SOMALIA COUNTRY ECONOMIC MEMORANDUM Volume I Appendices Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Photo Photo credits: credits: && Cover Cover Inside Inside ©FAO ©FAO Somalia Somalia Appendices SOMALIA: Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture Copyright © 2018 by International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ISBN 978-92-5-130420-4 (FAO) © FAO, 2018 Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 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Appendices Appendix A: World Bank Mission Findings - Feedback from In-Country Meetings, June 2-14, 2016 • Garowe and Hargeisa, June 2-8 (Ministries of Planning, Livestock, Agriculture, Fishery, Commerce, Environment; and Private Sector); • Mogadishu June 12-14 (Ministries of Planning, Livestock, Agriculture; and Private Sector); eld visits: Addis Ababa, June 9, 2016 with the Horn of Africa Regional Environmental Center Network • Other fi (HOREC/N) and Nairobi, June 10 and June 15-17 with FAO-TCIA and FAOSO. General Feedback • Northern regions are well past humanitarian aid phase and deep into development planning, updates (e.g. Puntland’s Mid-Term Review of its 2014-2019 plan) and implementati on, while South-Central also moving now from humanitarian to development planning (e.g. new federal NDP 2016-2019 to replace New Deal and Compact); • Frustrati on at one more assessment/study, lots of small and poorly coordinated pilot projects, lack of ambiti on for and of scaling up of development assistance; on at lack of development assistance for roads and agricultural infrastructure rehabilitati • Frustrati on; on at some development assistance with no results (even if money is fully spent); • Frustrati • Awareness of challenges of managing fragile environment; onal, primary acti • Awareness of lack of technical skills to move from traditi es to more commercial viti viti acti es; • Consensus widespread, maybe unanimous, on private sector-led growth for the economy and for the agricultural sector, as mistrust of government runs deep, especially in SC; en seen as best opti • PPPs oft ons for large commercial ventures, but examples of actual PPP failures (e.g. cold chains) and some fi sh factories unexplained; on either adopted or being under considerati • Legislati on for addressing policy/regulatory constraints; • Opti mism none the less at potenti al for economic and sector growth, with expanded/improved TA, nancing, and vocati infrastructure, fi onal training; • Only pessimisti c voice heard @ FAOSO-Hargeisa about challenges and prospects for rain-fed crops in the Northern regions, but even in this case there was a strong belief that a proper watershed management with modest investments in soil and water conservati on and harvesti viti ng acti es would allow the sub- sector to thrive. Livestock on esti • No census since late 1980s (1988?); populati mates seem wild guesses, showing smooth, mild upward trend, but no one seems to questi on them; on not expected to increase much, if at all, for the future, but to fl • Livestock populati uctuate up and down depending on the weather within current range esti mates; • More extreme weather events causing severe localized stress, animal deaths, and larger movements between regions and across borders with Ethiopia (both ways); Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 1 Appendices • Northern governments recognize they were unprepared for the much more severe and frequent droughts and now plan to strengthen resilience, including the boosting feed storage (is this sensible, instead of emergency imports from other regions or neighboring countries?); • Live animals’ exports have been on a strong upward trajectory and reached record highs in 2015, especially from Berbera (those from Bosasso have increased less); exports performance also has been strong from Mogadishu since their resumption in 2013; and cattle exports have just resumed this month also from Kismayo; • Good quarantine facilities and marketing arrangements reported from Berbera, Bosasso and Mogadishu. No one questioned the export oligopoly in the northern ports, dominated by a Saudi company with its own quarantine facilities. Or the only private sector company that owns and manages the only quarantine facility in Mogadishu; • But the health and quality of the animals arriving at the main export ports is of concern, as many poorly fed animals are rejected or fetch low prices for sellers with no other options; • Main concern for pastoralists facing extreme weather events, dairy farms, and large commercial exporters is lack and quality of the available feed. Imported one is expensive. Domestic one is very limited, and often from a single source, instead of being a good mix of grasses, stalks, alfa alfa, sesame cakes, and Leucaena leucocephala, with a high share of proteins; • The next mentioned concern is the difficulty and high cost of getting (legitimate, effective) veterinary drugs; • The third is the spread of enclosures around natural water catchment areas, with increasing conflicts among pastoralists; • While there seems to be unbound optimism among most officials in the ability of this sub-sector to support ever higher livestock exports, they all recognize that rangeland deterioration, inexorable move away from the harsh pastoral nomadic life, sustainable high growth would come from: (i) better quality of animals for exports, with stronger veterinary services, better and more available locally-grown and processed animal feed, feeding lots along the routes from the central rangelands in Somalia and Ethiopia to the main export ports, and (i) processing of products, starting with storage and processing of milk and dairy products, modern slaughterhouses for meat consumption in large urban centers and cold chains for exports, and moving up the value chain from just drying and salting raw hides and skins for exports (including all the way to tanneries). Animal Products and their Processing • Despite the growth potential, virtually no processing of animal products exists, in any region, including in the more stable, peaceful northern regions, for reasons that we could not really understand; • More dairy farms have sprouted around main urban centers in all regions, supplying fresh milk (mostly from camels). But we could only find one case of a small business pasteurizing milk (in Garowe) and making some yoghurt and cheese, with a large excess demand for its products. For all the rest, the height of processing is putting fresh milk in small plastic bags, sealing them and hoping to sell before the milk turns sour which is less accepted by urban picky consumers than by pastoralists on the rangelands; • Resell in Mogadishu of dairy products like imported yoghurt that AMISOM soldiers are given for free make it unprofitable for any local venture; • These dairy farms, and also new poultry businesses, face management, health and technical challenges for which their owners, often returnees from the diaspora, sometimes absentees, are not well prepared; 2 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices • Meat processing and chilled meat exports appear very limited to two operations, one in Burao and one in Mogadishu, with a few other past operations now not functioning. We heard tales of bad management, lack of maintenance of second-hand equipment, owners/managers going into other businesses, politics or abroad, but not of failures on the marketing or SPS standards fronts; • Hides and skins processing is just absent, in all regions, with a Chinese-owned tannery between Hargeisa and Berbera shut down recently for polluting the underground water used by people living next to it; • The puzzle remains why not more processing is taking place, except for the very high electricity/energy costs… Crops Northern Regions • Despite their lack of rivers and mostly shrub-covered landscapes, Puntland and Somaliland are experiencing increased small irrigated farms along major roads, resulting in readily available fruits and vegetables; • Road network is getting better, especially in the previously underdeveloped Eastern part of Somaliland, including with remote areas higher in elevation, with milder temperatures and with clean water from natural springs; • New products are being grown and marketed to nearby towns, from coffee in the Galgala mountains to potatoes and khat in Sanaag; • Other crops have seen major expansion, like dates along the coast and watermelons; • These northern regions are characterized by seasonal long droughts and short rains, but with most of the rainwater wasted for agriculture; • If only modest investments are needed, as asserted by farmers and experts alike, to harnessing the limited rainwater that now rushes to the sea along wadis and to tap underground rivers and other shallow water sources, the potential for growth in localized horticulture and animal feed appears high. These modest investments range from spade irrigation, to drip irrigation, to check dams along the wadis to raise the level of their underground water, new shallow wells, and simple works to catch and store the rainwater rushing down from the mountains; • Rain-fed agriculture has suffered from most extreme weather events. Quality of seeds used appears also to be an issue. Its potential may well have been already reached. Soil and water conservation measures and storage facilities for its output may allow it to survive, but it is difficult to imagine high growth coming from this sub-sector; • Whether for growth or for holding the line, extension services and vocational schools for agriculture and farm equipment maintenance were widely mentioned as totally lacking; • Ministry capacity weak even in Northern regions, with few or none project proposals submitted to available sources and consequent minimal funding secured; • No agro-processing at present, with the main obstacle being reported the high electricity cost and large financial investment required (possibly another reason is also the limited and seasonal fruits/vegetables available). BUT… o A private sector project in Burao, Somaliland is about to start making and packaging juice from imported guava from the SC (plan is to make other juices from other locally available fruits like watermelon). Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 3 Appendices o A private business in Hargeisa, Somaliland, currently exporting raw frankincense and myrrh, is starting later this June a small but modern extraction operation to make oils for the cosmetic and medicinal industry abroad. Investment was supported by a grant from a donor agency.   Southern Somalia • The cry was loud and clear: infrastructure, infrastructure, and infrastructure for the areas along the two rivers and in between! • Areas under irrigated cultivation now range from 10% to 25% of pre-war levels, which are believed to be then less than half of what could be irrigated and cultivated. Thus the growth potential is very high; • Without any government support of any kind, private sector is already exporting bananas and dry lemons and sesame to the Middle East; • With assistance by FAOSO, 10 cooperatives (about 500 farmers) succeeded in increasing maize standards and quality and availability for local procurement by WFP to grow in 3 years from 200tons to 2,000tons last year; • The top priorities on the infrastructure front are two: o rehabilitation of pre-war irrigation and flood controls along the rivers, including de-silting and removing fallen trees and other obstructions; some parts in Lower Shebelle did not get any water even if the river overflew its banks upstream around Beletweyn; with community and private sector involvement these works can be carried out even under the currently insecure conditions, according to most interlocutors; o rehabilitation of pre-war roads; main roads are almost all now completely broken and cause travel times multiples of what they were pre-war; most gravel feeder roads are impassable when it rains, leaving farms isolated and fresh fruits and vegetables to spoil; when they are passable, they and the main roads are so broken that by the time fruits and produce like tomatoes reach the market they are all smashed up. • Others include: o Assistance in meeting SPS and quality standards for exports but also for sales to AMISOM and international community in Mogadishu; o Technical training / vocational schools; o Stop to resell in local markets of imported food that AMISOM soldiers receive for free; o Stop bribes by government soldiers at the many checkpoints along the roads to markets; o Reduce heavy licenses/registration costs; o Financing for machinery and other equipments; o Address riparian river rights issue with Ethiopia, because new dams are being built not only for hydropower generation but also for diverting Shebelli river’s water to side canals for irrigation, putting at risk crop production downstream. • No agro-processing. Until recently security situation was still unsettled. Currently, main obstacle mentioned is high electricity cost. 4 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Fishery (based on interviews with ministry officials in Puntland and Somaliland; and one exporter in Mogadishu) • Major change in domestic fish consumption compared with pre-war, with fresh fish widely available now in fish shops and fish markets and restaurants in all urban centers; • Government officials in Northern regions are proud of their local registration efforts, but are short of info and means to monitor what is going on, locally and offshore, legally or illegally (and enforce licensing terms); • Except in Berbera, there are no jetties available for small or large fishing vessels at any of the major or minor other ports in the Northern regions; • Roads connecting minor ports to major urban centers are unpaved and poorly maintained and thus local fishermen earn very little (less than $1/kg, sometimes $0.5/kg) for their catch; • None of the PPP cold storage facilities in major and minor Northern regions’ ports, many rehabilitated or built anew by donors in recent years, do not work. Main factor is unclear, though high electricity was mentioned. No plans to revive them. No plans to sell them outright; • But nonetheless exports of fish take place from the Horn to Ethiopia by refrigerated trucks, bypassing completely the PPP facilities available but idle (not functioning) for cold storage along the coast; • No processing at all, in any region. Environment (based on interviews with ministry officials in Puntland and Somaliland) • Charcoal production continuing on a small scale for domestic use only. Exports effectively have stopped from Northern regions (100% so from main ports). Bosasso LNG plant should start soon selling gas canisters for cooking. Other initiatives push more efficient charcoal cooking methods and alternative ones to charcoal; • Prosopis juliflora, an invasive foreign mesquite-related species (originally from the Andes) is taking over, with no other plants growing near it. Well-meaning and scientifically based efforts are under way to promote among the public its use as charcoal and also for various other uses (animal feed, even edible flour for human consumption, etc.). Consumers complain about its poor efficiency and suitability as fuel for cooking compared to the charcoal made from acacia trees (unlike in India or in the Americas, where mesquite-based charcoal is highly prized). This misperception is due to the recent (and misplaced) practice in Somalia of its harvesting as a young tree, yielding only small-size charcoal, as opposed to the traditional harvesting of the much larger, long-established acacia trees that yield bigger-size charcoal; • Rangeland degradation is another big issue, though further losses of tree cover appear to have stopped. Large gullies and soil erosion are reported; • The spread of (illegal) enclosures on the rangelands are reported, motivated by the perpetrators by agricultural use (not allowed on a permanent basis by customary or written law in pastoral commons) and instead described by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural development in both regions as “land” grabbing (usually of those lands with some better moisture than their surroundings). This creates new conflicts, especially between clans if not within the same clan of the family doing the enclosing. And also is a new source of tree cutting on the rangelands. The ministries have policies to stamp these out, implemented with various degrees of harshness and effectiveness; o Coastal flooding reported, affecting residences built next to the sea. o Very visible improvement compared to 2005 in the capitals and their surroundings, with no plastic bag litter in Garowe and only old litter in Hargeisa. Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 5 Appendices Appendix B: Employment Shares by Economic Sector (% of total employment) Persons aged 15 and Sector above (%) Agriculture - crops 25.2 Agriculture - herding 9.4 Agriculture - other activities 7.2 Fishing 4.0 Agriculture Subtotal: 45.8 Building and Construction 9.3 Transportation and storage 3.2 Electricity gas, steam and air conditioning supply 0.9 Water supply sewerage and waste management 0.6 Mining and quarrying 4.4 Manufacturing 1.8 Accommodation and food service activities 1.4 Information and communication 1.8 Financial and insurance activities 0.6 Real estate activities 0.4 Professional, scientific and technical activities 1.4 Administrative and support service activities 2.5 Public administration and defense 0.5 Education 8.8 Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.3 Other service activities 3.3 Household members/employees producing for home cons. 3.4 International organizations and bodies 0.7 Other 8.8 Total 100.0 Source: ILO, Labour Force Survey 2014 (reported in Somalia, Federal Government and United Nations 2015) 6 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Appendix C: Agro-ecological and Livelihood Zones of Somalia Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 7 Appendices Appendix D: Institutions of Higher Education in 2016 University/Institute Location Faculties Amoud University Borama, Somaliland Medicine, Business Admin., Education, Agriculture University of Hargeisa Hargeisa, Somaliland Science, Business Administration, Islamic Studies, Law, Distance Learning, Education, Medicine. Buroa University Burao, Somaliland Veterinary Science, Education, Business and Finance, Islamic Studies, Rural Development and Environmental Studies, Somali Studies East Africa University Bosasso, Puntland (five Education, Shariah and Law, Computer Science, branches in the state) Business Administration, Economics, Medicine, Engineering, Veterinary, Human Resources. Puntland State University Garowe, Puntland