. NIGER STATE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNIT (SPIU) RURAL ACCESS & MOBILITY PROJECT (RAMP II) ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR REHABILITATION OF RURAL ROADS IN NIGER STATE NIGER STATE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNIT (SPIU) i LIST OF ACRONYMS AFD French Development Agency ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women EMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management Specialist ESO Environmental and Social Officer EVD Ebola Virus Diseases FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FME Federal Ministry of Education FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FPSU Federal Project Support Unit GBV Gender Based Violence GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HSE Health, Safety & Environment IDA International Development Agency LGAs Local Government Authorities M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NISACA Niger State Agency for Control of AIDS NISEPA Niger Sate Environmental Protection Agency PAD Project Appraisal Document PIM Project Implementation Manual RAMP-2 Second Rural Access and Mobility Project SEA Sexual Exploitative Abuse SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency SLO Social and Livelihood Officer SPIU State Project Implementation Unit STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases TOR Terms of Reference WB World Bank ii Contents LIST OF ACRONYMS ..........................................................................................................ii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... x ES1: Background ................................................................................................................................... x ES2: Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan .............................................. x ES3: Description of the study area ................................................................................................... x ES4: Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Institutional Framework ........................................................... xi ES5: Summary of Main findings of the study ................................................................................. xii ES6: Project Alternatives ............................................................................................................... xiv ES7: Environmental and Social Management Plan and Monitoring Plan Budget ......................... xiv ES8: ESMP Mitigation and Training Budget ........................................................................................ xv ES9: Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan......................................................... xv ES10: Stakeholder Consultation ......................................................................................................... xvi iii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Background ................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Methodology of Assessment .................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO: POLICY, LEGAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Legal and Administrative Framework ....................................................................................... 3 2.2 Comparing the Nigeria Extant EA Law and the World Bank Operational Policies.................... 5 CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ....................................................... 8 3.1 Project Area............................................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Overview of the Selected Rural Roads...................................................................................... 8 3.3 Proposed Road Construction/Rehabilitation Activities ............................................................ 9 3.4 Design Criteria and Standards ................................................................................................. 10 Geometric Design Standards .................................................................................................. 10 3.5 Map and Pictures of the Project Routes ................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER FOUR: BASELINE CONDITIONS .................................................................... 20 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 20 4.2 Baseline Environmental Conditions ........................................................................................ 23 4.3 Baseline Sociological Conditions ............................................................................................. 24 iv CHAPTER FIVE: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 34 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 34 5.2 Identified Potential Impacts (by Project Phases) .................................................................... 34 5.3 Nature and Summary of Impacts ............................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER SIX: LABOR INFLUX, GENDER BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) AND HIV/AIDS 50 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 50 6.2 Labor Influx ................................................................................................................................... 50 6.3 Gender Based Violence ................................................................................................................. 50 6.4 International Treaties Relevant to GBV ........................................................................................ 51 6.5 Regional Treaties Relevant to GBV ............................................................................................... 51 6.6 GBV Risk Management Mechanisms ........................................................................................... 51 6.7 Social Impact Management Plan .................................................................................................. 52 6.8 Overview of HIV/AIDs in Nigeria and Niger State ................................................................... 63 CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR THE RAMP II PHASE 2 ROADS PROJECTS .................................................. 64 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 64 7.2 Institutional Assessment and Arrangement for ESMP Implementation ................................ 64 7.3 Environmental and Socio-Economic Compliance Monitoring ................................................ 96 v CHAPTER EIGHT: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ................................................ 97 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 97 8.2 Setting up a Grievance Redress Committee ........................................................................... 97 8.3 Informing Parties on Levels and Channels of Grievance Uptake ............................................ 98 8.4 Grievance Redress Procedure ............................................................................................... 98 8.5 Financing of the Grievance Redress Mechanism and Cost of Remediation ......................... 100 CHAPTER NINE: PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ...........................101 9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 101 9.2 Strategy for Consultation Process......................................................................................... 101 9.3 How Stakeholders were Categorized and Identified ............................................................ 101 9.4 Fundamentals of Stakeholder Engagement Approach for Implementation .............................. 103 APPENDIX 1: Checklist for Analysis of Environmental and Social Impacts Due to Labor Influx and Workers’ Camps ....................................................................105 Appendix 1B: Terms of Reference ................................................................................109 2.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CIVIL WORKS AND CONSULTING SERVICES .................109 APPENDIX 2: PROPOSED DESIGN ...............................................................................113 vi APPENDIX 3: SAMPLE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ...............................................114 APPENDIX 4: PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCE PLAN AND CHANCE FIND PROCEDURE .........................................................................................................116 APPENDIX 5: SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE ....................................................................117 APPENDIX 6: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS...........................................................................119 Appendix 7 : Sample Company Code of Conduct ......................................................127 Preventing Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children ........................127 APPENDIX 8: ATTENDANCE LIST/PEOPLE MET .........................................................130 APPENDIX 9: DETAILED RESULT OF SOIL SAMPLES TESTED ....................................137 APPENDIX 10: DETAILED FLORAL SPECIES ALONG THE ROAD ROUTES................142 APPENDIX 11: DETAILED WATER SAMPLE RESULTS.................................................145 vii APPENDIX 12: EXCERPTS OF FEDERAL HIGHWAY PROCEDURE (2013) .................155 Appendix 13: Minutes of Meeting with Stakeholders ...............................................156 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 2: Niger State Environmental Laws................................................................................................................. 3 Table 3: Some International Laws and Treaties ....................................................................................................... 4 Table 4: List of Phase 1 Intervention Roads for Rehabilitation/Construction for Niger State RAMP II ................... 9 Table 5: Summary of the Road Project Activities ..................................................................................................... 9 Table 6: Road Construction Materials and their Sources ....................................................................................... 11 Table 7: Summary Description of Project Activities ............................................................................................... 13 Table 8: Showing Demographics of the RAMP-2 intervention area ...................................................................... 23 Table 10: Summary of Impacts ............................................................................................................................... 43 Table 11: Site - Specific Negative Environmental Impacts with Mitigation ........................................................... 46 Table 12: Site - Specific Negative Socio-Economic Impacts with Mitigation ......................................................... 47 Table 13: Responsibilities of Key Stakeholders ...................................................................................................... 53 Table 14: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost - Pre-Construction Phase ................................................................................................................................ 63 Table 15: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost - Construction Phase ...................................................................................................................................... 67 Table 16: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost - Operational Phase ........................................................................................................................................ 76 Table 17: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost - Maintenance Phase ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Table 18: Summary of ESMP budget for Implenentation and Monitoring ............................................................ 96 Table 19: Capacity Building (Training) Needs ......................................................................................................... 96 Table 20: mplementation plan for grievance mechanism ................................................................................... 101 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Delineated Map of Niger State Showing LGAs under Niger RAMP-2 Project Intervention........................ 8 Figure 2: Map Showing Section of Daku Bridge and Hayin Dikko .......................................................................... 14 Figure 3: Map Showing Section of Wushishi-Makushi-Bida Road Junction ........................................................... 16 Figure 4 Map Showing Section of Sullu Junction-Kabo, Chimni and Korokpoase Iwa VillagesError! Bookmark not defined. Figure 5: Map Showing Section of Sullu Junction-Kabo Road ................................................................................ 17 Figure 6: Map showing section of Kuta-Kobwa-Kafa-Layi Road ............................................................................. 18 Figure 7: kafa village section of Kuta-Kobwa-Kafa-Layi Road .................................................................................... Figure 8: Map showing section of Old Gawu-Tuna-Farin Doki Road.......................................................................... Figure 9: Boku sarki section of Old Gawu-Tuna-Farin Doki Road............................................................................... Figure 10: Lapai Junction section of Old Gawu-Tuna-Farin Doki Road ...................................................................... Figure 12: Map of Niger State Showing its Local Government Areas .................................................................... 19 Figure 13: Histogram showing Family Size andEducation level of PAPs; Source: Field survey (2018) ................... 24 Figure 14: Occupation within the project area; Source: Field survey (2018) ......................................................... 25 Figure 12: Occupation within the project area; Source: Field survey (2018) .................................................... Figure 16: Forest wood prepared for burning to produce fire wood and finished Charcoal ..................................... Figure 17: Road Conditions at Madaka .................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 18: Grievance Log showing steps for grievance redress .......................................................................... 100 ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES1: Background The Federal Government of Nigeria has received financing from the World Bank (WB) and French Development Agency (AFD) for the implementation of Second Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP-2) currently in four States of Adamawa, Enugu, Niger and Osun; and intends to apply part of the proceeds for consultancy services for the review/upgrade of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) prepared for the Niger State RAMP-2. The construction/rehabilitation project is expected to cover an initial 403.54 Km of already prioritized rural roads and river crossings. The World Bank requires that an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESIA) is carried out on projects proposed for Bank financing and categorized as “B”. The exercise ensures that projects are thoroughly evaluated to identify environmental social risks and hazards, and management measures put in place to eliminate or minimize their impacts based on the mitigation hierarchy to ensure both social and environmental feasibility and sustainability. The ESMP enables informed decision making. ES2: Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan The objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the road construction/rehabilitation projects in Niger state under the RAMP-2. It has also been prepared to ensure the effective long-term protection of the area and other biotic and abiotic components of the environment. ES3: Description of the study area Niger State is located in the north central Nigeria at 8o20’N 3o30’E. It has a land mass of about 76,363km2 (29,484sqmi). The state shares boundaries with Kaduna and Federal Capital Territory in the east and south east respectively, Kebbi and Zamfara states in the north, Kwara and Kogi states in the south and Benin republic in the west. The State is well endowed with many mineral resources which include gold, tin, iron, marble, copper, kaolin, silica, limestone, felsper, sand talc and quartz. The state has a great potential for tourism and some of the Tourist attractions are Zuma Rock, Gurara falls, Baro Empire Hill, Colonial ruins at Zungeru, Nagwamatse Well and Kainji Lake National Park. The project area covers 403.54km lengths which have 14 feeder roads. The selection of the 14 feeder roads followed a set of selection criteria that include population, level of traffic, agricultural productivity, and connection to essential services such as market, hospital, storage and processing centers. The list of the selected roads is shown in Table below. List of Niger State RAMP-2 Phase 11 Intervention Roads for Rehabilitation/Construction S/No Road Name of Road Local Road ID Government Area Length 1 R1-1 Sullu Junction - Daku Bridge - Sabon Diko Gurara/Tafa (Km) 4.62 2 R1-2 Sullu Junction – Kabo Suleja/Gurara 10.61 3 R1-3 Old Gawu - Tuna – Farindoki Gurara 21.97 x 4 R2-1 Kutigi - Dasun - Tashan Hajiya road Lavun 55.32 5 R2-2 Doko - Gaba – Sheshi Lavun 14.43 6 R2-3 Badeggi - Ebba – Kataeregi Katcha 42.14 7 R2-7 Patibokungi - Jebo - Angasa Lavun 12.02 8 R2-8 Wuyakantin - Etsu Tasha - Kpatagi Edati 22.65 9 R3-2 Kuta - Kobwa - Kafa – Layi Shiroro 25.84 10 R3-3 Pandogari – Bassa Rafi/Shiroro 54.75 11 R3-5 Wushishi - Makusidi - Bida road Wushishi 22.85 12 R4-3 Bangi - Kompanin Bobi Mariga 88.70 13 R4-6 Fellegi – Shafini Mashegu 12.17 14 R5-1 Luma- Shagunu Borgu 26.92 Total Length 403.54 Project Environment Niger State experiences distinct dry and wet seasons with annual rainfall varying from 1,100mm in the northern parts to 1,600mm in the southern parts. The mean annual temperature increases northward from about 30oC to 37oC. This expected high levels and frequency of rains as well as dehydration resulting from high tempreture periods can affect work. These can be mitigated by selection of lower density period to commece work as well as constructing bridges to aid in movement of equipment and people. The maximum temperature is recorded between March and June, while the minimum is usually between December and January. The rainy season lasts for about 150 days in the northern parts to about 120 days in the southern parts of the State. Rainfall intensity ranges from 60mm/hr to 105mm/hr. Squall line weather conditions are also common resulting in the incidence of dense, dark cumulo nimbus clouds with thunder and lightning followed by strong winds and rainfall of very high intensity. Relative humidity within the state varies both temporally and seasonally, on the average due to the combined effect of the prevailing winds and solar radiation. Relative humidity could be as low as 20% at the peak of the dry season. Social Baseline Environment The socio-economic assessment studies were aimed at examining the socioeconomic conditions of the people living around the project areas in Niger State. The emirate towns in the project area include Suleja, Bida, Kontangora and Borgu. This is to ensure that the potential impacts of the proposed rehabilitation project is captured and described while proffering solutions to possible negative impacts to human habitat, health and livelihoods. ES4: Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Institutional Framework The section on Policy examined the various regulation and legal documents as it concerns Nigeria and Niger State. The World Bank Safeguards and other relevant International guidelines applicable to the sub-project intervention were also examined. The various institutional frameworks relevant to the RAMP were also evaluated in this section. The Construction/Rehabilitation Project is rated a World Bank Category B (equivalent to Category II in the xi Nigeria EIA Act) project in accordance with the Environmental Assessment Policy of the World Bank, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures. The identified World Bank safeguard policies triggered by the rehabilitation of the gully site include; Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Natural Habitats (OP 4. 04) and Physical and Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) and Involuntary Displacement (O.P 4.12). ES5: Summary of Main findings of the study Potential impacts for the Road Construction/Rehabilitation works S/N POSITIVE IMPACTS NEGATIVE IMPACTS 1 Ground Water recharge: During the construction Increased Air Pollution: Air pollution will result as of the roads, burrow pits will be established to a result of the generation of dust particles and exploit road base and sub base materials. The pits vehicular/machinery emissions. Also increase in will subsequently serve as runoff traps to vehicular traffic on the roads would result in ultimately detain such runoffs in pools which increased dusts and emissions of carbon gradually seep into the ground water to recharge monoxide, hydrocarbon particulates, Nitrogen it. Dioxide, Ozone, and some carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 2 Ecosystem Modification and Encouragement of Creation of Respiratory Difficulties and other Biodiversity: The establishment of the these run Health Abnormalities: Dusty Air pollution that off traps in the burrow pits will encourage a result during construction and operation of earth change of the ecosystem from terrestrial to roads as envisaged in these projects are likely to aquatic system resulting in the encouragement of generate respiratory difficulties and other health diverse population of faunal and flora species, related challenges to the workers and users of thereby increasing the biodiversity along the road the roads. corridors. This is a positive impact of regional spread or scope, strategic in importance, long term in duration and irreversible in nature. 3 Improvement in the Visual appeal of the Roads: Heat fluxes: In addition to the air pollution during The roads are presently narrow and highly eroded and after the roads have constructed and are in most segments and in other segments they are under operation, the increased vehicular traffic filled with sand deposits. The projects will cause along the roads is expected to result in increased these to be widened and well paved with stable heat fluxes which could affect the transpiration of sub base and base materials. Subsequently, the plants in the narrow strip bordering the roads. roads will be fully finished with a relatively Therefore, there may be poor performance of resistant pavement layer that can withstand rapid crops in adjacent farms to these roads that will wear by vehicles plying them. This will increase drastically affect their productivity. the aesthetic quality of the roads and in addition increase the passing and stopping sight distance minimizing the risks of accidents. 4 Aquatic Ecosystem Modification: The Noise Pollution: The construction of these roads improvement of the roads’ conditions will result in will require the deployment of heavy equipment channelling most of the runoff along the road many of which will generate noise that is corridor. As a result, there will be increase in significantly higher than the normal background sediment load and transportation into drainage noise levels. During the operation stage, the streams and rivers when volumes of runoff volume of vehicles plying the road will also increase especially during the rainy season. generate noise that is significantly higher than these background noise levels especially on market days when the volume of traffic is bound to be significantly highest. 5 Improved Access: The construction of these roads Erosion: The construction of a road increases the xii projects will increase the capacity of their capacity run-off and hence reduces infiltration of rain to accommodate more traffic and enhance faster water into the ground. Given that Niger State is movement of traffic than the existing deteriorated relatively humid and with often torrential rains in and dilapidated conditions. The construction will the region, soils are very easily eroded especially result in improvement for these roads and will at the slopes. This direct loss can threaten the further guarantee very smooth movement of entire road if not adequately managed. traffic through them. It will also Facilitate Access to Basic Needs at household level such as ease of getting to health centres, farms and other areas of production, markets, food processing centres and also positively contribute to the ability of the households to fulfill their social and religious obligations within and outside their communities. 6 Gain in Travel time (Savings in Travel Time): There Biodiversity loss: Construction activities including would be a significant reduction in the time corridor vegetation clearing and soil taken to travel along the roads and the local compactment could lead to biodiversity loss. government’s headquarters and even between communities along the road as a result of the widening and straightening of bends and reduction in the gradient of some of the hilly sections. These would translate to an increase in the time saved travelling on these roads. 7 Swift and Improved Movement of Goods and Displacement of people: As the roads are laid out Services: The improved access would not only along existing paths and tracks widening them make for the easy movement of people within the will result in issues of obstruction of the roads’ area and beyond but also adequately and right of way. Such obstruction occurs in the form efficiently enable the supply and distribution of of houses, utilities and commercial investments in farm inputs to the rural farmers (where it is the form of shops and sheds. mostly needed) and swift aid the movement of farm produce to the markets far and near as well as the distribution of factors of production including manpower such that there will efficient distribution and access to basic infrastructure and goods. 8 Boost to the Local Economy: With Improved road Accidents: Accidents are unfortunate occurrence conditions and easy movement of goods and on roads after development, due to human services, local market will be easily visited by factors. Usually, Pedestrians, cyclists and other traders from far and near, thereby contributing to road users constitute the vulnerable groups to the buying and selling in these markets. The vehicular accidents. Accidents could become economic effects of well patronized and more common because of fast moving vehicles colliding easily accessed market will result in boosting the with construction materials and sites of markets and the local economy which will constructing road platforms such as culverts, subsequently translate to improved standard of bridges and excavation fill materials. Similarly, living. poor visibility as a result dusts laden atmospheric air during construction stage, can cause accidents with pedestrians. 9 Reduction in Cost of Operation and Maintenance Security Risk: Improved mobility will enable of Vehicles: Improved road surfacing and prompt persons of dubious character ease of mobility repairs of failures on the road will significantly from far and near into communities along the reduce the wear and tear of vehicles. Similarly, roads’ corridors. Thus, the security risk in the area the reduction in the average travel time will result traversed by the road will increase. xiii in reduced cost of operating vehicles. 10 Reduction In the cost of Transportation: With the Influx of non-local labor and working conditions improvement in the roads’ condition, more issues may occur and lead to risks such as vehicles will be attracted to ply the roads workers’ sexual relations with minors and especially on market days. This will increase traffic resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in on these roads and hence transportation costs on the community, the spread of HIV/AIDS, sexual these roads will drastically reduce, making the harassment of female employees, child labor and cost of production and movement of agricultural abuse products to the market cheaper. 11 Employment Generation: During the construction Gender based violence may occur in the project phase of the project a large number of unskilled target areas including Intimate Partner Violence and a smaller but significant number of skilled (IPV), public harassment including verbal insults, labour would be required. New jobs would be physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood created both for skilled and unskilled workers practices and women and child trafficking during the construction phase. 12 Contribution to Agriculture: The roads would facilitate the movement of agricultural produce to markets. Similarly, agricultural inputs will be easily transported to these rural agricultural communities at cheaper rates and hence farmer would be encouraged to increase their productivity. This is a positive boost to agricultural production. 