Doing Business 2018 Finland Economy Pro le of Finland Doing Business 2018 Indicators (in order of appearance in the document) Starting a business Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company Dealing with construction Procedures, time and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse and the quality control and permits safety mechanisms in the construction permitting system Getting electricity Procedures, time and cost to get connected to the electrical grid, the reliability of the electricity supply and the transparency of tariffs Registering property Procedures, time and cost to transfer a property and the quality of the land administration system Getting credit Movable collateral laws and credit information systems Protecting minority investors Minority shareholders’ rights in related-party transactions and in corporate governance Paying taxes Payments, time and total tax rate for a firm to comply with all tax regulations as well as post-filing processes Trading across borders Time and cost to export the product of comparative advantage and import auto parts Enforcing contracts Time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute and the quality of judicial processes Resolving insolvency Time, cost, outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the legal framework for insolvency Labor market regulation Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality About Doing Business The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected cities at the subnational and regional level. The Doing Business project, launched in 2002, looks at domestic small and medium-size companies and measures the regulations applying to them through their life cycle. Doing Business captures several important dimensions of the regulatory environment as it applies to local rms. It provides quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation. Although Doing Business does not present rankings of economies on the labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business, it does present the data for these indicators. By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to compare business regulation environments across economies and over time, Doing Business encourages economies to compete towards more e cient regulation; o ers measurable benchmarks for reform; and serves as a resource for academics, journalists, private sector researchers and others interested in the business climate of each economy. In addition, Doing Business o ers detailed subnational reports, which exhaustively cover business regulation and reform in di erent cities and regions within a nation. These reports provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to improve performance in each of the indicator areas. Selected cities can compare their business regulations with other cities in the economy or region and with the 190 economies that Doing Business has ranked. The rst Doing Business report, published in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets and 133 economies. This year’s report covers 11 indicator sets and 190 economies. Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of each economy, except for 11 economies that have a population of more than 100 million as of 2013 (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and the United States) where Doing Business, also collected data for the second largest business city. The data for these 11 economies are a population-weighted average for the 2 largest business cities. The project has bene ted from feedback from governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers. The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving the regulatory environment for business around the world. Page 2   for insolvency Doing Business Labor market 2018 regulation Finland Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality About Doing Business The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected cities at the subnational and regional level. The Doing Business project, launched in 2002, looks at domestic small and medium-size companies and measures the regulations applying to them through their life cycle. Doing Business captures several important dimensions of the regulatory environment as it applies to local rms. It provides quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation. Although Doing Business does not present rankings of economies on the labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business, it does present the data for these indicators. By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to compare business regulation environments across economies and over time, Doing Business encourages economies to compete towards more e cient regulation; o ers measurable benchmarks for reform; and serves as a resource for academics, journalists, private sector researchers and others interested in the business climate of each economy. In addition, Doing Business o ers detailed subnational reports, which exhaustively cover business regulation and reform in di erent cities and regions within a nation. These reports provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to improve performance in each of the indicator areas. Selected cities can compare their business regulations with other cities in the economy or region and with the 190 economies that Doing Business has ranked. The rst Doing Business report, published in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets and 133 economies. This year’s report covers 11 indicator sets and 190 economies. Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of each economy, except for 11 economies that have a population of more than 100 million as of 2013 (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and the United States) where Doing Business, also collected data for the second largest business city. The data for these 11 economies are a population-weighted average for the 2 largest business cities. The project has bene ted from feedback from governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers. The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving the regulatory environment for business around the world. The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is re ected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190. The ranking of 190 economies is determined by sorting the aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to two decimals. More about Doing Business (PDF, 5MB) Ease of Doing Business in Region OECD high income DB 2018 Rank 190 1 Finland Income Category High income 13 Population 5,495,096 DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) GNI Per Capita (US$) 44,730 0 100 80.37 City Covered Helsinki DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 84.06: Denmark (Rank: 3) 80.37: Finland (Rank: 13) 79.00: Germany (Rank: 20) 78.50: Iceland (Rank: 23) 77.46: Regional Average (OECD high income) Page 3   76.13: France (Rank: 31) aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to two decimals. More Doingabout 2018 (PDF, Doing Business Business 5MB) Finland Ease of Doing Business in Region OECD high income DB 2018 Rank 190 1 Finland Income Category High income 13 Population 5,495,096 DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) GNI Per Capita (US$) 44,730 0 100 80.37 City Covered Helsinki DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 84.06: Denmark (Rank: 3) 80.37: Finland (Rank: 13) 79.00: Germany (Rank: 20) 78.50: Iceland (Rank: 23) 77.46: Regional Average (OECD high income) 76.13: France (Rank: 31) Note: The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is re ected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190. Rankings on Doing Business topics - Finland 2 1 12 20 26 27 28 37 34 46 55 55 62 82 Rank 109 136 163 190 Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Investors Borders Permits Distance to Frontier (DTF) on Doing Business topics - Finland 100 93.15 92.44 92.82 88.97 90.14 80.73 80 75.74 65.00 66.40 58.33 60 DTF 40 20 0 Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Investors Change:-0.09 Borders Change:0.00 Change:-1.07 Change:+0.02 Permits Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Change:+0.02 Starting a Business Page 4   This topic measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Investors Change:-0.09 Borders Change:0.00 Change:-1.07 Change:+0.02 Permits Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Doing Business 2018 Finland Change:+0.02 Starting a Business This topic measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized limited liability company to start up and formally operate in economy’s largest business city. To make the data comparable across 190 economies, Doing Business uses a standardized business that is 100% domestically owned, has start-up capital equivalent to 10 times income per capita, engages in general industrial or commercial activities and employs between 10 and 50 people one month after the commencement of operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. Starting a Business considers two types of local limited liability companies that are identical in all aspects, except that one company is owned by 5 married women and the other by 5 married men. The distance to frontier score for each indicator is the average of the scores obtained for each of the component indicators. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally start and operate a To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions company (number) about the business and the procedures are used. It is assumed that any required information is readily available and that the entrepreneur will pay Pre-registration (for example, name verification no bribes. or reservation, notarization) Registration in economy’s largest business city The business: - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). If there is more than Post-registration (for example, social security one type of limited liability company in the economy, the most common registration, company seal) among domestic rms is chosen. Information on the most common form is Obtaining approval from spouse to start business obtained from incorporation lawyers or the statistical o ce. or leave home to register company - Operates in the economy’s largest business city and the entire o ce Obtaining any gender-specific permission that space is approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet). For 11 can impact company registration, company economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. operations and process of getting national - Is 100% domestically owned and has ve owners, none of whom is a legal identity card entity; and has a start-up capital of 10 times income per capita and has a Time required to complete each procedure turnover of at least 100 times income per capita. (calendar days) - Performs general industrial or commercial activities, such as the production or sale of goods or services to the public. The business does Does not include time spent gathering not perform foreign trade activities and does not handle products subject information to a special tax regime, for example, liquor or tobacco. It does not use Each procedure starts on a separate day (2 heavily polluting production processes. procedures cannot start on the same day) - Leases the commercial plant or o ces and is not a proprietor of real Procedures fully completed online are recorded estate and the amount of the annual lease for the o ce space is equivalent as ½ day to 1 times income per capita. Procedure is considered completed once final - Does not qualify for investment incentives or any special bene ts. document is received - Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees one month after the commencement of operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. No prior contact with officials - Has a company deed 10 pages long. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of The owners: income per capita) - Have reached the legal age of majority. If there is no legal age of majority, Official costs only, no bribes they are assumed to be 30 years old. No professional fees unless services required by - Are sane, competent, in good health and have no criminal record. law or commonly used in practice - Are married and the marriage is monogamous and registered with the authorities. Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) - Where the answer di ers according to the legal system applicable to the Funds deposited in a bank or with third party woman or man in question (as may be the case in economies where there before registration or up to 3 months after is legal plurality), the answer used will be the one that applies to the incorporation majority of the population. Standardized Company Page 5   before registration or up to 3 months after is legal plurality), the answer used will be the one that applies to the incorporation majority of the population. Doing Business 2018 Finland Standardized Company Legal form Private Limited Company (Oy) Paid-in minimum capital requirement EUR 2,500 City Covered Helsinki OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Procedure – Men (number) 3 4.9 4.9 1.00 (New Zealand) Time – Men (days) 14 8.5 8.5 0.50 (New Zealand) Cost – Men (% of income per capita) 1.0 3.1 3.1 0.00 (United Kingdom) Procedure – Women (number) 3 4.9 4.9 1.00 (New Zealand) Time – Women (days) 14 8.5 8.5 0.50 (New Zealand) Cost – Women (% of income per capita) 1.0 3.1 3.1 0.00 (United Kingdom) Paid-in min. capital (% of income per capita) 6.4 8.7 8.7 0.00 (113 Economies) Figure – Starting a Business in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 93.28: France (Rank: 25) 93.15: Finland (Rank: 26) 92.50: Denmark (Rank: 34) 91.35: Regional Average (OECD high income) 90.71: Iceland (Rank: 55) 83.46: Germany (Rank: 113) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of starting a business is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for starting a business. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Starting a Business in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 14 1.2 12 1 ost (% of income per capita) 10 0.8 Time (days) 8 0.6 6 0.4 4 Page 6   starting a business. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Finland Figure – Starting a Business in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 14 1.2 12 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 10 0.8 Time (days) 8 0.6 6 0.4 4 0.2 2 0 0 1 2 *3 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Details – Starting a Business in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Deposit the paid-in share capital in a bank; pay the registration fee and 1 day no charge get a receipt Agency : Bank According to the Companies Act, the paid-in share capital must be paid in full into the company's bank account. To open a bank account, the company must provide at least a copy of memorandum of association. Normally also following materials need to be provided to the bank when opening an account: - The minutes of the meeting of the Board of Directors including a resolution of opening an account and identifying persons authorized to use the bank account to be opened, - A brief description of the nature of company's future banking transactions, - A description of the company's eld of business, - Su cient information regarding the shareholders and the directors of the company, - Copies of the passports regarding the persons authorized to use the bank account The subscription price may be paid to a bank account outside of Finland. However, the bank account should correspond to a bank account of a Finnish depository bank or a branch of a foreign credit institute in Finland. The receipt of the bank regarding the payment of the share capital is su cient in order to register the company. However, if an auditor is elected in accordance with applicable law, the auditor shall provide a statement Page 7   con rming the payment of the share capital. (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Starting a Business in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Deposit the paid-in share capital in a bank; pay the registration fee and 1 day no charge get a receipt Agency : Bank According to the Companies Act, the paid-in share capital must be paid in full into the company's bank account. To open a bank account, the company must provide at least a copy of memorandum of association. Normally also following materials need to be provided to the bank when opening an account: - The minutes of the meeting of the Board of Directors including a resolution of opening an account and identifying persons authorized to use the bank account to be opened, - A brief description of the nature of company's future banking transactions, - A description of the company's eld of business, - Su cient information regarding the shareholders and the directors of the company, - Copies of the passports regarding the persons authorized to use the bank account The subscription price may be paid to a bank account outside of Finland. However, the bank account should correspond to a bank account of a Finnish depository bank or a branch of a foreign credit institute in Finland. The receipt of the bank regarding the payment of the share capital is su cient in order to register the company. However, if an auditor is elected in accordance with applicable law, the auditor shall provide a statement con rming the payment of the share capital. 2 Submit a single start-up noti cation form to the National Board of 13 days EUR 380 (start-up Patents and Registration (PRH) and the Tax Administration as well as notification in paper VAT registration. form) and EUR 330 Agency : NBPR and the Tax Administration (online start-up notification of a A basic declaration to the Trade Register must be led (in either Finnish or limited liability Swedish) as the National Board of Patents and Registration speci es. For company) each type of business association, a separate basic declaration form must be used. The forms are available on the National Board of Patents and Registration, regional tax o ces, local tax o ces, Centers for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment ("ELY" Centers), local register o ces, and Chamber of Commerce and Enterprise Agencies. All registrations to the Trade Register and to the Tax Administration are performed with the same basic declaration. Moreover, since December 2012, it has been possible to le a start-up noti cation online for EUR 330. In order to be able to use the online system, it is necessary to obtain an ID with the National Board of Patents and Registration of Finland. In 2013, roughly 30 % of the new limited liability companies led to the Trade Register was performed using the online system.  