (i) the core elements of the city system, (ii) pro-poor policies, (iii) city economies,
(iv) urban land and housing markets, (v) sustainable urban environment, and other urban issues
germane to the urban development agenda for sustainable cities and communities.




© 2010 THE WORLD BANK

An initial version of this paper was presented at the Medinas 2030 conference organized by FEMIP
and the European Investment Bank which took place in Marseilles, France, on October 8­9, 2009. The
statements, findings, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors only, and do
not reflect the view of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank, or of the governments they
represent.

The photo on the cover depicts the medina of Sousse (Tunisia) and its kasbah, or fortified town.
                                                                    THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS




Table of Contents                                                                             FIG. 1
                                                                                           Traditional urban
                                                                                           reservoir in the heart
Foreword v                                                                                 of Hababa (Yemen),
                                                                                           storing a precious
1. Summary 1                                                                               urban resource


2. Significance and decay of medinas in the Arab world 2

3. Defining contemporary medina users 4

4. Objectives of medina rehabilitation 6

5. Winners and losers in medina rehabilitation 9

6. Roles of the public, private, and non-profit sectors 11

7. Institutional framework and urban management 12

8. Urban planning and property titling 15

9. Cultural preservation, public space, and infrastructure upgrading 17

10. Pro-poor housing and welfare programs 20

11. Fiscal and financial mechanisms to promote private investments 24

12. Cultural tourism and the Medina Tourism Potential Index 27

References 29
                                                                                THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS




                                                                              Foreword
How can cultural heritage support economic            IVL TWKIT MKWVWUQM[ XZW^QLML QVKMV\Q^M[ NWZ RWJ         FIG. 2
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                                                                                                            assets and historic
Urban Development Series--examines the                Y]ITQ\a WN X]JTQK [XIKM[ :M^Q\ITQbML K]T\]ZIT PMZQ    urban neighborhoods
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in reviving communities, and in establishing          IVL \I` ZM^MV]M[ \P][ UISQVO I^IQTIJTM ILLQ\QWVIT     (Morocco)

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                                                                                    THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS          1




      Summary
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                                                                                                                   FIG. 3
                                                                                                                 The thriving medina of
                                                                                                                 Moulay Driss Zerhoun
                                                                                                                 (Morocco), attracting
                                                                                                                 pilgrims to its
                                                                                                                 sanctuary
   2    URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




                                   Significance and decay of medinas in the
                                   Arab world
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[WKQM\QM[ _PQKP Q[ IT[W I\ \PM WZQOQV WN [WUM ZILQKIT    QVKT][QWV QV \PM =6-;+7 TQ[\ WN ?WZTL 0MZQ\IOM               of the medina of
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\]\QWVIT ÅVIVKQIT IVL \MKPVQKIT \WWT[ VMMLML NWZ \PM     \W \PMQZ XZMMUQVMVKM \W \PM QV\MZM[\ WN \PM QV\MZVI
KWV[MZ^I\QWV IVL ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV WN []KP XI\ZQUWVa# WZ    \QWVIT KWUU]VQ\a IVL \W \PM []XXWZ\ WN \PM VI\QWVIT
I[ I KWUJQVI\QWV WN ITT WN \PM IJW^M                     OW^MZVUMV\[ PI^M JMMV QV[KZQJML WV \PM ?WZTL 0MZ
                                                         Q\IOM 4Q[\ )[ \PM KZQ\MZQI NWZ \PM LMÅVQ\QWV WN UMLQ
?PQTM \PQ[ IUJQO]Q\a ZMUIQV[ XITXIJTM QV UIVa            VI[ IZM VW\ ]VQ^MZ[ITTa M[\IJTQ[PML MIKP OW^MZVUMV\
KW]V\ZQM[ WN \PM ZMOQWV \PM QV\MZVI\QWVIT VW\WZQM\a      QV \PM ZMOQWV UIQV\IQV[ Q\[ W_V TQ[\ IVL Q[ ZM[XWV[QJTM
WN \PM UMLQVI[ Q[ ]VLQ[X]\ML IVL \PMQZ I\\ZIK\Q^MVM[[    NWZ \PM KTI[[QÅKI\QWV I[ _MTT I[ NWZ \PM KWV[MZ^I\QWV WN
Q[ LMUWV[\ZI\ML Ja \PM ^WT]UM WN ^Q[Q\WZ[ \PMa I\\ZIK\   \PM PQ[\WZQK KQ\QM[ WV Q\[ \MZZQ\WZa <PM \W\IT V]UJMZ WN
WV IV IVV]IT JI[Q[ XZW^QLQVO [W]ZKM[ WN NWZMQOV ZM^M     UMLQVI[ QV \PM 5QLLTM -I[\ IVL 6WZ\P )NZQKI ZMOQWV
V]M[ K]T\]ZIT TQVSIOM[ WXXWZ\]VQ\QM[ NWZ MUXTWaUMV\      Q[ TQSMTa \W JM W^MZ I P]VLZML



                          Cultural World      Of which                                                                TABLE 1
 Country                  Heritage Sites      medinas    Medinas classified as WHS                                    Medinas inscribed
                                                                                                                      on the World
 Algeria                        6                2       M'Zab valley (five medinas), Kasbah of Algiers               Heritage List in
 Egypt                          6                1       Old Cairo                                                    North Africa and
                                                                                                                      the Middle East
 Iran                           10               2       Esfahan, Bam
 Israel                         6                1       Acre
 Lebanon                        5                3       Baalbek, Byblos, and Tyre
 Libya                          5                1       Ghadamès
 Morocco                        8                6       Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes, Tétouan, Essaouira, and El Djadida
 Syria                          5                3       Damascus, Bosra, and Aleppo
 Tunisia                        7                3       Tunis, Kairouan, and Sousse
 Yemen                          3                3       Shibam, Sana'a, and Zabid
 Total                         61               25
4   URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




                                    Defining contemporary medina users
                     Historic medinas have evolved from self-                      PI[ LZIUI\QKITTa KPIVOML QV I NM_ LMKILM[ I[ _Q\P
                     sufficient cities to becoming central urban                   \PM M`KMX\QWV WN \PM UW[\ Q[WTI\ML UMLQVI[ \PM QU
                     cores of much larger urban agglomerations.                    XWZ\IV\ WVM[ PI^M JMKWUM \PM ]ZJIV KWZM[ WN U]KP
                     This has transformed the profile of medina                    TIZOMZ ]ZJIV IOOTWUMZI\QWV[ WN _PQKP \PMa ZMXZM[MV\
                     users.                                                        I [UITT XWZ\QWV 1V 5WZWKKW NWZ QV[\IVKM \PM XWX]TI
                                                                                   \QWV WN \PM UMLQVI[ WN <IVOQMZ[ IVL WN +I[IJTIVKI
                     ;QVKM \PMQZ NW]VLI\QWV UIVa KMV\]ZQM[ IOW IVL ]V\QT           ZMXZM[MV\[ WVTa  XMZKMV\ WN \PM IOOTWUMZI\QWV _PQTM
                     ^MZa ZMKMV\Ta UW[\ UMLQVI[ M`Q[\ML I[ KWUXTM\M KQ\QM[         QV \PM KI[M WN .Mb WVM WN \PM UW[\XWX]TI\ML UMLQ
                     I[ \PMQZ )ZIJQK VIUM QUXTQM[ OMVMZITTa MVKQZKTML Ja           VI[ \PM XMZKMV\IOM Q[ WN WVTa  XMZKMV\
                     LMNMV[Q^M _ITT[ IVL I[ [MTNKWV\IQVML ]ZJIV ]VQ^MZ[M[
                     KWUXTM\M _Q\P ITT \PM QV[\Q\]\QWVIT MKWVWUQK IVL [W           0I^QVO OWVM NZWU JMQVO KWUXTM\M IVL [MTNKWV
                     KQIT IK\Q^Q\QM[ _PQKP KPIZIK\MZQbML \PMU <PMa _MZM            \IQVML KQ\QM[ \W JMQVO KWZM[ WN U]KP TIZOMZ KQ\QM[
                     UW[\Ta []ZZW]VLML Ja \PM KW]V\Za[QLM W^MZ _PQKP               \PM Y]M[\QWV WN \PM N]VK\QWVIT TQVSIOM[ JM\_MMV \PM
                     \PMa _MZM M`MZ\QVO \PMQZ XW_MZ IVL QVÆ]MVKM <PQ[              UMLQVI[ IVL \PM []ZZW]VLQVO ]ZJIV IZMI[ JMKWUM[


       TABLE 2
                                                                                         Residents of
Attractiveness of                                                   Medina               other           National      International
medina economic       Activities          Products and services     residents            neighborhoods   visitors      tourists
    activities and
                      Educational         Medersas, schools
      services to
   different user     Health-care         Health-care centers
           groups     Commercial          Basic products
                                          Specialized products
                                          Handicrafts
                                          Fashion products
                                          Souvenirs
                      Hospitality         Cafes
                                          Restaurants
                                          Boutique hotels
                      Entertainment       Theatres and cinemas
                                          Gaming halls
                                          Community centers
                      Cultural            Museums
                                          Art galleries
                                          Cultural centers
                      Religious           Mosques


                      Attractiveness                                         Nil               Low          Moderate        High
                                                                                    THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS           5




KZ]KQIT ?PI\ IZM \PM ZWTM[ WN \PM UMLQVI QV I UWL                                                                    FIG. 6
                                                                                                                  Heritage-related
MZV M^WT^QVO IVL OZW_QVO )ZIJ KQ\a' ?PW IZM Q\[
                                                                                                                  products displayed
][MZ[' )LLZM[[QVO []KP Y]M[\QWV[ Q[ ZMTM^IV\ NWZ \PM                                                              in the medina of
X]ZXW[M WN LMÅVQVO \PM ZI\QWVITM IVL \PM WJRMK\Q^M[                                                               Essaouira (Morocco)
WN \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV XZWKM[[M[ OQ^MV \PI\ LQNNMZMV\
OZW]X[ KWV\ZQJ]\M QV LQNNMZMV\ _Ia[ \W \PM MKWVWUa
WN \PM UMLQVI IVL ZM^Q^QVO \PM MKWVWUQK JI[Q[
WN \PM[M ]ZJIV IZMI[ U][\ JM IV M[[MV\QIT XIZ\ WN
\PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV 1\[ []KKM[[ \PMZMNWZM _QTT LMXMVL
TIZOMTa WV ]VLMZ[\IVLQVO IV ZMQVNWZKQVO []KP MKW
VWUQK LaVIUQK[

Medina users in the contemporary setting can
be classified into four distinct groups.

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MZ ]ZJIV VMQOPJWZPWWL[# QQQ VI\QWVIT ^Q[Q\WZ[# IVL
Q^ QV\MZVI\QWVIT \W]ZQ[\[ -IKP OZW]X ][M[ \PM UMLQ       XWX]TI\QWV IT\PW]OP [W]OP\ IN\MZ Ja \PM aW]VOMZ
VI QV I LQNNMZMV\ UIVVMZ IVL IKKM[[ I LQNNMZMV\ [M\ WN   OMVMZI\QWV )\ \PM W\PMZ M`\ZMUM QV\MZVI\QWVIT \W]Z
[MZ^QKM[ <IJTM  XZM[MV\[ \PM [MZ^QKM[ [W]OP\ Ja \PM      Q[\[ [MMS LQNNMZMV\ [MZ^QKM[ IVL OWWL[ <PMQZ QV\MZM[\[
LQNNMZMV\ ][MZ OZW]X[ <PM ZM[QLMV\[ WN \PM UMLQVI        QVKT]LM U][M]U[ IZ\ OITTMZQM[ IVL K]T\]ZIT KMV\MZ[
XZQUIZQTa [MMS JI[QK [MZ^QKM[ []KP I[ PMIT\P IVL ML]     M[XMKQITTa I\ \PM \QUM WN K]T\]ZIT M^MV\[ WZ NM[\Q^IT[
KI\QWV [PWX I\ \PM TWKIT UIZSM\[ IVL OZWKMZa [\WZM[      <PMa [MMS \PM WXXWZ\]VQ\a \W [\Ia W^MZVQOP\ QV \PM
IVL KWVOZMOI\M I\ \PM TWKIT UW[Y]M[ IVL ZMTI\ML          UMLQVI[ QN JW]\QY]M PW\MT[ IZM I^IQTIJTM \W T]VKP
NIKQTQ\QM[ +INu[ IZM \PMQZ XTIKM NWZ [WKQIT QV\MZIK      IVL LQVM I\ TWKIT ]X[KITM KINu[ IVL ZM[\I]ZIV\[ IVL
\QWV _PMZM UMV _QTT [Q\ IVL KWV^MZ[M [QXXQVO KWNNMM      [PWX NWZ TWKIT PIVLQKZIN\[ [W]^MVQZ[ TWKIT NI[PQWV
WZ \MI +QVMUI[ \PMI\ZM[ OIUQVO PITT[ IVL KWU             Q\MU[ IVL [XMKQITQbML XZWL]K\[ \PI\ KIV WVTa JM
U]VQ\a KMV\MZ[ IZM WN TM[[MZ QV\MZM[\ \W \PM ZM[QLMV\    NW]VL TWKITTa XZWL]KML QV \ZILQ\QWVIT _WZS[PWX[

                                                         :M[QLMV\[ WN \PM ]ZJIV IOOTWUMZI\QWV IVL VI\QWV             FIG. 7
                                                         IT ^Q[Q\WZ[ ^Q[Q\ \PM UMLQVI NWZ LQNNMZMV\ X]ZXW[M[      Informal commercial
                                                                                                                  activities in the
                                                         <PM NWZUMZ I[ KMZ\IQV \ZILQ\QWVIT NWWL[\]NN[ IVL         historic city of Meknes
                                                         PIVLQKZIN\ XZWL]K\[ \PI\ IZM [\QTT XIZ\ WN \PMQZ LIQTa   (Morocco)
                                                         WZ XMZQWLQKIT KWV[]UX\QWV IZM JM[\ NW]VL QV \PM
                                                         UMLQVI¼[ KWUUMZKQIT IZMI[ <PM TI\\MZ I[ \PMa IX
                                                         XZWIKP \PM K]T\]ZIT PMZQ\IOM WN \PMQZ VI\QWV _Q\P
                                                         [WUM QV\MZM[\ ^Q[Q\QVO [Q\M[ IVL IKY]QZQVO TWKIT
                                                         XZWL]K\[ \W JZQVO JIKS PWUM ;]KP LQNNMZMV\ ][IOM[
                                                         WN \PM ]ZJIV [XIKM IZM QUXWZ\IV\ _PMV IVITabQVO
                                                         \PM TWKIT MKWVWUa QV IV I\\MUX\ \W ]VTWKS Q\[ XW
                                                         \MV\QIT <PM U]KP PQOPMZ KWV[]UX\QWV XW\MV\QIT Ja
                                                         QV\MZVI\QWVIT \W]ZQ[\[ UISM[ IK\Q^Q\QM[ IQUML I\ \PI\
                                                         ][MZ OZW]X KTMIZTa \PM UW[\ T]KZI\Q^M WVM[ NWZ TWKIT
                                                         J][QVM[[M[
   6    URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




                                     Objectives of medina rehabilitation
                                                                                           The World Bank has given active support to
                                                                                           governments in medina rehabilitation, as part
                                                                                           of its world-wide support to cultural heritage
                                                                                           and sustainable tourism development.

