THE 103679 WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 14 / NO 1 JULY 2015 INSIDE Odisha Rural Livelihoods Project 1-5 Tripti offers hope and dignity to women in rural Odisha Educating girls 6-8 Development Dialogue: Cleaning Delhi’s air 9-10 ICR Update 11-12 Recent Project Approvals & Signings 13-16 E rsama, 100 km from Bhubaneswar, in Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha, was one of the worst hit by the Super Cyclone of 1999 that ravaged the state. With their livelihoods destroyed, thousands of people Events 17-18 in the state sunk deeper into poverty. New Additions to the Public Information Center 19-27 For Bhagabati Maiti, 32, there seemed no hope. Six members of her Contact Information 28 family, including her parents, were washed away. “I was only 16 then. My whole family was wiped out in front of my eyes as I held on tightly to About the photograph: a tree,” she recalled. Pokai Sahu from Chendipada, Angul district in rural Odisha Thereafter, began her lonely battle for survival. “Though we had formed a Photograph from self-help group (SHG), getting jobs on a daily basis was difficult,” she said. Omm Communications Bhagabatti married a year after the cyclone and they have two children. Shedding Poverty destitute. Our primary aim was to bring the women in these families under our SHG fold,” For Bhagabati and thousands of women in said Pushpashree Nayak, a project coordinator. rural Odisha, the Odisha Rural Livelihoods Project or Tripti came as a ray of hope. Bhagabati too joined the movement and With an aim to improve the socio-economic gained immensely through Tripti’s financial status of the poor, especially women and and technical assistance. “I took a loan from disadvantaged groups, the Project was the SHG and bought some chicks. When I launched in 2009 in 32 blocks in 10 coastal repaid it, I took a bigger amount with which I districts of Odisha. bought a few cows. Today, I have a hatchery and a dairy business and have also started Supported by a $70 million World Bank loan growing crops. I’m extremely happy and I and implemented by the Odisha Poverty now dream of enrolling my two children in Reduction Mission, the Project was designed engineering or medical courses,” Bhagabati to improve livelihoods of deprived women said, her voice choked with emotions. by building and mobilizing community institutions, creating community investment And just like Bhagabati, Sulochana funds, and providing specific livelihood funds. Maharana’s story of grit and determination is equally remarkable. A survivor of Cyclone “We analyzed the income level of each family Phailin in 2013, with the help and support of in the village and divided them under different her peers in the SHG, Sulochana took a loan categories like good, average, poor and the to set up her own little furniture workshop. “My mother joined the SHG three years ago. Since Odisha Rural then her confidence has gone up and our Livelihoods financial situation has improved. Now I don’t Project or have to worry for my further studies to achieve Tripti was my aim of becoming a mechanical engineer,” launched in said Bikas, Sulochana’s son with pride. 2009 in 32 blocks in Following five successful years of 10 coastal districts of implementation, the SHGs today are being Odisha recognized in this region as the most effective 12 2 The World Bank in India • July 2015 means for socio-economic development of Certification Agency. In 2014, 1,900 metric the rural poor. And just like Bhagabati and ton of quality seeds were produced. Sulochana’s family, the Project has managed “Earlier, we used to grow 14 quintals of paddy to reach out to over 929,000 households per acre. Now with improved seeds we get 19 covering around 78,460 Self Help Groups quintals per acre. It’s been an increase of five (SHGs). Over 60 percent of these households quintals per acre,” said Kanak Lata Archarya, are poor and extremely vulnerable. The an SHG member from Jagatsinghpur. savings and internal lending of these SHGs have enabled members to enhance their livelihood activities and household incomes. Improving agriculture As most of the districts in this region are primarily agrarian, one of Tripti’s mission has also been to support the primary livelihood option of the people, which is agriculture. Executed in partnership with the local NGO and the agricultural department, community members are directly involved in seed production, processing and marketing. The seeds produced is then marketed locally among the SHG members to ensure easy and affordable access to quality seeds for the farmers. The Project has reached The Project has initiated a program under over 929,000 which 1,800 farmers have been mobilized households into Producer Groups to develop five different covering around varieties of paddy seeds, which have a 78,460 Self high demand in the local area. The seeds Help Groups are then certified by the Odisha State Seed The World Bank in India • July 2015 12 3 Kitchen gardens or promoting farming in one’s own backyard is another unique initiative of the Project. All that was needed was a tiny patch of land to provide for their homes basic nutritional requirements. “We have planted sunflower, onion, brinjal, maize, bitter gourd, and many more vegetables which takes care of our families nutritional needs,” said a smiling Pakhi Sahu. Banking for the future Another highlight of Tripti’s livelihood program was the creation of Bank Mitras to facilitate smooth banking services for its women Farming in their own backyard is another unique initiative of the Project 12 4 The World Bank in India • July 2015 SHG members across the region. Operating from a help desk, these community banking facilitators aid all local women in their financial transactions from opening new savings account to credit counselling and credit linkage. There are over 300 Bank Mitras operating under the Project in Odisha today. After five years of relentless efforts, what is (Change background colour as needed) truly commendable is how these women have etched out an identity for themselves and have progressively emerged as dependable support structures for all rural women in the region. Photos courtesy: Omm Communications Over 300 Bank Mitras operate under the Project and facilitate smooth banking services for women SHG members The World Bank in India • July 2015 12 5 Educating Girls Educating India’s girls: It takes a community Two years ago, Manisha Rawal would never have thought about leaving her family’s home. Although educated, the then 16 year-old saw no reason to leave. That was until a Community Volunteer from Educate Girls knocked on her family’s door. In 2007, Educate Girls was established to tackle the root causes of gender inequality in India’s education system. The social enterprise targeted Rajasthan, a region in northwest India where the society is traditionally patriarchal with deeply ingrained social practices, traditions, and customs. In 2011 Educate Girls won a Development Marketplace grant to help increase its scale and improve its organizational capacity. T he area outside of Sirohi, Rajasthan is littered with small tribal villages made of sandstone bricks that seamlessly blend Two years ago, Manisha Rawal would never have thought about leaving her family’s home. Although educated, the then 16 into the land that surrounds them. The year-old saw no reason to leave. Her family, men, many with wrinkles so profound it is chores, and life were inside the walls of her as if their life story is written on their skin, family’s stone home, 30 kilometers outside continue to wear traditional white turbans of Sirohi. Outside, there seemed to be only and mustaches long enough to curl into unwanted attention. pseudo smiles. Amongst the sea of men in white, one woman, dressed in a bright “When you go outside, especially alone, red and blue saree, boldly walks down the people give you attention you don’t want. street. Yells and whistles, and I couldn’t do anything 6 The World Bank in India • July 2015 about it,” she said. Manisha’s fiery eyes, and of girls get married before the legal age. her ability to command the conversation, Despite this reality, the Educate Girls’ makes it difficult to comprehend she would model has succeeded in enrolling 99 have ever been too afraid to leave the house. percent of targeted girls, and has increased That was until a Community Volunteer from the retention rate to 87 percent. Their Educate Girls knocked on her family’s door. model gets to the root of the problem: the He told them about an upcoming training for lack of ownership from the community. Team Balika – a group of volunteers from their This includes a combination of instituting community that work to get every girl back to community based enrollment plans, school. They were recruiting new members. creating school management committees, and raising the awareness of the benefits In 2007, Educate Girls was established to of educating a girl. tackle the root causes of gender inequality in India’s education system. The social In 2011, Educate Girls won a Development enterprise targeted Rajasthan, where the Marketplace grant to help increase its scale society is traditionally patriarchal with deeply and improve its organizational capacity. The ingrained social practices, traditions, and World Bank Group program is more than customs. Nearly, 40 percent of girls leave a decade old and was originally created to school before grade five, and 68 percent surface innovative ideas that provide the The World Bank in India • July 2015 7 poorest with services that are affordable. are usually more effective as those who have Since then, the program has evolved to developed it have lived with the problem strengthen social enterprise’s business themselves and have a deep understanding models and