If the company has employees, the company must be entered into the Employer Register, according to Section 31 of the Preliminary Taxation Act, which happens at the same time as the registration to the administration. Page 8   in accordance with applicable law, the auditor shall provide a statement Doing con rming the Business payment 2018 of the share capital. Finland 2 Submit a single start-up noti cation form to the National Board of 13 days EUR 380 (start-up Patents and Registration (PRH) and the Tax Administration as well as notification in paper VAT registration. form) and EUR 330 Agency : NBPR and the Tax Administration (online start-up notification of a A basic declaration to the Trade Register must be led (in either Finnish or limited liability Swedish) as the National Board of Patents and Registration speci es. For company) each type of business association, a separate basic declaration form must be used. The forms are available on the National Board of Patents and Registration, regional tax o ces, local tax o ces, Centers for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment ("ELY" Centers), local register o ces, and Chamber of Commerce and Enterprise Agencies. All registrations to the Trade Register and to the Tax Administration are performed with the same basic declaration. Moreover, since December 2012, it has been possible to le a start-up noti cation online for EUR 330. In order to be able to use the online system, it is necessary to obtain an ID with the National Board of Patents and Registration of Finland. In 2013, roughly 30 % of the new limited liability companies led to the Trade Register was performed using the online system.  If the company has employees, the company must be entered into the Employer Register, according to Section 31 of the Preliminary Taxation Act, which happens at the same time as the registration to the administration. Registration to the Tax administration includes registration for the Value Added Tax. When the basic declaration is submitted, a certi cate of the company's business identi cation number may be obtained at a fee of EUR 7. This certi cate allows companies to use their bank accounts before registration has been completed. The online registration is possible only when the following conditions are met: - The standard Article of Association is su cient. - The shares are paid in euros to the bank account of the company to be established. - The subscription price is entered in share capital entirely. - All subscribers of shares and the Members of the Board of Directors shall have a Finnish social security number and a personal code for online banking system or an identity card with chip (HST-card). This applies also to possible CEO and a possible auditor who is a natural person. - The possible procuration holders and those who are entitled to represent the company have a Finnish social security number.  According to the Finnish Limited Liability Companies Act (624/2006) chapter 2, section 8(1), the company shall be noti ed for registration within three months of the signing of the Memorandum of Association. If failing this, the incorporation of the company shall lapse. If the company shall carry on business, farming or any other income deriving activity, it shall be registered in the prepayment register. 3 File at a private insurer for pension insurance, accident insurance, and 1 day no charge Page 9   medical insurance of employees (simultaneous with register. Doing Business 2018 Finland 3 File at a private insurer for pension insurance, accident insurance, and 1 day no charge medical insurance of employees (simultaneous with Agency : Private Insurer previous procedure) Under the statutory pension insurance scheme, an employer must subscribe its employees for pension insurance with a pension provider handling earnings-related pensions. Supplemental pension insurance is optional. The employer also pays the pension institution statutory employee earnings- related contributions, such as: accident insurance, unemployment insurance, and group life assurance premium. A social security contribution is also payable to the Regional Tax O ce. The employer must insure its employees against accidents and occupational diseases, according to Section 3 of the Occupational Accidents, Injuries and Diseases Act, which has been in force as of 1 January 2017. In addition, certain collective labor agreements require that employers provide their employees with group life insurance. No proof of insurance is needed to start operations. The accident insurance is paid to the insurance company and must be obtained before the work for the company starts. The group life insurance is also paid to the insurance company. The group life insurance is compulsory only if the applicable collective labor agreement requires the employer to take the group life insurance. Unemployment insurance is paid to The Unemployment Insurance Fund. Applies to women only. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Dealing with Construction Permits This topic tracks the procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse—including obtaining necessary the licenses and permits, submitting all required noti cations, requesting and receiving all necessary inspections and obtaining utility connections. In addition, the Dealing with Construction Permits indicator measures the building quality control index, evaluating the quality of building regulations, the strength of quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional certi cation requirements. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally build a warehouse (number) To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the construction company, the warehouse project and the utility Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining connections are used. all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and certificates The construction company (BuildCo): Submitting all required notifications and - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the receiving all necessary inspections economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining utility connections for water and - Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has ve owners, none of whom sewerage is a legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both Registering and selling the warehouse after its registered with the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is completion not assumed to have any other employees who are technical or licensed Time required to complete each procedure experts, such as geological or topographical experts. (calendar days) - Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse upon its completion. Page 10   Does not include time spent gathering Applies to women only. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Finland Dealing with Construction Permits This topic tracks the procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse—including obtaining necessary the licenses and permits, submitting all required noti cations, requesting and receiving all necessary inspections and obtaining utility connections. In addition, the Dealing with Construction Permits indicator measures the building quality control index, evaluating the quality of building regulations, the strength of quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional certi cation requirements. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally build a warehouse (number) To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the construction company, the warehouse project and the utility Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining connections are used. all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and certificates The construction company (BuildCo): Submitting all required notifications and - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the receiving all necessary inspections economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining utility connections for water and - Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has ve owners, none of whom sewerage is a legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both Registering and selling the warehouse after its registered with the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is completion not assumed to have any other employees who are technical or licensed Time required to complete each procedure experts, such as geological or topographical experts. (calendar days) - Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse upon its completion. Does not include time spent gathering information The warehouse: Each procedure starts on a separate day— - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or though procedures that can be fully completed stationery. online are an exception to this rule - Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of Procedure is considered completed once final approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each oor will document is received be 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be located on a land plot of No prior contact with officials approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo, and the warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a warehouse value) licensed architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as Official costs only, no bribes obtaining further documentation or getting prior approvals from external Building quality control index (0-15) agencies, these are counted as procedures. - Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative Sum of the scores of six component indices: and regulatory requirements). Quality of building regulations (0-2) The water and sewerage connections: Quality control before construction (0-1) - Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing water source and sewer Quality control during construction (0-3) tap. If there is no water delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole Quality control after construction (0-3) will be dug. If there is no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be installed or built. Liability and insurance regimes (0-2) - Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an Professional certifications (0-4) average wastewater ow of 568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak water use of 1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and a peak wastewater ow of 1,136 liters (300 gallons) a day. - Will have a constant level of water demand and wastewater ow throughout the year; will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage connection. Standardized Warehouse Page 11   and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage connection. Doing Business 2018 Finland Standardized Warehouse Estimated value of warehouse EUR 1,963,745.80 City Covered Helsinki OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Procedures (number) 17 12.5 12.5 7.00 (Denmark) Time (days) 65 154.6 154.6 27.5 (Korea, Rep.) Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 1.6 1.6 0.10 (5 Economies) Building quality control index (0-15) 10.0 11.4 11.4 15.00 (3 Economies) Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 86.79: Denmark (Rank: 1) 79.29: France (Rank: 18) 78.16: Germany (Rank: 24) 75.74: Finland (Rank: 37) 75.14: Regional Average (OECD high income) 71.72: Iceland (Rank: 64) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with construction permits is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for dealing with construction permits. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 0.5 60 0.4 Cost (% of warehouse value) 50 40 Time (days) 0.3 30 0.2 20 0.1 10 0 0 1 *2 *3 *4 *5 *6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Page 12   component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Finland Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 0.5 60 0.4 Cost (% of warehouse value) 50 40 Time (days) 0.3 30 0.2 20 0.1 10 0 0 1 *2 *3 *4 *5 *6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 16 14.0 14 12 11.0 11.4 10.0 9.5 Index score 10 8.0 8 6 4 2 0 Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Obtain building permit maps and extract from the Real Estate O ce 12 days EUR 235 Agency : Real Estate O ce The Real Estate O ce issues the building permits maps, which must be attached as originals to the application. The applicant cannot use a map that is older than 3 months. The fee also includes the extract from the Real Estate Register and the report of the build-site height. 2 Obtain o cial opinion on the connection of the wastewater drain and 7 days no charge water pipeline Agency : HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY Water The o cial opinion on the connection of the wastewater drain and the water Page 13   Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Obtain building permit maps and extract from the Real Estate O ce 12 days EUR 235 Agency : Real Estate O ce The Real Estate O ce issues the building permits maps, which must be attached as originals to the application. The applicant cannot use a map that is older than 3 months. The fee also includes the extract from the Real Estate Register and the report of the build-site height. 2 Obtain o cial opinion on the connection of the wastewater drain and 7 days no charge water pipeline Agency : HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY Water The o cial opinion on the connection of the wastewater drain and the water pipeline must be attached to the building permit application if the building will be connected to the public water distribution system and to the public sewerage system. The opinion is issued by the municipal organization in charge of the water supply (in the greater Helsinki area, Helsinki Water). The cost is included in the connection charge. 3 Schedule start-up meeting 7 days no charge Agency : Building Supervision Authority BuildCo must set a date for a startup meeting with the building supervision authority and convene all necessary persons to the meeting. The meeting must be held before the beginning of construction (some excavation work can be done, but the foundation may not be laid before the meeting). At a minimum, the following persons should attend the meeting: the person starting the building project, the head designer, and the site manager. The meeting attendees must be agreed with the building supervision authority. 4 Obtain extract from the Trade Register 1 day EUR 27 Agency : Trade Register This procedure is usually required when the building permit applicant is a company (which is the case in the Doing Business case study). The extract from the Trade Register costs EUR 13.00 for the delivery and EUR 8.00 for invoicing. 5 Notify the neighbors of the building permit application 1 day no charge Agency : Owners and titleholders of surrounding properties According to Section 133 of the Land Use and Building Act, neighbours shall be noti ed when an application for a building permit is submitted, unless noti cation is clearly not necessary with regard to the neighbours' interest, due to the smallness or location of the project, or to the contents of the plan. 'Neighbour' refers to owners and other titleholders of adjacent or opposite properties. The fact that the application has been submitted shall at the same time be publicized on the building site by suitable means. When needed, a review shall be conducted on the building site in order to assess how the building ts in with the surroundings and the impact of construction, and in order to hear the neighbours. The applicant and the titleholders of the neighbouring properties shall be noti ed of the time and date of the review. 6 Obtain report on the height of the intended construction 0.5 days no charge Page 14   Agency : Real Estate O ce titleholders of the neighbouring properties shall be noti ed of the time and Doing date of the review. Business 2018 Finland 6 Obtain report on the height of the intended construction 0.5 days no charge Agency : Real Estate O ce This report can be obtained any time online from http://kartta.hel. / . The report is required to ensure that the height of the new building is in proportion with other buildings in the same neighborhood. The statutory zoning map/local detailed plan is the only document stating the allowed building height. 7 Obtain building permit 38 days EUR 9,144 Agency : Municipal Building Inspection The building permit is issued by the Municipal Building Inspection. BuildCo must provide the necessary information to the local building supervision authority to decide on the building permit application. The quality and the extent of the required information depend on the project features. The following documentation is usually required for warehouse projects: • The completed application form issued by the building supervision authority. The owner or the holder of the building site must sign the form. If there are several owners or holders, all must sign the application form. • A power of attorney is required only if a representative les the building permit application (This is not applicable to the warehouse project considered here.) • The establishment of the ownership title is required because the building permit can be granted only based on the application made by the owner or the holder of the building site. Usually one of the following documents is presented to the building supervision authority: 1. The deed of sale of the real estate 2. The lease contract 3. The deed of title 4. The extract from the trade register 5. The building permit map and the extract from the real estate registry 6. The decision to deviate from the provisions, regulations, prohibitions, and other restrictions on building and other action must be attached to the application, in original, if the project requires such a decision 7. The certi cate of the decision’s legal validity must be presented before the actual launching of the building project (This is not applicable to the warehouse project.) 8. The environmental permit is required if the use of the building poses a threat of environmental pollution. The decision on the building permit can be postponed until the environmental permit is attached to the application (This is not applicable to the warehouse project.) 9. Three master drawings must be attached to the application. One document will be archived with the building supervision authority, and the other will be returned to the applicant with the nal decision. The master drawings to be followed in construction master drawings are approved in connection with the grant of the building permit. 10. Report of the height of the building site 11. The ground investigation report of the building site. If needed, also enclosed with the building permit application will be an account of the site’s health e ects and ground levels, and the type of foundation and any other measures required as a result. This report may be produced by BuildCo. 12. The o cial opinion on the connection of the wastewater drain and the water pipeline 13. Noti cation to the neighbors. When the building permit application is led with the building supervision authority, the neighbors must also be noti ed. The applicant may do this personally by using the o cial form, Page 15   obtained from the building supervision authority. Otherwise, subject to a fee, water pipeline 13. Noti cation to the neighbors. When the building permit application is Doing Business 2018 led with the buildingFinland supervision authority, the neighbors must also be noti ed. The applicant may do this personally by using the o cial form, obtained from the building supervision authority. Otherwise, subject to a fee, the applicant may request the building supervision authority to conduct the noti cation. 14. Forms for o cial statistics. The building supervision authority must deliver information on building projects to the Population Register Center. Thus, the forms in question must be attached to the application. These forms are available at the building supervision authority or at the public printing center. 