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                                                                                           WXMZI\QWV[  TMVLQVO IVL  VWVTMVLQVO MV
                                                                                           \QZMTa LM^W\ML \W WZ PI^QVO KWUXWVMV\[ QV K]T\]ZIT
                                                                                           PMZQ\IOM KWV[MZ^I\QWV IVL XZWUW\QWV WN [][\IQVIJTM
                                                                                           \W]ZQ[U NWZ IV QV^M[\UMV\ WN =; JQTTQWV IKZW[[
                                                                                           \PM LM^MTWXQVO _WZTL <PMZM IZM K]ZZMV\Ta  WX
                                                                                           MZI\QWV[ ]VLMZ QUXTMUMV\I\QWV  TMVLQVO IVL 
                                                                                           VWVTMVLQVO NWZ IV W^MZITT QV^M[\UMV\ WN =; JQT
                                                                                           TQWV 1V \PM 5QLLTM -I[\ IVL 6WZ\P )NZQKI ZMOQWV
                                                                                           \PM ?WZTL *IVS PI[ JMMV IK\Q^M [QVKM \PM MIZTa ¼ 
                                                                                           _Q\P JW\P TMVLQVO WXMZI\QWV[ IVL IL^Q[WZa _WZS QV
                                                                                           UMLQVI ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV <PM ZMTM^IV\ WXMZI\QWV[ IZM
                                                                                           XZM[MV\ML QV <IJTM  IVL IZM ZMNMZMVKML QV JW`M[
                                                                                FIG. 8
                                     The citadel is one of Aleppo's (Syria) most ancient   \PZW]OPW]\ \PM XIXMZ I[ \PMa XZW^QLM ][MN]T M`IU
                                                                      monumental areas     XTM[ IVL TM[[WV[ TMIZVML




           TABLE 3
                                                                                                     Project costs   WB lending     Of which for
 World Bank projects     Project name                   P#             Country       Duration           US$ m        US$ million   rehabilitation
for the rehabilitation
    of medinas in the    Third Urban Development        P005652        Tunisia       1982­1993          25.00          25.00            25.00
      Middle East and    Fez Medina Rehabilitation      P005524        Morocco       1998­2005           27.60          9.60             9.60
         North Africa
                         Bethlehem 2000                 P053985        West Bank &   1998­2003          28.41          28.33            28.33
                                                                       Gaza
                         First Social Fund for          P041199        Yemen         1997­2003          85.00          29.30             0.92
                         Development
                         Second Tourism Development P035997            Jordan        1997­2005          44.00          29.22            29.22
                         Second Social Fund for         P068830        Yemen         2000­2006          175.00         76.24             8.81
                         Development
                         Cultural Heritage              P048825        Tunisia       2001­ongoing       23.79           17.00           17.00
                         Cultural Heritage and          P050529        Lebanon       2003- ongoing       61.89          31.50           31.50
                         Urban Development
                         Cultural Heritage, Tourism,    P081823        Jordan        2007­ongoing        71.08         56.00           56.00
                         and Urban Development
                         Total                                                                          541.77        298.86          203.05
                                                                                   THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS          7




Most World Bank-financed operations pursue              IVL \PM PW[XQ\ITQ\a QVL][\Za ZMTI\ML \W K]T\]ZIT
three objectives for medina rehabilitation:             \W]ZQ[U
(i) ensuring the conservation of key cultural
heritage assets; (ii) fostering local economic          <PM \PQZL WJRMK\Q^M Q[ \W ILLZM[[ \PM JI[QK VMML[
development; and (iii) addressing the basic             WN \PM ZM[QLMV\ XWX]TI\QWV \PZW]OP QV^M[\UMV\
needs of the resident population.                       [\ZI\MOQM[ \PI\ IZM KMV\MZML WV \PM QUXZW^MUMV\ WN
                                                        PW][QVO KWVLQ\QWV[ IKKM[[ \W JI[QK QVNZI[\Z]K\]ZM
<PM ÅZ[\ WJRMK\Q^M MV\IQT[ MV[]ZQVO \PM XZM[MZ          IVL X]JTQK [MZ^QKM[ IVL RWJ KZMI\QWV [W I[ \W ZML]KM
^I\QWV WN \PM M`Q[\QVO XI\ZQUWVa \PZW]OP XWTQKQM[       \PM [WKQIT Q[WTI\QWV IVL XW^MZ\a WN \PM ZM[QLMV\[
IVL UMI[]ZM[ M`\MVLML \W UWV]UMV\[ SMa X]JTQK
[XIKM[ XZQ^I\M J]QTLQVO[ IVL XPa[QKIT IVL QV\IV         1V \PM M`XMZQMVKM WN \PM ?WZTL *IVS []KP WJRMK
OQJTM K]T\]ZIT I[[M\[ WN \PM PQ[\WZQK \W_V[ IKKWZLQVO   \Q^M[ [PW]TL JM X]Z[]ML QV XIZITTMT IVL \PM XWTQKQM[
\W QV\MZVI\QWVITTa ZMKWOVQbML [\IVLIZL[                 IVL IXXZWIKPM[ IXXTQML \W UMLQVI ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV
                                                        [PW]TL JM MY]ITTa [MV[Q\Q^M \W MIKP WVM WN \PMU
<PM [MKWVL WJRMK\Q^M X]Z[]M[ \PM LM^MTWXUMV\            .IQT]ZM QV \PM IKPQM^MUMV\ IVa WN \PM[M \PZMM WJRMK
WN \PM MKWVWUQK XW\MV\QIT WN UMLQVI[ [W \PI\            \Q^M[ KIV ZM[]T\ QV IV ]V[][\IQVIJTM XZWKM[[ WN ]ZJIV
\PMa UIa KWV\ZQJ]\M \W MKWVWUQK OZW_\P \PZW]OP          \ZIV[NWZUI\QWV IVL _QTT ]T\QUI\MTa ]VLMZUQVM \PM
\PM XZWUW\QWV WN PIVLQKZIN\[ K]T\]ZIT IK\Q^Q\QM[        XZWKM[[ WN UMLQVI ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV I[ I _PWTM


                                                                                                                  FIG. 9
                                                                                                                Traditional multi-story
                                                                                                                earthen buildings
                                                                                                                create the unique
                                                                                                                architecture of Sana'a
                                                                                                                (Yemen)
   8     URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




          BOX 1            Project Development Objectives of urban medina rehabilitation

                           The Tunisia Third Urban Development Project
                           aimed at (i) helping the local authorities design and
                                                                                            which has included sites preservation, training of
                                                                                            young masons, and capacity building of organizations
                           implement better shelter and improved urban ser-                 and individuals to document, restore, rehabilitate, and
                           vices for low-income people living in the medinas;               protect Yemen's cultural assets by using local materi-
                           (ii) enhancing housing policy to increase housing ac-            als and traditional building techniques.
                           cessibility; (iii) strengthening the institutional frame-
                           work of agencies involved in urban and housing                   The Jordan Second Tourism Development Project
                           development; and (iv) promoting the implementation               is making available funding for (i) developing sustain-
                           of a national approach to housing planning in inner              able tourism; (ii) generating tourism related employ-
                           cities. This project provided funding for the rehabilita-        ment; (iii) enhancing infrastructure; (iv) developing
                           tion of the Hafsia neighborhood in the Tunis medina.             environmental conservation; and (v) providing techni-
                                                                                            cal assistance to improve the institutional framework.
                           The Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project pro-               Focuses of the project are the historic cities and sites
                           vided resources for (i) improving vehicular network;             of Petra, Wadi Run, Jerash, and Karak.
                           (ii) protecting the environmental by relocating polluting
                           industries and regrouping productive activities to facili-       The Tunisia Cultural Heritage Project provides finan-
                           tate deliveries; (iii) creating public spaces to reduce the      cial resources for (i) preserving cultural heritage sites
                           density of residential neighborhoods; (iv) improving sol-        and improving museum management; (ii) promoting
                           id waste management; (iv) preserving key monuments,              policies for market development, handicraft production,
                           dilapidated structures, construction of community fa-            and training; (iii) designing communication programs
                           cilities, and urban landscaping; (v) facilitating private in-    involving local governments, NGOs, and local communi-
                           vestment in the rehabilitation of the built environment;         ties; and (iv) strengthening local institutions in cultural
                           (vi) setting up tourist circuits; (vii) alleviating poverty by   heritage management. The project supports the Bardo
                           generating employment opportunities; and (viii) rein-            Museum extension, rehabilitation works in the Kairouan
                           forcing the institutional framework. The project funded          and Sousse medinas, including museum upgrading, and
                           these activities in the historic inner city of Fez.              preservation initiatives in the archaeological site of Car-
                                                                                            thage.
                           The Bethlehem 2000 Project aimed at (i) support-
                           ing local economic development by creating job op-               The Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban Develop-
                           portunities; (ii) enhancing infrastructure in historic           ment Project aims at (i) supporting local economic
                           inner cities for the benefit of the local communities;           development and enhancing the quality of life of lo-
                           (iii) strengthening the local institutions in cultural           cal communities; (ii) preserving and improving man-
                           heritage preservation and management. The project                agement of cultural heritage; (ii) rehabilitating public
                           focused on the historic inner cities of Bethlehem and            spaces and infrastructure; (iii) enforcing land use and
                           other four neighboring municipalities.                           traffic regulations in and around the sites, including
              FIG. 10                                                                       the protection and landscaping of coastal and green
     The great mosque      The First and Second Yemen Social Development                    areas; (iv) developing studies for urban redevelop-
   of Damascus (Syria)     Funds included a broad initiative to support poverty             ment adjacent to the sites; and (v) enhancing the in-
         hosts religious   reduction by (i) improving living conditions in historic         stitutional framework through technical assistance
functions and provides     cities and (ii) providing income generation opportuni-           and capacity building. The project funds civil works in
 a safe place for social   ties to the poor. Inter alia, it supported cultural heri-        the historic cities and sites of Baalbeck, Byblos, Saida,
        interactions       tage conservation, mostly in small villages and towns,           Tripoli, and Tyre.

                                                                                            The Jordan Cultural Heritage Tourism and Urban
                                                                                            Development Project provides resources for (i) sup-
                                                                                            porting local economic development by preserving
                                                                                            cultural heritage; (ii) consolidating the sustainable
                                                                                            tourism industry; (iii) rehabilitating the housing stock
                                                                                            in medinas and improving urban infrastructure; (iv) en-
                                                                                            suring financial and technical supports to the local
                                                                                            entrepreneurs and community groups; (vii) encourag-
                                                                                            ing small and medium enterprises in the medinas; and
                                                                                            (viii) providing assistance for capacity building of lo-
                                                                                            cal institutions. The project focuses on Jerash, Karak,
                                                                                            Madaba, Salt, Ajloun, and Petra, where the construc-
                                                                                            tion of a new visitor center is being financed.
                                                                                  THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS         9


          Winners and losers in medina
          rehabilitation
Medina rehabilitation, like all urban transforma-
tions, will distribute benefits unevenly. Winners
and losers will emerge, and the rehabilitation
process must mitigate the losses.