improve the environment in which of the complexities that exist around these enterprises operate. These models are challenges in service delivery. also being incorporated into the work that At the center of the Educate Girls’ model the World Bank is already doing in a given are volunteers like Manisha; volunteers who country and complement it by surfacing non- make up Team Balika. governmental providers of services. Manisha is just one of 4,500 community Social enterprises across the world are volunteers who are at the front line of school changing the way crucial basic services enrollment. These young people go door-to- are being delivered to those living in door to convince families that their daughters abject poverty. Like Educate Girls, these deserve an education. Because they come organizations – some for-profit, others from the same communities, families are nonprofit, or a combination of the two – have more receptive to them and have proven developed innovative business models that to be the key to Educate Girls’ success. get to the root of problems in service delivery. Additionally, they work in the schools to Often working outside the bounds of the ensure once enrolled, children are provided public sphere, social enterprises have the the best education possible. flexibility to develop these solutions and the ability to quickly implement them in their Urged by their mother, who never was communities. Additionally, these solutions afforded the opportunity to study, Manisha and her sister attended the training and joined Team Balika almost immediately. In follow up trainings, they learned how to approach strangers, work with children, and be persistent in difficult situations. “Educate Girls has allowed me to be a model for my village,” said Manisha. “If girls are given the chance to study, then they have the power to change the world. But really, it’s not just girls, I want every child to go to school. If you want to change someone’s life, teaching is the best way.” (Change background colour as needed) Since Educate Girls came into her life, Manisha has begun to see life outside of her stone walls. She now wants to become a teacher herself. Photographs by Blythe Nicole Kladney 8 The World Bank in India • July 2015 Development Dialogue The choice is ours: Delhi can clean its air by switching to cleaner fuels Every city that has cleaned up its air pollution has done it by moving households and industry to cleaner fuels. In several cities of northern China, moving to gas-based heating systems has helped bring down PM2.5 concentration substantively and cost-effectively. One action that governments responsible for the NCR region could take is to switch every source of residential and industrial emissions to gas, says Onno Ruhl, World Bank India Country Director I am a foreigner living in Delhi, but unlike some other foreigners I believe it is neither fair nor helpful to tar it as being “among the of Delhi, especially the poor, have no such option and continue to face the impact of air pollution. most populous, polluted, unsanitary and bacterially unsafe cities on earth”. When I Urban air pollution is a knotty issue in walk or cycle through Delhi I see a growing today’s emission-generating world. Several city grappling, as cities across the world have metropolises are struggling to deal with it. done, with the challenges growth brings. It is The levels of pollution in Delhi are different – crowded, yes, but that is because it provides because the scale is different. Paris city has jobs and homes to millions from surrounding less than 3 million people; Delhi more than states looking for an opportunity to better 16 million and growing daily. London has their lives. 2.6 million private vehicles and Delhi over 4 million. It is dirty and unsanitary in parts, because it takes time for overwhelmed city authorities And none has its particular problems – like to catch up with providing services to the the 80,000 trucks that rumble through Delhi millions who arrive here. And while we each evening, bringing in and taking out foreigners have the luxury of opting out and goods needed for daily life but also spewing returning to our own cities, the residents noxious fumes into the night. Or the fact that The World Bank in India • July 2015 9 its airshed is inextricably linked to that of the hotel and restaurants, street vendors and neighbouring states of Haryana and Punjab, households that do not have access to clean where the burning of agricultural waste in fuel. early winter adds to the pall of smoke that One recent assessment suggests that hangs over the city. Or even the reality that 27% PM2.5 emissions in NCR comes from countless poor households in the city do not traditional fuels (coal, wood, kerosene) used have access to clean fuels, and still depend for cooking, and another 24% from coal- on wood or coal fires to cook their food or dominated energy consumption in industry. keep warm in winter. Every city that has cleaned up its air pollution It is now time to focus on solutions. Certain has done it by moving households and principles will need to drive this campaign. industry to cleaner fuels. In several cities First, any air quality management effort must of northern China, moving to gas-based cover not only Delhi but the entire National heating systems has helped bring down Capital Region; otherwise efforts in one part PM2.5 concentration substantively and will be negated by pollution from another. cost-effectively. One action that governments NCR needs to develop a comprehensive responsible for the NCR region could take air quality management plan that includes is to switch every source of residential and a mapping of pollution sources, monitoring industrial emissions to gas. levels of air pollution, as well as a rigorous assessment of the costs and benefits The Delhi government is already committed of different mitigation measures. to providing residential piped gas, which would be a major contribution to this anti- But even while this comprehensive pollution programme. But it would require management plan is being prepared, what other states in NCR to put in place similar are measures that can be implemented policies for the gains not to be frittered away. immediately to address air quality? We know for instance that the major sources of PM2.5 Similarly, monitoring networks across NCR, – which is the most harmful to human health to supplement those in Delhi city, need to – are emissions from the transport sector, be set up now so that information about residential sources and the industrial sector in pollution is available in real time (including that general order. crowd-sourced information as we now have for traffic snarls) and authorities can respond Besides the tens of thousands of commercial nimbly to pollution peaks, perhaps using the vehicles that ply in NCR or even pass through information to curb cars or control certain it, it is the alarming number of personal manufacturing activities on a bad-air day. vehicles – 1,500 are registered in Delhi alone every day – that add to the city’s pollution Ultimately, Delhi’s air pollution challenge load. We are also familiar with the political is only one facet of India’s urban renewal economy issues around the adoption of challenge. With about 600 million Indians cleaner fuels and cleaner technologies expected to live in urban areas by 2031, for vehicles. But even as we wait for the India’s cities need to find better ways of government to resolve these and decide to managing their waste, to construct buildings leapfrog to higher standards at par with the that are energy efficient, and plan spatial best in the world, there are quick solutions growth in a manner that makes for a more available. compact, more resource-efficient cities. And they need efficient, inclusive and safe Many of these are well known too – build (Change background colour as needed) urban transport. Motivated by its air pollution long-awaited bypasses that will allow challenge, the entire NCR could show transiting trucks to proceed without the way to the nation and move towards entering Delhi, enhance public transport becoming a true ‘smart’ city. in NCR including last-mile connectivity, and strengthen ‘pollution-under-control’ This article was originally published in the monitoring systems for all vehicles. Times of India on 19 June 2015 Less is known about the next biggest source of emissions in Delhi – the numerous 10 The World Bank in India • July 2015 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Lucknow-Muzaffarpur National Highway Project Context Lucknow-Muzaffarpur National The National Highway system represents Highway Project less than two percent of the total road Approval Date: 21 December, 2004 length in the country but carries over 40 percent of the road traffic. The Government Closing Date: 30 June, 2012 of India launched the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) – a flagship Total Project Cost US$ 806 million program to alleviate congestion, slow speeds, Bank Financing (IDA): US$ 615 million high vehicle operating costs and poor safety, through a combination of higher investment Implementing National Highways and better management. Agency: Authority of India The World Bank recognized the strategic Outcome: Moderately significance of the National Highway Unsatisfactory Development Project from its inception Risk to Development Moderate and started supporting it through lending Outcome: operations prepared and approved in quick succession, viz., Third National Highway Overall Bank Moderately Project (US$ 516 million, June 2000), Grand Performance: Unsatisfactory Trunk Road Improvement Project (US$ 589 Overall Borrower Moderately million, June 2001), and Allahabad Bypass Performance: Unsatisfactory Project (US$ 240 million, September 2003). 