13 Gender Empowerment through Provision of Access: Construction of the road will further improve access to factors of production and market facilities. The case in point here is the access to markets for the female gender group to enable them sell their wares (processed foods and vegetables), to sustain and empower them. It is possible for the government to assist these women by training them in food and vegetable processing skills so that they can diversify their businesses. This ESMP therefore will ensure that the adverse/negative impacts are reduced to the barest minimum while the beneficial impacts are enhanced. ES6: Project Alternatives Various alternatives to the planned rehabilitation were evaluated. However, the preferred alternative would be to implement the current project proposal with a combination of suitable alternatives to enable the project to achieve its objectives. This is mainly based on cost benefit analysis as well as sustainability. ES7: Environmental and Social Management Plan and Monitoring Plan Budget The ESMP included the various impacts discussed according to the respective phases during project implementation. The impacts have been described, as they will impact on the different environmental and social sensitivities. The mitigation measures, mitigation costs and institutional responsibilities were also xiv highlighted in the ESMP matrix table. The total cost for Implementing the ESMP and Monitoring Plan for the Road Construction/Rehabilitation works is estimated at N11,986,500, equivalent of USD 39,300 (Thirty-Nine Thousand Three Hundred Dollars). The ESMP matrix for the implementation is highlighted below: ES8: ESMP Mitigation and Training Budget Item Responsibility for Cost Breakdown Cost Estimate Cost implementation and in Estimate Monitoring Nigerian Naira in (N) Us Dollars (USD) Mitigation Cost for Contractor, PIU, 7,320,000 24,000 ESMP SMEnvr, NISEPA, FRSC Training, and 2,287,500 7500 Capacity Building Management of PIU, SMEnvr, NISEPA 10% of Mitigation 732,000 2400 ESMP Cost Implementation Monitoring, PIU, SMEnvr, 10%of Mitigation Cost 732,000 2400 Evaluation & Audit NISEPA, FERMA, SMW Mitigation Cost for SPIU 5%of Mitigation Cost 366,000 1,200 Labour influx and GBV Budget for Grievance 5%of Mitigation Cost 366,000 1,200 Redress SPIU SUB- TOTAL 11,437,500 37,500 Contingency 2.5%of Mitigation 183,000 600 Cost TOTAL 11,986,500 39,300 ES9: Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan It is envisaged that the environmental and social impacts and their designed enhancement and mitigation measures shall be monitored during implementation of the construction/rehabilitation works and operation phases. The roles and responsibilities for monitoring the environmental and social impacts and the implementation of the ESMP are as follows. Overall sub-project coordination will be housed in Project Management Unit (PIU), of Niger State RAMP Office. They will oversee the day-day project management and ensure that environmental and socio- economic concerns and management as elucidated in the ESMP are integrated into all aspects of project implementation. The Niger State Ministry of Environment; herein referred to as State Ministry of Environment (SMEnv); and Niger State Environmental Protection Agency (NISEPA) will monitor, evaluate and audit the implementation of the ESMP to ensure that the rehabilitation works, and project operations meet “best environmental practices”. xv Awareness creation exercises on HIV/AIDS, environmental protection and personal hygiene and sanitation shall also be undertaken for contactors personnel and all stakeholders involved in project implementation. ES10: Stakeholder Consultation The public consultation strategy for the ESMP activities evolved around the provision of a full opportunity for involvement for all stakeholders, especially the PAPs. Concerns raised by the stakeholders are documented and incorporated in this report and used to develop mitigation and/or enhancement measures. The stakeholders were informed of the visits through the existing communication line between the SPIU and the communities. Consultations were held in two folds: Stakeholders converged at central venues for community wide consultations and subsequently in smaller common groups. Meeting with common groups such as vulnerable groups and women was carried out in a most culturally acceptable manner. This entailed having a separate meeting with the groups which was helpful in determining the need, voice and concerns that may not have been fully expressed during the general community consultations. For example, the vulnerable group including women PAP and aged persons, want to be notified and carried along in persons during RAP implementation. They do not want their entitlements to be transferred through third parties. Concerns raised by Women groups consulted did not differ from the general concerns of members of the communities. Consultations were held in Kasuwa-Garba, Katarege, Kuta, Tuna and Genu during the field work. Stakeholders and community members were given a general overview of the project, the component and information regarding the ESMP and other relevant information in the TOR. ES11: Disclosure This ESMP shall be disclosed to the public at designated centers and published in two newspapers accessible to the project area, inline with the guideline of the Federal Ministry of Environment. Subsequently, the report will be disclosed in the external website of the World Bank. xvi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background The Federal Government of Nigeria has received financing from the World Bank (WB) and French Development Agency (AFD) for the implementation of Second Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP-2) currently in four States of Adamawa, Enugu, Niger and Osun; and intends to apply part of the proceeds for consultancy services for the review/upgrade of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) prepared for the Niger State RAMP-2. The construction/rehabilitation project is expected to cover an initial 403.54 Km of already prioritized rural roads and river crossings. The RAMP-2 is aimed at improving and enhancing accessibility and mobility in the rural areas. Accessibility and mobility are critical issues in the lives of the rural population, considering that majority of them are Agriculturalists. Movement of their agricultural inputs and outputs (produce) is hinged on accessibility and mobility. Presently, most rural areas in the RAMP-2 participating States suffer as a result of absence of roads, culverts and bridges and/or poor conditions of same. The average rural agriculturalist produces for both subsistence and commerce. The unavailability and or the poor condition of the roads, culverts and bridges means that the commercial aspects of their agriculture is hampered or minimized. This invariably diminishes their economic and socio-cultural wellbeing. Thus, the RAMP-2 project by the WB and AFD is a timely and appropriate intervention, which will certainly enhance the economies and livelihoods of the benefiting communities. As part of the credit agreement with the World Bank, projects supported by funding are usually subjected to environmental and social safeguard screening to determine the environmental and social risk and impacts, and identify mitigation measures before approval. For the RAMP-2 projects, four World Bank Operational Policies are triggered by the RAMP sub-projects in the 4 states but 2 are specific to Niger RAMP namely, the (OP/BP 4.01, Environmental Assessment and OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement). OP/BP 4.01 is triggered for a project that involves civil works/construction as it has the tendency to affect the natural and physical environment while OP/BP 4.12 is triggered for a project that require acquisition of land, involuntary displacement or prevention of access to asset or loss of livelihood. In compliance with the national regulations and the requirements of the World Bank’s Safeguard policies, there is a need for proper and enhanced, environmental and social management plans and programs, in the course of implementing these projects. Therefore, this document has been prepared to present a concise bholistic Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the implementation of the construction/rehabilitation works sub-project under the Niger State RAMP-2. 1.3 Methodology of Assessment The following procedures were followed in the preparation of this ESMP: • Literature review of the relevant documents as contained in the TOR including the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Project Implementation manual (PIM), existing ESMP, World Bank safeguard policies, project design document, environmental management guidelines and regulatory and legal documents; • Site visit to all the roads in lot 1,2&3 to inspect the state of the rural roads/sub-projects requiring interventions; • Assessment of the environmental features that may serve as risks to the sub-projects • Identification of potential impacts; • Identification of impact mitigation measures; 1 • Assessment of Capacity of the Niger State SPIU team to handle environmental, health and safety risks; • Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan. 2 CHAPTER TWO: POLICY, LEGAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Legal and Administrative Framework In Nigeria, the power of regulation of all environmental matters is vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), establish by Act in 1988). In Part III of the Act 88, the State Governments are encouraged to set up “their own Environmental Protection Bodies for the purpose of maintaining good environmental quality in the area of related pollutants under their control.” Some of the functions of the State Environmental Protection Agencies (SEPAs) and the summary of their functions are presented in the table below; Table 1: Showing Nigeria Legal and Administrative Frameworks S/N Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), establish Liaising with the Federal Ministry of by Act in 1988) Environment, FMENV to achieve a healthy or better management of the environment via development of National Policy on Environment Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards, Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State, and Monitoring the implementation of EIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects in the State. 2.1.1 Environmental Laws and Policies Relevant to Niger State RAMP-2 These are summarized in the table below; Table 2: Niger State Environmental Laws 1 Environmental Impact Assessment Act (EIA) The EIA Act No of 86 of 1992 makes EIA 1992 mandatory for any major development projects likely to have adverse impacts on the environment such as Dam construction, Irrigation, Mining, Road construction etc, and prescribes the procedure for conducting and reporting EIA’s 2 Forestry Act 1958 This Act of 1958 provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves. It is an offense, punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment, to cut down trees over 2ft in girth or to set fire to the forest. 3 Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provision, etc) This law was enacted to prohibit the Act - (No 42 of 1988) Retained as Cap H1 LFN carrying, depositing and dumping of harmful 2004 waste on any land, territorial waters and other related matters. 3 4 Endangered Species (Control of InternationalEnacted to provide for the conservation and management of Nigeria’s wild life and the Trade and Traffic) Act - Retained as Cap E9 LFN 2004 protection of her endangered species. 5 Water Resources Act - Retained as Cap W2 LFNThe Act was enacted to promote the 2004 Amended, 2016 optimum planning, development and use of the Nigeria’s Water Resources and other matters connected therewith. 6 National Environmental Standards and The Act establishes the Enforcement Agency Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007 for the effective enforcement of Standards, Regulations and all National and International Agreements, Treaties, Conventions and Protocols on environment to which Nigeria is a signatory. 7 National Policy on Environment and National This statement of environmental policy Agenda 21 establishes priorities and gives expression to national goals and aspirations. It provides a statutory foundation for which decision- makers may refer to for guidance in making decisions in respect of sustainable development, whenever environmental values are in conflict with other values or whenever transboundary issues are involved. 8 Management of Hazardous and Solid Wastes The management of hazardous and solid Regulation waste regulation, S.1.15 of 1991 (No. 102, Vol. 7, August 1991) defines the requirements for groundwater protection, surface impoundment, land treatment, waste piles, landfills, incinerators etc 2.1.2 International Laws and Treaties which Nigeria is a Signatory Nigeria is involved in a number of conventions and treaties with relevance on environmental protection and preservation. Some of these relevant to the present study are presented in the table below; Table 3: Some International Laws and Treaties 1 International Laws and Treaties which Nigeria is 1. United Nations Convention on a Signatory Biological Diversity 2. United Nations Convention on Climate Change 3. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 2.1.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies The operational policies of the World Bank for safeguarding developmental projects include: • OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment • OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitats • OP 4.09 : Pest Management • OP/BP 4.12:Involuntary Resettlement • OP 4.20: Indigenous Peoples 4 • OP/BP 4.11: Physical Cultural Property • OP 4.36: Forestry • OP/BP 4.37: Safety of Dams • OP/BP 7.50: Projects on International Waters • OP/BP 7.60: Projects in Disputed Areas Four (4) of these operational policies namely: OP/BP 4.01, OP/BP 4.04, OP/BP 4.11, and OP/BP 4.12 were triggered by the RAMP-2 project. However, only two -OP/BP 4.12 and OP/BP 4.01 are triggered by the Niger RAMP-2. While OP.4.12 is addressed in a separate report prepared by Niger RAMP-2, OP/BP 4.01 is addressed by this report. OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment Component 1.1 and 1.2 of the Project involve upgrading/rehabilitation of rural roads and river crossings in the intervention areas in Niger state. The upgrading/rehabilitation works activities such as vegetation clearing, use of heavy equipment, soil compactment, etc will exert negative impacts on the environment, and therefore, triggers OP/BP 4.01. The objective of OP 4.01 is to ensure that projects financed by the Bank are environmentally and socially sustainable, and that the decision-making process is improved through an appropriate analysis of the actions including their potential environmental impacts. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is the suitable instrument for this assignment as a category B project. The implication is that the impacts are site specific, not large scale and reversible through specific mitigation measures. The RAMP-2 project has been categorized as B based on World Bank project risk classification or category 2 according to the classification by Federal Ministry of Environment. The implication of the category (B or 2) by both interpretations is that the expected environmental impacts are largely site-specific, few if any of the impacts are irreversible, and mitigation measures can be designed relatively readily. The environmental assessment for a Category B project: • examines the project’s potential negative and positive environmental impacts, • recommends measures to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts, and • recommends measures to improve environmental performance ESMP provides a set of procedures through which RAMP will develop and implement environmental, social, health, and safety management systems, programs, processes and procedures that will establish a foundation for sound mitigation of adverse impacts, enhancement of positive impacts, institutional responsibilities, indicative costs for mitigation and eventual monitoring of the ESMP. The ESMP outlines RAMP’s Project Management Unit’s corporate commitment to managing the project in a responsible, safe and sustainable manner whereby the protection of the environment, safety of people and social concerns take priority above all other business concerns. The ESMP will also ensure compliance with applicable environmental standards all through the life span of the project. The Bank will disclose the ESMP document publicly, in Nigeria and at the World Bank Info- shop before project appraisal. 2.2 Comparing the Nigeria Extant EA Law and the World Bank Operational Policies A comparison of the World Bank OP 4.01 is and the Nigerian extant laws are presented in the matrix below: 5 Aspects Extant EA Laws World Bank OPs Mandatory EA The law makes it mandatory for For all Bank supported project, proponents of all development consideration for EA, is required before projects to undertake mandatory EA approval of the proposed project in to ascertain the environmental order to ensure environmental and sensitivity of the project whether EIA social sustainability of the project. is required or not before proceeding with project implementation Projects for All projects with significant adverse All projects with significant adverse EIA effects on the environment effect whose impact can be mitigated through planning Exclusion from 1. All projects that fall under Projects that have been pre-determined EIA category 3, implying that they to have no adverse environmental and have no adverse environmental social impacts, typical of category C impacts projects. 2. Those in the list of projects which the President, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces or the Council is of the opinion that the environmental effects of the project is likely to be minimal; 3. the project is to be carried out during national emergency for which temporary measures have been taken by the Government; Screening Required to be carried out at early Required to be carried out at early stage stage of project conception, planning of project conception, planning & design & design to determine the nature, to determine the nature, scope, site, and scope, site, and environmental environmental impacts. It also impacts. It also determines the determines the category of the sub- category of the sub-project project Category 2 categories- 1, 2 and 3 3 Categories,- A, B, C and F1 1 and 2 required for further EA study A, B and F1 required for further EA study Public Provides that opportunity be given Public or community consultation is a engagement to government agencies, members continuous process of public inclusion or of the public, experts in any relevant and participation in decision that affects consultation discipline and interested groups to any development project make comment on environmental impact assessment before final decision on the proposed development Pollution limit Guided & regulated by the national Guided & regulated by the Pollution Control guideline & standard for Prevention and Abatement handbook, environmental pollution control and also takes into account the borrower country’s legislation and local condition Social The extant EIA laws anticipates and WB OPs is very rigid with social Sustainability addresses social concerns but in a sustainability. It mainstreams rather non-stringent manner. In vulnerability, involuntary resettlement 6 terms of project involving land and gender concerns in its EA concerns. acquisition, it compensates land for In terms of project involving land money subject to right of ownership acquisition, it compensates land for land of land. Asset compensation is based and compensation for non-land asset is on the current market value of the based on asset replacement amount at asset current market value irrespective of PAPs right to land being occupied. Disclosure Required to be carried out in To be disclosed at two levels: in country accessible public domain such as and at World Bank infoshop national daily, FMEnv, SMEnv, LGAs and at the implementing institutions Concerns & Input of the public to be Concerns & Input of the public to be taken into account in further decision of taken into account in further the project decision of the project Management Requires that mitigation measures Requires that mitigation measures be Plan be offered to adverse environmental offered to adverse environmental & impacts and an EMP prepared to social impacts and an ESMP prepared to ensure management of the impacts ensure management of the safeguards to reduce adverse conditions concerns. From the above, it is found that a lot of similarities exist between the World Bank operational policies and the Nigerian extant EA laws. However, where discrepancies exist, the more stringent one will take preeminence. Thus, for this ESMP, the Nigeria’s EIA requirements and World Bank operational procedures were harmonized as far as possible, hence it is made responsive to the objectives of good practice with regard to the followings: • Early consideration of environmental and social issues (starting at the screening stage); • Identification and early consultation with stakeholders; • Prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and • Incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and (engineering) design. 7 CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3.1 Project Area The proposed construction/rehabilitation works will be implemented in Niger State. The Niger State RAMP-2 prioritized rural roads for intervention covers about 830km of rural road. However, this ESMP is for the 403.54km rural roads under the first phase intervention. The list of the selected phase two roads is shown in Table 1. Figure 1: Delineated Map of Niger State Showing LGAs under Niger RAMP-2 Project Intervention Figure 1 above shows the LGAs where the selected road routes for upgrade/rehabilitation are located. These include Mokwa, Magama, Borgu, Suleja, Tafa, Gurara and Gbako. 3.2 Overview of the Selected Rural Roads The roads prioritized for construction/rehabilitation under this sub-project of the Niger State RAMP-2 are provided in Table 1 below. The project area covers a road stretch of 403.54. Km. 8 Table 4: List of Phase 1 Intervention Roads for Rehabilitation/Construction for Niger State RAMP II S/No Road Name of Road Local Road Length ID Government (Km) Area 1 R1-1 Sullu Junction - Daku Bridge - Sabon Gurara/Tafa 4.62 Diko 2 R1-2 Sullu Junction – Kabo Suleja/Gurara 10.61 3 R1-3 Old Gawu - Tuna – Farindoki Gurara 21.97 4 R2-1 Kutigi - Dasun - Tashan Hajiya road Lavun 55.32 5 R2-2 Doko - Gaba – Sheshi Lavun 14.43 6 R2-3 Badeggi - Ebba – Kataeregi Katcha 42.14 7 R2-7 Patibokungi - Jebo – Angasa Lavun 12.02 8 R2-8 Wuyakantin - Etsu Tasha – Kpatagi Edati 22.65 9 R3-2 Kuta - Kobwa - Kafa – Layi Shiroro 25.84 10 R3-3 Pandogari – Bassa Rafi/Shiroro 54.75 11 R3-5 Wushishi - Makusidi - Bida road Wushishi 22.85 12 R4-3 Bangi - Kompanin Bobi Mariga 88.70 13 R4-6 Fellegi – Shafini Mashegu 12.17 14 R5-1 Luma – Shagunu Borgu 26.92 Total Length 403.54 3.3 Proposed Road Construction/Rehabilitation Activities Detailed below are summaries of proposed project activities extracted from theengineering designs prepared for the respective sites. Table 5: Summary of the Road Project Activities Project Phase Proposed Activities Identification and demarcation of Right of Way (RoW), workers, camp site, burrow pits areas, quarry sites, access roads, stone crushing areas Mobilization and materials storage yards. Site clearing within the RoW, workers campsite, burrow pits, quarry sites and access roads. Opening of burrow pits, quarry sites and access roads. Transportation of equipment (bull dozers, caterpillars, heavy duty vehicles, stone crushers, etc), and construction materials (e.g. stone aggregates, sand, cement, gravel, etc) to the site Construction Earth movements, excavations and stockpiling of excavated materials. 9 Road cutting, filling-in, and surfacing. Operation of burrow pits, quarry sites and cement batch plant. Stockpiling of construction materials such as sand, stone aggregates, cement, etc. Installation of culverts and bridge structures Creation of roadside drains and storm water drainages and access roads. Transportation of construction materials such as sand, cement, stone aggregate and soils. Demolition of workers and Contractor’s camp site Closure and Demobilization restoration of burrow pits and quarry sites Rehabilitation / restoration of access roads. Closure and restoration of materials storage yards and stone crusher sites. Dismantling / demolition of cement and stone crushers. Operational Completion of project, leading to all associated positive benefits of increased access. 3.4 Design Criteria and Standards The Federal Ministry of Works’ Highway Design Manual Part 1: Design; Volume 1: Geometric Design (2013) provides design criteria and standards for the design of various classes of roads, of which low volume (access) roads fall under class “D”. However, because of the peculiarity in the design requirements of rural roads, there is now increasing realization by rural roads design practitioners that it would be inappropriate to design rural roads on the basis of traditional geometric standards only. Instead, practitioners agree that a wider approach needs to be taken in which the overarching criterion of acceptability is the achievement of an appropriate level of all-weather access at “least cost” to the society, while at the same time ensuring that rural roads are “fit for purpose” in terms of user requirements and road safety. Geometric Design Standards For the design of road alignments, the Design Consultant was guided by the Draft Low Volume Roads (LVRs) Manual, 2016, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, which was developed to adequately cater for the specific needs of rural roads in Nigeria. Using the Draft LVR Manual approach, the project roads are expected to fulfill an access function, whereby most of the existing alignment is retained. Thus, the existing alignment dictates the travel speed (and hence, the horizontal and vertical alignments) depending on the terrain and existing roadside development. In cases where there are potential safety issues such as sharp crests and blind curves, appropriate countermeasures will be applied/installed on a site specific basis. For the road cross-section, the following elements have been adopted: 10 Width of Carriageway = 4.5m. Width of Shoulder = 0.75m (each side). Total width of roadway = 6.0m. Roadway cross-fall (paved surface) = 3.5%. Roadway cross-fall (unpaved surface) = 5.0%. Side drain section = Trapezoidal/ Triangular (depending on soil properties of the location). 11 Pavement Structure Tentatively, the pavement structure will comprise the following: Base Course - 150mm Laterite (Min. CBR = 80%) Sub base - 150mm Laterite (Min. CBR = 30%) Pavement designs will be carried out to determine the thickness of the pavement materials to be used for the Proposed Carriageway. Culvert Types Box culverts: 1.5m x 1.5m, 2.0m x 2.0m, 3.0m x 2.0m and 3.0m x 3.0m Pipe culverts: DIA.900mm and DIA.1200mm Construction Materials The details of the quantities / amount of materials required for the road construction is contained in the Tender Documents. Table below summaries the materials required for the road project and their sources. Table 6: Road Construction Materials and their Sources Materials Sources Remark Gravel and fill materials - From burrows All fill materials will be pits. transported by trucks to the designatedfill areas. Burrow pits will be identified based on proximity to project, material type required, type of approval from authorities. Crushed aggregates and Stones chipping and boulders These will be transported surface dressing chips: will be obtained from closest by trucks to the site. designated needed areas. However, this material may not be required Sharp sand: River channel in the vicinity It is anticipated that fine materials from crushed stones (stone dust) could be used. Construction Water: The water for construction will be obtained from existing nearby seasonal rivers and streams, during rainy season. However, during dry seasons, it may be 12 necessary to drill boreholes. Construction It is expected contractor would Equipment: prepare all equipment required Bulldozer 250 - for the project. 350 HP; Front End Loader 2.0 - 3.0 m³ Motor Grader 140 - 185 HP; Excavator 1.0 - 1.5 m³; Grid Roller (Sheepsfoot roller) 10 - 13.5 tonnes 13 Table 7: Summary Description of Project Activities S/N PROJECT PHASE SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES 1 Pre-construction Phase Movement of equipment to site. Digging and excavating stable materials for road construction from the burrow pits. Levelling, wetting and compaction. The sub base will be first laid to obtain the shape of the road and subsequently the road base will be deployed and laid. The wetting of the laterite facilitates the binding and minimizes the dustiness that may arise especially if the laterite is dry. 2 Construction Phase The road corridor and right of way will be cleared of all vegetation and all unsuitable materials especially the organic top soil. The excavated materials will be carted away so as not to disturb the construction activities. Also, workers’ camp sites, quarry sites and burrow pits will be located and sited at designated locations. Access roads and diversions would also be sited and created. Construction materials such as cement, aggregates, sand, iron rods, wood and water will be moved to locations for the construction of culverts. Drains will be constructed either on both sides of the road or on one side beyond the road shoulders as may be required. The culverts may either be cuboid or trapezoidal in shape. 3 Operation Phase During the operation phase, the plan is for the Rural Road Maintenance Committees to work with their respective LGA Works departments in ensuring road maintenance. 4 Decommissioning Phase At this stage all burrow pits will be decommissioned as they would have been completely exploited. Burrow pits are to be restored (as near as possible) to their original states. However, the land owner or the community may decide that complete restoration to the original form is not necessary as they may need to store water for irrigated agriculture in borrow pits 3.5 Map and Pictures of the Project Routes The maps and pictures shown below are for the RAMP II project intervention routes in Niger state. The essence of the maps and pictures to this ESMP is notably to show some important social features and information that will be helpful during implementation of the ARAP and the project in general. The emphasis on the maps includes built up areas, names of settlements along the project corridor, locations of project affected assets/structures and water bodies. 14 Figure 2: Land Use Classification for Sullu Junction-Kabo Road Section 15 Figure 3: Land Use Classification for Wushishi-Makusidi-Bida Road Section 16 Figure 3: Land Use Classification Map for Sullu Junction-Kabo Road Section 17 Figure 5: Land Use Classification Map for Kuta-Kobwa-Kafa-Layi Road Section 18 Figure 6: Land Use Classification Map for Old Gawu-Tuna-Farin Doki Road Section 19 CHAPTER FOUR: BASELINE CONDITIONS 4.1 Introduction Niger State is located in north Central Nigeria with twenty- five local government areas. The state capital is Minna, and other major towns are Bida, Kontagora, and Suleja. The State lies on 10o 00’N 6o 00’E. The state capital is about 145 km from the Federal Capital Territory Abuja. The state is bordered to the North by Sokoto State, to the west by Kebbi State, South by Kogi, South-West by Kwara State. Kaduna State and the Federal Capital Territory border the State to both the North-East and South-East respectively. Also, Niger State shares an international boundary with the Republic of Benin in the Northwest. The States common boundary with the Republic of Benin is along New Bussa, Agwara and Wushishi Local Government Areas; and this has given rise to common inter- border trades between the two countries. Figure 1: Map of Niger State Showing its Local Government Areas and the Project Affected LGAs in yellow code 20 Niger State covers a total land area of 83,266,779 square kilometres which represents about 8% - 10% of the total land area of Nigeria. This makes it the largest state in the country. About 85% of the land is arable. The Southern Guinea Savannah vegetation covers the majority of the landscape of the state and is characterised by woodlands and tall grasses interspersed with tall dense floral species. However, within the Niger trough and flood plains, there are trees as tall as 24meters and as low as 17meters and a few oil palm trees. In some areas, traces of rain forest species can also be seen. Soil and Vegetation Niger State is characterized by alluvial soils considerable variations. The soil variations include Ku-soil and Ya-soil and could be used for agriculture and are rich in minerals for the manufacture of various products. Characteristics of the two soil tyes include: • The Ku-soil which is less erodible • The Ya-soil which has a better water holding capacity. Hydromorphic or waterlogged soils are largely found in the extensive flood plains of the Niger River which are poorly drained and are generally greyish or sometimes whitish in colour, due to the high content of silt. Ferosols which developed on sandstone formations can also be found within the Niger trough. Their characteristic red colour enriched with a clay sub soil is noticeable in the landscape. This sand type will be helpful during the road construction as it will form part of the materials used during compaction. Termite hills dot the landscape, particularly between Mokwa, Bida and Kontagora. These can be seen along the major highways in the state. Generally, the fertile soil and hydrology of the State permits the cultivation of most of Nigeria’s staple crops and still allows sufficient opportunities for grazing, fresh water fishing and forestry development. Climate Niger State experiences distinct dry and wet seasons with annual rainfall varying from 1,100mm in the northern parts to 1,600mm in the southern parts. The mean annual temperature increases northward from about 30oC to 37oC. This expected high levels and frequency of rains as well as dehydration resulting from high tempreture periods can affect work. These can be mitigated by selection of lower density period to commece work as well as constructing bridges to aid in movement of equipment and people. The maximum temperature is recorded between March and June, while the minimum is usually between December and January. The rainy season lasts for about 150 days in the northern parts to about 120 days in the southern parts of the State. Rainfall intensity ranges from 60mm/hr to 105mm/hr. Squall line weather conditions are also common resulting in the incidence of dense, dark cumulo nimbus clouds with thunder and lightning followed by strong winds and rainfall of very high intensity. Relative humidity within the state varies both temporally and seasonally, on the average due to the combined effect of the prevailing winds and solar radiation. Relative humidity could be as low as 20% at the peak of the dry season. Transportation in Niger State Niger state is connected to neighboring states like Kaduna, Kebbi, Zamfara, Kwara, Kogi, and Abuja, the capital of the country, by roads. The State is also connected by railroad to both Kano (through Kaduna) in the north; and Ibadan and Lagos in the south west, (through Ilorin). The state has other cities with an Airport in Minna. However, the state is faced with transportation problems. Nevertheless, internal transportation is limited, as Ojo et al, (2013) noted that the major constraint of the state among farmers is lack of transportation. In light of the above, the farmer is confronted with the problem of product spoilage, poor market prices, and high cost of transport, among others. 