E4498 v1 rev LEBANESE REPUBLIC Ministry of Environment DRAFT REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Revised November 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project AUTHORS This report has been prepared by Mr. Khalil Zein for the Ministry of Environment (MoE), with all responsible skill, care and due diligence within the terms of reference, taking into account the resources devoted to it by agreement with the project owner [MoE & Electricité du Liban (EDL)]. A group of key experts assisted Mr. Zein to execute some of the sub-tasks that are mainly related to the social development (Mr. Haytham Mokahhal) and treatment technologies (Mrs. Amin Dagher). Mr. Zein is a Senior Environmental Geologist with over 18 years of experience involved in related projects such as; Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) preparations, economical feasibilities, environmental public services, site development, supervision, remediation and decontamination works. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Report would not have been possible without the essential and gracious support of many individuals:  The administrative support and interest of the staff at the Ministry of Environment for their assistance throughout the period of the ESIA study preparation;  Administrative support and technical information of the EDL assigned team;  The technical support of the World Bank concerned staff; and  The help and assistance of the Institutional Support of the Ministry of Environment Unit- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. Context Polychlorinated biphenyls known as PCBs are mostly used as coolants and insulating fluids for transformers and capacitors. However, PCBs are chemical substances that persist in the environment, bio-accumulate through the food web and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to the human health and environment. Due to their environmental toxicity and their classification as a persistent organic pollutant (POP), the PCBs production and uses were restricted and eliminated in many countries by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001. In Lebanon, PCBs are mainly found in the electric power sector. Prior to the mid-1990, they were widely used in power transformers, capacitors at various levels of the power plants, substations and the distribution network. Most of this equipment is considered property of Electricité du Liban (EDL), the state-owned power utility, while only few are owned by some smaller distribution facilities and by power consumers, such as industries and hospital. Considering the wide distribution of PCB-containing equipment all over the Lebanese territory and the lack of well-defined strategies for adequate relative management, a rapid inventory was conducted to assess the PCB contamination situation. Further investigation was performed to evaluate high-risk PCB contaminated sites within several stations. Subsequently, findings of the inventory placed the problem of diffuse PCB contamination in Lebanon on the top of concerned stakeholders’ agenda. The PCB management in Power Sector Project supports key activities identified in the National Implementation Plan (NIP), which was prepared in accordance with the Stockholm Convention on POPs and includes phasing-out and disposal of PCB containing products and equipment, information exchange and public awareness. The Ministry of Environment in collaboration with EDL requested an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study as the proposed project is classified as Category “A” under the World Bank’s operational policy (OP) 4.01. The ESIA aims at eliminating potential environmental and public health problems emanating from the project. The project covers several public sector sites and may involve some of the private sectors sites. The main objective of the proposed project is to dispose of high risk PCBs in the power sector in an environmentally sound manner. In so doing, the project involves the handling, packaging, transporting and disposal of PCB equipment and wastes. The limited number of high-content PCB equipment in Lebanon does not justify the establishment of a permanent local disposal facility. Therefore, they will be exported to licensed facilities abroad in accordance with the requirements of the Basel Convention. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY-LEBANON-ESIA- PCB MANAGEMENT IN THE POWER SECTOR PROJECT 2 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project B. ESIA Structure The ESIA is divided into the following sections: 1. Introduction: This section includes an overview of the current situation in the country in terms of PCB contamination. It highlights the importance of the project implementation to alleviate the impacts of years of neglect of PCBs management. 2. Administrative and legal framework: This section provides a review of relevant national legal instruments as well as legislation and regulations, and policy documents, which are applicable to (or have implications for) the management of POPs/PCB in the Republic of Lebanon. 3. Public participation: This section focuses on public consultation activities conducted, under the scope of the project. 4. Description of the project components: This section describes the different activities to be undertaken under the proposed project. 5. Baseline environmental conditions: This section describes the current status of the different environmental media (such as air, water, soil, biodiversity, etc…) that might be affected by the project activities as well as available infrastructure (such as solid and liquid waste management, roads’ network, etc…). 6. Impacts evaluation: This section focuses on the adverse impacts generated depending on the particular activities conducted. This section highlights the need to focus on reducing the impacts of soil and water contamination in the event of accidental spills as well as health deterioration as result of occupational exposure. 7. Analysis of alternatives: This section lists and evaluates the different alternatives available as a substitute of the proposed project. 8. Environmental and social management plan: This section proposes different protocols to be adopted during the project implementation to avoid and mitigate impacts identified in the impacts evaluation section. It also includes monitoring plans necessary to evaluate environmental quality throughout the process. 9. Conclusion: This section consists of a summary of the findings of the report. It also includes recommendations for further improvements in the project. C. Administrative and Legal Framework The administrative and legal framework chapter of the ESIA provides a review of relevant national legal instruments as well as legislation and regulations, and policy documents, which are applicable to (or have implications for) the management of POPs/PCB in the Republic of Lebanon. The main purpose of the legal chapter is to provide a comprehensive but succinct review of all planning, development, environmental, building and monitoring legislation that is of particular relevance with regard to the Project. A brief description of some of Lebanon’s international agreements is also discussed, and the shortcomings in implementation of the legal framework. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY-LEBANON-ESIA- PCB MANAGEMENT IN THE POWER SECTOR PROJECT 3 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project D. Project Description Component 1. Inventory of PCB contaminated transformers (US$0.79 million). This component will support a countrywide inventory of PCB contaminated transformers in the power sector in Lebanon. The inventory will focus on the entire stock of transformers in Bauchrieh (about 2,000) and in the EDL’s distribution network (about 19,000). Conducting the inventory of PCB contaminated transformers is based on four steps: (i) desk review of EDL database to identify the number of transformers potentially contaminated; (ii) sampling, which involves taking a 50 ml sample of oil from each transformer; (iii) on-site testing of PCB, which identifies the PCB-free transformers by testing the samples through a rapid method (Clor-N-Oil technique); and (iv) lab testing of PCB, which identifies the PCB contaminated transformers and their contamination level by testing the samples through an accurate laboratory method (Gas Chromatography analysis, GC). The inventory will provide a clear picture on the extent of PCB contamination in the power sector across country. In particular, it will identify the PCB contaminated transformers and will label their contamination level in each of the sites. Component 2. Disposal of high-content PCB equipment and contaminated oil (US$1.10 million). This component will support the disposal of high content PCB equipment owned by the EDL and potentially by the private sector, and of the PCB contaminated oil from Bauchrieh. (i) Disposal of out-of-service high content PCB equipment (US$0.21 million): EDL’s out-of- service equipment includes 12 Askarel transformers and 489 capacitors, with a total weight of 44 tons. Removing this equipment will also require to dispose of 10 tons of contaminated soil and concrete from PCB leakages, particularly from Zouk. Thus, this component will finance the disposal of about 44 tons of high-content PCB equipment and 10 tons of contaminated soil and concrete. The limited number of high-content PCB equipment in Lebanon does not justify the establishment of a permanent local disposal facility; the most cost-effective solution is exporting them to licensed facilities abroad in accordance with the requirements of the Basel Convention. This operation will be the responsibility of a contractor selected based on international tendering procedure. The contractor will provide all required packaging materials and will perform drainage of transformers, collection of empty transformers, liquid, and capacitors, packaging, transport and destruction abroad. (ii) Disposal of in-service high content PCB equipment and contaminated oil (US$0.89 million): - In-service high content PCB equipment in Jieh includes 17 Askarel transformers and 6 capacitors, with a total weight of 147 tons. All in-service Askarel transformers are located in Jieh power plant. The Jieh plant includes 5 old units (with 17 in-service transformers). This component will finance the disposal of all in service Askarel transformers and capacitors in Jieh. As part of the project co financing, EDL will be responsible for purchasing and replacing these transformers to allow continuity of electricity generation. -Capacitors in the private sector. The rapid inventory (COWI, 2011) also identified three private companies that held PCB containing capacitors with a total weight of about 5 tons. MOE will contact these companies as well as other agencies (e.g. concessions, etc.) to check their willingness to dispose of their PCB equipment (capacitors and transformers) through the proposed project. -Contaminated oil in Bauchrieh. As mentioned previously EDL’s repair and storage site in EXECUTIVE SUMMARY-LEBANON-ESIA- PCB MANAGEMENT IN THE POWER SECTOR PROJECT 4 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Bauchrieh contains about 2,000 transformers; a large percentage of them being contaminated. The inventory undertaken under Component 1 will identify all contaminated transformers. The proposed project will finance the drainage, packaging and disposal aboard of the contaminated oil. It is estimated that about 100 tons of contaminated oil will be disposed of from Bauchrieh. As part of the project parallel financing, EDL will be responsible for purchasing PCB-free oil, to be used for transformers’ maintenance and repair. The most cost-effective way of disposing in-service equipment and contaminated oil is export to licensed facilities abroad in accordance with the requirements of the Basel Convention. The responsibility of this work will be with a contractor selected based on international tendering procedure. The contractor will provide all required packaging materials and will perform drainage, dismantling and removal of all in-service Askarel transformers, collection of transformer carcasses, liquid, and capacitors, package, transport and destruction abroad Component 3. Capacity building and project management (US$0.65 million): This component will support: (i) establishment of a Project Management Unit (PMU) within MOE; (ii) monitoring of indicators and reporting on project performance; (iii) training and capacity building of MOE, EDL and other stakeholders (e.g. customs administration, on site workers technicians etc.) on sustainable management of PCB equipment and storage sites. The project activities are to be located in the following three main locations, which are found in the outskirts of Greater Beirut in Industrial or commercial zone: 1. Baouchrieh Electricity Company: Metn Caza, Mount Lebanon Mohafazah. 2. Zouk Power Station, Zouk Mkayel Cadastral Area, Kesrouane Caza, Mount Lebanon Mohafazah 3. Jiyeh Power Station: Jiyeh Cadastral Area, Chouf Caza, Mount Lebanon Mohafazah E. Public Participation Particular attention was given to timely disclosure of relevant documents to stakeholders (in a form that they can understand). Therefore the ESIA (with an executive summary in Arabic) has been disclosed on the MOE’s website in March 2014. Attention was also given to consultation with stakeholders on the scope of the impact assessment and on the content of the draft final ESIA and ESMP, and to ensuring timely delivery of the outputs of the assessment. Consultation meetings were held on November 29, 2012 and May 23, 2013. The following parties were invited: - Ministry of Environment; - EDL; - Ministry of Public Health; - Universities; - Private sector (ECODIT Company); - Environmental unions and societies (some includes more than 20 societies) - Municipalities and local authorities; - relevant communities During the consultations, some of the attendees had concerns on the available guarantees that the EXECUTIVE SUMMARY-LEBANON-ESIA- PCB MANAGEMENT IN THE POWER SECTOR PROJECT 5 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project work will be conducted in an environmental safe manner and especially on the part of external disposal. This will be addressed through contracting international technical consultants who will be responsible for managing the disposal in line with international good practices and contractual arrangements. The need to strengthen the safety procedures during the project operation by indicating the best practices during testing and handling of the contaminated materials was further emphasized. - Analysis of Disposal Options Disposal Buy dechlorination Buy Rent Rent Co-incineration in Criteria abroad facility, without dechlorination dechlorination dechlorination cement plants Fuller Earth facility, with facility, without facility, with Fuller Earth Fuller Earth Fuller Earth Relative Medium High Medium Medium Medium Not Estimated Financial Costs Technical Sufficient Insufficient Insufficient Sufficient Sufficient Sufficient Capacity Human Sufficient Insufficient Insufficient Sufficient Sufficient Insufficient Capacities Time needed Medium Long Long Medium Medium Long Social Risks Low Low Low Low Low High Env. Risks Low Medium Medium Medium Medium High Probability of High Low Low Medium Medium Low implementation Success Most Not Not Not Not Not Conclusion Preferable preferable preferable preferable preferable preferable This option Lack of local Lack of local Need for relative Need for relative Lack local human provides a radical technological and technological and large interim storage large interim capacities. solution to PCBs human human capacity storage capacity No business Reasons problem at capacities. capacities. interest from local reasonable cost, Low-to-medium low-to- medium cement companies. with low- to- Low-to-medium Low-to-medium environmental and low environmental Very high social medium environmental and environmental and social risks and low social and high environmental and low social risks low social risks risks environmental low social risks - Environmental Impacts The environmental impact analysis showed that environmental impacts will occur m o s t l y during the operation phases of the project particularly with respect to water quality, air quality, dust and noise emissions, visual intrusion, waste generation, safety concerns, and socio- economic impacts. The table below summarizes the potential environmental impacts that are associated with the operational period. Transportation equipment, oil Handling oils, Final disposal materials and Remediation (packaging, Temporary Presence of equipment containing containing and waste materials labelling) (Abroad) Testing storage of PCB waste Sites PCB Impact Water and aquatic resources Ground water contamination X* X** X X X X X Surface water contamination X X X X X X X Soil and waste EXECUTIVE SUMMARY-LEBANON-ESIA- PCB MANAGEMENT IN THE POWER SECTOR PROJECT 6 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Transportation equipment, oil Handling oils, Final disposal materials and Remediation (packaging, Temporary Presence of equipment containing containing and waste materials labelling) (Abroad) Testing storage of PCB waste Sites PCB Impact Soil contamination X X X X X X X Waste production X X X X Climate, air and noise Air emissions of POPs X X X Dust formation X X X X Noise production X X X Ecosystems Loss of ecol. valuable areas X X Ecotoxicity to terrestrial life X X Ecotoxicity to aquatic life X X Man and his social economic living environment Direct health risks (direct X X X X X X X exposure) Indirect health risk X X X X X Nuisance (dust, noise) X X X Social effects (employment) X X X X *Potential environmental impact **Potential environmental impact not likely to occur. - Environment Management Plan In order to ensure the proper integration of the project to the existing environment, an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) was developed. The ESMP will ensure as a minimum that potential negative impacts are mitigated, effluent quality is monitored, the appropriate staff are trained efficiently, precise record keeping is maintained in an orderly fashion and that effective contingency measures are prepared for. Mitigation measures to reduce the likelihood and magnitude of negative impacts that may be directly associated with the construction, operation and post-operation of the proposed project are summarized below and the total estimated cost is US$586,700. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY-LEBANON-ESIA- PCB MANAGEMENT IN THE POWER SECTOR PROJECT 7 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Environmental Management Plan - Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Monitoring of Institutional Potential Adverse Capacity Development Mitigation Responsibility Estimated Cost Project components Activity Mitigation Measures Impacts and Training Measures and Mitigation / (USD $) Procedures Monitoring Training of Reporting on any Consultant Measures for reducing spill, Spill from inventory teams major spill by responsible 30,000 and use of adequate procedures transformers by on sampling sampling and the for inventory, for spill response (e.g. use of sampling procedures and applied spill EDL, Sampling of metal tray and inert absorbent) on spill response response. & PMU transformer oil Consultant Samples of in-service Accidental electrical No monitoring responsible 250,000 transformers taken by trained shock envisaged for inventory, Component 1: electricians EDL PCB inventory Careful separation of PCB- Releases of PCB to the contaminated waste from other environment from waste. Training of inventory Consultant Disposal of PCB-containing waste Implementation of procedures teams in sampling No monitoring responsible 180,000 waste from from sampling for collection of PCB- procedures and waste envisaged for inventory, sampling disposed of containing waste (including management EDL inadequately absorbent) and interim storage of the waste Occupational exposure Control the health status of Training of workers of workers to PCB workers; on PCB health risks Use adequate personal and use of personnel Component 2: Accidents where protection equipment; Contractor’s protection equipment Contractor, All physical workers are being Use adequate procedures for immediate reporting 7,000 MOE-PMU 2.1 Dismantling activities crushed underneath reducing spills and accidents; on any incidents Training of workers and packing of the transformers Ensure all equipment is in handling of Askarel inspected by trained transformers and transformers and Accidental electrical electricians before being capacitors PCB capacitors shock handled. Contractor’s Spill of PCB to the Training workers reporting on any spill Draining and ground with Use of spill trays and on the safe and the applied spill Contractor, 30,000 packing of subsequent releases inert absorbent draining of response MOE-PMU transformers to the atmosphere equipment PMU monitoring Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 VIII United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project report Store the equipment and oil in UN certified transport containers; Store drained transformers in metal trays within the container; Leakages of Monitor storm water for any Contractor’s Storage of oil PCB from the Training of leakages immediate reporting and containers workers on dry Keep stored equipment away on any incidents Contractor, 25,000 transformers agents from combustible material; MOE-PMU before Accidental fire with extinguishers and Emergency plan with PMU monitoring shipment formation of their use procedures for notification of report PCDD/PCDF authorities; Dry agent extinguishers available in quantities sufficient to control a large fire until the arrival of the fire service. Avoid breakage of ceramic bushings on the capacitors; Pack capacitors in IBC with sufficient inert absorption material to absorb any leakages; Contractor’s Use plastic bags to prevent Dismantling immediate reporting Leakages of PCB further leakages when leaking and on any incidents Contractor, from damaged or damaged capacitors are 5000 packaging MOE-PMU capacitors moved to the IBC; capacitors PMU monitoring Remove any visible leakages report on the ground beneath the capacitors together with the capacitors; Mark the area beneath leaking capacitors for any follow-up activities. 2.1 Shipment and Transport of equipment and Training of drivers Contractor’s destruction of Releases of PCBs oil in UN certified transport in safety and immediate reporting All transport Askarel from leaking containers; emergency plans. on any incidents Contractor activities transformers and containers Inspection of containers prior 15,000 PCB capacitors to loading; (Possibly) a mock PMU monitoring Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 IX United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Store drained transformers in accident drill. report metal trays within the container; Use inert absorption material Emergency plan including procedures for notification of authorities. Trucks shall be led by internal security forces to Releases of PCB provide free road access and Contractor’s from crushed uninterrupted routing; immediate reporting containers in case of Transport during day time on any incidents Contractor, traffic accidents – outside rush hours; 1,500 MOE-PMU exposure of the All trucks shall be checked PMU monitoring general population for proper operation and for report in the area safety (brakes, tires, extinguishers) prior to Road transport driving. Trucks shall be escorted by a firefighter vehicle with equipment for dry agent fire Contractor’s Formation of fighting immediate reporting PCDDs/PCDFs in Dry agent extinguishers on any incidents Contractor, 2,000 case of fire by traffic available in quantities MOE-PMU accidents sufficient to control a large PMU monitoring fire until the arrival of the fire report service Follow the ADR/RID rules Significant releases of Contractor’s PCB from crushed Ship shall hold all necessary immediate reporting containers – exposure Contractor / Sea transport permits and comply with all on any incidents of the crew; Shipment - of equipment requirements according to Formation of dioxins company the IMDG code PMU monitoring and furans in case of report fire Dismantling and Occupational exposure Contractor’s The contractor should hold cleaning of of workers to PCB; All activities to immediate reporting the necessary permits for the transformers Accidents where be done by the on any incidents Contractor operations and follow the - (activities workers are injured by Contractor’s national occupational health undertaken the transformers; trained staff PMU monitoring regulation abroad) Releases of PCB from report Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 X United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project the dismantling and cleaning of transformers and from waste; Formation of PCDDs/PCDFs in case of accidental fire in dismantling facility Releases of non- Contractor’s proper destructed PCBs in Requirements of PCB decontamination of Contractor waste products from destruction efficiency of equipment - de-chlorination >99.9999% PMU monitoring processes report Contractor’s proper Emission of non- Requirements of PCB decontamination of Contractor destructed PCBs from destruction efficiency of equipment - incineration >99.9999% PMU monitoring report Contractor’s Formation of Emission should be <0.1 ng documentation of Contractor PCCD/PCDF from 3 PCCD/PDCF emission - incineration I- TEQ/Nm at 11% O2 PMU monitoring report Training of EDL for Replacement of Occupational exposure Control health status of workers in PCB installation of transformers of workers be involved workers; health risks and PCB free (dispose of in the replacement Use adequate personal use of personnel EDL’s immediate transformers Askarel transformers protection equipment; protection reporting on any and 1,000 transformers, Accidents where Use adequate procedures equipment; incidents Contractor install PCB free workers are injured by for reducing spill and Training of for disposal 2.2 Disposal of transformers) the transformers accidents, workers in of Askarel in-service handling spill. transformers. Askarel Store all waste in UN EDL’s immediate transformers in Leakages from stored EDL certified containers; reporting on any 15,000 Jieh Power Plant equipment and waste /PMU Use inert absorption material incidents Interim storage Install facility away from Training of Monitoring of high PCB Formation of causes of fires (high voltage, workers on first coordinated with equipment PCCD/PCDF in scrap shop, etc.) immediate monitoring of EDL 1,500 case of fire in All measures coordinated emergency and transformers in /PMU storage with the measures on the protection service equipment in service measures in case Fire inspection Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 XI United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Implementation of fire of fire by Fire protection and emergency Authorities plan Installation of fire EDLs immediate alarm systems reporting on any Dry agent extinguishers on incidents site Training of workers in PCB health risks Store drums properly; and use of personnel Store oil in closed UN protection certified drums; equipment; Contractor’s Keep adsorbent materials Release of PCB in Training of workers immediate reporting in reach Use adequate Contractor, case drums are on handling of on any incidents; 15,000 personal protection MOE-PMU overturned or break transformers, PMU monitoring equipment; capacitors and report 2.2 Draining Use adequate procedures Interim storage drums/tanks PCB for reducing spill and of PCB Training of workers contaminated accidents containing oil in measures in case transformers of spills Training EDL on first immediate Fire inspection Implementation of fire emergen- cy and by Fire EDL Formation of protection and emergency protection Authorities / Fire PCCD/PCDF in plan; 1,500 measures in case of EDL’s immediate authoriti case of fire Dry agent extinguishers fire (in addition to reporting on any es, PMU on site the general incidents measures) If dechlorination: Same impacts as for draining, and If dechlorination: Same All physical decontamination measures as for facility for Contractor’s 2.2 Destruction activities retrofilling immediate reporting Contractor, of PCB- (activities If export: Same on any incidents - MOE-PMU contaminated oil undertaken impacts as for If export: Same measures as PMU monitoring abroad) export of high- for export of high-content report content PCB PCB equipment equipment described above Initial intervention Occupational Control health status of Training of Monitoring of Contractor All physical at exposure of workers workers workers in PCB worker’s health /Consultant, 1,000 activities PCB- to PCB and other Use adequate personal health risks and status before and Responsible Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 XII United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project contaminated sites contaminants protection equipment use of personnel after the operation unit of the (expected Use adequate procedures protection Reporting on any Government activities with for reducing spill and equipment incidents Government accidents finance) Occupational exposure of workers Contractor to PCB Supervising /Consultant, Moving Secure that transformers accidents where Consultant’s re- Responsible - transformers are not leaking workers are ports unit of the injured by the Government transformers Contractor All activities shall be Supervising /Consultant, PCB in run-off from undertaken during the dry Consultant’s re- Responsible - the site Removal of season ports unit of the contaminated Government soil and Contractor Use of screens to prevent concrete Supervising /Consultant, Dust and noise from dust Consultant’s re- Responsible 1,200 the operation All operations to be ports unit of the undertaken during daytime Government Establishment Establishment of PCB- of interim PCB leaking to the proof and water-proof Supervising storage for surroundings from lining below an above the Consultant’s re- 5,000 contaminated contaminated waste interim storage for ports soil and soil/concrete concrete Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 XIII ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫ملخص تنفيذي‬ ‫أ‪ -‬مقدمة‬ ‫تستخدم في الغالب ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور المعروف باسم ال )‪ (PCBs‬كمبردات وسوائل عازلة‬ ‫للمحوالت الكهربائية والمكثفات‪ .‬إن ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور هي مواد كيميائية تتراكم من خالل الشبكة‬ ‫الغذائية الحيوية وتشكل خطر التسبب في آثار سلبية على صحة اإلنسان والبيئة‪ .‬نظرا لخصائصها السامة‬ ‫على البيئة وتصنيفها كملوثات عضوية ثابتة )‪ ، (POP‬تم منع إنتاج واستخدام ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور‬ ‫في كثير من البلدان المصادقة على اتفاقية استكهولم بشأن الملوثات العضوية الثابتة ثنائي الفينيل متعدد‬ ‫الكلور في عام ‪.1002‬‬ ‫في لبنان‪ ،‬يتواجد مركب ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور في المقام األول في قطاع الطاقة الكهربائية‪ .‬وقبل‬ ‫منتصف عام ‪ ،2990‬كان األستخدام يجري على نطاق واسع في محوالت الكهرباء‪ ،‬والمكثفات على‬ ‫مختلف المستويات ومحطات الطاقة ومحطات وشبكات التوزيع‪ .‬إن ملكية معظم هذه المعدات التي‬ ‫تستخدم المركب المذكور تعود إلى مؤسسة كهرباء لبنان (‪ ،)EDL‬كونها الجهة المالكة والمشغلة للقطاع‬ ‫الكهربائي في الدولة اللبنانية‪ ،‬ولكن يوجد البعض من المعدات المشابهة في منشآت صغيرة أخرى‬ ‫خاصة‪ ،‬مثل المصانع والمستشفيات‪.‬‬ ‫نظرا‬ ‫ً لإلنتشار الكثيف للمعدات المحتوية على ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور على األراضي اللبنانية‪ ،‬ولغياب‬ ‫استراتيجيات واضحة ومناسبة لإلدارة النسبية‪ ،‬تم إجراء مسح ميداني سريع لتقييم التلوث المنتشر لل‪-‬‬ ‫‪.PCB‬‬ ‫اجريت المزيد من التحقيقات لتقييم مواقع ‪ PCB‬الملوثة الخطرة في عدة محطات‪ .‬وضعت نتائج المسح‬ ‫الميداني مشكلة إنتشار التلوث من ال‪ PCB‬في لبنان على رأس جدول أعمال أصحاب المصلحة‬ ‫المعنيين‪.‬‬ ‫إن مشروع إدارة الملوثات العضوية الثابتة من نوع البيفينيل المتعدد الكلور في قطاع الكهرباء يدعم‬ ‫نشاطات أساسية من خطة التنفيذ الوطنية التفاقية ستوكهولم بشأن الملوثات العضوية الثابتة في لبنان‪.‬‬ ‫إحدى نشاطات هذه الخطة التخلص من مواد ال‪ PCBs‬وزيادة الوعي ونشر المعلومات‪.‬‬ ‫إن وزارة البيئة وبالتعاون مع مؤسسة كهرباء لبنان‪ ،‬طلبت دراسة تقييم األثر البيئي واالجتماعي‬ ‫)‪ (ESIA‬بإعتبار أن المشروع المقترح مصنف ضمن الفئة "أ" في ظل السياسة التشغيلية ‪(OP) 4.01‬‬ ‫في البنك الدولي‪ .‬تهدف تقييم األثر البيئي واالجتماعي إلى الحد من المشاكل البيئية والصحة العامة‬ ‫المحتملة الناتجة عن المشروع‪ .‬كما ويشمل المشروع عدة مواقع في القطاع العام وأيضا‬ ‫ً بعض المواقع‬ ‫التابعة للقطاع الخاص‪.‬‬ ‫الهدف الرئيسي للمشروع المقترح هو التخلص من مواد ال ‪ PCBs‬العالية المخاطر في قطاع الطاقة‬ ‫بطريقة سليمة بيئي‬ ‫ًا‪ .‬في القيام بذلك‪ ،‬يتضمن المشروع المناولة والتعبئة والنقل والتخلص من النفايات‬ ‫والمعدات المحتوية لمادة ال ‪ . PCB‬ال يبرر العدد المحدود من المعدات المحتوية لمواد ال ‪ PCB‬في‬ ‫لبنان‪ ،‬إقامة منشأة للتخلص المحلي الدائم‪ .‬وبالتالي‪ ،‬سيتم تصديرها إلى مرافق مرخصة في الخارج وفقا‬ ‫لمتطلبات اتفاقية بازل‪.‬‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XIV‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫ب‪ -‬هيكلية دراسة تقييم األثر البيئي واالجتماعي‬ ‫إن دراسة تقييم األثر البيئي واالجتماعي مقسمة كالتالي‪:‬‬ ‫‪ )2‬مقدمة‪ :‬يتضمن هذا القسم لمحة عامة عن الوضع الحالي في البالد من حيث التلوث من مواد‬ ‫ال‪ .PCB‬وهو يسلط الضوء على أهمية تنفيذ المشروع للتخفيف من آثار سنوات من اإلهمال في‬ ‫إدارة مواد ال‪.PCB‬‬ ‫‪ )1‬إطارالسياسات واألطر القانونية واإلدار ة‪ :‬يوفر هذا القسم مراجعة النصوص القانونية الوطنية‬ ‫والتشريعات واألنظمة‪ ،‬ووثائق السياسات‪ ،‬التي تنطبق على (أو لها آثار على) إدارة ‪/ POPs‬‬ ‫‪ PCB‬في الجمهورية اللبنانية‪.‬‬ ‫‪ )3‬مشاركة العامة‪ :‬يركز هذا القسم على أنشطة االستشارة العامة التي أجريت تحت نطاق‬ ‫المشروع‪.‬‬ ‫‪ )4‬وصف المشروع المقترح‪ :‬يصف هذا القسم األنشطة المختلفة التي هي منوي تطبيقها في إطار‬ ‫المشروع المقترح‪.‬‬ ‫‪ )5‬وصف البيئة المحيطة بالمشروع‪ :‬يصف هذا القسم الوضع الحالي لألوساط البيئية المختلفة (مثل‬ ‫الهواء والماء والتربة والتنوع البيولوجي‪ ،‬الخ ‪ )...‬التي قد تتأثر بأنشطة المشروع‪ ،‬فضال عن‬ ‫البنية التحتية المتاحة (مثل إدارة النفايات الصلبة والسائلة‪ ،‬وشبكة الطرق‪ ،‬الخ ‪.)...‬‬ ‫‪ )6‬اآلثار البيئية المحتملة للمشروع‪ :‬يركز هذا القسم على اآلثار السلبية الناتجة عن أنشطة معينة‬ ‫من المشروع‪ ،‬و يسلط الضوء على ضرورة التركيز على الحد من آثار تلوث التربة والمياه في‬ ‫حال تسرب عرضي وكذلك تدهور الصحة نتيجة التعرض المهني‪.‬‬ ‫‪ )7‬تحليل مبدئي عام لبدائل المشروع‪ :‬يعدد هذا القسم ويقيم الخيارات المختلفة المتاحة كبديل‬ ‫للمشروع المقترح‪.‬‬ ‫‪ )8‬خطة اإلدارة البيئية واالجتماعية‪ :‬يقترح هذا القسم بروتوكوالت مختلفة ليتم اعتمادها أثناء تنفيذ‬ ‫المشروع لتجنب وتخفيف اآلثار التي تم تحديدها في دراسة تقييم األثر البيئي واالجتماعي‪ .‬فإنه‬ ‫يشمل أيضا خطط الرصد الالزمة لتقييم الجودة البيئية في جميع مراحل المشروع‪.‬‬ ‫‪ )9‬الخالصة‪ :‬يتكون هذا القسم من ملخص نتائج التقرير‪ .‬كما يتضمن توصيات لمزيد من التحسينات‬ ‫في المشروع‪.‬‬ ‫ج‪ -‬إطارالسياسات واألطر القانونية واإلدار ة‬ ‫إن فصل إطارالسياسات واألطر القانونية لهذه الدراسة يقدم مراجعة النصوص القانونية الوطنية‬ ‫والتشريعات واألنظمة‪ ،‬ووثائق السياسات‪ ،‬التي تنطبق على (أو لها آثار على) إدارة ‪ PCB / POPs‬في‬ ‫الجمهورية اللبنانية‪ .‬الغرض الرئيسي من هذا الفصل القانوني هو تقديم استعراض شامل ولكن مقتضب‬ ‫عن جميع تشريعات التخطيط والتنمية والبيئية‪ ،‬والبناء والمراقبة التي لها أهمية خاصة فيما يتعلق‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XV‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫بالمشروع‪ .‬ويناقش أيضًا وصفًا موجز‬ ‫ًا لبعض االتفاقيات الدولية للبنان‪ ،‬وأوجه تنفيذ اإلطار القانوني‪.‬‬ ‫د‪ -‬وصف المشروع‬ ‫العنصراألول‪ :‬المسح الميداني للمحوالت الملوثة بمواد ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور‬ ‫)‪ 97.0( (PCBs‬مليون دوالر أمر كي)‪7‬‬ ‫هذا العنصر سيدعم المسح الشامل الميداني للمحوالت الملوثة بمواد ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور في‬ ‫قطاع الطاقة في لبنان‪ .