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JM\_MMV \PM ^IT]M WN \PM ZMITM[\I\M I[[M\[ QV\ZI U]
ZW[ IVL M`\ZI U]ZW[ _PQKP Q[ OMVMZITTa ^MZa [QOVQN
QKIV\ )[ \PM ZMIT M[\I\M ^IT]M[ WN XZWXMZ\QM[ QV \PM
UMLQVI LZWX \PQ[ KWV[\Q\]\M[ I N]Z\PMZ LQ[QVKMV\Q^M
\W QV^M[\ QV UIQV\MVIVKM IVL ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV WN \PM
J]QTLQVO [\WKS X][PQVO N]Z\PMZ \PM XZWKM[[ WN LM
KIa QV\W I ^QKQW][ KQZKTM +WV^MZ[MTa WVM KIV IZO]M
\PI\ \PM W^MZITT []KKM[[ WN I ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV XZWKM[[
KIV JM UMI[]ZML Ja \PM LMKZMI[QVO LQNNMZMV\QIT WN
ZMITM[\I\M ^IT]M[ _Q\PQV \PM UMLQVI IVL JMaWVL
Q\[ JW]VLIZQM[ :MPIJQTQ\I\QWV XWTQKQM[ _QTT [\ZQ^M
\W ZM^Q\ITQbM \PW[M ]ZJIV IZMI[ [W \PI\ ZMITM[\I\M
^IT]M[ _QTT QVKZMI[M IVL Ja LWQVO [W _QTT KZMI\M \PM    XWZ\]VQ\a WN QV^M[\QVO QV VM_ MKWVWUQK IK\Q^Q\QM[        FIG. 11
MKWVWUQK QVKMV\Q^M[ NWZ XZQ^I\M [MK\WZ WXMZI\WZ[        IVL WN ZMPIJQTQ\I\QVO \PM PW][QVO [\WKS I[ \PMZM      Highly labor-intensive
                                                                                                              local products on
¸NIUQTQM[ IVL ÅZU[ [XMKQITQbML WXMZI\WZ[¸\W QV          _QTT JM IV QVKZMI[ML LMUIVL NWZ \PMQZ I[[M\[ IVL      sale in the medina of
^M[\ QV UIQV\MVIVKM IVL ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV                  ZM\]ZV WV \PMQZ QV^M[\UMV\[ 0W_M^MZ \PW[M ZM[Q        Marrakesh (Morocco)
                                                        LMV\[ _PW IZM K]ZZMV\Ta ZMV\QVO []JTM\\QVO WZ
5MLQVI ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV U][\ PW_M^MZ JM LM[QOVML          W\PMZ_Q[M WKK]XaQVO XZMUQ[M[ \PMa LW VW\ W_V
IVL QUXTMUMV\ML _Q\P I KTMIZ ]VLMZ[\IVLQVO WN \PM       ZQ[S TW[QVO \PMQZ WKK]XIVKa [\I\][ IVL JMQVO M`
W_VMZ[PQX WN \PM UMLQVI XZWXMZ\QM[ WV WVM PIVL          XMTTML NZWU \PM UMLQVI 4WKIT MKWVWUQK LM^MTWX
IVL WN \PM WKK]XIVKa [\I\][ WN Q\[ QVPIJQ\IV\[ WV \PM   UMV\ OMIZML \W \PM _MIT\PQMZ QV\MZVI\QWVIT \W]ZQ[\[
W\PMZ QV WZLMZ \W MV[]ZM \PI\ _PQTM \PM ZMITM[\I\M      IVL VI\QWVIT ^Q[Q\WZ[ _QTT OMVMZI\M RWJ[ IVL KZMI\M
UIZSM\ ZMOIQV[ UWUMV\]U \PM VMML[ WN \PM _MIS           WXXWZ\]VQ\QM[ NWZ VM_ IK\Q^Q\QM[ QV PW[XQ\ITQ\a K]T
M[\ [MOUMV\[ WN \PM ZM[QLMV\ XWX]TI\QWV IZM \ISMV       \]ZIT IK\Q^Q\QM[ IVL MV\MZ\IQVUMV\ _PQKP QV \]ZV
QV\W IKKW]V\ <PM[M IXXIZMV\Ta KWVÆQK\QVO WJRMK          KIV ZM^Q\ITQbM LWZUIV\ MKWVWUQM[ 0W_M^MZ []KP
\Q^M[ U][\ JM ZMKWVKQTML [W \PI\ \PM XZWKM[[ WN ZM      QVVW^I\QWV[ KIV IT[W MVOMVLMZ I LQ[XTIKMUMV\ WN
PIJQTQ\I\QWV UIa LQ[\ZQJ]\M Q\[ JMVMÅ\[ I[ M^MVTa I[    [MZ^QKM[ NWZ \PM TWKIT ZM[QLMV\[ []KP I[ TWKIT OZW
XW[[QJTM                                                KMZa [PWX[ ZMXTIKML Ja [W]^MVQZ [\WZM[ IVL IT\MZ
                                                        \PM NIJZQK WN \PM \ZILQ\QWVIT VMQOPJWZPWWL[ _Q\P
<PM QVKZMI[M QV ZMIT M[\I\M ^IT]M[ ZM[]T\QVO NZWU       \PMQZ LQ[\QVK\QWV JM\_MMV ZM[QLMV\QIT IVL KWUUMZ
X]JTQK QV^M[\UMV\ QV X]JTQK [XIKM[ IVL ]ZJIV QV         KQIT IZMI[ _PMV O]M[\PW][M[ IVL JW]\QY]M PW\MT[
NZI[\Z]K\]ZM _QTT KMZ\IQVTa JMVMÅ\ \PM W_VMZ[ WN        IZM [M\ ]X
UMLQVI XZWXMZ\QM[ _PW _QTT ZMKWOVQbM \PM WX
  10   URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




        BOX 2         The rehabilitation of the medina of Marrakesh ­ winners and losers

                      Marrakesh, one of Morocco's imperial cities, has
                      been described as a tourism phenomenon. It is a
                                                                                    There is an overall trend of de-densification recorded
                                                                                    by the last two censuses, and the demographic weight
                      magnet for large numbers of national and internation-         of the medina in respect of the town as a whole has
                      al visitors and symbolizes the allure of Morocco. With        fallen from 51 percent in 1982 to 31.5 percent in 1994,
                      the adoption of an open skies policy about ten years          to 22 percent in 2004. This process leads to housing
                      ago, Marrakesh has become a mainstream destina-               stock degradation in the medina, to the change from
                      tion, just a short direct flight from Europe. The medina      residential to commercial use of numerous housing
                      of Marrakesh, the largest in Morocco, lies at the heart       properties, including the opening of boutique hotels,
                      of the city and of the region.                                as well as to the overall urban expansion that has
                                                                                    been occurring at very fast pace on account of the
                      Its public spaces, whether the great Jemaa el-Fna             economic boom the city is experiencing.
                      Square or the narrow passageways of the souk, pro-
                      vide the stage in which commerce, social interaction,         The late 1990s saw increased investments in con-
                      and entertainment take place for locals and visitors          servation and rehabilitation of the historic built
                      alike. In contrast to other historic cities in which the      environment and improvement of municipal infra-
                      original functions of public spaces have become obso-         structure. A number of heritage preservation projects
                      lete or displaced, the medina of Marrakesh retains its        have been completed or are underway in the medina.
                      polar position in the life of the city.                       These include the restoration and rehabilitation of the
                                                                                    Palais de la Bahia; the Saadien tombs and the creation
                                               Handicrafts, tourism, agro-          of a site museum at the Palais Badia, all carried out
                                               business and commerce                by the Inspection des Monuments Historiques et Sites
                                               have become the basis of             (begun in 1999); the restoration of the Medersa Ben
                                               Marrakesh's economy. Mar-            Youssef and the Qoubba Almoravide, with the Founda-
                                               rakesh is indeed endowed with        tion Omar Benjelloun and the World Heritage Center;
                                               (i) a highly diversified and dy-     and the restoration of the Chrob Ou Chouf fountain
                                               namic artisan sector including       with the ARCH Foundation. The municipality has made
                                               metalwork, jewelry, textiles,        a remarkable effort in improving public spaces by en-
                                               ceramics, leatherwork, wood-         suring the cleanliness of streets, carrying out a pro-
                                               work, furniture making, light-       gram of greening of major roadways and parks, and
                                               ing fixtures, candles, and           improving street lighting.
                                               many other crafts; (ii) tour-
                                               ism, including some 600              Winners and losers. The benefits of the rapid eco-
                                               boutique hotels, restaurants         nomic growth of Marrakesh, centered on the medina,
                                               and other tourist services           have not been equally distributed. Within the medina,
                                               such as guides, and shipping         there are winners and losers as well.
                                               services; (iii) construction ac-
                                               tivities, rental and sale of holi-   Among the winners: residents in general who have
                                               day and secondary homes,             witnessed an improvement in the servicing and main-
                                               including units in the me-           tenance of the medina; home-owners that have bene-
                                               dina, residential apartments         fited from a significant appreciation of the real estate
                                               and villa complexes in the           value of their properties; artisans who have access to
                                               Palmeraie and the outskirts          a much larger set of customers for their goods and
                                               of Marrakesh; (iv) transport         who participate in the rehabilitation and decoration
                                               services related to tourism as       of homes and boutique hotels; service companies that
                                               well as to local needs; (v) ser-     conduct real estate transactions; and other tourism
                                               vice industries such as              related operations.
                                               banking and telecommuni-
                                               cations, including the Con-          Among the losers: renters (37.2 percent in 2004)
            FIG. 12 ference Center, as well as higher education; and                who are faced with greater difficulties in finding ac-
Heritage preservation (vi) agricultural production and processing, namely of        commodations; inhabitants of the degraded housing
     works ongoing in citrus, olives, and vegetables.                               and housing threatening collapse who have remained
        the medina of                                                               unattended; and residents of those neighborhoods
 Marrakesh (Morocco) The Medina of Marrakesh has showed considerable                where commercial and hospitality activities have
                      transformations in the last decade. According to the          taken over, and where traditional shops catering for
                      2004 census, medina's residents were 182,637, or 22           local needs have been replaced by tourist-serving es-
                      percent of the total urban population of Marrakesh.           tablishments.
                                                                                  THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS         11


         Roles of the public, private, and
         non-profit sectors
Medina rehabilitation will require a primary role       <PM XZQ^I\M [MK\WZ¼[ ZWTM Q[ \W ZM[XWVL \W \PM WXXWZ
to be played by the public sector, but important        \]VQ\QM[ IVL \W \PM QVKMV\Q^M[ KZMI\ML Ja []XXWZ\Q^M
actions should be carried out by the private and        X]JTQK XWTQKQM[ Ja QV^M[\QVO IOIQV QV \PM UMLQVI¼[
the non-profit or third sectors.                        ZMIT M[\I\M UIZSM\ IVL MKWVWUQK IK\Q^Q\QM[ 8ZQ^I\M
                                                        IK\WZ[ _QTT QVKT]LM \PM ZM[QLMV\[ \PMU[MT^M[ IVL TW
8]JTQK XWTQKa _QTT JM VMMLML \W INÅZU \PM KWTTMK\Q^M    KIT ÅZU[ I[ _MTT I[ M`\MZVIT MKWVWUQK IK\WZ[ \PI\
QUXWZ\IVKM WN UMLQVI ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV I[ I X]JTQK         _QTT [MMS OIQV[ NZWU WXMVQVO J][QVM[[M[ QV^M[\QVO
OWWL <PQ[ _QTT VMML \W \ZIV[TI\M Q\[MTN ÅZ[\ IVL NWZM   QV \PM PW[XQ\ITQ\a J][QVM[[ PIVLQKZIN\[ IVL KWU
UW[\ QV [\ZMVO\PMVQVO \PM QV[\Q\]\QWVIT NZIUM_WZS       UMZKM 7N\MV NWZOW\\MV J]\ MY]ITTa QUXWZ\IV\ Q[
IVL XZW^QLQVO \PM IXXZWXZQI\M TM^MT WN ]ZJIV UIV        \PM ZWTM WN \PM VWVXZWÅ\ [MK\WZ QV KWV\ZQJ]\QVO
IOMUMV\ WN \PM UMLQVI[ I[ XZMKWVLQ\QWV NWZ \PM          \W UMLQVI ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV +WUU]VQ\a I[[WKQI
ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV XZWKM[[ \W \ISM XTIKM 1V ILLQ\QWV \PM    \QWV[ KZMI\ML IZW]VL K]T\]ZIT WZ [WKQIT QV\MZM[\[
X]JTQK [MK\WZ _PM\PMZ ^QI \PM KMV\ZIT WZ \PM TWKIT      WN\MV XZW^QLM \PM [WKQIT KIXQ\IT IVL \PM XWTQ\QKIT
QV[\Q\]\QWV[ _QTT IT[W VMML \W XZW^QLM Q ]ZJIV XTIV     XZM[[]ZM TMILQVO \W X]JTQK QVQ\QI\Q^M[ QV NI^WZ WN
VQVO IVL XZWXMZ\a \Q\TQVO# QQ KWV[MZ^I\QWV WN SMa       UMLQVI ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV IVL WN Q\[ ZM[QLMV\[ <PMa
K]T\]ZIT I[[M\[ QUXZW^MUMV\ WN X]JTQK [XIKM IVL         IZM IT[W I\ \PM WZQOQV WN NM[\Q^IT[ K]T\]ZIT M^MV\[
QVNZI[\Z]K\]ZM# QQQ XZWXWWZ PW][QVO IVL _MTNIZM         IVL X]JTQK MV\MZ\IQVUMV\ WXXWZ\]VQ\QM[ _PQKP QV
XZWOZIU[# IVL Q^ Å[KIT IVL ÅVIVKQIT QV[\Z]UMV\[         KZMI[M \PM I\\ZIK\Q^MVM[[ WN UMLQVI[ \W ZM[QLMV\[
\W XZWUW\M XZQ^I\M QV^M[\UMV\[ QV ILLQ\QWV \W \PM       IVL ^Q[Q\WZ[ ITQSM
ZM[W]ZKM[ \W JM QV^M[\ML Ja \PM X]JTQK [MK\WZ Q\[MTN

                                                                                                                 FIG. 13
                                                                                                               Income-generating
                                                                                                               activities associated
                                                                                                               with heritage: a rug
                                                                                                               store in the medina of
                                                                                                               Tunis (Tunisia)
    12   URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




                                    Institutional framework and urban
                                    management
                           Despite their special features, most of the me-         Comprehensive rehabilitation can only be
                           dinas of the Middle East and North Africa do            achieved by reinforcing the institutional frame-
                           not have dedicated institutions to handle their         work of the medinas, which involves both mu-
                           needs and manage the urban activities.                  nicipalities and national governments.