21 The Geology of Niger State Niger State is covered by two major rock formations: The sedimentary and the basement complex rocks. The sedimentary rocks to the south are characterised by sandstones and alluvial deposits, particularly along the Niger valley and in most parts of Borgu, Bida, Agaie, Lapai, Mokwa, Lavun, Gbako and Wushishi LGAs. To the north is the basement complex, characterised by granitic outcrops or inselbergs which can be found in the vast topography of a rolling landscape. Such inselbergs dominate the landscape in Rati, Shiroro, Minna, Mariga and Gurara. A larger part of Niger state is within the Bida Basin. Three formations are recognised in the Nupe Basin. These formations are the basal Lokoja Formation, Patti Formation and the uppermost Agbaja Ironstone Formation. The Lokoja Formation rests unconformable on the Precambrian basement rocks and averages about 30m in thickness. The formation is made up of thin basal conglomerates overlain by predominant sandstone unit. The conglomerates consist of well-rounded pebbles and cobbles of quartz, feldspar and metamorphic/igneous rock fragments in a whitish kaolinitic to micaceous matrix. Sandstone units are mostly massive, medium- to coarse-grained (fining-upward) and exhibit small scale cross stratification. This will be important for the project as the construction materials will be sourced in the state and are readily available. Urbanization From in-depth interview, it was informed that in the last decade the settlements along the road corridors witnessed some degree of expansion involving building more houses as a result of the increase of the population of these communities. However, some of the expansions are not regulated and so, constructions were observed on marginal lands, close to flood plains of streams and rivers, too close to proposed road expansion corridors of minimum width of 8-10 meters and will require the demolition of some of the structures. It would appear as if most of the roads evolved from foot tracks and paths from field observation. Agriculture Niger state is one of the highly agricultural intensive states in Nigeria. The population is actively involved in producing many of the nation’s food stuffs such as yams, maize, soya beans, sesame (benniseed), millet, sorghum, rice, cowpeas and cassava. Over half of the state land area (about 14,742 square meters) is actively growing yams such that the state is noted to have the biggest yam market in West Afica at Paiko. Gurara tributaries of the Niger draining into the Kainji lake is Livestock rearing area, as this is the main transhumance route to the south part of the country by the nomadic Fulanis that also settle in within the forests. Grazing is a daily practice by the resident and migratory herds of cattle, goats and sheep. Mining After Agriculture, mining is the most entrenched and expanding occupational practice in Niger State. At present it will be difficult to estimate the size of land used for mining within the state as there are pockets of illegal mining activities going on in the state. This is because of the abundance of the mineral resources in the state. It was noticed however, that with the exception of few instances, most of the exploration and exploitation for minerals is still predominantly undertaken by peasant population using local and hazardous methods of boring deep mining shafts into the ground without adequate protection against shaft collapse. Some of the mining practices also include open cast mining where the land is deliberately stripped of its top cover to gain access to the mineral ores. In some instances, the ores and their tailings are mined from the river beds using some poisonous chemicals which wash into the river water to contaminate downstream environments and their pollution. Therefore, there is need for workers to apply caution while working in these areas. 22 Solid Minerals Niger state is blessed with some solid mineral resources distributed fairly in some of the formations within the state. They include Gold, Tlac, uranium, gemstones, feldspars and coal. 4.2 Baseline Environmental Conditions A summary of the general environmental conditions around the project area is presented below: Nature of Soil Three major soils types in the project area include the ferruginous tropical soils, hydromorphic soils and ferrosols. The most prominent soil type is the ferruginous tropical soils. The soil type is good for agriculture and as materials for road construction work. Geology/Terrain The State is covered by two major rock formations namely the sedimentary and basement complex. To the north is the basement complex characterized by granitic outcrops or inselbergs which can be found in the vast topography of rolling landscape. Such inselberg dominates the landscape in Rati, Shiroro, Minna, Mariga and Gurara. The region has high erosion potentials. Vegetation Niger has one of the largest and most fertile agricultural lands in the country. With only about 10% of the State’s arable land being cultivated. There is disappearance of traces of rainforest in the Niger trough and flood plains. Lumbering activities take place in the Southern Guinea Savannah zone. Rainfall The annual rainfall varies from about 1,600mm in the south to 1,200mm in the north. The duration of the rainy season ranges from 150-210 days or more from the north to the south. Flora: The identification of the flora was carried out physically on sites by an ecologist, while fauna/fishery inventories were accomplished by additional complimentary interviews of the locals. The floral species in the two ecological zones differ primarily only in terms of density and height. Appendix 3 shows the results of the inventory of the floral species along the respective road routes. Some of the important and major flora species identified are phyllerithus muellerianus, parinan polyandra, gmelina arborea, ximenia Americana and butyrospermum paradoxum. Fauna: After consultation with local residents and hunters within the area the wildlife species identified include: Mammals: Monkeys, Wildcats, Hare, Antelopes, Pig, Buffalos, Hippopotamus Birds: Doves, Cattle egret, Hawks, Bushfowls, Guinea fowls Rodents: Grass-cutters, Rats, Giant rats, Squirrels Reptiles: Crocodile, Snakes (of several species), Cobra, Vipers Fish: tilapia, catfish Local inhabitants acknowledged that there are several more species, which in recent times have virtually become extinct or rare, due to hunting and perhaps habitat loss. Such species include hyena and lion. Air Quality Baseline air quality assessment of the rural road was not a requirement in the TOR and therefore, was not measured. However, observations from the field, such as the activities of charcoal burning, the agricultural activities and local/ artesenal minings in the project areas may have altered the air quality in 23 the area. Noise Pollution The noise levels along the roads corridors are low because of the rural setting. The background noise limits recorded was 55dBA between 0600 and 2200 hours. This result did not exceed the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) noise level of 70dB or the World Health Organization’s limit of 85dB. 4.3 Baseline Sociological Conditions Tribes and Ethnic Composition Although there are three major ethnic groups (Nupe, Gbagyi, and Hausa) in the State, other tribal groups include - Kadara, Koro, Baraba, Kakanda, Ganagana, Dibo, Kambari, Kamuku, Pangu, Dukkawa, Gwada and Ingwai. The State also has numerous settlers from other parts of the Country. Leadership Patterns and Political Process The project area is governed at the apex by the Emir who has jurisdiction over an emirate. The emirate towns in the project area include Suleja, Bida, Kontangora and Borgu. However, the administrative hierarchy begins with the Ward Heads. The Ward Heads have social and political jurisdiction over the ward under them. The Ward Head reports to the Village Head. The village Head reports to the District Head who is answerable to the Emir. This order of administrative governance is followed in addressing civil and legacy disputes. Demographic Characteristics of the Project Area The population figure for 2016 projected at 3 percent growth rate for Niger state (National Bureau of Statistics) from 2006 as base year is 5,556,200. The Population, land Area and population density according to local Government Areas are shown in table 5 below. The dissagregated demographic features of the RAMP II project areas are summarized in a matrix as shown in the Table below. Table 8: Showing Demographics of the RAMP-2 intervention area LGA Land Area (Sq Population Km) 2006 2016 Gurara 1,126.3 90,974 127,700 Lavun 4,218.5 209,917 294,700 Rafi 3,558.7 181,929 261,500 Shiroro 5,558.0 235,404 331,100 Suleja 153.4 216,578 302,200 Tafa 222 83,544 117,800 Wushishi 1,779.4 81,783 114,900 Edati 1,752 159,818 224,500 Mariga 5,552 199,430 280,400 Mashegu 9,182 215,022 302,300 Katcha 1,681 122,176 169,800 Borgu 11,267 171,965 242,800 Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2016) 24 Marital Status, Family Size, Educational Level and Income Pattern amongst Respondents) Analysis of the field survey data shows that about 9 out of every 10 respondents are married while others are either not married or have separated from marriage. The married people among the respondents are associated with large number of children. Family size is ranked by 2-5 (small size), 6-9 (middle size), and 10-13 and above (large size). The outcome of the survey shows that 85 percent of the respondents belong to the category of 6-9 family size. The study showed a relationship among family size, educational level and respondent’s income status as shown in figure 2. 14 and above Between 10 and 13 Between 6 and 9 Between 2 and 5 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Secondary Primary No Basic Education Figure 2: Histogram showing Family Size and Education level; Source: Field survey (2018) 25 Primary Sources of Livelihood Farming is the dominant means of livelihood for the people of the project area. Survey carried out within communities of project intervention shows that farming is the primary livelihood for 350 (63%) out of 554 respondents. This information is shown in the pie chart below. FROM SAMPLED RESPONDNETS Employees, 30, 5% Artisans, 54, 10% Traders, 120, 22% Farmers, 350, 63% Figure 3: Occupation within the project area; Source: Field survey (2018) Religious Affiliation The people of the project area are predominantly Muslims. The proportion of Muslims to Christians based on field survey was 75% (Muslims) to 25% (Christians). Gender Relations and Involvement Field survey shows that women in the project area are subjects to their husband’s authority and often do not mingle in community leadership matters and are usuallyengage in farming and petty trading. The socio-cultural, religious or traditional laws and regulations do not preside them of asset acquisition or ownership. However, the women are not restricted by cultural or religious laws from ownership of assets including acquisition and participation in farming and trading activities. Amenities in the community Amenities common across the project areas are primary schools and primary health centers. Many of the communities are connected to the national grid but experience regular power outage. Source of Drinking water in many of the communities is community manual operated boreholes but some communities also drink from rivers and streams. This goes to show that the contractor will have to make adequate arrangement to source for water during construction. The use of tankers to fetch water from the rivers and streams will be a better option. Transportation Field observation and consultations with those met along the road revealed that major means of transportation for the villagers to and from the market or neighbouring villages is by motorcycle. Other 26 means of transportation include vehicle (pick-up van), bicycle and by foot (for those leaving nearby). Due to the poor nature of the road, movement of people and farm produces have become a problem over the years. This is more problematic during the rainy season as some sections of the road are flooded, making it difficult for movement. This in the long run affects cost of transportation. The poor conditions of the rural roads have led to the dominance of the use of motor cycles and increased cost of transport. The cost of transportation by motorbike ranges between N150-N500 per person while with farm produce can be between N500-N800 depending on the proximity of the village to the market. Transporting a bag of maize or guinea corn by motorbike for example, from Layi village to Kuta market is about N600/bag. However, transportation using pick-up van goes for about N300–N1000. These prices tend to increase during the rainy season by as much as 40-50% and are attributed to the poor access road. Traffic Counts Traffic counts were taken by the consultants at different strategic points along the roads to be rehabilitated. The points were selected based on proximity to the project site and also access to important areas such as market, schools, mosque etc. In the baseline survey the share of motor cycles was higher than the other modes in all the roads to be improved. This was followed by pick-ups and salons cars and minibuses. Generally, the traffic was very light during the baselines survey due to the bad nature of the roads and the inability to link the various communities together due to rivers (no bridges) and flood plains. The baseline survey was conducted during off farming season when most people in the various communities tend to be idle and movements are limited. The survey was carried out over a 6- hour period. The dominant means of transportation on the roads during the baseline survey were Motorcycle (34) pick-up truck (26), Mini-buses (06) and Bicycles (09). Travel Time The travel time on the Kutigi - Dasun - Tashan Hajiya road (56 km) by pick-up vans is about 3 hours. The Agwara - Mago - Shafaci road of 43.66 km takes almost 4 hours due to the bad conditions of the roads. From the baseline survey, the purpose for which road users made their journeys ranges from going to markets, farm, hospital, social work and education Settlement Pattern The settlement patterns along the road corridors are largely nucleated, showing a strangely ribbon appearance along the road alignments, possibly for easy access to road transportation. In some cases, the road alignment is encroached upon by structures like buildings, perimeter fences, trees, etc (see Table 3.1). Several small pastoral Fulani or semi-settled Fulani camps have also sprung up on the routes. Typical settlements are composed of concentrated clusters of residential dwellings with the remaining areas being either farms or long-standing fallows. Information obtained shows that there is a steady emigration from villages to rapidly growing trading centers of the LGA and State capital. The pull factor of these two areas is probably employment opportunities (mainly in the informal sector) associated with urbanization. Agricultural Production Agriculture remains the dominant economic activity in the communities. About 80 percent of the respondents in the baseline survey are farmers. Their farming is predominantly subsistence. However commercial production exists but not maximized because the farmers lack basic farm implements and have no knowledge of new farming systems. Basic crops produced within the project area include Maize, Cassava, Guinea corn, Rice and Yam. Farmers do not have access to improved seedlings. Therefore, the productivity of an average farmer during the base line survey is very low. One farmer told us that he barely produces three bags of 100 kg of maize which hardly sustains him and his family for the year. Majority of the respondents are using cutlass and hoes with little use of herbicides and fertilizer in their farms. The use of tractors and animal traction was minimal, rather hand plowing/ridging was the dominant method used during the baseline survey. 27 Present Conditions of the Roads The roads in their present conditions are dilapidated earth roads with pavement widths hardly wide enough to accommodate a single vehicle. Because of the rainfall conditions of the state, erosion is very common on the stretch of roads with medium to high slope, some developing into gullies in some segments. Motor bikes are the main means of vehicular movement of persons, goods and services. Majority of the roads are low lying in comparison to the general terrain. As a result, in segments where the roads are relatively flat or are of gentle slope, they receive deposits of sand that impede movement especially in the dry season. Also, other segments of the roads (low to medium slopes) are extensively eroded creating rills and gullies which constitute major impediments to traffic. In some of the road segments, road infrastructures in the form of culverts and bridges are available but the extent of erosion has rendered them unusable. Evidence of this exists along the Pandogari-Bassa- Gurmana – Erena road where box and ring culverts of up to 12m width abound, suggesting the original road width. Some segments of this road still retain the road width despite the encroachment by weeds and shrubs and pavement failures. Under such conditions, the few vehicles plying the road use farmlands and adjoining areas to the roads as diversions to distorted roads. It is also typical for the road to meander through a hedge of trees and shrubs or even hills and slopes to avoid the eroded pavement. The present roads’ conditions in turn determine the volume of traffic that ply the roads. This was found to be very low (even on market days), despite the abundant agricultural produce in these areas. For example, despite the abundance of yams at Masaka, Madaka (Rafi LGA) the very bad road conditions has necessitated buyers of yams from far away Lagos to use pick-ups and small trucks to transport their yams to trailers or articulated vehicles parked at Kagara. It is easier in the dry season for vehicles to move on these roads. It was reported that during the rainy season, communities are cut off due to lack of culverts and bridges over streams and rivers along the road corridors. Because of the very bad condition of the roads, the cost of transportation costs between the villages and towns within the areas served by the roads is very high. For example, between Kagara and Madaka (Rafi LGA), the cyclists charge N2,000.00 per person (for a maximum of three per motor bike) for a one-way trip for a distance of 33km in the dry season while this is increased to N3,000.00 per person in the rainy season. Figures 17 illustrate the road surface conditions at different levels of deterioration; and Table 9 shows the road by road environmental conditions and the observed safeguard issues at each location Figure 4: Road Conditions at Madaka 28 Re Table 9: Baseline Sociological Conditions along the Road Routes S/No Road Major Findings 1. Maitumbi - Pina – Kuta • People farm yam, maize, cowpea • Sell produce at Gunu and Kuta Markets (transportation cost by okada isN300 in rainy season and N150 in dry season • Process groundnut into Kwulikwuli and g/nut oil • Women own stacks of firewook for domestic use • Women agric cooperatives exists (Ayenuje, Zomolo women Cooperatives) • They practiced e-wallet farm input programme 2. Sullu Junction – Kabo • People are farmers and civil servants. They have one general Hospital and some mines • Transport is by motorcycle posing the challenge of transporting pregnant women to the nearby hospital/health center • The Youths complained of no cooperative societies and CBO and therefore no control over their mineral resources 3. Old Gawu - Lefu Junction • People are predominantly Gwari or Gbagyi • They have boreholes and rivers • Nearest market at Farin Doki which is very far and therefore have transport problems • Available old tarred road in very bad condition • Women have firewood stacks and engage in dawadawa processing 4. Daku Bridge - Sabo Dikko • Women have firewood stacks and engage in dawadawa processing 5. Kuta - Kobwa - Kafa – Layi • Women have firewood stacks and engage in dawadawa processing 6. Old Gawu - Tuna - Farindoki • Women have firewood stacks and engage in dawadawa processing Re S/No Road Major Findings 7. Pandogari - Bassa-Gurmuna-Erena • The people farm yam and rice, and are mainly Christains • Major markets are accessed at Bassa and Kuta mainly by motor cycle and by foot • School and Hospital exists only at Erena • Gurumana is a junction for a road to Minna Madaka.Kadara and Erena Ajata Aboki • In Gurumana, women do dry-season farming by digging out water from the dry riverbeds. • Culturally the women do not farm, but process g/nut and dawa in Ajata Aboki 8. Kagara-Madaka • Yam market exists in Madaka. People from Abuja and Lagos come there to buy yams • Women do dry season farming in Guma road, using dry river Rafin Alhaji Bako • Fadama rice farm exist in Rafin Wayam • They go to Hospitals and schools in Kagara which is remote to most communities • Kagara people go to process charcoal from forests in Rubo Community 9. Wushishi-Makusidi-Bida Road • The area covers part of the Upper Niger basin irrigation scheme • Dominant ethnic group is Nupe • Schools, Hospital and Markets exist in Kanko Tokudo • No boreholes, has dirty rivers and streams • Women treat drinking water with alum 10. Doko-Gaba-Sheshi • In Sheshi, women process melon as the most dominant trade 11. Doko – Emigugbagi-Jebo • Bore hole was sighted at Doko-Emigugbagi community • The people farm g/nut, millet and rice • Women are mainly farmers, and they also process shear butter and g/nut oil 12. Baddegi-Ebba-Kataeregi • Road is very sandy 30 Re S/No Road Major Findings 13. Bida-Gaba-Busu-Eloni • Rice and fish farms and rice mills were encountered in Eloni • Pay N2000/N1500 to Bida during rainy/dry season respectively due to bad road • There exist transport by canoe from Kwara State passing through Eloni to Bida • The new road will ease out most transportation problems 14. Patibokungi-Jebo-Angasa • Patibokungi is the road terminus and a market area 15. Kataeregi-Gbangba- Lemu • Gbangba Lemu community has many rivers/streams without culvert or bridges 16. Gulu-Evuti-Lambata • Women process gari and locust bean at gunu lambata • At Zabbo Community, women were seen knitting grasses for roofing of huts and has erosion sites on the existing roadways • Plant yams in between trees at Guragi 17. Kutigi-Dasun-Tashan Hajiya Road • Yam market was seen in Bangi community and another community market in Tashan Hajiya Road 18. Wuyankantin-EtsuTasha- Kpatagi • Wuyankantin has many rivers/streams without culvert or bridges 19. Fellegi-Shafini • Women do not farm directly, but they process g/oil, shire butter etc • Market at Jika far from • Fellegi and Shafini • Route goes through Kebbi to Sokoto 31 Re 20. Luma-Shagunu • Women farm g/nut and process shear butter • Main ethnic groups are Laru, Kambari and Dukawa and Fulani • Have one primary school, one hospital built by GEF/World bank • Nearest Market is at Shagunu at the termanal of the route S/No Road Major Findings 21. Agwara-Mago-Shafaci • At Masani, people here have little farming activities, but they keep, camels, and sheep • At Utula Community they are mainly Hausas and Kambari • They farm millets and keep animals • At Mago, women produce pito from millet. • They have boundary with Kebbi State 22. Rijau-Genu-Magaman Daji • Rijau community has big market. • Most women in this community farm guinea corn, maize and rice • Other women engage in local trade and handiwork 23. Gulbin Boka-Ragada-Bangi • Ragada is dominated by Hausa and Kambari ethnic groups • Few settlements exist on this road 24. Kontogora-Ibanga-Rafin Gora • Dominant group is Hausa • Women do not engage in direct farming but process gnuts for oil • Major market is in Kontogora • At Masaha community maize, beans, sugar cane and g/nut farms abound • This route is on the way to Lagos 32 Re 25. Sahorami-atani-Mashegu • They keep cows and sheep in large numbers • Mainly hunters • They farm millets and maize • Dominant group are Hausa, Dusawa and Kambari 33 Re CHAPTER FIVE: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 Introduction The methodology used for identifying the likely impacts of the Niger State RAMP II project on the environment, the impact significance and magnitude were quantitatively assessed where possible, using appropriate indicators and models. Similarly, the scope and duration of the likely impacts were assessed. 5.2 Identified Potential Impacts (by Project Phases) After field investigations of the local environment of road routes and the neighbouring communities, as well as a thorough evaluation of the road projects’ characteristics, three categories of likely impacts are identifiable: Major, Minor and Low impacts. Pre-Construction Phase A. Environmental Impacts Positive • Prior to the commencement of the road construction works, a feasibility study and environmental assessment are required to describe the proposed project needs, aid project design, and ensure environmental and socio-economic sustainability of the project and the project community. • The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize the stakeholders in the project command area and beyond on the environmental safeguards components of the project. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive impact, as it will form a basis for project design and implementation of decision-making. Negative a. Air Quality • The pre-construction phase will give rise to fugitive dusts and frequent exhaust emissions into the atmosphere as equipment is delivered to the Site and along access roads where the proposed rehabilitation works will take place. b. Soil • Leakages may occur from stacked equipment containing oil such as engine oil. This could result in the seeping-through of oil into the soil, thereby leading to possible contamination of soil, surface water and ground water. • Soil compaction and soil structure changes may occur due to influx and stationary positioning of heavy duty equipment and vehicles 34 Re Surface Water • Leakages may occur from stacked equipment containing oil such as engine oil. This could result in surface water contamination by run-off. c. Noise and Vibration • During the pre-construction activities the WHO/FMEnv permissible noise level (90dB) may be exceeded due to mobilization of heavy machinery to the rehabilitation site. B. Social Impacts Positive • The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize stakeholders in the project command area and beyond on the social safeguards to ensure project sustainability. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive impact, as it will form a basis for project concept decision-making and implementation. Negative a. Land Acquisition • Possible unresolved issues during land acquisition process from members of the community which may result in conflict between contractors and land owners. • Hostile and unfriendly community attitudes during land acquisition process. • Decrease in accruable income from land b. Noise • Noise from heavy-duty project vehicles and equipment may exceed the WHO/FMEnv acceptable noise level limits, resulting in nuisance. c. Others • Possible disruptions of movement of residents within the project area to places of work, and businesses, as a result of movement of equipment and materials along access roads, resulting in loss of man-hours and negative perception of the project amongst road users and residents. • Properties particularly farmlands may be accidentally damaged or destroyed during the movement of heavy duty vehicles and equipment. • Accidents involving vehicles or pedestrians may occur during vehicle and equipment movement to site. C. Occupational Health and Safety 35 Re Positive • During the pre-construction phase, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) awareness programs will be conducted. Awareness programs and interactive sessions will benefit primarily the contractors’ personnel, schools, residents and businesses. Guidelines on safe practices and safe behaviours will be made available to these groups in order to minimize the occurrence of occupational incidents or accidents in the course of implementing project activities Negative • During the pre-construction phase air pollution from exhaust fumes of vehicles and release of fugitive dust as a result of equipment moving to the work area may occur. This will pose an occupational health risk (respiratory infections and diseases), especially for people residing in and carrying out activities around the project rehabilitation area and also, contractor personnel, and personnel conveying equipment. • Exposure to noise pollution, injuries and accidents during movement of equipment to the work areas. Construction Phase A. Environmental Impacts Positive • Channelization of flood waters: Drainage channels will be constructed to channel storm water. • Re-vegetation activities will be carried out, to provide cover for the eased out slopes, channels, chute and the stilling basin. The structured vegetation to be applied include sand bags, erosion resistance trees, plants and grasses in other to make the area environmental friendly and to improve the aesthetic of the project area. • Stabilization (even out/ uniformity) of the slopes, where feasible to prevent further collapse of the road Negative a. Climate Change • Climate change impacts need to be assessed from two perspectives. Firstly, the impact of the project on climate change and secondly the impact of climatic change on the project scheme and its infrastructure. • Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from vehicular and construction equipment would be generated during the pre-construction, construction and subsequently, operational phases of the project. These emissions would be the primary impact of the project on climate 36 Re change. GHG emissions are considered based on three “scopes” – Scope 1 (direct emissions), Scope 2 (indirect emissions) from the consumption of purchased energy [Purified Motor Spirit {PMS}, diesel] and Scope 3 (other indirect emissions) b. Air Quality • Emission of Green House Gases, Dust and Particulates: Emissions from exhaust fumes will originate from mobile sources including vehicles, trucks and heavy equipment during construction works. • Excavation and other civil works will lead to the increase in fugitive dust. • Civil works will cause changes in the air and atmospheric conditions of the project area and surrounding environment. Fugitive dusts, machinery exhaust fumes [nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons and suspended particulates], and dusts from rehabilitation/construction activities will impact negatively on air quality. Air pollution from machineries will be short-termed, moderate and localized. c. Soil • Construction machinery stationed and moving around the area can create soil compaction, which may harm the soil’s future potential as farmland, impair drainage and increase the risk of flooding. • Excavation and compaction activities through construction works will alter the soil properties including loss of valuable top soils. • Accidental spillage of chemicals and fuels from the operation and maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will pose negative impacts to surface and future groundwater quality. d. Water Quality and Hydrology • Increased pressure on water resources during construction works • During construction works, seepage of fuel from machineries and effluent discharge into the watershed may occur, thus impacting on the water quality • During the rehabilitation works, there may be potential for sediment/contaminant laden water runoff to impact on water quality. The contaminants in water runoff may have the potential to enter existing drainage channels and into local watercourses, affecting downstream users and aquatic life. • Flood draining activities may introduce chemicals into water bodies leading to possible changes in water colour and pH levels, pollution and eutrophication in surface water. e. Noise and Vibration 37 Re • Most activities associated with road project starting from the pre-construction phase to the construction phase would generate relatively high levels of noise and would be mainly from heavy equipment. The noise levels generated by construction equipment would vary significantly, depending on such factors as type, model, size, and condition of the equipment, operation schedule, and condition of the area being worked. Accordingly, potential impacts of site monitoring and testing activities on ambient noise level would be expected to be temporary and intermittent in nature. • Vibrations resulting from construction equipment may cause further soil destabilization and consequent erosion. f. Waste • Construction activities will lead to the production of solid wastes - soil excavated debris, metal scraps, plastics, wood, waste concrete, papers and cartons, etc. • Increased generation of liquid waste – concrete washings, canal watering, etc. • Construction crews may generate solid and liquid wastes (sewages). Uncontrolled and untreated, these wastes are major sources of pollution, disrupting the ecosystem and contributing to local (and sometimes much broader) health problems. g. Flora and Fauna • Alteration of habitat and biodiversity may occur, due to human activities and disturbance on the natural habitat. Site clearing will lead to loss of species diversity and abundance, including soil organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria. It will also lead to loss of food sources, fauna habitat, breeding grounds and nesting sites. • Reduction in the number of native wildlife • During mobilization of equipment, construction activities such as grading, dredging, filling, excavation etc., Weed invasion/proliferation of opportunist species (weeds & pests) may occur. h. Topography • Scarification of natural landscape of the project site. B. Social Impacts Positive a. Employment 38 Re • Employment of skilled and unskilled labour will be promoted. Artisans and professionals from the project area will be provided contractual employment during this phase. This will help promote community goodwill. b. Economic Benefits • This phase will encourage economic activities within and around work areas. Petty traders, food vendors and other small businesses will benefit from the demands at the work site. c. Waste Management • The construction phase will see to the implementation of a viable waste management plan for project activities. d. Occupational, Health and Safety • Occupational health and safety efforts will be intensified during the construction phase as signage, warning and hazard signs will be put up to inform residents and others, about the on-going rehabilitation works in sensitive areas. • The phase will encourage the conduct of Occupational Health Risk Assessment (OHRA), Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), Hazard Communication Program (HAZCOM), OHS trainings and other proactive safety strategies (fulfilling the social and fiscal imperatives) which will help reduce the occurrence of on-site incidents/accidents and the resultant burden of direct or indirect compensation costs. Negative a. Impact on Livelihood/Community Activities/Social Stress • During the rehabilitation works there are bound to be restriction in movement, which will affect residents and business owners in the project area. • Gully rehabilitation activities may disrupt use of access roads by other users including travellers. There may be occurrences of traffic congestion on access roads as a result of intermittent movement of equipment and materials into and from the rehabilitation work area. There is high likelihood that when moving these equipment and personnel along these roads, the transport activities of the community could be disrupted and this could have impact on the socio- economic activities of the community. • Flooding in other areas may occur during construction activities (construction of drainage), which can lead to destruction of lands, and properties. • Human Displacement: Civil, re-vegetative, and watershed management may require the relocation of surrounding residents and their sources of livelihood. 39 Re • Social unrest as a result of non-participation/hiring of locals in the construction/ rehabilitation project. b. Social Vices • The project will attract a significant workforce. Associations between workers and local residents may lead to casual sexual relationships, thereby increasing the risks of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV • Vices such as theft, drug use, casual sex (with minors, prostitutes, etc.), small scale gambling, rape, etc., may arise due to the influx of project workforce into the area. c. Health and Safety • Incidences of respiratory conditions and respiratory diseases (silicosis, asthma, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections may occur due to air contamination by exhaust fumes and dust resulting from civil works. • Possible spread of water borne diseases may occur. • Possible outbreak of HIV/AIDS and other STDs. • During construction activity through creation of pools of stagnant water there may be an increase in malaria cases • Exposure of workforce to attack by poisonous insects, reptiles and other dangerous wild animals. These attacks could result in injuries, poisoning or even death. • The frequency and incidence of occupational hazards may rise with during construction activities. • Accidents may occur during the construction phase as a result of increased vehicular movements d. Noise and Vibrations • This phase will cause noise and vibration nuisance e. Waste • The construction phase will give rise to increased generation of waste from construction activities f. Archaeological and Cultural Loss • Construction works may impact on sensitive sites such as shrines, graves etc. g. Conflict 40 Re • Conflict may arise between community members and contractor. This may hinder or slow down project implementation activities. h. Traffic • Existing travel patterns will be negatively impacted during the construction phase of the project. C. Occupational Health and Safety Negative • In the course of rehabilitation works, there would be a moderate to severe likelihood of the occurrence of workplace hazards. Activities using heavy and light equipment such as graders and bulldozers could predispose personnel to hazards. “Unsafe behaviours” and “unsafe conditions” will pose serious occupational health and safety risks. • Contact with natural hazards such as animals, insects, poisonous plants and reptiles. Operational Phase A. Environmental Impacts Positive • Improved access road for between villages in the communities. This will immensely benefit community residents and other road users. • Stabilization of the eroded road sections, this preventing further erosion from occurring. • Aesthetic modifications will promote good ambience within the gully erosion. • Availability of water (in the stilling basin) for agricultural use. • Control and reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion. • Promotion of afforestation programs Negative a. Water Quality • Roadway runoff, wastes (municipal solid wastes, agricultural wastes, effluent, hazardous wastes etc.) may cause turbidity, changes in water colour and in pH levels. b. Odour 41 Re • Release of foul smell from the drains, chute as a result of runoff/storm water containing decaying matter. c. Blocked Drains • There may be sediment laden run-off/storm water which may block the collector drains whereby affecting water flow. B. Social Impacts Positive a. Livelihood • Proper erosion and watershed management as flood waters and run-off will be controlled. • Increase in project area development and business opportunities • Improved access between villages and communities thus increasing social interactions. Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of livelihood. • Improved agricultural productivity within the community and Niger state at large. • Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production systems and agricultural practices. • Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides and erosions. b. Education • Increase in community development programs c. Traffic • Increase in traffic within the roads and access roads of the project Negative a. Loss of Employment • At the end of the project lifetime the project workforce will be demobilized. This will bring about loss of jobs for the project workers. This will translate to loss in income and business opportunities. Most of the small-scale businesses that provided goods and services to the road crew members will either windup or experience significant reduction in the volume of business with the demobilization of the project and this too will translate to loss of income 42 Re b. Air Quality • Increase vehicular emissions from road users c. Waste • Indiscriminate dumping of waste may lead to blocking of drainage channels and sanitation issues. d. Conflict • There may be land use conflict in managing the construction site e.g. ecological, grazing and farming e. Health and Safety • The burrow pits could become a breeding site for disease vectors e.g. flies and mosquitoes. Possible spread of water borne diseases (e.g. Cholera, Dysentery, Amoebiasis, Salmonellosis etc.) may occur. • Increase in respiratory problems amongst local residents as a result of increase in road users. • Increase in vehicular accidents along constructed/rehabilitated access roads. C. Occupational Health and Safety Positive • Implementation of site-specific occupational health and safety management plans (OHSMPs) • Monitoring for occupational health and safety risk assessment (OHSRA) report data. • Continuous job hazard analysis and process hazard analysis (JHA and PHA) • Implementation of a hazard communication program (HazCom) • Reduced direct and indirect costs as a result of pro-active safety strategies. • OHS Training • PPE availability Negative 43 Re • There may be flood risk associated with the drainage. This is likely to occur when the runoff level of the drainage exceeds the drainage size. • Injury of workers and the public during the operation and maintenance activities. 5.3 Nature and Summary of Impacts This sub-section summarizes nature of impacts as a result of the proposed roads construction/rehabilitation. It also discusses the mitigation measures considered appropriate for the management of some of the impacts that are negative or adverse to the environment and society. Below is a summary table of the envisaged negative and positive impacts; Table 10: Summary of Impacts S/N POSITIVE IMPACTS NEGATIVE IMPACTS 1 Ground Water recharge: During the construction Increased Air Pollution: Air pollution will result as of the roads, burrow pits will be established to a result of the generation of dust particles and exploit road base and sub base materials. The pits vehicular/machinery emissions. Also increase in will subsequently serve as runoff traps to vehicular traffic on the roads would result in ultimately detain such runoffs in pools which increased dusts and emissions of carbon gradually seep into the ground water to recharge monoxide, hydrocarbon particulates, Nitrogen it. Dioxide, Ozone, and some carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 2 Ecosystem Modification and Encouragement of Creation of Respiratory Difficulties and other Biodiversity: The establishment of the these run Health Abnormalities: Dusty Air pollution that off traps in the burrow pits will encourage a result during construction and operation of earth change of the ecosystem from terrestrial to roads as envisaged in these projects are likely to aquatic system resulting in the encouragement of generate respiratory difficulties and other health diverse population of faunal and flora species, related challenges to the workers and users of thereby increasing the biodiversity along the road the roads. corridors. This is a positive impact of regional spread or scope, strategic in importance, long term in duration and irreversible in nature. 3 Improvement in the Visual appeal of the Roads: Heat fluxes: In addition to the air pollution The roads are presently narrow and highly eroded during and after the roads have constructed and in most segments and in other segments they are are under operation, the increased vehicular filled with sand deposits. The projects will cause traffic along the roads is expected to result in these to be widened and well paved with stable increased heat fluxes which could affect the sub base and base materials. Subsequently, the transpiration of plants in the narrow strip roads will be fully finished with a relatively bordering the roads. Therefore, there may be resistant pavement layer that can withstand rapid poor performance of crops in adjacent farms to wear by vehicles plying them. This will increase these roads that will drastically affect their the aesthetic quality of the roads and in addition productivity. increase the passing and stopping sight distance minimizing the risks of accidents. 4 Aquatic Ecosystem Modification: The Noise Pollution: The construction of these roads improvement of the roads’ conditions will result will require the deployment of heavy equipment in channelling most of the runoff along the road many of which will generate noise that is corridor. As a result, there will be increase in significantly higher than the normal background 44 Re sediment load and transportation into drainage noise levels. During the operation stage, the streams and rivers when volumes of runoff volume of vehicles plying the road will also increase especially during the rainy season. generate noise that is significantly higher than these background noise levels especially on market days when the volume of traffic is bound to be significantly highest. 5 Improved Access: The construction of these roads Erosion: The construction of a road increases the projects will increase the capacity of their run-off and hence reduces infiltration of rain capacity to accommodate more traffic and water into the ground. Given that Niger State is enhance faster movement of traffic than the relatively humid and with often torrential rains in existing deteriorated and dilapidated conditions. the region, soils are very easily eroded especially The construction will result in improvement for at the slopes. This direct loss can threaten the these roads and will further guarantee very entire road if not adequately managed. smooth movement of traffic through them. It will also Facilitate Access to Basic Needs at household level such as ease of getting to health centres, farms and other areas of production, markets, food processing centres and also positively contribute to the ability of the households to fulfill their social and religious obligations within and outside their communities. 6 Gain in Travel time (Savings in Travel Time): There Biodiversity loss: Construction activities including would be a significant reduction in the time corridor vegetation clearing and soil taken to travel along the roads and the local compactment could lead to biodiversity loss. government’s headquarters and even between communities along the road as a result of the widening and straightening of bends and reduction in the gradient of some of the hilly sections. These would translate to an increase in the time saved travelling on these roads. 7 Swift and Improved Movement of Goods and Displacement of people: As the roads are laid out Services: The improved access would not only along existing paths and tracks widening them make for the easy movement of people within will result in issues of obstruction of the roads’ the area and beyond but also adequately and right of way. Such obstruction occurs in the form efficiently enable the supply and distribution of of houses, utilities and commercial investments farm inputs to the rural farmers (where it is in the form of shops and sheds. mostly needed) and swift aid the movement of farm produce to the markets far and near as well as the distribution of factors of production including manpower such that there will efficient distribution and access to basic infrastructure and goods. 8 Boost to the Local Economy: With Improved road Accidents: Accidents are unfortunate occurrence conditions and easy movement of goods and on roads after development, due to human services, local market will be easily visited by factors. Usually, Pedestrians, cyclists and other traders from far and near, thereby contributing to road users constitute the vulnerable groups to the buying and selling in these markets. The vehicular accidents. Accidents could become economic effects of well patronized and more common because of fast moving vehicles easily accessed market will result in boosting the colliding with construction materials and sites of markets and the local economy which will constructing road platforms such as culverts, 45 Re subsequently translate to improved standard of bridges and excavation fill materials. Similarly, living. poor visibility as a result dusts laden atmospheric air during construction stage, can cause accidents with pedestrians. 9 Reduction in Cost of Operation and Maintenance Security Risk: Improved mobility will enable of Vehicles: Improved road surfacing and prompt persons of dubious character ease of mobility repairs of failures on the road will significantly from far and near into communities along the reduce the wear and tear of vehicles. Similarly, roads’ corridors. Thus, the security risk in the the reduction in the average travel time will area traversed by the road will increase. result in reduced cost of operating vehicles. 10 Reduction In the cost of Transportation: With the Influx of non-local labor and working conditions improvement in the roads’ condition, more issues may occur and lead to risks such as vehicles will be attracted to ply the roads workers’ sexual relations with minors and especially on market days. This will increase resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in traffic on these roads and hence transportation the community, the spread of HIV/AIDS, sexual costs on these roads will drastically reduce, harassment of female employees, child labor and making the cost of production and movement of abuse agricultural products to the market cheaper. 11 Employment Generation: During the construction Gender based violence may occur in the project phase of the project a large number of unskilled target areas including Intimate Partner Violence and a smaller but significant number of skilled (IPV), public harassment including verbal insults, labour would be required. New jobs would be physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood created both for skilled and unskilled workers practices and women and child trafficking during the construction phase. 12 Contribution to Agriculture: The roads would facilitate the movement of agricultural produce to markets. Similarly, agricultural inputs will be easily transported to these rural agricultural communities at cheaper rates and hence farmer would be encouraged to increase their productivity. This is a positive boost to agricultural production. 13 Gender Empowerment through Provision of Access: Construction of the road will further improve access to factors of production and market facilities. The case in point here is the access to markets for the female gender group to enable them sell their wares (processed foods and vegetables), to sustain and empower them. It is possible for the government to assist these women by training them in food and vegetable processing skills so that they can diversify their businesses. 46 Table 11: Site - Specific Negative Environmental Impacts with Mitigation S/N Negative Impacts Mitigation Location 1. Increase Air pollution during construction (dust) and • Water the roads regularly during construction phase and in dry season This is relevant in all locations operational phase (dust during the dry season and • Provide nose mask for workers use vehicular emissions) 2. Noise pollution from construction equipment and • Provide workers with protective gadgets (ear plugs, mask) Relevant in all locations operational phase, due to vehicular movement • Regular maintenance of construction equipment in line with international best practices • Provide ear mufflers for machines operators • Regulate workers shift to minimize exposure, not more than 8 hours a day with intermittent breaks 3. Erosion and borrow pits • Avoid creating or leaving steep slopes on sides of roads and where roads pass Pandogari - Bassa - Gurmana - Erena the base of broken hills road • Plant grass and trees in vulnerable areas Maitumbi - Pina - Kuta • Storm water should be channeled out far into the receiving stream • Burrow pits should be properly worked on • Excavation spots should be properly covered to avoid enabling erosion and mosquitoe breathing site 4. Surface water quality impairment • Minimise disturbance of top soil and vegetation cover during site preparation At locations with culverts. • Construct drainage out-fall adequately • Divert river channel when constructing culvert Table 12: Site - Specific Negative Socio-Economic Impacts with Mitigation S/N Negative Impacts Mitigation Location 1. 1) Displacement of persons (squatter traders) • Provide temporary trading areas for traders during road construction. Doko - Emigugbagi - Jebo road 2) Destruction of compound fence to create way • Adjust road alignment away from built-up areas. Wushishi - Makusidi - Boda road for road. Some trees be felled Doko - Emigugbagi - Jebo road • Pay compensation for trees and fence; and for 60m2 of land Wushishi- Makusidi-Bida Rd 3) Disruption of electricity supply due to moving of • Censitization of the communities ahead of time before the movement and the Junction electric poles and transformers contractors should ensure to refix the transformers and poles as soon as possible. 2. 1) Security Risk due to influx of undesirable elements • Establish day and night surveillance by members of the communities (youths) Relevant in all locations into communities • Establish more police posts 3. 2) Spread of communicable diseases due to • Mount public enlightenment campaigns on causation and prevention of Relevant in all locations increased interaction and likely sexual diseases including HIV/AIDS and Malaria or other diseases. intercourse between local population and visitors, transit persons, workers, etc. a) Accidents due to operation of construction • Ensure re-training of operating staff of machinery Relevant in all locations 4. equipment • Carry out regular safety drills b) Accidents due to increased vehicular traffic • Undertake regular maintenance of vehicles • Undertake regular road safety drills for both community members and drivers. • Install proper road safety signs • Install speed checks especially in the villages. 5. Obstruction of migrating wild-life and grazing • Identify the routes and provide protected crossings with clearly cattle identified entrances and exits. 48 S/N Negative Impacts Mitigation Location 8. Replacement of road cover (laterite or • This activity would most likely take place in the dry season. So, Along the road routes gravel) could result in dust; and noise from the road surface should be sprinkled with water regularly to especially in settlement areas. compaction equipment. reduce dust, compaction equipment should be adequately maintained (muffled), to reduced noise. Compaction should only be done during the day in order not to disrupt peoples sleep at night. Camp clinic should be stocked with medication and remedies for respiratory tract infections. Also, the right clinical staff should be employed. Workers to put on protective gadgets- mask and ear plugs. 49 CHAPTER SIX: LABOR INFLUX, GENDER BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) AND HIV/AIDS 6.1 Introduction This section is dedicated to discussion around critical potential social impacts which the implementers of the project must prioritize and mitigated. This does not undermine the need to mitigate other social and environmental impacts identified in the project. These key social areas are labour influx, gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS as discussed below: 6.2 Labor Influx It is believed that this project may face an influx of non-local labor and working conditions issues as skilled laborers might not be available in some of the project sites. Therefore, Niger RAMP will take concrete measures to mitigate potential labor influx-related risks such as workers’ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AIDS, sexual harassment of female employees, child labor and abuse, increased dropout rates from school, inadequate resettlement practices, and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labor practice, and lack of road safety. These risks require careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience and social cohesion. The SPIU will include mitigation measures such as: (a) assessing living conditions of workers’ camps and ensuring appropriate living conditions; (b) establishing proper agreement with host community on equipments staging area (c) establishing and enforcing a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan for implementation; (d) ensuring appropriate location for these camps; (e) taking countermeasures - indicated in the Social Management Plan - to reduce the impact of the labor influx on the public services; and, (f) devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunities for local population, including women. The Supervision Consultant shall be responsible for monitoring the contractor performance and adherence to the labor influx guideline and that of its Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) obligations, with a protocol in place for immediate, timely, mandatory and confidential reporting in case of incidents to project community. 6.3 Gender Based Violence Nigeria has ratified or acceded to the core international human rights treaties and is a party to the major regional human rights instrument which obliged States to respect, protect and fulfill human rights of all persons within the territory and subject to the jurisdiction of the State, without discrimination. Rape may violate several human rights obligations enshrined in the instruments ratified by Nigeria and is also a form of gender-based violence and a brutal manifestation of violence against women. As a State party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the “Maputo Protocol”), Nigeria has made legally binding commitments to exercise due diligence to combat gender-based violence and discrimination. Accordingly, Nigeria has an obligation to take all appropriate measures to prevent rape, ensure that there are adequate sanctions for rape in law and in practice, and ensure access to reparation 50 for the victims.1 Furthermore, several human rights instruments2 require Nigeria to take special measures to protect the rights of individuals who are vulnerable to sexual violence, namely women, children, and persons with disabilities. 6.4 International Treaties Relevant to GBV • The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (2004) • The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (2004) • The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) (1993) • The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1984) • The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1990), and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (2012) • International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1976) 6.5 Regional Treaties Relevant to GBV • The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) (1982) • The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) (2007) • The Protocol to the ACHPR on the Rights of Women in Africa (the “Maputo Protocol”) (2007) National polices • The National Action Plan for the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2009); • The National Gender Policy (2010) 6.6 GBV Risk Management Mechanisms GBV risks in the project target areas might include Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), public harassment including verbal insults, physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood practices and women and child trafficking. Development and implementation of specific GBV risk prevention and mitigation strategies, tailored to local contexts, will be critical. Therefore, SPIU will include in the bidding documents (‘pre-qualification’ and ‘employers’ requirements’) key principles and specific requirements to address GBV so as to reduce and mitigate the risks of GBV in the project. Such measures will include: i) GBV/SEA assessment of project; ii) Mandatory contractors’ code of conduct on sexual harassment; iii) Appointment of NGO to monitor GBV/SEA in RAAMP; v) Community and workers’ sensitization on GBV/SEA; vi) Provision of referral units for survivors of GBV/SEA; vii) Provisions in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for GBV/SEA prevention activities against evidence of completion; viii) Contractor and SPIU requirement to ensure a minimum target of female employment with incremental rewards of the obtainment of this target. 51 The following actions are recommended for immediate implementation: • Hiring a dedicated GBV/SEA specialist or retraining SLOs for the project, • Hiring NGOs at the state level to manage social risks associated with GBV/SEA in the project, • Building and improving FPMU/SPIUs, local communities and other relevant stakeholders’ capacities to address risks of GBV/SEA by developing and providing guidance, training, awareness, and dissemination of relevant GBV/SEA materials to communities, • Developing a clear RAMP specific internal “Reporting and Response Protocol" to guide relevant stakeholders in case of GBV/SEA incidents, • Strengthening operational processes of RAMP states project area on GBV/SEA, • Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services, • Developing Codes of Conduct for civil works contractors with prohibitions against GBV/SEA, • Strengthening consultations and operationalizing GBV/SEA specific grievance redress mechanisms, • Providing financial support implementation of the GBV/SEA actions described herein, including training and awareness building for various stakeholders, • Establishing inter-ministerial committee to advance GBV/SEA actions described above. 