‬سيركز المسح على مخزون المحوالت في البوشرية (حوالي‪ )1000‬بأكمله‬ ‫وشبكة التوزيع في مؤسسة كهرباء لبنان (حوالي ‪ .)29000‬إن إجراء المسح للمحوالت الملوثة بمواد‬ ‫ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور يقوم على أربع خطوات‪ )2( :‬استعراض مكتبي لقاعدة بيانات مؤسسة‬ ‫كهرباء لبنان للتعرف على عدد المحوالت التي قد تكون ملوثة‪ )1( .‬أخذ العينات والذي ينطوي على‬ ‫أخذ عينة ‪ 50‬مل من الزيت من كل محول‪ )3( .‬إجراء اختبارات ميدانية‪ ،‬الذي يحدد المحوالت‬ ‫الخالية من مواد ال‪ PCB‬عن طريق اختبار عينات بطريقة سريعة (‪ )Clor-N-Oil Technique‬و (‪)4‬‬ ‫اختبار مخبري لل‪ ،PCB -‬الذي يحدد المحوالت الملوثة بمواد ال‪ PCB‬ومستوى التلوث عن طريق‬ ‫اختبار عينات بالطريقة المختبرية الدقيقة (التحليل اللوني للغاز‪ .)GC ،‬إن المسح الميداني سيقدم‬ ‫صورة واضحة عن مدى التلوث من مواد ال‪ PCB-‬في قطاع الطاقة عبر البالد‪.‬وعلى وجه‬ ‫الخصوص‪ ،‬سيتم تحديد المحوالت الملوثة بمواد ال‪ PCB-‬وسوف يتم تصنيف مستوى التلوث في‬ ‫كل موقع من المواقع‪.‬‬ ‫العنصر الثاني‪ :‬التخلص من المعدات العالية االحتواء لمواد ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور والز ت‬ ‫الملوث (‪ .7.9‬مليون دوالر أمر كي)‬ ‫هذا العنصر سيدعم التخلص من المعدات العالية االحتواء لمواد ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور التي‬ ‫تملكها مؤسسة كهرباء لبنان‪ ،‬وربما من قبل القطاع الخاص‪ ،‬والزيت الملوث بهذه المواد من موقع‬ ‫البوشرية‪.‬‬ ‫(‪ )2‬التخلص من المعدات الخارجة عن الخدمة والعالية المحتوى من مواد ال‪ 0.12( PCB-‬مليون‬ ‫دوالر أمريكي) ‪ :‬إن معدات مؤسسة كهرباء لبنان الخارجة عن الخدمة تتضمن ‪ 21‬محول‬ ‫‪ Askarel‬و‪ 489‬مكثف‪ ،‬بوزن إجمالي ‪ 44‬طن‪ .‬إزالة هذه المعدات سيحتاج أيضا‬ ‫ً إلى التخلص من‬ ‫‪ 20‬طن من التربة واالسمنت الملوث الناتج عن تسربات لمادة ال‪ ،PCB-‬خاصة‬ ‫ً في موقع‬ ‫الزوق‪ .‬وبالتالي‪ ،‬فإن هذا العنصر سيمول التخلص من حوالي ‪ 44‬طن من المعدات العالية المحتوى‬ ‫من مواد ال‪ PCB -‬و ‪ 20‬طن من التربة واالسمنت الملوث‪ .‬ال يبرر العدد المحدود من المعدات‬ ‫العالية المحتوى من مواد ال‪ PCB-‬في لبنان‪ ،‬إقامة منشأة للتخلص المحلي الدائم؛ فإن الحل األكثر‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XVI‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫فعالية من حيث التكلفة هو تصديرها إلى مرافق مرخص لها في الخارج وفقا لمتطلبات اتفاقية‬ ‫بازل‪.‬إن هذه العملية سوف يقوم بها مقاول متخصص مختار بناءا‬ ‫ً على مناقصة دولية‪ .‬سوف يقوم‬ ‫المقاول بتوفير جميع مواد التعبئة والتغليف المطلوبة وسيقوم بتفريغ المحوالت وجمع المحوالت‬ ‫الفارغة والسوائل والمكثفات‪ ،‬والتعبئة والتغليف والنقل والدمار في الخارج‪.‬‬ ‫(‪ )1‬التخلص من المعدات التي ال تزال في الخدمة والعالية المحتوى من مواد ال‪ PCB-‬والزيت‬ ‫الملوث (‪ 0.89‬مليون دوالر أمريكي)‬ ‫‪ -‬إن المعدات التي ال تزال في الخدمة والعالية الحتواء من مخواد ال‪ PCB‬في الجية تتضمن ‪27‬‬ ‫محول ‪ Askarel‬و‪ 6‬مكثفات بوزن إجمالي ‪ 247‬طن‪ .‬إن جميع محوالت ال ‪ Askarel‬التي في‬ ‫الخدمة تقع في معمل الطاقة في الجية‪ .‬إن معمل الطاقة في الجية يشمل ‪ 5‬وحدات قديمة (مع ‪27‬‬ ‫محول ال يزال في الخدمة)‪ .‬سيمول هذا المكون عملية التخلص من جميع محوالت ال ‪Askarel‬‬ ‫والمكثفات في الجية‪ .‬كجزء من مشروع التمويل المشترك‪ ،‬ستكون مؤسسة كهرباء لبنان مسؤولة عن‬ ‫شراء واستبدال هذه المحوالت لضمان استمرارية توليد الكهرباء‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬المكثفات في القطاع الخاص‪ .‬إن المسح الميداني السريع (‪ )2011 ،COWI‬حدد أيضا ثالث‬ ‫شركات خاصة التي تحتوي على مكثفات تحتوي على مواد ال‪ PCB‬ويبلغ وزنها اإلجمالي حوالي ‪5‬‬ ‫طن‪ .‬ستقوم وزارة البيئة باالتصال بهذه الشركات وكاالت أخرى (مثل االمتيازات‪ ،‬الخ‪ )...‬للتحقق من‬ ‫رغبتهم في التخلص من معدات ال ‪ PCB‬الخاصة بهم (المكثفات والمحوالت) من خالل المشروع‬ ‫المقترح‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬الزيت الملوث في البوشرية‪ .‬كما ذكر سابقا‬ ‫ً‪ ،‬إن موقع الصيانة والتخزين لمؤسسة كهرباء لبنان في‬ ‫البوشرية يحتوي على ‪ 1000‬محول تقريبا‬ ‫ً؛ ونسبة كبيرة منهم ملوث‪ .‬إن المسح الميداني المشار إليه‬ ‫في العنصر‪ 2‬سيحدد جميع المحوالت الملوثة‪ .‬سيقوم المشروع المقترح بتمويل التفريغ‪ ،‬التعبئة‬ ‫والتغليف والتخلص من الزيت الملوث‪ .‬وتشير التقديرات إلى أن نحو ‪ 200‬طن من الزيت الملوث‬ ‫الذي سيتم التخلص منه هو من البوشرية‪ .‬كجزء من تمويل المشروع بالتوازي‪ ،‬فإن مؤسسة كهرباء‬ ‫لبنان مسؤولة عن شراء الزيوت الخالية من مواد ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور‪ ،‬الستخدامه في صيانة‬ ‫المحوالت واإلصالح‪.‬‬ ‫الطريقة األكثر فعالية من حيث التكلفة للتخلص من المعدات التي ال تزال في الخدمة والزيت الملوث‬ ‫هي التصدير إلى مرافق مرخصة في الخارج وفقا لمتطلبات اتفاقية بازل‪ .‬إن هذه العملية سوف يقوم‬ ‫بها مقاول متخصص مختار بناءا‬ ‫ً على مناقصة دولية‪ .‬سوف يقوم المقاول بتوفير جميع مواد التعبئة‬ ‫والتغليف المطلوبة وسيقوم بتفريغ المحوالت وإزالتها وجمع المحوالت الفارغة والسوائل‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XVII‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫والمكثفات‪ ،‬والتعبئة والتوضيب والنقل والدمار في الخارج‪.‬‬ ‫العنصر ‪ :3‬بناء القدرات وإدارة المشروع (‪ 96،0‬مليون دوالر أمر كي)‬ ‫هذا العنصر سيدعم‪ )2( :‬إنشاء وحدة إدارية للمشروع (‪ )PMU‬في وزارة البيئة‪( .‬ب) رصد‬ ‫المؤشرات وإعداد التقارير عن آداء المشروع؛ (ج) التدريب وبناء قدرات وزارة البيئة‪ ،‬مؤسسة‬ ‫كهرباء لبنان وغيرها من أصحاب المصلحة (مثل إدارة الجمارك‪ ،‬العمال الفنيين في الموقع‪ ،‬الخ‪)...‬‬ ‫على اإلدارة المستدامة للمعدات المحتوية على مواد ال ‪ PCB‬و مواقع التخزين‪.‬‬ ‫يجب أن تقع أنشطة المشروع في المواقع الرئيسية الثالث التالية‪ ،‬والتي هي في ضواحي بيروت‬ ‫الكبرى في منطقة صناعية أو تجارية‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬شركة كهرباء البوشرية‪ :‬قضاء المتن‪ ،‬محافظة جبل لبنان‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬محطة كهرباء الزوق‪:‬المنطقة المساحية في ذوق مكايل‪ ،‬قضاء كسروان‪ ،‬محافظة جبل لبنان‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬محطة كهرباء الجية‪ :‬المنطقة المساحية في الجية‪ ،‬قضاء الشوف‪ ،‬محافظة جبل لبنان‪.‬‬ ‫ه‪ -‬مشاركة العامة‬ ‫منح اهتمام خاص للكشف في الوقت المناسب عن الوثائق ذات الصلة ألصحاب المصلحة ( بشكل‬ ‫يتمكنهم من فهمه)‪ .‬ولذلك فقد تم نشر نسخة عن دراسة تقييم األثر البيئي واالجتماعي (مع ملخص تنفيذي‬ ‫باللغة العربية) على موقع وزارة البيئة في اذار ‪ .1024‬تم اإلهتمام أيضا بالتشاور مع أصحاب‬ ‫المصلحة على نطاق تقييم األثر وعلى مضمون النسخة النهائية للدراسة واالدارة البيئية‪ ،‬و لضمان التسليم‬ ‫في الوقت المناسب لنتائج التقييم‪ .‬عقدت اجتماعات تشاورية في ‪ 19‬تشرين الثاني ‪ 1021‬و ‪13‬‬ ‫أيار ‪ .1023‬دعيت األطراف التالية‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬وزارة البيئة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬مؤسسة كهرباء لبنان‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬وزارة الصحة العامة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬جامعات‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬القطاع الخاص (شركة ‪.)ECODIT‬‬ ‫‪ -‬المجتمعات والجمعيات البيئية (بعض تضم أكثر من ‪)10‬‬ ‫‪ -‬البلديات والسلطات المحلية؛‬ ‫‪ -‬المجتمعات ذات الصلة‬ ‫أثناء المشاورات‪ ،‬تخوف بعض الحاضرين من الضمانات المتاحة إذا ما كان سيتم إجراء العمل بطريقة‬ ‫بيئية سليمة وخاصة من جانب التخلص الخارجي‪ .‬وسيتم التعامل مع ذلك من خالل التعاقد مع استشاريين‬ ‫تقنيين دوليين اللذين سيكونوا مسؤولين عن إدارة التخلص تطبيقا‬ ‫ً للممارسات الدولية الجيدة والترتيبات‬ ‫التعاقدية‪ .‬وتم التأكيد كذلك على ضرورة تعزيز إجراءات السالمة أثناء تشغيل المشروع من خالل تحديد‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XVIII‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫أفضل الممارسات أثناء االختبار ومناولة المواد الملوثة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬تحليل خيارات التخلص‬ ‫منشأة الحرق في مصانع‬ ‫منشأة إ جار‬ ‫منشأة إ جار‬ ‫منشأة شراء‬ ‫في شراء‬ ‫التخلص‬ ‫المعا ير‬ ‫إلزالة الكلور من إلزالة الكلور مع إلزالة الكلور من إلزالة الكلور مع االسمنت‬ ‫الخارج‬ ‫‪Fuller Fuller‬‬ ‫دون‬ ‫‪Fuller Fuller‬‬ ‫دون‬ ‫‪Earth‬‬ ‫‪Earth‬‬ ‫‪Earth‬‬ ‫‪Earth‬‬ ‫غير مقدرة‬ ‫متوسطة‬ ‫متوسطة‬ ‫متوسطة‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫التكاليف المالية متوسطة‬ ‫النسبية‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫غير كافية‬ ‫غير كافية‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫القدرات التقنية‬ ‫غير كافية‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫غير كافية‬ ‫غير كافية‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫القدرات البشرية‬ ‫طويل‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫طويل‬ ‫طويل‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫الوقت الالزم‬ ‫مرتفعة‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫مرتفعة‬ ‫متوسطة‬ ‫متوسطة‬ ‫متوسطة‬ ‫متوسطة‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫المخاطر البيئية‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫نجاح مرتفع‬ ‫احتمال‬ ‫التنفيذ‬ ‫غير مفضل‬ ‫غير مفضل‬ ‫غير مفضل‬ ‫غير مفضل‬ ‫غير مفضل‬ ‫األكثر تفضيلًا‬ ‫استنتاج‬ ‫القدرات الحاجة إلى سعة الحاجة إلى سعة تفتقر إلى القدرات‬ ‫القدرات نقص‬ ‫يوفر هذا الخيار نقص‬ ‫األسباب‬ ‫مؤقتة البشرية المحلية‪.‬‬ ‫مؤقتة تخزين‬ ‫تخزين‬ ‫التكنولوجية‬ ‫جذري التكنولوجية‬ ‫حل‬ ‫ال عائدات تجارية‬ ‫كبيرة‪.‬‬ ‫كبيرة‪.‬‬ ‫والبشرية‬ ‫ثنائي والبشرية‬ ‫لمشكلة‬ ‫من شركات‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫المحلية‪.‬‬ ‫متعدد المحلية‪.‬‬ ‫الفينيل‬ ‫األسمنت‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫بتكلفة المخاطر‬ ‫الكلور‬ ‫والبيئية منخفضة والبيئية منخفضة المحلية‪.‬‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫معقولة‪ ،‬بمخاطر االجتماعية‬ ‫المخاطر اجتماعية‬ ‫إلى متوسطة‪.‬‬ ‫اجتماعية وبيئية والبيئية منخفضة والبيئية منخفضة إلى متوسطة‪.‬‬ ‫وبيئية عالية جدا ‪.‬‬ ‫إلى متوسطة‪.‬‬ ‫إلى إلى متوسطة‪.‬‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫متوسطة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اآلثار البيئية‬ ‫قد أظهر تحليل األثر البيئي أن اآلثار البيئية قد تحدث خالل مراحل تشغيل المشروع وخاصة فيما يتعلق‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XIX‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫بنوعية المياه‪ ،‬ونوعية الهواء والغبار وانبعاثات الضوضاء‪ ،‬وتسرب البصرية‪ ،‬وتوليد النفايات‪ ،‬ومخاوف‬ ‫تتعلق بالسالمة‪ ،‬واآلثار االجتماعية واالقتصادية‪ .‬إن الجدول التالي يقدم موجزا ألهمية اآلثار البيئية‬ ‫المحتملة التي ترتبط مع الفترة التشغيلية‪.‬‬ ‫بالـ‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫معدات الفحص‬ ‫معالجة الموقع‬ ‫تخلص نهائي‬ ‫تخز ن مؤقت‬ ‫التأثير‬ ‫والنفا ات‬ ‫وتخز ن‬ ‫توضيب‬ ‫الز وت‬ ‫‪PCB‬‬ ‫ملوثة‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫موارد مائية‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫** ‪X‬‬ ‫*‪X‬‬ ‫مياه جوفية ملوثة‬ ‫سطحية‬ ‫مياه‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫ملوثة‬ ‫تربة ونفا ات‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫تربة ملوثة‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫نفايات‬ ‫هواء وضجيج‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫إنبعاث ‪POPs‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫تشكل غبار‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫ضجيج‬ ‫نظام إ كولوجي‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫خسارة‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫السمة‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫للحياة البرية‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫السمة‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫للحياة البخرية‬ ‫إنسان وبيئية إجتماعية‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫خطر مباشر‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫خطر غير مباشر‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫إزعاج‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫تأثر إجتماعي‬ ‫*إماكنية تأثر البيئة‬ ‫**‘دم إمكانية تأثر البيئة‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XX‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫‪ -‬خطة اإلدارة البيئية‬ ‫إنه ومن أجل ضمان اإلدارة السليمة للمشروع والتخفيف من المؤثرات السلبية على البيئة الحالية‪،‬‬ ‫وضعت خطة لإلدارة البيئية واالجتماعية‪ .‬إن خطة االدارة البيئية تضمن تخفيف حدة التأثيرات السلبية‬ ‫المحتملة‪ ،‬ورصد نوعية النفايات السائلة‪ ،‬وتدريب الموظفين للرفع من مستوى الكفاءة‪ ،‬واالحتفاظ‬ ‫السجالت دقيقة بطريق منظمة واالستعداد للحاالت الطوارئ عبر فرض تدابير فعالة‪ .‬إن التدابير التخفيفة‬ ‫للح د من احتماالت وحجم التأثيرات السلبية التي قد تترافق مباشرة مع تشغيل المشروع المقترح قد تم‬ ‫مناقشتها في الجدول التالي بقيمة إجمالية بحوالي ‪ 586،700‬دوالر أمريكي ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXI‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫التكلفة التقد ر ة‬ ‫المسؤولية المؤسساتية‬ ‫مراقبة التدابير‬ ‫تنمية القدرات‬ ‫التدابير التخفيفية‬ ‫اآلثار المحتملة‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫عناصر المشروع‬ ‫(دوالر أمر كي)‬ ‫للمراقبة والتخفيف‬ ‫التخفيفية‬ ‫والتدر ب‬ ‫واإلجراءات‬ ‫‪300000‬‬ ‫عن‬ ‫مسؤول‬ ‫المسح أخذ عينات من زيوت تسرب من المحوالت تدابير للحد من التسرب‪ ،‬تدريب فرق المسح اإلبالغ عن أي تسرب مستشار‬ ‫‪:.‬‬ ‫العنصر‬ ‫اإلجراءات على إجراءات أخذ كبير من خالل أخذ المسح الميداني‪ ،‬مؤسسة‬ ‫واستخدام‬ ‫عن طريق اخذ عينات‬ ‫لمواد ثنائي المحوالت‬ ‫الميداني‬ ‫والتصدي كهرباء لبنان‪،‬‬ ‫وعلى العينات‬ ‫لمعالجة العينات‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫الفينيل متعدد الكلور‬ ‫ووحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫لالنسكابات التطبيقية‪.‬‬ ‫التسرب (مثل استخدام التصدي لالنسكابات‬ ‫وماصة‬ ‫معدنية‬ ‫علبة‬ ‫خاملة)‬ ‫‪1500000‬‬ ‫عن‬ ‫مسؤول‬ ‫مستشار‬ ‫ال رصد تصور‬ ‫كهربائية عينات من المحوالت‬ ‫صدمة‬ ‫المسح الميداني‪ ،‬مؤسسة‬ ‫التي في الخدمة تؤخذ من‬ ‫عرضي‬ ‫كهرباء لبنان‬ ‫قبل كهربائيين مدربين‬ ‫‪2800000‬‬ ‫عن‬ ‫مسؤول‬ ‫مستشار‬ ‫للنفايات تدريب فرق المسح ال رصد تصور‬ ‫دقيق‬ ‫التخلص من النفايات إطالق مواد ‪ PCB‬على فصل‬ ‫المسح الميداني‪ ،‬مؤسسة‬ ‫أخذ البيئة من خالل النفايات الملوثة بمواد ال‪ PCB‬على إجراءات أخذ‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫من‬ ‫كهرباء لبنان‬ ‫وإدارة‬ ‫العينات‬ ‫المحتوية على مواد ال عن النفايات األخرى‪.‬‬ ‫العينات‬ ‫النفايات‬ ‫‪ PCB‬من العينات التي‬ ‫لجمع‬ ‫إجراءات‬ ‫تم التخلص منها بشكل تنفيذ‬ ‫النفايات المحتوية على‬ ‫غير كافي‬ ‫ال‪( PCB‬بما في ذلك‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXII‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫والتخزين‬ ‫ماصة)‬ ‫المؤقت للنفايات‬ ‫‪7،000‬‬ ‫المقاول‪ ،‬وزارة البيئة ‪/‬‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫على‬ ‫العمال لمواد السيطرة‬ ‫األنشطة تعرض‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫العنصر ‪: 2‬‬ ‫وحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫الصحية للعمال؛‬ ‫ال‪PCB‬‬ ‫‪ - .72‬تفكيك وتعبئة الجسدية‬ ‫استخدام معدات الحماية تدريب العاملين على‬ ‫محوالت‬ ‫وتغليف‬ ‫فور‬ ‫المقاول‬ ‫المخاطر الصحية لل إبالغ‬ ‫الحوادث حيث يتم سحق الشخصية المالئمة ‪.‬‬ ‫ومكثفات‬ ‫ال‪Askarel‬‬ ‫واستخدام حصول على أي حادث‬ ‫اإلجراءات ‪PCB‬‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫العمال تحت المحوالت‬ ‫ال‪PCB‬‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫من معدات‬ ‫للحد‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫للموظفين‬ ‫كهربائية التسربات والحوادث؛‬ ‫صدمة‬ ‫ضمان أن جميع المعدات‬ ‫عرضية‬ ‫تفتش من قبل الكهربائيين تدريب العاملين في‬ ‫المدربين قبل أن يتم التعامل مع المحوالت‬ ‫والمكثفات‬ ‫التعامل معها‪.‬‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXIII‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫‪30،000‬‬ ‫في استخدام ألواح لضبط تدريب العاملين على إبالغ المقاول عن أي المقاول‪ ،‬وزارة البيئة ‪/‬‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫وتعبئة تسرب‬ ‫تفريغ‬ ‫والتصدي وحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫اآلمن تسرب‬ ‫األرض مع إنبعاثات التسرب وماصة خاملة التصريف‬ ‫المحوالت‬ ‫تطبيق‬ ‫النسكابات‬ ‫للمعدات‬ ‫إلى الغالف (‪)inert absorbent‬‬ ‫الحقة‬ ‫مراقبة من قبل وحدة‬ ‫الجوي‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫‪15،000‬‬ ‫من تخزين المعدات والزيوت تدريب العاملين على إبالغ المقاول فوري المقاول‪ ،‬وزارة البيئة ‪/‬‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫الزيوت تسرب‬ ‫تخزين‬ ‫وحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫الجافة على أي حوادث‬ ‫النقل الطفايات‬ ‫حاويات‬ ‫في‬ ‫قبل الحاويات‬ ‫والمحوالت‬ ‫األمم واستخدامها‬ ‫المعتمدة بمعايير‬ ‫الشحن‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫مع المتحدة؛‬ ‫عرضي‬ ‫حريق‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫المحوالت‬ ‫‪ /‬تخزين‬ ‫الديوكسين‬ ‫تشكيل‬ ‫الفارغة في الصواني‬ ‫الفيوران‬ ‫المعدنية داخل الحاوية ‪.‬‬ ‫إبقاء المعدات المخزنة‬ ‫بعيدا عن المواد القابلة‬ ‫لالحتراق ‪.‬‬ ‫مع‬ ‫طوارئ‬ ‫خطة‬ ‫إلبالغ‬ ‫إجراءات‬ ‫السلطات ‪.‬‬ ‫الطفايات الجافة متوفرة‬ ‫بكميات كافية للسيطرة‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXIV‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫على حريق كبير لحين‬ ‫وصول فرق اإلطفاء‪.‬‬ ‫‪5،000‬‬ ‫إبالغ المقاول فوري المقاول‪ ،‬وزارة البيئة ‪/‬‬ ‫بطانات‬ ‫كسر‬ ‫من تجنب‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫تفكيك وتعبئة وتغليف تسرب‬ ‫وحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫على أي حوادث‬ ‫على‬ ‫السيراميك‬ ‫المكثفات التالفة‬ ‫المكثفات‬ ‫المكثفات‪.‬‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫حزمة المكثفات في ‪IBC‬‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫مع مواد خاملة ذات‬ ‫كافي‬ ‫امتصاص‬ ‫المتصاص أي تسرب ‪.‬‬ ‫األكياس‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫البالستيكية لمنع المزيد‬ ‫من تسرب أو يتم نقل‬ ‫المكثفات التالفة إلى‬ ‫‪IBC.‬‬ ‫تسربات‬ ‫أي‬ ‫إزالة‬ ‫واضحة على األرض‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXV‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫تحت المكثفات ‪.‬‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫المنطقة‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫المكثفات المتسربة ألية‬ ‫اجراءات متابعة‪.‬‬ ‫‪25،000‬‬ ‫ثنائي نقل المعدات والزيوت تدريب السائقين على إبالغ المقاول فوري المقاول‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫وتدمير جميع أنشطة النقل‬ ‫شحن‬ ‫‪-.72‬‬ ‫السالمة على أي حوادث‬ ‫النقل خطط‬ ‫حاويات‬ ‫الفينيل متعدد الكلور من في‬ ‫محوالت ال ‪Askarel‬‬ ‫األمم والطوارئ ‪.‬‬ ‫المعتمدة بمعايير‬ ‫الحاويات‬ ‫ومكثفات ال ‪PCB‬‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫المتحدة؛‬ ‫تدريبات إدارة المشروع‬ ‫قبل (ربما)‬ ‫الحاويات‬ ‫تفتيش‬ ‫حوادث وهمية‪.‬‬ ‫التحميل ‪.‬‬ ‫المحوالت‬ ‫تخزين‬ ‫المفارغة في الصواني‬ ‫المعدنية داخل الحاويات؛‬ ‫استخدام خطة الطوارئ‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫المتصاص‬ ‫الخاملة بما في ذلك‬ ‫إخضار‬ ‫إجراءات‬ ‫السلطات‪.‬‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXVI‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫‪2،500‬‬ ‫إبالغ المقاول فوري المقاول‪ ،‬وزارة البيئة ‪/‬‬ ‫من يجب مواكبة الشاحنات‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫وحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫على أي حوادث‬ ‫الحاويات المسحوقة في من قبل قوات األمن‬ ‫حالة وقوع حوادث ‪ -‬الداخلي لتأمين طريق‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫التعرض لعامة السكان سالك دون انقطاع‪.‬‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫النقل أثناء النهار خارج‬ ‫في المنطقة‬ ‫ساعات الذروة ‪.‬‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫فحص‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫لضمان‬ ‫الشاحنات‬ ‫النقل البري‬ ‫(الفرامل‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫واإلطارات والطفايات)‬ ‫قبل القيادة‪.‬‬ ‫‪1،000‬‬ ‫إبالغ المقاول فوري المقاول‪ ،‬وزارة البيئة ‪/‬‬ ‫‪ /‬يجب مواكبة الشاحنات‬ ‫الديوكسين‬ ‫تشكل‬ ‫وحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫على أي حوادث‬ ‫حالة من قبل سيارة إطفاء مع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفيوران‬ ‫عن معدات لمكافحة الحرائق‬ ‫الناتجة‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫( ‪dry agent fire‬‬ ‫حوادث المرور‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫‪)fighting‬‬ ‫الطفايات الجافة متوفرة‬ ‫بكميات كافية للسيطرة‬ ‫على حريق كبير حتى‬ ‫وصول الدفاع المدني‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXVII‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫اتبع‬ ‫‪ADR/RID‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫إبالغ المقاول فوري المقاول ‪ /‬شركة الشحن‬ ‫إطالقات كبيرة من مواد يجب أن تحصل السفينة‬ ‫على أي حوادث‬ ‫ال‪ PCB‬من الحاويات على جميع التصاريح‬ ‫تعرض الالزمة ويجب أن تمتثل‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫المحطمة‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫لجميع المتطلبات وفقا‬ ‫الطاقم ‪.‬‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫الديوكسين لمعيار ‪IMDG‬‬ ‫تشكيل‬ ‫النقل البحري‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫والفيوران‬ ‫نشوب حريق‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫المقاول ينبغي القيام بجميع إبالغ المقاول فوري المقاول‬ ‫على‬ ‫وتنظيف تعرض العمال لمواد يجب‬ ‫تفكيك‬ ‫قبل على أي حوادث‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحصول على التصاريح األنشطة‬ ‫(األنشطة ال ‪PCB‬‬ ‫المحوالت‬ ‫المقاول‬ ‫الحوادث حيث أصيب الالزمة للعمليات ومتابعة موظفي‬ ‫المنفذة في الخارج)‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫تنظيم الصحة المهنية المدربين‬ ‫العمال من المحوالت ‪.‬‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫الوطني‬ ‫إطالق مواد ال ‪PCB‬‬ ‫تفكيك‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫من‬ ‫المحوالت‬ ‫وتنظيف‬ ‫ومن النفايات؛‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫الديوكسين‬ ‫تشكل‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXVIII‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفيوران‬ ‫نشوب حريق عرضي‬ ‫عند تفكيك منشأة‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫إزالة المقاول لتلوث المقاول‬ ‫إطالق ثنائي الفينيل متطلبات كفاءة تدمير‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫غير ال‪PCB‬‬ ‫الكلور‬ ‫متعدد‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫‪>٪99.9999‬‬ ‫المدمر في النفايات من‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫عمليات إزالة الكلور‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫إزالة المقاول لتلوث المقاول‬ ‫االنبعاثات من ثنائي متطلبات كفاءة تدمير‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫الفينيل متعدد الكلور ال‪PCB‬‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫‪>٪99.9999‬‬ ‫غير المدمرة من الحرق‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXIX‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫عن المقاول‬ ‫المقاول‬ ‫وثائق‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫‪ /‬وينبغي‬ ‫الديوكسين‬ ‫تشكيل‬ ‫انبعاثات الديوكسين ‪/‬‬ ‫االنبعاثات‬ ‫الفيوران من الحرق‬ ‫الفيوران‬ ‫نانوغرام‬ ‫<‪0.2‬‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫‪ TEQ / NM3‬بنسبة‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫‪O2 ٪22‬‬ ‫‪2،000‬‬ ‫لبنان‬ ‫كهرباء‬ ‫الحالة تدريب العاملين على اإلبالغ الفوري لمؤسسة مؤسسة‬ ‫على‬ ‫االعتبار السيطرة‬ ‫بعين‬ ‫المحوالت أخذ‬ ‫استبدال‬ ‫كهرباء لبنان عن أية لتركيب المحوالت الخالية‬ ‫المخاطر الصحية لل‬ ‫في الصحية للعمال؛‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫(التخلص من محوالت السالمة‬ ‫من ال ‪ PCB‬والمقاول‬ ‫‪ PCB‬واستخدام حوادث‬ ‫استبدال استخدام معدات الحماية‬ ‫‪ ،‬عملية‬ ‫‪Askarel‬‬ ‫من ال‬ ‫التخلص‬ ‫‪272‬‬ ‫للتخلص من محوالت ال‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫معدات‬ ‫الشخصية المالئمة ‪.‬‬ ‫تركيب محوالت خالية المحوالت‪.‬‬ ‫محوالت ال‬ ‫‪Askarel‬‬ ‫اإلجراءات الموظفين؛‬ ‫‪ Askarel‬التي ال تزال من مواد ثنائي الفينيل الحوادث حيث أصيب استخدام‬ ‫من تدريب العاملين في‬ ‫للحد‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫العمال من المحوالت‬ ‫في الخدمة في محطة متعدد الكلور)‬ ‫معالجة التسرب‪.‬‬ ‫التسرب والحوادث‪،‬‬ ‫توليد الكهرباء في الجية‬ ‫‪25،000‬‬ ‫اإلبالغ الفوري لمؤسسة مؤسسة كهرباء لبنان ‪،‬‬ ‫المؤقت التسربات من المعدات تخزين جميع النفايات في‬ ‫التخزين‬ ‫كهرباء لبنان عن أية وحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫حاويات معتمدة لألمم‬ ‫العالية المخزنة والنفايات‬ ‫للمعدات‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المتحدة؛‬ ‫االحتواء على مواد‬ ‫استخدام مواد امتصاص‬ ‫ال ‪PCB‬‬ ‫خاملة‬ ‫‪2،500‬‬ ‫‪ /‬إنشاء المنشأة بعيدا عن تدريب العاملين على الرصد بالتنسيق مع مؤسسة كهرباء لبنان ‪،‬‬ ‫الديوكسين‬ ‫تشكيل‬ ‫األولى مراقبة المحوالت في وحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫حالة مصادر تولد الحرائق اإلجراءات‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفيوران‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXX‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫وللحماية الخدمة ‪.‬‬ ‫في (التوتر العالي‪ ،‬مشغل للطوارئ‬ ‫حريق‬ ‫نشوب‬ ‫حالة تفتيش دائم من قبل‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفورية‬ ‫الخردة‪ ،‬الخ)‬ ‫التخزين‬ ‫الدفاع المدني‪.‬‬ ‫جميع التدابير بالتنسيق نشوب حريق‪.‬‬ ‫اإلبالغ الفوري لمؤسسة‬ ‫مع التدابير على المعدات‬ ‫كهرباء لبنان عن أية‬ ‫في الخدمة‪.‬‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫تنفيذ الحماية من الحرائق‬ ‫و تركيب خطة الطوارئ‬ ‫وأنظمة إنذار بالحريق‬ ‫والطفايات الجافة في‬ ‫الموقع‪.‬‬ ‫‪25،000‬‬ ‫إطالق المواد في حال تخزين البراميل بشكل تدريب العاملين على إبالغ المقاول فوري المقاول‪ ،‬وزارة البيئة ‪/‬‬ ‫وحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫على أي حوادث ‪.‬‬ ‫المخاطر الصحية‬ ‫انقالب براميل أو في صحيح ‪.‬‬ ‫تصر ف‬ ‫‪-272‬‬ ‫معدات تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫الزيت مخزن في براميل واستخدام‬ ‫حال التحطيم‬ ‫المحوالت الملوثة بمواد‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫األمم الحماية للموظفين؛‬ ‫بمعايير‬ ‫مغلقة‬ ‫ال ‪PCB‬‬ ‫تدريب العاملين على‬ ‫المتحدة المعتمدة ‪.‬‬ ‫إبقاء المواد المازة في التعامل مع المحوالت‬ ‫والمكثفات والبراميل‬ ‫متناول االستخدام‬ ‫المؤقت‬ ‫التخزين‬ ‫تدريب العاملين على‬ ‫استخدام معدات الحماية‬ ‫للزيت الذي تحتوي‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫التدابير‬ ‫الشخصية المالئمة ‪.‬‬ ‫على ‪PCB‬‬ ‫اإلجراءات االنسكاب‬ ‫اتباع‬ ‫من‬ ‫للحد‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXXI‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫التسرب والحوادث‬ ‫‪2،500‬‬ ‫مؤسسة تفتيش دائم من قبل مؤسسة كهرباء لبنان‬ ‫‪ /‬تنفيذ خطة الحماية من تدريب‬ ‫الديوكسين‬ ‫تشكل‬ ‫‪ /‬الدفاع المدني‪ ،‬وحدة‬ ‫خطة كهرباء لبنان على الدفاع المدني‬ ‫و‬ ‫حالة الحرائق‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفيوران‬ ‫األولية أن تقوم مؤسسة كهرباء إدارة المشروع‬ ‫التدابير‬ ‫الطوارئ؛‬ ‫نشوب حريق‬ ‫الفورية لبنان باإلبالغ الفوري‬ ‫في الطارئة‬ ‫الجافة‬ ‫الطفايات‬ ‫حالة عن أي حوادث‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوقائية‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫حريق‬ ‫نشوب‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫(باإلضافة‬ ‫التدابير العامة)‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫فور المقاول‪ ،‬وزارة البيئة ‪/‬‬ ‫المقاول‬ ‫إبالغ‬ ‫في حالة إزالة الكلور‪ :‬في حالة إزالة الكلور‪:‬‬ ‫الز ت جميع األنشطة‬ ‫تدمير‬ ‫‪272‬‬ ‫وحدة إدارة المشروع‬ ‫حصول أي حوادث‬ ‫لعملية‬ ‫نفسها‬ ‫نفسها التدابير‬ ‫(األنشطة المنفذة في اآلثار‬ ‫الملوث بمواد ال ‪PCB‬‬ ‫تقرير رصد عن وحدة‬ ‫وإزالة إعادة التعبئة‬ ‫لالستنزاف‪،‬‬ ‫الخارج)‬ ‫إدارة المشروع‬ ‫التلوث‬ ‫التصدير‪:‬‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫للتصدير‪ :‬التدابير نفسها لتصدير‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اآلثار نفسها لتصدير المعدات العالية االحتواء‬ ‫العالية لل ‪PCB‬‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXXII‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫‪PCB‬‬ ‫لل‬ ‫االحتواء‬ ‫المذكورة أعاله‬ ‫‪2،000‬‬ ‫الحالة تدريب العاملين على مراقبة صحة العاملين المقاول ‪ /‬االستشاري‪،‬‬ ‫على‬ ‫تعرض العمال لمواد السيطرة‬ ‫جميع األنشطة‬ ‫من‬ ‫المسؤولة‬ ‫قبل وبعد بدء تنفيذ الوحدة‬ ‫المخاطر الصحية لل‬ ‫ال‪ PCB‬ومواد أخرى الصحية للعمال؛‬ ‫الدولة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ PCB‬واستخدام العمليات‪.‬‬ ‫استخدام معدات الحماية‬ ‫ملوثة‬ ‫الحماية اإلبالغ عن أي حادث‪.‬‬ ‫معدات‬ ‫الشخصية المالئمة ‪.‬‬ ‫اإلجراءات الموظفين؛‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫من‬ ‫للحد‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫التسرب والحوادث‪،‬‬ ‫في‬ ‫األولي‬ ‫التدخل‬ ‫المواقع الملوثة من مواد‬ ‫ال‪( PCB‬أنشطة متوقع‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫االشراف على تقارير المقاول ‪ /‬االستشاري‪،‬‬ ‫تعرض العمال لمواد ضمان عدم تسرب المواد‬ ‫نقل المحوالت‬ ‫تنفيذها وتمويلها من قبل‬ ‫من‬ ‫المسؤولة‬ ‫الوحدة‬ ‫المقاول‬ ‫ال‪ PCB‬جراء حوادث من المحوالت‬ ‫الدولة)‬ ‫الدولة‪.‬‬ ‫سقوط المحوالت‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXXIII‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫االشراف على تقارير المقاول ‪ /‬اللستشاري‪،‬‬ ‫في تنفيذ جميع النشاطات‬ ‫ال‪PCB‬‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫من‬ ‫المسؤولة‬ ‫الوحدة‬ ‫المقاول‬ ‫المجاري المائية من خالل فترة الصيف‬ ‫الدولة‪.‬‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫إزالة التربة واإلسمنت‬ ‫‪2،100‬‬ ‫االشراف على تقارير المقاول ‪ /‬اللستشاري‪،‬‬ ‫الغبار والضجيج من إستعمال العوازل لمنع‬ ‫الملوث‬ ‫من‬ ‫المسؤولة‬ ‫الوحدة‬ ‫المقاول‬ ‫إنبعاث الغبار‬ ‫عملية تنفيذ المشروع‬ ‫الدولة‬ ‫األنشطة‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫تنفيذ‬ ‫خالل النهار‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXXIV‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Development Programme‬‬ ‫‪PCB Management in the Power Sector Project‬‬ ‫‪5،000‬‬ ‫االشراف على تقارير‬ ‫إنشاء موقع تخزين تسرب مواد ال‪ PCB‬وضع بطانة عازلة لمواد‬ ‫المقاول‬ ‫للتربة للمواقع المجاورة من ال ‪ PCB‬وللمياه تحت‬ ‫مؤقت‬ ‫وفوق منشأة التخزبن‬ ‫جراء النفايات الملوثة‬ ‫واالسمنت الملوث‬ ‫الوقتية للتربة واالسمنت‬ ‫الملوث‬ ‫‪Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014‬‬ ‫‪XXXV‬‬ United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Page AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXVI LIST OF APPENDICES XXXVIII LIST OF TABLES XXXVIII LIST OF FIGURES XXXIX LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS XL LIST OF CHARTS XL LIST OF MAPS XLI LIST OF ABBREVIATION S& ACRONYMS XLII 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. ESIA and Project Objectives 1 1.2. General Background 2 1.3. Definition of the Project and the Owner 8 1.4. The Project Type, Size and Location 9 1.5. The Study and the ESIA Report 10 2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 12 2.1. Administrative and Institutional Framework 12 2.2. Legal framework 16 2.3. International Conventions 20 2.4. Findings and Observations 21 3. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 23 4. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT COMPONENTS 29 4.1. Component 1 - Inventory of PCB contaminated transformers 29 4.2. Component 2 –Disposal of in-service high-content PCB equipment and contaminated oil 30 4.3. Component 3 – Capacity Building and Project Management 31 4.4. Parallel financing by the Government of Lebanon 31 5. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 34 5.1. Project Location 34 5.2. Meteorological and Climate Conditions 39 5.3. Geological Setting 40 5.4 Ambient Air Quality 47 5.5. Noise Levels 48 5.6. Topography description 49 5.7. Biological condition of the area 53 5.8. Socio-economic Env./Urban Development/Economical activities 62 5.9. Traffic condition 63 5.10. Land use / Land cover 64 5.11. Wastewater 64 5.12. Solid Waste 65 5.13. Historic and archaeological heritage 66 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 XXXVI United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 6. IMPACTS EVALUATION 67 6.1. PCB inventory updating and completion 67 6.2. Dismantling and packing of Askarel transformers and PCB capacitors 70 6.3. Shipment and destruction of Askarel transformers and PCB capacitors 71 6.4. Establishment of interim storage facility for contaminated transformers/oil 72 6.5. Management of in-service transformers 72 6.6. Initial intervention at PCB contaminated sites 73 6.7. Summary of Impacts 75 7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE 78 7.1. “Do Nothing” Scenario 78 7.2. Project Alternatives 79 7.3. Packing options 80 7.4. Disposal Options 80 7.5. Conclusions for Lebanon concerning disposal of PCB-contaminated transformer oil 84 8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 86 8.1. Objectives of the ESMP 86 8.2. Mitigation Measures 87 8.3. Environmentally Sustainable Development (ESD) 116 8.4. Monitoring Plan 116 8.5. Environmental and Social Management Plan 126 8.6. Contingency Plan 134 8.7. Record Keeping and Reporting 136 8.8. Capacity Building 137 8.9. Institutional Arrangements 138 8.10. Statement of compliance and commitment 138 9. CONCLUSION 139 REFERENCES 140 APPENDICES Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 XXXVII United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project LIST OF APPENDICES Safety, Health and Environmental Regulations / CDR (CD) Table 1-1: Askarel transformers identified in Jiyeh and Zouk power plants. 3 Table 1-2: PCB-containing capacitors in the EDL substations. 3 Table 1-3: Quantity of identified high-content PCB equipment in the public sector. 4 Table 1-4: Estimated numbers of contaminated transformers and quantities of contaminated 5 liquids. Table 1-5: Level of risk from PCB-contaminated equipment, waste and sites 7 Table 1-6: Land classification of sites. 9 Table 1-7: Locations in stereographic geographical coordinates. 10 Table 1-8: Surface area of the selected sites. 10 Table 2.1 Institutions and bodies with potential competences in PCB management. 15 Table 2-2: Summary of laws related to environment conservation, land development and 17 biodiversity protection. Table 2-3: Categories of Legislation in Lebanon 19 Table 3-1: Attendees’ workshop of November 29, 2012 23 Table 3-2: Schedule for visited sites. 26 Table 5-1: List of springs in the area. 46 Table 5-2: List of public wells around the project areas. 46 Table 5-3: Noise records on-sites. 48 Table 5-4: Listing of basic information of fauna species recorded at site 60 Table 5-5: Percentage of housing connected to the sewage network 64 Table 5-6: Water and Wastewater Building Equipment in some Cazas of Lebanon. Source: 65 CAS 2006 (data from 2004). Table 5-7: Summary of MSW management systems in Lebanon by region 66 Table 6-1: Summary of project impacts. 76 Table 6-2: Interpretation of Impact Categories used in the Impact Assessment 77 Table 7-1: Analysis of the disposal options. 85 Table 8-1: Different safety measure that should be provided at the project site. 93 XXXVIII Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Table 8-2: The maximum allowable limits for outdoor air pollutants 95 Table 8-3: Noise exposure limits. 96 Table 8-4: Summary of Mitigation Measures. 100 Table 8-5: Monitoring Requirements. 117 Table 8-6: PCB Monitoring for the appropriate application of health, safety and 120 environmental protection measures Table 8-7: Pattern of monitoring, specifies parameters, frequency and responsible party. 123 Table 8-8: Environmental and Social Management Plan 127 Table A: Average days of thunderstorms, fog, precipitation and when the sea calms recorded Appendix 6 at RHBIA station Table B: Wind statistics based on observations taken between 6/2005 - 5/2012. Appendix 6 Figure 5-1: General view for the topographic features in Zouk area, looking North. 49 Figure 5-2: General view for the topographic features in Zouk, looking West (Google). 50 Figure 5-3: General view for the topographic features in Zouk area, looking South 50 Figure 5-4: General view for the topographic features in Zouk area, looking East 50 Figure 5-5: General view for topographic features in Baouchriyeh area, looking North 51 Figure 5-6: General view for the topographic features in Baouchriyeh, looking West. 51 Figure 5-7: General view for topographic features in Baouchriyeh area, looking S. 51 Figure 5-8: General view for topographic features in Baouchriyeh area, looking East. 52 Figure 5-9: General view for the topographic features in Jiyeh area, looking North. 52 Figure 5-10: General view for the topographic features in Jiyeh, looking West. 52 Figure 5-11: General view for the topographic features in Jiyeh area, looking South. 53 Figure 5-12: General view for the topographic features in Jiyeh area, looking East. 53 Figure A: Ave. wind speed / direction over a 30-year period recorded at RHBIA St. Appendix 6 Figure B: Geological cross section for Zouk area. Appendix 5 Figure C: Geological cross section for Baouchriyeh area. Appendix 5 Figure D: Geological cross section for Jiyeh area. Appendix 5 Figure E. Geological Formations of Lebanon (Geoflint). Appendix 5 XXXIX Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Photograph 5-1: Zouk Site (Geoflint 2012). 35 Photograph 5-2: Zouk Site (Geoflint 2012). 36 Photograph 5-3: Baouchriyeh Site (Geoflint 2012). 36 Photograph 5-4: Baouchriyeh Site (Geoflint 2012). 37 Photograph 5-5: Jiyeh Site (Geoflint 2012). 38 Photograph 5-6: Jiyeh Site (Geoflint 2012). 38 Photograph 5-7: Exposed geological formation at Jiyeh site (Geoflint 2012). 42 Photograph 5-8: Exposed geological formation at Jiyeh site (Geoflint 2012). 43 Photograph 5-9: Flora species at project sites (Geoflint 2012) 57 Photograph 5-10: Fauna species recorded at sites. 