12 The World Bank in India • July 2015 11 The Lucknow-Muzaffarpur National Highway agenda through capacity building and public Project (LMNHP) was the fourth operation in awareness programs in the project corridor. this series. Lessons Learnt Project Development Objectives ● Projects such as LMNHP have a robust The primary objective was for road users to and relevant institutional strengthening benefit from an improved journey between component. Being part of a larger program Lucknow and Muzaffarpur (483 km). like NHDP, it could provide rare and unique opportunities to seed and demonstrate Beneficiaries project and program level best practices The main beneficiaries of the Project were which could be widely replicated across the users of the road corridor from Lucknow many projects within the national program to Muzaffarpur (Uttar Pradesh/Bihar border) and also serve as examples worthy of which passed through some of the poorest emulation by the states. districts of Uttar Pradesh and formed part ● Particular attention should be given of the national trunk road linking the remote, less developed north-eastern states of to large value contracts. In case such India. In addition to providing direct primary contracts turn problematic – as happened benefits of reduced travel times and costs to with the four packages in LMNHP – the the corridor users (of whom about 65 percent clients may be encouraged to consider were commercial), the investment operation the option of taking out such contracts, was expected to have significant secondary if necessary, through restructuring sooner effects on poverty alleviation and the socio- than later. economic wellbeing of the population in the ● The apparent poor performance of the adjoining rural areas. contractors (and the consequent time and cost overruns) in LMNHP is mostly Achievements attributable to the contract design and By the end of the Project in June 2012, the weak contract management. For instance, Lucknow-Uttar Pradesh/Bihar border (a the Bill of Quantities contracts offered little total length of 358 km, including the 328 km or no incentives to complete the projects comprising Bank-financed stretches) was within the agreed time and cost limits. upgraded to four-lanes and travel time on the This was compounded by weak contract Project corridor was reduced by 23 percent management in terms of: (for cars) and 25 percent (for trucks) – against (i) delays in deciding on contractual issues an overall target of 20 percent. The Project like variations and extensions of time; also made a notable contribution to moving and the critical issues such as HIV/AIDS and road safety higher up on the NHAI’s agenda. general reluctance to make use (ii) of available remedies such as However, the Project’s performance with management meetings, arbitration and regard to key outcomes such as vehicle application of liquidated damages. operating costs and number of fatal and non- ● Activities such as land acquisition, fatal accidents were not uniformly achieved. resettlement and rehabilitation and utility The Lucknow-Muzaffarpur National Highway shifting, fall outside the purview of the Project is perhaps the first road sector implementing agency for civil works. The project that has incorporated a program on departments or agencies responsible for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the these activities, burdened with their routine project design with an exclusive budget and workload, usually relegate the project- timelines. The goal was to reduce the risk of related actions to a lower order of priority. the spread of HIV/AIDS in the project area In this regard, the approach followed through raising awareness among people in LMNHP – that is, engaging NGOs – (Change background colour as needed) engaged in road construction; communities appeared to be useful as it helped partly residing close to the highways; and of people alleviate the workload of the state revenue using the highways. The HIV/AIDS program departments in expediting work related to was mainstreamed into the National Highway land acquisition. 12 The World Bank in India • July 2015 Recent Project Approvals Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Project III Jhelum and Tawi Flood Recovery Project T he World Bank Board has approved US$ 650 million towards the third loan for the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (a T he World Bank Board has approved a US$250 million credit for the Jhelum and Tawi Flood Recovery Project for freight-only rail line) that will help faster and reconstruction and recovery support to flood- more efficient movement of raw materials affected areas in which public infrastructure and finished goods between the northern and and livelihoods were impacted severely. It eastern parts of India. will also strengthen the capacity of the state government to respond to and better manage The Eastern Corridor is 1,840 km long natural disasters in the future. and extends from Ludhiana to Kolkata. The World Bank is supporting the Eastern The Jhelum and Tawi Flood Recovery Project Dedicated Freight Corridor (EDFC) as a will focus on the 20 districts of Anantnag, series of projects in which the three sections Baramula, Budgam, Bandipora, Ganderbal, with a total route length of 1,146 km will be Kupwara, Kulgam, Pulwama, Shopian, delivered sequentially, but with considerable Srinagar, Jammu, Samba, Kathua, Reasi, overlap in their construction schedules. Doda, Kishtwar, Ramban, Poonch, Rajauri and Udhampur. EDFC 3 will build the 401 km Ludhiana- Khurja section in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and World Bank assistance has been sought in Punjab. The Project will help increase the rebuilding damaged public buildings, such as capacity of these freight-only lines by raising hospitals, schools, higher education buildings, the axle-load limit from 22.9 to 25 tons and fire stations, and selected block and district enable speeds of up to 100 km/hr. It will also offices, and other important public buildings. help develop the institutional capacity of the It will restore and improve the connectivity Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of disrupted by reconstruction of damaged roads India Ltd (DFCCIL) to build and maintain the and bridges. The infrastructure will be re- DFC infrastructure network. designed to withstand earthquake and floods (Change background colour as needed) as per the latest official design guidelines. (Change background colour a The EDFC is part of India’s first Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) initiative – being built Another key component of this Project will be on two main routes – the Western and the to strengthen and reinforce existing weak and Eastern Corridors. vulnerable flood control infrastructure. Construction work underway in the EDFC Project The World Bank in India • July 2015 13 Enhancing Teacher Effectiveness in Bihar Program T he World Bank Board has approved a US$ 250 million credit for the Enhancing Teacher Effectiveness in Bihar Program to (also known as Manav Vikas program), which is implementing a wide-set of reforms to improve the quality of education, especially improve the effectiveness of elementary for elementary level children. school teachers in Bihar by making them It will benefit some 450,000 teachers in more qualified, accountable and responsive. government elementary schools in Bihar, The program will be implemented over a particularly the 65,000 new unqualified five year period and will support entrants who will receive certification through development of high quality education Open Distance Learning (ODL). As a result, institutions;ensure certification for unqualified some 21.2 million elementary school students elementary school teachers and continuous are expected to gain access to improved professional development of teachers in classroom teaching and learning. service; help effective teacher management Institutions like the State Council of and performance; and improve teacher Educational Research and Training (SCERT), accountability at the school level. District Institutes of Education and Training Lack of trained teachers seems to be one (DIETs), Primary Teacher Education Centers of the biggest impediments in improving the (PTECs) at the district level and Block quality of education in Bihar. By 2020, the Resource Centers (BRCs) and Cluster number of teachers is expected to exceed Resource Centers (CRCs) at the sub-district 600,000. However, the state’s training level will be strengthened to function as local capacity is less than 5,000 newly trained learning centers. teachers per year whereas it needs to train (Change background colour as needed) They will offer a full range of teacher at least ten times more teachers annually. education activities, including local group The program will be part of the Government discussions, tutorials, and remote teaching of Bihar’s school education reform program sessions. Madhya Pradesh Higher Education Quality Improvement Project T he World Bank Board has approved a US$ 300 million credit for the Madhya Pradesh Higher Education Quality all and ensure better capacity utilization, as well as include activities aimed at making students more employable. The Project will Improvement Project to improve student also help create Centers of Excellence in learning outcomes in select higher education select colleges and university departments to institutions in Madhya Pradesh, particularly prepare best practice teaching-learning and for the disadvantaged groups. The Project will research in a particular area. also help increase the overall effectiveness Other strategic interventions of the Project are of the higher education system in Madhya to provide financial support to disadvantaged Pradesh. and meritorious students through About 3.6 million students, 10,800 academic scholarships; upgrade qualifications and staff and 1,400 administrators and officers skills of new and existing faculty members in nearly 200 government colleges and through a state institute for higher education universities are expected to directly benefit training and research; and extend technical from the Project. assistance to government-run higher education institutions to gain accreditation The main thrust of the Project will be to with the National Assessment and (Change background colour as needed) help government colleges and universities Accreditation Council (NAAC). The Project will to effectively use institutional grants in also strengthen the governance structures of improving the quality of higher education, government colleges with clear mandates on provide equitable access to education for governance and accountability. 