                           <PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV WN \PM UMLQVI[ KIVVW\ JM             +W]VKQT[ NWZ \PM XZW\MK\QWV IVL MVPIVKMUMV\ WN
                           IKPQM^ML QN \PM OW^MZVUMV\[ LW VW\ ZMKWOVQbM \PM        \PM UMLQVI[ _Q\P \PM ZM[XWV[QJQTQ\a WN IVITabQVO
                           XW\MV\QIT WN \PM[M PQ[\WZQK KMV\MZ[ IVL LW VW\ XZW      \PM [XMKQÅK XZWJTMU[ WN PQ[\WZQK KMV\MZ[ XTIVVQVO
                           \MK\ \PMU []NÅKQMV\Ta 1LMV\QNaQVO SMa UWV]UMV\[         QV\MZ^MV\QWV[ IVL KWWZLQVI\QVO \PM M`Q\QVO QV[\Q\]
                           IVL [QOVQÅKIV\ J]QTLQVO[ I[ K]T\]ZIT PMZQ\IOM KWU       \QWV[ [PW]TL JM M[\IJTQ[PML <PM[M KW]VKQT[ _W]TL
                           XWVMV\[ IVL MV[]ZQVO \PMQZ TMOIT XZW\MK\QWV [PW]TL      VW\ JM VM_ I]\PWZQ\QM[ J]\ KWWZLQVI\QVO KWUUQ\\MM[
                           JM IUWVO[\ \PM UW[\ QUXWZ\IV\ N]VK\QWV[ WN OW^          UILM WN ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[ WN M`Q[\QVO X]JTQK QV[\Q\]
                           MZVUMV\[ 0W_M^MZ QV UIVa UMLQVI[ WVTa I NM_             \QWV[ 1V XZWUW\QVO ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV \PM[M QV[\Q\]\QWV[
                           I[[M\[ IZM TQ[\ML I[ PMZQ\IOM [Q\M[ IVL UW[\ WN \PM[M   [PW]TL IT[W LM[QOV IVL QUXTMUMV\ ]ZJIV [\ZI\MOQM[
                           ZMOQ[\ZI\QWV[ _MZM UILM LMKILM[ IOW _PMV \PM KWV        UWVQ\WZ ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV XZWKM[[M[ IVL MVNWZKM XZWX
                           KMX\ WN UMLQVI XZM[MZ^I\QWV IVL ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV _I[      MZ UQ\QOI\QVO UMI[]ZM[ \W MV[]ZM I JITIVKML ZI\QW
                           VW\ I[ LM^MTWXML I[ Q\ Q[ VW_                           WN _QVVMZ[ IVL TW[MZ[ WN \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV XZWKM[[

                           .]Z\PMZUWZM UW[\ WN \PM XZW\MK\ML [Q\M[ JMTWVO \W       ,MXMVLQVO WV \PM [QbM IVL KWUXTM`Q\a WN \PM UM
                           \PM X]JTQK [MK\WZ _PMZMI[ \PM XZQ^I\M XZWXMZ\QM[ WN     LQVI[ \PM OW^MZVUMV\[ [PW]TL IT[W [M\ ]X [XMKQÅK
                           K]T\]ZIT [QOVQÅKIVKM IZM TQ[\ML ^MZa ZIZMTa IVL \PM     LMLQKI\ML ]VQ\[ QV ]ZJIV LM^MTWXUMV\ IOMVKQM[ IVL
                           TMOIT NZIUM_WZS \W XZW\MK\ \PMU Q[ ^MZa _MIS <PM        U]VQKQXITQ\QM[ <PM[M ]VQ\[ _W]TL JM QV KPIZOM WN
                           [Q\]I\QWV Q[ [TQOP\Ta JM\\MZ QV \PM UMLQVI[ WN W]\      LM[QOVQVO XZM[MZ^I\QWV IVL MVPIVKMUMV\ XTIV[
                           [\IVLQVO ]VQ^MZ[IT ^IT]M XZW\MK\ML Ja =6-;+7 I[         XZWL]KQVO \MKPVQKIT [XMKQÅKI\QWV[ IVL UWVQ\WZ
                           ?WZTL 0MZQ\IOM ;Q\M[ I[ \PM OW^MZVUMV\[ PI^M \W         QVO \PM [\I\M WN \PM UMLQVI[ \PZW]OP IXXZWXZQI\M
                           LMÅVM I [XMKQÅK UIVIOMUMV\ XTIV \W SMMX \PM [Q\M[       UMIV[ VW\IJTa /MWOZIXPQK 1VNWZUI\QWV ;a[\MU[
                           WV \PM TQ[\                                             /1;

            FIG. 14
Badghirs, or traditional
  Persian wind-towers,
     used to cool down
buildings in Yazd (Iran)
                                                                                                                                        13


Strengthening institutional frameworks
for historic cities management
The Tunisia Third Urban Development Project was
the first operation attempting to enhance the institu-
tional framework in the rehabilitation of medinas. The
project featured the creation of the Agency for Urban
Rehabilitation and Renovation (ARRU), as the Project
Implementation Unit, which developed high technical
expertise to manage projects in areas where the prop-
erty tenure pattern is extremely fragmented. More-
over, this dedicated agency ensured the involvement
of multiple owners and agreements between owners
and tenants. In this project, the World Bank learned
that medina rehabilitation needs longer implementa-
tion period than the timeframe of any conventional
upgrading projects on the urban fringe.
                                                            ernment services, significantly simplifying industry             FIG. 15
In the Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project a          access to licensing services. Furthermore, the World         Archaeological area
dedicated agency (ADER-Fez) was already in place be-        Bank project helped the local authorities assess the         and modern city
fore the World Bank project. However, this agency was       development potential of the medinas and investigate         coexist side by side
understaffed and its technical expertise was limited.       various options to control adverse and haphazard de-         in Jerash (Jordan)
The World Bank supported the agency to commis-              velopment.
sion comprehensive strategic studies on its mission.
Moreover, the management and technical capacities           The Tunisia Cultural Heritage Project includes a
of the agency were reinforced with training programs,       component to assist the government implement a
its GIS system was updated, and the acquisition of          new law for heritage preservation. The project is also
management information systems and equipment was            providing support for the creation of a museum policy
accomplished. The project also funded the establish-        and for strengthening the local authorities in cultural
ment of a heritage center in a historic building. The       heritage conservation, management, and promotion.
experience gained during the implementation of this
World Bank project helped the central government            The Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban Devel-
test an approach that could be applied to other his-        opment Project features innovative mechanism to
toric cities across the country. As a result, after the     strengthen the national institutional framework. The
project completion, the Ministry of Housing and Urban       World Bank is helping the establishment of more ef-
Planning was provided with a significant budget line        fective private-public partnerships, aiming at involving
to carry out investments in medina rehabilitation in        local businesses in the maintenance of the refur-
other Moroccan cities.                                      bished public spaces, conserved historical buildings,
                                                            and additional investments to improve urban main-
The Bethlehem 2000 Project provided resources to            tenance operations. The resources provided through
strengthen institutional capacity in municipal invest-      this project are assisting the municipalities in setting
ment, joint services programming, and municipal proj-       up dedicated units and acquiring the administrative
                                                                                                                    BOX 3
ect management. Moreover, the project supported the         and technical abilities to manage the rehabilitation of
development of a new law for cultural heritage preser-      their medinas.
vation and management.
                                                            Administrative and financial provisions are envisaged
In the Jordan Second Tourism Development Project            to integrate these units in their technical services or-
the World Bank reinforced the institutional framework       ganization and create permanent bureaus that will
of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. This institu-   last beyond project completion, given that the reha-
tion undertook a number of significant reforms dur-         bilitation of the medinas is expected to continue over
ing project implementation. First, the legal framework      a significant time horizon. Furthermore, the project is
to protect heritage sites and medinas was amended           providing funds for the enhancement of the General
in order to allow for greater private sector participa-     Directorate of Urban Planning, and support the estab-
tion, to recognize the importance of natural and ur-        lishment of special planning and building regulations
ban landscapes, and to protect significant elements of      for the medinas at national level. Therefore, the exam-
the recently built environment. Second, the ministry        ples and practice of such tools in the project cities will
consolidated its project formulation and manage-            be applied in other Lebanese cities as well. Lastly, the
ment capacities by creating a technical department.         project supports a revision of the current legislation
The World Bank project also helped introduce e-gov-         governing the management of built cultural heritage.
  14   THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS
       URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




             FIG. 16    )VW\PMZ QUXWZ\IV\ \I[S WN \PM X]JTQK [MK\WZ Q[ \PM   consensus on the importance of rehabilitating
   The coppersmiths'    QV^WT^MUMV\ WN TWKIT KWUU]VQ\QM[ QV \PM ZMPIJQTQ     the cultural heritage of the medinas.
square in the central
part of the medina of   \I\QWV XZWKM[[ _PQKP [PW]TL JM IKKWUXIVQML Ja
        Fez (Morocco)   J]QTLQVO ]X \PM KIXIKQ\a \W UIQV\IQV SMa J]QTL       -KWVWUQK IVITa[Q[ WN []KKM[[N]T ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV
                        QVO[ PW][QVO X]JTQK [XIKM IVL QVNZI[\Z]K\]ZM         XZWRMK\[ LMUWV[\ZI\M[ \PM XW[Q\Q^M QUXIK\ \PI\
                        :MO]TIZ UIQV\MVIVKM _I[ I \ZILQ\QWVIT XZIK\QKM       []KP XZWRMK\[ KIV PI^M NWZ \PM QUXZW^MUMV\ WN
                        QV \PM UMLQVI[ J]\ Q\ MVLML _PMV [WKQIT KPIVOM[      \PM TQ^QVO KWVLQ\QWV[ WN \PM ZM[QLMV\[ NWZ \PM TWKIT
                        LQ[Z]X\ML \PM TWVO[\IVLQVO TQVS[ JM\_MMV NIUQ        MKWVWUa I[ _MTT I[ NWZ \PM X]ZXW[M WN KWV[MZ^QVO
                        TQM[ IVL L_MTTQVO[ <PM OW^MZVUMV\[ IVL \PM           IVL MVPIVKQVO \PM ^IT]M WN K]T\]ZIT I[[M\[ WN VI
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                        VM]Z[ IVL IVa W\PMZ [\ISMPWTLMZ[ TQ^QVO WZ LWQVO     [PW]TL IT[W NWZ QV[\IVKM XZW^QLM [MK]ZQ\a \W \PM TW
                        J][QVM[[ QV \PM UMLQVI[                              KIT KWUU]VQ\QM[ I[ UMLQVI[ IZM WN\MV M`XMZQMVK
                                                                             QVO PQOP TM^MT[ WN KZQUQVITQ\a XIZ\QK]TIZTa QV \PM
                        Suitable information, communication, and edu-        XWWZM[\ VMQOPJWZPWWL[
                        cation campaigns can promote a generalized
                                                                                   THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS         15