57 Photograph 7-1:Contaminated oils leaking from an out-of –services transformer at Zouk PS. 79 Photograph 7-2: Used oil being disposed in an old water well at Baouchriyeh site. 79 Photograph 8-1: Catalytic converter and Exhaust systems incorporating diesel particulate 95 filters to be used at generators. Chart 1: Average monthly precipitation recorded at RHBIA station from 1961/1990. Appendix 6 Chart 2: Average monthly precipitation recorded at RHBIA station from 1971/2000. Appendix 6 Chart 3: Average monthly precipitation recorded at RHBIA station from 2000/2005. Appendix 6 Chart 4: Average number of rainy days recorded at RHBIA station from 2000/2005. Appendix 6 Chart 5: Average maximum and mean monthly wind speed recorded at RHBIA station Appendix 6 (1971-2000). Chart 6: Average number of days when the sea was calms recorded at RHBIA station (1971- Appendix 6 2000). Chart 7: Average maximum monthly temperature record at RHBIA St. (2000/2005). Appendix 6 Chart 8: Average minimum monthly temperature record at RHBIA St. (2000/2005). Appendix 6 Chart 9: Mean monthly temperature record at RHBIA station (from 2000 to 2005). Appendix 6 Chart 10: Ave., High & Low monthly temperature record at RHBIA St. (1971/2000). Appendix 6 Chart 11: Average monthly temperature record at RHBIA station (1961 to 1990). Appendix 6 Chart 12: Average monthly relative humidity record at RHBIA station 2000/2005. Appendix 6 Chart 13: Mean monthly relative humidity record at RHBIA station for 2000/2005. Appendix 6 Chart 14: Average monthly relative humidity record at RHBIA station 1961/1990. Appendix 6 XL Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Map 1: General location of Sites. Appendix 5 Map 2: Decreeted schemes for of Zouk Site. Appendix 5 Map 3: Decreeted schemes for of Baouchriyeh Site. Appendix 5 Map 4: Decreeted schemes for of Jiyeh Site. Appendix 5 Map 5: General topographic map of the Zouk site area. Appendix 5 Map 6: General topographic map of the Baouchriyeh site area. Appendix 5 Map 7: General topographic map of the Jiyeh site area. Appendix 5 Map 8: Map of the road leading to Zouk site. Appendix 5 Map 9: Map of the road leading to Baouchriyeh site. Appendix 5 Map 10: Map of the road leading to Jiyeh site. Appendix 5 Map 11: General Geological map of Zouk site and surrounding area. Appendix 5 Map 12: General Geological map of Baouchriyeh site and surrounding area. Appendix 5 Map 13: General Geological map of Jiyeh site and surrounding area. Appendix 5 Map 14: General Soil map of Zouk site and surrounding area. Appendix 5 Map 15: General Soil map of Baouchriyeh site and surrounding area. Appendix 5 Map 16: General Soil map of Jiyeh site and surrounding area. Appendix 5 Map 17: Seismic map of Zouk site and surrounding areas. Appendix 5 Map 18: Seismic map of Baouchriyeh site and surrounding areas. Appendix 5 Map 19: Seismic map of Jiyeh site and surrounding areas. Appendix 5 Map 20: Hydrogeological map of Zouk site and surrounding areas. Appendix 5 Map 21: Hydrogeological map of Baouchriyeh site and surrounding areas. Appendix 5 Map 22: Hydrogeological map of Jiyeh site and surrounding areas. Appendix 5 Map 23: Land cover – land use map of Zouk site and surrounding area. Appendix 5 Map 24: Land cover – land use map of Baouchriyeh site and surrounding area. Appendix 5 Map 25: Land cover – land use map of Jiyeh site and surrounding area. Appendix 5 XLI Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS ADR : European Agreements on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road ASTM : America society of testing and materials AUB : American University of Beirut BAT : Best Available Techniques BEP : Best Environmental Practices BS : British Standard CDR : Council for Development and Reconstruction °C : Degree Celsius CEN : Comite Europeen de Normalisation CIS : Commonwealth of Independent States COM : Council of Ministers dB : Decibel DG : Director General DGVP : Directorate General of Urban Planning DSA : Daily Subsistence Allowance EC : European Community ECD : Electron capture detector EDJ : Electricite du Jbail EDL : Electricite du Liban EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EMS : Environmental Management System ESIA : Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESA : Environmental site assessments EU : European Union ESIA : Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP : Environmental Social Management Plan e.g. : Example etc : Etcetera FSP : Full Size Project GBA : Greater Beirut Area GC : Gas chromatograph GDoP : General Directorate of Petroleum GDP : Gross Domestic Product GEF : Global Environment Facility GIS : Geographic Information Systems GOL : Government of Lebanon GPS : Global Positioning System GBA : Gross Domestic Product HCB : Hexachlorobenzene HCH : Hexachlorocyclohexane HSP : Health and Safety Program IBCs : Intermediate Bulk Containers IEE : Initial Environmental Examination XLII Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project IEMA : Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (United Kingdom) IHPA : HCH & Pesticides Association IMDG : International Maritime Declaration of Dangerous Goods “ : Inches IPP : Investment Planning Programme IRI : Industrial Research Institute IS : In-service ISO : International Organization for Standardization Km : Kilometers LE : Lebanese Electrical Services LI : Landscape Institute LRA : Litani River Authority ME : Monitoring and Evaluation MoA : Ministry of Agriculture MoE : Ministry of Environment MOEW : Ministry of Energy and Water MOI : Ministry of Information MoIM : Ministry of Interior and Municipalities MoPH : Ministry of Public Health MoPWT : Ministry of Public Works and Transport Mm3 : Million cubic meter MSP : Medium Size Project MSW : Municipal solid wastes m : Meter m2 : Square meter m3 : Cubic meter mg/Kg : Milligram per Kilogram Mpa : Mega-Pascal METAP : Mediterranean European Technical Assistance Programme MSC : Management Support Consultant NAAQS : National Ambient Air Quality Standards NERP : National Emergency Reconstruction Plan NIMBY : Not in my back yard NIP : National Implementation Plan (here for the Stockholm Convention) OOS : Out-of-service OMSAR : Office of the Minister of State For Administrative Reforms OP : Operational Policy PH : Acidic and Basic Scale PCB : Polychlorinated biphenyl PCDDs/PCDFs : Polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo furans PCT : Polychlorinated terphenyls PIF : Project Identification Form PMU : Project Management Unit POPs : Persistent Organic Pollutants PPE : Personal protective equipment ppm : Parts per million RID : Regulations Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail RRR : Reduce, Reuse and Recycle XLIII Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project QA/QC : Quality assurance and quality control SEEL : Strengthening the Enforcement of Environmental Legislation SOER : State Of Environmental Report S.C.R. : Solid Core Recovery SOPS : Standard Operating Protocols UK : United Kingdom UN : United Nations UNDP : United Nations Development Programme UNEP : United Nation Environmental Programme UNIDO : United Nations Industrial Development Organization US EPA : United States Environmental Protection Agency VIA : Visual Impact Assessment WB : World Bank WEEE : Waste of Electrical and Electronic equipment WHO : World health organization 3D : three dimensional XLIV Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. ESIA and Project Objectives The key objective of this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Study is to describe the current environmental and social aspects & characteristics of the Project and to address the potential environmental impacts that could arise from the PCB Management in the Power Sector project. This study has been prepared to appraise the potential negative impacts that might arise during the period of implementing the project. Mitigation measures, monitoring plans and contingency strategy are accordingly provided to reduce and alleviate any identified negative impact. For this purpose, the following activities were undertaken:  Identification of all project components/activities;  Assessment of potential long and short term environmental impacts;  Classification of possible mitigation measures and monitoring plans; and  Development of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The proposed Project may have negative as well as positive environmental and social impacts. The ESIA aims at improving the project operation by improving the occupation conditions and, thus producing a more safeguarded and friendly environment. The concerned project will serve objective of strengthening technical and managerial capacities in Lebanon for minimizing human and environmental exposure to PCBs. It consists of three major components distributed as such: 1- Component 1 – “Inventory of PCB Contaminated Transformers” 2- Component 2 – “Disposal of High-Content PCB Equipment and Contaminated Oil” 3- Component 3 – “Capacity Building and Project Management” Other main but general objectives of the proposed project in line with the environmental consideration are as such:  Safeguard the environment concept application on and around the site for a better decontamination and remediation practices.  Create a pattern of the good environmental practices in order to reproduce by similar development projects at various locations. Moreover, as stated in the project TOR (Appendix 4), the Project Development Objective (PDO) would be to dispose of high risk PCBs and improve the inventory management of transformers in the power sector in an environmentally sound manner. This would be achieved through:  Conducting a country-wide complete inventory of the PCB contaminated transformers in the power sector in Lebanon;  Disposing of all high contaminated PCB equipment owned by the Electricité du Liban (EDL) and potentially by the private sector, and of the PCB contaminated oil from Bauchrieh; 1 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project  Providing capacity building to MoE, EDL and other stakeholders for a sustainable management of PCB equipment and storage sites;  All the above-mentioned project steps will be conducted in collaboration and guidance of the concerned MoE and EDL staff 1.2. General Background Polychlorinated biphenyls known as PCBs are mostly used as coolants and insulating fluids for transformers and capacitors. However, PCBs are chemical substances that persist in the environment, bio-accumulate through the food web and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to the human health and environment. Due to their environmental toxicity and their classification as a persistent organic pollutant (POP), the PCBs production and uses were restricted and eliminated in many countries by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants PCBs in 2001. In Lebanon, PCBs are mainly found in the electric power sector. Prior to the mid-1990, they were widely used in power transformers, capacitors at various levels as the power plants, substations and the distribution network. Most of this equipment is owned by Electricité du Liban (EDL), the state-owned power utility, but some is owned by some smaller distribution facilities and by major power consumers, such as industries and hospital. 1.2.1 PCB Sources In the current situation, PCB-containing equipment dispersed all over Lebanon and not properly handled was identified as the main PCB issues and represent a source of diffuse PCB contamination. As a result, high-risk PCB contaminated sites were being surveyed in several stations. PCB-containing equipment and contaminated oil Based on the update inventory undertaken in the Lebanese power sector, the different PCB- containing equipment provided below is grouped according to their risk intensity. 1- High content PCB equipment This category consists of transformers and capacitors which are intentionally filled with PCB liquid by the manufacturers. The transformers known as Askarel transformers contains about 60% pure PCB which corresponds to 600,000 mg/kg PCB. “Askarel” is in fact one of the brand names but the term is also used as a generic term for PCB-containing inflammable insulating liquid in transformers. On the other hands, PCB-containing capacitors are filled with 30% of pure PCB which corresponds to 300,000 mg/kg PCB. According to the update inventory (COWI-ECODIT, 2011), 29 Askarel transformers were identified in Bauchrieh, Jiyeh and Zouk power plants with the actual weight of Askarel is 65 tons and the total transformer weight is 168 tons. In Jiyeh all but one Askarel transformer are still in operation whereas in Zouk all the Askarel transformers are out-of-service and mainly stored outdoors. Table 1-1 provides respectively the identified quantities of in-service and out-of-service Askarel transformers. 2 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project In-service Out-of-service Total Number of Askarel transformers 17 12 29 Total Askarel weight, tons 58 7 65 Total content of pure PCB, tons 35 4 39 Total weight of Askarel transformers, 147 21 168 tons Table 1-1: Askarel transformers identified in Jiyeh and Zouk power plants. Based on the update inventory (COWI-ECODIT, 2011), 510 PCB-containing capacitors were identified in 9 of the substations where 8 substations had PCB-containing capacitors out-of- service. Among those 8 substations, Zouk substation had 12 out-of-service capacitors as per below details: Out-of-service Substation Weight of Capacitors, Number of Capacitors Weight of PCB, tons tons Zouk 12 0.5 0.2 From theses 9 substations, some of the capacitors were still mantled on the capacitor bank in other they were dismantled. Based on the pre-appraisal mission in May 2014, it had been learned that the above-detailed capacitors at Zouk power plant (12) have been sold as scrap, while Bauchrieh substation had 3 less capacitors than previously recorded at the update inventory (COWI-ECODIT, 2011). Therefore, the table below (Table 1-2) presents the reparation of PCB-containing capacitors of the remaining 8 EDL substations (without Zouk) based on both the COWI inventory (2011) and the pre-appraisal mission (in May 2014). In service Out-of-service Substation Weight of Weight of Number of Weight of Number of Weight of Capacitors, Capacitors, Capacitors PCB, tons Capacitors PCB, tons tons tons** Adma 35 2.1 0.7 Basta 66 2.8 0.9 Baouchriyeh 135 8.1 2.7 Deir Nbouh * 11 0.5 0.2 Gaz 171 5.4 1.8 Hazmieh 11 0.5 0.2 Jdeideh 6 0.3 0.1 Jamhour 60 3.0 0.9 Total 489 22.4 7.4 3 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project * Deir Nbouh is a storage and dump place for old and new capacitors of the North region. ** It is assumed that the PCB account for 1/3 of the total weight. Table 1-2: PCB-containing capacitors in the EDL substations. On the other hand, in the private sector, about 5 tons of PCB capacitors were identified by the update inventory (COWI-ECODIT, 2011). In total, 191 tons of high-content PCB equipment has been identified (Table 1-3) in the public sector which represents approximately 95% of the PCB in equipment in the public energy sector. Of these 147 tons are today in-service in the Jiyeh Power plant. In-service Out-of-service Number of Askarel transformers 17 12 Total Askarel weight, tons 58 7 Total number of PCB capacitors, 6 489 Total weight of PCB capacitors, tons 0.3 22.4 Total weight Askarel transformers + capacitors 147 44 Table 1-3: Quantity of identified high-content PCB equipment in the public sector. 2- PCB-contaminated oil-filled transformers This group of transformers is contaminated with PCBs when they are filled with conventional transformer oil by different mechanisms of cross-contamination. They have a PCB concentration in the range of 50 – 2,000 mg/kg. Based on the update inventory (COWI-ECODIT, 2011), the total quantity of contaminated oil in the electricity network and storage sites is estimated at 1,000-1,600 tons as indicated in Table 1-4. Of this, the major part is in in-service distribution network transformers. The total number of contaminated transformers is estimated at approximately 2,800 of which some 2,500 are in-service distribution network transformers. The total quantity of contaminated oil in out-of-service transformers stored in Baouchriyeh storage site, substations and power plants is estimated at 120-250 tons. Of these 80-130 tons are stored in Baouchriyeh and 40- 120 tons are in out-of-service transformers in the substation. Based on the pre-appraisal mission in May 2014, the total quantity of contaminated oil stored in Baouchriyeh has been re-estimated to read 100 tons as indicated in Table 1-4 below. It should be noted that most of the transformers in Baouchriyeh are not permanently taken out of service (decommissioned), the major part of the transformers are expected to be brought into service again. 4 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Number of Weight of Number of % of Total Contaminated Contaminated Transformers Weight Transformers Oil, Tons (Best Estimate) (Best Estimate) Distribution network 650-1050 67 2,500 18,800 Substations and thermal power plants 150-300 18 35 224 Hydropower plants 70-100 7 25 76 Baouchriyeh (incl. well) 100 8 280 1,900 Total 1,000-1,600 2,800 21,000 Table 1-4: Estimated numbers of contaminated transformers and quantities of contaminated liquids. 3- Contaminated sites PCB contaminated site is caused from leakage and spillage of PCB-containing equipment not properly handled. As result of the inventory update, it is considered that two sites are significantly more PCB contaminated than the other identified sites in Lebanon: Baouchriyeh storage site and Zouk power plant. Whereas the contamination at Zouk is relatively well defined and covers a small area, the contamination at Baouchriyeh is widespread and includes the well on the site. Baouchriyeh storage site and the well The Baouchriyeh storage site and repair shop is located next to the Baouchriyeh substation in a populated residential area in northern Beirut. The site covers an area of about 4,600 m2 and most of the area is paved with concrete or asphalt. From this area, approximately 4,000 m2 is used for outdoors storage of transformers which consists of separate widespread zones for new transformers, transformers waiting for check in the repair shop and discarded transformers waiting for being sold as scrap. A small part of the site is used for storage of other equipment and drums with waste transformer oil. As indicated in the update inventory, leakage from stored transformers is shown all over the area and the whole floor of the site is oil contaminated. In addition, oil/concrete samples taken from 11 different spots on the site indicate a PCB level ranged from 16 to 376 mg/kg with an average of 105 mg/kg. Thus, these data show that PCB contamination is widespread at the site, and the entire storage site and workshop may be PCB-contaminated (COWI-ECODIT, 2011). Also, the site includes two old wells which have been used for disposal of waste. The first is considered as a deep hole filled up with solid waste (mainly packaging) which are not PCB contaminated, whereas the second has been used for disposal of discarded transformer oils, some solid waste and most likely also Askarel liquid. From the investigation undertaken in 2010, the second well contained about 55 tons of oil on top of a layer of water and a volume of sludge/ sediment estimated to 150 m3. Based on the measured concentration of PCB in the 5 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project oil and sludge phase, the well may contain 0.5 tons pure PCB (COWI-ECODIT, 2011). Zouk Power Plant Zouk power plant, with phased out transformers stored outdoors is considered the most PCB contaminated site besides Baouchriyeh storage site. The site is located in Zouk Mickael town very close to the coast. The distance between the power plant and the nearest residential area is less than 200 m. It should also be noted that the distance to the parking lot of the beach club is less than this and there is no fence. At the site, 8 out-of-service Askarel transformers are stored outdoors and 2 indoors. The specified total Askarel content of the transformers is 6.9 tons. Some of the transformers have smaller leakages, but one is already half empty and the Askarel is on the concrete floor. It is estimated that in total some 0.05 to 0.2 tons of Askarel (with 60% pure PCB) has leaked to the ground. Based on soil analyses, Heavy PCB contamination of the soil are mostly found beneath leaking transformers which indicate a restricted soil contamination in this site (COWI-ECODIT, 2011). Jiyeh Power Plant In Jiyeh power plant, the 17 in-service Askarel transformers with a total of 57 tons Askarel are all situated indoor and in relatively good shape. The contamination in Jiyeh is relatively small and confined due to the limited leakage from occasional transformer damage. Other contaminated sites In a number of substations, PCB-filled capacitors with broken bushings may have led to soil contamination. The amount of PCBs is typically a few liters in each station and the contaminated area a few m2. Some PCB-containing capacitors may be leaking at the moment and should be managed as soon as possible. 1.2.2 Overall Risks of PCB The main release route of PCB into the environment from power equipment in use or stored is by leaking PCB-containing liquids. The overall risk mainly correlates with the amount of PCBs in the equipment and the condition and management of the equipment. Even if the condition of the equipment is good, the risk of accidents has to be considered - particularly in Lebanon where the risk of aerial attacks is omnipresent. For contaminated sites, it is similarly considered that the risk of further dispersal of the PCBs to the environment correlates as well with the total quantities of PCBs on the contaminated sites. Besides the environmental risks of the PCBs, formation of dioxins and furan by burning of the PCB may lead to releases of these substances to the environment. The main route would be directly to the atmosphere and the releases may lead to local contamination and add to the global pool of these persistent substances. The Table 1-5 below indicates the sources of releases of the level of risks associated with the different categories of PCB-contaminated equipment, waste and contaminated sites. 6 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Categories of PCB-contaminated Level of risk of source releases equipment/waste/sites PCB-contaminated equipment and contaminated oil High-content PCB out-of-service equipment High risk associated with: (Askarel transformers and PCB capacitors) -Releases from leaking PCB equipment PCB capacitors in 9 substations -Releases of PCB and formation of dioxin and furan in case of Askarel transformers in 2 sites accidents Total quantity identified : 49 tons -Occupational exposure from management and disposal Total content in terms of pure PCB ~ 12 tons -Releases from untreated waste transformers disposed of as scrap High risk associated with: -Releases from leaking PCB equipment High-content PCB in-service equipment (Askarel -Releases of PCB and formation of dioxin and furan in case of transformers in Jiyeh power plant) accidents Total quantity identified :147 tons -Occupational exposure during equipment repair Total content in terms of pure PCB ~ 35 tons Medium risk associated with occupational exposure by management of PCB in-service equipment PCB-contaminated transformers in-service in High risk associated with occupational exposure by repair of EDL equipment Estimated 2,800 contaminated transformers in EDL Medium risk associated with: network with a total oil content of 1,000-1,600 tons -releases from leaking PCB equipment The total number of potentially contaminated -releases and formation of dioxin and furan in case of accidents transformers is 22,100 of which about 19,000 are in the distribution network Low risk associated with occupational exposure by management Total content in terms of pure PCB ~ 0.4-0.7 tons of in service equipment Medium risk associated with: PCB-contaminated transformers out-of-service -Releases from leaking PCB equipment in EDL -Releases of PCB and formation of dioxin and furan in case of Currently about 280 stored, contaminated accidents and by burning of waste oil transformers -Releases from untreated waste transformers disposed of as scrap 395 tons of contaminated oil disposed off -Occupational exposure by management and disposal of PCB content in terms of pure PCB: ~0.03-0.05 tons equipment PCB-containing transformers and capacitors in other sectors Roughly estimated total: Risk similar to risk indicated above for high-content PCB 10-30 tons of PCB capacitors equipment and PCB-contaminated equipment, respectively 5-20 tons of Askarel transformers 100-200 tons of contaminated transformers PCB-contaminated sites Medium risk for groundwater contamination Baouchriyeh transformer storage site and repair shop (excluding the well) Medium risk associated with: Widespread and extensive PCB contamination – -Releases of PCB to the atmosphere potentially the whole site of a total area of 4,600 m2 -Release with urban runoff Total content in terms of pure PCB may be higher Low risk associated with occupational exposure to than 0.2 tons PCB on the ground The well in Baouchriyeh storage site 55 tons contaminated oil and an unknown quantity High risk associated with: of sludge -Releases to the groundwater Total content in terms of pure PCB may be up to -Contamination of nearby water wells 0.5 tons 7 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Medium risk for groundwater contamination Medium risk associated with releases of PCB to Zouk power plant the atmosphere and runoff Extensive contamination below Askarel transformers Low risk associated with occupational exposure to PCB on the Total content in terms of pure PCB ~ 0.03-0.16 tons ground Low risk associated with exposure of general population to PCB on the ground (public access) Low risk for groundwater contamination Other contaminated sites Low risk associated with releases of PCB to the atmosphere and Some contamination below leaking capacitors in run-off substations Low risk associated with occupational exposure to PCB on the Total content in terms of pure PCB <0.1 tons ground Table 1-5: Level of risk from PCB-contaminated equipment, waste and sites 1.3. Definition of the Project and the Owner This project is on persistent organic pollutants in the energy sector. The bioaccumulation condition of the POPs/PCBs may be sources of risk on the human health and the environment. The Ministry of Environment is in charge of environmental management and protection and has the specific mandate of regulating hazardous substances, including POPs / PCBs. The Electricité du Liban (EDL) owns most PCB equipment in Lebanon. The conducted inventory of PCB oils and PCB-contaminated equipment identified all possible aspects of pollution, the current handling procedures and the degree of compliance with the environmental regulations. The project will safely dispose of all of EDL’s high -content PCB equipment and some of its contaminated oil. Direct beneficiaries of the project include EDL employees, who work close to these sources of contamination; and the population living in the areas surrounding the power plants and storage site, which are exposed to the risk of contamination via air, water and food chain. Several benefits of the proposed project are as follows: 1. Ensure compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations at reasonable cost 2. Minimize environmental damage from operations. 3. Minimize short- and long-term liabilities and risks associated with operations. 4. Minimize employee exposure to potentially hazardous materials. Environmental and social management plans should be developed with the guidance of people who are knowledgeable in the technical, regulatory, and operational aspects. To be successful, these plans need the visible support of top management and require the active participation of field personnel, both in developing and implementing them. Because operations, regulations, and technology are constantly changing, participation activities should be conducted periodically to allow for management plan updating as needed. 8 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 1.4. The Project Type, Size and Location The project will be implemented by establishing a Project Management Unit PMU in collaboration with EDL and MoE to achieve the project objectives to dispose of high risk PCBs and improve the inventory management of transformers in the power sector in an environmentally sound manner. Also the project will get involved in investigating all possible equipments that may contain PCBs, which are mainly located to transformers and condensers that are in use at the Electricite du Liban (EDL) power plants, transmission and distribution network (PCB inventory by COWI/ECODIT/Muller Consortium). The inventory indicated that there are several high-content PCB out-of –service transformers in three major sites and capacitors in nine substations with high risk on environment and health and safety. On the other hand, high-content PCB in-service transformers were also found at one site (Jieh power plant) with high risk on environment and medium risk associated on occupational exposure. Moreover, the inventory estimated other in-service and out-of-service transformers that could be PCB-contaminated in EDL distribution network. Out-of-service transformers could be drained/retro-filled or decommissioned. The three major possibly contaminated sites are described as follows: 1. Baouchriyeh Electricity Company: Baouchriyeh Cadastral Area, Maten Caza, Mount Lebanon Mohafazah. 2. Zouk Power Station: Zouk Mkayel Cadastral Area, Kesrouane Caza, Mount Lebanon Mohafazah 3. Jiyeh Power Station: Jiyeh Cadastral Area, Chouf Caza, Mount Lebanon Mohafazah The three locations are found in the outskirts of Greater Beirut in Industrial or commercial zone (according land cover / land use map). As well, the decreeted scheme classification of the three location by the Directorate General of Urban Planning (DGUP) are also similar for all the selected sites, however; each location was classified by specific decree that is related to the entire area planning scheme as such: Location Classification Decree No. Issue date Industrial (B2) 1853 23/03/1979 Baouchriyeh Electricity Company Commercial – Habitat (B2.1) 1853 23/03/1979 Zouk Power Station Industrial (F3) 13319 13/10/1998 Jiyeh Power Station Industrial (F) 5450 17/04/1973 Table 1-6: Land classification of sites. The geographical coordinates of the sites locations are listed in Table 1-7, and the surface area of the selected sites are listed in Table 1-8. The location of sites are shown in Map 1 and several photographs, figures and maps in the coming sections. 9 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Geographical Coordinates Site Upper Lower X – 332 480 X – 332 516 Baouchriyeh Y – 28 832 Y – 29 069 X – 327 439 X – 327 847 Zouk Y – 19 612 Y – 20 027 X – 347 555 X – 347 830 Jiyeh Y –54 776 Y –55 361 Table 1-7: Locations in stereographic geographical coordinates. Site ≈ Area (m2) Baouchriyeh 13,200 Zouk (including sea reclamation) 160,000 Jeih (including sea reclamation) 135,000 Table 1-8: Surface area of the selected sites. 1.5. The Study and the ESIA Report The proposed project is classified as Category "A" under the World Bank's Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 dated January 1999 (http: //go.worldbank.org/RUEQVWD550). The project therefore requires a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESJA) and an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), including full stakeholder disclosure and consultation and to be completed prior to departure of the Bank's appraisal mission. The ESIA and ESMP should also be suitable for meeting Lebanon's requirements under the EIA Application Decree. The MOE is therefore engaging independent consultant to assist it to prepare an ESIA, together with an ESMP, in accordance with Bank requirements. The objective of the assignment is to draft an ESIA and ESMP for the proposed GEF PCB Management in Power Sector Project that is in full conformity with OP 4.0 1. Particular attention will need to be given to timely disclosure of relevant documents to stakeholders (in a form that they can understand), to consultation with such stakeholders on the scope of the impact assessment and on the content of the draft final ESIA and ESMP, and to ensuring timely delivery of the outputs of the assessment. This study was prepared in close collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Word Bank and EDL. The report was prepared through continuous and harmonious coordination with the technical staff. The purpose of this ESIA study is to ensure that the potential impacts from the operation of the project are identified. As a result, their significance was assessed, and appropriate mitigation measures are proposed to minimize or eliminate such impacts. The remainder of this ESIA report is structured in several main sections as follows: 1. Identification and description of the site location and project components; 2. Compilation of all legislative and institutional framework; 10 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 3. Public and stockholder participation and consultation (determining the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.12 applicability); 4. Description and classification of the environment and baseline information (physical and cultural resources World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.11); 5. Categorization and analyzing of Impact in terms of Receptor, Directness, Immediacy, and Permanence; 6. Proposal of the Environmental and social management plan (ESMP) that includes the mitigation measures and monitoring plan; and 7. Proposal of the suitable Contingency plan. 11 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK This chapter detailing applicable legal provisions aims to provide a review of relevant national legal instruments as well as legislation and regulations, and policy documents, which are applicable to (or have implications for) the management of POPs/PCB in the Republic of Lebanon. The main purpose of the legal chapter is to provide a comprehensive but succinct review of all planning, development, environmental, building and monitoring legislation that is of particular relevance with regard to the Project. A brief description of some of Lebanon’s international agreements is also discussed. 2.1. Administrative and Institutional Framework Based on the findings, stakeholders that could have a major role from the PCBs manufacturing process until their final disposal including their import and export operations were identified. They are as follows: 2.1.1. The Council of Ministers Lebanon’s executive body is represented by the Council of Ministers (COM) and is headed by the Presidency of the Council of Ministers. The COM enacts regulations in the form of decisions and Decrees. 