Climate Change Mitigation in the Urban Transport Sector P r i o r i t i e s f o r t h e W o r l d B a n k A WORLD BANK GROUP GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY PROGRAM PUBLICATION CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION IN THEURBAN TRANSPORT SECTOR PRIORITIES FOR THE WORLD BANK 5VGRJGP -CTGMG\K CPF .WICTF /CLQTQ #HTKECP 'PGTI[ 2QNKE[ 4GUGCTEJ 0GVYQTM 6QFF / ,QJPUQP 'PXKTQPOGPV &GRCTVOGPV 6JG 9QTNF $CPM ,WPG 6*' 914.& $#0- 6JG +PVGTPCVKQPCN $CPM HQT 4GEQPUVTWEVKQP CPF &GXGNQROGPV6*' 914.& $#0- * 5VTGGV 09 9CUJKPIVQP &% 75# /CPWHCEVWTGF KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU QH #OGTKEC (KTUV RTKPVKPI ,WPG %QXGT CPF DQQM FGUKIP ,KO %CPVTGNN %QXGT KOCIG 9QTNF $CPM #UKC +OCIGU KP VGZV 9QTNF $CPM 2JQVQ .KDTCT[ 2TKPVGF YKVJ UQ[ KPM QP TGE[ENGF RCRGT CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND GLOSSARY v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1.0 OBJECTIVE AND STRUCTURE 3 2.0 THE WORLD BANK'S URBAN TRANSPORT STRATEGY 5 5VTWEVWTCN %JCPIGU VQ .CPF 7UG +ORTQXGF 1RGTCVKQPCN 'HHKEKGPE[ $GVVGT (QEWUKPI QH +PVGTXGPVKQPU VQ #UUKUV VJG 2QQT 2QNKE[ +PUVKVWVKQPCN CPF (KUECN 4GHQTOU 3.0 ALIGNMENT WITH THE GEF'S CLIMATE CHANGE PRIORITIES FOR TRANSPORT 15 'PXKTQPOGPVCN +UUWGU KP VJG $CPM U 7TDCP 6TCPURQTV 5VTCVGI[ 6JG )'( U 1RGTCVKQPCN 2TQITCO HQT 5WUVCKPCDNG 6TCPURQTV 12 2TKQTKVKGU 4GEQOOGPFGF D[ VJG )'( U 56#2 4.0 PRIORITIESFOR THE WORLD BANK FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONIN THE URBAN TRANSPORT SECTOR 21 /QFCN 5JKHVU VQ 2WDNKE 6TCPURQTV 0/6 6TCPURQTV CPF 7TDCP 2NCPPKPI 6TCPURQTV&GOCPF /CPCIGOGPV 6&/ 1VJGTU 4GUGCTEJ 0GGFU KKK %NKOCVG %JCPIG /KVKICVKQP KP VJG 7TDCP 6TCPURQTV 5GEVQT APPENDIX 1 TRANSMILENIO -- BOGOTA'S BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM 29 APPENDIX 2 THE MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM INCURITIBA, BRAZIL 31 APPENDIX 3 ESTIMATED ENERGY AND GHG REDUCTIONS OF VARIOUS TRANSPORT OPTIONS 33 APPENDIX 4 ESTIMATED COSTS OF VARIOUS TRANSPORT OPTIONS 35 APPENDIX 5 INVESTMENT COST, CARRYING CAPACITY, AND CO EMISSIONS 37 2 NOTES 41 REFERENCES 43 BOXES $QZ $KE[ENGU QP VJG 4GVTGCV KP %JKPC $QZ +PVGITCVGF .CPF7UG CPF 6TCPURQTV 2NCPPKPI 6JG %CUG QH 5KPICRQTG $QZ 6JG #TGC .KEGPUKPI 5EJGOG KP 5KPICRQTG $QZ +PVGITCVGF 2WDNKE 6TCPURQTV 5[UVGO 3WKVQ 'EWCFQT $QZ /CTKMKPC $KMGYC[U 2TQLGEV KP VJG %KV[ QH /CTKMKPC VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU TABLES 6CDNG /CUU 6TCPUKV 1RVKQPU 6CDNG )*) 'OKUUKQPU HTQO &KHHGTGPV 6TCPURQTV /QFGU 6CDNG 1XGTNCR $GVYGGP VJG $CPM U 765 CPF +PKVKCN 12 2TKQTKVKGU 6CDNG 1XGTNCR $GVYGGP VJG $CPM U 765 CPF VJG 4GXKUGF 12 2TKQTKVKGU KX ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND GLOSSARY #.5 #TGC .KEGPUKPI 5EJGOG 5KPICRQTG $46 $WU TCRKF VTCPUKV %0) %QORTGUUGF PCVWTCN ICU %1 %CTDQP OQPQZKFG %1 %CTDQP FKQZKFG C ITGGPJQWUG ICU 'WTQ ++ 8GJKENG GOKUUKQP UVCPFCTF HQT 'WTQRG )&2 )TQUU &QOGUVKE 2TQFWEV )'( )NQDCN 'PXKTQPOGPV (CEKNKV[ )*) )TGGPJQWUG ICU ICU YJKEJ EQPVTKDWVGU VQ ENKOCVG EJCPIG GHHGEVU )25 )NQDCN RQUKVKQPKPI U[UVGO *% *[FTQECTDQP *18 *KIJ QEEWRCPE[ XGJKENG +%' +PVGTPCN EQODWUVKQP GPIKPG +'# +PVGTPCVKQPCN 'PGTI[ #IGPE[ 1'%& 2CTKU +2%% +PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCN 2CPGN QP %NKOCVG %JCPIG .0) .KSWGHKGF PCVWTCN ICU .2) .KSWGHKGF RGVTQNGWO ICU .46 .KIJV TCKN VTCPUKV /46 /CUU 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VJG ENKOCVG EJCPIG QD TK\GU CP CRRTQCEJ YJGTGD[ VJG 9QTNF $CPM LGEVKXGU QH VJG )'( ECP DGUV KPVGITCVG ENKOCVG EJCPIG EQPEGTPU YKVJKP KVU WTDCP VTCPURQTV RTQITCO KP FGXGN 6JG RCRGT KU QTICPK\GF CU HQNNQYU 5GEVKQP QRKPI EQWPVTKGU VYQ GZCOKPGU VJG $CPM U 765 CPF KFGPVKHKGU 2.0 THE WORLD BANK'S URBAN TRANSPORT STRATEGY 6JG 9QTNF $CPM U WTDCP VTCPURQTV UVTCVGI[ $QZ RNCEGU VTCPURQTV PGGFU YKVJKP C DTQCF EQP $KE[ENGU QP VJG 4GVTGCV KP %JKPC VGZV QH WTDCP FGXGNQROGPV 2TGXKQWU $CPM UVTCVGIKGU JCF HQEWUGF NCTIGN[ QP KORTQXKPI %JKPC KU VJG YQTNF U NCTIGUV DKE[ENG RTQFWEGT VJG OCPCIGOGPV CPF HKPCPEKCN XKCDKNKV[ QH CPF JCU VJG NCTIGUV DKE[ENG HNGGV QH CP[ PC VKQP *QYGXGT UKPEG VJG GCTN[ U DKE[ENG WTDCP VTCPURQTV U[UVGOU 6JG NCVGUV UVTCVGI[ WUG JCU DGGP WPFGT RTGUUWTG HTQO TQCF XG CFFTGUUGU KP OQTG FGVCKN VJG TGNCVKQPUJKR QH JKENGU +P VJG EKV[ QH )WCPI\JQW DKE[ENG WU WTDCP VTCPURQTV VQ RQXGTV[ CNNGXKCVKQP VJG CIG RNWOOGVGF HTQO RGTEGPV QH CNN VTKRU KP VQ NGUU VJCP RGTEGPV KP +P 5JCPI ETKVKECN TQNG 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haracteristics Busways Light rail transit Metro Suburban rail Segregation At grade At grade Mostly elevated or At grade underground Required space 2 to 4 lanes1 from 2 to 3 lanes from Elevated or - an existing road an existing road underground; little impact on existing road Impact on traffic Depends on policy Depends on Reduces congestion Railway crossings may or design policy or design somewhat increase congestion when frequencies are high Public transport Straightforward Often difficult Often difficult Often difficult integration with bus operations; problematic with paratransit Initial cost 1­5 10­30 15­30 at grade - (US$million/ 30­75 elevated kilometer[km]) 60­180 underground Capacity 10­20,0002 10­12,000 More than 60,000 30,0003 (passengers/hour/ direction) Operating speed 17­20 20 30­40 40­50 (kilometers per hour [kph]) Examples Quito, Singapore Tunis; most Most