14 The World Bank in India • July 2015 National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project II T he World Bank Board has approved a US$ 308.40 million credit for the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project II in control centers to send communications directly to the villages using Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or Code support of the second phase of the National Division Multiple Access (CDMA) based Cyclone Risk Mitigation Program (NCRMP). technology for early warning. Satellite phones During this phase, the Project will help India or alternative technology will be given to reduce vulnerability to cyclone and other key officials and a new radio based wireless hydro-meteorological hazards of coastal communication technology will be expanded communities in the states of Goa, Gujarat, to coastal areas in each state. Officials will Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and West also be trained in operating and maintaining Bengal. It will also work closely with the these equipments. states to build their capacity to effectively A broad range of investments will be made plan for and respond to disasters. in increasing preparedness and reducing The Project will focus on developing early the vulnerability of coastal communities warning dissemination systems in the through investments such as multi-purpose six states, build cyclone risk mitigation emergency shelters, upgrading roads, infrastructure and provide technical underground electric cabling and upgrading assistance for multi-hazard risk management, saline embankments and bunds. among others. An additional 1.6 million Phase I, under implementation since 2010, people will directly benefit from cyclone risk includes the states of Odisha and Andhra mitigation infrastructure, while millions more Pradesh. Despite the impact of Cyclone will be covered by early warning systems. Phailin in 2013, 128 shelters have been (Change b The early warning systems, to be on the constructed, 550 km of evacuation roads lines of what has already been developed and 11 bridges have been built, more than in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh in 400,000 people have already benefited from Phase I, will allow states or district level infrastructure constructed under this phase. Andhra Pradesh Disaster Recovery Project T he World Bank Board has approved a US$ 250 million credit for the Andhra Pradesh Disaster Recovery Project to In order to reduce the vulnerability of Visakhapatnam’s electrical network, the Project will lay the power distribution restore, improve and enhance the resilience system underground. About 700 km of 33kV, of public services and livelihoods of 11kV and 415 volts network lines will be communities affected by cyclone Hudhud converted to underground cable network. in Andhra Pradesh. The Project will also About 800 km of rural roads and 250 km of increase the capacity of the state to respond major district roads will be rehabilitated. promptly and effectively to an emergency. Old cyclone shelters will be repaired with friendly design features for the elderly, The Project will specifically benefit over 13 women, and children. Investments will million people in the four severely affected be made along the beachfront of the city districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, of Visakhapatnam, which would include Visakhapatnam and East Godavari. pedestrian walkways, street lighting, public It will help the state restore the damages toilets, landscaping and for its protection caused to roads; public infrastructure from erosion. including environmental services and (Change background colour as needed) The Project will also help reconstruct facilities; and increase resilience of the the severely damaged zoological park at power infrastructure as well as the resilience Visakhapatnam and ecological park at of its communities from impacts of future Kambalakonda. disasters. The World Bank in India • July 2015 15 Recent Project Signings Second Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project T he Government of India, the Government of Tamil Nadu and the World Bank have signed a US$ 300 million loan agreement for Tamil Nadu, on behalf of the Government of Tamil Nadu; and Onno Ruhl, Country Director, World Bank (India) on behalf of the World the Second Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project Bank. to improve the capacity, quality and safety of This Project will address the accumulated Tamil Nadu’s core road network. It will also investment needs of the state by supporting strengthen the institutional capacity of the upgrading of 1,175 km of the core highways department through better policies, road network. It will adopt contracting operational systems and procedures. arrangements that encourage economies The agreement for the Project was signed of scale and offer stronger incentives for by Raj Kumar, Joint Secretary, Department performance, viz., Engineering Procurement (Change background co of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on Construction (EPC) contracts (430 km), Public behalf of the Government of India; Rajeev Private Participation (PPP) concessions Ranjan, Principal Secretary, Highways & (145 km) and long-term Performance-Based Minor Ports Department, Government of Maintenance Contracts (PBMC, 600 km). Tamil Nadu Sustainable Urban Development Project T he Government of India, the Government of Tamil Nadu and the World Bank have signed a US$ 400 million loan agreement solid waste management, and urban transportation networks; and strengthen the capacity of ULBs to carry out reforms in the for the Tamil Nadu Sustainable Urban areas of urban finance and governance and Development Project to help strengthen the also provide credit enhancement support financial and administrative capacity of Urban for mobilizing financial resources from the Local Bodies (ULBs) in planning, financing markets. Most of these components will be and delivering services in a financially open to all ULBs who may wish to participate sustainable manner. It will also pilot best within an agreed framework under the practices in urban management in select Project. cities. This is in keeping with the needs of a rapidly The Project will invest in urban services urbanizing state where about 35 million such as water supply, sewerage, drainage, people reside in urban areas and account for 9.6 percent of India’s urban population. The loan agreement for the Tamil Nadu Sustainable Urban Development Project was signed by Raj Kumar, Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on behalf of the Government of India; Anita Praveen, Principal Secretary and Chairperson and MD, Tamil Nadu Urban Financial Services Ltd, and Praveen P Nair, Deputy Secretary, Municipal Administration (Change background colour as needed) and Water Supply Department, Tamil Nadu on behalf of Government of Tamil Nadu; and Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country Director, India. 16 The World Bank in India • July 2015 Events Campaign to end open defecation inspires team from Bihar A 28-member delegation from Bihar travelled to neighboring West Bengal on a knowledge exchange initiative to study the and several districts are making concentrated efforts to scale up rural sanitation outcomes using a participatory approach. The visit came implementation of a rural sanitation program in close on the heels of Nadia district being the state. declared first ODF district in India, within 18 months of the campaign roll-out that has The visit was part of Knowledge & Experience transformed the entire district by mobilizing Exchange facilitated by the Leadership every stakeholder to take up a leadership role Learning and Innovations (LLI) Vice-Presidency for behaviour change as well as matching and Water Global Practice of the World Bank demand with construction of toilets. Birbhum to learn from good practices in rural sanitation district on the other hand has been able to in West Bengal. turn Rural Sanitation campaign into a social The total economic impact of the lack movement following the community led total of sanitation service in India is US$ 53.8 sanitation (CLTS) approach and has been able billion a year, a whopping 6.4 percent of to make a steady and sustainable progress India’s GDP, which is linked with premature in achieving improved sanitation practices mortality, healthcare costs, and health-related across the district. productivity losses. In rural India more than 60 So what has West Bengal done differently percent people defecate in open. Addressing that inspired the entire Bihar delegation? the challenge is critical in states like Bihar The movement for sanitation in West Bengal because of all the people defecating in the has been localized and owned by the open in India, 2 in 10 live in Bihar. district government with constant support West Bengal is