2.1.2. The Ministry of Environment The MoE, established in 1981 and reinstated in 1993, is responsible for planning and monitoring of environmental issues. The Ministry of Environment is in charge of protecting the environment in general, setting regulations and standards, and advising on the wise use of implementing projects and programmes in a sustainable manner. It also plays a role in establishing a system of environmental management and introduces environmental planning into all aspects of national and sectorial decision-making. The general and specific duties assigned to the MoE as stipulated in Article 2 of law No. 216 include the following: A. Preparation of a general policy, projects and plans for long and medium term in all matters pertaining to environment and natural resource use and to propose operational steps to be implemented and monitor implementation. B. Develop a detailed study of the plans necessary for the preservation of the ocean and pollution control, whatever its source, especially waste and wastewater and air pollutants and leaks into groundwater and drinking water and irrigation, and after conducting a comprehensive survey of existing facilities on the beach all or at home, which constitute waste a potential danger on the environment. C. Preparation of legislation and propose standards and specifications and determine the criteria necessary to ensure the quality of the environment of life and how to address the environmental hazards caused by industry, agriculture and urban spread in various forms. D. Identification of environmental conditions for licensing the establishment of factories and laboratories and industrial areas, farms, livestock and poultry farms, and quarries and stone and sand quarries and mines and factories, asphalt, and burials. E. Determination of conditions for use of sea beaches and river to ensure the protection of the environment. F. To identify the point of communal land use of different types, if such use would cause 12 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project any damage or pollution to the environment. G. Dissemination and consolidation of the concept and goals of environmental education in cooperation with the competent authorities in both the public and private sectors. H. Organization of conferences and exhibitions related to the environment, whether in Lebanon or abroad and to participate with those abroad and to inform the summary of recommendations to the ministries concerned. I. Establishing and monitoring environmental standards and developing a strategy for solid waste and wastewater disposal treatment, through participation in appropriate committees, conducting studies prepared for this purpose, and commissioning appropriate infrastructure works. J. Participation in the preparation of international conventions on the environment. K. Encourage individual and collective initiatives that will improve environmental conditions. L. Classification of the landscape and the location of the establishment of nature reserves of all kinds and to propose draft laws and regulations for its protection and management. M. Participate in the development of preventive plans for disaster response and damage, all forms of pollution, which may be caused by nature (floods - floods) or by wars or otherwise. N. Contribute to the development plan of safety and health, environment and other sustainable development matters in conjunction with relevant departments and official bodies and associations in popularity. O. Checking and periodic laboratory tests to determine the rates of air pollution, soil and drinking water and irrigation, sea water, rivers, lakes, and propose and follow up the implementation of the measures taken by the concerned authorities. P. Participate in the membership of the Board of Directors of the Standards and Specifications. The mandate of the MOE was amended by Law 690/2005 and the restructuring of the ministry was enacted four years later by Decree 2275 (dated 15/06/2009). This Decree defines the function and responsibilities of each unit including staff size and qualifications. According to Decree 2275, the Service of Environmental Technology and specifically the Department of Chemical Safety deals with regulations related to the management of chemical products and hazardous waste MOE’s staff size has been increasing slowly, from just three staff in 1993 to 33 in 2001 and 60 in 2010. This is still far below the prescribed staff size stipulated in Decree 2275/2009 (182 full-time employees). The ministry prepared a work plan for the period 2010-2012 in line with the government declaration and with a focus on multilateral environmental agreements ratified by the GOL, it comprises 10 themes and calls for enhanced coordination with relevant ministries, and public and private sector groups: 1) Strengthening environmental inspection and enforcement 2) Adapting to the impacts of climate change on natural resources 3) Managing air pollution management 4) Sustainable management of land and soil 5) Preserving and promoting Lebanon’s ecosystem capital 6) Promotion of hazardous and non-hazardous waste management 7) Promoting environmentally friendly products 8) Promoting eco-job opportunities 13 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 9) Striving to improve the work environment in order to protect environmental health 10) Strengthening the role of the Ministry of Environment In theory, PCB management should fall under Theme 6 on the promotion of hazardous and nonhazardous waste management. 2.1.3. Ministry of Energy and Water / Electricite du Liban (EDL) The MOEW was established by Law 66/20 (dated 29/03/1966) amended by Law 247 (dated 07/08/2000). The ministry prepares plans and strategies related to energy and water in Law 462 (dated 02/09/2002) reorganizes the electricity sector and specifies the tasks Ministry and establishes the Energy Regulatory Agency (See Table 12.1, Law 462/2002). Electricite du Liban (EDL) was established by the draft Law enforced by Decree No.16878 (dated 17/07/1964). It is a public establishment (with an industrial and commercial character) with the administrative and financial autonomy. The restructuring of the EDL was enacted by Decree 13537 (dated 19/11/1998). This Decree defines the functions and responsibilities of each unit in EDL. For example, the Department of workshops, equipment, spare parts and transformers in EDL deals with the management and reparation of transformers within EDL or outside, monitors the movement and storage of transformers and registers all the information including receiving and delivery of transformers, and their re-direction. The department is also in charge of checking transformer oils continuously, refine them when necessary and maintain refining equipment. The deliberative body in each of the public establishments including EDL is entrusted to a board of directors. The tasks of these boards are very large as long as the legal texts do not list any limitation. Among these awards are, of course, the powers in financial matters. But that article states that the board exercises its powers in "the Laws and regulations." Equipment in the public establishment are owned by the establishment itself. Boards of directors must take financial and administrative measures to implement the Laws related to treatment of wastes and contaminated equipment. In performing their duties these public institutions are subject to the supervision of the Minister of Energy and Water. The minister exercises a power of "guidance and proposals for policy issues" and an approval authority (including financial). Decisions of the board come into force if approved by the Minister or after certain period if the Minister has not ruled on these decisions. The Director General of EDL released an administrative circular (No. 163 dated 19/11/2010) appointing five members/engineers to form a PCB Committee at EDL. The committee includes representatives from the departments of production, transmission and distribution and it is headed by Mr. Sassine Najjar. The committee was broadly tasked “to coordinate with the MOE on the PCB issue.” The timeframe for this cooperation and for the mandate of the PCB committee were not indicated. 2.1.4. Ministry of Industry / Industrial Research Institute Established in 1955, the Industrial Research Institute (IRI) is a Lebanese not-for-profit institution dedicated to industrial research and scientific testing and analysis. Although the 14 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project institution was in 1955 declared of public utility (Decree 10059 dated 17/8/1955) and in 1997 linked to the Ministry of Industry (Law 642 dated 2/6/1997), it continues to enjoy administrative and financial autonomy and, unlike ministries, can expand and restructure itself as needed as well as hire and fire at will. IRI’s sophisticated and well trained laborato ry has to date earned accreditation for more than 300 testing methods used in a dozen lab units. In terms of staffing, IRI has about 127 people of which about 50 percent work in the lab. 2.1.5. Ministry of Labor The structuring of the Ministry of Labor was enacted by Decree 8352 (dated 30/12/1961). The Labor Law concerns employees' rights at work and through the contract for work and working hours but does not set specific conditions related to health and safety of workers using chemicals and special products. However, Decree 11802 sets health and safety conditions while using chemical products at work. 2.1.6. Ministry of Finance, Customs (Import/Export) The Lebanese Customs is a Public Administration that falls under the authority of the Ministry of Finance and is responsible for ensuring that all goods and persons entering and exiting Lebanon are in accordance with relevant Laws and regulations (Decree 4461). They maintain an online database of all goods entering the country, based on the ISIC system. 2.1.7. Ministry of Information The structuring of the Ministry of Information was enacted by Decree 7276 (dated 07/08/1961). The main role of MOI is to inform, educate and entertain the general public, disseminates accurate information and public awareness campaigns. The table below offers an overview of the institutions and bodies with potential competences in PCB management. Institution Competencies (actual and potential) Enacts regulations in the form of Decisions and Decrees related to PCB use, storage COM and final disposal  Focal point for Stockholm and Basel Convention.  Control compliance with legislation on environment in the process of manufacturing, storage, transport, use and disposal of dangerous substances and their wastes including PCBs MoE  Monitors pollution (Service of Environmental Technology & Service of Regional Departments and Environmental Police) including leakages from PCB contaminated equipments, PCB contaminated areas, etc.  Coordination of different policies  MOEW prepares plans and strategies related to Energy and Water in the country  Energy Regulatory Agency under MOEW specifies standards and technical requirements applicable to electrical equipment (including PCB free equipments)  Ensures that electrical equipments are PCB free and do not cause any damage to MOEW/EDL public health, public safety and the environment  At EDL, the Department of workshops, equipments, spare parts and transformers deals with the management and reparation of transformers, monitors their movements and storage and registers all related information including receiving and delivery of 15 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project transformers, and their re-direction. (Separation of PCB contaminated transformers from non-PCB transformers and final safe storage a/o disposal of PCB contaminated transformers)  Department of workshops, equipments, spare parts and transformers at EDL is also in charge for testing transformer oils continuously (PCB testing in oil in the future), refining them when necessary and maintaining refining equipments IRI earned accreditation for more than 300 testing methods used in a dozen lab units MOI/IRI (PCB testing method is to be accredited) Defines specific conditions related to occupational health and safety of workers including MOL workers handling chemicals, special products and PCB equipment. Prohibit the import and export of PCB contaminated oil and PCB contaminated MOF/Customs equipments (transformers and capacitors) MOI Disseminate PCB possible damages to human health and the environment Table 2.1 Institutions and bodies with potential competences in PCB management. 2.2. Legal framework This section outlines the legislations that pertain either directly or indirectly to the use and management of POPs/PCB, and serves to guide environmental planning and improvement for the Project. Although Lebanon has many environmental laws and regulations dating back to 1930; however, to date, there is no legislative framework that deals directly with the management of POPs/PCB. Generally the regulations in Lebanon lack clarity and precision, coordination between authorities is minimal, and enforcement is practically non-existent due mostly to staffing constraints, lack of proper training, low level of fines, and political interferences. On the legislative aspect, in addition to outdate of most of the legal texts, highlights the flaw in the legislative framework by the lack of implementation procedures and legislative decrees. This has led to weak ability to apply the laws, while the ministerial decrees remained in limited application due to the decline in participation of other relevant ministries in the provisions. At the applied level, the larger gap remains the absence of implementing decrees for most of the principles set forth in the laws of Lebanon, especially in relation to the protection of environment from toxics and chemicals. The main legislative act for POPs management is Law 432 of 29/07/2002 by which the GoL ratified the Stocholm Convention. However, this law does not identify roles and responsibilities for PCB management in Lebanon nor does it provide implementation mechanisms or implementing measures. The Stockholm Convention was amended with a number of substances to Annex A, B or C entering into force August 26 2010. At the moment no clear mechanism for the implementation of the amendments to the Convention into the Lebanese law exists, but this clearly has to be addressed by the further work of implementation of the provisions of the Convention in the Lebanese law. Table 2-2 below presents the laws, decrees and decisions relevant to PCB management in 16 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Lebanon including a draft decree prepared by the MOE related to the management of hazardous waste including PCBs. This draft decree has yet to be finalized and enacted by the Council of Ministers. For clarity, the summary table is based on the following criteria: Environment Law; Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants; Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes; Laws and regulations related to key actors involved to rid Lebanon of PCB oil, PCB wastes and PCB- contaminated equipments; Regulations related to hazardous wastes and PCB wastes and Protection of workers health and safety. The legal hierarchy influences the way Lebanon can address PCB issues, whether by amending existing Laws and regulations or by drafting new Laws and regulations. It is important to note that Laws can only be amended by Laws; Decrees by Decrees or Laws; and decisions by decisions, Decrees and/or Laws. The main categories of legislation in Lebanon are described in Table 2-3. Legislation Date Official Gazette Brief description Decree 2775 1928 - Dumping of pollutants into public water courses is prohibited. Waste should not be dumped around houses, but be buried or removed Decree 7975 5/5/1931 - by the municipality. Classification of establishments that are dangerous or may pose public Decree 21 22/7/1932 8/8/1932 health problems or cause nuisance. Defines associated penalties and fines (penalties and fines updated later). Law of 8/7/1939 and 8/7/1939 - Protection of landscape and natural sites in Lebanon its amendments Law of 8/7/1939 and 8/7/1939 - Law of landscape and natural sites in Lebanon its amendments Labor Law . Chapter VI of Title I of the Labor Code (Act of September Law 23/09/1946 23, 1946) is entitled "The Protection of employees." Law of 9/11/1951 - Soil conservation and reforestation and protection from pasture 9/11/1951 Establishment of The Industrial Research Institute Linked to the Ministry of Industry in 1997 (Law 642 dated 2/6/1997), it Decree 10059 17/08/1955 continues to enjoy administrative and financial autonomy and, unlike ministries. IRI laboratory : accreditation for more than 300 testing methods Decree 7276 07/08/1961 Organizing the Ministry of Information Decree 16878 17/07/1964 Establishment of Electricite du Liban 17 Organization of protection, prevention and public safety in the Decree 7380 1967 - workplaces Law 64 and its Preservation of the environment against pollution from hazardous waste 1988 - amendments and hazardous materials 17 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Preservation of the environment against pollution from hazardous waste and toxic substances. It is the duty of every person to preserve the safety Law 64 12/8/1988 - of the environment from pollution. A list of hazardous waste materials was published. Import or possession of radioactive or poisonous wastes was prohibited. Issue 14 dated Creation of the Ministry of Environment (MoE). MoE responsible for Law 216 2/4/1993 8/4/1993 environmental protection and monitoring. Issue 45 dated Ratification of Basel Convention on the control of transboundary Law 387 4/11/1994 10/11/1994 Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their disposal. Law 66/20 was amended by Law 247 (dated 07/08/2000) Law 66/20 29/03/1966 Establishment of Ministry of Energy and Water Issue 45 dated Revised standards for water, air and soil pollution (partly updated in Decision 52/1 29/6/1996 12/9/21996 Decision 8/1 dated 30/1/2001). 1/52 and its 1996 - Specifications and proportions to reduce air and water pollution and soil amendments Amends Decision 22 /1 of 17/12/1996. Regulates the import of waste Decision 71 / Issue 28 dated 19/5/1997 and defines associated penalties. Article 4: Prohibits the import of 1 7/6/1997 PCB, PCT and PBB wastes Law 642 02/06/1997 Establishment of the Ministry of Industry (MOI) Issue 59 dated Law 667 29/12/1997 Amends Law 216, the creation of MoE. 30/12/1996 Decree 13537 19/11/1998 Defining job positions in EDL 19 Decree 4461 15/12/2000 Lebanese Customs. Defines all types of transported goods Environment Protection Law: Fundamental principles and public rules, Organization of environmental protection, Environmental information Issue 44 dated system and participation in the management and protection of the Law 444 29/07/2002 8/9/2002 environment, Environmental Impact Assessment, IEE, Protection of environmental media, Responsibilities and fines, Other regulations (miscellaneous, institutional). Accession to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Framework for the Protection of human health and the Law 432 29/07/2002 - environment from POPs, including (a) dioxins and furans (by- products of combustion activities) (b) pesticides (agriculture), and (c) PCBs (closed applications, such as transformer oil) Draft decree 2003 - Environmental impact assessment (EIA) decree for Lebanon. Law 462 02/09/2002 Organizing the Electricity Sector Organization of prevention, health and safety conditions in all Decree 11802 30/01/2004 institutions where Labor Law is implemented MOE organizational Chapter 2: Directorate General of Environment Article 22: Service of Environmental Technology Decree 2275 15/06/2009 Department of Chemical Safety 1) Set plans and strategies for the management of chemical products and hazardous wastes 2) Classify chemical products and their different uses Issue 35 dated Decree 8633 07/08/2012 Fundamentals of Environmental Impact Assessment. 16/08/2012 18 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Decision Issue 50 dated Minister of Environment Decision for reviewing procedures of 16/11/2012 230/1 29/11/2012 submitted Environmental Impact Assessment and IEE reports. Draft Decree related to hazardous waste prepared by MOE in 2009 - Hazardous waste - Classification of waste, temporary storage and registration 1. Classification and - Classification of industrial waste and hazardous waste management of industrial - Register and report on industrial and hazardous waste and hazardous waste - Planning and regulation on industrial and hazardous waste - Implementation and monitoring - The Waste carrier must have a permit from the Ministry of Environment - The responsible of hazardous waste production is not allowed to transfer them unless he’s registered in the register of carriers at MOE and obtained a license to transport hazardous waste from MOE - MOE gives permit to establish and operate a hazardous waste treatment plant under specific conditions - Steps to get a permit/ license for the disposal of industrial waste and hazardous waste 2. Licensing and certification - Waste reception in the place of discharge is based on the permit / license for institutions to discharge - Permit / license for storage of industrial and hazardous waste hazardous waste - Plan for monitoring and control - Implementation and monitoring Annexes: Discharges without recovery; License application for transport companies; General conditions for the management of hazardous waste transport; license application for waste disposal companies; The safe operation of disposal facilities for hazardous waste; Construction and operation of storage facilities for hazardous waste; Disposal of hazardous waste in sanitary landfills (PCB and other compounds excluded) 3. Environmental permit for - Environmental permit for transport the transfer of , a/o storage - Environmental permit for storage of, a/o disposal of hazardous - Environmental permit for disposal waste Table 2-2: Summary of laws related to environment conservation, land development and biodiversity protection. Laws are passed by the Lebanese Parliament. The Council of Ministers or deputies can propose a project of law that should pass through the appropriate parliamentary committee. In the case of environmental legislation, this committee is generally the Agriculture, Tourism, Environment and Laws Municipalities Committee, the Public Works, Transport, Electric and Hydraulic Resources Committee, or the Planning and Development Committee. The committee reviews, assesses, and presents the law, with the amendments it introduces, for final approval by the parliament. The Parliament has empowered the Council of Ministers to issue decree-laws without the prior Decree laws approval or supervision of the Parliament. Decree laws have the same legal standing and powers as laws. The Council of Ministers issues decrees that have the power of law provided they do not Decrees contravene existing laws. The Council of State should be consulted before the issuing of a decree. Ministers issue resolutions without the pre-approval of the Council of Ministers. Resolutions have Resolutions the power of law provided they do not contravene existing laws. The council of state should be consulted before the issuing of a resolution. 19 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Table 2-3: Categories of Legislation in Lebanon 2.3. International Conventions In order to meet the fulfillment of the sustainable development agenda Lebanon has signed several important regional and international agreements. Lebanon signed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 and ratified it in 1994 (Law No. 360/94). Under Article six of this convention, Lebanon was required to develop and implement a national strategy and an action plan for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Lebanon ratified the Vienna Convention on March 30, 1993 and the Montreal Protocol on March 31, 1993. In June 1992, Lebanon was among 155 countries that signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). Following its ratification in 1994 (Law 359/94). The International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa was signed in 1995 and ratified in 1996. Lebanon is a party to the Barcelona Convention and its five protocols. The Convention includes an action plan and guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Sustainable Development of the Coastal Areas of the Mediterranean, to be adopted on the national level. Also, Lebanon is part of Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) (ratified in 2002, law 412) and Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat) ratified in 1999 9law 23). Moreover, Lebanon is party to the following environmental conventions: UN Convention on the Law of the Sea; MARPOL Convention (Annex I and II); Paris Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; Basel Convention and MEDPOL activities in the framework of the Mediterranean Action Plan (land-based activities) Cooperation is active with the Fonds Français pour l’Environnment Mondial (FFEM), GEF, UNDP, l’Agence Française pour le Développment (AFD), FAO, World Bank, UNEP, UNIDO, UNESCO, USAID, IUCN, EU and other international organizations and funding agencies to help fund Lebanese efforts to promote sustainable environmental and development. Stockholm Convention related to POPs/PCB was ratified by Lebanon. Each Party of Stockholm Convention shall:  With regard to the elimination of the use of polychlorinated biphenyls in equipment (e.g. transformers, capacitors or other receptacles containing liquid stocks) by 2025, subject to review by the Conference of the Parties, take action in accordance with the following priorities:  Make determined efforts to identify, label and remove from use equipment containing greater than 10 per cent polychlorinated biphenyls and volumes greater than 5 liters;  Make determined efforts to identify, label and remove from use equipment containing greater than 0.05 per cent polychlorinated biphenyls and volumes greater than 5 liters;  Endeavour to identify and remove from use equipment containing greater than 0.005 percent polychlorinated biphenyls and volumes greater than 0.05 liters;  Consistent with the priorities in subparagraph (a), promote the following measures to 20 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project reduce exposures and risk to control the use of polychlorinated biphenyls: (i) Use only in intact and non-leaking equipment and only in areas where the risk from environmental release can be minimized and quickly remedied; (ii) Not use in equipment in areas associated with the production or processing of food or feed; (iii) When used in populated areas, including schools and hospitals, all reasonable measures to protect from electrical failure which could result in a fire, and regular inspection of equipment for leaks;  Notwithstanding paragraph 2 of Article 3, ensure that equipment containing polychlorinated biphenyls, as described in subparagraph (a), shall not be exported or imported except for the purpose of environmentally sound waste management;  Except for maintenance and servicing operations, not allow recovery for the purpose of reuse in other equipment of liquids with polychlorinated biphenyls content above 0.005 per cent;  Make determined efforts designed to lead to environmentally sound waste management of liquids containing polychlorinated biphenyls and equipment contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls having a polychlorinated biphenyls content above 0.005 per cent, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 6, as soon as possible but no later than 2028, subject to review by the Conference of the Parties;  In lieu of note (ii) in Part I of this Annex, endeavour to identify other articles containing more than 0.005 per cent polychlorinated biphenyls (e.g. cable-sheaths, cured caulk and painted objects) and manage them in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 6;  Provide a report every five years on progress in eliminating polychlorinated biphenyls and submit it to the Conference of the Parties pursuant to Article 15;  The reports described in subparagraph (g) shall, as appropriate, be considered by the Conference of the Parties in its reviews relating to polychlorinated biphenyls. The Conference of the Parties shall review progress towards elimination of polychlorinated biphenyls at five year intervals or other period, as appropriate, taking into account such reports. Stockholm Convention Implementation so far: Production, placing on the market and use of PCBs as such and in products is not yet prohibited fully. Lebanon has never produced PCB but continues to use PCB in primarily the electricity sector. EDL owns and operates the largest number of PCB equipment compared to other industrial and non-industrial holders of PCB equipment. EDL has no formal system in place to phase out existing PCB equipment and PCB-contaminated equipment which have been identified. Lebanon prepared a preliminary inventory of PCB oil and PCB equipment including transformers and capacitors in 2005. PCB stockpiles and PCB hotspots were identified and assessed. This inventory was updated and expanded in 2010- 2011 under the Sustainable POPs Management Project. 2.4. Findings and Observations As demonstrated above, our review of the current Lebanese chemicals and waste legislation 21 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project shows that no adequate general framework for PCB management exists and that the existing Lebanese chemicals and waste legislation has many legal gaps regarding basic elements. The most important gaps are:  no explicit regulation for PCB management and the phase-out of PCB-containing equipment  lack of classification and adequate packaging and labeling requirements for PCB and PCB containing equipment  no formal protocols in place between government bodies to ban PCB imports and the movement of PCB material in-country  gaps on basic aspects of waste management, e.g. absence of key definitions and principles on PCB and other hazardous waste management, including licensing for environmentally sound disposal / destruction of PCB-containing equipment. Some of the gap filling measures are incorporated in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). In addition, the Ministry of Environment will provide parallel financing in order to strengthen the legal framework for improved PCB management. 22 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 3. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION In compliance with sub-Task 3.2 of the TOR, a scoping meeting (technical consultation meeting as decided by the MoE) was held at the ministry of environment with the PCBs committee of EDL in the presence of the MOE concerned staff and the Institutional Support to the Ministry of Environment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The workshop was dated on Thursday November 29, 2012 to conduct a the required Screening /Scoping prior to the initiation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of the Sustainable POPs management project. The details attendees’ workshop is described in the following table (Table 3-1) as such: Name Position Division Institution Number e-mail/fax 09/212164 or Fax: 09-212 092 Dpt. of Production, 09/212097 No e-mail but one may send fax Representative of Zouk Mr. Sassine Head of PCB or to him or send an e-mail using power plant. EDL Najjar committee His his assistant’s e-mail address Responsible of safety assistant (tony Rizk) at dpt. Tony Rizk: toni.rizk@hotmail.com 70/202737 Dpt. Of Production. Mr. Saber Member of Representative of Jieh EDL 03/371765 saberyehia@gmail.com Yehia the committee power plant Dpt. of Transmission Mrs. Fatima Member of (substations). EDL 03/960174 Fatima_harake@hotmail.com El Harakeh the committee Coverage: all Lebanon Dpt. of Distribution. Mr. Jihad Member of Coverage: Regions EDL 03/940692 jihadghadieh@hotmail.com Ghadieh the committee outside Beirut and Mount-Lebanon - Dpt. Of Distribution. Coverage: Beirut and Mr. Wassim Member of Mount-Lebanon. EDL 03/849670 nasrwassim@hotmail.com Nasr the committee - Head of Bauchrieh repair shop Acting head of Service of Mrs. Olfat the department 01/976555 environmental MOE o.hamdan@moe.gov.lb Hamadan of chemical Ext. 408 technology safety Institutional Support to the Ministry of Mrs. Manal Project 01/976555 manal.moussallem@undp- EnvironmentnUnited UNDP Moussallem Manager Ext. 489 lebprojects.org Nations Development Programme Institutional Support to the Ministry of Mrs. Lara Project 01/976555 Environment United UNDP l.haidar@moe.gov.lb Haidar Assistant Ext. 489 Nations Development Programme Mr. Khalil ESIA 03/219059 Khalilzein72@gmail.com Zein consultant Table 3-1: Attendees’ workshop of November 29, 2012 23 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project The meeting included a variety of subjects and discussion topics that were related to the ESIA requirement and execution, the supporting tasks and responsibilities of the EDL committee members and MOE, site visits, the expected level the public involvement, dissemination of the draft report, and the final report that will be included in the implementation of the project period. According to the previous stated fundamentals the output of the discussions are summarized as follows: 1. At the beginning of the workshop lunching the ESIA consultant presented a brief description about the project and the reason for the necessity to conduct an ESIA study. As the proposed project is classified as Category “A” project under the World Bank’s Operational Policy (OP) 4.01. Therefore, the project requires a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) including a full stakeholder disclosure and consultation and to be completed prior to departure of the Bank’s appraisal mission (project TOR). The consultant introduced the following topics:  What are PCBs and why they are harmful?  The main sources of PCBs in Lebanon and their relative risks  How proposed project activities will manage such risks  The project expected duration, costs and institutional responsibilities  A checklist of potential environmental risks and impacts 2. Each of the attendees showed a full cooperation in relation to his sector and showed a great interest to initiate the project implementation as soon as possible. The most prevailing concern was avoid the improper disposal of contaminated equipments during expected upcoming renovation and/or upgrading of the electricity sector in Lebanon. 3. The inquiry of financial and technical ability to replace the functional contaminated (or suspected) equipments with environmental friendly equipment was another major persistence matter that the attendees discussed during the workshop. This issue was triggered in particular by the Jieh power plant representative, as all but one Askarel transformers are still in operation. 4. Discussion on the most possible affected population and stakeholders was carried out to determine on the task 5 of the TOR invitees and attendees list. 5. The committee was informed that prior to the task 5 of the TOR, it is a requirement to post the reviewed draft ESIA and ESMP for public review as needed. 