European and Most European and European and North American cities North American cities North American cities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VTCHHKE TKPI KPVG RQUGF QH HQWT TKPIU YGTG CFFGF VQ VJG DTCPEJ ITCVGF YKVJ C UGTKGU QH HCUV TQWVGU DGVYGGP U[UVGO YJKEJ KPVGITCVGF VQ EQXGT VJG YJQNG VJG OCKP PQFCN RQKPVU QH VJG EKV[ 6JKU GNKOK EKV[ 6JG HWGN ETKUKU QH VJG GCTN[ U RNC[GF PCVGF VJG PGGF HQT GPVTCPEG KPVQ VJG EGPVTCN C ETWEKCN TQNG KP VJG RQRWNCTKV[ QH VJG OCUU DWUKPGUU FKUVTKEV YJKEJ YCU VJGP TGUGTXGF VTCPUKV U[UVGO HQT VJG RTKXCVG ECT QYPGTU YJQ HQT RGFGUVTKCPU CPF NQECN VTCHHKE HQWPF VJCV RWDNKE VTCPURQTVCVKQP YCU EJGCRGT TGNCVKXGN[ EQPXGPKGPV CPF HCUV 6JG HKTUV GZENWUKXG DWU NCPG QRGPGF KP YCU MO NQPI CPF NKPMGF VJG PQTVJ CPF +P CTVKEWNCVGF DWUGU YKVJ C ECRCEKV[ QH UQWVJGTP RCTVU QH VJG EKV[ 6JG GZENWUKXG DWU RCUUGPIGTU YGTG KPVTQFWEGF 6JG DWUGU NCPGU GPCDNGF VJG DWUGU VQ OCKPVCKP C URGGF YGTG DWKNV KP C 8QNXQ RNCPV KP %WTKVKDC 4KF QH MRJ 6JKU PQTVJ UQWVJ GZRTGUU CZKU YCU GTU RTGHGTTGF VJGUG DWUGU DGECWUG VJG[ YGTG NKPMGF VQ VJG QVJGT RCTVU QH VJG EKV[ D[ EQP QP CXGTCIG VKOGU EJGCRGT VJCP VTCOU CPF XGPVKQPCN DWUGU +P VJG HQNNQYKPI HKXG [GCTU VKOGU EJGCRGT VJCP WPFGTITQWPF VTCKPU OCUU VTCPURQTV VGTOKPCNU CPF CP GCUV YGUV NKPG YGTG DWKNV $[ VJG U[UVGO JCF CTVKEWNCVGF DWUGU YKVJ ECRCEKV[ QH RCUUGPIGTU RGT DWU CPF +P C UKPING HCTG YCU KPVTQFWEGF YJKEJ EQWNF OQXG VQ RCUUGPIGTU RGT OGCPV VJCV VJG UJQTVGT LQWTPG[U UWDUKFK\GF NCPG RGT JQWT +P PQPUVQR GZRTGUU UGT VJG EQUVU QH VJG NQPIGT QPGU 6JKU GPCDNGF XKEGU YGTG KPVTQFWEGF 6JGUG DWUGU JCF C VJG EKV[ TGUKFGPVU KP VJG QWVGT CTGCU YJQ YGTG UOCNNGT ECRCEKV[ RCUUGPIGTU CPF EQWNF %NKOCVG %JCPIG /KVKICVKQP KP VJG 7TDCP 6TCPURQTV 5GEVQT VJGTGHQTG OCKPVCKP C JKIJ CXGTCIG URGGF +P CPF KP RGTUQP DKCTVKEWNCVGF DWUGU CFFKVKQP DQCTFKPI UVCVKQPU CV VJG UCOG NGXGN YGTG KPVTQFWEGF CU VJG DWUGU YGTG EQPUVTWEVGF CNQPI VJG FK TGEV NKPGU 6JKU YCU KPVGPFGF VQ URGGF VJG (WGN EQPUWORVKQP KP %WTKVKDC KU PQY RGT DQCTFKPI CPF CNKIJVKPI QH RCUUGPIGTU 6Q HWT EGPV NGUU VJCP KP EQORCTCDNG EKVKGU KP $TC\KN VJGT KORTQXG VJG DQCTFKPI HCTGU YGTG RCKF CPF CTQWPF RGTEGPV QH VTKRU RGT FC[ CTG CV VJG GPVTCPEG QH VJG UVCVKQP # NKHV YCU CFFGF OCFG YKVJ RWDNKE VTCPURQTV HQT FKUCDNGF RCUUGPIGTU 6JG YJQNG FGUKIP YCU OQFGNGF QP VJCV QH CP WPFGTITQWPF TCKN 5QWTEGU .GTPGT /GPEMJQHH JVVR Y Y Y K P I R Q T I I G P G T C N O G G V K P I U U[UVGO 6JKU U[UVGO DGECOG XGT[ RQRWNCT EWTKVKDCJVO APPENDIX 3 ESTIMATED ENERGY AND GHG REDUCTIONS OF VARIOUS TRANSPORT OPTIONS Measure Savings/Benefits Reference Public Rapid Transit Systems BRT Air pollutants reduced by 40% World Bank. 2002b. Cities on the Move--A World system (Bogota, Colombia) Travel time reduced by 32%1 Bank Urban Transport Strategy Review: Private Sector Development and Infrastructure. Washington, D.C. GEF. 2001. "Project Brief: Mexico-- Introduction of Climate-Friendly Measures in Transport" Combination of BRT, TDM, Reductions of 318 MT of CO2, SO2 by Hook, W., and L. Wright. 