          Urban planning and property titling
Governments and local institutions have legal                                                                      FIG. 17
                                                                                                                 The Aleppo (Syria)
prerogatives to regulate and authorize inter-                                                                    medina skyline
ventions in the medinas, starting with the es-                                                                   combines traditional
tablishment of urban conservation plans.                                                                         and modern features,
                                                                                                                 with a show of
                                                                                                                 contrasts
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TI\ML ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV QVQ\QI\Q^M[ )LLQ\QWVIT TIVL ][M
UMKPIVQ[U[ QVKT]LM \PM ZM^Q[QWV IVL ]XLI\QVO WN
ZMO]TI\QWV[ IVL UIX[ ][ML \W TQ[\ XZW\MK\ IVL TW        \Q\TM[ []KP I[ ZMIT M[\I\M QV^M[\WZ[ IVL NWZMQOV J]a
KI\M K]T\]ZIT PMZQ\IOM [Q\M[ <PM[M UMKPIVQ[U[ IZM       MZ[ IVL QVPQJQ\[ IKKM[[ \W KZMLQ\ \W UIQV\IQV WZ ]X
WN\MV VMQ\PMZ QV TQVM _Q\P \PM K]ZZMV\ LMÅVQ\QWV[ WN    OZILM \PM PW][QVO [\WKS <PM X]JTQK [MK\WZ [PW]TL
K]T\]ZIT PMZQ\IOM VWZ QUXTMUMV\IJTM L]M \W ]ZJIV        IT[W ILLZM[[ W_VMZ[PQX NZIOUMV\I\QWV _PQKP UISM[
OZW_\P \W \PM XWQV\ \PI\ \PMa IZM VW TWVOMZ ][MN]T      IKY]Q[Q\QWV[ ^MZa [TW_ IVL KWUXTQKI\ML IVL MVNWZKM
VWZ MVNWZKMIJTM NWZ XZW\MK\QWV X]ZXW[M[ 1V^MV\WZa       XWTQKQM[ \W []XXWZ\ W_VMZ[PQX QVKWZXWZI\QWV[ .]Z
QVO ZMOQ[\MZQVO IVL KTI[[QNaQVO PMZQ\IOM [Q\M[ [PW]TL   \PMZUWZM \PM X]JTQK [MK\WZ [PW]TL XZW^QLM UMKPI
JM IKKWUXIVQML Ja ][M WN [\I\MWN\PMIZ\ \MKPVWTW         VQ[U[ \W [WT^M ]VKTMIZ MI[MUMV\[ IUWVO XZWXMZ\QM[
OQM[ []KP I[ /MWOZIXPQK 1VNWZUI\QWV ;a[\MU[ /1;         _PQKP KWV[\Q\]\M I KI][M WN \MV[QWV IVL ILL N]Z\PMZ
IVL XMZQWLQK []Z^Ma[ JI[ML WV [I\MTTQ\M XPW\W[          ]VKMZ\IQV\a \W ZMIT M[\I\M ^IT]M[ _PMVM^MZ W_VMZ[
                                                        MVOIOM QV \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV WN \PMQZ XZWXMZ\QM[ WZ
Besides regulating land use and heritage preser-        _IV\ \W [MTT \PMU \W M`\MZVIT J]aMZ[ <PM X]JTQK
vation, the public sector should address proper-        [MK\WZ KIV [WT^M \PM[M TMOIT Q[[]M[ Ja [M\\QVO ]X []Q\
ty rights, which are among the major obstacles          IJTM XZWKML]ZM[ QVKT]LQVO I_IZLQVO UWLMZV \Q\TM[
to the rehabilitation process.                          \W XZWXMZ\QM[ TWKI\ML QV \PM UMLQVI[ <PM[M UMKPI
                                                        VQ[U[ KIV QVKT]LM JTWKS \Q\TQVO IVL NWZUIT ZMKWOVQ
7^MZITT \PM UMLQVI[ []NNMZ NZWU I KWVN][ML [Q\]I        \QWV WN \ZILQ\QWVIT \Q\TM[ WZ W\PMZ LWK]UMV\[ XZW^QVO
\QWV WN XZWXMZ\a \Q\TM[ L]M \W W]\WNLI\M XZWXMZ\a       W_VMZ[PQX 1V MQ\PMZ KI[M \PM WJRMK\Q^M [PW]TL JM \W
ZMOQ[\ZI\QWV [a[\MU[ 7_VMZ[PQX Q[ WN\MV VW\ [IVK        XZW^QLM W_VMZ[ _Q\P NWZUIT \Q\TM[ \PI\ KIV []XXWZ\
\QWVML Ja NWZUIT \Q\TM[ J]\ ZMO]TI\ML Ja \ZILQ\QWVIT    \PM ZMY]M[\ WN KZMLQ\ \W ÅVIVKM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV OQ^M
XZWXMZ\a \Q\TM[ <PQ[ ]VKMZ\IQV\a KWUXTQKI\M[ XZWX       TMOIT [MK]ZQ\a \W \PM ZMIT M[\I\M UIZSM\ IVL ITTW_
MZ\a \ZIV[IK\QWV[ _Q\P XIZ\QM[ _PW ZMY]QZM NWZUIT       W_VMZ[ \W IXXTa NWZ ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV XMZUQ\[
16   URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




     BOX 4       Regulating land use and property rights

                 Within the Tunisia Third Urban Development Proj-
                 ect, innovative land use planning and simplification
                 of procedures were introduced, in order to boost
                 the economic activities and maximize the develop-
                 ment potential of the project. Serviced sites were
                 developed by the local authorizes and then sold to
                 private developers. In addition, infilling of vacant                                                             FIG. 18
                 parcels by their owners was authorized, allowing                Well preserved urban fabric in the medina of Sidi Bou Said
                 vertical expansion of one-story structures. These                                  (Tunisia), a prized tourist destination
                 land use mechanisms generated a relevant flow of
                 private investments to purchase serviced parcels and
                 premises from the public sector and the government          In the Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban
                 could cover all project costs, including rehousing of       Development Project, land use mechanisms regu-
                 displaced people and subsidization of housing for           late construction activity within the historical city
                 low-income residents. According to a study that as-         centers. These works are limited to the rehabilitation
                 sessed the project after its completion, in addition        and maintenance of existing buildings, and to infill op-
                 to the constructions financed directly, the land use        erations where collapsed structures or infrastructure
                 mechanisms set up by the government with the sup-           projects have created fringe areas and open spaces
                 port of the World Bank resulted in the construction of      that constitute negative urban voids. These land use
                 73,560 square meters of floor area. The new land use        mechanisms aim at providing incentives for private
                 mechanisms were left in place even once the project         investments in commercial and residential activities,
                 implementation was over.                                    and regulating rising real estate values. The regula-
                                                                             tions enforced within the project ensure that private
                 In the Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project,           investments will respect the tight urban regulations,
                 land use regulation focused on vehicular traffic.           which are coherent with the characteristics of the his-
                 Significant improvements to the circulation around          torical urban fabric, and with the significance of the
                 the medina were accomplished, including physical            architectural and archaeological highlights present in
                 improvement of the road network and circulation             or around the medinas.
                 management. The regional authorities realized the
                 construction of bus terminals close to the main me-         For this purpose, a detailed zoning regulation and a
                 dina gates and the project featured the rehabilitation      clearly determined perimeter defining the historic city
                 of an important square within the city walls, which         have been developed. The official approval of these
                 then became the major pedestrian public space of            mechanisms by the Directorate General of Urban
                 the historic city, and is now intensively used for public   Planning and the municipalities was considered a con-
                 events, recreation and cultural activities.                 dition for project negotiation with the World Bank.
                                                                             These codes specify acceptable building heights, vol-
                 Within the Jordan Second Tourism Development                umes, setbacks, styles, characteristics of elevations,
                 Project, the government was supported to enforce            openings, overhangs, doors, windows, colors, and de-
                 land use regulations and conservation measures in           tails to be respected for both rehabilitation and new
                 several new sites, including cultural and natural fea-      construction. The municipalities involved in the proj-
                 tures. The local authorities also inventoried the physi-    ect have internalized these regulations and systems
                 cal and biological assets of these newly protected          for the approval of rehabilitation and construction
                 areas, demarcated their boundaries, and prepared            permits have been put in place.
                 conservation plans including suitable conservation
                 management regulations. In 2001, the government             In the Jordan Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Urban
                 listed the Dara and the Wadi Musa-Taybeh Scenic             Development Project, which is currently under imple-
                 Road as a protected park and completed the neces-           mentation, specific land use mechanisms have been
                 sary accompanying land use code in December 2002.           designed to address ownership fragmentation. Data
                 The government moved expeditiously to purchase              indicated that approximately 50 percent of properties
                 the Dara area adjacent to the park, ensuring its pro-       ownership in Jerash and 30 percent in Karak are cat-
                 tection while diffusing tensions among local landown-       egorized as multiple-ownership. Kinship ties are pre-
                 ers who felt that their rights to use their land as they    vailing among most cases and the Land Acquisition
                 wished were being curtailed. Both actions were major        Law recognized the rights of all owners. Accordingly,
                 steps towards protecting the park and its environs for      owners will be entitled to compensation correspond-
                 posterity.                                                  ing to their shares stated in the property deeds.
                                                                                  THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS        17


         Cultural preservation, public space, and
         infrastructure upgrading
Preserving key monuments and improving the              QVO WN _I\MZ [M_IOM LZIQVIOM MTMK\ZQKQ\a VM\_WZS[
state of public spaces and of urban infrastruc-         KWTTMK\QWV IVL ZMUW^IT WN \ZI[P PI^M I OZMI\ QU
ture are essential components of medina reha-           XIK\ WV \PM TQNM Y]ITQ\a WN TWKIT KWUU]VQ\QM[ IVL
bilitation.                                             \PM I\\ZIK\Q^MVM[[ WN \PM UMLQVI[ ?PMV \PM X]JTQK
                                                        [MK\WZ XZW^QLM[ []KP [MZ^QKM[ \PM[M KWV[\Q\]\M IV
.QZ[\ IVL NWZMUW[\ X]JTQK [\ISMPWTLMZ[ [PW]TL QVQ       QUXWZ\IV\ QVKMV\Q^M NWZ W_VMZ[ IVL ZM[QLMV\[ \W ZM
\QI\M \PM XPa[QKIT ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV WN \PM UMLQVI[ Ja     PIJQTQ\I\M \PMQZ L_MTTQVO[ I[ _MTT I[ XZWL]K\Q^M WZ
]VLMZ\ISQVO \PM XZM[MZ^I\QWV WN SMa UWV]UMV\[           KWUUMZKQIT [XIKM[
TM^MZIOQVO PMZQ\IOM [Q\M[ I[ UIQV ^Q[Q\WZ I\\ZIK\QWV[
QUXZW^QVO ZWIL[ IVL XIZSQVO NIKQTQ\QM[ [M\\QVO ]X       8]JTQK [XIKM[ IZM \PM SMa TWKI\QWV[ NWZ [WKQIT QV
X]JTQK TQOP\QVO IVL [QOVIOM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QVO X]J          \MZIK\QWV IVL NWZ K]T\]ZIT IVL MV\MZ\IQVUMV\ IK
TQK [XIKM[ IVL XI[[IOM_Ia[ LM[QOVQVO M^IK]I\QWV         \Q^Q\QM[ \PI\ UMLQVI[ KIV WNNMZ \W ZM[QLMV\[ IVL
ZW]\M[ IVL QV[\ITTQVO [\ZMM\TM^MT N]ZVQ[PQVO <PM[M      ^Q[Q\WZ[ ITQSM )KZW[[ \PM ZMOQWV I ÆW]ZQ[PQVO WN
QV\MZ^MV\QWV[ UISM \PM UMLQVI[ UWZM TQ^IJTM NWZ \PM     K]T\]ZIT M^MV\[ IVL NM[\Q^IT[ Q[ UISQVO \PM UW[\ WN
TWKIT KWUU]VQ\QM[ IVL UWZM I\\ZIK\Q^M NWZ \PM TWKIT     ZMPIJQTQ\I\ML X]JTQK [XIKM[ [WUM ZM[]T\QVO NZWU
IVL QV\MZVI\QWVIT \W]ZQ[\[ IVL ]T\QUI\MTa KWV\ZQJ]\M    \PM ILIX\Q^M ZM][M WN IVKQMV\ IZKPIMWTWOQKIT [Q\M[
\W ZIQ[M \PM ^IT]M WN \PM PW][QVO [\WKS                 ;]KP M^MV\[ QV \]ZV QVKZMI[M \PM I\\ZIK\Q^MVM[[ WN
                                                        UMLQVI[ IVL \PM WXXWZ\]VQ\QM[ NWZ TWKIT MKWVWUQK
.]Z\PMZUWZM \PM X]JTQK [MK\WZ [PW]TL XZWUW\M QVQ        LM^MTWXUMV\
\QI\Q^M[ \W QUXZW^M [MZ^QKM[ -`XIV[QWV IVL ]XOZIL

                                                                                                                FIG. 19
                                                                                                              The old city gate,
                                                                                                              part of the medina's
                                                                                                              walls, is a key urban
                                                                                                              landmark in Tunis
                                                                                                              (Tunisia)
  18    URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




         BOX 5            Preserving cultural assets and upgrading urban spaces

                          The Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project fea-
                          tured effective conservation of key historic buildings
                                                                                       The Jordan Second Tourism Development Project
                                                                                       featured the accomplishment of several upgrading
                          along tourism itineraries, which were undertaken by          initiatives in eight medinas and sites having a high
                          public entities with the financial backing of national       potential of tourism development, including urban
                          foundations and international donors. With the sup-          infrastructure, access roads, traffic management and
                          port of the World Bank, the government was able              parking, street lighting, and landscaping enhance-
                          to attract international donors and convince them            ments. Signage and interpretation were improved,
                          to sponsor rehabilitation initiatives. Innovative ap-        trails were developed, important remedial works were
                          proaches yielded highly appreciated and cost-effec-          implemented; and water and waste management were
                          tive results for the conservation of some key public         improved. The main accesses to the medinas and ar-
                          spaces and pedestrian streets. These efforts had a           chaeological sites were widened, realigned, and resur-
                          significant impact on the attractiveness of the medina       faced.
                          to cultural tourism visitors. In liaison with these com-
                          munity organizations, the project enabled the rehabil-       The medinas became more functional, environmental-
                          itation of 26 pedestrian streets serving 547 buildings.      ly efficient, and more attractive than before. The posi-
                                                                                       tive accomplishments included the construction of
                          Furthermore, the project featured the creation of six        drainage channels, retaining walls, and check dams in
                          tourism circuits across the medina enabling visitors to      the environs of Wadi Musa and Siq, which have signifi-
                          find their way to major and minor cultural sites and         cantly reduced, if not eliminated, seasonal flooding.
                          other areas of interest in the medina, including exten-
                          sive public space rehabilitation in 2 key areas, the res-    Further development was accomplished through the
                          toration of 3 historic gardens, a mapping system, 700        creation of riding trails, which expanded the recre-
                          panels that were installed throughout the medina, and        ational options available to visitors and locals. In Wadi
                          a related tourism guide that was published in 4 lan-         Rum a new visitor center, a new craft-training cen-
                          guages.                                                      ter, and a new police station were constructed. Pilot
                                                                                       preservation initiatives were carried out in Karak and
                          The Bethlehem 2000 Project provided resources to             Jerash. The interventions have significantly benefited
                          improve roads and water delivery in the medinas of           the local population through better services, as well
                          five municipalities including Bethlehem. The project         as the tourists through enhanced facilities and site
                          also supported the rehabilitation of 5 schools and 9         experiences.
                          public buildings, all located in historic city centers. In
                          addition, the project supported the establishment of         The Tunisia Cultural Heritage Project aims at preserv-
                          a cultural heritage preservation center in Bethlehem,        ing key sites and buildings, rehabilitating the housing
                          with the mandate of maintaining the sites preserved          stock, improving access, enhancing tourist facilities,
                          within the World Bank-financed project.                      and increasing security in six selected heritage sites.