6. The consultant requested to conduct site visits for all the concerned sites and was instructed by the committee to submit a schedule to be presented with an official letter by the MOE for permission appeal. (Appendix – the MOE letter) This consultation section on the final ESIA and ESMP is going to be developed after the fulfillment of on the public consultation activities that will be conducted following the dissemination of the draft report. Accordingly, the consultation will be performed in compliance with the World Bank operation program OP 4.01 in which the Draft with be disclosed to the stakeholders for their feedback. The Draft ESIA content will be posted for 24 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project public review on the MoE and EDL website, and at public domains such as libraries and local governance of the selected site locations. Moreover, the draft report and/or the Arabic translation of the executive summary will be sent to the invited stakeholders for their review and comments. In addition, the invitation note will include the EDL and MoE concerned persons, and the consultant contact information and a statement that clearly encourages the stakeholders to inquire clarifications prior to the consultation meeting. Such approach will assist the attendees to have a clearer understanding of the project concept and accordingly can participate with a better perceptive. The possible stakeholders to be invited to the consultation workshop are the parties’ band population that could be directly and indirectly affected. However, more discussion with the Moe and EDL concerned member should be conducted to produce a final list of the invitees. The primary suggested stakeholders may include (but not limited to):  Hosting populations (population in areas)  Local authorities  Involved government agencies  Universities and institutes  Related industrial companies  Implementing agencies and consultants  NGOs, Local governments and national authorities  Environmental unions (some include more than 20 association)  National environmental council (includes public and private sectors)  Project owners and developer  Private sector firms involved in the project  Funding agencies For better comprehensive approach, the workshop could be held at the MoE or at the local municipality holes, however; for gathering such various stakeholders, the ministry of environment would be more appropriate for such meeting. The consultant in collaboration with the MoE concerned staff will explain for the attendees the benefits of such project implementation and the value of similar treatment on the general public health and environment. In addition, all received inquires on the pre-posted draft report will be discussed and clarified for delivering as much unambiguous responds as possible. All the workshop proceedings, presentation and discussion data will be collected and added to the final ESIA report This section will emphasize on the act of grievance that could arise by stakeholders on any objection action on the project components and operations. On the other hand, it is very important to clarify that no planed involuntary resettlement or land acquisition is required for this proposed project activities. However, if required for any reason in the future, similar to the construction of a permanent treatment facility, then it will previously assessed in the favor of the affected stakeholder and under the World Bank OP 4.01. In addition, the consultation will assist to clarify the judgment on the OP 4.12 non-applicability. The public opinion and feedback on the draft report and during the public workshop are to be included in the final copy of the ESIA. 25 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Individual Site Meetings As part of the investigation of social risks of the project and a component of the screening workshops initiation, several site meeting was healed to consult some of the stockholders (EDL) for assessing and identifying the potential impacts. The site visits were scheduled ahead time and official latter was sent by H.E. the MoE minister to EDL Directorate General Office (Letter No. 5235/B/2013 dated 17/12/2013 – Appendix 8) for providing the required permissions and ensure the presence of all the evolved personnel in such meetings. The following table includes the visited sites, dates and time as such: Location Date Time Zouk Power Plant 18/12/2012 8:30 am Bauchrieh warehouse 18/12/2012 10:30 am Jieh Power Plant 19/12/2012 8:30 am Table 3-2: Schedule for visited sites. The meeting at Zouk power plant was conducted in the presence of Mr. Sassine Najjar (Responsible of safety department) and a technical engineer on the above-specified date (18/12/2013) on which it included roundtable discussion and site visit to the transformers locations. The targeted topics focused on the following issues: 1. Safety issue related to the quick need for securing the out-of-service transformers before any construction work starts at the power plant. 2. The risk of having most of the transformers located in the outdoor and being subjected to the weathering action and accident hazards. 3. Possible level of soil and seawater contamination that may have occurred due to the leakage of PCBs oil for some transforms at the site. 4. Health risks awareness level between the plants labors since the transformers are located with no warning signs. At the same date (18/12/2013), another meeting was healed at Bauchrieh warehouse in the presence of Mr. Wassim Nasr (Head of Bauchrieh repair shop) and a group of the site engineers which the following topics was discussed: 1. The ability to provide as vacant area for the project activities since this site maybe the most appropriate for collecting the PBC contaminated transformers and condensers. 2. The most correct methods to cleaning and treating the existing well and the importance to avoid any more disposal of any oil in this well. However, Mr. Nasr and the site safety engineer declared that no oil disposal action is being practiced recently and all found liquids are form any preceding disposal mixed with rainwater. 3. Securing a separate entrance to the project activities is essential to avoid traffic jam and especially that is site will maintain its current maintenance activities. Jieh Power Plant was visited in the next day (19/012/2013) and a meeting was healed with Mr. Mr. Saber Yehia (department of production) and a safety engineer of the power plant. Mr. Yehia insisted on the fact that the current Askarel transformers are still in-service and unless it is possible to replace it, then it is not likely to remove it since it will affect the 26 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project electrical power production of the plant. Also, they declared that no leakage is found in the site and the transformers are well maintained, this was verified in the later site investigation visit after the meeting. Nevertheless, the plant team expressed his readiness to assist in the project at any possible way once the resources are provided. Another meeting at Jamhour Substation was canceled due to logistics problems of the EIA team and it was replaced by available data in the PCB inventory report. Public Consultation Upon the agreement of the MoE and project consultant, and following coordinating with the EDL and supporting UNPD unit in the MoE, the consultation meeting was decided to be held on Thursday, the 23th of May 2013, at the Green Room hole in the Ministry of Environment located at Lazarieh center. During this meeting, a list of possible stakeholders was suggested and discussed to select the parties that could be invited. The selection was mainly passed on the most affected communities and involved agencies in the PCB Management in the Power Sector project, and all the possible academic, civil and environmental societies that are known to have interest in similar projects. The sent invitation included the following parties: 1. Ministry of Environment 2. EDL 3. Ministry of Public Health 4. Universities 5. Private sector (ECODIT Company) 6. Environmental unions and societies (some includes more than 20 societies) 7. Municipalities and local authorities The invitation letters was sent to all invitees with an attached copy of the ESIA for their review prior the meeting two weeks from the meeting time. (Minister Invitation letter signed in 09/05/2013 – Appendix 7). Various means, such as, Email, fax and regular mail was used to send the invitations and the ESIA. None of the attendees complained on the lake of getting the report. The attendees list is attached in appendix no. 7 that states the name, institution, and contact information of each party by their own handwriting. In addition, list of photos of the participants and the lecturer is also attached to appendix no. 7. During the meeting, the consultant displayed a presentation that introduced the concept of the ESIA study and a brief description of the project components and activities. The presentation is found in appendix no. 7 and included several sections as such: 1. Project title and introduction 2. Project components 3. Administrative and legal framework 4. Project description 5. Method of collection and packaging 6. Remediation of Baouchriyeh storage site 7. Remediation of Baouchriyeh well 8. Public participation 9. Baseline environmental conditions 27 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 10. Analysis of alternatives 11. Environmental and social management plan. In the public participation section, the presentation indicated the local legal approach in the Lebanese environmental laws strongly emphasizes on the public right of known all the projects that could affect the environment and health details to be part of the project preparation and monitoring. Also, the OP 4.12 was clearly explained and declared to the attendees even though, it is not the case in the PCB Management in the Power Sector project. Discussion started after the completion of the presentation and was mainly related to the following concerns: 1. Some of the attendees had major concerns on the available guarantees that the will be conducted in an environmental safe manner and especially on the part of external deportation. The reply by the MoE representative that a lot of ratified international convention forces the contractor as well as the Lebanese government to follow specific procedures that will assure the safe delivery of the transported material. Also, the transporting party is not requested to dispose the materials but to deliver it to a certain distention and this will limit any reckless action since the fees will be related to the mention completion. 2. Others asked about the possibility of local treatment of the low and moderately contaminated equipments and this was answered by the proposed feasibility study that the PMU would conduct to examine the feasibility of creating or rent a de- chlorination unit in Lebanon. 3. A question on the possibility of contamination that may have occurred during the last war action on 2006 specially that the Jeih electrical factory was bombarded. The reply was that known of the contaminated equipment at Jeih or any other location was destroyed during this war action and that shows why the project needs to be conducted to reduce any similar threat. 4. The EDL representative declared the need to suggest new laws and organizational procedures to reduce the current bureaucracy delays in the administration for later similar projects. 5. The ECODIT representative emphasized on the need to strengthen the safety procedures during the project operation by indicating the best practices during testing and handling of the contaminated materials. This issues was adhered by the newly added materials at the safety section appendix no. 4. At the end of the discussions, the attendees was thanked for their active participation and it was clearly announced the major purpose of the project is to create safe environment for the communities without negatively impacting them neither during the project operations or post- operations. 28 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 4. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT COMPONENTS The proposed project aims to assist Lebanon to establish a sound PCB management system that would minimize potential environmental and health risks from unmanaged PCB oils and equipment. In so doing, the project involves the disposal of high risk PCBs and improves the inventory management of transformers in the power sector in an environmentally sound manner. This would entail strengthening of limited technical and management capacity of all key stakeholders including the public and private sectors in Lebanon. The proposed project consists of three components: 1) Component 1 – “Inventory of PCB Contaminated Transformers” 2) Component 2 – “Disposal of High-Content PCB Equipment and Contaminated Oil” 3) Component 3 – “Capacity Building and Project Management” 4.1. Component 1 – “ Inventory of PCB contaminated transformers” This component will support a countrywide inventory of the PCB contaminated transformers in the power sector in Lebanon. The inventory will focus on the entire stock of transformers in Bauchrieh (about 2,000) and in the EDL’s distribution network (about 19,000). The purpose of the inventory is twofold; a) At the country level, it will identify the contaminated transformers and their level of contamination in each site, thus providing a clear picture of the extent of PCB contamination in the power sector. b) At the local level (Bauchrieh), the inventory will result in good engineering practices, particularly in terms of health and safety protocols, sampling, testing and labeling of PCB oil. These practices will be reflected in on-site training of local staff during the period of inventory, as well as in written guidelines to be used for the management of incoming transformers in Bauchrieh after the end of the project. Conducting the inventory of PCB contaminated transformers will be based on the following steps: (i) Desk review of EDL database to identify the number of transformers potentially contaminated; (ii) Sampling, by taking a 50 ml sample of oil from each transformer potentially contaminated. (iii) On-site testing of PCB by using the Clor-N-Oil technique - a method to test electrical insulating fluids for the presence of PCB. The analysis takes less than 5 minutes per sample and results in either ‘below 50 ppm’ or ‘above 50 ppm’. If the result is ‘below 50 ppm’, the transformer is labeled PCB-free. If the result obtained is ‘above 50 ppm’, then additional testing is needed (see point iv). (iv) Lab testing of PCB. If the result of Clor-N-Oil test is ‘above 50 ppm’, the sample will be tested in a lab by using Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis. This analysis provides an accurate estimation of the number of ppm contained in the tested oil. If this number is 29 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project below 50 ppm, then the oil is PCB-free and the transformer will be labeled accordingly. If the result is above 50 ppm, the transformer will be included in the inventory of the PCB transformers. 4.2. Component 2 – “ Disposal of high-content PCB equipment and contaminated oil” This component will support the sustainable disposal of all high-content PCB equipment owned by the EDL and the replacement of the in-service PCB equipment. 4.2.1 Component 2.1 - Disposal of out-of-service high content PCB equipment EDL’s out-of-service equipment includes 12 Askarel transformers and 489 capacitors, with a total weight of 44 tons. Removing this equipment will also require to dispose of 10 tons of highly contaminated soil and concrete from PCB leakages, particularly from Zouk. The limited number of high-content PCB equipment in Lebanon does not justify the establishment of a permanent local disposal facility; the most cost-effective solution is exporting them to licensed facilities abroad in accordance with the requirements of the Basel Convention. This operation will be the responsibility of a contractor selected based on international tendering procedure. The contractor will provide all required packaging materials and will perform drainage of transformers, collection of empty transformers, liquid, and capacitors, packaging, transport and destruction abroad. 4.2.2 Component 2.2 - Disposal of in-service high content PCB equipment and contaminated oil  In-service high content PCB equipment in Jieh The in-service equipment includes 17 Askarel transformers and 6 capacitors, with a total weight of 147 tons. All in-service Askarel transformers are located in Jieh power plant. The Jieh plant includes 5 old units with 17 in-service transformers. This component will finance the disposal of all in service Askarel transformers and capacitors in Jieh. As part of the project parallel financing, EDL will be responsible for purchasing and replacing these transformers to allow continuity of electricity generation.  Capacitors in the private sector The rapid inventory (COWI, 2011) also identified three private companies that held PCB containing capacitors with a total weight of about 5 tons. As part of the project parallel financing, MOE will contact these companies as well as other agencies (e.g. concessions, etc.) to check their willingness to dispose of their PCB equipment (capacitors and transformers) through the proposed project.  Contaminated oil in Bauchrieh As mentioned previously EDL’s repair and storage site in Bauchrieh contains about 2,000 transformers; a large percentage of them being contaminated. The inventory undertaken 30 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project under Component 1 will identify all contaminated transformers. The proposed project will finance the drainage, packaging and disposal aboard of the contaminated oil. It is estimated that about 100 tons of contaminated oil will be disposed of from Bauchrieh. As part of the project parallel financing, EDL will be responsible for purchasing PCB-free oil, to be used for transformers’ maintenance and repair. Similar to Component 2.1, the most cost-effective way of disposing in-service equipment and contaminated oil is export to licensed facilities abroad in accordance with the requirements of the Basel Convention. The responsibility of this work will be with a contractor selected based on international tendering procedure. The contractor will provide all required packaging materials and will perform drainage, dismantling and removal of all in-service Askarel transformers, collection of transformer carcasses, liquid, and capacitors, package, transport and destruction abroad. 4.3 Component 3 - Capacity building and project management This component will support: (i) Establishment of a Project Management Unit (PMU) within MOE (ii) Monitoring of indicators and reporting on project performance (iii) Training and capacity building of MOE, EDL and other stakeholders (e.g. customs administration, on site workers technicians etc.) on sustainable management of PCB equipment and storage sites  PMU staffing Consists of establishing a Project Management Unit (PMU) for the management of the project including procurement, financial management and project monitoring.  Monitoring and reporting PMU will be responsible for monitoring project performance. This will involve constant coordination with various consultants, contractors, EDL, repair shops to ensure the implementation of the project is going on time. Close monitoring will enable to catch problems early on and avoid long delays in implementation.  Training Providing training to institutions (e.g. MOE, EDL) on improved management of PCBs, working with databases, and other project management aspects (procurement, etc.). This will facilitate implementation of future actions to eliminate the remaining PCB in the country. In addition, the component will offer capacity building to local staff (workers, technicians) on reviewing, sampling, testing, draining and labeling of PCB contaminated oil. This will enable them with useful knowledge for the identification of the remaining PCB transformers in the country. 4.4. Parallel financing by the Government of Lebanon The Ministry of Environment, which has a responsibility for regulating hazardous substances including POPs in Lebanon, will be the implementing agency of this project. The PMU will 31 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project be established at the Ministry of Environment. The Electricité du Liban is an autonomous state-owned entity under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Energy and Water. As it owns most PCB equipment in Lebanon, EDL will be has heavily involved in the implementation of this project Both MOE and EDL have committed to provide parallel financing to this project both in kind and cash over the duration of the project. This contribution will go towards reinforcing activities under the proposed project. Noting that, the ESIA and ESMP are applicable for all project related activities regardless of the source of financing. Therefore, MOE will need to ensure that all project activities are implemented in accordance with the ESMP. 4.4.1 Ministry of Environment (MoE) Contribution A number of the MoE staff should be assigned for strengthening their capabilities and capacities for regulating the safeguarding and disposal of PCBs. The Ministry of Environment’s contribution (both cash and in kind) will mainly cover:  Laboratory upgrade Currently, no laboratories in Lebanon hold accreditation for the analysis of PCB in dielectric oil, waste products, soil or any other media. The Lebanese National Implementation plans for the Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants provides an overview of laboratory infrastructure for regulatory chemical analysis. Of 16 listed laboratories, only two have in- house PCB testing capabilities: Environmental Core Laboratory of the American University of Beirut and the laboratory of the Industrial Research Institute. Both of them have the necessary equipment for performing GC/Electro Capture Detector analyses at the desired detection level. It is thus envisaged to upgrade one of the laboratories to a level where it can obtain international accreditation for the identification of PCB in dielectric oils, waste oils and soil.  Investigation, assessment of Bauchrieh site Bauchrieh storage site and well are widely contaminated. This activity involves site investigation (e.g. lab analyses), assessment (e.g. preparing detailed plan for emptying the well, establishing capacity for the interim storage of the oil removed from the well in drums or tanks, investigating the depth of sludge/sediment layer and estimating the quantities of sludge/sediment in the well), initial removal of some contaminated oil and sludge/sediment from the well and its preparation for shipment.  Coordinating with private companies / concessions the disposal of PCB capacitors The update inventory (COWI, 2011) identified three private companies that held PCB containing capacitors with a total weight of about 5 tons. 32 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project MOE will be responsible for contacting and coordinating the disposal of identified PCB equipment (capacitors and transformers) from these companies as well as other agencies (e.g. concessions, etc) through the project.  Strengthening the legal framework for improved PCB management Preparation of a POPs Management Decree with implementation guidelines for PCB management (pursuant to Law 432 of 29/07/2002 – the law ratifying the Stockholm Convention by the GoL). This decree would also be based on Law 64 of 1988 and would supersede Decision 71/1 of 1997 (on waste import). The recommended scope of the decree has to ensure the compliance with the PCB related requirements set out in the Stockholm Convention.  Public awareness It will include awareness raising activities targeting MOE, EDL staff, workers and managers of repairs shops, electricians and managers of potential holders of PCB equipment, as well as the general public. Conduct a program of public education using various media means such as TV and radio ads, website creation, and newspapers ads and articles. This will enhance the public awareness of the POPs management activities. 4.4.2 Electricité du Liban (EDL) Contribution The Electricité du Liban (EDL) contribution will mainly cover:  Database update for EDL This activity will support: (i) updating the database of PCB contaminated transformers based on the results of the countrywide inventory conducted during Component 1; and (ii) ensuring a continued system of monitoring and updating the database.  Replacement of transformers in Jieh power plant and purchase of PCB-free oil EDL is responsible for purchasing and replacing transformers of Jieh power plants so that the existing 17 in-service Askarel transformers and 6 PCB capacitors can be disposed of through the project. In addition, EDL will purchase PCB-free oil that will be needed for the transformers’ maintenance and repair in Bauchrieh.  Coordination in project implementation EDL will work in close collaboration with MOE to ensure timely implementation of the project. In particular, EDL will be responsible for the tendering process of purchasing and replacing the in-service Askarel transformers and PCB capacitors at Jieh. EDL will ensure good coordination between the dismantling and removal of in-service Askarel transformers and the replacement with PCB-free transformers. 33 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 5. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS The environmental baseline would describe the status of the following environmental receptors: Air, water - quantity and quality, soil and geology, climatic factors, flora and fauna (biodiversity), landscape, noise, cultural resources, historic buildings, landscapes, architecture, population and human health, infrastructure, transport, sewerage and/or waste management, land use. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether recognized environmental conditions are present at the project site or adjoining properties as defined in the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), Method E1527-05, “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments(ESA): Phase I Environmental Assessment Process.” The scope of work for the ESA included: a review of historical land use information, including historical topographic maps and aerial photographs; a reconnaissance of the project site; and a review of environmental records from governmental and local sources. The collected data will be used to assess the baseline environmental quality of the area and identify environmentally significant impacts that the project may introduce to its region of influence. 5.1. Project Location The project will be implemented by the Project Management Unit (PMU) which will be located at the ministry of Environment (MoE). On the other hand, several major remediation sites are going to be located at three areas as such (the topography map of each site is located at Appendix 5): 1. Zouk Power Station (160,000 m2): Zouk Mkayel Cadastral Area, Kesrouane Caza, Mount Lebanon Mohafazah (Upper: X – 327439, Y – 19612 / Lower: X – 327847, Y – 20027) 2. Baouchriyeh Electricity Company (13,200 m2): Baouchriyeh Cadastral Area, Maten Caza, Mount Lebanon Mohafazah (Upper: X – 332480, Y – 28832 / Lower: X – 332516, Y – 29069). 3. Jiyeh Power Station (135,000 m2): Jiyeh Cadastral Area, Chouf Caza, Mount Lebanon Mohafazah (Upper: X – 347555, Y –54776 / Lower: X – 347830, Y –55361). Zouk site can be reached easily by Beirut-Tripoli highway, Baouchriyeh site can be reached by Mirna Chalouhi road and Jiyeh site can be reached by Beirut-South highway. Observations made during reconnaissance of the project sites identified that Zouk and Jiyeh sites are used for electrical power generation and Baouchriyeh site is used for electrical substation and for storage of electrical transformers and equipments. The current use for lands on adjoining1 properties for the three sites are for residential buildings, restaurants, shops, trades, school, beach resorts etc. The sites are developed lands that hold no natural vegetation covered. ---------------------------------------- 1 Adjoining properties are defined in ASTM E1527-05 as “any real property or properties the border of which is contiguous or partially contiguous with that of the [subject] property, or that would be contiguous or partially contiguous with that of the [subject] property but for a street, road, or other public thoroughfare separating them.” This report uses this definition of adjoining property throughout this document. 34 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Photograph 5-1: Out–of–service Askarel Transformers and PCB-containing Capacitors in the Zouk Site (Geoflint 2012). 35 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Photograph 5-2: The oil contaminated soil from Leakages at the Zouk Site (Geoflint 2012). Photograph 5-3: Outdoor storage of transformers and capacitors at the Baouchriyeh storage site and repair shop (Geoflint 2012) 36 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Photograph 5-4: Outdoor storage and repairing of transformers and capacitors at the Baouchriyeh storage site and repair shop leading to PCB leakages on the soil and well (Geoflint 2012) 37 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Photograph 5-5: Location of the in–service and out-service Askarel Transformers in Jiyeh Site (Geoflint 2012) Photograph 5-6: Oil Leakages from the in-service Askarel Transformers in Jiyeh Site (Geoflint 2012). 38 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 5.2. Meteorological and Climate Conditions The meteorological parameters play a vital role in transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere (air and water). The collection and analysis of meteorological data, therefore, is an essential component of ESIA studies. The long-term and short-term impact assessments could be made through utilization and interpretation of meteorological data collected over long and short periods. Since the meteorological parameters exhibit significant variation in time and space, meaningful interpretation can only be drawn through a careful analysis of reliable data collected very close to the site. Unfortunately, meteorological records are seldom available except for few locations in the country where stations are operating. Climatologically (long-term) data is obtained from the closest meteorological monitoring station or from any other nearby station which has been collecting meteorological data for the past years. Climatic parameters have not been monitored at the sites; however, data from nearby weather monitoring station (RHBIA) have been used to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the sites’ climatic conditions. Civil Aviation General Directorate, Climatology Department located at RHBIA is the closest meteorological station and is located at Latitude 33°49'N, Longitude 35°29'E, Elevation: 27.5 m and Distance 19 km to the SW side of Zouk site, 9 km to the SW of Baouchriyeh site and 21 km to the NE of Jiyeh site. The area is characterized by a wide fluctuation between the absolute highest and lowest temperatures, high evaporation rate, high air humidity, and moderate winds. Summers are usually hot and dry while winters are cold and wet. The behavior and occurrence of wind and rainfall are influenced by and inter-related to other meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. At the site proper, these parameters have not been monitored and until a monitoring program is in place, data from weather monitoring stations located nearby could be used to conduct a preliminary evaluation of climatic conditions at the sites. 5.2.1 Precipitation rates The proposed sites fall in the humid bioclimatic zone, characterized by the high range of average annual rainfall for Lebanon. RHBIA meteorological station received an average annual rainfall of 782 mm for the period extending from 2000 until 2005. This makes the region a medium rainfall area. Nearly 87% of average annual rainfall is received during rainy season typically spans from November to March, with January showing the highest monthly rainfall of 190 mm. RHBIA station provides an indication of the average number of days with thunderstorms, fog, precipitation and when the sea calms for the years extending from 1971 to 2000. These data are presented in Appendix 6. Also, the average number of rainfall days from year 2000 till 2005 recorded at RHBIA station shows an average annual rainfall of 87 days. 5.2.2. Wind records In general, wind speed and direction vary with time and location depending on season and location. Dominant winds directions in the area are from Northeast sector towards Southwest sector (RHBIA Station). During the winter, the coastal area is influenced by strong winds 39 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project from the North that can reach speeds as high as 94 km/h. Periods of calm wind usually occur during May till October with average high speed of 43 km/h. Average wind speed and direction as recorded at the RHBIA station are presented in Appendix 6 5.2.3. Temperature The hottest month in the area is September (31.2oC) and coldest month is January (9.8oC). The average maximum-recorded mean temperature varies from 20 to 31oC, while the minimum-recorded mean temperature varies from 9.8 to 24oC. Fluctuations between day and night temperatures are generally significant. Data are presented in Appendix 6 5.2.4. Relative Humidity The coastal areas in Lebanon are characterized by a fairly uniform relative humidity with an average annual humidity of 66%. The relative humidity (RH) data obtained from RHBIA meteorological station are listed in Appendix 6. Data shows that the area has a high relative humidity, which is averaged about 66 percent yearly. Mean monthly RH is highest during July (75%) and August (70%) and lowest during November (60%) and October (62%). 5.3. Geological Setting The geology of the studied areas, including outcropping formations, subsurface Stratigraphy, structure (faults, folds, seismic etc.), hydrogeology and surface water was developed based on office work (review of available maps and literature and analysis of aerial photographs and topographical maps) and site works (geological surveys and site visits). 5.3.1. Geological Stratigraphy of the area and Structural Condition of the Area. The outcropping lithological formation in and around the study areas belongs to Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary geological time period, which are subject to many displacement due to tectonic activities in the area. The exposed formation deposited during Quaternary time is:  Pleistocene (a - q – ad – qd): loose Eolian sands, cemented sands and alluvium soil including Terra Rosa. This deposition is composed of loose alluvium, unconsolidated soil and sediments, eroded, deposited, and reshaped by water in form in a non-marine setting. Alluvium typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel. Also shifting dunes can be recorded along the shore area. Tertiary formation comprises the second main geological outcrops in the area. The exposed formation units deposited during Tertiary time are:  Miocene (m2a): loose marine greenish marl, that weathers to grey marl. In some parts this formation is inter-bedded with marly limestone. Thickness of this outcropping is around 150 m and it is reach in foraminifera fossils. 40 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project  Middle Miocene (m2b): Reefic limestone with 150m thick outcrop that can easily be distinguished at tunnels at Dbayeh and old tunnel of Chekka. it is reach in corals and foraminifera fossils. The exposed formations deposited during Cretaceous time are:  Chouf Sandstone (Grés de Base), Neocomian-Barremian (C1): Varicoloured, cross bedded Sandstone with inter-beds of shale; contains heavy minerals; color depends upon percentage of hematite and presence of volcanics giving purplish color; Sand is sometimes white; contains coal seams and traces of brittle amber. This formation can reach 300 meter in thickness.  Abey Formation, Lower Aptian (C2a1): Clastic: mixture of clay, sand and calcareous material in varying proportions forming clay, sandy clay, marl, marly limestone etc. The calcareous material may be slightly to moderately indurated. Where marl prevails, its fresh color is bluish, weathering to creamish brown. This formation can reach 125 meter in thickness.  Mdeirej Limestone, Lower Aptian (C2a2): Karstic, massive marine depositional environment Limestone forming a prominent cliff, which often used as a marker bed. Transition with the Abey Formation consists of three layers of green clay intercalating limestone. This formation can reach 45 meter in thickness.  Hammana Formation, Upper Aptian (C2b): Marl intercalated with marly Limestone with thick layers of Sand on top; layers of ferro-oolitic limestone sometimes overlie the sand. This formation can reach 20 meter in thickness.  Hammana Formation, Albian (C3): Green Marl (containing glauconite) intercalated with thick layers of marly Limestone forming cliffs 3 - 4 m in height; may contain some thin sand layers in the lower part of the formation. This formation can reach 150 meter in thickness.  Sannine Limestone, of Cenemonain age unit (C4); this unit is divided into three subunits:  C4a: Dolomitic Limestone, within this formation, geodes of different sizes filled or voided can be recorded. Thickness of this unit is about 300 meter.  C4b: Bluish marl and shale containing crystals of quartz, chert nodules and bands form. Thickness of this unit is about 100 meter.  C4c: Limestone and dolomitic limestone white to brown in color. Limestone is highly karstified. Thickness of this unit is about 300 meter.  Maameltain / Ghazir Limestone, Turonian epoch (C5): it is mainly composed of hard crystalline and micritic limestone to dolomitic limestone with bluish green marl and marlstone. The limestone / dolomitic limestone formation is creamish white to brown in color, while the weathered color is mainly gray. Limestone / dolomitic limestone are highly karstified and within this formation, geodes of different sizes filled or voided are recorded. Hippurites fossils characterize this formation. Thickness of Maameltain / Ghazir Limestone is ranging from 200 meter to 250 meter. This Formation, when it is not distinguished, is combined with C4c outcrop and can only be distinguished by microfossils.  