2002. "Reducing GHG and NMT measures (Bogota, 40%, and PM by 10%, in 2001 as Emission by Shifting Passenger Trips to Less- Colombia) compared to 1997 Polluting Modes." Background Paper for the Reduced private car taxi trips from 19.7% Brainstorming Session on Non-Technology to 17.5% of trips Options for Stimulating Modal Shifts in City Bike trips increased from 0.5% to 4% of Transport Systems held in Nairobi, Kenya. trips STAP/GEF. Washington, D.C. Trolley bus rapid transit Ridership per bus rose from 312 to 1,807 GEF. 2001. "Project Brief: Mexico - Introduction system passengers per day2 of Climate Friendly Measures in Transport." (Bogota, Colombia) Exclusive busways (Lima, 6.0 million bus kilometers saved per GEF Project Document. "Public Transport Peru) annum3 Improvement Program in Lima, Peru." <>. Traffic-Demand Management Computerized control of traffic Average vehicle travel speed rose from 4 Fwa, T. F. 2002. "Transportation Planning and signals (Singapore) km/hr to 6 km/hr Management for Sustainable Development­ Energy saving of 307GJ per weekday Singapore's Experience." Paper presented at a Brainstorming Session on Non-Technology Options for Stimulating Modal Shifts in City Transport Systems held in Nairobi, Kenya. STAP/GEF. Washington, D.C. Optimal road pricing based on Reduction of emissions Maddison, D., D. Pearse, O. Johansson, E. congestion charging (London, - CO: 42% Calthrop, T. Litman, and E. Verhoef. 1996. The UK) - VOCs: 38% True Costs of Road Transport. London: - NOx­21% Earthscan Publications Ltd. - PM­27% - CO2­37% Congestion pricing of the - Reduction of 34% peak passenger World Bank. 2002b. Cities on the Move--A World Namsan Tunnels (Seoul, vehicle volume Bank Urban Transport Strategy Review: Private Korea) - Average travel speed increased by 50% Sector Development and Infrastructure. (from 20kph to 30kph) Washington, D.C. Fuel pricing and taxation 15%­20% for vehicle operators Martin, D., D. Moon, S. Collings, and A. Lewis. 