           FIG. 20
       Mushrabiyas, or
    traditional wooden
   screens, protecting
 the privacy of homes
in the medina of Tunis
              (Tunisia)
                                                                                                                                      19

                                                                                                                          FIG. 21
                                                                                                                       Fountain in the medina
                                                                                                                       of Rabat (Morocco),
                                                                                                                       displaying the intricate
In Carthage, the project features various measures to
                                                                                                                       technique of zellij, or
protect the site and make it more accessible to the
                                                                                                                       cut-out ceramic tiles
visitors. At the Bardo Museum, the project improves
visitor information and collection presentation. In the
medina of Kairouan, the project aims at building the
local capacity, creating a heritage visitor center in the
medina, developing tourist circuits, and strengthening
relations with private partners and professional orga-
nizations.

In Sousse, the focus is on the improvement of an
archaeological museum, creation of tourist circuits
in the nearby medina, and tourist information and
communication in collaboration with tour operators
and hotels. In the Djerba Island, the project supports
the preservation of the local museum and increased
communication between visitors and inhabitants.
Further interventions are planned in Oudhna, a site
that is still being excavated and not yet equipped for
visitors. In this site, the project will provide ameni-
ties through adaptive reuse of existing buildings and
structures found under the Roman temple, baths,
and amphitheater.

The Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban Develop-
ment Project focuses on five medinas and includes
preservation of several key monuments and heritage
sites. The project features interventions in Baalbeck,
Byblos, Saida, Tripoli, and Tyre, including two of the      ter supply, and sanitation networks. Furthermore, the
main archaeological sites of Lebanon, both inscribed        project activities include the conservation of several
on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In order to attain       classified monuments and historic buildings.
the rehabilitation of these medinas and heritage sites,
the project provides resources to upgrade the public        The Jordan Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Urban
spaces, preserve and adaptively reuse monuments             Development Project includes substantial physical
and historic buildings, support cultural heritage relat-    rehabilitation of five medinas including upgrading
ed productive and commercial activities, rehabilitate       of street networks and public spaces; rehabilitation
the housing stock, enforce city center zoning regula-       and cleaning of building facades; renovation and
tions, enhance traffic and parking, protect coastal and     preservation of selected heritage buildings through
green areas, and undertake studies for further urban        their adaptive reuse; rehabilitation and upgrading of
redevelopment. Project activities feature street pav-       pivotal urban spaces; construction and rehabilitation
ing, street lighting, reconstruction of public stairs,      of essential municipal facilities; implementation of
and consolidation of buildings where they cross over        traffic and parking management plans; and protec-
streets.                                                    tion, rehabilitation and improvement of cultural land-
                                                            scapes.
In addition, renovation of the facades of buildings and
of the store fronts are carried out in the main com-        Furthermore, the project includes the development
mercial areas, and public squares are redesigned and        and consolidation of the tourism industry in Petra,
provided with paving, lighting, urban furniture, and        Jordan's premier tourism destination and a World Her-
landscaping. Electric and telephone lines are reor-         itage Site. This initiative represents the completion of
ganized to minimize their physical and visual impact        works that were begun under a previous World Bank
in the streets and squares of the city centers. Semi-       project, but not completed due to time constraints.
public spaces are upgraded with necessary basic re-         The project has been designed to help improve living
pairs as a first step towards the rehabilitation of the     and working conditions, preserve endangered historic
housing clusters. Many of these activities are carried      assets, and catalyze the local economy through tour-
out after the improvements to the storm drainage, wa-       ism development.
  20   URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




                                       Pro-poor housing and welfare
                                       programs
                        Medinas are among the poorest settlements in            XZWOZIU[ /W^MZVUMV\[ [PW]TL XZW^QLM QVKMV\Q^M[
                        the urban agglomerations, and rehabilitation            \W UIQV\IQV \PM ZM[QLMV\QIT PW][QVO [\WKS SMMX Q\
                        should include specific actions to improve the          PIJQ\IJTM IVL XZM^MV\ Q\ NZWU NITTQVO QV\W Z]QV
                        housing conditions of the residents and their
                        access to welfare. The involvement of commu-            7VM IXXZWIKP \W ILLZM[[ \PQ[ Q[[]M KWV[Q[\[ WN XMZ]VQ\
                        nities is a condition for success.                      []J[QLQM[ MY]Q^ITMV\ I\ TMI[\ \W \PM OZIV\[ ITTWKI\ML \W
                                                                                \PM KWV[\Z]K\QWV WN [WKQIT PW][QVO ]VQ\[ WZ \W \PM ZMPI
                        )[ ITZMILa IZO]ML \PMZM KIVVW\ JM IVa []KKM[[N]T        JQTQ\I\QWV WN [T]U [M\\TMUMV\[ 0W_M^MZ I[ I ^I[\ XZW
                        ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV _Q\PW]\ ILLZM[[QVO \PM PW][QVO VMML[     XWZ\QWV WN UMLQVI ZM[QLMV\[ IZM \MVIV\[ []J\MVIV\[
                        WN \PM ZM[QLMV\ XWX]TI\QWV IVL XZW^QLQVO \PM ZM         WZ [Y]I\\MZ[ []KP QVKMV\Q^M[ _QTT WVTa JM I\\ZIK\Q^M \W
                        [W]ZKM[ IVL QV[\Z]UMV\[ NWZ \PM [WKQITTa UIZOQVIT       \PM ZM[QLMV\[ _PW [\QTT TQ^M QV \PM PW][M[ \PMa W_V 1\
                        QbML [MOUMV\[ WN \PM TWKIT KWUU]VQ\a \W KWVVMK\ \W      Q[ ]VTQSMTa \PI\ IV IJ[MV\MM TIVLTWZL _QTT QV^M[\ QV \PM
                        \PM XZWKM[[ WN ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV I[ I _PWTM <PM ZMOIQV     ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV WN PW][QVO [\WKS WKK]XQML Ja \MVIV\[
                        WN ZMITM[\I\M ^IT]M[ ZM[]T\QVO NZWU QV^M[\QVO QV \PM
                        KWV[MZ^I\QWV WN K]T\]ZIT I[[M\[ QV \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV   )VW\PMZ XW[[QJTM IXXZWIKP KWV[Q[\[ QV QUXTMUMV\
                        WN ]ZJIV [XIKM[ IVL QVNZI[\Z]K\]ZM _QTT VW\ XZW^QLM     QVO XZWOZIU[ NWZ \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV WN \PM KWUUWV
                        PW][QVO [WT]\QWV[ NWZ \PM ]ZJIV XWWZ UW[\ WN _PWU       XIZ\[ WN \PM J]QTLQVO[ MO ZWWN [\IQZ[ TWJJQM[ _I\MZ
                        LW VW\ W_V \PM XZMUQ[M[ \PMa WKK]Xa 1V NIK\ I ZM^Q^     XQXQVO LZIQVIOM IVL [M_MZIOM _PQKP IZM WKK]XQML
                        IT WN \PM ZMITM[\I\M UIZSM\ Q[ TQSMTa \W _WZ[MV \PMQZ   Ja \MVIV\[ IVL [Y]I\\MZ[ <W NIKQTQ\I\M \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I
                        XTQOP\ ]VTM[[ Q\ Q[ IKKWUXIVQML Ja \IZOM\ML X]JTQK      \QWV \MKPVQKIT [XMKQÅKI\QWV[ KIV JM LM^MTWXML IVL


          FIG. 22
Bedroom access from
the domestic patio is
typical in the medina
     of Fez (Morocco)
                                                                                      THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS   21




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                                                          [SQTTML TIJWZ _Q\PQV \PM UMLQVI KWUU]VQ\QM[ \PMU
The public sector should also undertake com-              [MT^M[ 5MLQVI ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV KIV QN XZWXMZTa UIVIOML
prehensive social housing programs by ac-                 XZW^QLM QUXWZ\IV\ _MTNIZM WXXWZ\]VQ\QM[ MUXTWaUMV\
quiring the ownership of dilapidated buildings,           IVL ZM^MV]M[ QV ILLQ\QWV \W QUXZW^QVO \PM TQ^QVO KWV
rehabilitating them into decent dwellings and             LQ\QWV[ WN \PM XWWZ ;]KP XZWOZIU[ PW_M^MZ VMML \W
selling the housing units to low-income house-            JM XZWXMZTa LM[QOVML IVL UIVIOML \W IKPQM^M ZM[]T\[
holds under social housing provisions.
                                                          The involvement of community groups such as
) XZMKWVLQ\QWV NWZ \PM[M QVQ\QI\Q^M[ Q[ \PM M[\IJTQ[P     NGOs, neighborhood and cultural associations,
UMV\ WN \PM ZQOP\ WN LM[QOVI\ML X]JTQK IOMVKQM[ \W        makes the rehabilitation an inclusive process
M`XZWXZQI\M ]VUIQV\IQVML IVL LQTIXQLI\ML J]QTL            with greater chances of reaching its objectives.
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Q[[]M WN XZWXMZ\a ZQOP\[ KWVL]K\QVO \PM VMKM[[IZa         \MK\QWV IVL \PMa KIV UIVIOM ^WKI\QWVIT \ZIQVQVO
ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV _Q\P OW^MZVUMV\ []J[QLQM[ IVL [MTT         KMV\MZ[ \W MVPIVKM \PM [SQTT[ WN \PM TWKIT ZM[QLMV\[ IVL
QVO \PM ]VQ\[ Ja OQ^QVO XZQWZQ\a \W \PM ZM[QLMV\[ \PI\    \PMZMNWZM \PMQZ IJQTQ\a \W [\IZ\ IVL [][\IQV XZWL]K\Q^M
TQ^M QV []J[\IVLIZL KWVLQ\QWV[ QV \PM UMLQVI ;XM          IK\Q^Q\QM[ _PQKP _QTT JM QV OZMI\MZ LMUIVL QN TWKIT
KQIT KZMLQ\ QVKMV\Q^M[ KIV JM QV\ZWL]KML \W NIKQTQ\I\M    MKWVWUQK LM^MTWXUMV\ XQKS[ ]X ;]KP [\ISMPWTLMZ[
\PM QVKT][QWV WN \PM XWWZM[\ QV \PQ[ XZWKM[[ WN IK        [PW]TL ZMKMQ^M OZMI\ I\\MV\QWV Ja \PM OW^MZVUMV\[
Y]Q[Q\QWV <PM W_VMZ[PQX WN \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\ML ]VQ\[        IVL \PMa [PW]TL JM []XXWZ\ML ILMY]I\MTa _Q\P OZIV\[
KIV ZMXZM[MV\ \PM KWTTI\MZIT O]IZIV\MM \W UISM \PM        KZMLQ\ NIKQTQ\QM[ IVL Å[KIT QVKMV\Q^M[ 6WVXZWÅ\ XZQ
ÅVIVKQVO XW[[QJTM .]Z\PMZUWZM KZMLQ\ IVL O]IZIV           ^I\M [\ISMPWTLMZ[ KIV IT[W []XXWZ\ \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV
\MM UMKPIVQ[U[ \PI\ IZM ][]ITTa IKKWZLML \W NIUQTQM[      WN UMLQVI[ Ja WZOIVQbQVO M^MV\[ \W I\\ZIK\ VI\QWVIT
QV \PM QVNWZUIT [MK\WZ _PW X]ZKPI[M I VM_ TW_KW[\         IVL QV\MZVI\QWVIT ^Q[Q\WZ[ <PMQZ QVQ\QI\Q^M[ KIV ZIVOM
L_MTTQVO KIV JM ][ML I[ I UWLMT                           NZWU \PM ILIX\Q^M ZM][M WN PMZQ\IOM J]QTLQVO[ NWZ
                                                          K]T\]ZIT IK\Q^Q\QM[ \W \PM XZWUW\QWV WN PIVLQKZIN\ \W
/W^MZVUMV\[ KIV IT[W [M\ ]X QVVW^I\Q^M XIZ\VMZ[PQX[       \PM WZOIVQbI\QWV WN NIQZ[ IVL NM[\Q^IT[ \W WZOIVQbQVO
_Q\P \PM XZQ^I\M [MK\WZ \PZW]OP M[\IJTQ[PQVO PW][QVO      K]T\]ZIT M^MV\[ IVL ]VLMZ\ISQVO XZWUW\QWVIT KIU
ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV KWZXWZI\QWV[ IQUQVO I\ WJ\IQVQVO \PM       XIQOV[ I\ VI\QWVIT IVL QV\MZVI\QWVIT TM^MT[ <PM[M QVQ
W_VMZ[PQX WN J]QTLQVO[ \PI\ \PZMI\MV KWTTIX[M _PQKP       \QI\Q^M[ KIV PI^M I TIZOM QUXIK\ WV \PM TWKIT MKWVWUa
KW]TL JM \PMV ZMPIJQTQ\I\ML IVL ÅVITTa [WTL \W ZM[QLMV\   IVL \W \PM []KKM[[ WN \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV
   22   URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