implementing the Nirmal from the state government. There also has Bangla (Clean Bengal) Mission to achieve an been a push for convergence from the state Open Defecation Free (ODF) State by 2017 government. “In West Bengal, my department The World Bank in India • July 2015 17 is responsible for rural sanitation, employment supplemented with intense inter personal guarantee scheme as well as empowerment communication through village committees. of panchayats and we utilized all three for To meet the demand for improved sanitation rural sanitation outcomes”, said Mr. Dibyendu facilities, Self Help Groups (SHGs) as well Sarkar, Commissioner, Nirmal Bangla Mission, as NGOs have established Rural Sanitary Panchayati Raj and Rural Development Marts (RSMs) as aggregators of sanitation Department, West Bengal. Significant changes in the state government’s policy has resulted supply and support for toilet construction. in a shift in focus of the rural sanitation The government is providing capacity program from ‘subsidy driven advocacy’ to building support to RSMs by creating mason ‘community behaviour change and triggering’ training centres. The flow of funds has been and the government has started counting ODF streamlined to flow from district to block to villages rather than toilets. RSMs and the panchayats ensure the quality of construction. At the district level, there is immense push for collaboration between administrative Para Nazardari committees (vigilance and political functionaries. “While the committees) set up at village hamlet are champions have been on both (political and taking the lead in community monitoring. administrative) sides, we left no one out in These committees are provided with a whistle our fight against open defecation and have and a cap and they monitor open defecation left no stones unturned” said Dr. P.B Salim, by the community members in the early Ex-District Magistrate and champion of open hours, sometimes as early as 4 AM. These defecation free Nadia district. The delegation committees explain the ills of open defecation from Bihar was inspired to see such synergies to people defecating in open and when between all the three tiers of local self- needed, enforce the laws made by panchayats government institutions in the district and against open defecation. their administrative counterparts. Bihar delegates, who had come armed with Giving high priority to behaviour change, a range of questions and some amount of both the districts have adopted innovative scepticism, came back invigorated after the behaviour change communication campaigns field visit with a resolve to achieve similar goals by bringing in religious leaders to talk about in their state. “I will make my district Open the ills of open defecation, asking doctors Defecation Free in a year!” pledged Lalit Kumar to prescribe a toilet as the first ‘medicine’ Singh, Senior Deputy Collector, Jehanabad and instructing schools to regularly take district, inspired by this visit. A big draw for him cleanliness oaths in the morning prayers and the Bihar delegation was the collaboration and ensure practices like use of toilets in between the district administration, gram school and hand washing. IEC activities like panchayats and other departments and the human puppet shows, human chains, cycle team work towards a common goal. Most felt (Change background colour as needed rallies, sanitation quizzes, repurposed cultural that a strong will from the administration and and Bollywood songs and hot air balloons the political system would ensure that Bihar with sanitation messages, were used to reined in the practice of open defecation and capture people’s attention. This has been made way for sustained toilets usage. 18 The World Bank in India • July 2015 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Mapping results from space: Satellite data show The World Bank PIC impact of investments on agricultural and water use The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) efficiency in Uttar Pradesh, India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg By Anju Gaur, Winston Yu and Danielle Alejandra Garcia New Delhi – 110 001, India Ramirez Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Website: www.worldbank.org Available: on-line Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia English; 4 pages Email: indiapic@worldbank.org Published: May 2015 Report No: 97156 PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR The World Bank has been supporting its clients to Viva Books Pvt Ltd deliver efficient irrigation services through projects like 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj the Uttar Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project New Delhi – 110 002 (UPWSRP) to increase agriculture and water use Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 efficiency. With the support of the Water Partnership Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 Program (WPP), UPWSRP used remote sensing (RS) Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net and state-of-the-art modeling to provide evidence of the impact of the Bank’s investment on agricultural Other Preferred Stockist in India productivity. Anand Associates The pilot study in UPWSRP phase one used multi- 1219 Stock Exchange Tower temporal free satellite imagery to track the agricultural 12th Floor, Dalal Street productivity in the project area before and after the Mumbai – 400 023 project interventions and compared with adjacent Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 non project areas. Through the study, it was possible Email: thrupti@vsnl.com Website: www.myown.org to map beneficiaries with land use diversification, as Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) well as agricultural intensification and enhanced crop Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) productivity due to improved irrigation and drainage services. Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com India: Policy Research Working Papers Website: www.alliedpublishers.com WPS 7275 Bookwell Transforming electricity governance in India: Has 24/4800 Ansari Road, India’s power sector regulation enabled consumers’ Daryaganj power? New Delhi – 110 002 By Ashish Khanna, Daljit Singh, Ashwini K Swain and Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 Mudit Narain Email: bookwell@vsnl.net Consumers’ participation in regulatory decision-making in infrastructure sectors can be critical to ensure effective regulatory governance. Providing avenues for The World Bank in India • July 2015 19 enabling consumers’ voice in the regulatory process expands the information base available to regulators Other Publications in their decision-making, and is critical for ensuring sustainability of policy and regulatory decisions. The Path to Universal Health Coverage in However, in the reform process of many developing Bangladesh: Bridging the Gap of Human Resources countries’ power sectors, the primary focus has been on for Health the sector’s technical aspects, with inadequate effort to Edited by Sameh El-Saharty, improve the experience of consumers, whether through Susan Powers Sparkes, better quality of service or by ensuring their participation Helene Barroy, Karar Zunaid in the regulatory process. This shortfall has often Ahsan and Syed Masud undermined the public’s understanding of and demand Ahmed for reforms, often reflected in political reversal of key policy decisions. World Bank Studies English; 124 pages This paper examines the level and quality of consumer Published: June 2015 participation and protection in five states in India through ISBN: 978-1-4648-0536-3 a review of documents, surveys of consumers, and e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0537-0 detailed interviews with key stakeholders. As mandated by law, all states have established standards of Despite Bangladesh’s impressive strides in improving performance regulations and set up grievance redressal its economic and social development outcomes, mechanisms; however, these bodies have not reached the government still confronts health financing and the desired level of effectiveness. Similarly, although service delivery challenges. In its review of the health provisions for consumer participation in regulatory system, this study highlights the limited fiscal space proceedings exist, their adoption is often symbolic and for implementing Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in without substantive and deliberative participation. Bangladesh, particularly given low public spending for health and high out-of-pocket expenditure. The crisis in the country’s human resources for health (HRH) WPS 7270 compounds public health service delivery inefficiencies. Poverty dynamics in India between 2004 and 2012: As the government explores options to finance its UHC Insights from longitudinal analysis using synthetic plan, it must recognize that reform of its service delivery panel data system with particular focus on HRH has to be the By Hai-Anh H. Dang and Peter F. Lanjouw centerpiece of any policy initiative. Recent National Sample Surveys point to significant Getting Textbooks to Every Child in Sub-Saharan poverty reduction in Africa: Strategies for Addressing the High Cost and India since 2004-05, with Low Availability Problem a marked acceleration between 2009-10 and 2011- Edited by Birger Fredriksen 12. This paper enquires into and Sukhdeep Brar important aspects of income Directions in Development – mobility between 2004-05 Human Development and 2011-12, based on English; 124 pages new statistical methods Published: May 2015 to convert the three pertinent National Sample Survey ISBN: 978-1-4648-0540-0 rounds into synthetic panels. The analysis draws on the e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0541-7 