1995. Mechanisms for Improved Energy Efficiency in Transport. Overseas Development Administration. London, UK. Promoting one car-free day Reduction in private car use (modal share Prointec Inocsa Stereocarto, Urban Public per week (Mexico) reduced from 25% to 17%) Transport Systems Integration and Funding, Paper prepared for the World Bank urban transport strategy, 2001, Washington, DC. %NKOCVG %JCPIG /KVKICVKQP KP VJG 7TDCP 6TCPURQTV 5GEVQT Measure Savings/Benefits Reference Demonstrations and 10% energy savings from users in the Martin, D., D. Moon, S. Collings, and A. Lewis. information dissemination target subsector 1995. Mechanisms for Improved Energy programs Efficiency in Transport. Overseas Development Administration. London, UK. Fleet management in form of training programs and equipment purchase for engine 5%­10% energy savings per vehicle Martin, D., D. Moon, S. Collings, and A. Lewis. maintenance 1995. Mechanisms for Improved Energy Efficiency in Transport. Overseas Development -Operating procedures such as 20% energy savings per vehicle Administration. London, UK. monitoring and targeting programs -Training of drivers and 5%­10% energy savings for bus incentive schemes operators Travel blending/social 17% reduction in car trips Hook, W., and L. Wright. 2002. "Reducing GHG marketing (Santiago and 23% reduction car driver km Emission by Shifting Passenger Trips to Less- Australia) 17% reduction in travel time Polluting Modes." Background Paper for the 6% decrease in auto use4 Brainstorming Session on Non-Technology Increase in public transport trips from 6% Options for Stimulating Modal Shifts in City to 7% Transport Systems held in Nairobi, Kenya. Increase in cycling from 2% to 4% STAP/GEF. Washington, D.C. Non-Motorized Transport Promotion of non-motorized 100% energy savings for substituted trips Martin, D., D. Moon, D., S. Collings, and A. transport Lewis. 1995. Mechanisms for Improved Energy Efficiency in Transport. Overseas Development Administration. London, UK. Bicycle network (Delft, The Modal increase in bicycle usage from 40% Interface for Cycling Expertise, 2000. The Netherlands) to 43% Significance of Non-Motorized Transport for Developing Countries: Strategies for Policy Development. Utrecht, The Netherlands. <> Modern Indian rickshaws 3.2 tons of CO2 emission reduction per Hook, W. and L. Wright . 2002. "Reducing GHG day Emission by Shifting Passenger Trips to Less Polluting Modes." Background Paper for the Brainstorming Session on Non-Technology Options for Stimulating Modal Shifts in City Transport Systems held in Nairobi, Kenya. STAP/GEF. Washington, D.C. Bicycle path network (Tamale, The 60-km bikeway resulted in bicycles Moving the Economy, 2002. "Mobility in the Ghana) accounting for 65% of transport trips in Developing World" (Case Studies) Tamale <> Land-Use Planning Land-use planning combined 20%­30% energy savings for bus Martin, D., D. Moon, S. Collings, and A. Lewis. with traffic management operators 