6.7 Social Impact Management Plan The following section summarizes the identified social impacts, necessary mitigation measures and the parties expected to play some form of roles in the implementation of the mitigation measures. 52 Table 133: Potential Mitigation Measures of Social Impacts Potential Mitigation Measures FPIU/SPIU Expected Project-specific – Adverse With Impact Contractor Support of the Broader Enabling World Bank Monitoring/ Environment Supervision Consultant ▪ Establishment ▪ Supportive • Inclusion of and operation relevant of an effective provisions in GRM accessible the ESMP and to community Legal members— Agreement; Follow GRM provision ideally with • Provision of involvement of advice on the community, expected or district level likely issues committee and based on Bank Community experience; Based • Implementation Organizations to support to facilitate early verify identification of compliance All Disputes problems and with the ESMP; targeted • Monitoring of mitigating GRM resolution interventions by rates and SPIU; identification of ▪ Establishment recurring issues and operation to discuss with of an effective SPIU GBV GRM accessible to community members and project contractors— ideally with involvement of the Ministry of 53 Expected Potential Mitigation Measures Adverse Contractor FPIU/SPIU World Bank Impact Justice and Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development to facilitate the discrete ▪ Provision of information to communities on the levels of GRM uptake and how to leverage of the system for redress at no cost to the complainant ; ▪ Monitoring and taking appropriate actions to ensure ESMP provisions are met; ▪ Inclusion of relevant provisions in the ESMP; ▪ Inclusion of relevant provisions in the SPIU contract. 54 Expected Potential Mitigation Measures Adverse Contractor FPIU/SPIU World Bank Impact ▪ Fair compensation • Ensure ▪ Supportive Ensure compliance for affected consultation with ▪ Niger RAMP structures and crops PAPs, obtain provide at current market permit, transfer prompt value title and funding for ▪ Provision of documentation implementatio compensation and n of RAP and assistance to the vulnerable groups restoration of ▪ Provision of income of differentiated PAPs. treatment for vulnerable people ▪ Signing of agreements with Land local authorities and acquisition for communities. the project ▪ Ensure the ownership of land is effectively established to mitigate the possibilities of taking land owned by women for public interest without ensuring the affected women are provided with land for land replacement option ▪ Awareness of ▪ Consultations with historical and and involvement of cultural nature of local communities the project area in project planning Risk of social when dealing with and conflict affected implementation communities, processes; ▪ Ensure that ▪ Awareness-raising communication tools among local portrays correct and community and 55 Expected Potential Mitigation Measures Adverse Contractor FPIU/SPIU World Bank Impact concise information workers. ▪ Provision of ▪ Ensure the information Contractor adheres regarding Worker to Workers code of Code of Conduct conduct and local ▪ Provision of cultural tradition, sensitization training for workers regarding engagement with local community. ▪ Provision of a one- paragraph Harassment Policy, as an addendum to the Contractor workers’ contract, to be signed as a commitment to adhere to Worker Code of Conduct and GBV prevention. ▪ Commitment to prioritizing the hiring of competent locals to the maximum extent to avoid inter or intra-community tension with migrant workers. ▪ Paying adequate ▪ Ensure assignment salaries for workers of adequate to reduce incentive enforcement staff; Increased risk for theft; ▪ Enforcement of of illicit ▪ Hiring of local laws on drug abuse behavior andworkforce; and traffic; crime ▪ Creation of ▪ Police monitoring (including supervised to prevent drugs prostitution, recreation areas in trafficking; theft and workers’ camp as ▪ Sensitization substance well as temporary campaigns for both abuse) rest areas at work workers and local 56 Expected Potential Mitigation Measures Adverse Contractor FPIU/SPIU World Bank Impact sites; communities. ▪ Cooperation with local law enforcement; ▪ Introduction of sanctions (e.g., dismissal) for workers involved in criminal activities; ▪ Provision of substance (drug and alcohol) abuse prevention and management programs for workers involved in the project site ▪ Hiring of young women in the project areas to mitigate the risk of prostitution and sexual transactions. ▪ pay wage equal to men and women on the basis of equal job performed and merit. • Provision of services ▪ Liaison with civil ▪ Investment in in the workers’ camp society community to reduce the need organizations to participation for workers to use create integrative and local community action plans; engagement Adverse facilities; ▪ Provision of programs. impacts on • Provision of upfront community entertainment and information on dynamics events for workers potentially within camp to detrimental reduce incentives for impacts on local mixing with local communities. community (Satellite Television, diner, 57 Expected Potential Mitigation Measures Adverse Contractor FPIU/SPIU World Bank Impact bar). • Restriction of public access to camps and construction areas to be managed by o assigning security personnel to manage access, o fencing of camps, o installation of appropriate signage • Contractor is to ▪ Provision of ensure the strict upfront implementation of information on Labor Management potentially Plan to minimize detrimental engagement with cultural impacts on the locals and to local communities ensure workers are ▪ Liaise with educated on the community-based Impact on local traditions and organizations to Community proper interactions. create integrative Cultural Actions disapproved action plans. Traditions by the communities or by their traditions must be corrected, improved and proper consultation must be held with the leaders to ensure satisfaction of redress mechanism. ▪ Contractor to hire ▪ Communications workers through a campaign to systematic process manage Influx of managed by the HR expectations and Additional office and avoid discourage Population hiring “at the gate” spontaneous influx 58 Expected Potential Mitigation Measures Adverse Contractor FPIU/SPIU World Bank Impact (“Followers”) to discourage of job seekers; spontaneous influx ▪ Coordinate with of job seekers and Local government migrant workers. to address this ▪ Development of a additional influx of detailed and site- the “followers” to specific labor influx ensure that no management plan. illegal and unsafe ▪ Prioritize the hiring settlements of the locals for develop; qualified skilled and ▪ Review and ensure unskilled work adherence to labor ▪ Train women in influx management variety of skilled and plan. non-skilled jobs such as operating construction equipment, involving them in supervisory jobs, inform communities of all hiring opportunities in construction areas. ▪ Vaccinating workers ▪ Establishment of ▪ Awareness against common and upgrade of health raising about locally prevalent centers at camp public health Increased diseases; and construction impacts from communicable ▪ In association with sites. This should labor influx. diseases the National AIDs be included in (including Control Program - contractor’s STDs and contract a HIV contract. The clinic HIV/AIDS) service provider to should be be available on-site; approved by MoH; ▪ Implementation of o Free testing HIV/AIDS education facilities; program; o Provision of ▪ Information condoms; campaigns on STDs o Monitoring of among the workers local and local community population in collaboration health data, in 59 Expected Potential Mitigation Measures Adverse Contractor FPIU/SPIU World Bank Impact WITH Niger State particular for Agency for Control of transmissible AIDS (NISACA). diseases. ▪ Mandatory and ▪ Capacity building ▪ Increased regular training for for local law security workers on required enforcement and presence in lawful conduct in the the Ministry of nearby project areas and Women Affairs and communities; legal consequences Social ▪ Reinforcement for failure to comply Development to of police force with laws; act on GBV where ▪ Commitment / policy complaints; needed; to cooperate with ▪ Information and ▪ Deployment law enforcement awareness raising of female agencies campaigns for police officers investigating community in project perpetrators of members, area; gender-based specifically women ▪ Application of violence; and girls; long-term ▪ Creation of ▪ Provision of community- partnership with information to the based Gender-based local offices of the stakeholders approaches to violence, Ministry of Women including address the including Affairs and Social intervention issue; sexual Development, NGOs communities ▪ Enforcement harassment, and community about the of laws on child abuse women groups to contractor’s sexual and report workers’ policies and violence and exploitation misconduct and Worker Code of human complaints/reports Conduct (where trafficking. on gender-based applicable). violence or harassment through the GBV GRM; ▪ Provision of opportunities for workers to regularly return to their families; ▪ Provision of opportunities for workers to take 60 Expected Potential Mitigation Measures Adverse Contractor FPIU/SPIU World Bank Impact advantage of entertainment opportunities away from rural host communities. ▪ Commitment to providing alternative work schedules or shifts to accommodate the hiring of more local female workers. This ensures they can carry out their domestic duties and avoid potential domestic abuse for reasons justified in the ESIA. Child labor ▪ Ensuring that ▪ Communication on ▪ Enforcement and school children and minors hiring criteria, of legislation drop out are not employed minimum age of on child labor. directly or indirectly 18, and applicable on the project. laws. ▪ In order to mitigate ▪ ▪ impact associated with age vulnerably, the contractor or social protection consultant (SPC) when conducting the Risk of assessment under marginalizing Performance Vulnerable Standard 1 (PS-1) Groups shall identify disadvantaged or vulnerable individuals or groups that will be directly or indirectly affected in the project area, and a process 61 Expected Potential Mitigation Measures Adverse Contractor FPIU/SPIU World Bank Impact whereby differentiated measures will be developed to address particular circumstances or needs of such individuals or groups. 62 6.8 Overview of HIV/AIDs in Nigeria and Niger State In 2016, Nigeria had 220 000 (150 000 - 310 000) new HIV infections and 160 000 (110 000 - 230 000) AIDS-related deaths. There were 3 200 000 people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 30% were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Also in Niger state (the project state) the Niger State Agency for Control of Aids (NISACA) report shows that about 32,550 persons were living with HIV/AIDS. Among this, NISACA stated that 17,944 representing 55% are receiving antiretroviral treatment. Among pregnant women living with HIV in Nigeria, 32% were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated 37 000 children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 24% had suppressed viral loads. Since 2010, new HIV infections have decreased by 21% and AIDS-related deaths have decreased by 6%. Nigeria’s HIV epidemic affects all population groups and geographic areas of the country. Nigeria is a Fast-Track country and its response is guided by the National Strategic Framework 2017 –2021, which aims at ending AIDS by achieving zero new infections, zero AIDS related deaths and zero discrimination. Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a priority. Stigma and discrimination is a major challenge, especially towards key populations and people living with HIV. It can be deduced from the overview of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria that, rural people are largely prone to the HIV/AIDS infection as a result of unprotected heterosexual sex which might be consequential upon the low level of campaign against HIV/AIDS in the rural settlements. Therefore, it is essential to make provision for a protective approach for inhabitants of the communities where RAMP will undergo road rehabilitation/construction project in order to prevent increasing spread of the diseases among the people. Risk: While the project can contribute significantly on combating HIV/AIDS and other diseases by providing access to health services and centers, the likelihood of the project attracting labor influx in the project area is high. This could increase contractor workers’ interaction with local communities which could also increase the likelihood of HIV/AIDS prevalence, STDs, sexual harassments of women and girls, exploitive sexual relations, illicit sexual relationships and crime. Mitigation Measure: All risks related to labor influx will have to be mitigated. Participation of project beneficiaries, project proponent and project contractors such as Community based grievance redress mechanism and contractors’ workers and consultant employees, in identifying mitigation and implementing measures is critical. The mitigation measure should include instruments such as “Labor Influx Management Plan” and “Workers Camp Site Management Plan”. 63 CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR THE RAMP II PHASE 2 ROADS PROJECTS 7.1 Introduction This environmental and socio-economic management plan would act as an abridged operational manual for the project with respect to environmental and socio-economic issues during implementation and operation. In practical terms, it details how the mitigation measures proposed should be carried out; and the responsibilities and frequencies of the actions. A Matrix table of the Environmental and Socio- Economic Management Plan is present in Table 14-16 7.2 Institutional Assessment and Arrangement for ESMP Implementation Table 13 provides a summary of institutions and their responsibility in implementing the ESMP. Table 14: Responsibilities of Key Stakeholders S/N Stakeholder Responsibilities Project Phase 1 SMEnV • Issue the necessary environmental permits, Preparation provide monitoring framework, enforce Execution regulations Demobilization 2 FPIU • Documents review. Preparation • Receive and consider regular project progress and Execution project performance report. Demobilization 3 SPIU • Co-ordinate all RAMP II projects, engage project Preparation consultants, monitor project execution, co- Execution ordinate maintenance activities Demobilization • Identify roads, co-ordinate resettlement activities/compensations. Co-ordinate local level road maintenance 4 SPIU • Review ESMP and ensure its compliance to the Environmnetal applicable policies of the Bank that the SPIU is and Social sufficiently informed on monitoring results of Safegurard the ESMP Officers • Verify that the baseline information of all PAPs have been carried out and that the valuation of assets lost or damaged, and the provision of compensation, resettlement and other rehabilitation entitlements has been carried out in accordance with the provisions of the policy framework and the respective inventory in the 64 S/N Stakeholder Responsibilities Project Phase ARAP prepared. • Oversee that the ESMP is implemented as designed and approved. 5 Consultant Design for road construction/rehabilitation, erosion Project Design (Design control, water management and other negative Preparation of Contract Engineers) impacts. Document Phase Incorporate suitable clauses committing contractor to execute his task with due diligence applying environmentally friendly methods. The document should include necessary monitoring and enforcement clauses consistent with best practices 6. Rural Roads • Provide quality control for site- specific All Phases Maintenance rehabilitation and construction works Committee • Facilitate liaisons with the SPIU on issues affecting (RRMC) works on selected roads • Facilitate conflict resolution between the Contractor(s) and community • Assess and evaluate the quality of work being done by the Contractor • Encourage efforts towards 7. Contractor(S) • Implement rehabilitation/construction works on roads • Ensure that all management staff including foremen, safety officer and site managers are conversant with environmental and socio- cultural Mobilization Phase issues of the RAMPII • Make sure that all staff above are informed about and fully understand environment-friendly construction methods relating to environmental sustainability. • Establish, operate and maintain construction camps and rehabilitate campsite after project Prepare and submit burrow pit management plans for approval by relevant authorities and consultant in good time before exploitation commences. Prepare, establish 65 S/N Stakeholder Responsibilities Project Phase and submit to consultant, waste management plan for all categories of wastes All Phases • Utilize/apply only environment friendly methods and equipment in the project. Take responsibility for the occupational health and safety of all persons at the worksites at all times and also implement measures that consider community safety during construction. 8 Supervising • Supervise the construction works Consultants • Ensure that the civil works is carried out by the contractors at different phases of the construction based on the given design 9 World Bank • Oversight in Quality control of project Throughout the project and AFD • Fund mobilization efficiency and effectiveness • Undertake Due diligence to ensure project environmental and social sustainability 10 NGOs’ • Work with community members throughout the Throughout the project CBOs’ project. • Drive community approaches to road maintenance • Be involved in the monitoring activities, participate in Health awareness campaigns 11 Community Express any concerns about the project both in the Throughout Project Members preliminary design and at any other phase of the Phase project including those not originally envisaged. Be prepared to participate fully in road maintenance activities. ✓ Be prepared to participate in community policing. ✓ Be prepared to participate in road construction work. ✓ Be prepared to participate in health awareness campaigns. 66 Table 15: Matrix Table for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost - Pre-Construction Phase Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators to monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility( Monitor (Mitigation) Monitoring) Environmen Air Mobilizat Increase in Sprinkling of Air quality 2-3km Air Twice monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1,000 t ion of amounts of water via parameters Radius quality Contractor SMENV, PIU, workers, fugitive dusts spraying are within of test ESO Contractor equipme and exhaust devices to limit permissible project nt and fumes from dusts. Limits area other movement of materials heavy-duty Ensure that Ensure that 2-3km Air Every two into the vehicles and vehicles are vehicles are Radius quality months project equipment serviced; serviced; of test site into work undergo undergo project areas. vehicle vehicle area emission emission testing (VET) testing (VET) and vehicle and vehicle exhaust exhaust screening screening (VES) as laid (VES) as laid down in the down in the NESREA NESREA guidelines. guidelines. Soil Mobilizat Loss of top Limit zone of Visible Project Visual Weekly Mitigation: ESO Nil ion of soil and soil vehicle and demarcation camp observa PIU and workers, compaction equipment of vehicles sites tion, Contractors equipme due to weight impacts and and Soil nt and movement of (designate an equipment equipm Compac other vehicles to area for limit zone ent tion test materials site and parking and Warning signs, packing into The stacking of stacking flags will be zones project heavy-duty equipment) utilized to site equipment alert users, so as to reduce risks 67 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators to monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility( Monitor (Mitigation) Monitoring) associated with the construction of the project Leakages Ensure Installation of Project Soil Weekly Monitoring: from stacked fastening of impermeable camp quality ESO, SMENV, equipment loose parts platform at sites test NISEPA, PIU and (bolts, nuts); limit zone. and subsequent Install equipm intrusion of impermeable ent oil and surface at the packing chemical limit zone to zones substances contain into soil. potential leakages Environmen Noise Mobilizat Increase The effective Options for 2-3Km Noise Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: 500 t ion of above control of noise impact Radius level PIU, ESO, SMEnv, workers, permissible noise from mitigation are of testing Contractor NISEPA equipme noise level, vehicles and being project nt and (90dB) equipment implemented site other during during this materials movement of phase may be into The vehicles, achieved by project equipment considering site and the following machines techniques: (site-specific • Alternativ and e design widespread). options; A Logarithmic • Mitigation scale in at the decibels (ie source; Decibel Sound • Mitigation Pressure along the Level) was 68 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators to monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility( Monitor (Mitigation) Monitoring) used. path; and • Mitigation at the receiver For minimal disturbance it will be advised that equipment is transported when it will cause least disturbance Vegetation Vegetatio Displacemen Contractors Vegetation Project For a Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: Nil n clearing t of soil should limit clearing is Commu and Contractors ESO, PIU fauna and vegetation limited to nity fauna damage to clearing to precise areas especiall studies flora. minimum y access in areas required routes selected particularly areas areas with indigenous vegetation Predisposing Cleared areas Re-vegetation Commu Ground Monthly ESO of soils to should be re- is ongoing nity trotting erosion vegetated with where especiall beneficial local appropriate. y access species known routes to mitigate against erosion 69 Compone Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) nt componen Impact Measures Indicators Monitor monito Frequency Responsibility Responsibili t r (Mitigation) ty (Monitoring ) Social Traffic Mobilization Traffic Apply lane Lane Project Site Daily Mitigation: Monitoring: Nil of workers, congestion/tra configuratio configuration routes visits Contractors, FRSC ESO, FRSC; equipment vel delay along n changes to changes are within and (Federal Road Safety and other some major affected being made communi observa Corps) materials into roads roads and where ty tion the project streets. applicable. site Noise Mobilization Nuisance to Retrofit with Retrofitting Project Inspect Daily Mitigation: Monitoring: 1,500 of workers, nearby suitable with vehicle communi Contrac Contractors ESO, equipment residential costeffective sound proof ty tors SMENV, and other areas vehicle materials is equipm NISEPA materials into sound being ent the project proofing performed site materials/ technologies . Social Air Mobilization Exposure to Provision of Provision of Project Site Weekly Mitigation: SMENV, Monitoring: 500 of workers, health risks facemasks face masks area visits PIU, Public Health ESO, NISEPA equipment from fugitive to residents and and depts. PROJECT LGA and other dusts and and project appropriate inspecti materials into exhausts personnel. PPEs are being ons The project fumes. provided. site Restrict Restriction Project Site access of barrier are site visits non-project being and personnel to installed. inspecti work areas on where dusts and emissions exist/persist from project works. 70 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators to monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility( Monitor (Mitigation) Monitoring) Land Land Conflict owing The PIU will Documented Project Examin Monthly for Mitigation: PIU Monitoring: 1,000 Acquisition to unresolved carry out an evidence of communi e 6months PIU, land extensive enlightenment ty grievan before and Independen acquisition enlightenme carried out ce during t and nt program showing redress constructio Consultant, involuntary to inform method, reports n/construct Contractors displacement farmers and coverage and ion phase during the communitie dates of construction s on the programs aim, scope and nature of the work Constructi Transportatio Public Safety Transportati Evidence of Project Site Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: - on n and and Traffic on of heavy warning signal communi visits during pre- Contractor PIU most camping movement of congestion equipment ties and and constructio importantly, heavy will be Log record of transport inspecti n phase PIU ESO), equipment carried out time of lorry routes ons during off arrival/dischar pick hours ge of when it will equipment not disturb public movement Where movement cannot be avoided during work hour, the contractor must attach a warning signal 71 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators to monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility( Monitor (Mitigation) Monitoring) Others Mobilization Disruption of Adequate Adequate and Project Site Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: see land of workers, vehicle and and timely timely communi visits Contractor, PIU(most acquisition equipment pedestrian sensitization sensitization ties and and PIU importantly, enlightenment and other access to of identified program is transport inspecti ESO) materials into where Respondent being routes ons The project construction s; Lane conducted site works will be configuratio Lane . carried out n configuration change have been made Sensitization Project Examin Monitoring: Grievances and Adequate exercise are communi e PIU most 1,000 negative and timely conducted ties and Awaren importantly, community sensitization transport ess ESO) perception of identified routes reports, about the Respondent site project. s visits Setting up of and GRM consult ations Compone Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) nt compon Impact Measures Indicators to monitor g Responsibility Responsibili ent Monitor Frequenc (Mitigation) ty y (Monitoring ) Occupatio Air Mobilizat Respiratory Institute workers Institution Contrac Examine Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1,000 nal Health ion of disease risks respiratory of WRPP tors contractor Independent ESO, and workers, from exposure protection program project s WRPP Consultant, NISEPA, PIU Safety equipme to exhaust (WRPP) camp/of Contractors nt and fumes of fice other equipment and Provide nose materials vehicles masks for workers into the project site 72 Compone Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) nt compon Impact Measures Indicators to monitor g Responsibility Responsibili ent Monitor Frequenc (Mitigation) ty y (Monitoring ) Noise Mobilizat Noise pollution Institute noise Institution Contrac Examine Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: 500 ion of control plan of noise tors Contracto Independent ESO, workers, control plan project rs Noise Consultant, NISEPA, PIU equipme camp/of control Contractor nt and fice plan other materials into the project site Accident Mobilizat Accidents Engage traffic traffic Contrac Examine One-off PIU, Contractor, PIU Nil s ion of involving control staff during control tors Contracto Independent workers, pedestrians mobilization and workers project rs Consultant equipme construction seenon site camp/of Accident nt and fice preventio other Use caution tapes Signages n plan materials and signages found per into the km of road project length site Contractor(s) Training has Contrac Examine One-off PIU PIU 500 education and been tors Contracto training on conducted project rs pedestrian safety camp/of Accident fice preventio n plan Install safety Safety Project Site visits Weekly PIU, Contractor PIU (ESO, 500 signage signage have site and etc.) been inspection installed Collapse of Conduct haulage Training has Contrac Inspection One-off Contractor PIU most 500 heavy safety training been tors and importantly, equipment etc. conducted project consultati ESO) being conveyed camp/of on with to construction fice workers 73 Compone Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) nt compon Impact Measures Indicators to monitor g Responsibility Responsibili ent Monitor Frequenc (Mitigation) ty y (Monitoring ) work area Enhanced fastening Contractor(s Contrac Site visits Weekly Contractor PIU most 500 of equipment to ) tors and importantly, carriage section of Compliance project inspection ESO) vehicles. camp/of fice Personn Attack from Conduct safety and Training has Contrac Inspection One-off Contractor PIU most 500 el Safety dangerous first aid training been tors and importantly, animals during conducted project consultati ESO) de-vegetation camp/of on with activities fice workers PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TOTAL: 9,500 74 Table 16: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost - Construction Phase Componen Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring where How to Monitor Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) t componen Impact Measures Indicators to monitor ing Responsibility Responsibility t monitor Frequen (Mitigation) (Monitoring) cy Environme Climate Operation GHG Fuel switching- Compliance 2-3km Air quality Weekly Mitigation: PIU, Monitoring: 500 nt Change of Emissions Fuel switching to proffered Radius test Contractors NISEPA, PIU equipment from high- to low- mitigation of used carbon content measures. project during the fuels (where area constructio available) can be a Site visits n phase relatively cost Project and effective means to site inspection mitigate GHG emissions during this phase. Transition to renewable energy sources i.e. solar energy (where applicable) Energy efficiency- Machines e.g. generator plants could be turned off when not in use, in order to reduce carbon emissions. Multiple trips reduction: In order to reduce vehicular movement and subsequent increased carbon emissions. 