synthetic panels to derive a vulnerability line for India that can be used to separate out a population subgroup Textbooks play a key role comprising non-poor households facing a heightened in enhancing the quality risk of falling into poverty. of learning, especially in the context of low-income Sub-Saharan African (SSA) The paper documents a strong pattern of upward mobility countries characterized by large class-size, poorly out of poverty and vulnerability into the middle class, with motivated and inadequately trained teachers, and short a noticeable acceleration between 2009-10 and 2011-12. effective school years. The paper further undertakes a careful investigation into the comparability of the survey rounds, prompted by the The study examined the actual costs of textbooks, observation that fairly significant modifications had been the scope for cost reduction, the portion of a national made to survey questionnaires. The findings suggest that budget countries allocate to teaching and learning materials (TLMs) and hurdles in the way of making changes in questionnaire design have not compromised textbooks available to student. It found that the the comparability of the data. 20 The World Bank in India • July 2015 availability of affordable textbooks to all students could Once the window of opportunity has passed, population be dramatically improved by devoting an estimated ageing will have a significant impact on the level of 3 to 4 percent of the primary education budget and 6 expenditure, especially spending in the social protection to 7 percent of the secondary education budget. The system. This signifies a challenge from a fiscal policy production process – methods, copyright, length of print point of view, because if long-term reforms are not runs, effective procurement practices – rather than the undertaken to mediate these effects, the demographic production costs should be the target of cost saving transition will put pressure on the reallocation of fiscal strategies. resources among social sectors. Taking advantage of the current window of opportunities, increasing savings that will finance the The Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Assessing the accumulation of capital, and increasing future labor Economic and Social Impact of the Syrian Conflict force productivity in this way is a challenge for the and ISIS Argentine economy. Authors/Editors: World Bank English; Pages 190 Published: April 2015 Opening the Black Box: The Contextual Drivers of ISBN: 978-1-4648-0548-6 Social Accountability e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0549-3 Edited by Helene This report identifies and, Grandvoinnet, Ghazia Aslam where feasible, quantify the and Shomikho Raha impact of the recent regional English; Pages 348 crises on Kurdistan Regional Published: April 2015 Government (KRG) and the ISBN: 978-1-4648-0505-9 required stabilization costs e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0506-6 for 2015. It provides a technical assessment of the impact of the crises and stabilization needs that could This report provides an inform the dialogue between the regional and central analysis of the state of governments as well as provide input for international out-of-school youth in efforts to address socioeconomic issues. Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the 12- to 24-year-old cohort. It also examines the decision path youth take as they progress As Time Goes By in Argentina: Economic through the education system and the factors that Opportunities and Challenges of the Demographic explain youth’s school and work choices. It finds that Transition individual and household characteristics, social norms, and characteristics of the school system all matter in Edited by Michele understanding why youth drop out and remain out of Gragnolati, Rafael Rofman, school. Ignacio Apella and Sara Troiano Directions in Development – Decarbonizing Development Human Development English; Pages 164 English; Pages 364 Published: June 2015 Published: May 2015 ISBN: 978-1-4648-0479-3 ISBN: 978-1-4648-0530-1 SKU: 210479 e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0531-8 Decarbonizing Development This book studies the opportunities and challenges explores the types of that the demographic transition poses for the Argentine climate policy packages economy, its most important social sectors like the needed to achieve a healthcare, education, and social protection systems, complete decarbonization and the potential fiscal trade-offs that must be dealt of our economies by 2100, with. taking into account the The study shows that even though Argentina is moving many market failures, imperfections, risks, undesired through its demographic transition, it just recently began distributional effects, and political economy obstacles to enjoy the window of opportunity and this constitutes that such a deep transition entails. a great opportunity to achieve an accumulation of It also offers a possible road map for countries that are capital and future economic growth. planning their transition toward full decarbonization. The World Bank in India • July 2015 21 India Project Documents Scaling Up Sustainable and Responsible Microfinance Second Phase of the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project Date 04 June 2015 Project ID P155601 Date 07 May 2015 Report No. ISDSA13106 (Integrated Safeguards Project ID P144726 Data Sheet) Report No. PAD952 (Project Appraisal Document) PIDA25317 (Project Information Bihar Kosi Basin Development Project Document) Date 01 May 2015 Project ID P127725 Third Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Project Report No. PIDA191 (Project Information Date 03 June 2015 Document) Project ID P150158 ISDSA13000 (Integrated Safeguards Report No. 97090 (Procurement Plan) Data Sheet) SFG1094 (Resettlement Plan) MP Higher Education Quality Improvement Project SFG1115 (Environmental Assessment) PIDA23784 (Project Information Date 26 April 2015 Document) Project ID P150394 ISDSA12740 (Integrated Safeguards Report No. IPP786 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Data Sheet) PIDA24534 (Project Information Document) North Eastern Region Power System Improvement ISDSA12998 (Integrated Safeguards Project Data Sheet) Date 22 May2015 E4820 (Environmental Assessment) Project ID P127974 Report No. ISDSA1111 (Integrated Safeguards Tamil Nadu Sustainable Urban Development Program Data Sheet) Project PIDA24712 (Project Information Date 22 April 2015 Document) Project ID P150395 Report No. 95941 (Procurement Plan) Jhelum and Tawi Flood Recovery Project Date 19 May 2015 Enhancing Teacher Effectiveness in Bihar Operation Project ID P154990 Project Report No. PAD1405 (Project Appraisal Document) Date 23 April 2015 95968 (Integrated Safeguards Data Project ID P132665 Sheet) Report No. 92972 (Project Appraisal Document) RP1790 (Resettlement Plan) E4821(Environmental Assessment) Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Municipal Development Project Andhra Pradesh Disaster Recovery Project Date 23 April 2015 Date 07 May 2015 Project ID P071250 Project ID P154847 Report No. Project Agreement Report No. SFG1013 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Andhra Pradesh Road Sector Project SFG1083, SFG1035 (Environmental Assessment) Date 23 April 2015 SFG1004 (Resettlement Plan) Project ID P096021 ISDSA13029 (Integrated Safeguards Report No. Project Agreement Data Sheet) PIDA24638 (Project Information Document) 22 The World Bank in India • July 2015 From the Blogworld What will you do with access to information? By Cyril Muller A new phase of openness began five years ago on July 1, 2010, when the World Bank launched its Policy on Access to Information, which consumer of public health services in the country.
 
 Another requester contacted the World Bank for project information related to gross domestic product provides access to any information in the Bank’s variables in African nations, in order to use that possession that is not on a list of exceptions. The information to investigate factors that can influence policy has served as a catalyst and has created an medical systems to improve maternal healthcare ecosystem of transparency initiatives to make World across the continent.
 
 Bank information and data available to the public. In the years since 2010, the Bank has applied the What did these requesters have in common? They principles underpinning Access to Information to were able to easily submit Access to Information accompanying initiatives such as Open Data, the requests and gain useful information to find creative Open Knowledge Repository, Open Finances, and and effective ways to influence people’s lives. After Open Contracting, among others. The spectrum all, isn’t that what access to information offers? To of transparency and innovation even extends participate, use the available resources, and find beyond these initiatives to include the World Bank’s ways for governments and citizens to engage in vision on Open order to promote Government.

 accountability and citizen-centric Open approaches development?
 
 are paramount to development. As we celebrate But while access the fifth anniversary to information of the Access to and technology Information policy, are important to the World Bank the development is proud to be a process, they are partner to its clients, only part of the beneficiaries, and equation in finding stakeholders in solutions. A crucial promoting greater part of the process transparency, lies with global accountability, and citizens who can – openness. Ideas and and do – utilize the information and data to engage perspectives from citizens and stakeholders around with and better their communities. the world have contributed to the results we have achieved in the past five years.