1995. Mechanisms for Improved Energy Efficiency in Transport. Overseas Development Administration. London, UK. Area licensing scheme 1.043GJ per day energy savings Fwa, T. F. 2002. "Transportation Planning and (Singapore) Total vehicular traffic reduced by 50%; Management for Sustainable Development­ private traffic reduced by 75% Singapore's Experience." Paper presented at a Travel speed increased from 20 to 33 kph, Brainstorming Session on Non-Technology saving time and energy while engines Options for Stimulating Modal Shifts in City were idling Transport Systems held in Nairobi, Kenya. STAP/GEF. Washington, D.C. 0QVGU 6JG TGFWEVKQP YCU QP VJG EQTTKFQTU # VQVCN QH RCUUGPIGTU RGT FC[ YGTG VTCPURQTVGF QP VJG 6TCPU/KNGPKQ RCUUGPIGTU RGT FC[ YGTG VTCPURQTVGF WPFGT VJG VTCFKVKQPCN U[UVGO 6JGUG YGTG TGUWNVU QH C RKNQV RTQITCO 6JGUG YGTG TGUWNVU QH CP KOOGFKCVG FGETGCUG KP CWVQ WUG QH VJG JQWUGJQNFU VCTIGVGF 6JGTG YCU CP CFFKVKQPCN FGETGCUG CHVGT OQPVJU APPENDIX 4 ESTIMATED COSTS OF VARIOUS TRANSPORT OPTIONS Transport option Estimated cost (US$) Location Bicycle 50 per bike Busway (infrastructure only) 1.5 million per km Trolley bus rapid transit and associated 5 million per km1 Quito, Ecuador infrastructure BRT and associated infrastructure 2.5 million per km Quito, Ecuador Bus rapid transit and associated 8 million per km2 Bogota, Colombia infrastructure LRT 15­30 million per km At-grade metro 15­30 million per km (2000 prices)* Elevated metro 30­75 million per km (2000 prices)* Underground metro 60­180 million per km (2000 prices)* MRT 114­133 million per km (1998 prices) Hong Kong MRT 46 million per km (1998 prices) Singapore LRT at grade 27 million per km (1998 prices) Manila LRT at grade 42 million per km (1998 prices) Kuala Lumpur 0QVG 'UVKOCVGF EQUV QH OGVTQU KP #UKC KP 'UVKOCVG KU KPENWUKXG QH VTQNNG[ DWUGU CPF VJGKT GNGEVTKE U[UVGO EQUV 75 OKNNKQP VYQ VGTOKPCNU MO QH GZENWUKXG DWU NCPGU CPF DWU UVQRU EQUV 75 OKNNKQP UKIPCN U[UVGO EQUV OKNNKQP CPF VKEMGVKPI U[UVGO EQUV OKNNKQP YJKEJ VQVCNU 75 OKNNKQP QT CDQWV 75 OKNNKQP RGT MO 'UVKOCVG KPENWFGU MO QH DWUYC[U CTVKEWNCVGF VTWPM DWUGU CPF HGGFGT DWUGU 5QWTEG (QZ %NKOCVG %JCPIG /KVKICVKQP KP VJG 7TDCP 6TCPURQTV 5GEVQT 8GJKECN 6GEJPQNQIKGU Propulsion technology Cost per vehicle (US$)1 Diesel 30,000­100,0002 Clean diesel/trolley 100,000­250,000 CNG,3 LPG4 bus 150,000­350,000 Hybrid electric bus 200,000­400,000 Fuel-cell bus 1.0­1.5 million Metro rail car 1.7­2.4 million 0QVGU %QUV GUVKOCVGU RTQXKFGF CTG HQT PQPCTVKEWNCVGF DWUGU #EEQTFKPI VQ (WNVQP UGEQPFJCPF DWUGU KP FGXGNQRKPI EQWPVTKGU YKNN EQUV 75 YJKNG PGY FKGUGN DWUGU RTQFWEGF D[ KPFKIGPQWU DWU EQORCPKGU KP FGXGNQRKPI