75 Componen Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring where How to Monitor Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) t componen Impact Measures Indicators to monitor ing Responsibility Responsibility t monitor Frequen (Mitigation) (Monitoring) cy Hire/use vehicles, plants and equipment that are in good condition (current models) generally less than 3 yrs. old. Air Operation Fugitive and Routine watering Contractors 2-3km Air quality Daily Mitigation: Monitoring: -Nil of cement of the Compliance Radius test Contractors NISEPA, PIU equipment dusts construction site of (most used project importantly, during the area ESO) constructio n phase Daily Mitigation: Monitoring: 1,500 Constructi Contractors NISEPA, PIU on works – (most including importantly, filling and ESO) compactio n activities, constructio n of side drains, culverts and other hydraulic structures 76 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitorin Where to How to Monitori Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures g monitor monitor ng Responsibili Responsibility Indicators Frequenc ty (Monitoring) y (Mitigation) Environment Air Heavy Exhaust Wet Right-of-Way QC and Project Site Visit Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: equipmen fumes, to reduce dust QA are in site and PIU, PIU most t hazardous production practice inspection Contractors importantly, operation gases (NOx, ESO), s during CO, SOx, Contractors constructi SPM,), Oxides Test Procedures – Contracto Monthly Monitoring: 500 on from welding Routine measuring rs PIU (most activities. of HC and CO Complianc importantly, concentrations e ESO), SMEnv during construction works should be employed for PMS powered vehicles. Diesel (AGO) vehicles should be tested for exhaust opacity during unloaded engine free acceleration periods. Quality Control – Contracto Project Site visits, Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: -Nil Routine equipment rs site inspection Contractors PIU (most efficiency audits Complianc and importantly, Quality Assurance – e consultatio ESO), SMEnv Continuous training n with of contractor(s) workers personnel on air quality management 77 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitorin Where to How to Monitori Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures g monitor monitor ng Responsibili Responsibility Indicators Frequenc ty (Monitoring) y (Mitigation) Water All Contaminatio Attempts to dispose Contracto Surface Water Daily Mitigation: Monitoring: Nil quality/Hyd constructi n of surface of sediment-laden rs water quality Contractors PIU (most rology on works water run-off into surface Complianc within test importantly, (discharge of water should be e project ESO), SMEnv sediment discouraged and area laden run-off prevented. into Implement site- drainages, specific waste waterways management plans etc) Defecatio Generation of Liaise with the PIU Surface Water Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1000 n near the sewage municipal sewage Complianc water quality Contractor PIU (most project overtime collection e within test, importantly, site (from use of authorities for project consulatati ESO) SMENV, temporary collection and area on with NISEPA mobile toilets treatment of waste monitoring by personnel with NISEPA agency involved in civil works) Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitorin Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) componen Impact Measures g monitor monitor g Responsibili Responsibility t Indicators Frequenc ty (Monitoring) y (Mitigation) 78 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitorin Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) componen Impact Measures g monitor monitor g Responsibili Responsibility t Indicators Frequenc ty (Monitoring) y (Mitigation) Environment Soil/geolog Movement Surface soil Creation of limit PIU, and Project Site visits Monthly PIU, Monitoring: Nil y of heavy compaction zones Contracto site and and Contractors SMENV, PIU vehicles/Sta Minimize r’s routes inspection (most tionary compaction during Complianc , soil importantly, vehicles and stockpiling by e testing ESO) equipment working the soil in the dry state. Rip compacted areas to reduce runoff and re- vegetate where necessary All topsoil and other soil profiles must be managed strictly Contaminati Pollution of All oil and lubricants Contracto Project Site visits Periodicall Mitigation: Monitoring: Nil on by oil soil and should be sited on r site and and y Contractor SMENV, PIU spills, groundwate an impervious base Complianc routes inspection (most lubricants r and should have e , soil and importantly, and other drip pans groundwa ESO) chemicals The storage area ter testing should be far from water course All containers should be clearly labelled Filling and Loss of top Ensure excavation is Contracto Project Site visits Monthly Contractor Monitoring: Nil Compaction soil ; limited to desired r site and and PIU (most activities for possible areas Complianc routes inspection importantly, gully head minor to Filling and e ESO) and finger moderate compaction in gullies soil layers must range reclamation instability between 150- 200mm thicknesses 79 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitorin Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) componen Impact Measures g monitor monitor g Responsibili Responsibility t Indicators Frequenc ty (Monitoring) y (Mitigation) as recommended. Erosion Erosion The contractor Contracto Project Site visits Weekly Contractor Monitoring: Nil managemen managemen must implement r site and and SMENV, PIU t t appropriate erosion Complianc routes inspection (most control measures to e importantly, avoid erosion in the ESO) area. Construct soil conservation measures at appropriate locations Execution of major works that would impact on soil structure should be carried out during the dry season. If done during the wet season, temporal drain should precede the permanent drain so that run-off from rain can be managed properly. 80 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitorin Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) componen Impact Measures g monitor monitor g Responsibili Responsibility t Indicators Frequenc ty (Monitoring) y (Mitigation) Environment Noise Constructio Extensive Mitigation at source Contracto Project Site visits Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: Nil n of all noise site- (for all activities) rs site and and PIU, ESO, SMENV, hydraulic specific A noise barrier or Complianc routes inspection Contractors structures pollution as acoustic shield will e , of Constructio a result of reduce noise by equipmen Monitoring: n and on-going interrupting the t ESO, SMENV, stabilizatio constructio propagation of n of gully n works. sound waves. Waste All Increase in Implement site- Contracto Project Site visits, Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1000 constructio waste specific waste rs site inspection Contractor ESO, SMENV, n/construct generated management plan Complianc , and NISEPA, ion works e consultati Liaise with NISEPA on with for effective waste monitorin management g agencies Sanitary Increased Increased Provision of on-site Contracto Project Site visits One-off Mitigation: Monitoring: 500 Concerns human human sanitary facilities rs communit and Contractor ESO, faecal faecal waste Complianc y inspection SMENV, waste e NISEPA, 81 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitorin Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) componen Impact Measures g monitor monitor g Responsibili Responsibility t Indicators Frequenc ty (Monitoring) y (Mitigation) Design All Interference The design shall in Contracto Project Site visit During Monitoring: PIU No additional Constructio with the no way propose to rs site and Design Contractor costs to BOQ n Works physical implement Complianc inspection setting developments that e will hinder drainage, change the topography or introduce physical changes that are not in harmony with the physical setting of the Project area. The structures to be developed should be aesthetically acceptable to blend in with the surrounding. The proponent shall as much as possible complete the works in such a way that natural aesthetics shall be retained at the locations. Restoration shall be undertaken to ensure that the original setting is as much as possible retained. 82 Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Monitoring Where How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Measures Indicators to monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) monitor (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Social Livelihood Constructio Disruptions to Conduct Independent Project Examine One-off Mitigation: Monitoring: Budget Impacts n/ residents survey /ARAP Consultants commu Communit PIU, PIU (most for Constructio activities – (e.g. to identify Compliance nity y Independent importantly, ARAP n of blocked access to best Livelihood Consultant SLO) not part drainage residents) alternatives to enhancem of BOQ network prevent ent plan for disruptions to ESMP livelihood within on & off-site work areas before commenceme nt of construction works. Traffic Mobilizatio Loss of travel time Lane Contractors Project Site visits Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: Nil n of due to heavy configuration Compliance area and FRSC PIU (most equipment concentration of changes inspection importantly, and other construction/proj ESO), materials ect vehicles on and off the project site Grievances and Involve PIU Project Site visit Monthly Mitigation: Mitigation: negative Respondents Compliance commu and PIU, PIU, (most perception among at certain nity consultatio Contractors importantly, residents and levels of n with ESO) commercial decision community establishments making and about the project implementati on of activities 83 Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Monitoring Where How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Measures Indicators to monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) monitor (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Education Extensive Noise Mitigation at Compliance Academi Visits , Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: 500 civil disturbances to source c inspection PIU, ESO, PROJECT work/const the serene Inform instituti and Contractors LGA ruction environments for residents ons consultatio activities the residence prior to within n with commenceme project institutions nt of works area Social Health Continuous Increase in sexual Awareness Conduct of Project Consultatio Quarterly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1,000 civil work activities leading campaign on awareness commu ns, MWR, Public ESO, SMH activities to possible spread sexual campaigns nity, Health dept. and steady of STIs diseases, and contract of PROJECT influx of distribution of ors LGA. workforce male and camp female condoms. Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor g Responsibility Responsibility Frequency (Mitigation) (Monitoring) 84 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor g Responsibility Responsibility Frequency (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Social Health Continuou Incidence Distribute Facemasks Project Site visits Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: 500 s civil work of facemasks to are being community and PIU, ESO, SMH, activities respirator residents as a distributed inspection Contractors Public Health and steady y diseases means to dept. of the influx of due to air reduce PROJECT LGA, workforce contamin allergic ation by reactions and fugitive respiratory dusts and disease exhaust occurrence. fumes Regular sprinkling of water in during construction works. Blocked Possible Creation of Compliance Project Site visits Mitigation: Monitoring: drainage spread of temporary community and Contractors ESO, SMENV, channel water channels to inspection SMH borne collect flood diseases water Environme Waste Increase Ensure that all Contractors Project Site visits Weekly Contractors Monitoring: ntal manageme in waste construction Compliance community and ESO, SMENV, hygiene nt generated wastes are inspection NISEPA and from gathered on- aesthetics constructi site and on works disposed off according through the available waste disposal operation in the project area. 85 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor g Responsibility Responsibility Frequency (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Behaviour Implement Occurrenc Enforce and Compliance Project Site visits Monthly Contractors PIU ation of e of on- ensure proper community and civil works site/off- orientation on inspection and Rest site social acceptable and periods vices behaviours consultati (Fights, for ons rape, construction harassme personnel nts, theft, on/off-site. vandalism , drug use etc. Project Implement Conflicts Good work Compliance Project Site visits, Monthly Contractors PIU Budget in GRM performanc ation of all between enforcement community inspection e constructio contractor program s and n phase s, Conflict consultati activities communit resolution ons ies etc. may Regular disrupt stakeholders completio meetings n of tasks. Social Noise Massive Hearing Operators of Evidence of Project Site visits Daily Contractor Monitoring: 500 use of impairme heavy duty procuremen community and SMENV, PIU heavy nt for machines t of ear inspection machinery machinery must wear ear muffs and for land operators muffs Evidence of consultati clearing, use of the on levelling They must not PPE and exceed 8 Record of excavation working hours signing out of soil per day time 86 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor g Responsibility Responsibility Frequency (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Noise Mitigation at Compliance Project Site visits Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: nuisance source community and PIU, PIU for Inform inspection Contractors Residents. residents , prior to consultati commenceme on nt of works Loss of Land Disincenti The Minutes of Project consultati monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: PIU - occupation Acquisition ve to land pastoralist meetings community on Contractor owners must be with land carried along owners all through 87 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor g Responsibility Responsibility Frequenc (Mitigation) (Monitoring) y Occupation Personnel All Fugitive Develop and Independent Project Inspection Monthly Independent Monitoring: 1,500 al Health safety construct dust and implement on-site Consultants/ community and Consultant, PIU and Safety ion fumes occupational health Contractors consultation Contractors activities from and safety Compliance with grinding, management plan; contractor, welding, Routine OHS examining cutting, training and contractors or brazing education; Conduct health and surfaces routine JHA/PHA; Safety coated Use of PPE; managemen with lead- Establish electrical t plan and based safety program; consultants paint; Establish fall report Silica dust protection program; from Establish fleet safety cutting management concrete; program; Establish solvent and implement vapours HazCom; Conduct from hazard adhesives identification, , paints, control and analysis; strippers, Establish fire cleaning prevention solvents, program; Use and spray material safety data coatings; sheets (MSDS); and Employ hierarchy of isocyanat controls procedure; e vapours Conduct OHSRA, from Cost Benefit spray Analysis(CBA), foam Return on insulation Investment(ROI)/pa and y-back period certain analysis 88 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitorin Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor g Responsibility Responsibility Frequenc (Mitigation) (Monitoring) y spray Contractors should Monthly Contractors Monitoring: paints or prepare and PIU coatings. implement a Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and Security (CASHES) manual, to coordinate OHS issues during the construction phase. CONSTRUCTION PHASE TOTAL: 9,500 89 Table 15:ESMP Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost - Operational & Maintenance Phase Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs componen Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) t (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Environmen Air Increased Increase of Air sampling Compliance Project Air quality Monthly Monitoring: Monitoring: - t Vehicle road users and communit testing SMENV ESO, SMENV, movement on Access monitoring y (state), NISEPA Road Soil Change of Change in Training on Trainings Project Soil quality Monthly Mitigation: PIU, Monitoring: 1,000 topograph soil profile Sustainable are communit testing SMENV ESO, SMENV, y Land conducted y (state), NISEPA Management Increase in (SLM) Monitoring: soil salinity practices ESO, SMENV, (state), NISEPA Change in Monitoring: land use ESO, SMENV, (state), NISEPA Noise Increase of Noise Noise sampling Project Noise level One-off Mitigation: PIU, Monitoring: 500 road users nuisance to and communit testing SMENV ESO, SMENV, on Access local monitoring y (state), NISEPA Road residents Water Roadway Potential Water Compliance Project Water Bi-Annual Mitigation: PIU, Monitoring: 500 Quality runoff surface sampling and communit quality SMENV ESO, SMENV, water monitoring y, surface testing (state), NISEPA pollution water Waste Waste Social and Dispose waste Proper Project Visits and Monthly Mitigation: PIU, Monitoring: 1000 generation health streams waste communit Inspections SMENV ESO, SMENV, concerns through the managemen y (state), NISEPA arising due municipal t to poor waste waste management managemen system in the t practices project area. 90 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs componen Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) t (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Blocked Flooding on Monitoring: drainage roads ESO, SMENV, due to poor (state), NISEPA waste disposal Environmen Others Negligence Negligence Regular PIU Project Visits and Monthly PIU Monitoring: Nil t of of maintenance Compliance communit Inspections ESO, SMENV rehabilitat rehabilitate and dredging y Weekly ed project d project of sediments site site in drainage Monthly Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs (USD) component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Social Employmen Closure Loss of Inform Proper Project Consultations One-off Contractors Monitoring: t of civil employmen personnel engagement communit PIU works t that of service y employment documentatio is short-term n prior to their engagement. 91 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs componen Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) t (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Health Operatio Blocked Regular Compliance Project Visits and Independent Monitoring: - n of drainage maintenance communit Inspections consultant, ESO, rehabilita structure of drainage y and PIU , SMH ted gully structures consultation site Breeding with health site for institutions disease and vectors community members Possible increase of malaria cases due to stagnant water in drainage structures Increase Increase in Regular Regular Project Visits and Monitoring: - in respiratory sampling and monitoring communit Inspections ESO, number problems monitoring y and tests SMH of amongst vehicles local using residents roads Safety Increase Increase in Use of road Compliance Project Visits and One-off Monitoring: - in vehicular safety communit Inspections ESO, FRSC number accidents signage y of road users Operatio Seepage or Ensuring Compliance Project Visits and One-off Monitoring: Nil n of flow back Construction site Inspections PIU construct action design is ed side followed drains Collapse of judiciously as road these would sections be put into and consideration 92 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs componen Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) t (Mitigation) (Monitoring) drainage while canals preparing the design. Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Occupationa Personnel Tasks Injuries, Implement on- Project Site Monthly SMEnv PIU 2,000 l Health and safety implementatio accidents site communit Inspections Safety n , deaths occupational Independen y health and t safety Consultants, management Contractors plan; Routine Compliance. OHS training and education; Conduct routine JHA/PHA; Use of PPE; Establish electrical safety program; Implement fall protection program; fleet safety management program; 93 Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs componen Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) t (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Implement HazCom; Conduct hazard identification, control and analysis; Implement fire prevention program; Use material safety data sheets (MSDS); Implement hierarchy of controls procedure; Conduct Cost Benefit Analysis(CBA), Return on Investment (ROI)/pay-back period analysis OPERATIONAL PHASE TOTAL: 5000 Total ESMP (Pre construction, construction and Operation& Maintenance ) USD 24,000 94 Table 16: Summary of ESMP budget for Implenentation and Monitoring Item Responsibility for Cost Breakdown Cost Estimate Cost implementation in Estimate and Monitoring Nigerian Naira in (N) Us Dollars (USD) Mitigation Cost for Contractor, PIU, 7,320,000 24,000 ESMP SMEnvr, NISEPA, FRSC Training, and 2,287,500 7500 Capacity Building Management of PIU, SMEnvr, 10% of Mitigation 732,000 2400 ESMP NISEPA Cost Implementation Monitoring, PIU, SMEnvr, 10%of Mitigation 732,000 2400 Evaluation & Audit NISEPA,, FERMA, Cost SMW Mitigations cost for 5%of Mitigation Cost 366,000 1,200 labor influx and SPIU GBV risks Budget for 5%of Mitigation Cost 366,000 1,200 Grievance Redress SPIU SUB- TOTAL 11,437,500 37,500 Contingency 2.5%of Mitigation 183,000 600 Cost for ESMP TOTAL 11,986,500 39,300 Table 17: Capacity Building (Training) Needs Capacity Participants Cost per S/ Subject Resource Duration N Needs Persons ($) 1. Dry season Farmers Near Irrigated Extension 1,000.00 1 week farming. waterways Agriculture worker from including ministry of transport Agriculture, accommod Upper Niger on and River Basin honorariu Development m for Authority reso UNRBDA urce person 2. Farming Other Farmers Intercropping/ Extension 1,000.00 1 week System mixed w Ditto cultivation orker from ministry of Agriculture, Upper Niger 95 River Basin Development Authority UNRBDA (c ) Communit y Environmental Niger State/LGA Ditto 1 week members Sanitation Ministry of (youths) Practices Health/ Environment Consultant 4. Training Malaria/HIV- Consultant 500.00 Two or a Community AIDS Awareness Ministry of Thrice members, campaigns Health during contractors project staff etc. construct ion phase (Day) b. LGA Training in FPIU Needs 1 week Staff SPIU RAMP Consultants Assessme c. Staff Operation and nt first management d. LG Institutional Consultant Needs Progressi Council Staff Strengthening FPIU Assessme ve SPIU nt first Staff 5. Construction LG Road Maintenance Manufacturer’s Needs 2 weeks and Council Staff equipment Representative Assessme for maintenanc SPIU training/acquisi nt first training e of Staff tion equipment. 6. Feeding for participants 5,000. Total $7,500.00 7.3 Environmental and Socio-Economic Compliance Monitoring The implementation of the various measures for the mitigation of the potential negative impacts of the roads requires the input of a well-funded environmental monitoring programme. The scheme would aim at the collection of information or data that would enable the assessment of the status of the concerned environmental/socio-economic parameter, and to take prompt action, if need be, towards forestalling the occurrence, or to reduce to the barest minimum, its negative impact or regularity. Monitoring also enables a coordinated scheduling of activities between all project stakeholders. These have been presented as collumnes in the ESMP table above. 96 CHAPTER EIGHT: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 8.1 Introduction This grievance redress mechanism is anchored on the need to provide a forum locally to receive, hear and resolve disputes arising from ESMP implementation in the best interest of all parties to forestall the lengthy process of litigation, which could affect the progress of project. Therefore, the setting of grievance redress committee early during ESMP implementation is desirable. Potential grievances and disputes that arise during the course of implementation of the ESMP and resettlement and compensation programme may be related to, but not confined to the following issues: a. Incomplete census as well as inadequate valuation of properties. b. Errors related to identification and disputes on boundaries between affected individual(s) and specifying their land parcels and associated development. c. Disagreements on plot/asset valuation. d. Divorces, successor and family issues resulting into ownership dispute or dispute share between heirs or family. e. Disputed ownership of a given Asset (two or more affected individual(s) having claim on the same land. f. Where affected individual(s) opt for a resettlement-based option, disagreement on the resettlement package (the location of the resettlement site does not suit them). 8.2 Setting up a Grievance Redress Committee Channel 1: GRC at the Site/community Level: Information received from the field strongly supports that anchoring a GRM under the jurisdiction of the district heads will be an effective and result oriented exercise. The underlying merit is that the district heads leadership system has proven a cordial and notable channel for conflict resolution in the project areas. The district head shall head this committee while membership of the committee will consist of: • The District head or a person appointed by him from his council; • Secretary to the district head • The village/ward head; • The Woman leader in the community or her secretary • 2 Representatives of PAPs in the project • 2 members of the road maintenance committee GRC at the SPIU Level: It is recommended that the state project coordinator shall constitute a team within the SPIU to receive, hear and address complaints arising from the project. The team will be headed by the Social and Livelihood Officer. The SPC shall head this committee while membership of the committee shall be as follow: • Social Safeguard Officer; • Communication officer/ Public relations officer; • Environmental officer • Monitoring and Evaluation officer, and • The project Engineer • A witnessing NGO GRC at the State Steering Committee Level: The committee at this level shall be headed by the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Agriculture while the SPC shall serve as the secretary of the committee. 97 Membership of the GRC at this level shall constitute as follows: • The Permanent Secretary; • Director Ministry of Land & Survey • Director Ministry of Agriculture; • Director Ministry of Environment • The State Project Coordinator of RAMP • A witnessing NGO 8.3 Informing Parties on Levels and Channels of Grievance Uptake PAPs have been sufficiently informed during public consultation meetings held across the project areas that there will be 3 levels at which aggrieved PAP or grievant can channel his/her complaints for redress. Grievance redress shall be funded by the SPIU so that there shall be no cost to the aggrieved/complainant for redress. These shall include: 1) the project site/community level, 2) the State Project Implementation Unit level and 3) the State Project Steering Committee level. PAPs have also been informed that it is their right to seek redress in the court of law as the last resort, if they felt dissatisfied with the judgments obtained from the grievance redress committees set up by this project. 8.4 Grievance Redress Procedure The procedure for addressing potential grievance arising from this project shall involve the steps described in the grievance log shown below: 98 Registration of grievance with the Grievance Redress Committee Treatment of grievance Closure of grievance by Committee Is complainant satisfied with Yes No Committee decision Closure of grievance by Resort to grievance Committee Grievance processing by Committee Response of the Committee Yes Is complainant satisfied Closure of complaint with decision PCU or Court Figure 5: Grievance Log showing steps for grievance redress As shown in the grievance log, an aggrieved PAP will have the opportunity to lodge complaint with the GRC at the residence or palace of the community district head. That will be the first channel of grievance uptake. It is expected that the matter should be addressed and determined within 10 days from date of receiving the complaint. If a PAP feels dissatisfied with the outcome of the closure of the matter by the community GRC, he/she is encouraged to go to the higher channel for redress. Steps for grievance redress shall involve: i. Registration The secretary of the committee will receive grievance from the complainant, register and acknowledge receipt of grievance to the grievant within 2 days. The registration will capture the following data: name of the complainant, date of the grievance, category of the grievance, persons involved, and impacts on complainant life, proofs and witnesses. A registration form will have all these bits of information. ii. Treatment of Grievance This involves the verification of grievance to determine among other things whether the matter has relationship with the project activities, and whether the matter can be handled/resolved at the level where it is presented. This will determine if the matter should be referred to the next level or not. Part of the investigations may also be to assess the cost of lost or risk involved in the grievance. iii. Closing of the Grievance or the Processing of the matter This involves options and approach taken to resolving the case. This may involve site visit for physical 99 inspection and determination of the claim, negotiation with the aggrieved PAP and feed back to the parties involved. iv. Feed back All responses to the complainant in a grievance redress process that moves beyond a unit level must be communicated in writing and/or by verbal presentation to the complainant. This will include a follow up on the corresponding authority where cases are referred, to ascertain the status of reported cases. Feedback on outcome of each case should get to the complainant through the secretary of committee or social contact/safeguard person as the case may be. It is expected that reported complaints at each level will be resolved and determined within 10 days from date of receipt of the complaint. 8.5 Financing of the Grievance Redress Mechanism and Cost of Remediation The proponent shall be responsible for the funding of logistics for the GRC as well as the eventual compensation or resettlement remediation that aggrieved party may be entitled to. The proponent will also be responsible for the cost of the judicial process for cases that result to court for adjudication. The anticipated cost of GRM is 5% of the project mitigation cost. Table 18: mplementation plan for grievance mechanism Steps Process Description Completion Responsible Time frame Agency/Person 1 Receipt of complaint Document date of receipt, 1 day Secretary to GRC at name of complainant, project level village, nature of complaint, inform the SPIU 2 Acknowledgement of By letter, email, phone 1-2 days Social safeguard grievance officer at SPIU 3 Screen and Establish Visit the site; 5-10 days GRC including the the Merit of the listen to the social safeguard Grievance complainant/community; officer & the assess the merit aggrieved PAP or his/her representative 4 Implement and Where complaint is 14 days or at PC-PIU and Social monitor a redress justified, carry out a time safeguard Officer action resettlement redress in line specified in with the entitlement writing to the matrix/OP 4.12 aggrieved PAP 5 Extra intervention for Review the redress steps 10 days of PC-PIU a dissatisfied and conclusions, provide receiving scenario intervention solution status report 6 Judicial adjudication Take complaint to court of No fixed Complainant law time 7 Funding of grievance GRC logistics and training, No fixed time The proponent process redress compensation, court process 100 CHAPTER NINE: PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS 9.1 Introduction Public consultation for this ESMP was built on the gains of continuum of enlightenment and awareness campaigns carried out across the project areas by Niger RAMP. Prior to the commissioning of this ESMP assignment, Niger RAMP-2 had embarked on series of consultations and awareness campaigns, in conjunction with local government officials, to all villages around the corridor of the RAMP-2 project roads and the environs with a view of propagating the objectives and benefits of RAMP-2 to the communities and sensitizing the community leaders on how to mobilize their people to ensure full participation in the implementation of the project. Identification and consultation of the communities and PAPs were therefore relatively easy with structures already laid by the project. In addition to the stakeholder consultations, In-depth interviews were also conducted with residents of the communities living along the corridor of the roads. 