 
 Transparent access to World Bank information has benefited communities around the world in In the future, we expect to see the impact that access unexpected ways. By making this information to information and data has had on communities available, creative minds can find new ways to make around the world. We need active support from an impact.
 
 committed global citizens like you to make the most of the information, knowledge and data available at the A group of dedicated researchers submitted an Access to Information request in 2012 for a World World Bank, and to make a difference with it to solve (Change background colour as needed) Bank report on India’s Water and Sanitation Program, the world’s most critical development challenges.
 
 with the intention of using this information to analyze Please share your stories on how you have used cost-recovery data for sanitation services in cities information from the World Bank. Let your voice be and across the country’s regions. They were able to heard! fill a crucial knowledge gap between public health and sanitation services that can affect the ultimate Read more: http://tinyurl.com/nv4zk9l The World Bank in India • July 2015 23 World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 7327 WPS 7317 Does collective action sequester carbon? The case of Effects of income inequality on aggregate output the Nepal community forestry program By Markus Brueckner and Daniel Lederman By Randy Bluffstone, Eswaran Somanathan, Prakash WPS 7316 Jha, Harisharan Luintel, Rajesh Bista and et.al. Magical transition? Intergenerational educational and WPS 7326 occupational mobility in rural China: 1988–2002 Community managed forest groups and preferences By Shahe Emran and Yan Sun for REDD+ contract attributes: A choice experiment WPS 7315 survey of communities in Nepal Product standards and firms’ export decisions By Sahan T. M. Dissanayake, Prakash Jha, Bhim By Ana Margarida Fernandes, Esteban Ferro and John Adhikari, Rajesh Bista and et.al. Martin Wilson WPS 7325 WPS 7314 The effect of nonbinding agreements on cooperation Seeking shared prosperity through trade among forest user groups in Nepal and Ethiopia By Massimiliano Cali, Claire Honore Hollweg and By Astrid Dannenberg and Peter Martinsson Elizabeth N. Ruppert Bulmer WPS 7324 WPS 7313 Do improved biomass cookstoves reduce fuelwood Energy subsidies reform in Jordan: Welfare consumption and carbon emissions? Evidence from implications of different scenarios rural Ethiopia using a randomized treatment trial with By Aziz Atamanov, Jon Robbert Jellema and Umar electronic monitoring Serajuddin By Abebe Beyene, Randy Bluffstone, Zenebe Gebreegzhiaber, Peter Martinsson and et.al. WPS 7312 The socioeconomic impacts of energy reform in WPS 7323 Tunisia: A simulation approach Cooperative behavior and common pool resources: By Jose Antonio Cuesta Leiva, Abdelrahmen El Lahga Experimental evidence from community forest user and Gabriel Lara Ibarra groups in Nepal By Randy Bluffstone, Astrid Dannenberg, Peter WPS 7311 Martinsson, Prakash Jha and Rjesh Bista Understanding the operations of freight forwarders: Evidence from Serbia WPS 7322 By Alejandra Mendoza Alcantara, Ana Margarida Inclusive economic growth in America’s cities: What’s Fernandes and Russell Henry Hillberry the playbook and the score? By Xavier de Souza Briggs, Rolf Joseph Pendall and WPS 7310 Victor Rubin Fertility transition in Turkey—who is most at risk of deciding against child arrival? WPS 7321 By Angela Greulich, Aurélien Dasre and Ceren Inan Hayek, local information, and the decentralization of state-owned enterprises in China WPS 7309 By Zhangkai Huang, Lixing Li, Guangrong Ma and L. Extending the school day in Latin America and the Colin Xu Caribbean By Peter Anthony Holland, Pablo Alfaro and David WPS 7320 Evans Placing bank supervision in the Central Bank: Implications for financial stability based on evidence WPS 7308 from the global crisis Estimating the gravity model when zero trade flows are By Martin Melecky and Anca Maria Podpiera frequent and economically determined By William J. Martin and Cong S. Pham WPS 7319 How costly are labor gender gaps? Estimates for the WPS 7307 Balkans and Turkey Teacher performance pay: Experimental evidence from By David Cuberes and Marc Teignier Pakistan By Felipe Barrera-Osorio and Dhushyanth Raju WPS 7318 Small firms’ formalization: The stick treatment WPS 7306 By Giacomo De Giorgi, Matthew Ploenzke and Aminur Crop choice and infrastructure accessibility in Rahman Tanzania: Subsistence crops or export crops? 24 The World Bank in India • July 2015 By Atsushi Iimi, Richard Martin Humphreys and Sevara By Hai-Anh H. Dang and Peter F. Lanjouw Melibaeva WPS 7293 WPS 7305 New evidence on the cyclicality of fiscal policy Firms’ locational choice and infrastructure By Francisco Galrao Carneiro and Leonardo Garrido development in Tanzania: Instrumental variable spatial WPS 7292 autoregressive model Ethiopia’s growth acceleration and how to sustain By Atsushi Iimi, Richard Martin Humphreys and Sevara it—insights from a cross-country regression model Melibaeva By Lars Christian Moller and Konstantin M. Wacker WPS 7304 WPS 7291 Is the WTO passe? How unfair is the inequality of wage earnings in By Kyle Bagwell, Chad P. Bown and Robert W. Staiger Russia? Estimates from panel data WPS 7303 By Sailesh Tiwari, Gabriel Lara Ibarra and Ambar Formulas for failure? Were the Doha tariff formulas too Narayan ambitious for success? WPS 7290 By David Laborde and William J. Martin Costs and benefits of land fragmentation: Evidence WPS 7302 from Rwanda Determinants of tobacco consumption in Papua New By Daniel Ayalew Ali, Klaus W. Deininger and Loraine Guinea: Challenges in changing behaviors Ronchi By Xiaohui Hou, Xiaochen Xu and Ian Anderson WPS 7289 WPS 7301 Review of international practices for determining Stagnant stunting rate despite rapid economic medium-term resource needs of spending agencies growth in Papua New Guinea—factors correlated with By Michael Di Francesco, Rafael Chelles Barroso malnutrition among children under five WPS 7288 By Xiaohui Hou Financial inclusion, productivity shocks, and WPS 7300 consumption volatility in emerging economies Market imperfections exacerbate the gender gap: The By Rudrani Bhattacharya and Ila Patnaik case of Malawi WPS 7287 By Amparo Palacios-Lopez and Ramón López Unbundling institutions for external finance: Worldwide WPS 7299 firm-level evidence Business regulations and growth By Stephen Knack and L. Colin Xu By Raian Divanbeigi and Rita Ramalho WPS 7286 WPS 7298 Policies, prices, and poverty: The sugar, vegetable oil, Do capital inflows boost growth in developing and flour industries in Senegal countries? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa By Ahmadou Aly Mbaye, Stephen S. Golub and E. Philip By Cesar Calderon and Ha Minh Nguyen English WPS 7297 WPS 7285 The improved biomass stove saves wood, but how Smallholders’ land ownership and access in Sub- often do people use it? Evidence from a randomized Saharan Africa: A new landscape? treatment trial in Ethiopia By Klaus W. Deininger, Fang Xia and Sara Savastano By Abebe D. Beyene, Randall Bluffstone, Zenebe WPS 7284 Gebreegziabher, Peter Martinsson and et.al. Business cycles accounting for Paraguay WPS 7296 By Fritzi Koehler-Geib and Viktoria Hnatkovska Preferences for REDD+ contract attributes in low- WPS 7283 income countries: a choice experiment in Ethiopia A behavioral approach to water conservation: By Sahan T. M. Dissanayake, Abebe Damte Beyene, Evidence from Costa Rica Randall Bluffstone, Zenebe Gebreegziabher and et.al. By Saugato Datta, Juan José Miranda, Laura De Castro WPS 7295 Zoratto, Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez and et.al. The economic viability of jatropha biodiesel in Nepal WPS 7282 By Govinda R. Timilsina and Ujjal Tiwari How much of the labor in African agriculture is WPS 7294 provided by women? Toward a new definition of shared prosperity: A By Amparo Palacios-Lopez, Luc Christiaensen and Talip dynamic perspective from three countries Kilic The World Bank in India • July 2015 25 WPS 7281 WPS 7270 Agriculture production and transport infrastructure in Poverty dynamics in India between 2004 and 2012: east Africa: An application of spatial autoregression Insights from longitudinal analysis using synthetic By Atsushi Iimi, Liangzhi You, Ulrike Wood-Sichra and panel data Richard Martin Humphrey By Hai-Anh H. Dang and Peter F. Lanjouw WPS 7280 WPS 7269 Firm inventory behavior in East Africa Women managers and the gender-based gap in By Atsushi Iimi, Richard Martin Humphrey and Sevara access to education: Evidence from firm-level data in Melibaeva developing countries By Mohammad Amin and Asif Mohammed Islam WPS 7279 Firms’ locational choice and infrastructure WPS 7268 development in Rwanda Do public health interventions crowd out private health By Atsushi Iimi, Richard Martin Humphrey and Sevara investments? Malaria control policies in Eritrea Melibaeva By Pedro Carneiro, Alex Armand, Andrea Locatelli, Selam Mihreteab and Joseph Aaron Keating WPS 7278 Firm productivity and infrastructure costs in East WPS 7267 Africa World Bank policy lending and the quality of public By Atsushi Iimi, Richard Martin Humphrey and Sevara sector governance Melibaeva By Lodewijk Smets and Stephen Knack WPS 7277 WPS 7266 Delivering education: A pragmatic framework for On the sustainable development goals and the role of improving education in low-income countries Islamic finance By Tahir Andrabi, Jishnu Das and Asim Ijaz Khwaja By Habib Ahmed, Mahmoud Mohieldin, Jos Verbeek and Farida Wael Aboulmagd WPS 7276 Doing the survey two-step: The effects of reticence on WPS 7265 estimates of corruption in two-stage survey questions When winners feel like losers: Evidence from an By Nona Karalashvili, Aart C. Kraay and Peter Murrell energy subsidy reform By Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez, Barbara Cunha and Riccardo WPS 7275 Trezzi Transforming electricity governance in India: has India’s power sector regulation enabled consumers’ WPS 7264 power? Does access to foreign markets shape internal By Ashish Khanna, Daljit Singh, Ashwini K Swain and migration? Evidence from Brazil Mudit Narain By Laura Hering and Rodrigo Paillacar WPS 7274 WPS 7263 Road improvement and deforestation in the Congo The local economic impacts of resource abundance: Basin countries What have we learned? By Richard Damania and David J. Wheeler By Fernando M. Aragona, Punam Chuhan-Pole and Bryan Christopher Land WPS 7273 Infrastructure in conflict-prone and fragile WPS 7262 environments: Evidence from the Democratic Republic Investigating the gender gap in agricultural of Congo productivity: Evidence from Uganda By Rubaba Ali, Alvaro Federico Barra, Claudia N. Berg, By Daniel Ayalew Ali, Frederick H. Bowen, Klaus W. Richard Damania, John D. Nash and Jason Daniel Russ Deininger and Marguerite Felicienne Duponchel WPS 7272 WPS 7261 Agricultural technology choice and transport Was Weber right? The effects of pay for ability and pay By Rubaba Ali, Alvaro Federico Barra, Claudia N. Berg, for performance on pro-social motivation, ability and Richard Damania, John D. Nash and Jason Daniel Russ effort in the public sector By Sheheryar Banuri and Philip E. Keefer WPS 7271 Transport infrastructure and welfare: An application to WPS 7260 Nigeria Inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunity in By Rubaba Ali, Alvaro Federico Barra, Claudia N. Berg, Tanzania Richard Damania, John D. Nash and Jason Daniel Russ By Nadia Belhaj Hassine Belghith and Albert G. Zeufack 26 The World Bank in India • July 2015 WPS 7259 WPS 7249 The republic of beliefs: A new approach to ‘law and Social and economic impacts of rural road economics’ improvements in the state of Tocantins, Brazil By Kaushik Basu By Atsushi Iimi, Eric R. Lancelot, Isabela Manelici and Satoshi Ogita WPS 7258 Universal health coverage in the Philippines: Progress WPS 7248 on financial protection goals Monitoring financial stability in developing and By Caryn Bredenkamp and Leander Robert Buisman emerging economies: Practical guidance for conducting macroprudential analysis WPS 7257 By Miquel Dijkman You are what (and where) you eat: Capturing food away from home in welfare measures WPS 7247 By Gabriela Farfan, Maria Eugenia Genoni and Renos Are we confusing poverty with preferences? Vakis By Bart van den Boom, Alex Halsema and Vasco Molini WPS 7256 WPS 7246 Global poverty goals and prices: How purchasing Investing in technical vocational education and power parity matters training: Does it yield large economic returns in Brazil? By Dean Mitchell Jolliffe and Espen Beer Prydz By Rita Kullberg Almeida, Leandro Anazawa, Naercio Menezes Filho and Ligia Maria De Vasconcellos WPS 7255 The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring financial WPS 7245 inclusion around the world Good countries or good projects? Comparing macro By Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer and micro correlates of World Bank and Asian and Peter Van Oudheusden Development Bank project performance By David Janoff Bulman, Walter Kolkma and Aart C. WPS 7254 Kraay The dark side of disclosure: Evidence of government expropriation from worldwide firms WPS 7244 By Tingting Liu, Barkat Ullah, Zuobao Wei and L. Colin Xu Household responses to shocks in rural Ethiopia: Livestock as a buffer stock WPS 7253 By Daniel Ayalew Ali Socioeconomic impact of the crisis in north Mali on displaced people WPS 7243 By Alvin Etang Ndip, Johannes G. Hoogeveen and Julia Program evaluation and spillover effects Lendorfer By M. Angelucci and Vincenzo Di Maro WPS 7252 WPS 7242 Data deprivation: Another deprivation to end Trade agreements and enforcement: Evidence from By Umar Serajuddin, Hiroki Uematsu, Christina Wieser, WTO dispute settlement Nobuo Yoshida and Andrew L. Dabalen By Chad P. Bown and Kara Marie Reynolds WPS 7251 WPS 7241 African mining, gender, and local employment Are women less productive farmers? How markets and By Andreas Kotsadam and Anja Karolina Tolonen risk affect fertilizer use, productivity, and measured gender effects in Uganda WPS 7250 By Donald F. Larson, Sara Savastano, Siobhan Murray The local socioeconomic effects of gold mining: and Amparo Palacios-Lopez Evidence from Ghana By Punam Chuhan-Pole; Andrew L. Dabalen, Andreas Kotsadam, Aly Sanoh and Anja Karolina Tolonen The World Bank in India • July 2015 27 The World Bank in India VOL 14 / NO 1 • July 2015 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg ◆ Annamalai University New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 ◆ Centre for Studies in Social Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata ◆ Giri Institute of Development Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune ◆ Guru Nanak Dev University Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank ◆ Indian Institute of 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 ◆ Institute of Development (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur ◆ Institute of Economic The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore ◆ Karnataka University Dharwad ◆ Kerala University Library Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad ◆ Pt. 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