Information Technology, Business Admin and Management, Public Administration, Distance Learning (several programs) Mogadishu University Mogadishu Education, Law and Sharia, Arts and Humanities, Economics and Management, Nursing, Computer Science, IT, Political Science, Journalism. Benadir University Mogadishu Medicine, Computer Science, Education, Basic Science, Engineering. SIMAD University (Somali Institute Mogadishu Departments: IT, Accounting, Business of Management & Administration Administration, Language Communication. Development) Hiiraan University Belet Weyne Agriculture, Veterinary Science South West Somali University Baidoa, Bay region Agriculture, Political Science (SWSU) City University Mogadishu Civil Engineering, IT, Political Science, Agriculture, Marine Science, Education, Business Administration. Berbera Maritime and Fisheries Berbera, Somaliland Fisheries and Marine Science, Nautical Science, Academy Marine Engineering, Vocational Training 8 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Appendix E: Chapter 5 - Livestock Subsector Appendix E 5.1: Saudi Arabia Livestock imports from Somalia 350 300 250 Millions of dollars 200 150 100 50 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: World Bank World Integrated Trade Solution Appendix E 5.2: Fodder and feed varieties 1. Leucaena leucocephala: A leguminous tree with high forage and wood potential, which was introduced and tested in Southern Somalia in 1970s, but currently is grown as ornamental tree, although livestock such as goats occasionally seen browsing on it. It will be one of the main high protein sources for the livestock. 2. Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum): Is a perennial grass that has high herbage yield throughout the year ideal for cut-and-carry (stall) feeding systems, it controls maize stock borer by trapping the moth that lays the eggs on maize plant if the Napier grass is planted around the maize field. In addition, it can protect maize and companion crops from wind. However, its main importance is its high forage production, which can be sold as green or dried fodder that could be used for milk producing livestock as well as export animal at holding grounds and at sea during shipping. In combination with protein rich Leucaena leucocephala, Napier grass can provide a valuable feed for livestock. 3. Sudan Grass and Sorghum: Sorghum Sudanense and Sorghum bicolor: These two species can be grown as forage in association with legume species such as Leucaena leucephala, Alfalfa and Dolicos (lablab) 4. Alfalfa: Medicago sativa is a forage legume which is a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals for livestock for both milk and meat production. In addition, several cutting can be made for fodder production. 5. Dolicos lablab: Dolicos is a dual-purpose legume which has edible pods and beans and suitable fodder as livestock feed. It is, also, adapted to tropical environment including Somalia and can grow in wide range of soil types. Forage varieties exist that are drought tolerant 6. Rhodes Grass; Chloris gayana, is tropical perennial grass which is efficient in water use and has adequate nutrition for livestock, when mixed with leguminous forages. 7. Productive Native Grass: There several native grasses that need to be tested and eventually re-introduced as forage crop following their disappearance form over-grazing. Improved versions of these grasses can be imported and production sustained through community-embedded informal seed production schemes Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 9 Appendices Appendix E 5.3: Marketing area definition and main markets surveyed for livestock and livestock product prices Monitored Market Market Catchment Central Juba Valley North SoSh North SlSh Shabelle Valley Sorghum Belt Major Road Regional Boundary 10 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Dollars Dollars Dollars 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 Jan 2000 Jan 2000 Appendices Jan 2000 Jun 2000 Jun 2000 Jun 2000 Nov 2000 Nov 2000 Nov 2000 Apr 2001 Apr 2001 Dec 2001 Sep 2001 Sep 2001 Sep 2002 Feb 2002 Feb 2002 Feb 2003 Oct 2002 Oct 2002 Jul 2003 Mar 2003 Mar 2003 Dec 2003 Aug 2003 Aug 2003 May 2004 Jan 2004 Jan 2004 Oct 2004 Jun 2004 Jun 2004 Mar 2005 Nov 2004 Nov 2004 Aug 2005 Apr 2005 Apr 2005 Jan 2006 Sep 2005 * Unaccounted outlier in 2000 is believed to be a statistical error* Sep 2005 Jun 2006 Feb 2006 Feb 2006 Nov 2006 Jul 2006 Jul 2006 Apr 2007 Dec 2006 Dec 2006 Sep 2007 May 2007 May 2007 Feb 2008 Oct 2007 Oct 2007 Mar 2008 a. Central Jul 2008 b. Juba Valley Mar 2008 c. Somaliland Dec 2008 Aug 2008 Aug 2008 May 2009 Jan 2009 Jan 2009 Oct 2009 Jun 2009 Jun 2009 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Mar 2010 Nov 2009 Nov 2009 Aug 2010 Apr 2010 Apr 2010 Jan 2011 Sep 2010 Sep 2010 Jun 2011 Feb 2011 Feb 2011 Jul 2011 Jul 2011 Nov 2011 Dec 2011 Dec 2011 Apr 2012 May 2012 May 2012 Appendix E 5.4.1: Goat prices (export quality), Regional Main Markets Sep 2012 Oct 2012 Oct 2012 Feb 2013 Mar 2013 Mar 2013 Jul 2013 Aug 2013 Aug 2013 Dec 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2014 May 2014 Jun 2014 Jun 2014 Oct 2014 Nov 2014 Nov 2014 Mar 2015 Apr 2015 Apr 2015 Aug 2015 Sep 2015 Sep 2015 Jan 2016 Feb 2016 Feb 2016 11 12 Dollars Dollars Dollars 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 Jan 2000 Jul 2000 Jan 2000 May 2000 Jan 2001 Jul 2000 Sep 2000 Jan 2001 Jan 2001 Jul 2001 May 2001 Jul 2001 Jan 2002 Sep 2001 Jan 2002 Jan 2002 Jul 2002 May 2002 Jul 2002 Jan 2003 Sep 2002 Jan 2003 Jan 2003 Jul 2003 May 2003 Jul 2003 Sep 2003 Jan 2004 Jan 2004 Jan 2004 Jul 2004 May 2004 Jul 2004 Sep 2004 Jan 2005 Jan 2005 Jan 2005 Jul 2005 May 2005 Jul 2005 Sep 2005 Jan 2006 Jan 2006 Jan 2006 Jul 2006 May 2006 Jul 2006 Sep 2006 Jan 2007 Jan 2007 Jan 2007 Jul 2007 May 2007 Jul 2007 Sep 2007 Jan 2008 Jan 2008 Jan 2008 d. Puntland Jul 2008 f. Sorghum Belt May 2008 Jul 2008 Sep 2008 e. Shabelle Valley Jan 2009 Jan 2009 Jan 2009 May 2009 Jul 2009 Jul 2009 Sep 2009 Jan 2010 Jan 2010 Jan 2010 May 2010 Jul 2010 Jul 2010 Sep 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 May 2011 Jul 2011 Jul 2011 Sep 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2012 Jan 2012 May 2012 Jul 2012 Jul 2012 Sep 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2013 Jan 2013 May 2013 Jul 2013 Jul 2013 Sep 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2014 Jan 2014 May 2014 Jul 2014 Jul 2014 Sep 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2015 Jan 2015 May 2015 Jul 2015 Jul 2015 Sep 2015 Jan 2016 Jan 2016 Jan 2016 Appendices Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Dollars Dollars Dollars 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Aug 2001 Jun 2001 100 Appendices Oct 2001 Jun 2001 Feb 2002 Feb 2002 Oct 2001 Jun 2002 Feb 2002 Aug 2002 Oct 2002 Jun 2002 Feb 2003 Feb 2003 Oct 2002 Jun 2003 Feb 2003 Aug 2003 Oct 2003 Jun 2003 Feb 2004 Feb 2004 Oct 2003 Jun 2004 Feb 2004 Aug 2004 Oct 2004 Jun 2004 Feb 2005 Oct 2004 Feb 2005 Feb 2005 Aug 2005 Jun 2005 Jun 2005 Oct 2005 Feb 2006 Oct 2005 Feb 2006 Feb 2006 Aug 2006 Jun 2006 Jun 2006 Oct 2006 Feb 2007 Oct 2006 Feb 2007 Feb 2007 Aug 2007 Jun 2007 Jun 2007 Oct 2007 Oct 2007 Feb 2008 Feb 2008 Feb 2008 Aug 2008 Jun 2008 Jun 2008 a. Central Oct 2008 c. Puntland b. Juba Valley Oct 2008 Feb 2009 Feb 2009 Feb 2009 Aug 2009 Jun 2009 Jun 2009 Oct 2009 Oct 2009 Feb 2010 Feb 2010 Feb 2010 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Aug 2010 Jun 2010 Jun 2010 Oct 2010 Oct 2010 Feb 2011 Feb 2011 Feb 2011 Aug 2011 Jun 2011 Jun 2011 Oct 2011 Oct 2011 Feb 2012 Feb 2012 Feb 2012 Aug 2012 Jun 2012 Jun 2012 Appendix E 5.4.2: Sheep prices (export quality), Regional Main Markets Oct 2012 Oct 2012 Feb 2013 Feb 2013 Feb 2013 Aug 2013 Jun 2013 Jun 2013 Oct 2013 Oct 2013 Feb 2014 Feb 2014 Feb 2014 Aug 2014 Jun 2014 Jun 2014 Oct 2014 Oct 2014 Feb 2015 Feb 2015 Feb 2015 Jun 2015 Jun 2015 Aug 2015 Oct 2015 Oct 2015 Feb 2016 Feb 2016 Feb 2016 13 14 Dollars Dollars Dollars 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 Jun 2001 Jun 2001 May 2002 Nov 2001 Nov 2001 Oct 2002 Apr 2002 Apr 2002 Mar 2003 Sep 2002 Sep 2002 Aug 2003 Feb 2003 Feb 2003 Jan 2004 Jul 2003 Jul 2003 Jun 2004 Dec 2003 Dec 2003 Nov 2004 May 2004 May 2004 Apr 2005 Oct 2004 Oct 2004 Sep 2005 Mar 2005 Mar 2005 Feb 2006 Aug 2005 Aug 2005 Jul 2006 Jan 2006 Jan 2006 Jun 2006 Dec 2006 Jun 2006 Nov 2006 May 2007 Nov 2006 Apr 2007 Apr 2007 Oct 2007 Sep 2007 Sep 2007 Mar 2008 Feb 2008 Feb 2008 Aug 2008 Jul 2008 Jul 2008 Jan 2009 d. Somaliland Dec 2008 Dec 2008 Jun 2009 f. Sorghum Belt e. Shabelle Valley May 2009 May 2009 Nov 2009 Oct 2009 Oct 2009 Apr 2010 Mar 2010 Mar 2010 Sep 2010 Aug 2010 Aug 2010 Feb 2011 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Jul 2011 Jun 2011 Jun 2011 Dec 2011 Nov 2011 Nov 2011 May 2012 Apr 2012 Apr 2012 Oct 2012 Sep 2012 Sep 2012 Mar 2013 Feb 2013 Feb 2013 Aug 2013 Jul 2013 Jul 2013 Jan 2014 Dec 2013 Dec 2013 May 2014 May 2014 Jun 2014 Oct 2014 Oct 2014 Nov 2014 Mar 2015 Mar 2015 Apr 2015 Aug 2015 Aug 2015 Sep 2015 Jan 2016 Jan 2016 Feb 2016 Appendices Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Dollars Dollars Dollars 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 0 Appendices Oct 2002 Jan 2000 Jan 2000 Jun 2000 Apr 2003 Jun 2000 Nov 2000 Nov 2000 Oct 2003 Apr 2001 Apr 2001 Sep 2001 Apr 2004 Sep 2001 Feb 2002 Feb 2002 Oct 2004 