Chekka Marl, Maastrichtian / Paleocene (C6): Cretaceous and lower Tertiary sediments indistinguishable lithologically; stiff bluish plastic Marl with glauconite, interbedded with chalky marly Limestone and nodules of black chert. This formation 41 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project has a thickness of 400 m at Chekka and thinning to 150 m elsewhere. Rich in foraminifera and weathering is sometimes rusty and concoidal fracture. Jurassic formations are exposed to the east side of the area. The present units consist of:  Bikfaya Limestone, Portlandian epoch (J6): Finely crystalline, massive, cliffy Limestone that includes trace to abundant brown chert nodules. This formation is chemically deposited with smooth fresh fracture. The thickness of this unit is ranging from 60 to 65 m and Type section is Bikfaya. The sites under study are located within areas with low to medium vegetation cover and no cultivated areas. The geological formation exposed at Zouk Power Station is red soils of Pleistocene (q1), at Bouchreyih Electricity Company the exposed geological formation is red soils of Pleistocene (ql1) and at Jeih Power Station it is the limestone of Cenemonain (C4). Two of the sites under study are located at coastal zone and one at residential area. All sites areas are with low vegetation cover, with no cultivated lands, and with no watercourses or drainage channel. Lebanon is cut by various faults, where the longest fault in is the Yammouneh Fault that runs along the western margin of the Bekaa and links the major fault of the Jordan Valley to the Ghab Valley Fault of Northern Syria. This is a lateral (or transform) fault and makes up the Lebanese segment of the Dead Sea Transform Fault. The other major fault in Lebanon is the Roum Fault, which runs from Marjayoun towards Awali River. This fault is probably witnessing most of the plate tectonic motion and may be the present plate boundary between the Arabian and the African Plate. The other major fault in Lebanon is the Serghaya Fault that bands the eastern side of Bekaa. Other faults are present with displacements ranging from a few centimeters to several kilometers. In project areas there are no faults recorded as indicated in the geological maps. However, the areas around the sites are intersected with many sets of faults that complicated the stratigraphy and tectonic of the deposited geological formations. The fault sets are mainly trending along N-W and NE-SW directions. Many of these faults are connected and branching into other faults. Photograph 5-7: Exposed geological formation at Jiyeh site (Geoflint 2012). 42 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Photograph 5-8: Exposed geological formation at Jiyeh site (Geoflint 2012). 5.3.2. Seismic Impact Zones and Fault Areas Areas of high earthquake activity should be avoided based on a geological investigation. The integrity the structural components in an unstable geological area should be well demonstrated. The structural geology field investigation and the seismic categorization map of Lebanon indicated that the project areas includes no faults and is mainly categorized as a Low to Moderate seismic zone (see seismic map of the area, Appendix 5). Therefore, the integrity of the structure components along the sites where interim are no expected to get exposed to the risk of active earthquake hazard and accordingly no worries of contamination are considered. Still, some anti-earthquake measure should be considered in the design of the structures to prevent any possible risk even if seismic activities are mainly Low. 5.3.3. Hydrogeology and surface water The Groundwater flow is but one part of the complex dynamic hydrologic cycle, where the occurrence and movement of groundwater are related to physical forces acting in the subsurface and the geological environment in which they occur. Saturated formations below the surface act as mediums for the storage of water, and the water infiltrates to these formations from the surface is transmitted slowly for varying distances until it returns to the surface by action of natural flow, vegetation, or man. The unsaturated zone (vadose zone) at sites, which is considered medium to thick, is consists 43 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project of soil pores that are filled to a varying degree with air and water, it serves as a vast reservoir which, when recharged, typically discharges water to the saturated zone for a relatively long period after cessation of surface input. Runoff across the surface occurs whenever the accumulation from precipitation (either as rain or snow) exceeds the infiltration capacity of the subsurface strata (vadose zone) and the evapo-transpiration rate, or whenever the rate of groundwater discharge exceeds that which is evapotranspired. The area is subjected to medium to high rain rate in winter time, which is considered as main part of ground water source. Porous sedimentary rock is one of the earth materials which have the potential to transmit water. The Carbonate rocks are sedimentary rocks which are formed by chemical precipitation from calcium, magnesium, iron and clay. Water is usually transported through secondary opening in carbonate rocks enlarged by the dissolution of rock by water. Limestone and dolomite which originate from calcium-rich deposits are the most common carbonate rocks in Lebanon, and they are typically brittle and susceptible to fracturing. Fractures and joints in limestone yield water in small to moderate amounts; however, because water acts as a weak acid to carbonates, dissolution of rock by water enlarges openings. The limestones that yield the highest amount of water are those in which a sizable portion of the original rock has been dissolved or removed. These areas are commonly referred to as karst, thus, large amounts of flow can potentially be transmitted in carbonate rocks. However, marl formation is porous with no internal permeability, where water can be held within this formation but without forming any hydraulic connection due to the absent of the connection among the entrapped water. Alluvial deposits of Quaternary age, can hold notable amount of water due to its physical characteristic (loose sand and aggregates, week cementation of material). Aquifer can be subsurface rock or sediment unit that is porous and permeable that traits to a high enough degree that it stores and transmits useful quantities of water. Aquifers are divided into the following categories:  Confined: overlain by an impermeable rock unit,  Unconfined: that is not overlain by an -impermeable rock unit, where the water in this aquifer is under atmospheric pressure and is recharged by precipitation that falls on the land surface directly above the aquifer,  or Semi-confined: partially confined, or overlain, by gravel, sand, silt or soil layers of low permeability through which recharge and discharge can still occur. Aquiclude is a geological formation which, although porous and capable of absorbing water, does not permit its movement at rates sufficient to furnish an appreciable supply for a well or spring. Alternatively, it could be an impermeable body of rock or stratum of sediment that acts as a barrier to the flow of groundwater. The study areas are characterized by the presence of aquifer, aquiclude and open semi- aquifers within the various formations as shown in the geological maps.  Semi-Aquifers in the area are the Quaternary deposits, which is composed of alluvium deposits: clay that is present within these deposits is impermeable and has low transmissivity. Both sand, with very high permeability, and clay, with low 44 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project permeability are present within these deposits. In relation to permeability and porosity, there are no important fractures or joints within these deposition, that is why these deposits are classifies as a semi-aquifer.  Aquicludes formations along the area are the marl and marly limestone of Miocene (m2a), Lower Aptian (C2a1), Albian (C3) and Chekka Marl (C6). These deposits constitute an aquiclude due to the presence of marls and marlstones with low hydraulic conductivity. However, low to medium discharge springs can be present in this formation.  Aquifers in the area are the limestone and dolomitic limestone of Middle Miocene (m2b), Lower Aptian (C2a2), Cenemonain (C4), Turonian (C5), Portlandian epoch (J6) and sandstone of Neocomian-Barremian (C1). limestone and sandstone formations, which all characterized by high transmissibility and storability. The limestone and sandstone formations form a major part of the study area. The limestone formation is the most important karstic system in the study area characterized by a significant amount of groundwater flowing in channels, faults and fractures. These fractures include solution joints, solution pits, lapiaz, grooves and sinkholes. Cavities in the rocks are often filled with calcite and cave deposits. According to the UNDP (1970) report, the amount of infiltration in limestone aquifer is approximately 40%. Through the area, the ground water level in this aquifer varies from 350 to 400 m deep due to topography and rock beds inclination, where the flow of the groundwater is towards the North-West. General hydrologic patterns in the area are driven by patterns of rainfall and groundwater inflow. High flows occur in December, January, and February in response to abundant rainfall and high amounts of runoff as soils become saturated through the rainy season. Summer shows no flows in July, August and September. Through the area, the ground water level varies due to topography, sedimentation and rock beds inclination. The site areas are considered a good catchment area for ground water recharge, where Zouk Power plant is located at red soils of q1, Baouchriyeh Storage area is located at Quaternary deposits and Jiyeh Power plant is located at limestone of C4. No springs, drainage channels, water wells, rivers or lakes are recorded along project sites. However, along surrounding areas many water bodies such as rivers and springs (seasonal and yearly) were recorded. List of these water bodies is presented in the below table (Table 5- 1). All the below mentioned springs locations are illustrated in the Hydrogeological maps of each site located in Appendix 5. Spring/River Direction from Site Distance from Site Baouchriyeh Site Beirut River W 1,500 Ain el Jdaide NE 1,500 Ain Fraigi E 2,400 Ain Maqsbi E 2,300 Captured source S 1.800 Ain er Rohbanie SE 2,500 45 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Zouk Site Naher el Kalb (River) S 1,500 Wadi Jounieh (Seasonal River) E 2,000 Captured source SE 2,800 Ain el Hadad S 3,000 Ain ez Zouq SE 3,100 Ain el Mir SE 3,300 Captured source S 4,000 Jiyeh Site Wadi Iklim El Kharroub (Seasonal River) S 2,300 Ain es Sekke S 1,200 Ain el Hajal SE 1,500 Ain Saraa SE 2,300 Table 5-1: List of springs in the area. Public wells recorded along the project areas are listed in the below table (Table 5-2). All the below stated wells locations are illustrated in the Hydrogeological maps of each site located in Appendix 5. Cadastral Area Altitude X Y Baouchriyeh Site surrounding wells Ain Check -331959 -29584.3 Anwar -331297 -28791.5 Dekweneh -332795 -30017.5 Fanar(Bonjus) -330734 -29291.7 Jdeideh -331124 -28986.6 Karmid -331535 -29189.8 Mar Antonios -330855 -28272.1 Nacouzi -332106 -30195.5 Nahr El Mawt -330403 -28400.1 Rawda -332141 -29802.7 Saloumeh -333929 -29310 Zaatrieh -331514 -29774.2 Zoghzoghi -332260 -29424.6 Zouk Site surrounding wells Aaintoura 190 -324668 -20721.1 Ain El Rihane 1 380 -323627 -21372.2 Ain El Rihane 2 370 -323666 -21396.5 Zouk Mosbeh 175 -325572 -21235.2 46 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Mokhada 1 0 -326323 -22381.6 Mokhada 2 0 -326249 -22426.2 Naher El Kaleb 1 0 -327542 -21913.6 Naher El Kaleb 2 0 -327607 -22107.8 Jiyeh Site surrounding wells Baasir 266 -343644 -53806.6 Barja 331 -344166 -55278.6 Barja Ecole 341 -344123 -55622.9 Barja El Hamra 230 -343846 -54504.8 Barja Wadi Imrin 300 -343702 -55007.1 Jadra 111 -346807 -56725.4 Jiyeh 101 -345498 -54314.5 Sibline 270 -345078 -57482.9 Table 5-2: List of public wells around the project areas. 5.4. Ambient Air Quality Lebanon ratified the Convention on Climate Change in 1994. To comply with the requirements of the convention and to identify the necessary steps which must be implemented, the UNDP Climate Enabling Activity was created which started a greenhouse gas inventory and is studying the potential impact of climate change and preventive measures on Lebanon. Air Quality is an essential component in assessing social wellbeing and health status of a community. Air pollutants come from various sources such as traffic, commercial, industrial and manufacturing facilities. Air pollution is responsible for a wide range of problems: Health problems: asthma, lung damage, bronchitis, cancer, brain and nervous system damage, eyes, nose and throat irritations. Environmental problems: Haze and smog formation (which reduce visibility and harms buildings, trees, lakes, and animals), thinning of the ozone layer which protects human from ultraviolet radiation, and contribution to climate change and global warming, through release of green house gases. Studies based on 1994 data indicate that most of the air pollution in Lebanon originates from the transport and energy sector. Lebanon's per capita CO2 emissions are 4.55 tons which is 3 times as much as the average for India. The CO2 emissions of vehicles were calculated to be 1,030,275 t/year, and CO2 emissions from power plants to be 1225,750 t/year in 1993/4. Traffic emissions are typically associated with the release of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM). Efforts are underway to address pollution emanating from other sources. For example, methane originates mostly from garbage, nitrous oxide from the agricultural sector 47 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project (fertilizers) and suspended particles from transport, the cement industry and waste burning. Future plans are to change the electricity plants to use natural gas instead of oil for their power generators which would substantially decrease the sulphur emissions and acid rain. A main threat to public health comes from the lead in leaded gasoline which can cause mental retardation. Air pollution levels are medium at Baouchriyeh site where it is high at Zouk and Jiyeh Power Plants. Due to the geographical location of sites that is at intersection of many roadways; and due to the industrial activities that are recorded at the sites. The sources of air pollution in the area are energy production and roads network in the area. Note that odors (mainly fuel gazes) were perceived at Zouk and Jiyeh sites during the field survey because of the storing of fuel at sites to be used in electricity generation. 5.5. Noise Levels Noise can be defined as an unwanted sound. It interferes with speech and hearing. If intense enough, it can damage hearing, or is otherwise annoying. The definition of noise as unwanted sound implies that it has an adverse effect on human beings and their environment. Noise can also disturb natural wildlife and ecological system. Noise can lead to people feeling stressed and angry. It may interfere with conversations and leisure activities in the home, disrupt activities requiring concentration, and discourage people from using outdoor spaces. The major source of noise pollution at the project location is expected to be related to office and sites activities. However, the major probable high level of noise intensity are mostly expected at the three major sites at Zouk and Jiyeh power plants and the repair shop at Baouchriyeh site. Noise from transport sector (cars and trucks) impairs people's ability to work, learn in school and sleep, and consequently results in lowered property values in affected areas. As number of cars is increases, noise is becoming even more of a concern. Noise levels in the some areas of the project were recorded during the site visit at daytime using a decibel meter (result shown in Table 5-3). The average measured noise level (mainly generated from transportation activities and site activities) at sites yards were 71 dB at Zouk, 75 dB at Baouchriyeh and 69 dB at Jiyeh; which is considered as “Moderate” sound levels. Sound Intensity Reading Location Ref. (decibel) Minimum Value 62 dB At Zouk site, yard area. Maximum Value 101 dB Mean Value 71 dB Minimum Value 75 dB At Baouchriyeh site, yard area. Maximum Value 110 dB Mean Value 75 dB 48 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Minimum Value 60 dB At Jiyeh site, yard area. Maximum Value 93 dB Mean Value 69 dB Table 5-3: Noise records on-sites. 5.6. Topography description Project sites areas considered low terrain along coastal areas that are surrounded to the East and Southeast by sets of hills. These hills are intersected by Ouadis of seasonal drainage channel extending SE-NW and SW-NE. The elevation in the areas varies with topography, while it is zero to few meters along the shoreline for Zouk and Jiyeh sites; it can reach 15 m at Baouchriyeh site. The coordinates of project areas according to Lebanese stereographic projection are (the topography map of each site is located at Appendix 5):  Baouchriyeh Site: X – 332 480, Y – 28 832 (Upper Corner) and X – 332 516, Y – 29 069 (Lower Corner), with elevation of 15 m above mean sea level.  Zouk Site: X – 327 439, Y – 19 612 (Upper Corner) and X – 327 847, Y – 20 027 (Lower Corner), with elevation of 1 m above mean sea level.  Jiyeh Site: X – 347 555, Y –54 776 (Upper Corner) and X – 347 830, Y –55 361 (Lower Corner), with elevation of 1 m above mean sea level. Figure 5-1: General view for the topographic features in Zouk area, looking North (Google). 49 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Figure 5-2: General view for the topographic features in Zouk, looking West (Google). Figure 5-3: General view for the topographic features in Zouk area, looking South (Google). Figure 5-4: General view for the topographic features in Zouk area, looking East (Google). 50 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Figure 5-5: General view for the topographic features in Baouchriyeh area, looking North (Google). Figure 5-6: General view for the topographic features in Baouchriyeh, looking West (Google). Figure 5-7: General view for the topographic features in Baouchriyeh area, looking South (Google). 51 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Figure 5-8: General view for the topographic features in Baouchriyeh area, looking East (Google). Figure 5-9: General view for the topographic features in Jiyeh area, looking North (Google). Figure 5-10: General view for the topographic features in Jiyeh, looking West (Google). 52 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Figure 5-11: General view for the topographic features in Jiyeh area, looking South (Google). Figure 5-12: General view for the topographic features in Jiyeh area, looking East (Google). 5.7. Biological condition of the area The term ‘Natural Heritage’ comprises indigenous species, habitats, and ecosystems; as well as geological and physiographical elements, features, and systems of the country. The natural heritage is threatened by pollution from solid waste and wastewater, quarrying, and various forms of land degradation (NEAP, Chapter 4). The natural heritage includes the indigenous species, habitats, and ecosystems; as well as geological and physiographical elements, features, and systems. The following are considered ‘Natural Heritage’ (NEAP, Chapter 4):  Natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view. 53 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project  Geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation.  Natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science, conservation, or natural beauty. ‘Natural heritage’ is thus more comprehensive than the term ‘biodiversity’, as it includes both all forms of life and geological, as well as physio-geographic elements. The importance of Lebanon’s natural heritage reaches well beyond its borders. The country is endowed with a rich variety of wild life, including many rare and endemic species of fauna and flora. There are, for example, 2,790 species of wildflowers, of which 92 are endemic, i.e. they grow nowhere else. There are also 369 species of birds and 52 species of mammals, of which a high proportion are threatened by extinction. For example, 16 species of birds have not been recorded breeding within the last 20 years. Mammals which have become extinct during the last 50 years include such spectacular species as Syrian brown bear, Ursus arctos syriacus; monk seal, Monachus monachus; and mountain gazelle, Gazella gazella. Millions of soaring birds, especially birds of prey, storks, and pelicans, pass through the skies of Lebanon, especially during fall migration to Africa. The dominant species then are honey buzzard, Pernis apivorus; Levant sparrow-hawk, Accipiter brevipes; and lesser spotted eagle, Aquila pomarina; while large numbers of white storks, Ciconia ciconia, pass through in spring. Millions of larks migrate through the northern Bekaa Valley each year. The reasons for the decline of animal and plant species are numerous. The most important reason is “Habitat Conversion” that has the most serious impact on the population of a certain species, as it is usually irreversible and deprives the affected species of the basis of existence. In addition, habitat conversion may affect not just one, but a number of species in the area. The areas of the project are highly developed with full-scale construction and equipments at commercial and residential zone that is surrounded by roads and buildings with many adjacent households that do not make for good wild life habitat. Few trees and miner wild plants can be recorded at sites. The areas hold fauna and flora species that are common in Lebanon. No endemic or endangered species are registered on the sites. In this section, we will be dealing with Natural Heritage of Flora and Fauna along the project sites; where both categories are subject to pressures from human activities. These pressures are amplified by natural elements such as rainfall and topography. Item “Limitations” (source Biodiversity Manual, Final Draft, July 2005, Society for the Protection of Nature in Lebanon) listed at the end of this section can explain more why most of listed data in “Biodiversity Section” is based on office works and data collection from local people. 5.7.1. Flora In ancient times, Lebanon was known for its rich, dense forests. They were the defining natural asset of the country for millennia. In the arid Eastern Mediterranean, forest-covered mountains serve as ‘water towers’, crucial to the welfare of the large hu man population in Lebanon and beyond its borders. The preservation of the woodland vegetation cover is a key issue to preserving aquifers used for irrigation and provision of drinking water. An estimated 74% of Lebanon’s surface was covered by forests, and the cedar Cedrus libani is part of the 54 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project country’s mythology and eulogized since biblical times. Today, approximately 243,000 ha, or 13.3%, are covered by forests. These include 136,000 ha of coniferous, broadleaved, and mixed forests; and 106,000 ha of other wooded land. The annual deforestation rate is estimated at 0.4%. Brushland, dominated by the oak Quercus calliprinos and the Palestinian pistachio tree Pistacea palaestina, is the most abundant woodland and is found in some parts of the coastal strip and on the lower reaches of Mount Lebanon. A mixed forest of conifers, mostly Pinus brutia and Pinus halepensis, is also found in the west. However, most cedars have been cleared and only small scattered stands are left today, such as the Arz Ar-Rab Forest near Bcharre (NEAP, Chapter 4). Two vegetation types are found in Lebanon: the Mediterranean Group and the Pre-Steppic Group. The Mediterranean Group consists of vegetation growing in pre-humid, humid, and sub-humid zones, i.e. the oak and pine, the conifer, and the summit zones. Oak, pine, and conifer grow on the western slopes of Mount Lebanon, as well as in the Aakkar region. Both these areas receive large amounts of rainwater. In contrast, the Pre-Steppic Group is found in the rest of the country, with the exception of Jabal Al-Sheikh and the eastern slopes of Jabal Niha and Jabal Barouk. The summit line of Mount Lebanon and its western slopes are covered by degraded shrubs. Today, woodland resources are rapidly becoming depleted. Problems of deforestation do not date from recent decades, but began more than a century ago with the cutting down of trees without allowing for regeneration. In addition, over-exploitation of wood, fires, grazing in cut areas, and agricultural expansion have aggravated the situation. As long as forest resources were abundant, it was cheap to cut wood for fuel or construction and use the cleared land as rangeland or for settlements. However, this unsustainable process has finally led to a high degree of erosion and loss of productivity of the land. The main reason for deforestation is the conversion of forests, woodlands, and maquis to other land uses. Large forest areas have been sacrificed for the rapid and often uncontrolled urban expansion, industrial development, and the construction of roads and other infrastructure. The establishment of quarries, which cut deep scars into the forest and woodland landscape, caused further losses. Years of unregulated quarrying have left probably over a thousand abandoned quarries across the country. The conversion of forests has led to a complete destruction of the natural and semi-natural vegetation cover in large areas, and thus to a loss of forest functions. Increased soil erosion, reduced ability of ground water retention, and loss of the function of forests to absorb dust are typical effects. Population growth and socio-economic development, along with increased urbanization, continue to exert pressure on the country’s very limited land resources. In 1963, urban areas totaled 254 km2. By 1998, they covered 599 km2, or 6.3% of the total territory. That is equivalent to an annual growth rate of approximately 10%. In comparison, this is nearly a third of the annual rate for Metropolitan Paris with a total population of 11 million; almost three times that of Lebanon. A rapid vegetation assessment of the property was conducted in an effort to document species present. During the assessment, all ecosystem types were surveyed for plants. Because of the homogenous nature of the ecosystem types, the “walk in the woods” approach (Phillips and Gentry 1993, Young, 2005) was employed rather than transects* The walk-in-the-woods approach involved crisscrossing the property, usually in a straight line while recording species as they were encountered. “Walk in the woods” was discontinued when no new species were being encountered in the ecosystem type identified. An effort was made to include all life forms (trees, shrubs, vines, herbs). 55 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Listing of Plants Listings of recorded vegetation during “walk in the woods” assessment for the project site are recorded in Photograph 5-9. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *Transect is a path along which one records and counts occurrences of the phenomena of study (e.g. plants noting each instance). It requires an observer to move along a fixed path and to count occurrences along the path and, at the same time, obtain the distance of the object from the path. This results in an estimate of the area covered, an estimate of the way in which detectability increases from probability 0 to 1 as one approaches the path. Using these two figures one can arrive at an estimate of the actual density of objects. 56 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Cyclamen persicum Viscous inula Wild carrot Polystichum Setiferium (Fougéré) 57 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Photograph 5-9: Flora species at project sites (Geoflint 2012) 5.7.2. Fauna In Lebanon, numerous mammals, fish and birds are threatened with local extinction. Two factors of unequal importance affect the disappearance and endangerment of the fauna in Lebanon: loss of habitat and hunting. The first one relates to rapid urbanization, loss of habitat, and habitat alteration. Very often, agricultural work, the use of pesticides, and the drying of swamps, such as the one at Aammiq in the Central Bekaa, made a great part of the fauna leave the region and lead to the its disappearance. Generally, loss of habitat is the primary and overriding factor for species loss worldwide. In Lebanon, however, such is not the case for it is the savage overhunting that has become the dominant factor in the demise of species. Hunting relates to the individual behavior of the Lebanese person, hunting being here a factor of the first order in the extermination of existing races in Lebanon. By listing the animals that might be present at the project site, we are aiming to identify these animals and record their distribution and population conditions in order to highlight the importance of protecting these species and make people more aware of their importance in the ecological system of nature. Mainly reptiles and rodent are what exist at the sites. Reptiles Reptiles are, mostly, very useful to us, eating pests such as invertebrates, rats, mice even each other. Only very few are dangerous. They are however fascinating, unlike the amphibians they have tough scaled skin and lay eggs with waterproof shells, so they have colonized many 58 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project different habitats. They are cold blooded so they regulate their temperature by using the sun, to warm up, and go into the shade when it is too hot. This is a very efficient life style and is estimated that a reptile needs only 10% of the energy provided by its food that the same sized mammal would need. This gives them a huge advantage when it comes to life in impoverished environments such as deserts. However, they do not so well in cold climates as they cannot get their body temperatures high enough. In Lebanon, with its abundant sun, they thrive. A few Lebanese reptiles are dangerous to humans such as this Viper (Viper lebetina), however they are more scared of people than we are of them and so mostly slither away unnoticed if people are around. The Turkish Gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) on the other hand often lives with us, eating flies, mosquitoes and other pests. All reptiles should be left unharmed. They are important members of the eco system, fulfilling vital functions, they eat smaller (often pest species) and are themselves food for larger animals. Rodents Rodentia is the order of mammals known as rodents, characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws that must be kept short by gnawing. Forty percent of mammal species are rodents, and they are found in vast numbers on all continents other than Antarctica, and in all habitats except oceans. Rodents are well represented in Lebanon. Common rodents include mice, rats, squirrels, porcupines, beavers, guinea pigs, dormice, voles, mole rats, Jirds, Jerboas and hamsters. Rodents use their sharp incisors to gnaw wood, break into food, and bite predators. Most rodents eat seeds or plants, though some have more varied diets. Some species have historically been pests, eating seeds stored by people and spreading disease. Their success is probably due to their small size, short breeding cycle, and ability to gnaw and eat a wide variety of foods. Rodents are important in many ecosystems because they reproduce rapidly, and can function as food sources for predators, mechanisms for seed dispersal, and disease vectors. Listing of Animals Listings of recorded animals at project sites as per the assessment for the sites are recorded in Table 5-4. This Table shows the basic information and characteristics of these animals and indicates their impotents and recent situation. The below description is listing of specific characterizes of animals listed in Table 4-4 and Photo 5-10. - A: Threatened species, locally and globally. - B: Threatened species in Lebanon. - C: Unique species. - D: Species partially or totally related to the area of East Mediterranean. - E: Species hunted by people. - F: Common species. 59 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Type Reptiles Reptiles Reptiles Reptiles Laudakia stellio Ophisops elegans Mabuya vittata Elaphe holneckeri Latin Name stellio Names English Name Stellion, agama Snake - eyed lizard Banded Skink Lézard à oeil de French Name serpent Arabic Name ‫حردون‬ ‫شميسة‬ ‫افعى‬ Kingdom: Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum: Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Reptilia Reptilia Reptilia Infraclass: Classification Superorder: Order: Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Suborder: Sauria Serpentes Superfamily: Family: Agamidae Lacertidae Scincidae Colubridae Genus: Laudakia Ophisops Trachylepis Species: L. stellio O. elegans T. vittata Subspecies: Weight Adult size (approx.) Adult size (approx.) Total length 20 cm Adult size Length 20-22 cm 15 cm (approx.): 100cm. Warm sunny days Day Day Observation Rocky areas, Dry shrub and open Bushy, scrubby and Varied, 0-1500m woodlands, 0- woodland, 0 - 1500 rocky places grassy 2000m m areas and cultivated Habitat Characteristic land. Widespread in A ground dwelling Diet: mainly insects Lebanon. Very species very widely common and easy distributed in to identify species mostly open General with its flat habitats. Information triangular head and Diet: small spiky appearance arthropods Diet: mostly insects Status B-E B F B-E Table 5-4: Listing of basic information and characteristics of fauna species recorded at site. 60 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-113-May 2013 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Stellion, agama Ophisops elegans Banded Skink Elaphe holneckeri Photograph 5-10: Fauna species recorded at sites. 5.7.3. Limitations Limited time: The process of evaluating the implications of a project proposal on biodiversity interests is potentially very resource intensive in terms of time and cost. Limited time is available to conduct ecological studies since developers very often assign a short period of time to finalize the EIA/ESIA study. This is mainly due to the fact that environmental considerations are only being addressed at later stages of project design and not at the earlier stages. The EIA/ESIA becomes a mere administrative requirement for the developers in order to get a permit for construction. In addition to that, collection of data from the field is insignificant in most cases whenever a short period is assigned for the EIA/ESIA to be completed; ecological surveys are usually carried out at the wrong time of the year and focus on a restricted range of organisms. This time interval is inappropriate for undergoing biodiversity assessments since the process is very season specific; in other words, year-round information on species and habitats should be available to properly assess the significant impacts of the project in all seasons. Limited data: Available data is very limited due to lack of biodiversity monitoring programs. There is a considerable imbalance in the level of information about different species, for example many bird species and higher plants are well monitored and researched, whereas there is little data or information available for a large proportion of invertebrates, bryophytes, and lichens which are important environmental indicators. Limitation in data is even more striking when addressing fauna since the surveying of species is a very tedious and time- 61 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project consuming activity, and can rarely be done in the current time-frames for EIA/ESIA studies. In addition to that, few ecologists involved in EIAs/ESIAs have the ability to identify all organisms therefore specialists are needed. Furthermore, ecologists have a tendency to exhibit preference in the animals they cover since the animals may be more charismatic for example studying butterflies and disregarding moths. 