EQWPVTKGU EQUV 75 +H VJG NCVVGT DWUGU OGGV 'WTQ ++ UVCPFCTFU VJGP VJG[ YQWNF EQUV 75 +P 0QTVJ #OGTKEC C V[RKECN FKGUGN EQUVU DGVYGGP 75 CPF YJKNG UVCPFCTF 1'%& 'WTQ ++ FKGUGN DWUGU EQUV DGVYGGP 75 %0) DWUGU RTQFWEG VQ NGUU %1 WR VQ NGUU 2/ CPF WR VQ NGUU 01Z VJCP FKGUGN DWUGU #NVGTPCVKXG (WGNU &CVC %GPVGT .2) DWUGU RTQFWEG VQ NGUU %1 VJCP FKGUGN DWUGU 5QWTEGU )'( D 9QTNF $CPM D APPENDIX 5 INVESTMENT COST, CARRYING CAPACITY, AND CO EMISSIONS 2 6GEJPQNQIKGU Maximum CO2-equivalent number of emissions Technology Cost per unit (US$) passengers1 (gram/passenger/km) Bicycle 50 2 0 Diesel bus 30,000­100,000 80 15 CNG bus 150,000­350,000 80 16 Fuel-cell bus 1.0­1.5 million 80 0 5QWTEGU )'( 9QTNF $CPM D *QQM CPF 9TKIJV 6TCPURQTV 5[UVGOU Cost per Maximum capacity kilometer (passengers per hour Networks (millions US$) per direction) Reduction in CO2 emissions Bicycle ways 0.016­ 0.0231 15,02 100% BRT 1.5­5.0 10,000­20,0002 318 metric tonnes reduction in CO2 per day in 2001 compared with 1997 levels3 LRT 15­30 10,000­12,000 - Metro Over 60,000 - - At grade 15­30 - Elevated 25­80 - Underground 60­180 0QVGU (KIWTGU HQT DWUGU TGHGT VQ VJG PQPCTVKEWNCVGF %CRCEKV[ KU JKIJGT FGRGPFKPI QP VJG YJGVJGT VJG DWUYC[ KU C VYQ QT HQWTNCPG U[UVGO (QT GZCORNG KP $QIQVC %QNQODKC VJG U[UVGO ECP OQXG RCUUGPIGTU RGT JQWT RGT FKTGEVKQP QP C VYQNCPG U[UVGO $CUGF QP GUVKOCVGU ECTTKGF QWV KP $QIQVC %QNQODKC 5QWTEGU (QZ %NKOCVG %JCPIG /KVKICVKQP KP VJG 7TDCP 6TCPURQTV 5GEVQT 6GEJPQNQI[ %QUV 'UVKOCVGU Bus cost Category (thousands US$) Other costs Secondhand bus in developing countries 10­40 - (conversions from diesel trucks), seating 25­ 40 New diesel bus produced by indigenous bus 30­75 - companies in developing countries New diesel bus produced in developing 100­150 Some retraining costs and possibly countries by international bus companies that higher spare parts costs meet Euro II Standard OECD Euro II diesel bus 180­350 - Diesel with advanced emissions controls 5­0 (more than If low-sulfur diesel, up to 10 cents comparable diesel bus) per liter higher fuel cost (for small imported batches) CNG, LPG buses 25­50 (more than Fuel infrastructure costs could be comparable to diesel up to several million US$ per city bus) Hybrid electric buses (on a limited production 100­150 more than Significant costs for retraining, basis) comparable diesel bus maintenance, and spare parts (less in DCs) Fuel-cell buses (on a limited production basis) 1,000 (1 million US$) With up to US$5 million per city for more than comparable to refueling infrastructure and other diesel buses, even in support-system costs LDCs at this time. 0QVG 6JG TCPIG QH RTKEGU KPENWFGU VTCPUKV DWUGU