Jul 2002 Jul 2002 Apr 2005 Dec 2002 Dec 2002 May 2003 Oct 2005 May 2003 Oct 2003 Oct 2003 Apr 2006 Mar 2004 Mar 2004 Aug 2004 Oct 2006 Aug 2004 Jan 2005 Jan 2005 Apr 2007 Jun 2005 Jun 2005 Nov 2005 Oct 2007 Nov 2005 Apr 2006 Apr 2006 Apr 2008 Sep 2006 Sep 2006 Feb 2007 Feb 2007 Oct 2008 Jul 2007 Jul 2007 Apr 2009 Dec 2007 a. Central Dec 2007 c. Somaliland May 2008 b. Juba Valley Oct 2009 May 2008 Oct 2008 Oct 2008 Apr 2010 Mar 2009 Mar 2009 Aug 2009 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Oct 2010 Aug 2009 Jan 2010 Jan 2010 Apr 2011 Jun 2010 Jun 2010 Oct 2011 Nov 2010 Nov 2010 Apr 2011 Apr 2011 Apr 2012 Sep 2011 Sep 2011 Oct 2012 Feb 2012 Feb 2012 Appendix E 5.4.3: Cattle prices (export quality), Regional Main Markets Jul 2012 Jul 2012 Apr 2013 Dec 2012 Dec 2012 Oct 2013 May 2013 May 2013 Apr 2014 Oct 2013 Oct 2013 Mar 2014 Mar 2014 Oct 2014 Aug 2014 Aug 2014 Apr 2015 Jan 2015 Jan 2015 Jun 2015 Jun 2015 Oct 2015 Nov 2015 Nov 2015 Apr 2016 Apr 2016 Apr 2016 15 16 Dollars Dollars Dollars 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 50 0 0 Jan 2000 Jan 2000 Nov 2002 Jun 2000 Jun 2000 Apr 2003 Nov 2000 Nov 2000 Sep 2003 Apr 2001 Apr 2001 Sep 2001 Feb 2004 Sep 2001 Feb 2002 Feb 2002 Jul 2004 Jul 2002 Jul 2002 Dec 2004 Dec 2002 Dec 2002 May 2005 May 2003 May 2003 Oct 2005 Oct 2003 Oct 2003 Mar 2004 Mar 2004 Mar 2006 Aug 2004 Aug 2004 Aug 2006 Jan 2005 Jan 2005 Jan 2007 Jun 2005 Jun 2005 Jun 2007 Nov 2005 Nov 2005 Apr 2006 Nov 2007 Apr 2006 Sep 2006 Sep 2006 Apr 2008 Feb 2007 Feb 2007 Sep 2008 Jul 2007 Jul 2007 Feb 2009 Dec 2007 Dec 2007 Jul 2009 d. Puntland May 2008 May 2008 f. Sorghum Belt e. Shabelle Valley Oct 2008 Oct 2008 Dec 2009 Mar 2009 Mar 2009 May 2010 Aug 2009 Aug 2009 Oct 2010 Jan 2010 Jan 2010 Mar 2011 Jun 2010 Jun 2010 Aug 2011 Nov 2010 Nov 2010 Apr 2011 Apr 2011 Jan 2012 Sep 2011 Sep 2011 Jun 2012 Feb 2012 Feb 2012 Nov 2012 Jul 2012 Jul 2012 Apr 2013 Dec 2012 Dec 2012 May 2013 Sep 2013 May 2013 Oct 2013 Oct 2013 Feb 2014 Mar 2014 Mar 2014 Jul 2014 Aug 2014 Aug 2014 Dec 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2015 May 2015 Jun 2015 Jun 2015 Nov 2015 Nov 2015 Oct 2015 Apr 2016 Apr 2016 Mar 2016 Appendices Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Dollars per Litre Dollars per Litre Dollars per Litre 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Jan 2000 Jan 2000 Appendices Jan 2000 Jun 2000 Jun 2000 Jun 2000 Nov 2000 Nov 2000 Nov 2000 Apr 2001 Apr 2001 Apr 2001 Sep 2001 Sep 2001 Sep 2001 Feb 2002 Feb 2002 Feb 2002 Jul 2002 Jul 2002 Jul 2002 Dec 2002 Dec 2002 Dec 2002 May 2003 May 2003 May 2003 Oct 2003 Oct 2003 Oct 2003 Mar 2004 Mar 2004 Mar 2004 Aug 2004 Aug 2004 Aug 2004 Jan 2005 Jan 2005 Jan 2005 Jun 2005 Jun 2005 Jun 2005 Nov 2005 Nov 2005 Nov 2005 Apr 2006 Apr 2006 Apr 2006 Sep 2006 Sep 2006 Sep 2006 Feb 2007 Feb 2007 Feb 2007 Jul 2007 Jul 2007 Jul 2007 Dec 2007 Dec 2007 Dec 2007 a. Central May 2008 May 2008 May 2008 b. Juba Valley c. Somaliland Oct 2008 Oct 2008 Oct 2008 Mar 2009 Mar 2009 Mar 2009 Aug 2009 Aug 2009 Aug 2009 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Jan 2010 Jan 2010 Jan 2010 Jun 2010 Jun 2010 Jun 2010 Nov 2010 Nov 2010 Nov 2010 Apr 2011 Apr 2011 Apr 2011 Sep 2011 Sep 2011 Sep 2011 Appendix E 5.4.4: Camel milk prices, Regional Main Markets Feb 2012 Feb 2012 Feb 2012 Jul 2012 Jul 2012 Jul 2012 Dec 2012 Dec 2012 Dec 2012 May 2013 May 2013 May 2013 Oct 2013 Oct 2013 Oct 2013 Mar 2014 Mar 2014 Mar 2014 Aug 2014 Aug 2014 Aug 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2015 Jan 2015 Jun 2015 Jun 2015 Jun 2015 Nov 2015 Nov 2015 Nov 2015 Apr 2016 Apr 2016 Apr 2016 17 18 Dollars per Litre Dollars per Litre Dollars per Litre 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Jan 2000 Jan 2000 Jan 2000 Jun 2000 Jun 2000 Jun 2000 Nov 2000 Nov 2000 Nov 2000 Apr 2001 Apr 2001 Apr 2001 Sep 2001 Sep 2001 Sep 2001 Feb 2002 Feb 2002 Feb 2002 Jul 2002 Jul 2002 Jul 2002 Dec 2002 Dec 2002 Dec 2002 May 2003 May 2003 May 2003 Oct 2003 Oct 2003 Oct 2003 Mar 2004 Mar 2004 Mar 2004 Aug 2004 Aug 2004 Aug 2004 Jan 2005 Jan 2005 Jan 2005 Jun 2005 Jun 2005 Jun 2005 Nov 2005 Nov 2005 Nov 2005 Apr 2006 Apr 2006 Apr 2006 Sep 2006 Sep 2006 Sep 2006 Feb 2007 Feb 2007 Feb 2007 Jul 2007 Jul 2007 Jul 2007 Dec 2007 Dec 2007 Dec 2007 d. Puntland May 2008 May 2008 May 2008 e. Shabelle Valley Oct 2008 Oct 2008 Oct 2008 f. Sorghum Belt Mar 2009 Mar 2009 Mar 2009 Aug 2009 Aug 2009 Aug 2009 Jan 2010 Jan 2010 Jan 2010 Jun 2010 Jun 2010 Jun 2010 Nov 2010 Nov 2010 Nov 2010 Apr 2011 Apr 2011 Apr 2011 Sep 2011 Sep 2011 Sep 2011 Feb 2012 Feb 2012 Feb 2012 Jul 2012 Jul 2012 Jul 2012 Dec 2012 Dec 2012 Dec 2012 May 2013 May 2013 May 2013 Oct 2013 Oct 2013 Oct 2013 Mar 2014 Mar 2014 Mar 2014 Aug 2014 Aug 2014 Aug 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2015 Jan 2015 Jun 2015 Jun 2015 Jun 2015 Nov 2015 Nov 2015 Nov 2015 Apr 2016 Apr 2016 Apr 2016 Appendices Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Dollars per Litre Dollars per Litre Dollars per Litre 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Appendices Jan 2001 Jun 2001 Jun 2001 Jun 2001 Nov 2001 Nov 2001 Nov 2001 Apr 2002 Apr 2002 Apr 2002 Sep 2002 Sep 2002 Sep 2002 Feb 2003 Feb 2003 Feb 2003 Jul 2003 Jul 2003 Jul 2003 Dec 2003 Dec 2003 Dec 2003 May 2004 May 2004 May 2004 Oct 2004 Oct 2004 Oct 2004 Mar 2005 Mar 2005 Mar 2005 Aug 2005 Aug 2005 Aug 2005 Jan 2006 Jan 2006 Jan 2006 Jun 2006 Jun 2006 Jun 2006 Nov 2006 Nov 2006 Nov 2006 Apr 2007 Apr 2007 Apr 2007 Sep 2007 Sep 2007 Sep 2007 Feb 2008 Feb 2008 Feb 2008 Jul 2008 Jul 2008 a. Central c. Somaliland b. Juba Valley Jul 2008 Dec 2008 Dec 2008 Dec 2008 May 2009 May 2009 May 2009 Oct 2009 Oct 2009 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Oct 2009 Mar 2010 Mar 2010 Mar 2010 Aug 2010 Aug 2010 Aug 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Jun 2011 Jun 2011 Jun 2011 Nov 2011 Nov 2011 Appendix E 5.4.5: Cattle milk prices, Regional Main Markets Nov 2011 Apr 2012 Apr 2012 Apr 2012 Sep 2012 Sep 2012 Sep 2012 Feb 2013 Feb 2013 Feb 2013 Jul 2013 Jul 2013 Jul 2013 Dec 2013 Dec 2013 Dec 2013 May 2014 May 2014 May 2014 Oct 2014 Oct 2014 Oct 2014 Mar 2015 Mar 2015 Mar 2015 Aug 2015 Aug 2015 Aug 2015 Jan 2016 Jan 2016 19 20 Dollars per Litre Dollars per Litre Dollars per Litre 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Jun 2001 Jun 2001 Jun 2001 Nov 2001 Oct 2001 Oct 2001 Feb 2002 Feb 2002 Apr 2002 Jun 2002 Jun 2002 Sep 2002 Oct 2002 Oct 2002 Feb 2003 Feb 2003 Feb 2003 Jul 2003 Jun 2003 Jun 2003 Oct 2003 Oct 2003 Dec 2003 Feb 2004 Feb 2004 May 2004 Jun 2004 Jun 2004 Oct 2004 Oct 2004 Oct 2004 Mar 2005 Feb 2005 Feb 2005 Jun 2005 Jun 2005 Aug 2005 Oct 2005 Oct 2005 Jan 2006 Feb 2006 Feb 2006 Jun 2006 Jun 2006 Jun 2006 Oct 2006 Nov 2006 Oct 2006 Feb 2007 Feb 2007 Apr 2007 Jun 2007 Jun 2007 Sep 2007 Oct 2007 Oct 2007 Feb 2008 Feb 2008 Feb 2008 Jun 2008 Jul 2008 Jun 2008 Oct 2008 d. Puntland Oct 2008 Dec 2008 f. Sorghum Belt Feb 2009 e. Shabelle Valley Feb 2009 May 2009 Jun 2009 Jun 2009 Oct 2009 Oct 2009 Oct 2009 Feb 2010 Mar 2010 Feb 2010 Jun 2010 Jun 2010 Aug 2010 Oct 2010 Oct 2010 Feb 2011 Jan 2011 Feb 2011 Jun 2011 Jun 2011 Jun 2011 Oct 2011 Nov 2011 Oct 2011 Feb 2012 Feb 2012 Apr 2012 Jun 2012 Jun 2012 Oct 2012 Sep 2012 Oct 2012 Feb 2013 Feb 2013 Feb 2013 Jun 2013 Jun 2013 Jul 2013 Oct 2013 Oct 2013 Feb 2014 Dec 2013 Feb 2014 Jun 2014 May 2014 Jun 2014 Oct 2014 Oct 2014 Oct 2014 Feb 2015 Feb 2015 Mar 2015 Jun 2015 Jun 2015 Oct 2015 Aug 2015 Oct 2015 Feb 2016 Jan 2016 Feb 2016 Appendices Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Appendix F: Crops-related Data and Charts Appendix F.1a: Irrigation Schemes and Infrastructure along Shabelle River Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 21 Appendices Appendix F.1b: Irrigation Schemes and Infrastructure along Juba River 22 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Appendix F.1c: Irrigated crop fields in Puntland District of Puntland Total irrigated area (ha) Bandarbeyla 204.66 Boosaaso 661.20 Ceerigaabo 140.13 Eyl 29.26 Garoowe 221.05 Iskushuban 1,000.48 Laas Caanood 196.37 Laasqoray 42.51 Qardho 61.44 Taleex 290.67 Total Puntland 2,848.00 Source: SWALIM, 2010 Year Production Import Food Aid 1988 601,370 211,916 64,512 1989 653,760 187,854 70,084 1990 580,925 189,339 48,088 1991 255,660 216,029 33,763 1992 208,520 374,735 201,606 1993 164,925 211,560 160,697 1994 405,210 214,009 101,981 1995 255,790 148,873 35,272 1996 249,578 128,180 7,620 1997 277,885 117,836 4,073 1998 210,994 318,308 42,431 1999 280,705 243,643 33,428 2000 336,200 261,090 48,554 2001 271,396 115,840 7,943 2002 398,991 170,542 26,296 2003 313,710 201,871 28,406 2004 284,291 314,817 39,012 2005 172,096 360,445 27,646 2006 285,735 520,540 172,396 2007 195,911 400,912 84,994 2008 186,089 641,499 293,513 2009 299,904 498,091 203,902 2010 335,971 512,868 68,903 2011 330,322 716,405 103,743 2012 312,796 834,324 141,104 2013 283,097 488,237 56,643 2014 268,791 632,069 32,131 2015 248,036 669,468 30,626 Source: FAOSTAT and FSNAU Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 23 Appendices Appendix F.3: Maize and Sorghum Production Gu and Deyr seasons (FSNAU) Year Maize Deyr Maize Gu Sorghum Gu Sorghum Deyr 1995 32,535 88,669 62,615 71,971 1996 32,782 98,574 104,192 14,030 1997 16,034 109,693 107,660 44,498 1998 51,511 87,294 31,549 40,640 1999 68,566 104,024 46,680 61,435 2000 52,267 104,105 122,169 57,660 2001 58,955 