9.2 Strategy for Consultation Process The following considerations guided the public consultations: • Site visit of each of the proposed road route for upgrade/construction; • Identification of the administrative leadership in the project areas, and visits to the community leadership • Identification of PAPs and notification of meeting in collaboration with community leaderships • Public forum with stakeholders on the project matter 9.3 How Stakeholders were Categorized and Identified This ESMP categorized stakeholders into primary and secondary categories. Primary stakeholders are those that are directly affected by the adverse impacts of the proposed works (PAPs) and those who are to benefit from use of the feeder roads to be constructed, example are community members, farmers and transporters. On the other hand, secondary stakeholders are those with some form of interest and influence on the project such as local NGOs and local and state governments, State Ministry of Environment. However, No Local NGO or partners with the project were identified during the field visit. Consultations were held in two folds: Stakeholders converged at central venues for community wide consultations and subsequently in smaller common groups. Meeting with common groups such as vulnerable groups and women was helpful in determining the need, voice and concerns that may not have been fully expressed during the general community consultations. For example, the vulnerable group including women PAP and aged persons, want to be notified and carried along in persons during RAP implementation. They do not want their entitlements to be transferred through third parties. Concerns raised by Women groups consulted did not differ from the general concerns of members of the communities. Minutes of the meetings held in Kasuwa-Garba, Katarege, Kuta, Tuna and Genu can be found in Appendix 13. However, below is a table showing the summary of the consultations held in those project areas. Item Description Date for community meetings September 2017 and February 2018; Villages along the project area corridor. Location of meetings Village halls of Kasuwa-Garba, Katarege, Kuta, Tuna and Genu 101 Language of communication Nupe, Hausa and English Introduction The village head and members of the community were informed that this meeting is part of the on-going consultations on the proposed rural road construction along the various corridors which traverses their communities. At this point, the project team has assessed the road width and found that some assets along the right of way will be displaced while others may require to shift back. This prompted the identification of all the affected persons with a view to seeking their cooperation and finding a way to assist in mitigation of the impacts of our proposed action on their livelihoods. Perception of stakeholder/PAPs • Responses from across the communities showed that the and agreements people are long aware of the proposed project and are eagerly expecting the commencement. • On the potential environmental impacts, affected assets and impact on their household economies, the people showed willingness to cooperate in all areas possible to ensure that the project is delivered to them. • The stakeholders were also informed that efforts have been made through the project design to minimize the impact by realigning some sections of the road • It was agreed that necessary compensations and replacements will be carried out before civil works and demolitions. Concerns and feedback • Across the venues, the various speakers/communities want to know when the project will commence; • They want to know if the contractor will give them a prior notification to enable them safely pack their personal items • They want to know when the assistance measures and compensation will be given; as well as how the ESMP mitigations will be carried out. • In all the places, the communities expressed happiness with the concept of road maintenance that will embrace the local communities and provide jobs and income to them How concerns were addressed • On commencement of civil works, the communities were informed that preparation work has reached an advanced 102 stage and that work will commence around May and June of 2018; • They were assured that there will be a prior communication to them before commencement of the work • They were also assured that implementation of the ARAP will take place before displacement and civil works while that for the ESMP will be sequencial with the civil works • The assistance/compensation program will commence as soon as all procedures have been satisfactorily fulfilled in line with the requirement of the WB and the Nigerian government; • The people were informed that the road construction and rehabilitation under RAMP is going to be earth road; Commitment from the The communities promised to be part of the project communities implementation in the following ways: • Providing security for the contractor personnel and equipment, • Ensuring compliance with the prohibition of disposal of solid waste into the drain ways • Providing information at any point about the community that may aid the consultants/contractors in carrying out their works, Recommendation It is important that the project be implemented with full cognizance of the obligations/contracts reached with the affected communities. 9.4 Fundamentals of Stakeholder Engagement Approach for Implementation Consultations Meaningful consultations can contribute to improved design, implementation, and sustainability of development interventions. The objectives of consultations include receiving input for improved decision- making about the design and implementation arrangements of a development program or project, to contribute to improved results and sustainability. In this context, consultations can potentially give voice to the needs of different population groups, including vulnerable and marginalized groups; improve risk management by identifying opportunities and risks from and to a project; and increase transparency, public understanding, and stakeholder involvement in development decision-making. 103 Consultations with key stakeholders, including project-affected people and civil society, are mandatory in development projects so as to satisfy “best practices”. Consultation methods include public hearings or meetings, focus group discussions, household surveys and interviews, electronic consultations, and advisory/expert groups. In addition, consultations can include informal structures at the local level, such as village councils and women’s groups. Good practice approaches to consultation, including closing the feedback loop, need to be applied more systematically. Collaboration Collaboration with stakeholders in decision-making processes and events can make decisions more responsive to stakeholder needs and improve the sustainability of program and project outcomes through increased ownership by stakeholders. Mechanisms for collaboration include stakeholder/user membership in decision-making bodies, integrity pacts, participatory planning and budgeting, and stakeholders’ juries. Collecting, Recording, and Reporting on Inputs from Stakeholders Stakeholder feedback can be collected periodically on various dimensions of public services provided, such as effectiveness, inclusiveness, quality, delivery time, transaction costs, and targeting, as well as on resource utilization or engagement processes. Tools include satisfaction surveys, focus group discussions, hotlines, community scorecards, stakeholder report cards, or SMS/online feedback. Stakeholders-led Monitoring Involving stakeholders in monitoring service delivery, revenues, budget execution, procurement, contract awards, and reform policies can increase transparency, improve efficiency of service delivery or budget execution, and reduce opportunities for corruption. Some mechanisms for stakeholders-led monitoring include public expenditure tracking surveys, social audits, or stakeholder report cards. Additional entry points for stakeholder’s engagement in monitoring include collaboration with local CBOs/NGOs, communities, local academia, or think-tanks in gathering results data and conducting joint evaluations of project results after project completion (including in the preparation of project Implementation Completion Reports). Capacity Building for Stakeholder Engagement Capacity building for stakeholders, CBOs, communities, government officials, and national accountability institutions to engage and participate in service delivery, natural resource management, public financial management, or CDD projects can also contribute to improved project outcomes. Capacity-building components are therefore included in a number of World Bank-supported operations. Capacity building for all relevant stakeholders is particularly necessary and needs to be systematically integrated into WBG supported operations where SE approaches are introduced for the first time at scale at the national, sectoral, program, or project level. A focus on building government capacity is also important to ensure the sustainability of engagement processes beyond the life of a project intervention. 104 APPENDIX 1: Checklist for Analysis of Environmental and Social Impacts Due to Labor Influx and Workers’ Camps Potential Applicabilit Category Probability Timeframe Severity Impacts y Comments Yes/No Low/Mediu Short/Mediu Low/Mediu m/High m/Long m/High Positive Impacts Increased links with the mainstream economy Increased local skills base Business development opportunities Employment creation Increased local labor pool Opening of new markets for local products and services Increased accessibility and availability of goods and services Alternate livelihood opportunities Improved wage and income levels Increased local tax revenue levels Increased individual, household and community empowerment Improved local training and skills development opportunities Opportunities to build community organizational structures Improved access through development of road systems Improved information and communication Improved housing, water and sanitation Improved access to and expansion of infrastructure and public services Increased attention and input by government, NGOs, etc. 105 Potential Applicabilit Category Probability Timeframe Severity Impacts y Comments Yes/No Low/Mediu Short/Mediu Low/Mediu m/High m/Long m/High Increased political power Adverse Impacts Environmental Logging Deforestation Exploitation and loss of biodiversity Land-use change Land degradation Depletion of natural resources Erosion and loss of soil productivity Air, water, and soil pollution Disruption of waterways Increased pressure on, and possible disputes over, land use and common property natural resources Infrastructure, Services and Utilities Increased use of existing roads and transportation systems Increased pressure on education and health services Increased demand for electricity, water supplies and sanitation Increased pressure on waste management systems Unplanned and uncontrolled development of squatter settlements Increased demand on communication networks Increased demand for housing Increased use of community, religious and recreational facilities Economics and Livelihood Strategies Increased cost of living (inflation) 106 Potential Applicabilit Category Probability Timeframe Severity Impacts y Comments Yes/No Low/Mediu Short/Mediu Low/Mediu m/High m/Long m/High Reduced availability and increased cost of land, food, fuel and housing Increased dependence on broader cash-based economy to meet needs Reduced reliance on local subsistence production systems Competition for economic resources Increased economic vulnerability for marginal groups (women, elderly, disabled, minorities, etc.) Boom–bust cycles associated with initial construction and eventual closure Health Proliferation of communicable diseases Insufficient number of health centers, staff and medical supplies Inadequate public hygiene facilities Pollution (air, water, dust, noise, traffic) Increased incidence of accidents and fatalities Changes in nutrition status Social Dynamics Increased poverty Loss of local identity Loss of knowledge, skills and experience related to traditional livelihood activities Upheaval in traditional leadership, behavior, customs, values and norms Changes in power relationships, including undermining and changing 107 Potential Applicabilit Category Probability Timeframe Severity Impacts y Comments Yes/No Low/Mediu Short/Mediu Low/Mediu m/High m/Long m/High the leadership and traditional authority structures Changing relationships between groups (gender, age, socio-economic status, ethnicity) Dilution of social cohesion and cultural disruption (separation of households and communities) Increased incidence of social ills, including alcoholism, drug abuse, prostitution, gambling Creation of land markets leading to changes in traditional land tenure systems Increased tension, disputes and conflicts between locals and migrants concerning natural resources, employment opportunities and project benefits Welfare imbalances and differential wage incomes Possible marginalization of women, ethnic minorities and other vulnerable groups Increase in gender-based violence Increase in criminality Increase in ethnic tension and violence Decrease in law and order 108 Appendix 1B: Terms of Reference NIGER STATE RURAL ACCESS AND MOBILITY PROJECT (NGRAMP-2) Terms of Reference For The review of Safeguards Instruments for the prioritized 403.5km of rural roads to be constructed/rehabilitated under RAMP-2 PHASE II INTRODUCTION 1.1. The Second Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP-2) supports the implementation of the Federal Government of Nigeria’s Rural Travel and Transport Policy (RTTP) in the States of Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, and Osun. The Project is implemented in each of the four States by the respective State Project Implementation Unit (SPIU). In addition to the states’ counterpart funds, the Project is co- financed by the World Bank and French Development Agency. 1.2. The main objective of the Project is to improve transport conditions and bring sustained access to the rural population, through rehabilitating and maintaining key rural transport infrastructure in a sustainable manner in the selected Nigerian states. 1.3. Niger State being one of the RAMP-2 participating States has already initiated, under a first phase of RAMP-2, the rehabilitation/reconstruction of 176km of rural roads. 1.4. Niger State had commissioned, under the Project, a Consultant, with satisfactory experience on assignments similar in size and nature to that described in these Terms of Reference, to carry out the detailed engineering design, preparation of Safeguards Instruments etc. of approximately 830km of rural roads across the State, under a second phase, as described in these Terms of Reference. 2.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CIVIL WORKS AND CONSULTING SERVICES 2.1 The initial terms of reference refer to the detailed Engineering Design, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment among other things, for approximately 830km of rural roads in Niger State of Nigeria. The Construction period is planned to be 18 months. The list of roads and their tentative lengths are as follows; S/No Road Name of Road Local Road Length ID Government (Km) Area 1 R1-1 Sullu Junction - Daku Bridge - Sabon Gurara/Tafa 4.62 Diko 2 R1-2 Sullu Junction – Kabo Suleja/Gurara 10.61 3 R1-3 Old Gawu - Tuna – Farindoki Gurara 21.97 4 R2-1 Kutigi - Dasun - Tashan Hajiya road Lavun 55.32 5 R2-2 Doko - Gaba – Sheshi Lavun 14.43 109 6 R2-3 Badeggi - Ebba – Kataeregi Katcha 42.14 7 R2-7 Patibokungi - Jebo – Angasa Lavun 12.02 8 R2-8 Wuyakantin - Etsu Tasha – Kpatagi Edati 22.65 9 R3-2 Kuta - Kobwa - Kafa – Layi Shiroro 25.84 10 R3-3 Pandogari – Bassa Rafi/Shiroro 54.75 11 R3-5 Wushishi - Makusidi - Bida road Wushishi 22.85 12 R4-3 Bangi - Kompanin Bobi Mariga 88.70 13 R4-6 Fellegi – Shafini Mashegu 12.17 14 R5-1 Luma – Shagunu Borgu 26.92 Total Length 403.54 110 2.2 The scope of civil works to be carried out includes rehabilitated/construction of rural roads on existing alignments as well as realigned portions where required. The roads have mostly low volumes of traffic (i.e. less than 250 AADT). The works generally include: site clearance; earthworks; provision of sub-base; provision of lateritic base course (generally as surfacing); limited quantities of Double Bituminous Surface Treatment (DBST); trapezoidal earth side drains; with turnouts/off-shoots; lined side drains; single and multiple 900 mm concrete pipe culvert extensions and new culverts; reinforced concrete box culverts; possibly reinforced concrete bridges on bored piles; and road signs and other road furniture. The Works contract also includes traffic management, and strict social and environmental measures which shall also be supervised. 3.0 TERMS OF REFRENCE FOR THE REVIEW OF SAFEGUARDS INSTRUMENTS However, based on the above description of works, the Design Consultant has submitted the Safeguards Instruments i.e. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP). The services required under this is to review and edit the three (3) safeguards documents to an acceptable World Bank standard based on the information contained in the submitted reports. 3.1 OBJECTIVE The main objective of the services is to review and edit the already submitted Safeguards instrument by the Design Consultant Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 3.2 SCOPE OF WORK The scope of work is to review the following safeguards instruments: i. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) ii. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) iii. Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP). 3.3 DELIVERABLES Final reports on the three Safeguard Instruments 3.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SPIU In addition to the supervision and other responsibilities needed for the success of the assignment, the SPIU shall provide the Safeguards Officer with the following documents: • Project appraisal document • Project implementation manual • Environmental and social management framework (ESMF) for RAMP-2 • The existing ESMP prepared for Niger state RAMP • All information collected in the past for the preparation of ESMP, as well as road designs. 3.5 COMPOSITION OF THE TEAM The assignment is to be carried out by an experienced Safeguards Consultant. He/she should also have vast knowledge and experience in World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards Policies and expertise in Environmental Assessment processes. 3.6 DURATION The assignment should be carried out within a period of one week from the date of signing of contract agreement. 111 3.7 PAYMENT SCHEDULE The Consultant will be paid 100% upon submission of reports indicated in 3.3 above. 112 APPENDIX 2: PROPOSED DESIGN Geometric Design Standards For the design of road alignments, the Design Consultant was guided by the Draft Low Volume Roads (LVRs) Manual, 2016, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, which wasdeveloped to adequately cater for the specific needs of rural roads in Nigeria. Using the Draft LVR Manual approach, the project roads are expected to fulfill an access function, whereby most of the existing alignment is retained. Thus, the existing alignment dictates the travel speed (and hence, the horizontal and vertical alignments) depending on the terrain and existing roadside development. In cases where there are potential safety issues such as sharp crests and blind curves, appropriate countermeasures will be applied/installed on a site specific basis. For the road cross-section, the following elements have been adopted: Width of Carriageway = 4.5m. Width of Shoulder = 0.75m (each side). Total width of roadway = 6.0m. Roadway cross-fall (paved surface) = 3.5%. Roadway cross-fall (unpaved surface) = 5.0%. Side drain section = Trapezoidal/ Triangular (depending on soil properties of the location). 113 APPENDIX 3: SAMPLE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN The ESMP had provided detailed information on waste management including the amount and type of waste to be generated, the sources and proffered mitigation measures, among other measures to be considered include: • Sensitization amongst the labourers on the need for effective waste management throughout the sub-project activity. • Sensitization and mobilization on the adverse consequences of poor waste management. It is important that the Abia State Ministry of Environment and ASEPA ensure that appropriate waste management control is employed. To be practical and effective in handling of wastes, (Solid and liquid) the ESMP follows the fundamental principles of waste management: • Identify and classify the type of waste generated. Proper procedures must be taken regarding their storage, collection, transportation and disposal • Identify and demarcate disposal areas clearly indicating the specific materials that can be deposited in each. • Dispose all wastes in authorized areas, metals, used oils, etc. • Identify and demarcate equipment maintenance areas (>15m from rivers, streams, lakes or wetlands). • Identify, demarcate and enforce the use of within-site access routes to limit impact to farm. • Erect erosion control barriers around perimeter of cuts, disposal pits, and roadways. • Spray water on dirt roads and stockpiled soil to reduce wind-induced erosion and particulates dispersal, as needed. • Establish and enforce daily site clean-up procedures, including maintenance of adequate disposal facilities for construction debris. The management of other kinds of waste that will be generated from the rehabilitation works is highlighted below: a. General Waste • There should be adequate number of garbage bins and containers made available at strategic areas of the site. The use of plastic bin liners should be encouraged. • All organic and inorganic materials will be placed and/or disposed of so as not to directly or indirectly impact any watercourse or groundwater. The placement and disposal of all such products and materials will be done in an environmentally acceptable manner. • Solids, sludge and other pollutants generated as a result of construction or those removed during the course of treatment or control of wastewaters will be disposed of in a manner that prevents their direct or indirect re-entry into any watercourse or ground waters. • Any waste material that is inadvertently disposed of in or adjacent to watercourses will be removed immediately in a manner that minimizes adverse impacts, and the original drainage pattern should be restored. • Waste materials should be placed and stored in suitable containers. Storage areas and containers will be maintained in a sanitary condition and shall be covered to prevent spreading of wastes by water, wind or animals. • All food wastes should be collected and stored in containers at appropriate locations and should be emptied at regular intervals and the collected waste should be transported to Government designated waste management facilities. 114 b. Oil waste • Ensure that all equipment maintenance activities, including oil changes, are conducted within demarcated maintenance areas designated for such. • Ensure that oil or other lubricants are never dumped on the ground, but only in designated areas. e. Vegetative waste • The land clearing of the vegetation will be performed in accordance with stipulated standards in order to mitigate negative impact that maybe associated with the activity to the environments. 115 APPENDIX 4: PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCE PLAN AND CHANCE FIND PROCEDURE In the event of chance finds of items of cultural significance, all forms of excavation in and around the site will be stopped. Subsequently, experienced archaeologist and anthropologist would be recruited to carry out an investigation and proposed plans for the preservation of such cultural artefacts. During the project site induction meeting, all contractors will be made aware of the presence of an on-site archaeologist who will monitor earthmoving and excavation activities. The following procedure is to be executed in the event that archaeological material is discovered: • All construction activity in the vicinity of the find/feature/site will cease immediately. • Delineate the discovered find/ feature/ site will be delineated. • Record the find location, and all remains are to be left in place. • Secure the area to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. • The on-site archaeologist will assess, record and photograph the find/feature/ site. • The on-site archaeologist will undertake the inspection process in accordance with all project health and safety protocols under direction of the Health and Safety Officer. In consultation with the statutory authorities the on-site and Project Archaeologist will determine the appropriate course of action to take. 116 APPENDIX 5: SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE IDENTIFICATION Community: _________________ Date___________________ Name of Interviewer________________________________ Name of the Respondent: _______________________________________________ Relationship to Household head_________________________ Age___ Sex___ Nationality____________ Nativity ___________ Length of stay within the community____________ Which of these is your highest level of academic qualification (i) FSLC_____(ii) WASC/SSCE_____ (iii) OND/TCII____ (iv) HND/BSc_____ (v) MSc/PGD_______ GENERAL INFORMATION Religious Group: Christians____Muslim___ATR___Others (specify) ___ Family Pattern: Joint___Nuclear___Individual______ Size of Family: Small (2-4) ____Medium (5-7) ____Large (Above7) ____ Household’s Main Occupation________________and Monthly income (N)___________Secondary Source_________and Monthly Income (N)________No. of Adult earning members:________ No. of dependents:___ Family annual expenditure: (N)_________ PUBLIC UTILITIES How would you describe the condition of the following amenities in town you live/community? Amenities Very Good Good Fair Poor Roads to the community Roads within the community Schools in the community Public Health Institutions Potable Water Public Electricity Communication facilities (Postal Service, Telephone) What is the major source of water available to your household? (i)River____ (ii)Borehole (commercial)____ (iii)Borehole (private)___ (iv)Public pipe-borne water___(v)Pond___ (vi)Water Vendor___ (vii)Well water___ What is your primary source of electricity (i)Hurricane Lamp___(ii) Private Generators___ (iii)Community Generators___ (iv)State Government Utilities Board___ (v)Company Operating in your community___ (vi) PHCN (National Grid)___ What is your secondary source of electricity? (i)Hurricane Lamp___ (ii) Private Generators___ (iii)Community Generators___ (iv)Company Operating in your community___ What is the main fuel you use for cooking? (i)Firewood___(ii)Charcoal___ (iii)Kerosene___ (iv)Gas___ (v)Electricity___(vi)Crop residue/ Saw dust___(vii) Animal Wastes___(viii)Others___ HEALTH AND SANITATION 117 What type of toilet facility do you use? (i)Pit___(ii) Bush___(iii)Bucket___(iv) Water Closet___(v)Others (Specify)…… How do you dispose of your household refuse? (i)Private Open Dump___(ii) Public Open Dump___(iii) Organized Collection___(iv)Burning___(v) Bush___(vi)Burying___ Which of the following diseases/condition is most common in your area (i)Malaria___(ii)Typhoid___(iii)Diarrhoea___(iv)Cough___(v) Respiratory Disturbance___(vi)Others__ PROJECT PERCEPTION Are you aware of the proposed Rehabilitation Project? Yes___No__ If Yes, Source of information_______________ What is your opinion about the project? Good____ Bad____ Can’t say____ If good, what positive impacts do you perceive? ____________________________ If bad, what negative impacts do you perceive? _____________________________ 118 APPENDIX 6: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an ESMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP. In general, these measures shall include but not be limited to: a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities. b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. 119 g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction worker scamps. j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bonded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be reused or sold for re-use locally. 9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 120 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. c) Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. d) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. e) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. f) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. g) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 121 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Re-vegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run 122 off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. 123 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes: • For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. • For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for mo nitoring of the Contractor’s HSE performance. 55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least: • A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP; • A description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; • A description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and • The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such. 56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on: • HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; • Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); • Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; • Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and • Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings. 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendices to the bi-weekly reports. Example 124 formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are hable to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be: • Occupational Health and Safety Basics • Occupational Health and Safety in water supply pipeline installation • Safety Practices in Borehole installation and Aquifer Abstraction • Electrical Safety Basics • Hazard Identification and Control • Hazard Communication Program • Accident Investigation • Asbestos Management • Safe work Procedures • Fall Protection • Noise Management Program • Workers Respiratory Program • Work place Violence Management • Fire Safety • Emergency Management; and • Social and cultural awareness 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of the art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSE impact. Example Format: HSE Report Contract: Period of reporting: HSE management actions/measures: Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures taken, etc. 125 HSE incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports. HSE compliance: Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of non-compliance. Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects. Concerns and observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings and visits. Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor’s Representative Example Format: HSE Incident Notification Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer Originators Reference No: Date of Incident: Time: Location of incident: Name of Person(s) involved: Employing Company: Type of Incident: Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual) Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation Signature (Name, Title, Date): Contractor’s Representative 126 Appendix 7 : Sample Company Code of Conduct Preventing Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children The company is committed to creating and maintaining an environment in which gender based violence (GBV) and violence against children (VAC) have no place, and where they will not be tolerated by any employee, associate, or representative of the company. Therefore, in order to ensure that all those engaged in the project are aware of this commitment, and in order to prevent, be aware of, and respond to any allegations of GBV and VAC, the company commits to the following core principles and minimum standards of behavior that will apply to all company employees, associates, and representatives including sub-contractors, without exception: 1. The company—and therefore all employees, associates, and representatives—commit to treating women, children (persons under the age of 18), and men with respect regardless of race, color, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. Acts of GBV and VAC are in violation of this commitment. 