KP 'WTQRG CPF 0QTVJ #OGTKEC $WUGU KP 'WTQRG CTG IGPGTCNN[ NGUU GZRGPUKXG VJCP VJQUG KP 0QTVJ #OGTKEC YKVJ VJG RTKEGU KP 'WTQRG HQT PQPCTVKEWNCVGF DWUGU IGPGTCNN[ DGNQY 75 5QWTEG (WNVQP 'OKUUKQP $GPGHKVU QH #FFKPI 1PG $WU VQ CP 7TDCP 6TCPURQTV 5[UVGO RGTEGPVCIG TGFWEVKQPU TGNCVKXG VQ FKURNCEGF XGJKENGU Fuel use Road space (CO2) HC CO NOx PM Percentages Optimistic Scenario2 Standard diesel bus -92 -72 -99 -97 -66 -83 Euro II bus -92 -72 -100 -100 -66 -96 Euro IV bus -92 -72 -100 -100 -93 -98 Zero-emissions bus -92 -78 -100 -100 -100 -100 Pessimistic Scenario3 Standard diesel bus -39 +50 +68 +46 +85 +41 Euro II bus -39 +50 -60 -77 +85 -65 Euro IV bus -39 +50 -92 -94 -63 -86 Zero-emissions bus -39 +20 -100 -100 -100 -100 0QVGU 6JG TKFGTU QP VJG DWU CTG HTQO QVJGT OQFGU VJGTGHQTG C EGTVCKP PWODGT QH QVJGT XGJKENGU CTG FKURNCEGF CPF FQ PQV OCMG VJG VTKRU VJG[ YQWNF JCXG QVJGTYKUG OCFG #UUWORVKQPU CTG OCFG QP JQY OCP[ RCUUGPIGTU QVJGT XGJKENGU V[RKECNN[ ECTT[ VJG TQCF URCEG VJG[ TGSWKTGF CPF GOKUUKQPU RGT MKNQOGVGT HQT GCEJ XGJKENG V[RG HQT C V[RKECN EKV[ (QT VJG QRVKOKUVKE UEGPCTKQ C UVCPFCTF RQNNWVKPI DWU ECTTKGU VJG UCOG PWODGT QH RCUUGPIGTU CV RGTEGPV NGUU TQCF URCEG WUGU RGTEGPV NGUU HWGN CPF VJWU ETGCVGU RGTEGPV NGUU GOKUUKQPU CPF RGTEGPV HGYGT GOKUUKQPU QH RQNNWVCPVU 6JG FKHHGTGPEG KP VJG DWU VGEJPQNQI[ EJQUGP KU QXGTUJCFQYGF D[ VJG VQVCN TGFWEVKQPU CEJKGXGF VJTQWIJ XGJKENG UWDUVKVWVKQP (QT VJG RGUUKOKUVKE UEGPCTKQ VJG UVCPFCTF DWU QPN[ TGUWNVU KP OCLQT TGFWEVKQP KP CXCKNCDNG TQCF URCEG VJCV YQWNF JCXG DGGP QEEWRKGF D[ VJG EQOOWVGTU KP QVJGT OQFGU D[ CNOQUV C JCNH *QYGXGT VJG ENGCPGT DWUGU CEJKGXG UKIPKHKECPVN[ JKIJGT GOKUUKQP TGFWEVKQPU VJCP VJG UVCPFCTF DWU FQGU 5QWTEG (WNVQP CPF 5EJKRRGT 2TKQTKVKGU HQT VJG 9QTNF $CPM 1RVKOKUVKE 5EGPCTKQ DWUGU OKPKDWUGU QT RCTCVTCPUKV CPF PQP #UUWOGU CP CFFKVKQPCN DWU VJCV CEEQOOQ OQVQTK\GF OQFGU FCVGU UGCVGF RCUUGPIGTU UVCPFKPI RCU UGPIGTU KU KPVTQFWEGF KP VJG U[UVGO CPF QR 2GUUKOKUVKE 5EGPCTKQ GTCVGU YKVJ CP CXGTCIG QH TKFGTU QXGT VJG #UUWOGU VJG CFFKVKQPCN DWU KPVTQFWEGF KP VJG EQWTUG QH VJG FC[ 6JG RCUUGPIGTU CTG CU U[UVGO ECTTKGU CP CXGTCIG QH RCUUGPIGTU UWOGF VQ JCXG UJKHVGF HTQO QVJGT OQFGU VJCV 6JGUG CTG RCUUGPIGTU CTG CUUWOGF VQ JCXG KU HTQO VYQ QT VJTGGYJGGN XGJKENGU YKVJ UJKHVGF HTQO UOCNNGT DWUGU OKPKDWUGU QT VYQUVTQMG GPIKPGU HTQO VYQ QT VJTGG RCTCVTCPUKV RCUUGPIGTU CPF PQPOQVQT YJGGN XGJKENGU YKVJ HQWTUVTQMG GPIKPGU CPF K\GF RCUUGPIGTU OQFGU QPN[ GCEJ HTQO RTKXCVG ECTU QT VCZKU UOCNN NOTES # 9QTNF $CPM TGRQTV (NGZKPI VJG .KPM +V KU WPNKMGN[ JQYGXGT VJCV VJG[ =HWGN EGNN DGVYGGP 6TCPURQTV CPF )TGGPJQWUG )CU XGJKENGU? 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