15. The o cial form on the building designer. Every building project must have a quali ed head designer in charge of the construction design and the quality of the design as a whole. Other documents are required, as follows: 1. Working designs 2. Calculation of permitted building volume 3. Report on re load, parking spaces, handling construction waste; on environmental issues, with photographs (can be produced by BuildCo) 4. Constructional drawings and strength calculations and drawings on ventilation and heating devices, on water and sewage devices, and on bomb shelters and the noti cation of the bomb shelter 8 Receive foundation work inspection 1 day no charge Agency : Municipality 9 Receive location inspection from the Real Estate O ce 1 day EUR 1,520 Agency : Real Estate O ce The location inspection must be requested from the Real Estate O ce after the foundation work is completed. This inspection is held to determine that the building height and location are in accordance with the master drawings. 10 Receive structure inspection 1 day no charge Agency : Municipality The inspection of the building structure is conducted after the load-bearing structure and connected insulation works are completed. 11 Receive ventilation inspection 1 day no charge Agency : Municipality The ventilation inspection is conducted after the completion of the exit ue and the ventilation installation. 12 Receive sewer and water pipeline inspection 1 day no charge Agency : HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY Water The inspection of the sewer and water pipeline ttings is conducted after the completion of these ttings. 13 Report information to the Finnish Tax Agency 1 day no charge Agency : Finnish Tax Agency The building supervisor (contractor) must provide information on employees at the construction site on a monthly basis since July 2014 to the Finnish Tax agency. In addition, tax rules require that the contractor informs the tax authority (agency) on monthly basis of construction services contracts (including contracting parties, total amount, and duration etc.). 14 Request and obtain water connection 3 days EUR 6,469 Page 16   Agency : HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority the tax authority (agency) on monthly basis of construction services Doing contracts Business 2018 contracting (including Finland parties, total amount, and duration etc.). 14 Request and obtain water connection 3 days EUR 6,469 Agency : HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority is responsible for all matters of connections to the water distribution and sewerage systems. The procedure for ordering a connection is as follows: • Helsinki Water customer service sta provides the new customer with a statement on the connection. The street address of the plot or property is required, as is the owner’s name, address, and phone number. • Helsinki Water provides the customer with a preliminary estimate of the recently introduced connection charge. • The customer should acquire a building permit for the plot. • After the customer has obtained the building permit, Helsinki Water will send the customer the connection charge notice. The property owner can le a complaint within 14 days of receiving the notice. Unless a complaint is made, the proposed charge will be considered as having been accepted by the customer. • Water service connection and meter installation will be conducted after the connection charge is paid. The customer is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the connection pipes and conduits and their nancing. Before the start of on-site construction work, a supervisor responsible for the construction of the water facility and sewerage system -- approved by the municipal building control o cials -- should be assigned. Helsinki Water always takes care of installation of water meters with seals, water main connection with water-sealed joints, and connections to the sewerage system on the customer’s properties. Service charges will be invoiced at rates valid at the time of the order. • A connection agreement is concluded. • The invoicing procedure is settled. 15 Receive re inspection from the Public Rescue Service 1 day EUR 200 Agency : Public Rescue Service 16 Receive nal inspection 1 day no charge Agency : BuildCo A building, or a part thereof, shall not be commissioned before it has been nally inspected and approved for use. The minutes of the commissioning inspection of the electrical installation (drafted by the electricity contractor) are necessary for obtaining a use or occupancy permit. This inspection can be performed by BuildCo, provided that the company has quali ed employees. 17 Obtain occupancy permit 4 days no charge Agency : Municipality Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Score Building quality control index (0-15) 10.0 Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 2.0 Page 17   Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Score Building quality control index (0-15) 10.0 Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 2.0 How accessible are building laws and regulations in your economy? (0-1) Available online; 1.0 Free of charge. Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly speci ed in the building List of required 1.0 regulations or on any accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) documents; Fees to be paid; Required preapprovals. Quality control before construction index (0-1) 1.0 Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in Licensed 1.0 compliance with existing building regulations? (0-1) architect; Licensed engineer. Quality control during construction index (0-3) 2.0 What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be carried out during Inspections at 1.0 construction? (0-2) various phases. Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during construction? (0-1) Mandatory 1.0 inspections are always done in practice. Quality control after construction index (0-3) 3.0 Is there a nal inspection required by law to verify that the building was built in Yes, nal 2.0 accordance with the approved plans and regulations? (0-2) inspection is done by government agency. Do legally mandated nal inspections occur in practice? (0-1) Final inspection 1.0 always occurs in practice. Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) 0.0 Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural aws or problems in the No party is held 0.0 building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0-1) liable under the law. Which parties (if any) are required by law to obtain an insurance policy to cover No party is 0.0 possible structural aws or problems in the building once it is in use (Latent Defect required by law Liability Insurance or Decennial Insurance)? (0-1) to obtain insurance . Professional certi cations index (0-4) 2.0 What are the quali cation requirements for the professional responsible for verifying Minimum 1.0 Page 18   Liability Insurance or Decennial Insurance)? (0-1) to obtain Doing Business 2018 Finland insurance . Professional certi cations index (0-4) 2.0 What are the quali cation requirements for the professional responsible for verifying Minimum 1.0 that the architectural plans or drawings are in compliance with existing building number of years regulations? (0-2) of experience; University degree in architecture or engineering. What are the quali cation requirements for the professional who supervises the Minimum 1.0 construction on the ground? (0-2) number of years of experience; University degree in engineering, construction or construction management. Getting Electricity This topic measures the procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse. Additionally, the reliability of supply and transparency of tari s index measures reliability of supply, transparency of tari s and the price of electricity. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to obtain an electricity connection To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions are (number) used. Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining The warehouse: all necessary clearances and permits - Is owned by a local entrepreneur and is used for storage of goods. Completing all required notifications and - Is located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the receiving all necessary inspections data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining external installation works and possibly - Is located in an area where similar warehouses are typically located and is purchasing material for these works in an area with no physical constraints. For example, the property is not Concluding any necessary supply contract and near a railway. obtaining final supply - Is a new construction and is being connected to electricity for the rst time. Time required to complete each procedure - Has two stories with a total surface area of approximately 1,300.6 square (calendar days) meters (14,000 square feet). The plot of land on which it is built is 929 Is at least 1 calendar day square meters (10,000 square feet). Each procedure starts on a separate day Does not include time spent gathering The electricity connection: information - Is a permanent one with a three-phase, four-wire Y connection with a subscribed capacity of 140-kilo-volt-ampere (kVA) with a power factor of 1, Reflects the time spent in practice, with little when 1 kVA = 1 kilowatt (kW). follow-up and no prior contact with officials - Has a length of 150 meters. The connection is to either the low- or Cost required to complete each procedure (% of medium-voltage distribution network and is either overhead or income per capita) underground, whichever is more common in the area where the Official costs only, no bribes warehouse is located and requires works that involve the crossing of a 10- meter road (such as by excavation or overhead lines) but are all carried out Value added tax excluded on public land. There is no crossing of other owners’ private property The reliability of supply and transparency of because the warehouse has access to a road. Page 19   construction management. Doing Business 2018 Finland Getting Electricity This topic measures the procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse. Additionally, the reliability of supply and transparency of tari s index measures reliability of supply, transparency of tari s and the price of electricity. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to obtain an electricity connection To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions are (number) used. Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining The warehouse: all necessary clearances and permits - Is owned by a local entrepreneur and is used for storage of goods. Completing all required notifications and - Is located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the receiving all necessary inspections data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining external installation works and possibly - Is located in an area where similar warehouses are typically located and is purchasing material for these works in an area with no physical constraints. For example, the property is not Concluding any necessary supply contract and near a railway. obtaining final supply - Is a new construction and is being connected to electricity for the rst time. Time required to complete each procedure - Has two stories with a total surface area of approximately 1,300.6 square (calendar days) meters (14,000 square feet). The plot of land on which it is built is 929 Is at least 1 calendar day square meters (10,000 square feet). Each procedure starts on a separate day Does not include time spent gathering The electricity connection: information - Is a permanent one with a three-phase, four-wire Y connection with a subscribed capacity of 140-kilo-volt-ampere (kVA) with a power factor of 1, Reflects the time spent in practice, with little when 1 kVA = 1 kilowatt (kW). follow-up and no prior contact with officials - Has a length of 150 meters. The connection is to either the low- or Cost required to complete each procedure (% of medium-voltage distribution network and is either overhead or income per capita) underground, whichever is more common in the area where the Official costs only, no bribes warehouse is located and requires works that involve the crossing of a 10- meter road (such as by excavation or overhead lines) but are all carried out Value added tax excluded on public land. There is no crossing of other owners’ private property The reliability of supply and transparency of because the warehouse has access to a road. tari s index (0-8) - Does not require work to install the internal wiring of the warehouse. This has already been completed up to and including the customer’s service Duration and frequency of power outages (0–3) panel or switchboard and the meter base. Tools to monitor power outages (0–1) Tools to restore power supply (0–1) The monthly consumption: Regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance - It is assumed that the warehouse operates 30 days a month from 9:00 (0–1) a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (8 hours a day), with equipment utilized at 80% of capacity Financial deterrents limiting outages (0–1) on average and that there are no electricity cuts (assumed for simplicity reasons) and the monthly energy consumption is 26,880 kilowatt-hours Transparency and accessibility of tariffs (0–1) (kWh); hourly consumption is 112 kWh. Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour)* - If multiple electricity suppliers exist, the warehouse is served by the Price based on monthly bill for commercial cheapest supplier. warehouse in case study - Tari s e ective in March of the current year are used for calculation of the price of electricity for the warehouse. Although March has 31 days, for * N o t e : Doing Business m e a s u r e s t h e p r i c e o f calculation purposes only 30 days are used. electricity, but it is not included in the distance to frontier score nor the ranking on the ease of getting electricity. Page 20   Standardized Connection frontier score nor the ranking on the ease of getting electricity. Doing Business 2018 Finland Standardized Connection Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) 11.8 Name of utility Helen Electricity Network (Helen Sähköverkko Oy) City Covered Helsinki OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Procedures (number) 5 4.7 4.7 2 (United Arab Emirates) Time (days) 42 79.1 79.1 10 (United Arab Emirates) Cost (% of income per capita) 27.1 63.0 63.0 0.00 (Japan) Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff 8 7.4 7.4 8.00 (28 Economies) index (0-8) Figure – Getting Electricity in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 98.79: Germany (Rank: 5) 92.24: Iceland (Rank: 11) 90.21: Denmark (Rank: 16) 88.97: Finland (Rank: 20) 85.89: France (Rank: 26) 84.44: Regional Average (OECD high income) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting electricity is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for getting electricity. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Getting Electricity in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 25 40 35 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 30 Time (days) 25 15 20 10 15 10 5 5 Page 21   getting electricity. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Finland Figure – Getting Electricity in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 25 40 35 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 30 Time (days) 25 15 20 10 15 10 5 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Figure – Getting Electricity in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 8.2 8 8 8 8 7.8 7.6 Index score 7.4 7.4 7.2 7 7 7 6.8 6.6 6.4 Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Details – Getting Electricity in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Submit application and certi cation from electrician to Helen Electricity 1 calendar day EUR 0 Network Agency : Helen Electricity Network The application for a new connection can be submitted through an online form (i.e. to obtain the contract for getting connected to the distribution grid) or in person at Helen’s customer service point. If submitted online, the customer can choose to provide the required documents either directly online, or send them via email/regular mail. The required documents include the blueprints of the buildings internal wiring, which have to be approved by the utility before the building is connected to the grid. Page 22   2 Purchase material and carry out external works 3 calendar days EUR 3,000 Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Getting Electricity in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Submit application and certi cation from electrician to Helen Electricity 1 calendar day EUR 0 Network Agency : Helen Electricity Network The application for a new connection can be submitted through an online form (i.e. to obtain the contract for getting connected to the distribution grid) or in person at Helen’s customer service point. If submitted online, the customer can choose to provide the required documents either directly online, or send them via email/regular mail. The required documents include the blueprints of the buildings internal wiring, which have to be approved by the utility before the building is connected to the grid. 2 Purchase material and carry out external works 3 calendar days EUR 3,000 Agency : Helen Electricity Network The customer needs to purchase and install the connection cable from the building to the perimeter wall, since the utility does only the external connection works, and everything inside the boundary wall of the building is the customer’s responsibility. The meter is installed only after the connection cable is installed. 3 Submit electrician's statement on internal wiring and receive external 30 calendar days EUR 7,640 works from Helen Electricity Network Agency : Helen Electricity Network The customer's electrician submits a document where he states that all the wiring has been done according to the rules and regulations. The person in charge of the wiring has to be a certi ed electrician and have the licenses that are required to do inspections. The electrician does not have to be registered with the utility company and there is no veri cation whether they are certi ed or not. 4 Sign supply contract with retailer 1 calendar day EUR 0 Agency : Helen Electricity Network The customer has a choice of retailers for electricity supply. In the case of most retailers, the application is done online, and no paperwork needs to submit. 5 Request and receive meter installation and electricity ow 7 calendar days EUR 0 Agency : Helen Electricity Network The meter is installed when the customer’s electrician informs the utility that it can be installed (not at the same time as the connection). The installation is done by Empower Oy. The customer does not need to contact this company separately, it is taken care of by the utility. Electricity starts owing once the meter is installed, and once Empower Oy has informed the utility that the meter has been installed. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Details – Getting Electricity in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Page 23   Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Getting Electricity in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Reliability of supply and transparency of tari index (0-8) 8 Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) 3 System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) 0.1 System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) 0.2 What is the minimum outage time (in minutes) that the utility considers for the calculation of SAIDI/SAIFI 3.0 Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 1 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages? Yes Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 1 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service? Yes Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 1 Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor the utility’s performance on Yes reliability of supply? Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) 1 Does the utility either pay compensation to customers or face nes by the regulator (or both) if outages Yes exceed a certain cap? Communication of tari s and tari changes (0-1) 1 Are e ective tari s available online? Yes Link to the website, if available online https://www.helen. / en/households/servi ces/electricity- products-and- prices/general-price- lists/ Are customers noti ed of a change in tari ahead of the billing cycle? Yes Note: If the duration and frequency of outages is 100 or less, the economy is eligible to score on the Reliability of supply and transparency of tari index. If the duration and frequency of outages is not available, or is over 100, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. If the minimum outage time considered for SAIDI/SAIFI is over 5 minutes, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. Registering Property This topic examines the steps, time and cost involved in registering property, assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to purchase land and a building that is already registered and free of title dispute. In addition, the topic also measures the quality of the land administration system in each economy. The quality of land administration index has ve dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. The Page 24   most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. If the minimum outage time considered for SAIDI/SAIFI is over 5 minutes, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. Doing Business 2018 Finland Registering Property This topic examines the steps, time and cost involved in registering property, assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to purchase land and a building that is already registered and free of title dispute. In addition, the topic also measures the quality of the land administration system in each economy. The quality of land administration index has ve dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally transfer title on immovable To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions property (number) about the parties to the transaction, the property and the procedures are used. Preregistration procedures (for example, checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement, The parties (buyer and seller): paying property transfer taxes) - Are limited liability companies (or the legal equivalent). Registration procedures in the economy's largest - Are located in the periurban area of the economy’s largest business city. business citya. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest Postregistration procedures (for example, filling business city. title with municipality) - Are 100% domestically and privately owned. Time required to complete each procedure - Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals. (calendar days) - Perform general commercial activities. Does not include time spent gathering information The property (fully owned by the seller): - Has a value of 50 times income per capita, which equals the sale price. Each procedure starts on a separate day - though - Is fully owned by the seller. procedures that can be fully completed online - Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for are an exception to this rule the past 10 years. Procedure is considered completed once final - Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title document is received disputes. No prior contact with officials - Is located in a periurban commercial zone, and no rezoning is required. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Consists of land and a building. The land area is 557.4 square meters property value) (6,000 square feet). A two-story warehouse of 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) is located on the land. The warehouse is 10 years old, is in Official costs only (such as administrative fees, good condition, has no heating system and complies with all safety duties and taxes). standards, building codes and legal requirements. The property, Value Added Tax, Capital Gains Tax and illicit consisting of land and building, will be transferred in its entirety. payments are excluded - Will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the Quality of land administration index (0-30) purchase. - Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) monuments of any kind. Transparency of information index (0–6) - Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits, such as for Geographic coverage index (0–8) residential use, industrial plants, waste storage or certain types of agricultural activities, are required. Land dispute resolution index (0–8) - Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) Standard Property Transfer Property value EUR 1,963,745.80 City Covered Helsinki Page 25   OECD high OECD high Doing Business 2018 Finland Standard Property Transfer Property value EUR 1,963,745.80 City Covered Helsinki OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Procedures (number) 3 4.6 4.6 1.00 (4 Economies) Time (days) 47 22.3 22.3 1.00 (3 Economies) Cost (% of property value) 4.0 4.2 4.2 0.00 (5 Economies) Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 26.5 22.7 22.7 29.00 (Singapore) Figure – Registering Property in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 89.88: Denmark (Rank: 11) 86.61: Iceland (Rank: 15) 80.73: Finland (Rank: 27) 76.81: Regional Average (OECD high income) 65.71: Germany (Rank: 77) 60.69: France (Rank: 100) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of registering property is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for registering property. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Registering Property in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 4.5 45 4 40 3.5 Cost (% of property value) 35 3 30 Time (days) 2.5 25 20 2 15 1.5 10 1 5 0.5 0 0 1 2 3 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Page 26   Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for registering property. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Finland Figure – Registering Property in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 4.5 45 4 40 3.5 Cost (% of property value) 35 3 30 Time (days) 2.5 25 20 2 15 1.5 10 1 5 0.5 0 0 1 2 3 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Figure – Registering Property in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 27 26.5 26.5 26 25 24.5 24.0 Index score 24 23 22.7 22.0 22 21 20 19 Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Details – Registering Property in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 The seller and buyer notarize the deed of sale with an attesting notary 1 day 120 (55 € when using or prepare the agreement through E-Conveyancing the E-conveyance) Agency : Attesting notary / purchasing witness or online through e- conveyance system The sale agreement can be prepared by the seller or the buyer, no involvement of a lawyer or real estate agent is required by law. In general the seller present an extract from the Land Registry and extracts from the Title and Mortgage Registries demonstrating ownership and any registered encumbrances, but these are not formally required. Page 27   The agreement must be in writing and contain at a minimum the following Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Registering Property in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 The seller and buyer notarize the deed of sale with an attesting notary 1 day 120 (55 € when using or prepare the agreement through E-Conveyancing the E-conveyance) Agency : Attesting notary / purchasing witness or online through e- conveyance system The sale agreement can be prepared by the seller or the buyer, no involvement of a lawyer or real estate agent is required by law. In general the seller present an extract from the Land Registry and extracts from the Title and Mortgage Registries demonstrating ownership and any registered encumbrances, but these are not formally required. The agreement must be in writing and contain at a minimum the following information (according to the Code of Real Estate 540/1995, as amended): name of the seller and buyer, the object of purchase (including real estate number), the purchase price or equivalent compensation and possible subsequent conditions. The agreement must also contain the purpose of transfer. The sale agreement shall be signed both by the seller and buyer, in the presence of the attesting notary. The attesting notary checks the ID of the seller and buyer and veri es the formal validity of the sales agreement. Failure to follow these requirements will result in the transaction being automatically null and void. Note that an attesting notary is required only when ownership (freehold title) of the real estate is assigned. When the right of tenancy (leasehold) or other right to possess the property is assigned, the presence of the attesting notary is not required. The attesting notary must inform National Land Survey of Finland of the transaction and the buyer must apply for the registration of its title at their o ces (see Procedure 3). In November 2013 National Land Survey Finland introduced the E- Conveyancing system. When seller and buyer use the new E-Conveyancing system, no notary is needed to conduct the transaction which can be done online. Both parties must have a strong authentication in order to log in the system. As of April 2015, most transactions are still conducted following the traditional process. 2 The buyer pays the transfer tax 1 day 4% of the property Agency : Local Bank, Tax Authority or online value The transfer tax must be paid to the Finnish Tax Administration within six (6) months of the date of the transfer/purchase agreement. In practice, payment of transfer tax is a prerequisite for the registration of title and, accordingly, transfer tax will become immediately due and payable upon application for registration of title. As the application for registration of title is automatically led upon completion of the transfer if the e-conveyancing system referred to under Procedure 1 is used, in such case transfer tax will also become immediately due and payable. In the event that the buyer fails to pay the requisite transfer tax within six (6) months of the date of the transfer/purchase agreement, the Finnish Tax Administration may impose a higher transfer tax (up to 8%) Page 28   system. As of April 2015, most transactions are still conducted following the Doing traditional Business process. 2018 Finland 2 The buyer pays the transfer tax 1 day 4% of the property Agency : Local Bank, Tax Authority or online value The transfer tax must be paid to the Finnish Tax Administration within six (6) months of the date of the transfer/purchase agreement. In practice, payment of transfer tax is a prerequisite for the registration of title and, accordingly, transfer tax will become immediately due and payable upon application for registration of title. As the application for registration of title is automatically led upon completion of the transfer if the e-conveyancing system referred to under Procedure 1 is used, in such case transfer tax will also become immediately due and payable. In the event that the buyer fails to pay the requisite transfer tax within six (6) months of the date of the transfer/purchase agreement, the Finnish Tax Administration may impose a higher transfer tax (up to 8%) 3 The buyer applies for title registration with National Land Survey of 45 days EUR 119 (registration Finland fee) Agency : National Land Survey of Finland The buyer shall register its title to the property in question with the Title and Mortgage Register within 6 months of the date of the purchase agreement. The application for registration of title shall be submitted by mail or in person to the o ce of the National Land Survey of Finland dealing with registration matters in Helsinki or Vaasa, or by email to kirjaamisasiat@maanmittauslaitos. . The National Land Survey of Finland reviews the preconditions for transfer of title and provided that they are met and the transfer tax has been paid (see Procedure 2 above), registers title to the property in question in the buyer's name. Provided that the parties are using the e-conveyancing system, the application for registration of title will automatically be led simultaneously with the signing of the purchase agreement. The transfer of property will not become opposable against third parties until the buyer's title thereto is registered The application for registration of title shall include: (i) Evidence of payment of the purchase price if such payment is a precondition for transfer of ownership; (ii) Evidence of payment of transfer tax (as described under Procedure 2 above); (iii) minutes of the board meeting of each of the seller and buyer resolving on the respective sale and purchase of the property. The registration fee can be paid at a bank or online based on an invoice sent by the National Land Survey of Finland post registration. In the event that the property in question exceeds 5,000 m2 in size (or in the cities of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen or Vantaa, exceeds 3,000 m2 in size), under the Pre-Emption Act (608/1977, as amended), the municipality may have a pre-emption right in respect of the property. If the municipality decides to use its pre-emption right, it shall notify the buyer, seller and the National Land Survey of Finland of its decision to do so within three months of the original sale transaction. The owner of the property may, however, request that the municipality con rm in advance that the right of pre- emption will not be used. The buyer's title to the property may only be registered after the three-month deadline unless the municipality gives advance notice that it will not use the pre-emption right. Based on the case study assumptions, the pre-emption right will not be triggered by the transaction Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Page 29   study assumptions, the pre-emption right will not be triggered by the transaction Doing Business 2018 Finland Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Details – Registering Property in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Score Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 26.5 Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 8.0 What is the institution in charge of immovable property registration? National Land Survey of Finland In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the largest business city Computer/Fully 2.0 —in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? digital Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, Yes 1.0 restrictions and the like)? Institution in charge of the plans showing legal boundaries in the largest business city: National Land Survey of Finland In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the largest business city— Computer/Fully 2.0 in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? digital Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing Yes 1.0 cadastral information (geographic information system)? Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the Single database 1.0 cadastral or mapping agency kept in a single database, in di erent but linked databases or in separate databases? Do the immovable property registration agency and cadastral or mapping agency use Yes 1.0 the same identi cation number for properties? Page 30   Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Registering Property in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Score Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 26.5 Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 8.0 What is the institution in charge of immovable property registration? National Land Survey of Finland In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the largest business city Computer/Fully 2.0 —in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? digital Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, Yes 1.0 restrictions and the like)? Institution in charge of the plans showing legal boundaries in the largest business city: National Land Survey of Finland In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the largest business city— Computer/Fully 2.0 in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? digital Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing Yes 1.0 cadastral information (geographic information system)? Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the Single database 1.0 cadastral or mapping agency kept in a single database, in di erent but linked databases or in separate databases? Do the immovable property registration agency and cadastral or mapping agency use Yes 1.0 the same identi cation number for properties? Transparency of information index (0–6) 3.0 Who is able to obtain information on land ownership at the agency in charge of Anyone who 1.0 immovable property registration in the largest business city? pays the o cial fee Is the list of documents that are required to complete any type of property transaction Yes, online 0.5 made publicly available–and if so, how? Link for online access: http://www.maan mittauslaitos. /e n/node/12515 Is the applicable fee schedule for any property transaction at the agency in charge of Yes, online 0.5 immovable property registration in the largest business city made publicly available– and if so, how? Link for online access: www.maanmitta uslaitos. /en/hin nasto Does the agency in charge of immovable property registration commit to delivering a No 0.0 legally binding document that proves property ownership within a speci c time frame– and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? Link for online access: Page 31   legally binding document that proves property ownership within a speci c time frame– and if Doing so, how does Business Finland the service standard? it communicate 2018 Link for online access: Is there a speci c and separate mechanism for ling complaints about a problem that No 0.0 occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration? Contact information: Are there publicly available o cial statistics tracking the number of transactions at the No 0.0 immovable property registration agency? Number of property transfers in the largest business city in 2015: Who is able to consult maps of land plots in the largest business city? Anyone who 0.5 pays the o cial fee Is the applicable fee schedule for accessing maps of land plots made publicly available Yes, online 0.5 —and if so, how? Link for online access: No fees for electronic maps publicly available from www.kansalaisen .karttapaikka. . Fees for printed or PDF -maps available at www.maanmitta uslaitos. /hinnas to. Zoning plans for Helsinki are freely available from http://kartta.hel.f i/. Does the cadastral or mapping agency commit to delivering an updated map within a No 0.0 speci c time frame—and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? Link for online access: Is there a speci c and separate mechanism for ling complaints about a problem that No 0.0 occurred at the cadastral or mapping agency? Contact information: Geographic coverage index (0–8) 8.0 Are all privately held land plots in the economy formally registered at the immovable Yes 2.0 property registry? Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city formally registered at the Yes 2.0 immovable property registry? Are all privately held land plots in the economy mapped? Yes 2.0 Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city mapped? Yes 2.0 Land dispute resolution index (0–8) 7.5 Page 32   Are all Doing privately held Business 2018 plots in the economy mapped? landFinland Yes 2.0 Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city mapped? Yes 2.0 Land dispute resolution index (0–8) 7.5 Does the law require that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable Yes 1.5 property registry to make them opposable to third parties? Is the system of immovable property registration subject to a state or private Yes 0.5 guarantee? Is there a speci c compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties who Yes 0.5 engaged in good faith in a property transaction based on erroneous information certi ed by the immovable property registry? Does the legal system require a control of legality of the documents necessary for a Yes 0.5 property transaction (e.g., checking the compliance of contracts with requirements of the law)? If yes, who is responsible for checking the legality of the documents? Registrar; Notary; Interested Parties. Does the legal system require veri cation of the identity of the parties to a property Yes 0.5 transaction? If yes, who is responsible for verifying the identity of the parties? Registrar; Notary; Interested Parties. Is there a national database to verify the accuracy of identity documents? Yes 1.0 For a standard land dispute between two local businesses over tenure rights of a District Court of property worth 50 times gross national income (GNI) per capita and located in the Helsinki largest business city, what court would be in charge of the case in the rst instance? How long does it take on average to obtain a decision from the rst-instance court for Less than a year 3.0 such a case (without appeal)? Are there any statistics on the number of land disputes in the rst instance? No 0.0 Number of land disputes in the largest business city in 2015: Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) 0.0 Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0.0 Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0.0 Getting Credit This topic explores two sets of issues—the strength of credit reporting systems and the e ectiveness of collateral and bankruptcy laws in facilitating lending. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Page 33   Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0.0 Doing Business 2018 Finland Getting Credit This topic explores two sets of issues—the strength of credit reporting systems and the e ectiveness of collateral and bankruptcy laws in facilitating lending. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit information and the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions Rights of borrowers and lenders through through 2 sets of indicators. The depth of credit information index collateral laws (0-10) measures rules and practices a ecting the coverage, scope and Protection of secured creditors’ rights through accessibility of credit information available through a credit registry or a bankruptcy laws (0-2) credit bureau. The strength of legal rights index measures the degree to Depth of credit information index (0–8) which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. For each economy it is first determined Scope and accessibility of credit information whether a unitary secured transactions system exists. Then two case distributed by credit bureaus and credit scenarios, case A and case B, are used to determine how a nonpossessory registries (0-8) security interest is created, publicized and enforced according to the law. Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) Special emphasis is given to how the collateral registry operates (if Number of individuals and firms listed in largest registration of security interests is possible). The case scenarios involve a credit bureau as a percentage of adult population secured borrower, company ABC, and a secured lender, BizBank. Credit registry coverage (% of adults) In some economies the legal framework for secured transactions will allow Number of individuals and firms listed in credit only case A or case B (not both) to apply. Both cases examine the same set registry as a percentage of adult population of legal provisions relating to the use of movable collateral. Several assumptions about the secured borrower (ABC) and lender (BizBank) are used: - ABC is a domestic limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). - ABC has up to 50 employees. - ABC has its headquarters and only base of operations in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. - Both ABC and BizBank are 100% domestically owned. The case scenarios also involve assumptions. In case A, as collateral for the loan, ABC grants BizBank a nonpossessory security interest in one category of movable assets, for example, its machinery or its inventory. ABC wants to keep both possession and ownership of the collateral. In economies where the law does not allow nonpossessory security interests in movable property, ABC and BizBank use a fiduciary transfer-of-title arrangement (or a similar substitute for nonpossessory security interests). In case B, ABC grants BizBank a business charge, enterprise charge, floating charge or any charge that gives BizBank a security interest over ABC’s combined movable assets (or as much of ABC’s movable assets as possible). ABC keeps ownership and possession of the assets. OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 7 6.0 6.0 12.00 (4 Economies) Depth of credit information index (0-8) 6 6.6 6.6 8.00 (34 Economies) Page 34   Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 18.3 18.3 100.00 (3 Economies) possible). ABC keeps ownership and possession of the assets. Doing Business 2018 Finland OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 7 6.0 6.0 12.00 (4 Economies) Depth of credit information index (0-8) 6 6.6 6.6 8.00 (34 Economies) Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 18.3 18.3 100.00 (3 Economies) Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 20.9 63.7 63.7 100.00 (23 Economies) Figure – Getting Credit in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 70.00: Germany (Rank: 42) 70.00: Denmark (Rank: 42) 65.00: Finland (Rank: 55) 63.03: Regional Average (OECD high income) 60.00: Iceland (Rank: 68) 50.00: France (Rank: 90) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting credit is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for getting credit. These scores are the distance to frontier score for the sum of the strength of legal rights index and the depth of credit information index. Figure – Legal Rights in Finland and comparator economies 9 8 8 7 7 6 6.0 6 Index score 5 5 4 4 3 2 1 0 Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Details – Legal Rights in Finland Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 7 Does an integrated or uni ed legal framework for secured transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and No enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in movable assets exist in the economy? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of movable assets, without No requiring a speci c description of collateral? Page 35   Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Legal Rights in Finland Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 7 Does an integrated or uni ed legal framework for secured transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and No enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in movable assets exist in the economy? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of movable assets, without No requiring a speci c description of collateral? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in substantially all of its assets, without requiring Yes a speci c description of collateral? May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets, and does it extend automatically to the products, proceeds Yes or replacements of the original assets? Is a general description of debts and obligations permitted in collateral agreements; can all types of debts and Yes obligations be secured between parties; and can the collateral agreement include a maximum amount for which the assets are encumbered? Is a collateral registry in operation for both incorporated and non-incorporated entities, that is uni ed geographically Yes and by asset type, with an electronic database indexed by debtor's name? Does a notice-based collateral registry exist in which all functional equivalents can be registered? No Does a modern collateral registry exist in which registrations, amendments, cancellations and searches can be No performed online by any interested third party? Are secured creditors paid rst (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a debtor defaults outside an insolvency Yes procedure? Are secured creditors paid rst (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a business is liquidated? Yes Are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement when a debtor enters a court-supervised Yes reorganization procedure? Does the law protect secured creditors’ rights by providing clear grounds for relief from the stay and/or sets a time limit for it? Does the law allow parties to agree on out of court enforcement at the time a security interest is created? Does the law No allow the secured creditor to sell the collateral through public auction or private tender, as well as, for the secured creditor to keep the asset in satisfaction of the debt? Figure – Credit Information in Finland and comparator economies 10 8 8 7 6.6 Index score 6 6 6 6 4 2 0 Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Details – Credit Information in Finland Page 36   0 Finland Doing Business 2018 Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland OECD high income Details – Credit Information in Finland Credit Credit Depth of credit information index (0-8) bureau registry Score Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? Yes No 1 Are both positive and negative credit data distributed? No No 0 Are data from retailers or utility companies - in addition to data from banks and financial institutions - No No 0 distributed? Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed? (Credit bureaus and registries that distribute more Yes No 1 than 10 years of negative data or erase data on defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0 for this component.) Are data on loan amounts below 1% of income per capita distributed? Yes No 1 By law, do borrowers have the right to access their data in the credit bureau or credit registry? Yes No 1 Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers’ credit information online (for example, Yes No 1 through an online platform, a system-to-system connection or both)? Are bureau or registry credit scores offered as a value-added service to help banks and financial Yes No 1 institutions assess the creditworthiness of borrowers? Score ("yes" to either public bureau or private registry) 6 Note: An economy receives a score of 1 if there is a "yes" to either bureau or registry. If the credit bureau or registry is not operational or covers less than 5% of the adult population, the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0. Coverage Credit bureau Credit registry Number of individuals 373,100 0 Number of firms 347,500 0 Total 720,600 0 Percentage of adult population 20.9 0.0 Protecting Minority Investors This topic measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against misuse of corporate assets by directors for their personal gain as well as shareholder rights, governance safeguards and corporate transparency requirements that reduce the risk of abuse. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Extent of disclosure index (0–10): Review and To make the data comparable across economies, a case study uses several approval requirements for related-party assumptions about the business and the transaction. transactions; Disclosure requirements for related-party transactions The business (Buyer): Extent of director liability index (0–10): Ability of - Is a publicly traded corporation listed on the economy’s most important minority shareholders to sue and hold interested stock exchange. If the number of publicly traded companies listed on that directors liable for prejudicial related-party exchange is less than 10, or if there is no stock exchange in the economy, it is assumed that Buyer is a large private company with multiple Page 37   transactions; Available legal remedies (damages, Percentage of adult population 20.9 0.0 Doing Business 2018 Finland Protecting Minority Investors This topic measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against misuse of corporate assets by directors for their personal gain as well as shareholder rights, governance safeguards and corporate transparency requirements that reduce the risk of abuse. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Extent of disclosure index (0–10): Review and To make the data comparable across economies, a case study uses several approval requirements for related-party assumptions about the business and the transaction. transactions; Disclosure requirements for related-party transactions The business (Buyer): Extent of director liability index (0–10): Ability of - Is a publicly traded corporation listed on the economy’s most important minority shareholders to sue and hold interested stock exchange. If the number of publicly traded companies listed on that directors liable for prejudicial related-party exchange is less than 10, or if there is no stock exchange in the economy, it transactions; Available legal remedies (damages, is assumed that Buyer is a large private company with multiple disgorgement of profits, fines, imprisonment, shareholders. rescission of the transaction) - Has a board of directors and a chief executive o cer (CEO) who may legally act on behalf of Buyer where permitted, even if this is not speci cally Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10): Access to required by law. internal corporate documents; Evidence - Has a supervisory board (applicable to economies with a two-tier board obtainable during trial and allocation of legal system) on which 60% of the shareholder-elected members have been expenses appointed by Mr. James, who is Buyer’s controlling shareholder and a Extent of conflict of interest regulation index member of Buyer’s board of directors. (0–10): Simple average of the extent of disclosure, - Has not adopted any bylaws or articles of association that di er from extent of director liability and ease of default minimum standards and does not follow any nonmandatory codes, shareholder indices principles, recommendations or guidelines relating to corporate Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10): governance. Shareholders’ rights and role in major corporate - Is a manufacturing company with its own distribution network. decisions Extent of ownership and control index (0-10): The transaction involves the following details: Governance safeguards protecting shareholders - Mr. James owns 60% of Buyer and elected two directors to Buyer’s ve- from undue board control and entrenchment member board. Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10): - Mr. James also owns 90% of Seller, a company that operates a chain of Corporate transparency on ownership stakes, retail hardware stores. Seller recently closed a large number of its stores. compensation, audits and financial prospects - Mr. James proposes that Buyer purchase Seller’s unused eet of trucks to expand Buyer’s distribution of its food products, a proposal to which Buyer Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10): agrees. The price is equal to 10% of Buyer’s assets and is higher than the Simple average of the extent of shareholders market value. rights, extent of ownership and control and - The proposed transaction is part of the company’s ordinary course of extent of corporate transparency indices business and is not outside the authority of the company. Strength of minority investor protection index - Buyer enters into the transaction. All required approvals are obtained, (0–10): Simple average of the extent of conflict of and all required disclosures made (that is, the transaction is not interest regulation and extent of shareholder fraudulent). governance indices - The transaction causes damages to Buyer. Shareholders sue Mr. James and the other parties that approved the transaction. OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0- 6 6.4 6.4 9.3 (New Zealand) 10) Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 5.7 6.4 6.4 Page 38   9.00 (Kazakhstan) and the other parties that approved the transaction. Doing Business 2018 Finland OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0- 6 6.4 6.4 9.3 (New Zealand) 10) Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 5.7 6.4 6.4 9.00 (Kazakhstan) Figure – Protecting Minority Investors in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 68.33: Iceland (Rank: 29) 66.67: Denmark (Rank: 33) 66.67: France (Rank: 33) 63.93: Regional Average (OECD high income) 58.33: Germany (Rank: 62) 58.33: Finland (Rank: 62) Note: The ranking of economies on the strength of minority investor protections is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for protecting minority investors. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the extent of con ict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index. Figure – Protecting Minority Investors in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Finland 9 4 6 2 6 8 Denmark 9 5 7 5 6 8 France 10 3 8 8 5 6 Germany 7 5 5 6 7 5 Iceland 8 5 7 7 6 8 OECD high income 7.3 5.6 6.5 5.2 6.3 7.