2. Demeaning, threatening, harassing, abusive, culturally inappropriate, or sexually provocative language and behavior are prohibited among all company employees, associates, and its representatives. 3. Acts of GBV or VAC constitute gross misconduct and are therefore grounds for sanctions, which may include penalties and/or termination of employment. All forms of GBV and VAC, including grooming are unacceptable, regardless of whether they take place on the work site, the work site surroundings, at worker’s camps or at worker’s homes. 4. In addition to company sanctions, legal prosecution of those who commit acts of GBV or VAC will be pursued if appropriate. 5. Sexual contact or activity with children under 18—including through digital media—is prohibited. Mistaken belief regarding the age of a child is not a defense. Consent from the child is also not a defense or excuse. 6. Sexual favors—for instance, making promises or favorable treatment dependent on sexual acts— or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behavior are prohibited. 7. Unless there is full consent3 by all parties involved in the sexual act, sexual interactions between the company’s employees (at any level) and members of the communities surrounding the work 3 Consent is defined as the informed choice underlying an individual’s free and voluntary intention, acceptance or agreement to do something. No consent can be found when such acceptance or agreement is obtained through the use of threats, force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or misrepresentation. In accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the World Bank considers that consent cannot be given by children under the age of 18, even in the event that national legislation of the country into which the Code of Conduct is introduced has a lower age. Mistaken belief regarding the age of the child and consent from the child is not a defense. 127 place are prohibited. This includes relationships involving the withholding/promise of actual provision of benefit (monetary or non-monetary) to community members in exchange for sex— such sexual activity is considered “non-consensual” within the scope of this Code. 8. All employees, including volunteers and sub-contractors are highly encouraged to report suspected or actual acts of GBV and/or VAC by a fellow worker, whether in the same company or not. Reports must be made in accordance with GBV and VAC Allegation Procedures. 9. Managers are required to report suspected or actual acts of GBV and/or VAC as they have a responsibility to uphold company commitments and hold their direct reports responsible. To ensure that the above principles are implemented effectively the company commits to ensuring that: 10. All managers sign the ‘Manager’s Code of Conduct’ detailing their responsibilities for implementing the company’s commitments and enforcing the responsibilities in the ‘Individual Code of Conduct’. 11. All employees sign the project’s ‘Individual Code of Conduct’ confirming their agreement not to engage in activities resulting in GBV or VAC. 12. Displaying the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct prominently and in clear view at workers’ camps, offices, and in in public areas of the work space. Examples of areas include waiting, rest and lobby areas of sites, canteen areas, health clinics. 13. Ensure that posted and distributed copies of the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct are translated into the appropriate language of use in the work site areas as well as for any international staff in their native language. 14. An appropriate person is nominated as the company’s ‘Focal Point’ for addressing GBV and VAC issues, including representing the company on the GBV and VAC Compliance Team (GCCT) which is comprised of representatives from the client, contractor(s), the supervision consultant, and local service provider(s). 15. Ensuring that an effective Action Plan is developed in consultation with the GCCT which includes as a minimum: a. GBV and VAC Allegation Procedure to report GBV and VAC issues through the project Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM); b. Accountability Measures to protect confidentiality of all involved; and, c. Response Protocol applicable to GBV and VAC survivors and perpetrators. 16. That the company effectively implements the Action Plan, providing feedback to the GCCT for improvements and updates as appropriate. 17. All employees attend an induction training course prior to commencing work on site to ensure they are familiar with the company’s commitments and the project’s GBV and VAC Codes of Conduct. 18. All employees attend a mandatory training course once a month for the duration of the contract starting from the first induction training prior to commencement of work to reinforce the understanding of the project’s GBV and VAC Code of Conduct. I do hereby acknowledge that I have read the foregoing Company Code of Conduct, and on behalf of the company agree to comply with the standards contained therein. I understand my role and responsibilities to prevent and respond to GBV and VAC. I understand that any action inconsistent with this Company Code of Conduct or failure to take action mandated by this Company Code of Conduct may result in disciplinary action. Company name: _________________________ Signature: _________________________ 128 Printed Name: _________________________ Title: _________________________ Date: _________________________ 129 APPENDIX 8: ATTENDANCE LIST/PEOPLE MET 130 131 132 133 134 NAMES OF INTERVIEWEES ACCORDING TO THEIR COMMUNITIES S/NO NAMES COMMUNITIES 1 Abdullahi Umar SHE 2 Haruna Usman SHE 3 Hajia Ladidi Suleiman SHE 4 Ibrahim Suleiman SHE 5 Shaawanatu Rilwanu PINA 6 Abdullahi Gambo PINA 7 Abdullahi Zachari TAWO 8 Mrs Yusuf KUTA 9 Paulina Zaka SULLU 10 Zainab Abdullahi KABO 11 Rabiatu Garba TUNA 12 Hauwa Garba TUNA 13 ALH. Salihu Yunusa (Mai Angua) DIYE-FE 14 Felix Mark ERENA 15 Huseni Mark ERENA 16 Idris Yerima ERENA 17 Florence Ibrahim AJATA-ABOKI 18 Mariamu Juda AJATA-ABOKI 19 Elisabeth Ketonko AJATA-ABOKI 20 Umar Abdullahi GURMANA 21 Ismail Mai Angua GURMANA 22 Salami Chidi BASSA 23 Abdullahi Bassa BASSA 24 ALH. Bako GUMA 25 Adama Mustapha RUGO 26 Abida Salleh RUGO 27 Aisha Rabiu RUGO 28 Laure Mohammed MADAKA 29 Amina Mohammed KODO 30 Mohammed Kato KODO 31 Fatu Sado KODO 32 Alkali Makira KODO 135 33 Adama Silas JAKO 34 Joshua Amadu JAKO 35 Mohammed Dakachi SHABALEDBO 36 Yagiworo (Emir chuemkpa) SHABALEDBO 37 Andrew Kolo GABA 38 Gabriel Gana GABA 39 Elin Deji GABA 40 Ladidi Mohammadu SHESHI 41 Fati Mohammed SHESHI 42 Hassana Jiya DOKO 43 Umaru Hussani KUPASU 44 Mohammed Baba ELONI 45 Mijindadi LEMU 46 Mohammed Tatangi LEMU 47 Mohammadu Mohammed (Dakaci) LEMU 48 Nasiru Adamu (counselor) SHANSHANI 49 Bobo Mago MAGO 50 Umaru Tanko Usman (Chief) MATANE 51 Mummy Abbas FELLEGI 52 Aisha GENU 53 Saadatu GENU 54 Aminatu GENU 55 Ali Samiala TUNGA HABU 56 Usman Garba MASAHA Key Informants Interviewed • Director Rural Infrastructure Development, Min. of Agriculture and Rural Development Engr. Umma Baba Tailor • Director planning • (NAMDA) Mal. Musa Moh. Isa • Ministry of Environment: Alh. Raji S. Adam (Ag. Director Environment) Mr. Ayba Shekwonya (Deputy Director Forestry) Alh. Isa Mohammed (Deputy Director Climate Change) 136 APPENDIX 9: DETAILED RESULT OF SOIL SAMPLES TESTED S/N Name of Road Length L.G.A Particle size Textual N% P K Pb Concentration of elements in the soils Observation o Km distribution Class (MG/K Meq/ (Mg/Kg along the Road % % % (USDA) G) 100g ) N P K Pb CLAY SILT SAND 1. Kutgi-Dasum- 56.4 Lavun 9 34 57 S.L 0.082 6.13 0.10 11.83 Low Low V.Low Low Slightly Tashan-Hajiya Road Sloppy 2. Kutgi-Dasum- 56.4 Lavun 7 14 79 LS 0.050 8.05 0.06 0.22 Low Low V.Low Low Land sheet Tashan-Hajiya Road Erosion with 3. Kutgi-Dasum- 56.4 Lavun 7 20 73 SL 0.117 11.55 0.14 1.53 Low Medium V.Low Low shrubs Tashan-Hajiya Road Yam and Sorghum farm 4. Kutgi-Dasum- 56.4 Lavun 7 20 73 SL 0.102 5.77 0.24 5.23 Low Low Low General Gently sloppy Tashan-Hajiya Road The slight sheet 5. Sullu Junction-Kabo 10 Suleja/ 11 16 73 SL 0.102 7.70 0.17 0.00 Low Low V.Low Lead is erosion Gurara Low Cereal crop 6. Sullu Junction-Kabo 10 Suleja/ 13 14 73 SL 0.094 1.75 0.16 0.18 Low Low V.Low Groundnut Gurara yam 7. Sullu Junction-Kabo 10 Suleja/ 9 18 73 SL 0.037 4.55 0.18 0.53 Low Low V.Low pepper farm Gurara livestock 8. Sullu Junction-Kabo 10 Suleja/ 7 22 71 SL 0.060 1.40 0.38 0.55 Low Low moderate presence shrubs Gurara locust and shew 9. Sullu Junction-Kabo 10 Suleja/ 7 20 73 SL 0.052 7.00 0.22 1.18 Low Low Low buther Gurara trees 10. Sullu Junction-Kabo 10 Suleja/ 7 16 75 SL 0.042 2.45 0.08 0.08 Low Low V.Low Gently sloppy Gurara Maize farm 11. Daku Brigde- Sabo 3.7 Gurara/ 11 14 75 SL 0.037 4.38 0.08 0.93 Low Low V.Low Slightly flat Doki Tafa shew buther tree 137 S/N Name of Road Length L.G.A Particle size Textual N% P K Pb Concentration of elements in the soils Observation o Km distribution Class (MG/K Meq/ (Mg/Kg along the Road % % % (USDA) G) 100g ) N P K Pb CLAY SILT SAND 12. Old Gawu-Tuna- 22 Gurara 9 14 77 S.L 0.082 4.38 0.07 0.13 Low Low V.Low Cashew, Farindoki Cassava and maize farm 13. Old Gawu-Tuna- 22 Gurara 7 14 79 LS 0.050 8.05 0.06 0.22 Low Low V.Low Farindoki 14. Old Gawu-Tuna- 22 Gurara 9 34 57 S.L 0.082 6.13 0.10 11.60 Low Low V.Low Farindoki 15. Old Gawu-Tuna- 22 Gurara 7 16 77 SL 0.042 2.45 0.08 0.08 Low Low V.Low Farindoki 16. Kuta-Kobwa-Kafa- 26.7 Shiroro 7 18 75 SL 0.092 1.75 0.08 0.01 Low Low V.Low Millet farm Layi 17. Pandogari-Bassa- 96 Rafi/Shi 9 22 69 SL 0.068 1.58 0.09 0.46 Low Low V.Low Slightly flat Gurmana-Erena roro Millet and yam 18. Pandogari-Bassa- Rafi/Shi 9 18 71 SL 0.094 1.75 0.16 0.18 Low Low V.Low and pepper Gurmana-Erena roro farm 19. Pandogari-Bassa- 22 Rafi/Shi 7 22 71 SL 0.060 1.40 0.38 0.55 Low Low Moderate Locust and Gurmana-Erena roro shew buther 20. Pandogari-Bassa- 22 Rafi/Shi 7 20 73 SL 0.102 5.78 0.25 0.60 Low Low Low trees Gurmana-Erena roro 21. Pandogari-Bassa- 22 Rafi/Shi 7 20 75 SL 0.091 1.63 0.40 0.53 Low Low Moderate Gurmana-Erena roro 22. Pandogari-Bassa- 22 Rafi/Shi 7 26 67 SL 0.045 15.05 0.13 0.72 Low Medium V.Low Gurmana-Erena roro 23. Kagara-Madaka 33.18 Rafi 7 20 73 SL 0.052 7.00 0.22 1.18 Low Low Low Flood plan 24. Kagara-Madaka 33.18 Rafi 7 18 75 SL 0.092 1.73 0.09 0.01 Low Low V.Low 25. Kagara-Madaka 33.18 Rafi 7 16 77 SL 0.067 1.40 0.10 0.19 Low Low V.Low 138 S/N Name of Road Length L.G.A Particle size Textual N% P K Pb Concentration of elements in the soils Observation o Km distribution Class (MG/K Meq/ (Mg/Kg along the Road % % % (USDA) G) 100g ) N P K Pb CLAY SILT SAND 26. Kagara-Madaka 33.18 Rafi 11 32 57 SL 0.349 1.93 0.19 5.51 Mod Low V.Low Cereal crops erat and economic e trees 27. Wushishi-Makusidi- 28.44 Wushis 7 8 85 LS 0.120 4.33 0.07 7.20 Low Low V.Low Surface very Bida hi sandy slightly 28. Wushishi-Makusidi- 28.44 Wushis 7 8 85 LS 0.085 8.40 0.39 5.35 Low Low V.Low sloppy Bida hi Shew buther, 29. Wushishi-Makusidi- 28.44 Wushis 7 8 85 LS 0.057 3.33 0.07 8.44 Low Low Moderate and locust Bida hi trees 30. Wushishi-Makusidi- 28.44 Wushis 7 6 87 LS 0.045 3.15 0.14 4.61 Low Low V.Low Bida hi 31. Wushishi-Makusidi- 28.44 Wushis 7 4 89 S 0.072 4.20 0.07 5.02 Low Low V.Low Bida hi 32. Doko-Emigugbagi- 14.4 Lavun 7 4 89 S 0.052 4.20 0.05 4.83 Low Low V.Low Slightly sloppy Jebo cereals crops a 33. Doko-Gaba-Sheshi 14.4 Lavun 7 8 85 LS 0.062 21.00 0.10 4.88 Low Low V.Low economic trees 34. Doko-Emigugbagi- 4.8 Lavun 7 4 89 S 0.042 9.10 0.03 4.75 Low Low V.Low Slightly sloppy Jebo cereals and soya 35. Doko-Emigugbagi- 4.8 Lavun 7 4 89 S 0.050 3.50 0.04 4.54 Low Low V.Low bean crop Jebo 36. Patibokungi-Jebo- 15.6 Lavun 7 8 85 LS 0.067 4.73 0.06 4.19 Low Low V.Low Slighty sloppy Angasa crop-yam, 37. Patibokungi-Jebo- 15.6 Lavun 7 6 87 LS 0.047 3.43 0.05 4.09 Low Low V.Low cereals and soya Angasa shew buther 38. Patibokungi-Jebo- 15.6 Lavun 7 4 89 S 0.059 5.60 0.07 3.99 Low Low V.Low Low all and locust trees Angasa through 139 S/N Name of Road Length L.G.A Particle size Textual N% P K Pb Concentration of elements in the soils Observation o Km distribution Class (MG/K Meq/ (Mg/Kg along the Road % % % (USDA) G) 100g ) N P K Pb CLAY SILT SAND 39. Patibokungi-Jebo- 15.6 Lavun 7 18 75 SL 0.092 1.75 0.09 3.87 Low Low V.Low Angasa 40. Patibokungi-Jebo- 15.6 Lavun 7 20 73 SL 0.049 5.75 0.09 4.52 Low Low V.Low Slightly sloppy Angasa shew buther 41. Bida-Gaba-Busu- 16.9 Bida 7 4 89 S 0.032 6.65 0.12 4.78 Low Low V.Low and locust trees Elomi cereal 42. Baddegi-Ebba- 47.5 Katcha 7 4 89 S 0.110 53.38 0.05 4.83 Low High V.Low Kataeregi 43. Baddegi-Ebba- 47.5 Katcha 7 4 89 S 0.070 4.90 0.05 4.83 Low Low V.Low Kataeregi 44. Baddegi-Ebba- 47.5 Katcha 9 4 87 LS 0.047 3.50 0.05 5.01 Low Low V.Low Moderately Kataeregi sloppy, cereals, 45. Baddegi-Ebba- 47.5 Katcha 7 6 87 LS 0.045 3.15 0.14 4.61 Low Low V.Low soya and yam Kataeregi shew buther locust trees and shrubs 46. Kataeregi-Gbangba- 32.41 Katcha/ 7 8 85 LS 0.85 8.40 0.39 5.35 Low Low moderate Flat land cereal Lemu Gbako crops shrubs 47. Kataeregi-Gbangba- 32.41 Katcha/ 9 8 83 LS 0.92 24.85 0.14 4.95. Low High V.Low Lemu Gbako 48. Gulu-Evuti-Lambata 57 Lapai 7 20 73 SL 0.117 11.55 0.14 4.51 Low Medium V.Low 49. Wuyakantin-Etsu 22.7 Edati 7 20 73 SL 0.102 5.78 0.25 5.41 Low Low Low Tasha-Kpatagi 50. Luma-Shagunu 26.25 Borgu 7 16 77 SL 0.070 18.03 0.23 4.65 Low Medium Low From 51. Angwara-Mago- 43.66 Agwarra 7 4 89 S 0.062 15.40 0.18 4.66 Low Medium V.Low moderately Shafaci /Borgu slightly sloppy 140 S/N Name of Road Length L.G.A Particle size Textual N% P K Pb Concentration of elements in the soils Observation o Km distribution Class (MG/K Meq/ (Mg/Kg along the Road % % % (USDA) G) 100g ) N P K Pb CLAY SILT SAND 52. Fellegi-Shafini 11.71 Masheg 7 2 91 S 0.087 9.80 0.27 4.28 Low Low Low land cereal u crops, soya, 53. Fellegi-Shafini 11.71 Masheg 9 24 67 SL 0.115 8.40 0.18 5.42 Low Low V.Low yam and u grandaunt shew 54. Rijau-Genu- 50.36 Magam 7 2 91 S 0.047 5.25 0.03 4.67 Low Low V.Low buther, and Magaman a/Rijau locust beans 55. Rijau-Genu- 50.36 Magam 9 24 67 SL 0.115 8.35 0.18 5.09 Low Low V.Low trees Magaman a/Rijau 56. Kontogora-Ibanga- 18.7 Kontog 7 2 85 S 0.050 5.15 0.04 3.51 Low Low V.Low Rafin ora 57. Kontogora-Ibanga- 18.7 Kontog 7 4 89 S 0.059 5.60 0.07 3.99 Low Low V.Low Rafin ora 58. Kaboji-Matane- 40.16 Masheg 7 6 87 LS 0.062 5.25 0.08 5.03 Low Low V.Low Mashegu u 59. Kaboji-Matane- 40.16 Masheg 7 6 89 LS 0.050 4.51 0.08 5.20 Low Low V.Low Mashegu u 60. Kaboji-Matane- 40.16 Masheg 7 8 85 LS 0.120 4.55 0.07 7.01 Low Low V.Low Mashegu u 141 APPENDIX 10: DETAILED FLORAL SPECIES ALONG THE ROAD ROUTES Plants found between Kutigi to Dasun to Tashan Hajiya Road (Lavun Local Government) Abundanc Common Ethno S/N Ta Family e Name Botany/Uses xa Lo Rar Endanger High w e ed 1 Phyllanthus Euphorbiaceae Spiny Leavs Skin - L - - muellerianus Flower problmes 2 Parinari Rosaceae Ginger bread Antihelminthi - - - E polyand plum c-helminthic ra 3 Butyrospermum Sapotaceae shea butter PASTEUR H - - - paradoxum 4 Swartzia FABACEAE Yellow fever - - R - madagascariensis 5 Hyptis Lamiaceae Tea bush Mosquito H - - - suaveolens Repellant 6 Terminalia Combretaceae Terminalia mystic uses - - R - macroptera 7 Strychn Loganiaceae Monkey Ball Antidote to - - R - os Snake spinosu s 8 Ximenia Olacaceae Wild olive Haemorrage - - R - Americana 9 14 Acacia nilotica Fabaceae Gum - - R Arabic 10 15 Blighia sapida Sapindaceae akee Nut - - - 11 17 Lophira alata Ochnaceae Red Wound - - - Ironwood Healing (Root) 12 18 Securinega virosa Euphorbiace Dogs knee High - - R ae Blood Pressur e 142 13 19 Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Bamboo HIV/AID - L - S 14 20 Securidaca Polygalaceae Violet Tree Cold - - R longipenduncul ata Plants found between Pandogari - Bassa - Gurmana to Erena (Rafi/Shiroro) Common Ethno Abundance S/N Taxa Family Name Botany/Uses High Low Rare Endangered 1 Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae GMELINA Paper H - - - Production 2 Ximenia Olacaceae Wild Olive Heamorrage - - - E Americana 3 Butyrospermum Sapotaceae Shear Pasture H - - - paradoxum Butter 4 Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae Tea Bush Mosquito H - - - Repellant Plants found between Old Gawu - to Gtuna to Farindoki (Gurara) Abundance Common Ethno S/n Taxa Family Name Botany/Uses High Low Rare Endangered 1 Goldenia Boraginaceae Coldenia Colds H - - - procumbens 2 Bombax Bombaceae Red Silk Diabetes - - R - costatum cotton 3 Mitragyna Rubiaceae Witlow H - - - innermis 4 Hyptis Lamiaceae Tea Bush Mosquito H - - - suaveolens Repellant 5 Piliostigma Fabaceae: C Camel’s Antidote to - - R - thonningii Foot Snake venom 6 Tithonia Asteraceae Mexican Typhoid H - - - diversifolia Marigold Fever 7 Calopogonium Fabaceae: P Over Corp Minimize - - R - mucunoides Erosion 8 Lannea acida ANACARDIACEAE PLUMP - - R - 143 9 Prosopis FABACEAE: M BIRCIA FUEL WOOD - L - - Africana TREE 10 Butyrospermum SAPOTACEAE SHEA PASTURE H - - - paradoxum BUTTER 11 Commiphora Burseraceae Arraroba Panacea - - R - kerstingii 12 Bambusa Poaceae Bamboo HIV/AIDS - - R - vulgaris 13 Blighhia sapida Sapindaceae Akee nut - - - E 14 Ficus polita Moraceae Polish fig Masticatory - - R - 15 Butyrospermum Sapotaceae Shea Pasture H - - - paradoxum butter 16 Saba florida Apocynaceae Yallow Saba - - R - tree 144 APPENDIX 11: DETAILED WATER SAMPLE RESULTS SAMPLE 1: DAKU BRIDGE RIVER. SAMPLE 2: DAKU BRIDGE RIVER. DATE OF TEST: 19TH JUNE, 2017. S/No. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS WHO LIMITS REMARKS. SAMPLE SAMPLE GUIDELINEMAX 1. 2. PERM LIMIT 1 Appearance/Color - pale Pap Colorless 2 Odor/Taste - No No unobjectionable offense offense 3 Turbidity NTU 92.9 69.4 0.0 - 0.50 Turbid 4 P H - 6.8 6.7 6.50 – 8.5 Within limit 5 Temperature °Celcius 26.8 27.0 < 40 6 Conductivity at 25°C µ/cm 0.5 0.4 1000 7 Total suspended solids Mg/l 0.15 0.10 0.0 8 Total dissolved solids Mg/l 44.0 38.0 500 9 Total alkalinity Mg/l 30.0 30.2 - 10 Total hardness as Mg/l 160.0 162.0 150 Above CaCO3 limit 11 Iron Fe +2 Mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.3 12 Silica as SiO2 Mg/l 20.0 21.0 - 13 Nitrate as N Mg/l 0.17 0.69 50 14 Sulphate as SO4 Mg/l 17.9 17.6 100 15 Manganese Mn -2 Mg/l 0.36 0.33 0.2 16 Chloride as Cl Mg/l 129.0 133.0 250 17 Copper Cu +2 Mg/l 0.03 0.03 1 18 Calcium (Ca) Mg/l 0.42 0.49 - 19 Phosphorous (PO4) Mg/l 6.9 6.5 - 20 Potassium K Mg/l 2.31 2.29 - 21 BOD Mg/l 5.97 5.44 - 22 COD Mg/l 143.0 139.0 - 23 General bacteria count No./100ml 5.0 6.0 1.0 Above on nutrient agar at 27°C limit 24 Total Organic Carbon Mg/l 6.3 6.5 5 Above limit 25 Most probable number No./100ml 36.0 35.0 Nill (MPN) Caliform Organism 26 MPN E. Coli/Faecial col. No./100ml 30.0 31.0 Nill TEST ON WATER SAMPLES. SAMPLE 1: WUSHISHI-BIDA ROAD DANKWAJI RIVER. SAMPLE 2: WUSHISHI-BIDA ROAD DANKWAJI RIVER. DATE OF TEST: 19TH JUNE, 145 2017. S/No. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS WHO LIMITS REMARKS. SAMPLE SAMPLE GUIDELINEMAX 1. 2. PERM LIMIT 1 Appearance/Color - Pale Pale Colorless 2 Odor/Taste Not Not - unobjectionable offensive offensive 3 Turbidity NTU 77.5 123.0 0.0 - 0.50 Turbid. 4 P H - 6.8 6.9 6.50 – 8.5 5 Temperature °Celcius 26.8 26.8 < 40 6 Conductivity at 25°C µ/cm 0.11 0.13 1000 7 Total suspended Mg/l 0.02 0.10 0.0 solids 8 Total dissolved solids Mg/l 91.0 98.0 500 9 Total alkalinity Mg/l 31.0 31.0 - 10 Total hardness as Mg/l 156.0 155.0 150 CaCO3 11 Iron Fe +2 Mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.3 12 Silica as SiO2 Mg/l 20.0 21.0 - 13 Nitrate as N Mg/l 0.49 0.51 50 14 Sulphate as SO4 Mg/l 17.8 18.1 100 15 Manganese Mn -2 Mg/l 0.31 0.34 0.2 16 Chloride as Cl Mg/l 115.0 113.0 250 17 Copper Cu +2 Mg/l 0.03 0.03 1 18 Calcium (Ca) Mg/l 0.78 0.73 - 19 Phosphorous (PO4) Mg/l 6.9 12.4 - 20 Potassium K Mg/l 1.73 1.75 - 21 BOD Mg/l 4.2 2.79 - 22 COD Mg/l 120.0 121.0 - 23 General bacteria count on nutrient No./100ml 5.0 9.0 1.0 agar at 27°C 24 Total Organic Carbon Mg/l 6.9 7.1 5 25 Most probable number (MPN) No./100ml 33.0 35.0 Nill Caliform Organism 26 MPN E. Coli/Faecial No./100ml 30.0 30.0 Nill col. TEST ON WATER SAMPLES. SAMPLE 1: GULU LAMBATA ZABBO RIVER (CH. 11+000). SAMPLE 2: GULU LAMBATA ZABBO RIVER (CH. 11+000). DATE OF TEST: 19TH JUNE, 146 2017. S/No. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS WHO LIMITS REMARKS. SAMPLE SAMPLE GUIDELINEMAX 1. 2. PERM LIMIT 1 Appearance/Color - Pale Pale Colorless 2 Odor/Taste Not Not - unobjectionable offensive offensive 3 Turbidity NTU 122.0 120.0 0.0 - 0.50 4 P H - 7.1 7.2 6.50 – 8.5 5 Temperature °Celcius 26.7 26.9 < 40 6 Conductivity at 25°C µ/cm 0.4 0.3 1000 7 Total suspended Mg/l 0.2 0.2 0.0 solids 8 Total dissolved solids Mg/l 33.0 36.0 500 9 Total alkalinity Mg/l 32.0 31.0 - 10 Total hardness as Mg/l 155.0 168.0 150 CaCO3 11 Iron Fe +2 Mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.3 12 Silica as SiO2 Mg/l 18.0 19.0 - 13 Nitrate as N Mg/l 0.34 0.34 50 14 Sulphate as SO4 Mg/l 19.3 20.1 100 15 Manganese Mn -2 Mg/l 0.52 0.51 0.2 16 Chloride as Cl Mg/l 159.0 160.0 250 17 Copper Cu +2 Mg/l 0.03 0.03 1 18 Calcium (Ca) Mg/l 0.50 0.56 - 19 Phosphorous (PO4) Mg/l 7.3 7.0 - 20 Potassium K Mg/l 2.52 2.58 - 21 BOD Mg/l 5.59 5.66 - 22 COD Mg/l 63.0 69.0 - 23 General bacteria count on nutrient No./100ml 6.0 6.0 1.0 agar at 27°C 24 Total Organic Carbon Mg/l 12.5 13.1 5 25 Most probable number (MPN) No./100ml 28.0 29.0 Nill Caliform Organism 26 MPN E. Coli/Faecial No./100ml 29.0 29.0 Nill col. TEST ON WATER SAMPLES. SAMPLE 1: FARIN DOKI RIVER (CH. 21+950). 147 SAMPLE 2: FARIN DOKI RIVER (CH. 21+950). DATE OF TEST: 19TH JUNE, 2017. S/No. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS WHO LIMITS REMARKS. SAMPLE SAMPLE GUIDELINEMAX 1. 2. PERM LIMIT 1 Appearance/Color - Pale Pale Colorless 2 Odor/Taste Not Not - unobjectionable offensive offensive 3 Turbidity NTU 94.8 97.9 0.0 - 0.50 4 P H - 6.9 7.0 6.50 – 8.5 5 Temperature °Celcius 26.8 26.8 < 40 6 Conductivity at 25°C µ/cm 0.14 0.14 1000 7 Total suspended Mg/l 0.17 0.08 0.0 solids 8 Total dissolved solids Mg/l 107.0 109.0 500 9 Total alkalinity Mg/l 11.0 12.0 - 10 Total hardness as Mg/l 160.0 162.0 150 CaCO3 11 Iron Fe +2 Mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.3 12 Silica as SiO2 Mg/l 17.0 18.0 - 13 Nitrate as N Mg/l 0.31 0.38 50 14 Sulphate as SO4 Mg/l 18.0 18.8 100 15 Manganese Mn -2 Mg/l 0.42 0.46 0.2 16 Chloride as Cl Mg/l 162.0 160.0 250 17 Copper Cu +2 Mg/l 0.03 0.03 1 18 Calcium (Ca) Mg/l 0.39 0.41 - 19 Phosphorous (PO4) Mg/l 7.1 7.6 - 20 Potassium K Mg/l 1.99 2.01 - 21 BOD Mg/l 4.21 4.20 - 22 COD Mg/l 82.0 89.0 - 23 General bacteria count on nutrient No./100ml 6.0 3.0 1.0 agar at 27°C 24 Total Organic Carbon Mg/l 6.5 6.7 5 25 Most probable number (MPN) No./100ml 11.2 11.6 Nill Caliform Organism 26 MPN E. Coli/Faecial No./100ml 14.0 15.0 Nill col. TEST ON WATER SAMPLES. 148 SAMPLE 1: KUTA LAYI CIBWA RIVER (CH. 11+500). SAMPLE 2: KUTA LAYI CIBWA RIVER (CH. 11+500). DATE OF TEST: 19TH JUNE, 2017. S/No. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS WHO LIMITS REMARKS. SAMPLE SAMPLE GUIDELINEMAX 1. 2. PERM LIMIT 1 Appearance/Color - Pale Pale Colorless 2 Odor/Taste Not Not - unobjectionable offensive offensive 3 Turbidity NTU 57.5 49.9 0.0 - 0.50 4 P H - 7.3 7.2 6.50 – 8.5 5 Temperature °Celcius 26.8 26.7 < 40 6 Conductivity at 25°C µ/cm 0.12 0.10 1000 7 Total suspended Mg/l 0.01 0.03 0.0 solids 8 Total dissolved solids Mg/l 92.0 82.0 500 9 Total alkalinity Mg/l 14.0 12.0 - 10 Total hardness as Mg/l 156.0 152.0 150 CaCO3 11 Iron Fe +2 Mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.3 12 Silica as SiO2 Mg/l 16.0 15.0 - 13 Nitrate as N Mg/l 0.71 0.69 50 14 Sulphate as SO4 Mg/l 20.4 20.8 100 15 Manganese Mn -2 Mg/l 0.35 0.35 0.2 16 Chloride as Cl Mg/l 146.0 149.0 250 17 Copper Cu +2 Mg/l 0.03 0.03 1 18 Calcium (Ca) Mg/l 0.63 0.58 - 19 Phosphorous (PO4) Mg/l 7.4 7.4 - 20 Potassium K Mg/l 2.58 2.55 - 21 BOD Mg/l 5.48 5.44 - 22 COD Mg/l 71.0 75.0 - 23 General bacteria count on nutrient No./100ml 4.0 3.0 1.0 agar at 27°C 24 Total Organic Carbon Mg/l 5.6 5.3 5 25 Most probable number (MPN) No./100ml 9.0 4.0 Nill Caliform Organism 26 MPN E. Coli/Faecial No./100ml 10.0 11.0 Nill col. TEST ON WATER SAMPLES. 149 . SAMPLE 1: KUTA LAYI CIBWA RIVER (CH. 1+000). SAMPLE 2: KUTA LAYI CIBWA RIVER (CH. 1+000). DATE OF TEST: 19TH JUNE, 2017. S/No. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS WHO LIMITS REMARKS. SAMPLE SAMPLE GUIDELINEMAX 1. 2. PERM LIMIT 1 Appearance/Color - Pale Pale Colorless 2 Odor/Taste Not Not - unobjectionable offensive offensive 3 Turbidity NTU 13.4 28.5 0.0 - 0.50 4 P H - 7.2 7.2 6.50 – 8.5 5 Temperature °Celcius 26.8 26.6 < 40 6 Conductivity at 25°C µ/cm 0.33 0.33 1000 7 Total suspended Mg/l 0.14 0.25 0.0 solids 8 Total dissolved solids Mg/l 240.0 240.0 500 9 Total alkalinity Mg/l 12.0 12.0 - 10 Total hardness as Mg/l 152.0 153.0 150 CaCO3 11 Iron Fe +2 Mg/l 0.13 0.13 0.3 12 Silica as SiO2 Mg/l 17.0 18.0 - 13 Nitrate as N Mg/l 0.54 0.57 50 14 Sulphate as SO4 Mg/l 20.3 20.0 100 15 Manganese Mn -2 Mg/l 0.52 0.48 0.2 16 Chloride as Cl Mg/l 1.83 1.96 250 17 Copper Cu +2 Mg/l 0.03 0.03 1 18 Calcium (Ca) Mg/l 0.28 0.33 - 19 Phosphorous (PO4) Mg/l 4.9 7.3 - 20 Potassium K Mg/l 1.71 2.05 - 21 BOD Mg/l 0.89 2.35 - 22 COD Mg/l 103.0 101.0 - 23 General bacteria count on nutrient No./100ml 4.0 6.0 1.0 agar at 27°C 24 Total Organic Carbon Mg/l 3.7 4.0 5 25 Most probable number (MPN) No./100ml 11.0 12.0 Nill Caliform Organism 26 MPN E. Coli/Faecial No./100ml 12.0 12.0 Nill col. 150 TEST ON WATER SAMPLES. SAMPLE 1: MAITUMBI-KUTA DUMGBESHI RIVER (CH. 14+300). SAMPLE 2: MAITUMBI-KUTA DUMGBESHI RIVER (CH. 14+300). DATE OF TEST: 19TH JUNE, 2017. S/No. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS WHO LIMITS REMARKS. SAMPLE SAMPLE GUIDELINEMAX 1. 2. PERM LIMIT 1 Appearance/Color - Pale Pale Colorless 2 Odor/Taste Not Not - unobjectionable offensive offensive 3 Turbidity Very NTU 232.0 253.0 0.0 - 0.50 turbid. 4 PH - 7.4 7.4 6.50 – 8.5 5 Temperature °Celcius 26.8 26.8 < 40 6 Conductivity at 25°C µ/cm 0.10 0.09 1000 7 Total suspended Mg/l 0.25 0.14 0.0 solids 8 Total dissolved solids Mg/l 77.0 74.0 500 9 Total alkalinity Mg/l 11.0 12.0 - 10 Total hardness as Mg/l 152.0 154.0 150 CaCO3 11 Iron Fe +2 Mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.3 12 Silica as SiO2 Mg/l 20.0 21.0 - 13 Nitrate as N Mg/l 0.62 0.63 50 14 Sulphate as SO4 Mg/l 21.4 21.5 100 15 Manganese Mn -2 Mg/l 0.45 0.50 0.2 16 Chloride as Cl Mg/l 1.93 1.85 250 17 Copper Cu +2 Mg/l 0.03 0.03 1 18 Calcium (Ca) Mg/l 0.31 0.28 - 19 Phosphorous (PO4) Mg/l 4.9 7.1 - 20 Potassium K Mg/l 2.0 1.73 - 21 BOD Mg/l 5.23 5.18 - 22 COD Mg/l 121.0 121.0 - 23 General bacteria count on nutrient No./100ml 7.0 6.0 1.0 agar at 27°C 24 Total Organic Carbon Mg/l 0.13 0.13 5 25 Most probable number (MPN) No./100ml 5.0 6.0 Nill Caliform Organism 26 MPN E. Coli/Faecial No./100ml 6.0 7.0 Nill col. 151 TEST ON WATER SAMPLES. SAMPLE 1: SHAFINI STREAM WATER SAMPLE 2: AGWARA NIGER RIVER DATE OF TEST: 19TH JUNE, 2017. S/No. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS WHO LIMITS REMARKS. SAMPLE SAMPLE GUIDELINEMAX 1. 2. PERM LIMIT 1 Appearance/Color - Pale Pale Colorless 2 Odor/Taste Not Not - unobjectionable offensive offensive 3 Turbidity Very NTU 86.6 78.8 0.0 - 0.50 turbid. 4 PH - 7.2 7.2 6.50 – 8.5 5 Temperature °Celcius 26.7 26.8 < 40 6 Conductivity at 25°C µ/cm 0.24 0.26 1000 7 Total suspended Mg/l 1.9 0.17 0.0 solids 8 Total dissolved solids Mg/l 176.0 188.0 500 9 Total alkalinity Mg/l 14.0 15.0 - 10 Total hardness as Mg/l 155.0 156.0 150 CaCO3 11 Iron Fe +2 Mg/l 0.1 0.10 0.3 12 Silica as SiO2 Mg/l 16.0 17.0 - 13 Nitrate as N Mg/l 0.72 0.65 50 14 Sulphate as SO4 Mg/l 20.2 20.1 100 15 Manganese Mn -2 Mg/l 0.27 0.12 0.2 16 Chloride as Cl Mg/l 113.0 115.0 250 17 Copper Cu +2 Mg/l 0.03 0.03 1 18 Calcium (Ca) Mg/l 0.21 0.23 - 19 Phosphorous (PO4) Mg/l 7.4 7.4 - 20 Potassium K Mg/l 1.72 1.73 - 21 BOD Mg/l 4.60 4.48 - 22 COD Mg/l 132.0 121.0 - 23 General bacteria count on nutrient No./100ml 6.0 6.0 1.0 agar at 27°C 24 Total Organic Carbon Mg/l 4.2 0.04 5 25 Most probable number (MPN) No./100ml 6.0 5.0 Nill Caliform Organism 26 MPN E. Coli/Faecial No./100ml 5.0 6.0 Nill col. 152 TEST ON WATER SAMPLES. SAMPLE 1: LUMA SHAGUNU RIVER WATER SAMPLE 2: GULBI BOKA BANGI RIVER DATE OF TEST: 19TH JUNE, 2017. S/No. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS WHO LIMITS REMARKS. SAMPLE SAMPLE GUIDELINEMAX 1. 2. PERM LIMIT 1 Appearance/Color - Pale Pale Colorless 2 Odor/Taste Not Not - unobjectionable offensive offensive 3 Turbidity Very NTU 51.9 74.3 0.0 - 0.50 turbid. 4 PH - 7.2 7.1 6.50 – 8.5 5 Temperature °Celcius 26.7 26.8 < 40 6 Conductivity at 25°C µ/cm 0.25 0.26 1000 7 Total suspended Mg/l 0.5 0.6 0.0 solids 8 Total dissolved solids Mg/l 184.0 189.0 500 9 Total alkalinity Mg/l 14.0 15.0 - 10 Total hardness as Mg/l 156.0 155.0 150 CaCO3 11 Iron Fe +2 Mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.3 12 Silica as SiO2 Mg/l 14.0 14.0 - 13 Nitrate as N Mg/l 0.63 0.52 50 14 Sulphate as SO4 Mg/l 20.2 19.2 100 15 Manganese Mn -2 Mg/l 0.29 0.30 0.2 16 Chloride as Cl Mg/l 115.0 113.0 250 17 Copper Cu +2 Mg/l 0.03 0.03 1 18 Calcium (Ca) Mg/l 0.29 0.25 - 19 Phosphorous (PO4) Mg/l 7.3 7.4 - 20 Potassium K Mg/l 1.91 1.86 - 21 BOD Mg/l 4.62 4.70 - 22 COD Mg/l 108.0 110.0 - 23 General bacteria count on nutrient No./100ml 3.0 6.0 1.0 agar at 27°C 24 Total Organic Carbon Mg/l 8.6 8.9 5 25 Most probable number (MPN) No./100ml 5.0 6.0 Nill Caliform Organism 26 MPN E. Coli/Faecial No./100ml 4.0 5.0 Nill col. 153 154 APPENDIX 12: EXCERPTS OF FEDERAL HIGHWAY PROCEDURE (2013) Excerpts from The Federal Ministry of Works’ Highway Design Manual Part 1 The Geometric Design Procedure Manual (2013) classifies roads into A, B, C, D for High, Moderate High, Medium and Low volume access roads respectively. The proposed Niger RAMP roads fall within class “D” (Low Class). Phases of a Road High Way Project are: • Identification phase • Preparation phase • Design phase • Implementation phase • Maintenance and operation phase Preparation, Design and Implementation phases have linkages with Environmental and Social Safeguards. Key notes on the sub-phases are as per below: Preparation phase: • Project prioritization • Technical feasibility • Environmental and social scoping • Stage 1 Road Safety Audit (Feasibility) • Economic and Financial feasibility • Adjustment of scope and standard Design Phase 1. Draft/preliminary design • Route determination • Traffic study, topographical, geotechnical and materials survey • Preliminary bridge location and concepts • Environmental and social impact assessment • Stage 2 Road Safety Audit • Comparison of costs and budgets 2. Detail design of: • Roads, pavements, materials, drainages, bridges, • Environmental Management Plan (EMP), Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP), Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), Sustainability design 3. Tender document and working drawings Implementation Phase • ESMP, SIMP and RAP Implementation • Road construction/rehabilitation The Highway procedure code in section 4.2.14 states that the compilation of a preliminary design report is required, containing detailed contour survey plans showing the proposed design, a summary and recommendation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment report, summary of the results of the stage 2 Road Safety Audit and a critical analysis of the route with clear motivation of proposals, together with data on the standards which may be attained, as well as cost estimates. 155 Appendix 13: Minutes of Meeting with Stakeholders Date 14/09/2017 156 Date 14/09/2017 157 Date: 15/09/2017 158