         BOX 6           Providing housing for the poor and welfare programs

                         The Tunisia Third Urban Development Project fea-
                         tured the construction of 400 new housing units and
                                                                                    their displacement. All occupants in the buildings af-
                                                                                    fected by the project, no matter their legal status of
                         the renovation of 65,000 square meters of existing         occupancy, were entitled to receive a relocation pay-
                         ones, the rehabilitation of 5,350 square meters of re-     ment, or a compensation option that included housing
                         tail space, hotels, of 4,150 square meters of offices,     accommodation.
                         and of 6,130 square meters of community facilities,
                         namely a public bath, a kindergarten, a club for young     In the Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project,
                         workers, a covered parking, as well and 3,000 meters       132 individual buildings were rehabilitated, both pri-
                         of streets. The project benefited the poorest through      vate residences and productive workshops, and 107
                         significant job creation during implementation. The        interventions were carried out to the common parts
                         project accomplished the construction of the new           of private buildings sheltering an average of 3 fami-
                         housing units emulating traditional structures while       lies each, based on the labor contributions of the
                         the renovation of existing housing units respected the     residents and the active support of 16 neighborhood
                         architectural features of the medina.                      associations. 15 derelict sites resulting from collapsed
                                                                                    houses and 1 major solid waste stock accumulation
                         Furthermore, 12,000 square meters of serviced land         were evacuated, and resulted in de facto public spaces
                         were sold to private developers to build new market-       that have been generally appropriated by neighbor-
                         rate housing to cross-subsidize the project and diver-     hood associations.
                         sify the socioeconomic characteristics of the Hafsia
                         neighborhood. The employment generated by the              56 housing units threatening collapse have been con-
                         project was estimated at 2,200 jobs grouped in five        solidated, and two important historic public spaces
                         main categories: formal construction, construction         were rehabilitated. These works resulted in generating
                         support service, small enterprises, and jobs induced       1,000 person-years of employment of low-skilled local
                         by second round expenditures on goods and servic-          laborers. A number of local NGOs and foundations
                         es. About 44 percent of the jobs were in occupations       took part in the development of the project, which
                         requiring lower skill levels. Additional benefits to the   led to a direct contribution in the project design and
                         poorest included mitigation measures to compensate         highlighted the expectations of the resident popula-



           FIG. 23
  Traditional heritage
house in the medina of
        Aleppo (Syria)
                                                                                                                                      23




tion for poverty-alleviation activities, which were then
incorporated over the cultural heritage rehabilitation
aspects. Moreover, nonprofit organizations were very
proactive in the promotion of physical rehabilitation
initiatives and training programs. Nonprofit organiza-
tions preserved 2 major classified monuments and 10
public fountains of historical and architectural impor-
tance.

The Bethlehem 2000 Project supported the poor by
financing the rehabilitation of more than 400 tradi-
tional houses in medinas, and intensive job creation
(25,000 person-days) through civil works in road and
sanitation maintenance and upgrading.

Within the Jordan Second Tourism Development
Project job creation for the poorest was achieved
through the establishment of a handicraft center for
women, who were therefore trained to operate ma-
chines and produce various crafts. Recognized handi-       ties and the organized ownership of clusters or blocks,         FIG. 24
craft products started being developed, and craft          including residential and commercial units, has being       Women talking in the
outlet shops were successfully established nearby var-     established. It should lead to a comprehensive reha-        labyrinthine streets
ious heritage sites. The initiative demonstrated that      bilitation of the communal parts of the buildings where     of the historic city of
meaningful employment could be created for local           poor people live, avoid the risks of gentrification and     Meknes (Morocco)
women, particularly young women, with all the related      ensure that low-income residents benefit from the re-
benefits in terms of poverty alleviation and reduction     habilitation.
of gender inequalities. The project also demonstrated
that, under the right circumstances, traditional con-      Great care is taken to ensure that the living standards
servative male-dominated Bedouin communities can           of the poor are protected, that they are enabled to
be receptive to the idea of female productive employ-      remain in the improved areas that should develop a
ment, and that the cultural assets can be mobilized for    mixed socio-economic character, and that those who
local economic and social development.                     are displaced temporarily (while improvements are be-
                                                           ing conducted) or permanently have acceptable alter-
The Tunisia Cultural Heritage Project in Tunisia           natives. The project is providing support to the poorest,
has been designed to stimulate local development           in terms of administrative and legal assistance required
through job creation in heritage site management and       to prepare the rehabilitation works, in the preparation
preservation. Jobs facilitated by the projects are re-     of architectural and engineering studies, and in the
storers, guides, translators, guardians, and cash coun-    form of financial contribution towards the rehabilita-
ters. These initiatives have a significant impact on the   tion costs of up to 30 percent.
livelihoods of surrounding communities through im-
proved and diversified tourism activities and seasonal     In the ongoing Jordan Cultural Heritage, Tourism,
job creation. A major problem in the project areas is      and Urban Development Project, groups particularly
the high level of unemployment and the local commu-        vulnerable to adverse project impacts are being as-
nities view this project not only as a source of direct    sisted. All renters affected by the project, including
employment, but also as the only concrete hope for         non-Jordanian with a legally valid tenancy, are entitled
new business opportunities derived from tourism. The       to compensation. The project also features support to
broad involvement of civil society in the management       less affluent, less influential, or less educated people,
of cultural assets takes the shape of skill development    who may be at a disadvantage in a system where the
and vocational training in the production and sale of      process of estimation of compensation is dominated
handicraft products, tourism services, cultural histo-     by official representation. Before the project, there
ry, foreign languages for the guides, hospitality, and     were no clear guidelines, procedures or timetable for
transportation.                                            negotiations, particularly in light of the threat of de-
                                                           molition, and a time-consuming and expensive judicial
In the Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban Devel-          process was only really available to those who could
opment Project, collaboration amongst local authori-       afford it.
24   URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




                            Financial and fiscal mechanisms
                            to promote private investments
                 Private investments are a key element to en-             [QOVQÅKIV\Ta IKZW[[ \PM ZMOQWV ;][\IQVIJTM K]T\]ZIT
                 sure sustainable medina rehabilitation, and will         \W]ZQ[U \PMZMNWZM KWV[\Q\]\M[ \PM UIQV MKWVWUQK
                 multiply in the presence of a well-defined regu-         ZI\QWVITM NWZ \PM UIRWZQ\a WN \PM XZQ^I\M [MK\WZ QV
                 latory framework and incentives.                         ^M[\UMV\[ _Q\P \PM M`KMX\QWV WN TWKIT PWUMW_VMZ[
                                                                          _PW M^MV\]ITTa QV^M[\ QV \PM ZMVW^I\QWV WN \PMQZ NIU
                 8ZQ^I\M QV\MZ^MV\QWV[ KIV KWV\ZQJ]\M KWV[QLMZIJTa        QTa XZMUQ[M[
                 \W \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV WN UMLQVI[ M[XMKQITTa _PMV
                 \PM X]JTQK [MK\WZ Q[ KWUUQ\\ML \W M[\IJTQ[P I KTMIZ      To mobilize private sector investments, the
                 ZMO]TI\WZa NZIUM_WZS IVL XZWUW\M []Q\IJTM QVKMV          public sector will need to first invest in cultural
                 \Q^M[ 8ZQ^I\M [\ISMPWTLMZ[ \PI\ KIV JM QV^M[\QVO QV      assets, urban upgrading and infrastructure,
                 UMLQVI ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV QVKT]LM" Q TWKIT PWUMW_V           and provide the necessary incentives.
                 MZ[ IZ\Q[IV[ [PWXSMMXMZ[ IVL \ZILMZ[ J]QTLMZ[ IVL
                 LM^MTWXMZ[# QQ VI\QWVIT IVL QV\MZVI\QWVIT [UITT          /W^MZVUMV\[ [PW]TL QV^M[\QOI\M [M^MZIT WX\QWV[ \W
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                 Q\a J][QVM[[ ZM\IQT [\WZM[ IVL \ZILM MV\MZXZQ[M[# IVL    IVL QV XZM[MVKM WN KTMIZ VI\QWVIT LM^MTWXUMV\ [\ZI\
                 QQQ NW]VLI\QWV[ IVL KPIZQ\QM[ []XXWZ\ML Ja XZQ^I\M       MOQM[ KIV IKKM[[ QV\MZVI\QWVIT LM^MTWXUMV\ N]VLQVO
                 J][QVM[[M[ <PM \PZMM OZW]X[ TQ[\ML IJW^M KIV MIKP        <PM[M N]VL[ KIV WZQOQVI\M NZWU JQTI\MZIT LM^MTWX
                 XTIa I ZWTM QV \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV WN \PM UMLQVI J]\      UMV\ IOMVKQM[ _PQKP KIV UISM I^IQTIJTM ZM[W]ZKM[
                 VMML \PM ZQOP\ [M\ WN QVKMV\Q^M[ IVL NIKQTQ\I\QWV[ 4W    \PZW]OP LWVI\QWV[ IVL QV\MZVI\QWVIT ÅVIVKQIT QV[\Q
                 KIT PWUMW_VMZ[ IZ\Q[IV[ [PWXSMMXMZ[ \ZILMZ[              \]\QWV[ _PQKP KIV XZW^QLM OZIV\[ KZMLQ\[ IVL TWIV[
                 J]QTLMZ[ IVL LM^MTWXMZ[ _QTT QV^M[\ QV \PM UMLQVI[ I[    <PM[M N]VL[ KIV JM ][ML NWZ KIXQ\IT M`XMVLQ\]ZM[ \W
                 WXXW[ML \W W\PMZ XIZ\[ WN \PM ]ZJIV IOOTWUMZI\QWV        ÅVIVKM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV _WZS[ IVL \W OMVMZI\M MKW
                 WV KWVLQ\QWV WN OM\\QVO JM\\MZ IKKM[[ \W KZMLQ\ Å[KIT    VWUQK IVL K]T\]ZIT IK\Q^Q\QM[ QV \PM UMLQVI[
                 QVKMV\Q^M[ IVL [QUXTQÅML ILUQVQ[\ZI\Q^M XZWKML]ZM[
                                                                          5WZMW^MZ \PM[M ZM[W]ZKM[ KIV JM ][ML \W [M\ ]X
                 6I\QWVIT IVL QV\MZVI\QWVIT [UITT[KITM WXMZI\WZ[          [XMKQITQbML N]VL[ NWZ \PM XZWUW\QWV WN ZMIT M[\I\M
                 _QTT QV^M[\ QV \PM PW[XQ\ITQ\a J][QVM[[ ZM\IQT [\WZM[    QV^M[\UMV\[ _PQKP KIV XTIa IV QUXWZ\IV\ ZWTM QV
                 IVL \ZILM MV\MZXZQ[M[ XZW^QLQVO \PI\ \PMZM Q[ I []N      MV[]ZQVO \PI\ \PM PW][QVO [\WKS Q[ XZM[MZ^ML IVL
                 ÅKQMV\Ta IKKW]V\IJTM UMKPIVQ[U \W IKKM[[ XMZUQ\[         ILIX\Q^MTa ZM][ML NWZ ZM[QLMV\QIT QV[\Q\]\QWVIT
                 IKKM[[ \W KZMLQ\ IVL \PI\ \PMZM IZM VW ZM[\ZQK\QWV[ WV   KWUUMZKQIT IVL \W]ZQ[U X]ZXW[M[ ;]KP N]VL[ KIV
                 \PM UW^MUMV\[ WN OWWL[ IVL WN ÅVIVKQIT ZM[W]ZKM[         []XXWZ\ ZMIT M[\I\M QV^M[\WZ[ IVL W\PMZ XZQ^I\M MV
                 IVL \PI\ \PM J][QVM[[ MV^QZWVUMV\ Q[ SMX\ NI^WZ          \ZMXZMVM]Z[ _PW KIV M^MV\]ITTa UISM I^IQTIJTM IL
                 IJTM .W]VLI\QWV[ IVL KPIZQ\QM[ ÅVITTa _QTT VMML          LQ\QWVIT ZM[W]ZKM[ 1V\MZVI\QWVIT LM^MTWXUMV\ N]VL[
                 \W JM I\\ZIK\ML _Q\P X]JTQK ZMKWOVQ\QWV IVL ^Q[QJQT      KIV JM WJ\IQVML WVTa NWZ [XMKQÅK XZWRMK\[ IVL WVKM
                 Q\a NWZ \PMQZ LWVI\QWV[ IVL KWV\ZQJ]\QWV[ I[ _MTT I[     \PMQZ QUXTMUMV\I\QWV Q[ W^MZ Q\ Q[ ZM[XWV[QJQTQ\a WN
                 _Q\P TWKIT []XXWZ\ IVL NIKQTQ\I\QWV[ \W QUXTMUMV\ \PM    \PM OW^MZVUMV\[ \W UISM \PM ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV [][\IQV
                 XZWRMK\[ \PMa [XWV[WZ ?PQTM UMLQVI[ ZMY]QZM [XMKQIT      IJTM <PM UMKPIVQ[U[ \W MV[]ZM [][\IQVIJQTQ\a IZM
                 X]JTQK [MK\WZ QV\MZ^MV\QWV[ WV IKKW]V\ WN \PMQZ [XM      ^IZQW][ IVL KIV JM OZW]XML QV \PW[M IQUQVO I\ QV
                 KQIT VI\]ZM ]ZJIV NIJZQK IVL I[[M\[ \PMa IT[W WNNMZ      KZMI[QVO \PM J]LOM\ WN X]JTQK QV[\Q\]\QWV[ QM QV
                 [XMKQIT WXXWZ\]VQ\QM[ NWZ T]KZI\Q^M QV^M[\UMV\[ IQUML    KZMI[QVO X]JTQK M`XMVLQ\]ZM[ IVL \PW[M IQUQVO I\
                 I\ \PM K]T\]ZIT \W]ZQ[U UIZSM\ _PQKP Q[ OZW_QVO          XZW^QLQVO QVKMV\Q^M[ \W \PM XZQ^I\M [MK\WZ
                                                                                                                                    25


Increasing financial and fiscal resources




                                                                                                                  BOX 7
1.   Set up tailored development funds to channel         9. Earmark a fixed percentage of the Value Added
     private and public investments, provide guaran-         Tax (VAT) to dedicated institutions for investments
     tees, loans, and grants. These can be national in       in the preservation of key monuments, museums,
     scope or dedicated to a specific medina, and could      infrastructure, networks, roads, parking, public
     result of a combination of budgetary resources          spaces, signage systems, and street-level furnish-
     and international financing.                            ings.