89,365 33,755 89,321 2002 76,276 130,098 87,711 104,906 2003 51,233 121,794 62,728 77,955 2004 33,128 91,704 50,685 108,774 2005 32,621 64,446 39,557 35,473 2006 34,822 64,901 74,977 111,036 2007 26,886 43,802 29,999 95,225 2008 26,733 59,106 52,995 47,254 2009 27,782 99,785 62,239 110,098 2010 30,140 109,335 136,801 59,695 2011 89,391 35,718 30,085 175,128 2012 55,453 44,373 52,485 160,485 2013 39,690 89,165 62,514 91,729 2014 50,630 68,846 46,157 103,158 2015 41,778 64,859 45,393 96,005 Source: FSNAU 24 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Appendix F.4: Maize and Sorghum Yields by region and by season Somaliland Southern Somalia Average Southern Somalia Somaliland Year Maize Maize Sorghum Sorghum Maize Maize Sorghum Sorghum Year Maize Sorghum Maize Sorghum Gu Deyr Gu Deyr Gu Deyr Gu Deyr 1998 0.50 0.50 0.67 0.51 0.51 0.63 0.26 0.30 1998 0.57 0.28 0.50 0.59 1999 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.76 0.56 0.60 0.22 0.40 1999 0.58 0.31 0.80 0.73 2000 0.40 0.38 0.65 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.43 0.19 2000 0.54 0.31 0.39 0.59 2001 0.40 0.37 0.60 0.50 0.55 1.00 0.40 0.34 2001 0.78 0.37 0.39 0.55 2002 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.38 0.49 0.68 0.37 0.33 2002 0.59 0.35 0.20 0.39 2003 0.25 0.25 0.66 0.67 0.43 0.41 0.34 0.23 2003 0.42 0.29 0.25 0.67 2004 0.40 0.40 0.53 0.52 0.45 0.47 0.35 0.37 2004 0.46 0.36 0.40 0.53 2005 0.42 0.42 0.62 0.60 0.65 0.40 0.18 0.18 2005 0.53 0.18 0.42 0.61 2006 0.36 0.41 0.67 0.63 0.38 0.46 0.25 0.37 2006 0.42 0.31 0.39 0.65 2007 0.39 0.46 0.65 0.66 0.46 0.46 0.20 0.37 2007 0.46 0.29 0.43 0.66 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 2008 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.57 0.42 0.35 0.20 0.22 2008 0.39 0.21 0.35 0.45 2009 0.31 0.23 0.30 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.27 0.10 2009 0.46 0.19 0.27 0.35 2010 0.81 1.18 1.01 1.25 0.64 0.50 0.42 0.14 2010 0.57 0.28 1.00 1.13 2011 0.25 0.35 0.45 1.10 0.44 0.74 0.21 0.66 2011 0.59 0.44 0.30 0.78 2012 0.44 0.85 0.60 1.47 0.59 0.60 0.30 0.46 2012 0.60 0.38 0.65 1.04 2013 0.68 0.75 0.84 0.89 0.68 0.54 0.42 0.25 2013 0.61 0.34 0.72 0.87 2014 0.71 0.81 0.86 0.97 0.52 0.58 0.35 0.38 2014 0.55 0.37 0.76 0.92 2015 0.08 0.50 0.50 0.59 0.51 0.56 0.39 0.48 2015 0.54 0.44 0.29 0.55 2016 0.58 0.71 0.53 0.52 0.29 0.30 2016 0.53 0.30 0.29 0.36 Average 0.43 0.51 0.61 0.72 0.51 0.55 0.31 0.32 0.53 0.31 0.46 0.67 (1998- 2016) Source: FSNAU 25 Appendices Appendix F.5: Sesame Price 1,800 1,700 1,600 1,550 1,400 1,200 1,200 Dollars per Metric ton 1,000 1,000 900 900 900 800 750 600 400 350 350 200 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Appendix G.7.1: Status of Small Pelagic Species in Somali EEZ Species Common name IUCN Status Sardinella longiceps Oil Sardine Least Concern Rastrelliger kanagurta Indian Mackerel Data Deficient Scomber Japonicus Pacific Chub Mackerel Stable Dussumieria acuta Rainbow sardine Not Assessed Etrumeus teres Round Herring Unknown Engraulis japonicus Japanese Anchovy Not Assessed Source: IUCN, as assessed at the regional level 26 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Appendix H: Agro-processing Census 2016-2017 1 Appendix H.1 – Livestock-processing Companies Active in 2016-2017 Appendix H.2 – Crop-processing Companies Active in 2016-2017 Appendix H.3 – Fish- and Seafood-processing Companies Active in 2016 Appendix H.4 – Questionnaire on Agro-processing (2016) Appendix H.1: Livestock-processing Companies Active in 2016 and 2017 Company Description (including activities, constraints and expansion plans) Southcentral Somalia OOG Dairy Factory, OOG is a family funded business based in Mogadishu and with a cumulative investment of in Mogadishu above $130,000 (one hundred and thirty thousand US Dollars). It’s the first dairy industry in Somalia after the collapse of the central government in Somalia. The company specializes in manufacturing milk products mainly yoghurt, white cheese and ice cream. The vision is to provide high quality milk and milk products with international industry standards to consumers at affordable prices. Currently, OOG is processing cow’s milk obtaining from a third-party dairy cattle farm and is planning to have its own dairy cattle farm in 2018. The company is using undifferentiat- ed marketing (mass marketing) in order to target as many people as possible for raising their awareness and increasing market size as well (Super- & mini- markets, restaurants, kindergarten schools and home users). In addition, the company has established a show room for the purpose of enhancing the public education on milk products. One of the major constraints is the AMISOM yoghurt that enters the market through brokers. Apart from its’ cheapness, they are also long-life yoghurt. In addition, there are also companies importing long-life milk, which will become another obstacle for our upcoming pasteurized milk. Somali Meat Somali Meat Company is a co-owned/shareholder business and started its operation in Company, in 1996. The company employs 300 workers, 260 of which are seasonal. 98% of the fresh Mogadishu meat sale is for international export and 2% is for the local market. A total amount of 3840 tonnes of fresh meat are exported to Oman weekly. The company has a modern slaughter- house, with a capacity of slaughtering 100-120 animals per hour. Most of the machiner- ies were sourced from Italy. Also technical expertise in machine assembly, installation, and maintenance are sourced from Italy. Over the years the Somali Meat Company improved significantly and this is attributed to hiring workers with good technical skills, using proper machines, increased market demand for fresh meat, and little or no competing businesses. Puntland Bosasso Tannery A ten-year-old manufacturing, distributing, wholesale, and import/export company, the Bosasso Tannery processes wet salted, dry salted, wet blue, limed, pickled, and air/frame dried sheep and goat hides and skin. It has some of the highest quality natural skins on the continent, with natural chemicals only being used in the production of the pickled variety. The hides and skins are graded on a one to six scale. Lowest quality products are tiered according to a single (R), double (RR), or triple (RRR) rejects system In total, daily turnover is 5,000 individual skins and 300 camel hides. In 2012, the company started ready-made leather production for eventual exportation to consumer markets in the Middle East and other areas. 1 Rapid survey tools were commissioned by the World Bank and developed by Hussein Haji (Consultant to the World Bank and Managing Director of the Somali Agricultural Technical Group or SATG) on the past and current status of agro-processing in Somalia. The lists in the Annex are based on the qualitative and quantitative information gathered on past and existing agro-processing of Somalia agricultural commodities, including associated sources of funding, imports of machinery and technical/managerial input, employment, turnover, profitability, domestic sales, estimated informal exports to neighboring countries, direct formal exports, challenges and expansion plan. A team of three senior enumerators were deployed to un- dertake the survey in south-central Somalia, Puntland and Somaliland, respectively. In addition, secondary information was collected from various sources including key informant interviews and on published and not published articles. Passages from his background paper on agro-processing, moreover, have been utilized in various chapters of this report. Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 27 Appendices Somaliland Ubale Poultry Ubale Poultry is located 7km north of Hargeisa airport. There are 35,000 laying hens at the operation-Hargeisa, operation. The company has a very close relationship with Dr. Mubarak (A Swedish/Somali), Somaliland who has a similar operation on the East side of Hargeisa. Disease control and sanitation are evident from the entry procedures into the laying houses. Water is supplied to the birds on a self-contained, self-watering system. These hens lay around 30,000 eggs per day (7 days a week). 