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Sub-Indicator Score Extent of corporate transparency index (0­10) Extent of director liability index (0­10) Extent of disclosure index (0­10) Extent of ownership and control index (0­10) Extent of shareholder rights index (0­10) Ease of shareholder suits index (0­10) Details – Protecting Minority Investors in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Score Page 39   Extent of ownership and control index (0­10) Extent of shareholder rights index (0­10) Ease of shareholder suits index (0­10) Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Protecting Minority Investors in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Score Extent of con ict of interest regulation index (0-10) 6 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Which corporate body is legally su cient to approve the Buyer-Seller transaction? (0-3) Board of 2.0 directors excluding interested members Must an external body review the terms of the transaction before it takes place? (0-1) No 0.0 Must Mr. James disclose his con ict of interest to the board of directors? (0-2) Existence of a 1.0 con ict without any speci cs Must Buyer disclose the transaction in published periodic lings (annual reports)? (0-2) Disclosure on 2.0 the transaction and on the con ict of interest Must Buyer immediately disclose the transaction to the public and/or shareholders? (0- Disclosure on 1.0 2) the transaction only Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital sue directly or derivatively Yes 1.0 for the damage the transaction caused to Buyer? (0-1) Can shareholders hold the interested director liable for the damage the transaction Liable if negligent 1.0 caused to Buyer? (0-2) Can shareholders hold the other directors liable for the damage the transaction caused Liable if negligent 1.0 to Buyer (0-2) Must Mr. James pay damages for the harm caused to Buyer upon a successful claim by Yes 1.0 shareholders? (0-1) Must Mr. James repay pro ts made from the transaction upon a successful claim by No 0.0 shareholders? (0-1) Is Mr. James disquali ed or ned and imprisoned upon a successful claim by No 0.0 shareholders? (0-1) Can a court void the transaction upon a successful claim by shareholders? (0-2) Only in case of 0.0 fraud or bad faith Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Before suing can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital inspect the Yes 1.0 transaction documents? (0-1) Can the plainti obtain any documents from the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-3) Any relevant 3.0 Page 40   shareholder Ease ofBusiness Doing suits index 2018 (0-10) Finland 8 Before suing can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital inspect the Yes 1.0 transaction documents? (0-1) Can the plainti obtain any documents from the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-3) Any relevant 3.0 document Can the plainti request categories of documents from the defendant without No 0.0 identifying speci c ones? (0-1) Can the plainti directly question the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-2) Yes 2.0 Is the level of proof required for civil suits lower than that of criminal cases? (0-1) Yes 1.0 Can shareholder plainti s recover their legal expenses from the company? (0-2) Yes if successful 1.0 Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 5.7 Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10) 6 Does the sale of 51% of Buyer's assets require shareholder approval? No 0.0 Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital call for a meeting of Yes 1.0 shareholders? Must Buyer obtain its shareholders’ approval every time it issues new shares? Yes 1.0 Do shareholders automatically receive preemption rights every time Buyer issues new Yes 1.0 shares? Must shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the external auditor? Yes 1.0 Are changes to the rights of a class of shares only possible if the holders of the a ected Yes 1.0 shares approve? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, does the sale of 51% of its assets require No 0.0 member approval? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members representing 10% call for a Yes 1.0 meeting of members? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must all members consent to add a new No 0.0 member? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a member rst o er to sell their No 0.0 interest to the existing members before they can sell to non-members? Extent of ownership and control index (0-10) 2 Is it forbidden to appoint the same individual as CEO and chair of the board of No 0.0 directors? Must the board of directors include independent and nonexecutive board members? No 0.0 Can shareholders remove members of the board of directors without cause before the Yes 1.0 end of their term? Must the board of directors include a separate audit committee exclusively comprising No 0.0 board members? Must a potential acquirer make a tender o er to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% Yes 1.0 Page 41   of Buyer? Must the board of directors include a separate audit committee exclusively comprising No 0.0 board Doing members? Business 2018 Finland Must a potential acquirer make a tender o er to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% Yes 1.0 of Buyer? Must Buyer pay declared dividends within a maximum period set by law? No 0.0 Is a subsidiary prohibited from acquiring shares issued by its parent company? No 0.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer have a mechanism to resolve No 0.0 disagreements among members? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a potential acquirer make a tender No 0.0 o er to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% of Buyer? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer distribute pro ts within a No 0.0 maximum period set by law? Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10) 9 Must Buyer disclose direct and indirect bene cial ownership stakes representing 5%? Yes 1.0 Must Buyer disclose information about board members’ primary employment and No 0.0 directorships in other companies? Must Buyer disclose the compensation of individual managers? Yes 1.0 Must a detailed notice of general meeting be sent 21 days before the meeting? Yes 1.0 Can shareholders representing 5% of Buyer’s share capital put items on the general Yes 1.0 meeting agenda? Must Buyer's annual nancial statements be audited by an external auditor? Yes 1.0 Must Buyer disclose its audit reports to the public? Yes 1.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must members meet at least once a year? Yes 1.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members representing 5% put items on Yes 1.0 the meeting agenda? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer's annual nancial statements be Yes 1.0 audited by an external auditor? Paying Taxes This topic records the taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium-size company must pay or withhold in a given year, as well as measures the administrative burden in paying taxes and contributions. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed on June 30, 2017 covering for the Paying Taxes indicator calendar year 2016 (January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2016). Last year (Doing Business 2017) the scope of data collection was expanded to better understand the overall tax environment in an economy. The questionnaire was expanded to include new questions on post- ling processes: VAT refund and tax audit. The data shows where post ling processes and practices work e ciently and what drives the di erences in the overall tax compliance cost across economies. The new section covers both the legal framework and the administrative burden on businesses to comply with post ling processes. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Page 42   Tax payments for a manufacturing company in Using a case scenario, Doing Business records taxes and mandatory Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer's annual nancial statements be Yes 1.0 audited by an external auditor? Doing Business 2018 Finland Paying Taxes This topic records the taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium-size company must pay or withhold in a given year, as well as measures the administrative burden in paying taxes and contributions. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed on June 30, 2017 covering for the Paying Taxes indicator calendar year 2016 (January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2016). Last year (Doing Business 2017) the scope of data collection was expanded to better understand the overall tax environment in an economy. The questionnaire was expanded to include new questions on post- ling processes: VAT refund and tax audit. The data shows where post ling processes and practices work e ciently and what drives the di erences in the overall tax compliance cost across economies. The new section covers both the legal framework and the administrative burden on businesses to comply with post ling processes. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Tax payments for a manufacturing company in Using a case scenario, Doing Business records taxes and mandatory 2016 (number per year adjusted for electronic and contributions a medium size company must pay in a year, and measures joint ling and payment) the administrative burden of paying taxes, contributions and dealing with post ling processes. Information is also compiled on frequency of ling Total number of taxes and contributions paid, and payments, time taken to comply with tax laws, time taken to comply including consumption taxes (value added tax, with the requirements of post ling processes and time waiting. sales tax or goods and service tax) Method and frequency of filing and payment To make data comparable across economies, several assumptions are used: Time required to comply with 3 major taxes - TaxpayerCo is a medium-size business that started operations on January (hours per year) 1, 2015. It produces ceramic flowerpots and sells them at retail. All taxes Collecting information, computing tax payable and contributions recorded are paid in the second year of operation Completing tax return, filing with agencies (calendar year 2016). Taxes and mandatory contributions are measured at all levels of government. Arranging payment or withholding Preparing separate tax accounting books, if The VAT refund process: required - In June 2016, TaxpayerCo. makes a large capital purchase: the value of the Total tax and contribution rate (% of pro t before machine is 65 times income per capita of the economy. Sales are equally all taxes) spread per month (1,050 times income per capita divided by 12) and cost of goods sold are equally expensed per month (875 times income per Profit or corporate income tax capita divided by 12). The machinery seller is registered for VAT and excess Social contributions, labor taxes paid by input VAT incurred in June will be fully recovered after four consecutive employer months if the VAT rate is the same for inputs, sales and the machine and Property and property transfer taxes the tax reporting period is every month. Input VAT will exceed Output VAT Dividend, capital gains, financial transactions in June 2016. taxes The corporate income tax audit process: Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes - An error in calculation of income tax liability (for example, use of incorrect Post ling Index tax depreciation rates, or incorrectly treating an expense as tax deductible) leads to an incorrect income tax return and a corporate income Time to comply with a VAT refund tax underpayment. TaxpayerCo. discovered the error and voluntarily Time to receive a VAT refund noti ed the tax authority. The value of the underpaid income tax liability is Time to comply with a corporate income tax audit 5% of the corporate income tax liability due. TaxpayerCo. submits corrected information after the deadline for submitting the annual tax Time to complete a corporate income tax audit return, but within the tax assessment period. OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Payments (number per year) 8 10.9 10.9 3 (Hong Kong SAR, China) Page 43   return, but within the tax assessment period. Doing Business 2018 Finland OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Payments (number per year) 8 10.9 10.9 3 (Hong Kong SAR, China) Time (hours per year) 93 160.7 160.7 55 (Luxembourg) Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 38.4 40.1 40.1 18.47% (32 Economies) Postfiling index (0-100) 93.09 83.45 83.45 99.38 (Estonia) Figure – Paying Taxes in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 91.22: Denmark (Rank: 8) 90.14: Finland (Rank: 12) 84.54: Iceland (Rank: 33) 83.07: Regional Average (OECD high income) 82.14: Germany (Rank: 41) 78.55: France (Rank: 54) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of paying taxes is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores on the ease of paying taxes. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the four component indicators – number of tax payments. time, total tax rate and post ling index – with a threshold and a nonlinear transformation applied to one of the component indicators, the total tax rate. The nonlinear distance to frontier for the total tax rate is equal to the distance to frontier for the total tax rate to the power of 0.8. The threshold is de ned as the total tax rate at the 15th percentile of the overall distribution for all years included in the analysis up to and including Doing Business 2015, which is 26.1%. All economies with a total tax rate below this threshold receive the same score as the economy at the threshold. Figure – Paying Taxes in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 100 97.67 95 93.09 92.40 Index score 90 89.06 87.20 85 83.45 80 75 Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Details – Paying Taxes in Finland Total tax and Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time Statutory tax contribution rate (% of Notes contribution (number) Payments (hours) rate Tax base profit) on TTR Page 44   Pension insurance 1 online 48 17.75% gross 20.52 Doing Business 2018 Finland Figure – Paying Taxes in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 100 97.67 95 93.09 92.40 Index score 90 89.06 87.20 85 83.45 80 75 Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Details – Paying Taxes in Finland Total tax and Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time Statutory tax contribution rate (% of Notes contribution (number) Payments (hours) rate Tax base profit) on TTR Pension insurance 1 online 48 17.75% gross 20.52 contributions salaries Corporate income tax 1 online 21 20% taxable 11.67 profits Social security 1 online 2.12% gross 2.47 contributions salaries Unemployment 1 online 1.00 - 3.90% gross 1.31 insurance salaries contributions Real estate tax 2 0.60%-1.35% property 1.19 value Accident insurance 0 jointly 0.3% - 8.0%* gross 1.04 contributions salaries Public Broadcasting 0 jointly Fixed fee 0.14 tax Group-life insurance 0 jointly 0.07% gross 0.08 contributions salaries Employee labor tax 0 gross 0.00 not salaries included Value added tax (VAT) 1 online 24 24% net sales 0.00 not included Vehicle tax 1 Fixed fee see 0.00 small depending on sheet 7 amount vehicle Totals 8 93 38.4 Page 45   depending on sheet 7 amount Doing Business 2018 Finland vehicle Totals 8 93 38.4 Details – Paying Taxes in Finland – Tax by Type Taxes by type Answer Profit tax (% of profit) 11.7 Labor tax and contributions (% of profit) 25.4 Other taxes (% of profit) 1.3 Details – Paying Taxes in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Score Post ling index (0-100) 93.09 VAT refunds Does VAT exist? Yes Does a VAT refund process exist per the case study? Yes Restrictions on VAT refund process None Percentage of cases exposed to a VAT audit (%) 0% - 24% Is there a mandatory carry forward period? No Time to comply with VAT refund (hours) 5.0 90 Time to obtain a VAT refund (weeks) 6.2 94.27 Corporate income tax audits Does corporate income tax exist? Yes Percentage of cases exposed to a corporate income tax audit (%) 0% - 24% Time to comply with a corporate income tax audit (hours) 8.0 88.07 Time to complete a corporate income tax audit (weeks) No tax audit per 100 case study scenario Notes: Names of taxes have been standardized. For instance income tax, pro t tax, tax on company's income are all named corporate income tax in this table. The hours for VAT include all the VAT and sales taxes applicable. The hours for Social Security include all the hours for labor taxes and mandatory contributions in general. The post ling index is the average of the scores on time to comply with VAT refund, time to obtain a VAT refund, time to comply with a corporate income tax audit and time to complete a corporate income tax audit. N/A = Not applicable. Trading across Borders Page 46   Doing Business records the time and cost associated with the logistical process of exporting and importing goods. Doing Business a corporate income tax audit and time to complete a corporate income tax audit. N/A = Not applicable. Doing Business 2018 Finland Trading across Borders Doing Business records the time and cost associated with the logistical process of exporting and importing goods. Doing Business measures the time and cost (excluding tari s) associated with three sets of procedures—documentary compliance, border compliance and domestic transport—within the overall process of exporting or importing a shipment of goods. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. Given the importance of trade digitalization, in Doing Business 2018, the Trading across Borders questionnaire included research questions on the availability and status of implementation of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Single Window (SW) systems. With this information, Doing Business built a comprehensive dataset on the adoption and level of sophistication of electronic platforms in 190 economies. These data are not used to compute the distance to frontier score or ranking of the ease of doing business. The new dataset on EDI and SW systems is available here. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Documentary compliance To make the data comparable across economies, a few assumptions are made about the traded goods and the transactions: Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents during transport, clearance, inspections and port Time: Time is measured in hours, and 1 day is 24 hours (for example, 22 or border handling in origin economy days are recorded as 22×24=528 hours). If customs clearance takes 7.5 Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents hours, the data are recorded as is. Alternatively, suppose documents are required by destination economy and any transit submitted to a customs agency at 8:00a.m., are processed overnight and economies can be picked up at 8:00a.m. the next day. The time for customs clearance Covers all documents required by law and in would be recorded as 24 hours because the actual procedure took 24 practice, including electronic submissions of hours. information Border compliance Cost: Insurance cost and informal payments for which no receipt is issued are excluded from the costs recorded. Costs are reported in U.S. dollars. Customs clearance and inspections Contributors are asked to convert local currency into U.S. dollars based on Inspections by other agencies (if applied to more the exchange rate prevailing on the day they answer the questionnaire. than 20% of shipments) Contributors are private sector experts in international trade logistics and Handling and inspections that take place at the are informed about exchange rates. economy’s port or border Assumptions of the case study: - For all 190 economies covered by Doing Domestic transport Business, it is assumed a shipment is in a warehouse in the largest Loading or unloading of the shipment at the business city of the exporting economy and travels to a warehouse in the warehouse or port/border largest business city of the importing economy. - It is assumed each Transport between warehouse and port/border economy imports 15 metric tons of containerized auto parts (HS 8708) from its natural import partner—the economy from which it imports the Traffic delays and road police checks while largest value (price times quantity) of auto parts. It is assumed each shipment is en route economy exports the product of its comparative advantage (de ned by the largest export value) to its natural export partner—the economy that is the largest purchaser of this product. Shipment value is assumed to be $50,000. - The mode of transport is the one most widely used for the chosen export or import product and the trading partner, as is the seaport, or land border crossing. - All electronic information submissions requested by any government agency in connection with the shipment are considered to be documents obtained, prepared and submitted during the export or import process. - A port or border is a place (seaport, airport or land border crossing) where merchandise can enter or leave an economy. - Relevant government agencies include customs, port authorities, road police, border guards, standardization agencies, ministries or departments of agriculture or industry, national security agencies and any other government authorities. Page 47   of agriculture or industry, national security agencies and any other Doing Business 2018 Finland government authorities. OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Time to export: Border compliance (hours) 36 12.7 12.7 0 (17 Economies) Cost to export: Border compliance (USD) 213 149.9 149.9 0.00 (19 Economies) Time to export: Documentary compliance 2 2.4 2.4 1.0 (25 Economies) (hours) Cost to export: Documentary compliance (USD) 70 35.4 35.4 0.00 (19 Economies) Time to import: Border compliance (hours) 2 8.7 8.7 0.00 (21 Economies) Cost to import: Border compliance (USD) 0 111.6 111.6 0.00 (27 Economies) Time to import: Documentary compliance 1 3.5 3.5 1.0 (30 Economies) (hours) Cost to import: Documentary compliance (USD) 0 25.6 25.6 0.00 (30 Economies) Figure – Trading across Borders in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 93.92: Regional Average (OECD high income) 92.44: Finland (Rank: 34) 91.77: Germany (Rank: 39) 80.27: Iceland (Rank: 69) 100.00: Denmark (Rank: 1) 100.00: France (Rank: 1) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of trading across borders is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for trading across borders. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the time and cost for documentary compliance and border compliance to export and import (domestic transport is not used for calculating the ranking). Figure – Trading across Borders in Finland – Time and Cost Time Cost 40 250 36 213 35 200 30 Time (hours) Cost (USD) 25 150 20 15 100 70 10 50 5 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 Export - Border Compliance Export - Documentary Compliance Import - Border Compliance Import - Documentary CompliancePage 48   Doing Business 2018 Finland Figure – Trading across Borders in Finland – Time and Cost Time Cost 40 250 36 213 35 200 30 Time (hours) Cost (USD) 25 150 20 15 100 70 10 50 5 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 Export - Border Compliance Export - Documentary Compliance Import - Border Compliance Import - Documentary Compliance Details – Trading across Borders in Finland Characteristics Export Import Product HS 84 : Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical HS 8708: Parts and accessories of appliances; parts thereof motor vehicles Trade partner China Germany Border Helsinki port Helsinki port Distance (km) 10 10 Domestic transport 2 2 time (hours) Domestic transport 183 183 cost (USD) Details – Trading across Borders in Finland – Components of Border Compliance Time to Complete Associated Costs (hours) (USD) Export: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 1.8 52.5 Export: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 0.0 0.0 Export: Port or border handling 34.3 160.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 0.0 0.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 0.0 0.0 Import: Port or border handling 2.0 0.0 Details – Trading across Borders in Finland – Trade Documents Export Import Page 49   cost (USD) Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Trading across Borders in Finland – Components of Border Compliance Time to Complete Associated Costs (hours) (USD) Export: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 1.8 52.5 Export: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 0.0 0.0 Export: Port or border handling 34.3 160.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 0.0 0.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 0.0 0.0 Import: Port or border handling 2.0 0.0 Details – Trading across Borders in Finland – Trade Documents Export Import Customs export declaration CMR Waybill Commercial invoice Packing list Bill of Lading Commercial invoice Packing list Intrastat SOLAS certificate Enforcing Contracts The enforcing contracts indicator measures the time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local rst-instance court, and the quality of judicial processes index, evaluating whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices that promote quality and e ciency in the court system. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to enforce a contract through the The dispute in the case study involves the breach of a sales contract courts (calendar days) between 2 domestic businesses. The case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute. This distinguishes Time to file and serve the case the case from simple debt enforcement. Time for trial and to obtain the judgment To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses Time to enforce the judgment several assumptions about the case: Cost required to enforce a contract through the - The dispute concerns a lawful transaction between two businesses (Seller courts (% of claim) and Buyer), both located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 Attorney fees economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. - The buyer orders custom-made goods, then fails to pay. Court fees - The value of the dispute is 200% of the income per capita or the Enforcement fees equivalent in local currency of USD 5,000, whichever is greater. Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) - The seller sues the buyer before the court with jurisdiction over commercial cases worth 200% of income per capita or $5,000. Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) Page 50   - The seller requests a pretrial attachment to secure the claim. Case management (0-6) SOLAS certificate Doing Business 2018 Finland Enforcing Contracts The enforcing contracts indicator measures the time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local rst-instance court, and the quality of judicial processes index, evaluating whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices that promote quality and e ciency in the court system. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to enforce a contract through the The dispute in the case study involves the breach of a sales contract courts (calendar days) between 2 domestic businesses. The case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute. This distinguishes Time to file and serve the case the case from simple debt enforcement. Time for trial and to obtain the judgment To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses Time to enforce the judgment several assumptions about the case: Cost required to enforce a contract through the - The dispute concerns a lawful transaction between two businesses (Seller courts (% of claim) and Buyer), both located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 Attorney fees economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. - The buyer orders custom-made goods, then fails to pay. Court fees - The value of the dispute is 200% of the income per capita or the Enforcement fees equivalent in local currency of USD 5,000, whichever is greater. Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) - The seller sues the buyer before the court with jurisdiction over commercial cases worth 200% of income per capita or $5,000. Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) - The seller requests a pretrial attachment to secure the claim. Case management (0-6) - The dispute on the quality of the goods requires an expert opinion. Court automation (0-4) - The judge decides in favor of the seller; there is no appeal. Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) - The seller enforces the judgment through a public sale of the buyer’s movable assets. Standardized Case Claim value EUR 76,035.00 Court name Helsinki District Court City Covered Helsinki OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Time (days) 485 577.8 577.8 164.00 (Singapore) Cost (% of claim value) 16.2 21.5 21.5 9.00 (Iceland) Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 8.5 11.0 11.0 15.50 (Australia) Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 73.04: France (Rank: 15) 71.32: Germany (Rank: 22) 69.10: Iceland (Rank: 29) Page 51   of judicial processes Quality Business Doing index (0-18) 2018 Finland 8.5 11.0 11.0 15.50 (Australia) Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 73.04: France (Rank: 15) 71.32: Germany (Rank: 22) 69.10: Iceland (Rank: 29) 68.37: Denmark (Rank: 32) 66.76: Regional Average (OECD high income) 66.40: Finland (Rank: 46) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of enforcing contracts is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for enforcing contracts. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Finland – Time and Cost Time Cost 700 23.3 25 21.5 600 577.8 Cost (% of claim value) 20 485 485 17.4 499 500 16.2 417 Time (days) 395 14.4 400 15 300 9.0 10 200 5 100 0 0 Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland OECD high income Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Finland 2.5 2 2.5 1.5 Denmark 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 France 2.5 3 1 4.5 Germany 3 1.5 2 4.5 Iceland 2 2 2 1.5 OECD high income 2.5 2.9 2 3.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 Page 52   12 0 0 Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland OECD high income Doing Business 2018 Finland Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Finland 2.5 2 2.5 1.5 Denmark 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 France 2.5 3 1 4.5 Germany 3 1.5 2 4.5 Iceland 2 2 2 1.5 OECD high income 2.5 2.9 2 3.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Sub-Indicator Score Alternative dispute resolution (0­3) Case management (0­6) Court automation (0­4) Court structure and proceedings (­1­5) Details – Enforcing Contracts in Finland Indicator Time (days) 485 Filing and service 14 Trial and judgment 365 Enforcement of judgment 106 Cost (% of claim value) 16.2 Attorney fees 12.5 Court fees 3.5 Enforcement fees 0.2 Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 8.5 Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) 1.5 Case management (0-6) 2.0 Court automation (0-4) 2.5 Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.5 Details – Enforcing Contracts in Finland – Measure of Quality Page 53   Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.5 Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Enforcing Contracts in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Score Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 8.5 Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) 1.5 1. Is there a court or division of a court dedicated solely to hearing commercial cases? No 0.0 2. Small claims court 0.0 2.a. Is there a small claims court or a fast-track procedure for small claims? No 2.b. If yes, is self-representation allowed? n.a. 3. Is pretrial attachment available? Yes 1.0 4. Are new cases assigned randomly to judges? Yes, but manual 0.5 5. Does a woman's testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man's? Yes 0.0 Case management (0-6) 2.0 1. Time standards 0.0 1.a. Are there laws setting overall time standards for key court events in a civil case? No 1.b. If yes, are the time standards set for at least three court events? n.a. 1.c. Are these time standards respected in more than 50% of cases? n.a. 2. Adjournments 0.0 2.a. Does the law regulate the maximum number of adjournments that can be No granted? 2.b. Are adjournments limited to unforeseen and exceptional circumstances? Yes 2.c. If rules on adjournments exist, are they respected in more than 50% of cases? No 3. Can two of the following four reports be generated about the competent court: (i) Yes 1.0 time to disposition report; (ii) clearance rate report; (iii) age of pending cases report; and (iv) single case progress report? 4. Is a pretrial conference among the case management techniques used before the Yes 1.0 competent court? 5. Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the competent court No 0.0 for use by judges? 6. Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the competent court No 0.0 for use by lawyers? Court automation (0-4) 2.5 1. Can the initial complaint be led electronically through a dedicated platform within No 0.0 the competent court? 2. Is it possible to carry out service of process electronically for claims led before the Yes 1.0 competent court? Page 54   1. Can the initial complaint be led electronically through a dedicated platform within No 0.0 Businesscourt? the competent Doing 2018 Finland 2. Is it possible to carry out service of process electronically for claims led before the Yes 1.0 competent court? 3. Can court fees be paid electronically within the competent court? Yes 1.0 4. Publication of judgments 0.5 4.a Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at all levels made available to the No general public through publication in o cial gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? 4.b. Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at the appellate and supreme Yes court level made available to the general public through publication in o cial gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.5 1. Arbitration 1.5 1.a. Is domestic commercial arbitration governed by a consolidated law or Yes consolidated chapter or section of the applicable code of civil procedure encompassing substantially all its aspects? 1.b. Are there any commercial disputes—aside from those that deal with public No order or public policy—that cannot be submitted to arbitration? 1.c. Are valid arbitration clauses or agreements usually enforced by the courts? Yes 2. Mediation/Conciliation 1.0 2.a. Is voluntary mediation or conciliation available? Yes 2.b. Are mediation, conciliation or both governed by a consolidated law or Yes consolidated chapter or section of the applicable code of civil procedure encompassing substantially all their aspects? 2.c. Are there nancial incentives for parties to attempt mediation or conciliation (i.e., No if mediation or conciliation is successful, a refund of court ling fees, income tax credits or the like)? Resolving Insolvency Doing Business studies the time, cost and outcome of insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal entities. These variables are used to calculate the recovery rate, which is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. To determine the present value of the amount recovered by creditors, Doing Business uses the lending rates from the International Monetary Fund, supplemented with data from central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to recover debt (years) To make the data on the time, cost and outcome comparable across economies, several assumptions about the business and the case are Measured in calendar years used: Appeals and requests for extension are included - A hotel located in the largest city (or cities) has 201 employees and 50 Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s estate) suppliers. The hotel experiences nancial di culties. Page 55   Measured as percentage of estate value - The value of the hotel is 100% of the income per capita or the equivalent if mediation or conciliation is successful, a refund of court ling fees, income tax credits or the like)? Doing Business 2018 Finland Resolving Insolvency Doing Business studies the time, cost and outcome of insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal entities. These variables are used to calculate the recovery rate, which is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. To determine the present value of the amount recovered by creditors, Doing Business uses the lending rates from the International Monetary Fund, supplemented with data from central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to recover debt (years) To make the data on the time, cost and outcome comparable across economies, several assumptions about the business and the case are Measured in calendar years used: Appeals and requests for extension are included - A hotel located in the largest city (or cities) has 201 employees and 50 Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s estate) suppliers. The hotel experiences nancial di culties. Measured as percentage of estate value - The value of the hotel is 100% of the income per capita or the equivalent Court fees in local currency of USD 200,000, whichever is greater. - The hotel has a loan from a domestic bank, secured by a mortgage over Fees of insolvency administrators the hotel’s real estate. The hotel cannot pay back the loan, but makes Lawyers’ fees enough money to operate otherwise. Assessors’ and auctioneers’ fees In addition, Doing Business evaluates the adequacy and integrity of the Other related fees existing legal framework applicable to liquidation and reorganization Outcome proceedings through the strength of insolvency framework index. The index tests whether economies adopted internationally accepted good Whether business continues operating as a going practices in four areas: commencement of proceedings, management of concern or business assets are sold piecemeal debtor’s assets, reorganization proceedings and creditor participation. Recovery rate for creditors Measures the cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors Outcome for the business (survival or not) determines the maximum value that can be recovered Official costs of the insolvency proceedings are deducted Depreciation of furniture is taken into account Present value of debt recovered Strength of insolvency framework index (0- 16) Sum of the scores of four component indices: Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) Management of debtor’s assets index (0-6) Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) Creditor participation index (0-4) OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.3 71.2 71.2 93.1 (Norway) Time (years) 0.9 1.7 1.7 0.4 (Ireland) Page 56   Cost (% of estate) 3.5 9.1 9.1 1.00 (Norway) Creditor participation index (0-4) Doing Business 2018 Finland OECD high OECD high Indicator Finland income income Overall Best Performer Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.3 71.2 71.2 93.1 (Norway) Time (years) 0.9 1.7 1.7 0.4 (Ireland) Cost (% of estate) 3.5 9.1 9.1 1.00 (Norway) Outcome (0 as piecemeal sale and 1 as going 1 .. .. .. concern) Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 14.5 12.1 12.1 15.00 (6 Economies) Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 92.82: Finland (Rank: 2) 90.27: Germany (Rank: 4) 84.93: Denmark (Rank: 7) 81.44: Iceland (Rank: 13) 76.12: Regional Average (OECD high income) 73.91: France (Rank: 28) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of resolving insolvency is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for resolving insolvency. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the recovery rate and the strength of insolvency framework index. Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Finland – Time and Cost Time Cost 2 1.9 10 9.0 9.1 1.7 8.0 8 1.5 Cost (% of estate) 1.2 Time (years) 6 1.0 1.0 1 0.9 4.0 3.5 3.5 4 0.5 2 0 0 Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland OECD high income Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Finland 6 3 3 2.5 Page 57   0 0 Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland OECD high income Doing Business 2018 Finland Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Finland 6 3 3 2.5 Denmark 6 3 2 1 France 6 3 1 1 Germany 6 3 3 3 Iceland 6 2.5 2 1 OECD high income 5.4 2.8 2.3 1.9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Sub-Indicator Score Management of debtor's assets index (0­6) Commencement of proceedings index (0­3) Creditor participation index (0­4) Reorganization proceedings index (0­3) Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Finland and comparator economies – Recovery Rate Recovery Rate (cents on the dollar) 90 88.3 88.1 84.5 85 80.6 80 75 73.5 71.2 70 65 60 Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Details – Resolving Insolvency in Finland Indicator Answer Explanation Proceeding reorganization Mirage management will have a better understanding of the financial state of the hotel and will be able to commence insolvency proceedings before BizBank can initiate enforcement action. Hotel management may propose a restructuring plan however, BizBank, as the majority creditor can defeat it. As BizBank has a floating charge over the hotel property, it could notify the liquidator of the existence of the security interest and the liquidator would then sell the assets and distribute them. However, BizBank would only be able to retain 50% of the value of such floating charge, while the remainder of that value would be applied towards satisfying the other creditors. Therefore, BizBank would not oppose the restructuring plan. Outcome going concern Sale as a going concern is the best way to maximize the value of the hotel. Time (in years) 0.9 It takes 11 months to resolve insolvency in Finland. The reorganization plan must be Page 58   Finland Denmark France Germany Iceland OECD high income Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Resolving Insolvency in Finland Indicator Answer Explanation Proceeding reorganization Mirage management will have a better understanding of the financial state of the hotel and will be able to commence insolvency proceedings before BizBank can initiate enforcement action. Hotel management may propose a restructuring plan however, BizBank, as the majority creditor can defeat it. As BizBank has a floating charge over the hotel property, it could notify the liquidator of the existence of the security interest and the liquidator would then sell the assets and distribute them. However, BizBank would only be able to retain 50% of the value of such floating charge, while the remainder of that value would be applied towards satisfying the other creditors. Therefore, BizBank would not oppose the restructuring plan. Outcome going concern Sale as a going concern is the best way to maximize the value of the hotel. Time (in years) 0.9 It takes 11 months to resolve insolvency in Finland. The reorganization plan must be proposed within four months after the commencement of the reorganization proceedings. After the approval of the plan, a debtor company starts to comply with it and its implementation might take approximately 1-7 years. Cost (% of 3.5 Main expenses include attorneys' fees, remuneration of the liquidator and fees of other estate) professionals involved in the insolvency proceedings. Recovery rate (cents on the 88.3 dollar) Details – Resolving Insolvency in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Score Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 14.5 Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) 3.0 What procedures are available to a DEBTOR when commencing insolvency (a) Debtor may 1.0 proceedings? le for both liquidation and reorganization Does the insolvency framework allow a CREDITOR to le for insolvency of the debtor? (a) Yes, a creditor 1.0 may le for both Page 59   dollar) Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Resolving Insolvency in Finland – Measure of Quality Answer Score Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 14.5 Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) 3.0 What procedures are available to a DEBTOR when commencing insolvency (a) Debtor may 1.0 proceedings? le for both liquidation and reorganization Does the insolvency framework allow a CREDITOR to le for insolvency of the debtor? (a) Yes, a creditor 1.0 may le for both liquidation and reorganization What basis for commencement of the insolvency proceedings is allowed under the (c) Both (a) and 1.0 insolvency framework? (b) options are available, but only one of them needs to be complied with Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) 6.0 Does the insolvency framework allow the continuation of contracts supplying essential Yes 1.0 goods and services to the debtor? Does the insolvency framework allow the rejection by the debtor of overly burdensome Yes 1.0 contracts? Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of preferential transactions? Yes 1.0 Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of undervalued transactions? Yes 1.0 Does the insolvency framework provide for the possibility of the debtor obtaining credit Yes 1.0 after commencement of insolvency proceedings? Does the insolvency framework assign priority to post-commencement credit? (b) Yes over 1.0 ordinary unsecured creditors but not over secured creditors Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) 2.5 Which creditors vote on the proposed reorganization plan? (a) All creditors 0.5 Does the insolvency framework require that dissenting creditors in reorganization Yes 1.0 receive at least as much as what they would obtain in a liquidation? Are the creditors devided into classes for the purposes of voting on the reorganization Yes 1.0 plan, does each class vote separately and are creditors in the same class treated equally? Creditor participation index (0-4) 3.0 Page 60   plan, does each class vote separately and are creditors in the same class treated equally? Doing Business 2018 Finland Creditor participation index (0-4) 3.0 Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for selection or Yes 1.0 appointment of the insolvency representative? Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for sale of substantial No 0.0 assets of the debtor? Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to request Yes 1.0 information from the insolvency representative? Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to object to Yes 1.0 decisions accepting or rejecting creditors' claims? Note: Even if the economy’s legal framework includes provisions related to insolvency proceedings (liquidation or reorganization), the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost and outcome indicators are recorded as “no practice”. Labor Market Regulation Doing Business presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on these indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. Detailed data collected on labor market regulation are available on the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/labor-market-regulation). The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Hiring To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions (i) whether xed-term contracts are prohibited for about the worker and the business are used. permanent tasks; (ii) maximum cumulative duration of xed-term contracts; (iii) length of the The worker: probationary period; (iv) minimum wage. - Is a cashier in a supermarket or grocery store, age 19, with one year of work experience. Working hours - Is a full-time employee. (i) maximum number of working days allowed per - Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory. week; (ii) premiums for work: at night, on a weekly rest day and overtime; (iii) whether there are The business: restrictions on work at night, work on a weekly rest - Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy). day and for overtime work; (iv) whether nonpregnant - Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy’s largest and nonnursing women can work same night hours business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second as men; (v) length of paid annual leave. largest business city. - Has 60 employees. Redundancy rules - Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if such agreements cover (i) whether redundancy can be basis for terminating more than 50% of the food retail sector and they apply even to rms that workers; (ii) whether employer needs to notify are not party to them. and/or get approval from third party to terminate 1 - Abides by every law and regulation but does not grant workers more redundant worker and a group of 9 redundant bene ts than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) collective workers; (iii) whether law requires employer to bargaining agreements. reassign or retrain a worker before making worker redundant; (iv) whether priority rules apply for redundancies and reemployment. Redundancy cost (i) notice period for redundancy dismissal; (ii) severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker. Page 61   Job quality the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost and outcome indicators are recorded as “no practice”. Doing Business 2018 Finland Labor Market Regulation Doing Business presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on these indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. Detailed data collected on labor market regulation are available on the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/labor-market-regulation). The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Hiring To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions (i) whether xed-term contracts are prohibited for about the worker and the business are used. permanent tasks; (ii) maximum cumulative duration of xed-term contracts; (iii) length of the The worker: probationary period; (iv) minimum wage. - Is a cashier in a supermarket or grocery store, age 19, with one year of work experience. Working hours - Is a full-time employee. (i) maximum number of working days allowed per - Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory. week; (ii) premiums for work: at night, on a weekly rest day and overtime; (iii) whether there are The business: restrictions on work at night, work on a weekly rest - Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy). day and for overtime work; (iv) whether nonpregnant - Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy’s largest and nonnursing women can work same night hours business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second as men; (v) length of paid annual leave. largest business city. - Has 60 employees. Redundancy rules - Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if such agreements cover (i) whether redundancy can be basis for terminating more than 50% of the food retail sector and they apply even to rms that workers; (ii) whether employer needs to notify are not party to them. and/or get approval from third party to terminate 1 - Abides by every law and regulation but does not grant workers more redundant worker and a group of 9 redundant bene ts than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) collective workers; (iii) whether law requires employer to bargaining agreements. reassign or retrain a worker before making worker redundant; (iv) whether priority rules apply for redundancies and reemployment. Redundancy cost (i) notice period for redundancy dismissal; (ii) severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker. Job quality (i) whether law mandates equal remuneration for work of equal value and nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring; (ii) whether law mandates paid or unpaid maternity leave; (iii) length of paid maternity leave; (iv) whether employees on maternity leave receive 100% of wages; (v) availability of ve fully paid days of sick leave a year; (vi) eligibility requirements for unemployment protection. Details – Labor Market Regulation in Finland Answer Hiring Page 62   Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes days of sick leave a year; (vi) eligibility requirements for unemployment protection. Doing Business 2018 Finland Details – Labor Market Regulation in Finland Answer Hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes Maximum length of a single xed-term contract (months) No limit Maximum length of xed-term contracts, including renewals (months) 60.0 Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study (US$/month) 2026.1 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0.3 Maximum length of probationary period (months) 6.0 Working hours Standard workday 8.0 Maximum number of working days per week 6.0 Premium for night work (% of hourly pay) 15.7 Premium for work on weekly rest day (% of hourly pay) 100.0 Premium for overtime work (% of hourly pay) 50.0 Restrictions on night work? No Whether nonpregnant and nonnursing women can work the same night hours as men Yes Restrictions on weekly holiday? No Restrictions on overtime work? No Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (working days) 30.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (working days) 30.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure (working days) 30.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in working days) 30.0 Redundancy rules Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Third-party noti cation if one worker is dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if one worker is dismissed? No Third-party noti cation if nine workers are dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if nine workers are dismissed? No Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? Yes Page 63   Third-party Doing approval Business 2018 if nine workers are dismissed? Finland No Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? Yes Priority rules for redundancies? No Priority rules for reemployment? Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 4.3 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 8.7 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 17.3 Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 10.1 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 0.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 0.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 0.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 0.0 Job quality Equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Gender nondiscrimination in hiring? Yes Paid or unpaid maternity leave mandated by law? Yes Minimum length of maternity leave (calendar days)? 105.0 Receive 100% of wages on maternity leave? No Five fully paid days of sick leave a year? Yes Unemployment protection after one year of employment? Yes Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection (months)? 6.0 Business Reforms in Finland In the year ending June 1, 2017, 119 economies implemented 264 total reforms across the di erent areas measured by Doing Business. Doing Business has recorded more than 2,900 regulatory reforms making it easier to do business since 2004. Reforms inspired by Doing Business have been implemented by economies in all regions. The following are the reforms for Finland implemented since Doing Business 2008. = Doing Business reform making it easier to do business. = Change making it more di cult to do business. DB2018 Labor Market Regulation: Finland increased the length of the maximum probationary period for permanent employees. DB2016 Paying Taxes: Finland made paying taxes less costly for companies by reducing the corporate income tax rate—though it also increased the total rate for social security contributions paid by employers and reduced the allowed deductible amount for owners’ expenses. Page 64   Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection (months)? 6.0 Doing Business 2018 Finland Business Reforms in Finland In the year ending June 1, 2017, 119 economies implemented 264 total reforms across the di erent areas measured by Doing Business. Doing Business has recorded more than 2,900 regulatory reforms making it easier to do business since 2004. Reforms inspired by Doing Business have been implemented by economies in all regions. The following are the reforms for Finland implemented since Doing Business 2008. = Doing Business reform making it easier to do business. = Change making it more di cult to do business. DB2018 Labor Market Regulation: Finland increased the length of the maximum probationary period for permanent employees. DB2016 Paying Taxes: Finland made paying taxes less costly for companies by reducing the corporate income tax rate—though it also increased the total rate for social security contributions paid by employers and reduced the allowed deductible amount for owners’ expenses. DB2015 Labor Market Regulation: Finland eliminated the requirement to notify a third party before dismissing a redundant employee or group of redundant employees. DB2012 Paying Taxes: Finland simpli ed reporting and payment for the value added tax and labor tax. DB2010 Paying Taxes: Finland made paying taxes easier and less costly for companies by extending electronic ling and reducing employers’ social security contribution rates. DB2009 Getting Credit: Finland improved its credit information system by assembling regulations relating to the credit information of individuals and companies into one act governing the production, storage, disclosure and use of credit data. Resolving Insolvency: Finland enhanced its insolvency process through amendments to the Restructuring of Enterprises Act that accelerate hearings and increase the exibility of proceedings, making it easier for companies to enter reorganization. DB2008 Starting a Business: Finland made starting a business easier by reducing the minimum capital requirement and simplifying documentation requirements. Page 65   Starting a Business: Finland made starting a business easier by reducing the minimum capital requirement and simplifying documentation requirements. Doing Business 2018 Finland Page 66