2. Raise funds from national and international            10. Introduce a VAT exemption for all construc-
   private foundations and individual donors as               tion works involving rehabilitation of the housing
   partners to finance programs for the preservation          stocks in the medinas as well as income tax reduc-
   and enhancement of the medinas. Such resources             tions for the amounts invested in rehabilitation,
   would be dedicated to highly valuable and visible          including furnishings, decorations and operating
   interventions.                                             equipment of firms located in the medinas.

3. Solicit private donations from local individuals       11. Improve the efficiency of regular tax collection
   and companies interested in boosting their image           and earmark a percentage of the additional local
   and visibility by supporting the rehabilitation of         taxation revenues to medina rehabilitation. This is
   key monuments, public spaces, and public facili-           relevant where tax collection is insufficient as it
   ties in the medinas; these donations would be rec-         provides incentives to municipalities for greater
   ognized via public signage.                                collection performance.

4. Facilitate investments by the private sector, by       12. Accrue additional tax revenues, as rehabilita-
   creating a favorable climate, facilitating the cre-        tion raises property values and therefore makes
   ation and operation of businesses related to local         available additional fiscal resources to local insti-
   production, commerce, hospitability, and real es-          tutions, and earmark those revenues towards re-
   tate, and reducing the fiscal burden on their op-          habilitation and urban maintenance actions on the
   erations for the first number of years.                    part of the municipalities.
                                                                                                                      FIG. 25
5. Promote Transferable Development Rights (TDR),         13. Improve the collection of regular taxes applied         Vibrant urban
   applied to privately-owned historic buildings with-        to hotel and guesthouse visitors, and earmark           landscape of the
   in the medinas, whereby the owners would forgo             the additional revenues for medina investments,         historic city of Byblos
   the option of demolishing and reconstructing in            or introduce a Medina Rehabilitation Tax, to            (Lebanon), seen
   return for additional surface they would be autho-         charge to foreign tourists as a person-per-night        from the Crusader's
   rized to build elsewhere.                                  levy on hotels and guesthouses                          Castle

6. Facilitate access to microcredit to promote
   small-scale housing rehabilitation by poor resi-
   dents, and support small and medium enterprises
   in the heritage sector (construction, handicraft,
   and accommodation industry).

7. Establish national lotteries (following the Brit-
   ish and Italian models) whose proceeds would be
   used to finance conservation and rehabilitation of
   the medina cultural and urban heritage; this would
   be accompanied by a public communication cam-
   paign on the value of heritage.

8. Raise admission tickets to museums and other
   cultural institutions, by setting different rates
   for nationals and foreigners, and earmark these
   funds to finance conservation and rehabilitation
   works, within the budget of the Ministry of Culture
   or Department of Antiquities.
26   URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




     BOX 8       Promoting private sector investments

                 In the Tunisia Third Urban Development Project, a
                 home improvement credit line was granted jointly to
                 owners and tenants as co-signatories to undertake
                 improvements of the housing stock. Loan application
                 procedures were streamlined and access to credit was
                 opened up to the medina as a whole, including its tra-
                 ditional suburbs, but the bulk of rehabilitation expen-
                 ditures were undertaken by property owners and did
                 not draw on credit mechanisms.

                 A prime source of private financing was the sale of
                 occupancy rights in addition to existing structures.
                 The project also generated a steady increase in tax
                 revenues, as the property values increased dramati-
                 cally once the project was completed. The benefits
                 were even higher than originally anticipated. The long
                 history of private disinvestment in the medina, as well
                 as its subsequent deterioration and pauperization was
                 successfully reversed through selective clearance, in-
                 frastructure improvements, and the construction of
                 community facilities. Public improvements led to a
                 one-time jump in price that doubled property values in
                 two to three years, followed by a progressive increase
                 at a rate higher than in unimproved areas (12 percent
                 per annum between 1983 to 1993 versus 8 percent on                                                                FIG. 26
                 the urban fringe) because of the sustained demand for         A covered souk, or traditional commercial district, occupies
                 improved sites in the medina, which therefore became                                 ancient buildings in Tripoli (Lebanon)
                 a strategic location. Given the opportunity to develop
                 vacant parcels, build additional floors, rehabilitate and   (US$42.9 million) had a cumulative value three times
                 sell deteriorated premises, private sector investments      larger than the project itself.
                 increased property values, generating higher tax rev-
                 enues. Overall, project leveraging of additional invest-    The Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban Develop-
                 ments was at a ratio of 1 to 3.4.                           ment Project facilitates investments of private own-
                                                                             ers in the renewal of the building stock and provide
                 In the Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project,           resources in form of grants and microcredit. These fi-
                 private stakeholders preserved 33 historic buildings        nancial incentives support the rehabilitation of build-
                 and adaptively reused them as boutique hotels. The          ing elevations, including doors, windows, overhangs,
                 project enabled the government to accelerate the re-        signage, utility lines, and surface treatment in some
                 habilitation of the medina, helped attract other eco-       crucial commercial and residential streets that are in
                 nomic resources, and eventually the public sector           the vicinity of, or connecting, major public spaces and
                 made available additional resources to continue the         monuments
                 rehabilitation beyond the project completion. The Min-
                 istry of Housing planned the rehabilitation of houses       The Jordan Second Tourism Development Project
                 threatening collapse (US$10.1 million) and other public     includes an interesting mechanism that was set up by
                 stakeholders undertook the rehabilitation of commu-         the government to ensure financial sustainability of
                 nity facilities, city walls, and the expansion of tourism   the investment funded by the World Bank. The govern-
                 circuits (US$18.3 million).                                 ment earmarked a percentage of the revenue gener-
                                                                             ated by tourism for conservation initiatives. A share of
                 The private sector also boosted its involvement be-         the revenue generated by tourism (25 percent of the
                 yond the project completion and undertook the con-          gate receipts at Petra and 100 percent at Wadi Rum)
                 struction of eight hotels and major historic building       has been earmarked by the government for managing
                 (US$29.7 million). National foundations and interna-        and maintaining the assets. These revenues would be
                 tional donors engaged themselves in further rehabili-       invested in conservation works, additional improve-
                 tation of historic buildings and sites (US$3.3 million).    ments in infrastructure, further tourism product de-
                 During the years of project implementation, paral-          velopment, improvements in marketing, promotion,
                 lel investments in the rehabilitation of the medina         and site management.
                                                                                    THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS       27


                Cultural tourism and the Medina
                Tourism Potential Index
Medinas can play a significant role in expand-            LMUWV[\ZI\ML I XW[Q\Q^M ZMTI\QWV[PQX JM\_MMV \W]Z
ing tourism revenues by attracting interna-               Q[U ZMKMQX\[ I[ I [PIZM WN M`XWZ\[ IVL OZW_\P
tional cultural tourism, and their rehabilitation
can incorporate this objective.                           <PM ?WZTL *IVS¼[ 5MLQVI <W]ZQ[U 8W\MV
                                                          \QIT 1VLM` <PM ?WZTL *IVS X]Z[]M[ U]T\QXTM
<W]ZQ[U INNMK\[ OZW_\P \PZW]OP [M^MZIT KPIVVMT[           WJRMK\Q^M[ NWZ UMLQVI ZMPIJQTQ\I\QWV QVKT]LQVO \PM
JMaWVL \PM LQZMK\ ZM^MV]M[ NZWU ZMKMQX\[ ,QZMK\Ta         KWV[MZ^I\QWV WN SMa K]T\]ZIT I[[M\[ TWKIT MKWVWUQK
WZ QVLQZMK\Ta \PQ[ QVL][\Za MUXTWa[ UWZM \PIV             LM^MTWXUMV\ IVL ILLZM[[QVO \PM VMML[ WN \PM ZM[Q
UQTTQWV XMWXTM _WZTL_QLM IVL OMVMZI\M[ IXXZW`Q            LMV\[ 1V \MZU[ WN TWKIT MKWVWUQK LM^MTWXUMV\
UI\MTa  XMZKMV\ WN \PM _WZTL \W\IT MKWVWUQK               K]T\]ZIT \W]ZQ[U Q[ \PM UW[\ XZWUQ[QVO UIZSM\ [MO
IK\Q^Q\a 1V ILLQ\QWV \W]ZQ[U Q[ \PM XZQVKQXIT [W]ZKM      UMV\ 6W\ ITT UMLQVI[ PW_M^MZ PI^M \PM ZMY]QZML
WN NWZMQOV K]ZZMVKa ZM^MV]M NWZ  XMZKMV\ WN LM^MT         KPIZIK\MZQ[\QK[ \W \IX QV\W \PI\ UIZSM\ [MOUMV\ IVL
WXQVO KW]V\ZQM[ IVL \PM XZQUIZa [W]ZKM WN NWZMQOV         OW^MZVUMV\[ [PW]TL KIZMN]TTa KWV[QLMZ _PQKP IZM
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                                                                                                                   FIG. 27
                                                                                                                One of the main
                                                                                                                pedestrian and
                                                                                                                commercial arteries
                                                                                                                of the medina of Fez
                                                                                                                (Morocco)
28   URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES ­ KNOWLEDGE PAPERS




     BOX 9       The Medina Tourism Potential Index (MTPI)

                 The World Bank has recently elaborated an index with
                 the objective of analyzing and ranking those medinas
                                                                           4. Proximity to existing tourism destinations: me-
                                                                              dinas that are close to existing tourism destina-
                 in which blending urban rehabilitation and tourism de-       tions can be more successful in achieving tourism
                 velopment can lead to economic growth. The index is          development, on account of the nearby demand.
                 made up of the following eight criteria:                  5. Accessibility: availability of major infrastructure
                                                                              to reach the medinas, because closeness to air-
                 1. Significance of cultural heritage assets: this cri-       ports, ports, and highway facilitates tourism-based
                    terion measures the overall quality of the medinas,       development.
                    their presentation state, and the number of heri-      6. Accommodation facilities: presence of hotels and
                    tage sites listed and effectively protected by the        guesthouses of adequate standard is essential to
                    governments.                                              attract visitors, in particular if located within the
                 2. Classification on the UNESCO World Heritage               medinas themselves.
                    List: the international visibility ensured by this     7. Organization of cultural events: this criterion
                    registration has an impact on the local economy,          measures the presence of cultural activities that
                    helps international marketing, and boosts the             can enhance the visibility of the medinas and at-
                    tourism industry.                                         tract more visitors.
                 3. Proximity to the coast, major natural features,        8. High-level handicraft industry: presence of local-
                    or other cultural heritage sites: this criterion as-      ly hand-made and local products with high artistic
                    sesses the potential to combine recreational tour-        or cultural contents which are essential to attract
                    ism, ecotourism, and cultural tourism.                    tourists to medinas.




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                                                                               The temple of Jupiter is one of the main cultural heritage
                 QV\MZM[\ NZWU \PM TWKIT 6/7[ IVL I[[WKQI\QWV[ \W                             attractions present in Baalbeck (Lebanon)
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                                                                                   THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS   29


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Previous knowledge papers in this series
Lessons and Experiences from Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS into Urban/Water
(AFTU1 & AFTU2) Projects
Nina Schuler, Alicia Casalis, Sylvie Debomy, Christianna Johnnides, and Kate Kuper, September 2005, No. 1

Occupational and Environmental Health Issues of Solid Waste Management:
Special Emphasis on Middle and Lower-Income Countries
Sandra Cointreau, July 2006, No. 2

A Review of Urban Development Issues in Poverty Reduction Strategies
Judy L. Baker and Iwona Reichardt, June 2007, No. 3

Urban Poverty in Ethiopia: A Multi-Faceted and Spatial Perspective
Elisa Muzzini, January 2008, No. 4

Urban Poverty: A Global View
Judy L. Baker, January 2008, No. 5

Preparing Surveys for Urban Upgrading Interventions: Prototype Survey
Instrument and User Guide
Ana Goicoechea, April 2008, No. 6

Exploring Urban Growth Management: Insights from Three Cities
Mila Freire, Douglas Webster, and Christopher Rose, June 2008, No. 7

Private Sector Initiatives in Slum Upgrading
Judy L. Baker and Kim McClain, May 2009, No. 8
This publication has been financed by a grant of the Italian Cultural Heritage in Sustainable Development Trust Fund

For more information about the Urban Development Series, contact:

Urban Development and Local Government Unit
Sustainable Development Network
The World Bank
1818 H Street, NW
Washington, DC, 20433
USA

Email: urbanhelp@worldbank.org
Website: www.worldbank.org/urban