30 eggs cartons (in a commercial packaging) are sold at $5.50 USD to major markets in Hargeisa, Burao, Borama and also to Djibouti. The birds are purchased from the Netherlands and shipped at one day old. All chicks come fully vaccinated and are treated with oral medication. Commercial feed additives is purchased and shipped from the Netherlands, local grains are “cracked” and added to the commercial feed. Appendix H.2: Crop-processing Companies Active in 2016 and 2017 Company Description (including activities, constraints and expansion plans) South-Central ADCO – Afgoi. Lower ADCO is a Somali General Trading Company established in 2014 under Nabuko Company. Shabelle region The company has attained extensive experience over the years in the sesame possessing and trade. It has developed strong relationships with sesame growers in the Lower and Middle Shabelle regions. In addition to trading in sesame, ADCO also imports and trades with farm inputs such as fertilizer. From 2014 to 2017, the company exported a total of 4,625 MT of clean sesame seed to UAE, India and China. The company has recently acquired 200 ha of agriculture land from lower Shabelle and claims to have 25% of the sesame export market share. Al-Ashraf Al-Ashraf international is a professional processor as well as an exporter of sesame seeds, International which offers high quality Somali origin sesame seeds to both local and international clients. The company has been in sesame seeds export business since 2006. The first load of 259 MT of un-cleaned sesame shipment went to Kuwait in 2006 and later to other countries like Turkey, UAE and China. In 2016 Al-Ashraf installed Akyurek technology cleaning machine from Turkey with a processing capacity of 2.5MT of sesame per day. Since the installation of the new seed cleaning machnine in 2016, the company exported 1,239 MT of clean sesame seed to Turkey and UAE. The company has its own farms (on 1,100 ha) in addition to contracting 500 sesame out-growers in the Middle and Lower Shebelle regions. The company has 10-15% of the market share. AMITCO-Jowhar Al Mizan Trading Company (AMITCO) Limited is a registered agribusiness company in Somalia and Mogadishu and Kenya. The company has been operating in Somalia over the last 18 years. Previous business engagement of AMITCO has been in the areas of extraction, value addition, and exports of various types of gums and sesame. In recent years, sesame production and value addition has been the core business of the company. For instance, in 2014 the company exported 11,400MT of sesame (6,000MT of factory processed sesame seed and 5,400MT of unprocessed sesame seed). Given its recent engagement in the sesame value addition and marketing, the company decided to upscale its business line due to the vast global potential for sesame. Al Mizan has its own farm to produce sesame and also purchases sesame from contract growers. 28 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Blue Flag, in Blue Flag is a registered company, located in KM11, with very large underground and above Mogadishu ground modern facilities with a capacity of storing and processing 22 tons/year of grains. The processing facilities consist of grain elevators, seed sorter, grinders and packaging machine. In addition, the company has a land of about 1000 ha in the Middle Shebelle region and intends to produce its own grain in addition to procuring from the local market. The company also intends to sell the by-products to the livestock sector. Initial capital of over 5 million dollars was invested in construction and machinery. The company construction is almost completed and intends to start the production in early of 2018. One of the limitations is the shortage and high cost of grain in the market due to the 2017 drought. As a result, Blue Flag is planning to make its initial purchase of grain from outside the country. Dan-wadaag Like most other companies, Dan-wadaag operates mainly in the Lower Shabelle region. The company buys sesame from its own contact farmers and from the market. It has a sesame seed cleaning machine with a 3MT capacity per hour. The company exported 298 MT of sesame in 2014. Dayah Brothers Dayah Brothers Company is engaged in many business activities, including sesame processing Company-Jowhar and export. The company has a sesame-processing machine in Mogadishu, near Halane, and Mogadishu and exports about 2,000 MT annually. In addition, the company exports about 1,000MT of hulled sesame to international markets. The company has a farm in Afgoi district of Lower Shabelle and also purchases sesame from the farmers. Filsan, Inc. in Filsan is a registered private company in Somalia dealing with various agriculture related Mogadishu activities, located at KM11. It’s a commercial entity that works closely with the Somali Agriculture Technical Group to make available technologies that have been identified by SATG and others. Filsan Inc is actively engaged in basic and commercial seed production of various crop species including maize, sorghum, legumes (cowpeas and mung beans) and sesame. The company started with the production of quality seed of various crop species and selling them to various stakeholders including farmers. The seed was initially produced and cleaned using traditional methods. In the early 2017 the company purchased a seed cleaner from Fowler-Westrup based in India to produce better quality seed. The machine has the capacity to clean 500kg/hour. Filsan, through a credit scheme (in form of tractor hours, seed, fertilizer and pesticide) is working with six commercial farmers to produce seed of various crop species. In addition to seed, the company is developing new and innovative business interventions in tissue culture technology, input supply, mechanization and establishment of soil analysis laboratory. The owners have invested over US$0.5 million in this company. Horn Afric-Jowhar Horn Afric is a registered company, which ventured into the business of sesame in 2001 in and Mogadishu Middle Shabelle (Jowhar) and Mogadishu, especially the Bakara Market. From April 2006- 2009, Horn Afric had a trade partnership with Taran trading company that exports the sesame to Dubai. However, in 2009 the collaboration stopped and Horn Afric continued to export sesame on its own. Horn Afric invested in equipment to clean the sesame, attracted investors, and managed to increase their export to Saudi Arabia. They exported 350MT of sesame in 2014. In 2015-2016, export to Turkey increased significantly. Now, the company exports to three different countries: Dubai, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. The company owns 300 ha of farmland in the Middle Shabelle region. In 2015, the company exported 2,000 tonnes of sesame to the Middle East. Lemon processing There are four lemon processors and exporters in Somalia. Dayah brothers and Mumin Group are among the major lemon exporters. They purchase the lemon from small scale and large-scale farmers throughout Somalia. In some cases they offer credit scheme to the lemon farmers in the form of tractor hours and fertilizer. The lemon is sun dried for about 60 days, packed in a 50kg sacks and stored. Most of the lemon is exported to Dubai and Iran. Total exports have increased from 15.5 MT in 2012 to 40.2 MT in 2014. Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 29 Appendices Mumin Group- Mumin Group is a Somali General trading company, one of the exporters and processors Jowhar and of Sesame in Somalia. Mumin Group was founded in 1983 with an aim to expand globally. Mogadishu Sesame is sold (in some countries through their own trading offices) to Turkey, India, China, and Saudi Arabia. The company exported 2000MT of sesame in 2014. The initial strategy was to buy sesame strictly from the local market. Since 2013, 1,200 ha of farmland has been hired for the production of sesame, of which about 600 ha is being utilized. Value addition is limited to cleaning with their own equipment, with a capacity of 18MT/day. Soda King- Soda King Company is located in Mogadishu and produces carbonated drinks as well as fresh Mogadishu juice from locally grown mango and guava. Soda King is a franchise based out of the south and has been operating for two years. Currently, the plant has 38 employees and, in addition to bottled water, the company produces two fruit concentrate drinks. Mango and guava juice used in the production is grown in the Afgoye area and the crop is contracted from a local buyer that operates a cooperative made up of 250 hectares and multiple producers. Juice and mineral water is produced in Afgoye and transported to the Mogadishu plant for production. The initial capital investment is USD 1.1million. The company received an investment loan from Shurako. Soda King products are sold in South Central, Puntland and Somaliland. Soda King has a standing contract with a distributor in Puntland for 10,000 cases of mango and guava juice per month. No preservatives are added to the juices and shelf life for both juices is three months. Somaliland Guava Processing Guava Processing Plant was recently established in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The same company Plant, Hargeisa owns Coca Cola company in Somaliland. Guava is one of the most consumed fruit juice in Somaliland, second only to mango. Due to this popularity, there is a niche market for local production and processing. The Somaliland Beverage Industries (SBI) got the approval of a one million USD grant from the African Enterprise challenge Fund and distributed 20,000 seedlings to contracted growers. The agricultural land at the disposal of SBI is 100 hectares, which they want to use for both production and as a demonstration farm for the contract farmers. There is also a qualified agronomist from Kenya running the demonstration plot and supporting the contract farmers on technical issues. The facility has three boreholes with a capacity of 10 cubic meters of water per minute. There are also two available tractors in the farm and the drip irrigation system is partially utilized. No chemicals are used in the farm and the whole farming operation is organic. SBI has partnered with Tetra Pack Kenya to invest in the guava processing plant. Tetra Pack will contribute 5 million USD while SBI will come up with 2.3 million dollars making a total of 7.3 million dollars. All the activities related to packaging will be covered by the funds from Tetra Pack while civil work, utility, and raw materials is the responsibility of SBI. Mandar Food-Buroa, Mandar Foods was recently established in 2015 in Buroa, Somaliland. The first product of this company is going to be cooking oil and production is scheduled to start in June 2015. The company was established with the support of DAI–PEG1 project in Somaliland. An oil pressing machine was purchased from India with the DAI support and established in Buroa. One of the drawbacks is that the company is established in Somaliland and the raw material (sesame seed) has to come from southern Somalia. The company needs a steady supply of sesame and the cost of the transportation of sesame from the south to north is not affordable. The company is planning to grow sesame and sunflower in order to ensure local supply and cut the high burden of transportation costs. The company intends to work closely with local farmers and International NGO’s. They established contact with farmers in the Gabiley area and also made links with Concern Worldwide and Action Aid in order to find a suitable area to grow oil crops such as sesame and sunflower.  