5.8. Socio-economic Environment - Urban Development - Economical activities Regarding this section, only Baouchriyeh site will be considered because this site is within commercial and residential area and because most of the project components will be taking place at this site. Municipality of Jdaideih (Jdaidet El Matn) - Baouchriyeh - Sadd El Baouchriyeh is located in the Caza of Matn one of Mohafazaht of Mount-Lebanon Cazas (districts). Mohafazah of Mount-Lebanon is one of the eight Mohafazats (governorates) of Lebanon. It's 7 kilometers away from Beirut the capital of Lebanon. It's elevations is of 20 meters above sea level. Socio-economic information about the area was obtained several sources and studies, as well as from the Central Administration for Statistics and Ministry of Social Affairs. The municipality area known as "Jdeidet, Al Bouchrieh, Al Sed" is a coastal town of which the surface comes to six squares kilometers approximately, located at the northern entrance of the city of Beirut and is composed of three villages namely Jdeidet El Matn, Al Bouchrieh and Sadd Al Bouchrieh, which have a population of one hundred fifty thousand inhabitants approximately, most of them being of middle and poor classes. It also includes important industrial zones, electrical company, companies specialized in the stocking of oil and gas which are vital for the supply of Beirut, the Capital, and of most cities of Mount-Lebanon, as well as an important commercial market and a concentration of the main banks of the country. Historically, the town of Jdeidet, Al Bouchrieh, Al Sed, is the center of the Northern Matn district i.e. the Capital of this district, which is considered as the key point of the department of Mount-Lebanon and comprises the administrative, security and judicial centers of the state. It has become nowadays, in addition to its historical role, one of the main arteries of the region surrounding the administrative Capital Beirut, known as the Great Beirut, which knows a rush and departure of thousand of cars daily, thousands of others crossing it without stopping. It satisfies the educative and health needs of the population as it comprises thirteen private schools (with about 5,000 students), four public schools (with about 1,000 student), four hospitals and seven dispensaries. The main industries identified in the area are tourism, commercial, and light to medium scale industries. 3,500 companies are recorded at the area where 137 Companies employ more than five employees The most dominant economical practices at the area is related to the business and commercial activities, such as: Food, drinks and tobacco industry, Leather and fabrics industry, Printing and publishing, furniture, construction, vehicles and maintenance sales, Hotels and 62 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project restaurants, Finance, Computer sector, Health and social care, Social services, Educational and cultural services etc… 5.9. Traffic condition The transport systems in Lebanon include land transport (mainly road transport), marine transport (sea ports of Beirut, Tripoli, Saida and Sour) and air transport subsystems (Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport). The Lebanese road network consisted of 22,000 km of roads in 2001 out of which only 6,380 km (about 30 percent) were classified as paved roads while the remaining 70 percent (about 15,400 km) were un-classified roads which are governed by municipalities (MoE, 2005). The road network suffers from inadequate maintenance, low traffic capacity leading to slow traffic flows and congestion, and poor road safety conditions. The land transport fleet in Lebanon consists of more than one million registered vehicles. The lack of an efficient, reliable and wide public transport system has necessitated a reliance and eventual dependence on the personal car as the main means of transport within the country. The rate of car ownership of 3 persons for every car is amongst the highest in the world (UN, 2002). The total number of vehicles in 2003 was estimated at around 1,081,477 vehicles. In fact, 52.5 percent of Lebanese households own at least one car, while 47.5 percent do not possess personal cars. According to the Analysis of Accident Patterns in Lebanon conducted by Dr. Choueiri (year 2010), 50% of road traffic accidents occurred on two-way undivided roads. The least number of road traffic accidents (21%) occurred on divided roads. About three quarters of the road traffic accidents in Lebanon take place on urban roads, due to the fact that, with a centralized government, people are forced to drive to cities to take care of their businesses. Beirut-Rafic Hariri International Airport (B-RHIA) is the main passenger and goods airport in Lebanon. It consists of two runways, one extending two kilometers into the sea, related taxiways and aircraft stands. Levels of traffic through B-RHIA were around 3.2 million passengers and 60,000 tons of cargo in 2004 (CDR, 2006). Beirut Port is the main port in Lebanon. Traffic through the port largely consists of goods, while it receives moderate passenger flows reaching 50,000 passengers in 2004. In addition to the four main commercial ports of Beirut, Tripoli, Saida and Sour, there are a number of small ports along the Lebanese coastline primarily used for fishing and leisure purposes, such as Jounieh and Batroun (CDR, 2006). Two-way undivided paved road can lead to project sites and surrounding residential and commercial area. The road leading to Zouk site is connected to the main highway of Beirut- Tripoli, the road leading to Jiyeh site is connected to the main highway of Beirut-South and the road leading to Baouchriyeh site is connected to the main road of Mirna Chalouhi that leads to the highway of Beirut-Tripoli. The area sustains a great load during weekdays and heavy traffic jam during weekends, since residence of Beirut traveling form and to the North and South using these highways. The trucks in the project will be using these roads to transport the contaminated transformers 63 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project to Baouchriyeh site (for interim storage) or to Beirut port (for deportation). It is expected that most of the transportation activities will occur during the weekdays and will not involve using the road during the weekends. Such action will reduce the possibility of increasing extra load over the traffic jam. 5.10. Land use / Land cover As indicated in the land use and land cover classification, the project areas are categorized as industrial and commercial areas. The surrounding areas to Zouk site are categorized as sparse urban fabric (to the east), moderately dense urban fabric (to the east), Crops in the field and highway. The surrounding areas to Baouchriyeh site are categorized as Dense urban fabric (east & north), moderately dense urban fabric (northeast & south) and Vacant urban land (north and south). The surrounding areas to Jiyeh site are categorized as port area (marine seafill), Rock shoreline, Sparse herbaceous vegetation, moderate dense herbaceous vegetation, highway and Sparse urban fabric (to the east). Attached map adopted from Land Cover-Land Use Map of Lebanon Technical Report, June 2003, MoE (Appendix 5) indicate the land use – land cover of the sites and surrounding areas. 5.11. Wastewater Lebanon generates an annual average of 250 million m3 of domestic wastewater (0.68 million m3 per day). Most towns and villages lack public wastewater drainage and infrastructure. The mostly commonly used wastewater disposal methods at the household level are traditional concrete-lined sanitary pits and unlined boreholes that are dug into the bedrock. The second method poses a high risk of groundwater aquifer contamination with wastewater through seepage. Less than 68 percent of dwellings have access to public sewage networks. Beirut has the highest rate of connection the public sewage network while Nabatieh has the lowest rate (Table 4-5). Area Percentage (%) Beirut 99.1 Mount Lebanon 74.9 North Lebanon 61.1 South Lebanon 65.7 Nabatieh 17.9 Bekaa 45.7 Average 67.4 Table 5-5: Percentage of housing connected to the sewage network Since 2000, CDR has started the planning and installation of more than 30 wastewater treatment plants in the different Lebanese regions. Wastewater treatment plants are now at various stages of execution: under construction / under preparation / secure funding. These 64 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project are expected to solve the untreated wastewater problem and to improve the quality of surface water, sea water and groundwater (CDR, 2009). The Ghadir wastewater treatment plant, located south of Beirut, remains the only fully operational wastewater treatment plant in Lebanon since 1997. It covers the southern region of Beirut and its suburbs serving an estimated population of 784,000. It provides preliminary and primary treatment after which the effluent is piped 2.6 km offshore and released into the Mediterranean Sea. On the Caza level, the following table indicates a comparison of Beirut Caza to other Cazas in Lebanon with respect to the number of water supplies and sources, and the sewer networks connections. Well Water Network Sewage Network Mohafazah / Caza Unknown Yes No Yes No Yes No Beirut 3,163 14,118 16,407 874 16,651 630 1,055 Baabda 4,710 29,342 28,326 5,726 31,021 3,031 2,134 Metn 1,051 36,082 36,230 903 21,112 16,021 1,514 Kesrouan 508 23,576 23,657 427 5,772 18,312 789 Jbail 63 15,235 13,631 1,667 1,460 13,838 484 Table 5-6: Water and Wastewater Building Equipment in some Cazas of Lebanon. Source: CAS 2006 (data from 2004). All project sites are connected to Municipal sewage network. 5.12. Solid Waste It is estimated that Lebanon annually generates an estimated average of 1.56 million tones of municipal solid waste. A daily average of 0.75 to 1.1 kg per capita is generated in urban areas, while the daily average in rural areas stands at 0.5 to 0.7 kg per capita. The annual growth in MSW generation is estimated at 6.5 percent (METAP, 2004). Municipal solid waste management practices vary in the different regions in Lebanon. Illegal dumping and open burning of MSW are common where most towns or cities operate open dumps within their jurisdictions. Table 4-9 below shows the different management systems of MSW by region. Proper MSW management systems are operational in the GBA, in Zahle and to some extent in Tripoli (MoE, 2005). In the GBA (project sites are within this category), the MSW management services of street sweeping, collection, sorting, treatment and disposal are contracted out to the private sector Sukleen. The GBA generates 12 percent of the total MSW stream in Lebanon, of which only 15 percent are composted and five percent are recycled. The remaining MSW of GBA is disposed of by land filling in the Bsalim landfill, for bulky waste, or in the Naameh landfill, for inert material. The land filling of 80 percent of the MSW generated in the GBA is dramatically reducing the projected lifetime of the sanitary landfill in Naameh. The Zahle and 65 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Tripoli municipalities also benefit from relatively advanced solid waste management systems (MoE, 2005). Historically, the waste management sector has been under the jurisdiction of the municipalities in Lebanon. However, the current practices of solid waste management in the Caza of Mount Lebanon comprise the collection of domestic solid waste as well as wastes resulting from street sweeping is performed by Sukleen. The Sukleen firm is charged of collecting, transporting, treating and dumping solid waste, including medical waste. Mainly the treated solid waste are dumped at Naameh dump site. Outside the GBA, the MSW management is the responsibility of municipalities that collect waste and transport them to open dumps where they are burnt in open air as a means of disposal. The illegal dumping and uncontrolled burning of MSW endangers flora and fauna and their habitats, deteriorates local air quality and creates a nuisance thereby decreasing the quality of life in neighboring areas (NEAP, 2005). Recycling rates of MSW are generally low. In 2004, 77 percent of the total MSW generated in Lebanon was land filled, and only 7.67 percent was recycled. Area MSW Management System North Lebanon Open dumping and burning, except in five municipalities of Greater Tripoli Akkar Open dumping and burning Covered under the Greater Beirut Area contract except for: the entire District of Mount Lebanon Jbeil and parts of Aley, Kesrouan, Baabda and Metn Beirut Entirely covered under the GBA contract South Lebanon Open dumping and burning Nabatieh Open dumping and burning Baalbek-Hermel Open dumping and burning Open dumping and burning except for 15 municipalities in the District (Caza) Bekaa of Zahle which dispose of their MSW in the Zahle landfill Table 5-7: Summary of MSW management systems in Lebanon by region 5.13. Historic and archaeological heritage All areas in Lebanon harbor the prints of former civilizations and important historical and cultural periods of history. Unfortunately, most of these assets have either been deserted, remain unknown or even vanished. All remaining sites are under the protection of the Ministry of Tourism and/or local Municipalities. There are no historical or cultural attractions at the site proper; however, many archaeological and historical sites can be found in the areas around the project sites. 66 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 6. IMPACTS EVALUATION The term polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) refers to a class of synthetic organic chemicals that are widely known commercially due to their useful physical and chemical properties. A number of PCBs attributes including fire resistance, low electrical conductivity, high resistance to thermal breakdown and high degree of chemical stability have encouraged the commercial use of these compounds, for almost half a century now, as additives to oils in electric equipments, namely transformers and capacitors. Recent scientific evidence classified PCB compounds into extremely persistent pollutants once released into the environmental media and emphasized on the toxicity of many PCB- mixtures. PCBs alone are not usually very mobile, however increased mobility can be witnessed when mixed with other chemical components such as oils or volatile compounds. Due to the high specific gravity of PCB compounds (equivalent to 1.5) as compared to that of water (equivalent to 1) and of the oil initially mixed with (equivalent to 0.85), PCBs will sink to the bottom once they find their way into water bodies, thus accumulating in the sediments. As known hydrophobes, PCB compounds can also accumulate in the organic fraction of soil, and in organisms. The proposed project has the potential to create a range of impacts on the environment as a result of potential releases of PCBs during the implementation phases of its various activities. The purpose of this section is thus to identify and, where appropriate, quantify all of the associated principal potential impacts on the existing environment. The assessment has been undertaken on the basis of information available at the time of preparing this ESIA. Reference to the report prepared by COWI/ECODIT/Mueller (Table 8.1), the different adverse environmental impacts anticipated during the implementation of the proposed project were listed and summarized based on the different planned activities. This same logic is adopted in the current section to facilitate a comprehensive discussion of these impacts. 6.1. PCB inventory updating and completion Evaluation of the potential and the magnitude of contamination of transformers oil with PCBs entails conducting sampling and laboratory testing activities. Adverse impacts are anticipated at different stages of these activities in the event of poor planning and management as discussed in this section. Sampling of transformer oil Evaluation of transformers’ contamination with PCBs will require collection of oil samples from operational as well as decommissioned equipment. In both cases, potential release of PCBs contained in the sampled oil can occur in the event of accidental spill or unintentional contamination of equipment used during the implementation of the sampling protocol. Expected outcomes resulting from such incidents will vary between environmental and occupational health impacts as summarized below: 67 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 1) Sampling site and/or equipment contamination: In the event of an accidental spill of liquids contained inside the transformer on the sampling floor, the magnitude of the impacts can vary between significant releases of PCBs into the environmental media and minor impacts all of which can be assessed depending on a number of factors including:  volume of spilled liquids;  level of contamination of the spilled liquids with PCBs;  location of spill (indoors vs. outdoors) and environmental conditions;  type of flooring available at the location of spill (i.e.: waterproof, washable...);  speed of response to the spill;  type of intervention adopted as a response to spill;  volume of contaminated waste produced as a result of the spill;  options adopted for the final disposal of the contaminated waste produced as result of the spill; Considering a worst-case scenario, the adverse environmental impacts associated with a major spill of contaminated oil might include release of PCBs into different environmental media mainly to soil and water bodies. Depending on the proximity of the spill to populated or vegetated areas and the weather conditions, the released PCBs can travel across different media thus affecting a wider range of communities. As persistent chemical compounds known for their bio-accumulation potentials in the fatty tissues, released PCBs can easily travel up through the food though inducing adverse health impacts to affected populations. Since acute exposure to high levels of PCBs through food chain is considered a low probability as compared to chronic exposure to low levels of PCBs, only health impacts related to the latter type of exposure are considered. These include liver damage, reproductive and developments effects and possibly cancer. 2) Occupational health risks: Direct exposure to highly contaminated liquids during the sampling process, especially with the lack of personal protective equipments, will induce the onset of a variety of health symptoms on the affected person depending on the route of exposure and volume of splashed liquids. Acute exposure to high levels of PCBs have been associated with skin rashes, itching and burning, eye irritation, skin and fingernail pigmentations changes, disturbance in liver function and immune system, irritation of respiratory tract, headaches, dizziness, depression, memory loss, nervousness, fatigue and impotence. It’s worth noting that conducting sampling activities from in-service transformers and/or capacitors such as the ones located at Jiyeh power plant may be the source of a major occupational health risk involving exposure of untrained samplers to the threat of electrical shock. Disposal of waste from sampling Lebanon still lacks the adequate infrastructure for management of hazardous waste (with the exception of infectious waste) such as waste contaminated with PCBs. Instead, hazardous waste is managed as part of the general waste stream and disposed of accordingly. Since the 68 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project project sites fall within the jurisdiction of the waste management firm known as Sukleen (as mentioned earlier) the provided services can be summarized according to the following:  street collection of the PCB contaminated waste in large open containers;  transport of waste in rear loading trucks equipped with waste compression mechanisms; and  treatment of waste through sorting and composting while rejects are sent to sanitary landfills. A number of adverse impacts are anticipated as a result of the aforementioned system. These are summarized below: 1) Environmental Impacts Management of the contaminated sampling/testing waste generated by the project activities as part of the general municipal waste stream will accentuate the magnitude of the environmental impacts reflected by a significant increase in the volume of hazardous waste due to municipal waste cross contamination. Actually, cross contamination is expected to occur at different stages of Sukleen’s waste management system including street storage, collection and transport, treatment and final disposal. Since treatment and final disposal methods adopted depends highly on the category of waste being handled at Sukleen’s facilities – such as recyclables, organics and rejects – absence of adequate measure to handle hazardous waste will lead to quality deterioration of segregated material coupled with increased risk of PCB release into the different environmental media. For instance, potential contamination of the organic portion of the waste is expected to negatively affect the quality of compost produced by Sukleen, hence allowing the transfer of PCB compounds from the waste to the soil, especially in agricultural lands, hence introducing PCB compounds into the food chain. In the case of contaminated rejects’ landfilling (inside municipal sanitary landfills), PCBs are expected to be released by volatilization or leaching into ground water. The rate or release being highly dependent on the containment medium used within the target landfill. Another issue to be considered is the release of PCBs into the environmental media as a result of exposing the mixed waste – collected in open street containers – to extreme weather conditions such as heat and rain, thus accelerating the release of PCB compounds into the environment through evaporation or leachate production respectively. Leachate production is also anticipated during transport of waste as a consequence of waste compression inside collection trucks. 2) Public health risks In the absence of efforts to segregate and differentiate PCB contaminated waste from the general stream throughout the adopted waste management system, specific populations are expected to be exposed to unnecessary adverse health risks, namely sampling and testing team, street scavengers, waste collection, transport, treatment and final disposal staff. Exposure can be through different routes including direct contact with the contaminated waste, inhalation or accidental ingestion. The physical symptoms to be experienced are similar to those previously mentioned in terms of acute exposure to PCB compounds. 69 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 6.2. Dismantling and packing of Askarel transformers and PCB capacitors The different activities that might be conducted to dismantle Askarel transformers and PCB capacitors prior to moving them to the designated interim storage sites would include removal and disassembly of the equipment core and parts to facilitate the evacuation and transport processes. Draining of the equipment will be performed at a later stage. During these phases well defined environmental and occupational health risks are foreseen as discussed subsequently. Physical activities Owing to the nature of the equipment being handled, the physical activities planned during the dismantling phase are expected to produce a wide range of environmental and health impacts as discussed in this section. 1) Environmental Impacts The environmental impacts of concern are associated with accidental spills or fires during the dismantling or transfer of equipment to the interim storage facilities. Impacts of PCB contaminated oil spills were discussed earlier in this report, thus they will not be readdressed in this section. However, in the case of askarel spills, the situation is considerably different owing to the following facts:  The difference between askarel transformers and PCB-contaminated oil transformers is the PCBs concentration contained in these transformers. In fact, askarel transformers are capable of containing around hundred to thousand more PCBs (in ppm) than PCB-contaminated oil transformers.  PCB mixtures found in askarel are usually combined with chlorobenzenes to increase the viscosity of these compounds. Once spilled, PCB components of the resulting solvent are easily released into the environment due to the high volatility of benzenes. As a matter of fact, when the benzenes evaporate, the pure PCB resin is deposited along the route as a sticky to brittle layer depending on the matrix, temperatures and type of chlorinated mix used to insulate askarel transformers (such as Aroclor). When askarel transformers are under consideration, fire accidents are not to be underestimated. The nature and the characteristics of the associated potential atmospheric releases – including dioxins and Furans – are expected to incur serious adverse public health impacts on affected populations. Most importantly, atmospheric pollutants can be transported for long distances, prior to being deposited into other media such as soil and water, depending on weather conditions, thus affecting a wider range of communities. Since the above mentioned pollutants are persistent pollutants, these pollutants are easily accumulated throughout the food chain. Accordingly, short term exposure of humans to high levels of dioxins and furans may result in skin lesions and altered liver functions. Long term exposure is linked to the impairment of the immune system, the developing nervous system, the endocrine system and the reproductive functions. 2) Health risks Transformers and capacitors dismantling phase carries major health risks on those involved in these activities. These risks are mainly associated with the size and complexity of the 70 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project equipment under consideration and the toxic characteristics of its fluid component among others. A list of the most anticipated occupational hazards is included below:  Skin contact to contaminated oil over a long period of time can lead to severe dermatitis and skin diseases.  Oil fumes and special in the case of any accidental fires (dioxins and furans of PCDD/PCDF) can cause eye irritation and breathing difficulties. Such impact could apply to neighbouring communities as well.  Failure of equipments lift, jack or other lifting techniques may cause severe crush injuries to labours. Also they may suffer injury from unguarded moving parts of metals as well as get cut on sharp edges.  Labours could get electrical shocks or burns from faulty electrical equipment if not inspected by a trained technician. Electrical faults can also lead to fires.  Labours could face injuries risk or back pain or pain elsewhere from handling heavy and/or bulky objects  Labours, project staff and visitors may be injured if they trip over objects or slip on spillages such as oil. Draining and packing of transformers and capacitors Poorly managed contaminated oil draining activities can lead to significant negative environmental outcomes due to the associated hazardous chemical spills threat. Spills are also anticipated in the event of poor packing of dismantled equipment and relative parts as well as collected contaminated fluids. In fact, even after equipment draining, residues of PCB contaminated fluids are still expected to be detected on dismantled transformers and capacitors’ surfaces, hence the importance of packing those according to international requirements to avoid leaking fluids during storage and transport. Affected environmental media in the case of spills mainly include water resources, soil and air. Associated adverse impacts will not be discussed in this section since they were already addressed earlier in this report. Storage of oil and transformers before shipment Interim storage of hazardous material or contaminated equipment is a critical phase considering the potential hazard of leakage in case of poor packing and containment as well as of accidental fires’ eruption, especially that storage sites are basically located at proximity of residential and recreational areas. Adverse impacts associated with accidental fires were discussed earlier in this report. 6.3. Shipment and destruction of Askarel transformers and PCB capacitors Transfer of dismantled equipment and contained fluids within and across sites, in addition to transboundary transport can be of considerable importance in terms of environmental and public health threats. Unanticipated accidents and fires during transport and shipment activities can lead to tremendous damages to packing and containment material leading to hazardous material spills and releases to the environment. Directly affected populations are those involved in the transport and shipment activities as well as ecosystems surrounding the accident site. Both on land spills and fire accidents were discussed earlier. 71 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Moreover, the transformers and capacitors dismantling and cleaning activities that may be commenced abroad, should also be considered as part of the negative impacts created by the project activities. All the above possible negative impacts that are caused by the accidental release of PCB and all injuries and accidents that may happen during the operations are to be taken into consideration by the project. For instance, the release of any non destructed PCB after the treatment of oil by dechlorination or incineration may have similar negative effects to those previously mentioned. 6.4. Establishment of interim storage and PCB treatment (draining, retrofilling decontamination and destruction) facilities for contaminated transformers and oil Activities related to the establishment of interim storage facilities within the different project sites aren’t expected to trigger any major adverse environmental impacts in the event of availability of indoors storage spaces dedicated for this purpose. The only impacts projected are associated with rehabilitation works conducted to comply with international standards defined for this type of facilities. These are minor impacts since all the works will be conducted indoors such as noise pollution and probably increased traffic. However, it’s worth noting that establishment of interim storage facility is critical in the sense of centralizing the source of pollution especially in the event of accidents. Poor management of the interim facility might lead to contaminants spills, injuries due to unstable heavy equipment, toxic fumes releases in case of fires as discussed earlier. On the other hand, when considering the establishment of draining, retrofilling, decontamination and destruction units within the project sites, the risks of PCBs release are expected to increase as a result of accidental spills. Whatever was the implemented treatment method to destruct the contaminated PCBs, it should be carefully applied to avoid any release of oil or formation of PCCD/PCDF in case of fire. For instance, an non complete and successful dechlorination may lead to release a non-destructed PCBs that could contaminate water and soil and negatively affect air quality. Likewise, the exporting or deporting solution could also create similar hazards associated to transportation and possible accidental release. Considerable occupational health risks are anticipating during the implementation of draining, retrofilling, decontamination and destruction activities especially since these involve exposure to a great deal of to chemical products. 6.5. Management of in-service transformers The management activities of in-service transformers are a high risk management as it involves handling of possible contaminated PCB equipments while still in use. Any leakage from such transformers, if not well addressed, might lead to site contamination which eventually will require an emergency response plan for immediate clean up of spill taking into consideration all occupational exposure hazards in terms of fumes inhaling or electrical shocks. After decommissioning of the in-service transformers, these can be transferred at a later stage to the interim storage facility for isolation prior to final disposal. Adverse impacts of contaminated equipments and fluids transfer and storage were discussed earlier in this report. 72 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 6.6. Initial intervention at PCB-contaminated sites (potential activities with Government funds) Controlling environmental degradation associated with years of poor management of PCB contaminated equipment and waste stored at the Bauchrieh site as well as other requires implementation of a number of activities all of which are considered within this project. Planned interventions, however, can be the source of additional burdens on the receiving environment. These burdens are discussed below. Should the government decide to conduct significant interventions for remediation at the contaminated sites, a separate and full-fledged ESIA needs to be prepared. Moving the transformers before interventions The remediation of storage sites will have to be conducted after relocating the uncontrolled stored transformers and capacitors from their current storage sites to the interim storage facilities. Activities such as those discussed earlier in this report including PCB contaminated equipment and fluids handling, relocation, packing and storage implies the same range of adverse impacts which include mainly PCB spills, workers’ exposure to leaking PCBs and injuries due to heavy equipment handling. Removal of contaminated soil and concrete Initial interventions at the contaminated site mainly involve removal of the contaminated matrix, in this case the matrix consists of soil and concrete, to control further impacts on the surrounding due to PCB releases. The different impacts associate with the latter activity are listed and discussed below. A. PCB in run-off from the site In the event of rainy weather during the excavation works, mobilization of the PCB contaminated oil originally trapped within the soil and concrete of the contaminated site is anticipated through run-offs thus creating a new contamination problem around the site of concern in terms of soil and water bodies’ quality deterioration. Adverse impacts pertaining the described situation were discussed earlier in this report. B. Air and noise emissions In terms of air quality deterioration due the implementation of the current activity, the most significant impact is reflected through the increased level of dust production on site. The activities listed below are the main source of fugitive dust releases. These include:  Earth movements and grading activities. The movement and manipulation of earth, such as excavating and loading, has the potential to generate dust; the amount generated is largely dependent on the material’s silt content (During construction of interim storage hangars).  Material loading/dropping into stockpiles or heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). The process of adding or removing aggregate material to a storage pile usually involves dropping and pushing the material onto a receiving surface, either an on- site storage pile or a HGV, using equipment such as front loaders and bull-dozers (During construction of interim storage hangars). 