30 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Beyomol Natural In recent years, various exporting companies have been established in Somliland, Puntland, Gums, Hargeisa, the Middle East, and Europe. Among them is Beyomol Natural Gums, based in Hargeisa. The annual export is 330,000 pounds of frankincense and myrrh. The main market is in southern France, in Grasse. Much of the product is distilled in France for use in perfumes. The only processing done by Beyomol is sorting and grading the gums according to size and color. There are many trading companies based outside the country. Among them is Horn Gums General Trading, which is based in the UAE and Europe. The company is a joint venture between Somali entrepreneurs and local producers. Appendix H.3 - Fish- and Seafood-Processing Companies in 2016 Company Name/ location Description (including activities, constraints and expansion plan) Cafco Africa Fishing CAFCO was established in 1980 and the main market was Italy. The company collapsed Company (CAFCO)- soon after the civil unrest. The company was established again in 1993. It began with Bandar Beyla lobster export to UAE and then fish export to Yemen. Puntland supplies 50% of the product. The company exports filet fish to Dubai and Yemen. The company resources include: a) 8 volvo and each volvo has 7 workers. b) 4 small boats and each o them has 3-4 workers it depends on for production c) 80 people of daily labor and 55 of them were invested and equipped by CAFCO while other 25 persons are working with contracts. Constraints: a) High labor cost. b) Deterioration of fish quality due to lack of cold storage facilities. Expansion plan: a) Skill enhancement to the fishermen through Yemenis or Sri Lanka. b) Equipment and material expansion. c) External and internal market expansion. Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 31 Appendices Bargaal Fishing Started in 2003. Initially used to export to Dubai, but flights were stopped. They started Company (Barfisco), exporting lobster and fish to Ethiopia with a lot of difficulties. Baargal, Puntland The company obtained support for an ice-making machine from DAI and ice making by the FAO under PPP, managed by Barfisco. In partnership with Yustan Fish and an Iranian company, Barfisco have acquired a deep/blast freezer and cold storage, freezing 800kg every eight hours.The company provides electricity, water, and affordable fish to the town of Baargaal. It also sells fish in the surrounding areas, depending on fish availability. The collapse of Yemen has significantly affected the export business. The company possesses seven boats, each one carrying four fishermen. In addition, the company employs about ten fish processors. It also purchases fish from other boats. The current cold storage capacity is 9 MT. Due to high cost of energy, the company is planning to use solar energy. The company is a member of Puntfish, which has members from Garacad, Galkao, Baargaal, Bosaso, etc. Constraints: a) Lack of ice making machine and flaking. b) Shortage of fish storage and deep freezer capacity, refrigerated tracks, and boats. c) Lack of new markets for business expansion. d) Poor logistics for transporting fish to lcoal and international markets. Expansion plan: a) Cold storage facilities to be expanded to 20MT. They currently have two at 5MT and 4MT. b) Additional boats for the company and bigger ones. c) International markets need to be expanded. d) Processing room. Buruj Fishery Company- Established about ten years ago with five small fishing boats. The company sold fresh Bosaso fish to local markets and to Somaliland. They also used to export shark oil. The company was supported by Shuraako in 2013, with a cash loan of USD 35,000 to the company, in addition to a kind loan of four land cruisers, fishing nets, cooling boxes, and a refrigerated truck. This has resulted in the expansion of the fishing area from Bosaso to Caluula, Las Qorey, and Baargal. The company is no longer renting boats from others who split the benefit 50:50. The company was able to repay Shurako loans and make a profit. Each boat carries an ice box, thus reducing the spoilage by 30%. There has been an increase in marketing outlets and distribution points; the sales have increased in Garowe, which is a major market in Puntland. The catch size has reached 5-6MT per month for about eight months during the year. Constraints: a) Poor knowledge and skills. Expansion plan: a) Expand demand and increase local markets. b) Expand exports to Yemen and other areas. c) Purchase cold storage capacity. At present they are using a FAO installed cold storage system. d) Purchase cold chain, i.e. vehicle borne cold storage capacity. e) Working with contracted fisheries. Increase this by about 20 more trained fisheries. 32 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Focaar Fishing The business is based in Focaar, 320km southeast of Bosaso. The company owns its own Company-Focaar, boats and sells fish to Mukala, Yemen. The company has 30 small boats that can catch Puntland about 1-3MT of fish. Some of these small boats are owned by the fishermen, while others are owned by other people and payment is through the sharing of fish resources. In addition, the company rents three 16MT capacity ships, which are considered the mother ships. The ice is brought from Yemen through the mother ships. On average the company exports 32MT of fish/month to Yemen. In January 2016 2 x 16MT were sent to Yemen. The company employees about 50 people. Constraints: a) Lack of proper cold storage facilities, about 30% of the fish goes bad. b) Poor knowledge of fishing skills. Expansion Plan: a) Ice maker and flake machine. b) Fish cold storage, the need about 10MT more. This will allow better storage and fetch better prices. c) Increase production by about 10MT. Hidig Boats Company- Hidig was established in 2003. Soon after setting up the boat making company and having Puntland a few prototypes sold, a number of international aid companies, mainly FAO and Save the Children-UK, started to order boats to assist fishing companies and groups that lost boats due to the 2011 Tsunami that hit the fishing industry in the coastal cities of Puntland. These initial orders boosted Hidig. Other customers, such as CARE, Mercy Corps, Islamic Development Bank through Tadamun, Muslim Aid, and others started ordering boats for distribution to the fishing communities. Constraint: a) The need for technical expertise for making boat designs – more mordern designs – mainly architectural and builders. Expansion plan: b) Manufacturing of ice blocks and cool boxes. c) Fish blast freezing and storage for longer periods. d) Introduction of chilling room and processing facility for filleting, packaging in ice, and cold storage room. Ras Aser Fishing Trade The company was established in 2011 and has 12 boats and four Volvo engines. The – Baargaal company received assistance from Shurako. The company also has two mother ships of 15mt capacity and an ice cooling system for transporting fish to Yemen. In addition, the company sells fish to the local market. The company employs 45 workers of which six are women. Dried sea cucumber is sold to markets in China and Hong Kong. Constraint: a) Lack of technical skills and knowledge among the fishermen and fish processors. Expansion plan: a) Expand export fish market to other countries. The Turkish showed some interest, but the quality standard is not yet fit for the Turkish market. b) Sell quality fish, as the fish sold in Yemen is poor quality. c) Train fishermen and fish handlers on best practices on catch and fish handling preservation and storage. Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 33 Appendices Red Sea Fish Afric The company was established in 2006. The area of operation includes Bosaso, Lasqoray, Fishing Company- Qandala, Aluula, and Baargal. Al-asmak of the UAE was the first partner they used to Bosaso, Puntland export fillet fish. Unfortunately, since 2008, cargo flights, Damal and Daalo stopped (due to stoppage of propeller aircraft flying to the UAE). This has affected the export market to the UAE. Soon after this, they started business contacts with the Yemenis. The progress was slowed down by the the problem of pirates. The company bought an ice-flakes machine and started training fishermen in different locations with the help of DRC, CARE, and IOM. Red Sea then distributed nets, hooks, etc. in order to benefit both Red Sea and fishermen. Mukalla, Yemen became the main market. Tuna fish was the main export, all captured using hooks or nets. Dried fish was also exported to Yemen at a lower price. The partnership with IOM was mainly to support the refugees who were skilled in the fishing business and women refugees for retailing fried and processed fish. IOM provided training on fishing techniques (fish roasting, drying, and trading) for the young men and women. The assets of the company include: Blast freezer with a capacity of 30MT (40 feet, ice storage); ice maker/ice flake machine with a capacity of 10MT in 24 hours; cold storage capacity of 30MT (at 20 degrees); two boats of 25MT capacity each and each have 7-8 people on board; and 12 small boats with 4-5 people on board. Red Sea also contracts other fishermen. Almost 69% of the catch is sold to Yemen Constraints: a) Poor knowledge and skills is the biggest problem. b) Lack of cold chain and storage facilities. Expansion Plan: a) Expand demand in the local markets. b) Increase exports to Yemen and open opportunities in other countries like Turkey. c) Plan to make a hygienic high-tech fish market. There exists a fish market but it does not have continuous supply. d) Introduction of a bigger fish storage facility, they are currently using the FAO facility. e) Introduce cold chain, i.e. vehicle borne cold storage capacity. f) Training of fishermen on proper fishing techniques, putting it on ice, handling at sea, as well as best fishing approaches. Gulf Fishing Company/ Gulf Fishing Company (GFC) was registered in Somaliland in 2004. The company is engaged Berbera, Somaliland in processing and marketing different kind of fish to the main towns of Somaliland (Hargeisa, Borama, and Burao). Attempts are made to export fish to Ethiopia and Middle Eastern countries. The assets of the company includes one plus freezer 12 tons capacity, three volvo boats with complete fishing gear, one wooden boat and four motorized boats, refrigerated truck with a capacity of 2.5 ton that can carry fish to the towns of Somaliland and to Ethiopia, one plus freezer of 2.5 tons capacity, six solar refrigerators, eight refrigerators in the fish sale markets. The fishing site is equipped with ice-maker, generators and other necessary equipment for processing and preserving fish. Constraints: Poor knowledge and skill, high energy cost and low consumption of fish among the Somalilanders are some of the major constraints Expansion plan: The company is planning to expand by tapping and exploring new export markets to Ethiopian and Middle Easter countries 34 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Appendices Appendix H.4: Questionnaire on Agro-Business Questionnaire No.: ____________ Date of Interview: _____/______/______ Name of enumerator: ______________________________________ 1. General Business Information Region:______________________; District_______________________________ Location of business (town/village): ___________________________ Population of village/town: _________________________ Livelihood type (circle one): 1) Pastoral 2) Agro-pastoral 3) Urban Business name: ______________________________________________________________________________ Business address: ____________________________________________________________________________ Phone number (mobile, if available): ______________________________________________________ Name of respondent: ________________________________________________ Q1. Please circle the type of ownership that best described your business: a) Family owned b) Co owned/Shareholder business Q2. Which year did you start this business? _________________________________ Q3. How many employees does your business employ? _________________ Q4. How many of these are: a) Permanent employees? _______________ b) Seasonal employees? _______________ Q5. What is the turnover rate? _________________ Q6. How many of your employees are female? ______________________ 2. Sales/Revenue Q7: In the last 24 months, the average proportion of sales is from: a) Domestic sales? ___________ % b) Informal exports to neighboring countries? _______________ % c) Direct formal exports? ____________% 1.0: Has this changed over the last 24 months? Circle: Yes or No 1.1: If yes, please explain below: Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia 35 Appendices Q8: How many months has your agribusiness had net cash flow? _____________ Q9: Does your net cash flow fluctuate depending on the season? Circle Yes or No Q10: What is the peak season of your business? ______________________________ Q11: Does your business receive any source of funding? Circle Yes or No 5.1: If yes, what is your source of funding? Circle below: a) Personal source of funding b) Donations from relatives c) Foreign support/donor support d) Equity/Bank loan e) Non bank loan f) Other: ________________________ 3. Commodity Information Q12: In the chart below, please list the commodity type, daily/weekly/monthly capacity of each commodity, whether you perform in house processing, the annual sale of each commodity, whether your product is used in domestic sales or is being exported, and the exporting countries if applicable. AGROBUSINESS TYPE (CROPS, LIVESTOCK OR FISHERY): ___________________ COMMODITY TYPE DAILY/WEEKLY/ IN HOUSE ANNUAL DOMESTIC OR EXPORTING MONTHLY CAPACITY PROCESSING SALE (METRIC EXPORTED COUNTRIES (YES/NO) TONNE/HR) (IF APPLICABLE) 4. Machinery and Technical/Managerial Input Q13: What type of machinery do you use for processing? _______________________________ Q14: What is the capacity/hour of your machinery? _____________________________ Q15: Where is your machinery imported from? __________________________________ Q16: Do you also get the technical expertise for (yes or no): a) Assembly of machinery? _____________ b) Installation of machinery? _____________ c) Maintenance of machinery? ____________ 36 Somalia Country Economic Memorandum • Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Q17: Where are your technical expertise used to run your plant imported from? 5. Business Evaluation/Future Plans Please evaluate the development of your business over the last 24 months? Please circle. 1. Declined significantly 2. Declined steadily 3. Remained the same 4. Improved steadily 5. Improved significantly If your business has DECLINED, what can be attributed to this? Please circle all that apply: a) Financial constraints b) Shortage of labor c) Lack of technical expertise d) Lack of proper machinery e) Lack of maintenance of machinery f) Raw material supply shortage g) Weak market demand h) Cheaper competing businesses/imports i) High energy costs j) Other: _______________________ If your business has IMPROVED, what can be attributed to this? Please circle all that apply: a) Financial aid/bank loans b) Increased number of employees c) Hiring those with technical expertise d) Installation of proper machinery e) Increased market demand f) Little or no competing businesses/imports g) Other: ________________________ Q18: Where do you see your business in the next 24 months? a) Declining significantly Q19: Do you have any growth or expansion plans for your business in the next 24 months? Please explain below. 1 Development Alternative Incorporated funded by USAID as part of the Partnership for Economic Growth in Somaliland. Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia Following more than two decades of civil war, Somalia has made important progress in recent years with the establishment of permanent political, economic and security institutions. This points towards a future with stronger prospects for peace and for economic and social development. Indeed, development and jobs can contribute to improving the security situation and create more incentives for political settlement. Now is a propitious time for both the government and the international development community to assess the medium and long-term development needs of the Somali economy and start planning to address them. Agriculture remains key to the livelihood of half of Somalia’s population that still lives in rural areas. It is also key to the country’s food security and economic growth prospects. Somalia’s landmass encompasses vast tracts of arable land and a variety of agroecological zones conducive to agricultural expansion. There are large areas suitable for livestock grazing, browsing, and fodder production to support the country’s growing markets and export trade; others with fertile alluvial soils for staple cereals, oil seeds, legumes, and horticulture crops. Its forests provide prized gums and resins for both export and local markets. The country’s waters are home to a diverse range of valuable reef and pelagic marine species. Supporting agriculture sector recovery, strengthening its climate resilience, and improving its overall performance will not only boost prospects for sustained economic development, but will also help cement peace and security, alleviate poverty and malnutrition, and enhance health outcomes in both rural and urban areas. This report provides information and analyses that will help inform and guide Somalia’s federal and state governments and their international development partners as focus shifts from short-term recovery and humanitarian response to long-term development and sustained sector growth. @worldbankgroup.org/somalia @fao.org/somalia