73 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project  Vehicle Movements on paved and unpaved surfaces. There is the potential for movement of vehicles around the site areas to generate airborne particulate emissions. In addition, at site access points overspill of materials such as dirt and sand can occur onto paved highways causing dust emissions from passing public vehicles as well as the traffic itself (During construction of interim storage hangars).  Abrasion of concrete surfaces that maintain contamination traces by using cold milling machine at the currently used site. The potential for airborne particulates to be generated from abrasion is greatest during hot, dry conditions, high winds and during material handling operations. Dust emissions vary substantially from day to day depending on the level of activity, the specific operations, and the prevailing meteorological conditions. It is for this reason that an absolute estimation of the quantities of dust generated is considered to be limited in its value, and therefore the assessment focuses on those areas most likely to be susceptible to fugitive dust impacts. Dust emissions from each of the sources described above will be largely dictated by the wind conditions in the area. Summer and winter wind roses have been produced based on meteorological data. Based on the wind rose diagram, prevailing wind direction was shown to West to East, thus potential receptors located downwind of project sites are more susceptible to fugitive dust impacts. US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) research shows that in excess of 90% of total airborne dust returns to rest within 100 m of the emission source, and 98% within 250 m. However, it should be noted that the smaller fractions of dust are likely to travel over further distances as the gravitational settling velocity is much less, and are much more likely to have their settling rate retarded by atmospheric turbulence. These smaller particles, particularly PM10 and PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 and 2.5 microns respectively) have the ability to penetrate further into the lungs and therefore have detrimental health effects to humans. To be more specific, exposure to particulate matter above acceptable limits might trigger symptoms varying between irritation of the respiratory tract to damages to the lungs depending on the exposure frequency and level. Susceptible populations to increased airborne PM levels include on-site workers and nearby residents. Depending on the weather conditions, these airborne particulates can be transported for longer ranges thus affecting the biological and physical environments of the neighbouring areas. Other types of air emission expected to be released on the project site mainly include diesel and gasoline combustion products emitted by the machinery and vehicles operated during the implementation of the project activities. Proper maintenance of equipment will limit these releases. In all cases, such emissions have minimal impacts since they are limited to the project site. In terms of noise production, disturbance will be temporary. Unfortunately, expected noise levels can’t be evaluate due to the lack of relevant data such as the type and number of heavy machinery to be used as well as schedule of operations. However, considering the nature of machinery to be used, it is likely that even small-scale loading or unloading works will at some point lead to ambient noise limits being exceeded in close proximity to the site. Overall the vibration and noise impacts generated by the project will likely have a minor to moderate impact on existing inhabitants and visitors to the Site. 74 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Establishment of interim storage for contaminated soil and concrete Extraction of the contaminated soil and concrete from the PCB-contaminated site will generate a significant amount of hazardous waste that requires special attention during storage to prevent reintroduction of PCBs into the environment through leaching especially if not well contained. Adverse impacts related to PCB leachate were discussed earlier in this report. 6.7. Summary of Impacts The environmental impact likely to occur due to the presence and further handling and storage of PCB containing materials is pollution of soil, groundwater and human health. This is likely to occur as a result of leakage or accidents. The presence of PCB containing materials may already have led to soil and groundwater contamination at location of equipments containing PCB. Indirectly these effects may give rise to toxicological effects both for terrestrial fauna and flora and for aquatic biota. As a result fauna and flora may undergo an impact from PCB handling, transport and storage activities. The management of PCBs may also result in production of wastes (possibly PCB contaminated) that should be managed in a proper way. Noise resulting from management, transportation and storage of PCBs in expected to be minimal. Only the construction of a storage facility or transport activities may produce notable noise. Risk to human (health and safety) can be the result of direct exposure and/or the consequence of exposure upon dispersion of PCBs. Direct exposure can occur to workers being exposed directly to fumes or through contact with PCBs during handling or as a result of leaks. Inhabitants living nearby the project site and workers can also be exposed to PCBs through air pollution, soil pollution or pollution of groundwater. In an extreme case, impacts can occur from eating foodstuff in which PCBs from leaks have been accumulated. It should be stressed here that proper management should improve the health situation and minimize burden to human. Nuisance impacts from PCB management activities will be limited to some increased traffic due to transport and maybe some noise and dust from traffic. The main potential impact of the transport activities are the releases of PCB in the case of leakages from the transport containers and the dispersal of PCBs in the case of accidents. Whereas leakages may be easily controlled and represent a minor risk, accidents may lead to major releases, to exposure of the environment and to exposure of the involved personnel and the general population. In the worst case, the truck is involved in a traffic accident, the PCB is released from the containers and the truck (or other involved vehicles) catches fire, which results in the formation of dioxin and furan from the released PCB. Where impacts are considered to have a low, moderate or high adverse effect, mitigation measures will be developed in order to reduce, minimize or if possible eliminate such effects. Furthermore, when impacts have a negative effect, it is important to identify who is considered as a receptor as in the case of site workers, personnel protective equipment could be provided to minimize the effects of the identified impacts. The below Table 6-1 identifies the intensity, duration, and receptors of each expected impacts during project operation. 75 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Handling oils, materials oil and waste (Abroad) containing equipment, and waste (packaging, Final disposal of PCB containing materials Temporary storage Testing equipment Sites Remediation Presence of PCB Transportation labelling) Impact Water and aquatic resources Ground water X* X** X X X X X contamination Surface water X X X X X X X contamination Soil and waste Soil contamination X X X X X X X Waste production X X X X Climate, air and noise Air emissions of POPs X X X Dust formation X X X X Noise production X X X Ecosystems Loss of ecol. valuable areas X X Ecotoxicity to terrestrial life X X Ecotoxicity to aquatic life X X Man and his social economic living environment Direct health risks (direct X X X X X X X exposure) Indirect health risk X X X X X Nuisance (dust, noise) X X X Social effects (employment) X X X X *Potential environmental impact **Potential environmental impact not likely to occur. Table 6-1: Summary of project impacts. The evaluation of the impact magnitude was conducted while taking into consideration the below listed factors: 76 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project  Extent or spatial scale of the impact  The duration of the impact  The potential to mitigate negative impacts  The intensity or severity of the impacts, based on the conservation value of the receiving environment These above factors are reflected in the category interpretation provided in Table 6-2. Nature and Scale Interpretation of Impact Positive Impact Positive impact on the physical, biological or human environment. No Significant Impact No discernable negative or positive impact on the physical, biological or human environment. No mitigation required. Minor Adverse Impact Local (within boundary of project area) Short-term (quickly reversible, less than project lifespan). High potential to mitigate negative impacts on the physical, biological or human environment to the level of insignificant effects. Disturbance of degraded areas with little conservation value. Minor changes in species occurrence or variety. Simple mitigation measures may be needed to minimise impacts. Moderate Adverse Impact Medium range (beyond site boundary but restricted to local area). Medium-term (reversible over time, duration of operational phase). Potential to mitigate negative impacts on physical, biological or human environment. However, the implementation of mitigation measures may still not prevent some negative effects. Destruction/Disturbance of areas with potential conservation value. Complete changes in species occurrence or variety. Mitigation measures will help minimise impacts. Adverse Impact Widespread (far beyond site boundary). Long-term (permanent or beyond decommissioning). Largely irreversible impacts on the physical, biological or human environment. Disturbance to areas of high conservation value. Destruction of rare or endangered species. Mitigation is required. Table 6-2: Interpretation of Impact Categories used in the Impact Assessment. 77 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE This section assesses the project alternatives for dealing with the PCBs stockpiles in Lebanon. These alternatives have been extensively discussed along the last years in the country, particularly during the development of Sustainable POPs Management Project and during the PCB inventory preparation. The two major alternatives, which are discussed below are the “Do-Nothing” scenario and “With Project” option. The project alternative will support on-the-ground investments for environmentally safe disposal of PCBs, building institutional capacity for sound management of PCBs; and raising public awareness on PCBs risks. 7.1. “Do Nothing” Scenario The “Do-Nothing” scenario represents the current situation of PCB in the energy sector where no safeguarding measures for PCB management are undertaken by EDL. This alternative is to be rejected because it will entail serious threats to human health and the environment from PCB releases to the nature, occupational exposure, cross contamination, burning of PCB-contaminated oil or releases from contaminated sites. In fact, the development of a hazardous waste management system in Lebanon is still in its preliminary phase. Current national legislation does not require the holders of PCB- containing power equipment to identify and label it accordingly which hold back any further management and disposal of it. Finally, the country (including the government and EDL) does not have the technical and human capacity and financial resources to solve the problem of PCBs. Therefore, the consequences of “Do-Nothing” scenario will be the following: 1) Transformers are dismantled and drained without the use of personal protection equipment; • Transformer oil is retro-filled into transformers without testing for PCB (risk of cross contamination); • Transformer oil is sold as fuel and discarded transformers are sold to scrap dealers without testing for the presence of PCB; • No management and safety plan exist, not even for the Askarel transformers; • Leaking Askarel transformers and PCB-containing capacitors are stored outdoors without any measures for the prevention of leakages to the ground; • Old transformers and capacitors will be sold as scrap metal that will be handled and reused with no decontamination measures; • No measures are taken for the prevention of water draining into the contaminated well or draining of contaminated water to the sewage system. Considering the overall risks and the priorities set in the Stockholm Convention, the proposed project for PCB management in a safe environmental manner should be implemented in Lebanon. 78 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Photograph 7-1:Contaminated oils leaking from an out-of –services transformer at Zouk PS. Photograph 7-2: Used oil being disposed in an old water well at Baouchriyeh site. 7.2. Project Alternatives This section assesses the project alternatives for the management of in-service and out-of 79 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project service PCB-containing equipment and PCB-contaminated sites in order to determine the best method for achieving the project objectives. The project will be a major contribution to:  Eliminating/minimizing the risks of further releases of PCBs from leaking storage sites by ensuring their safe recovery, transportation, storage and disposal;  Remediating the selected PCB contaminated sites;  Building institutional capacity to manage PCBs in an environmentally sound manner;  Raising public awareness of PCBs’ risks to the environment and human health;  Lebanon’s capacity to comply with the requirements of the Stockholm Convention. This assessment considered various management options for the project design. Several parameters were identified as critical to the overall environmental impacts, namely disposal options, interim storage facilities, methods of collection, packaging and storage, ways of transportation as well as management of contaminated sites. The options considered and conclusions reached are provided below. 7.3. Packing options Packaging of PCB-containing equipments, oils, contaminated sediments and wash water can provide two major principles. It is practical to detach contamination from non-contaminated substances, and it is essential to prevent leaching or dispersal of PCBs in the environment during the waste storage and/or treatment. According to the waste nature, various packing techniques may be applied. If the waste is liquid then barrels and drums are used. Such containers should be clearly marked to indicate the contained wastes and to make sure not to be reused for non-contanimated wastes unless it is treated. Other type of solid material can be contained either in closed area (equipments) or also in barrels and drums (sediments). Isolating the contaminated items without packing it is not a preferable option, as it may be destroyed or get mixed with other non-contaminated materials causing more contamination dispersion. Professional companies or organizations experienced in waste handling should be the parties that are entitled to conduct the collection of PCB-wastes and handling of hazardous substances to avoid possible accidental leaching of contaminates. Contracted domestic wastes collectors are should not be allowed to collect any PCB-wastes to avoid the risks on public and labor health. 7.4. Disposal Options As part of the project, PCB out-of-service equipment will be collected, inventoried, repacked and stored. Given the presence of two categories of out-of service PCB-containing equipment, disposal options considered for high-content PCB equipment (Askarel transformers and PCB- containing capacitors) are provided separately from disposal options regarding PCB- contaminated transformers and transformer oil. 80 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project A. Disposal options of High content PCB equipment The following disposal options have been proposed for the elimination of high content PCB equipment in an environmentally sound manner. Local disposal facility This option proposes the construction of a permanent facility for the treatment of hazardous waste in general where high content PCB equipment will be disposed. However, this method is not considered for the following reasons: - No present plans exist to establish this facility in Lebanon and neither in cooperation with neighboring countries, - Time span for operating exceeds the time limits of the FSP. Local incineration Mobile incinerator is proposed to be used for the elimination of high content PCB equipment. High-temperature incineration is a common technology for the destruction of high concentration PCB waste. In addition, it will be necessary to establish a facility for the pretreatment of the equipment. However, this option is not recommended for the following reasons: - High cost of the pretreatment facility, - Time span for operation do not meet the time limits of the FSP, - Option not been enough assessed. Exportation to licensed facilities The high content PCB equipment is shipped by sea to a licensed facility abroad in accordance with the requirements of the Basel Convention. It is proposed that the entire operation including packaging, transport, dismantling and cleaning of transformers and the final disposal will be the responsibility of a Contractor selected on the basis of an international tendering procedure. This option is recommended to be implemented. Shipment of high content PCB stocks to a European country for incineration at a licensed facility is being the favored disposal option which is recommended to be implemented. If carried out correctly, the primary environmental impact of this project will be significantly positive. The operation will remove large quantities of PCB equipment of highly toxic chemicals. B. Disposal options of PCB contaminated transformer oil The selected method for disposal of contaminated oil is highly influenced by the total amount of oil available for treatment which in our case, it corresponds to a quantity ranged between 330-460 tons of contaminated oil, currently present in Baouchriyeh site. The following options are considered the most likely methods for disposal of PCB contaminated oil: 81 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project • In-country disposal facility using dechlorination unit (either buying or renting a unit); • Co-incineration in local cement plant; • Out-of-country disposal abroad (incineration or dechlorination). In-country disposal facility using dechlorination unit in Lebanon The Dechlorination technique proposed to be used is a sodium reduction technology. The selected system is a mobile unit which has a capacity to treat 3,000 liters of PCB contaminated oil per day (2.7 tons) As described by the Basel Convention guidelines, alkali metal reduction involves the treatment of wastes with dispersed metallic alkali e.g. sodium. Metallic alkali reacts with chlorine in halogenated non-aqueous waste to produce salt and non-halogenated waste. For the sodium technology, pre-treatment should include dewatering to avoid explosive reactions with metallic sodium. Drying of oil is normally accomplished to achieve moisture content far below 50 ppm. This is normally done using the vacuum degasser that is also used for the regeneration of the dielectric properties of the oil. Several units exist already in Lebanon. After the reaction, the by-products can be separated out from the oil through a combination of filtration and centrifugation. The by-products of the reaction are most often a salt solution that contains some oil and biphenyl polymer. Dioxins and furans have been shown to be below levels of concern. The residue can have a high pH because of the presence of NaOH (sodium hydroxide). A small amount of sludge is generated which contains both sodium chloride and the solidified polymer with some oil and water; it is normally solidified and directed to an approved landfill. The process does not produce waste classified as hazardous waste. Two operation options have been proposed to be considered in Lebanon. The first is to establish a permanent facility by buying a dechlorination unit whereas the second is the operation of a unit by a contractor for a limited period of time. Permanent dechlorination facility The permanent facility may either be operated by EDL staff or the unit may be operated on a contractual basis by one of the companies providing transformer repair services. Matelec and LES companies express interest in some cooperation but they do not have commercial interest in running a PCB dechlorination unit (COWI-ECODIT, 2011). So it is more likely that the unit should be run by EDL staff and located in Baouchriyeh. The solution would require a strong commitment from EDL in operating the unit also beyond the time limit of the FSP. As running the facility is a complex hazardous waste management operation, staff will need extensive training and the operation will be highly dependent on the continuity in the trained staff. 82 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Dechlorination facility for a limited period of time Based on the update inventory, at least one manufacturer has accepted to operate a sodium technology unit on a rental basis by an own expert and local assistance (COWI-ECODIT, 2011). The proposed unit can de-chlorinate around 3,000 liters per day of contaminated oil and will be located at Baouchriyeh site. Therefore, this unit will be operated for about 7 month in Lebanon to dechlorinate the present quantity of contaminated oil (395 tons). The dechlorinated oil, if not treated further through Fuller’s Earth unit, could be sold as fuel. The advantage of having a facility operated for a relatively short time by a contractor is that the facility is run by an experienced operator. The disadvantage would be that higher storage capacity is needed if contaminated oil collected over a period of two years is to be treated within a period of 5 months. Fuller’s Earth facility The fuller’s earth system is additional system that could be added to the dechlorination unit in order to recycle the decontaminated oil as well can be used in the two options. In fact, Fuller’s Earth is a claylike earthy material that can be used to decolorize, filter, and purify animal, mineral, and vegetable oils. However, the local solution in all its options is not so favored to be selected as a disposal option for contaminated oil for the following reasons: - Possible difficulties and unexpected costs of the implementation. As mentioned, one manufacturer has indicated interest in considering operating a facility on a rental basis (COWI-ECODIT, 2011). - Number of uncertainties regarding the feasibility of the option; Co-incineration in local cement plant Co-processing of hazardous waste in cement kilns has been practiced for more than 30 years and is acknowledged to be feasible for sound hazardous waste treatment in both EU and US regulation. The temperature in the kiln and the residence time is sufficient for the destruction of the PCB as demonstrated by many tests around the world. One of the main issues when burning PCBs in cement kilns is the possible formation of dioxins and furans. In general, disposal of PCBs in cement kilns is limited compared to disposal in waste incinerators and dechlorination processes. The reason seems to be the need of investments in better flue gas treatment, need for facilities and procedures for the storage and feed of hazardous material, costly tests of performance and general public (NGO) resistance against the use of cement kilns for hazardous waste disposal. There are three cement companies in Lebanon which may be possible to co-incinerate PCB- contaminated oil in their kilns. However, none of the companies has so far expressed interest in disposal of PCBs in the kilns (COWI-ECODIT, 2011). Unless one of the cement companies expresses clear interest in investigating the possibilities of co-incineration of PCB-contaminated oil and doing test burns, it is proposed not to go further with this option. 83 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Exportation of PCB-contaminated oil and transformers The exportation to licensed facilities abroad in the same way as proposed for the high-content PCB waste is another option. Even though the PCB concentration may be 1,000 times lower than for the high-content PCB waste the rules and regulations for the transport will be the same. The advantages of this option are that it is simple with respect to the organizational setup and the risk of unsuccessful project implementation will be small. Similar to the high-content PCB equipment, all operations will be undertaken by an International contractor supervised by a Consultant. The disadvantages are that the option may not be cost-effective in the long term and the experience in the management of the contaminated oil will be limited during the implementation of the FSP. On the other hand, the disadvantages of this option may be described as such:  Many risks could associate the operation either during the land or sea transportation in terms of accidental spillage and/or occupational exposure risks.  The risk that the remaining contaminated oil will not be disposed of after the FSP has stopped  The need for relative large interim storage capacity for contaminated oil 7.5. Conclusions for Lebanon concerning disposal of PCB-contaminated transformer oil The below table (Table 7-1) provides an analysis of the above disposal options which select the disposal option as the most appropriate solution for removal of contaminated transformers and oil. However, it is important to note that the PCB Inventory Update and Project Preparation Study indicated that buying a dechlorination unit for low-level contamination could be a recommended treatment that pays off investment. “A sodium technology would, for the smallest unit, cost around $700,000 including delivery and local training of staff for further operation. The capacity of the unit is about 3,000 liters a day (about 2.7 tons)” the report suggested that such facility is either to be operated by the EDL staff or by one of the companies providing transformer repair services on contractual basis. As a conclusion, the option to export and dispose abroad provides a suitable solution to the PCBs problem in Lebanon at reasonable cost, with low-to-medium environmental and low social risks. 84 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Buy Rent Buy Rent dechlorinatio dechlorinatio Disposal dechlorinatio dechlorinatio Co-incineration Criteria n facility, n facility, abroad n facility, with n facility, with in cement plants without Fuller without Fuller Fuller Earth Fuller Earth Earth Earth Relative Financial Medium High Medium Medium Medium Not Estimated Costs Technical Sufficient Insufficient Insufficient Sufficient Sufficient Sufficient Capacity Human Sufficient Insufficient Insufficient Sufficient Sufficient Insufficient Capacities Time needed Medium Long Long Medium Medium Long Social Risks Low Low Low Low Low High Environmenta Low Medium Medium Medium Medium High l Risks Probability of implementati High Low Low Medium Medium Low on Success This option Lacking of local provides a Lacking of Lacking of Need for Need for human capacities suitable local local relative large relative large solution to the technological technological No business interim storage interim storage PCBs problem and human and human interest from capacity capacity in Lebanon at capacities. capacities. local cement Description reasonable low-to- low-to- companies low-to- low-to- cost, with low- medium medium medium medium Very high social to-medium environmental environmental environmental environmental and high environmental and low social and low social and low social and low social environmental and low social risks risks risks risks risks risks Table 7-1: Analysis of the disposal options. 85 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA- 19 August 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The proper implementation of a comprehensive Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) will ensure that the proposed project meet regulatory and operational performance (technical) criteria. The ESMP has been prepared in accordance with the World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.01 on Environmental Assessment, Annex C – Environmental and Social Management Plan. The Operational Policy notes that for projects involving rehabilitation, remediation of existing environmental problems may be more important than mitigation and monitoring of expected impacts. However, the ESMP focuses on mitigation of possible impacts of the project activities. The project is essentially a clean-up and contamination prevention operation which brings substantial environmental and health benefits. The project itself includes monitoring components such as establishment of wells for the monitoring of groundwater contamination. The ESMP is intended to form the background of the Contract Conditions of the Contractors which will carry out the physical operations. A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established within the Ministry of Environment and will be responsible for supervising that all project activities are in accordance with the current environmental legislation. 8.1. Objectives of the ESMP Environmental management is essential for ensuring that identified impacts are maintained within the allowable levels, un-anticipated impacts are mitigated at an early stage (before they become a problem), and the expected project benefits are realized. Thus, the aim of an ESMP is to assist in the systematic and prompt recognition of problems, encouraging effective actions to correct them and ultimately achieving the goal of good environmental performance. A sound understanding of environmental priorities and policies, proper management of the project (at the level of the administration), knowledge of regulatory requirements and keeping up-to-date operational information are fundamental to ensuring an effective and satisfactory environmental performance. The ESMP endeavors to set mitigation and monitoring measures, so minimizing and if possible eliminating the potential negative impacts of the proposed project. Furthermore, the ESMP provides the main capacity building and institutional strengthening requirements to ensure proper management and implementation of the plan. The proposed project involves the handling, packaging, transporting and disposal of hazardous chemicals and wastes. As the Project is a GEF-financed project, requirements of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have been taken into consideration. The description of mitigation procedures and the ESMP focus on Component 2 of the Project and which deal with the management and destruction of PCB-containing equipment. All the proposed mitigation measures shall be implemented by the contractor as part of the contract requirement and clauses, thus it should be included in the Tender documents. The Contractors will be required to develop internal ESMPs for the project taking into account all of the requirements of the project ESMP, and will be required to have in place an 86 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Environmental Management System (EMS) that can effectively implement the necessary mitigating measures. 8.2. Mitigation Measures As part of the ESMP, mitigation refers to the set of measures taken to eliminate, reduce, or remedy potential undesirable effects resulting from the operation of the proposed project. Generally, mitigation are to be considered in all the developmental stages of the project, namely, the site selection process, as well as the design, construction, and operation phases. Once set, tender documents should clearly describe mitigation measures and level of workmanship that need to adopt by the contractors and operators. The objective of the mitigation plan is to identify the possible actions to minimize the significance of the impacts presented in the impact assessment section. An environmental manager at the site in cooperation with the site operator should ensure that the proposed mitigation measures are implemented hence minimizing the negative effects of the activities on the surrounding environment. The proposed mitigation plan specifies the general approach that will be followed to reduce any impacts discussed in section 6 based on the planned project components and activities. 8.2.1. PCB inventory updating and completion Updating the previously conducted PCB inventory at the early stages of the project allows a more comprehensive implementation of the planned activities. However, limiting the adverse impacts associated with this component is the main determinant of the implementation success. Sampling of transformer oil Sampling for PCBs contamination is a very delicate process whereby if not conducted properly would inflict significant risks on the concerned team and the surrounding environment. The following guidelines are developed to limit, to the extent possible, the adverse impacts associated with the sampling process namely accidental spills, increased production of PCB waste and occupational hazards. Project and operation managers are expected to ensure accurate implementation of these guidelines to secure safety of the site. Teams conducting the sampling must be equipped with adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) that will guarantee their safety throughout the process. These will include disposable coveralls, footwear covers, safety goggles and disposable PCB-resistant gloves (one pair per sample). A spill clean-up kit must be available with the sampling team for immediate intervention in case of accidental spills. The content of the spill kit will be discussed below while summarizing the spill clean-up protocol. A sample from a transformer or system drain cock is assumed to be representative of the entire system. The volume of the sample to be collected depends mainly on the testing method adopted by the contracted specialized laboratory. Below is a summary of the steps to follow during the sampling: 87 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project  Before initiating the sampling, place a large metal tray under the drain cock to contain potential spills during the process;  Carefully open the drain cock and drain the adequate volume of sample into the sampling container. The type of containers to be used for the sample collection will be determined by the contracted laboratory;  When the adequate volume of sample is collected, close tightly the drain cock;  Seal the container and place it immediately into a labeled secondary sample container bag to prevent leaks;  Wipe spills from the sampling point;  Place equipment contaminated during the sample in a plastic bag for later disposal as PCB contaminated waste or decontamination;  At the end of the sampling, the used metal tray will undergo decontamination in the event of contamination with the sampled oil. In case of accidental spill while implementing the sampling protocol, an immediate spill response must be adopted to limit the impact of the spill. The list below summarizes the steps that need to be followed during spill clean-up:  Immediately close the drain cock;  Spray absorbent material on the spilled liquid. The absorbent will allow solidification of the spilled oil which will provide a quick containment of the spill;  Collect the solidified material through the use of a disposable scoop;  Dispose of collected solidified material as well as any contaminated PPEs or equipment inside a labeled plastic bag for later disposal as PCB contaminated waste or decontamination. Teams performing the sampling must undergo thorough training based on the described protocols and tested for competency prior to conducting the sampling on site. Any failure to comply with the above protocol will endanger the whole team and put the site at risk of unnecessary contamination. Disposal of waste from sampling Any contaminated material that was generated during the sampling of the transformers oil must be labeled carefully similarly to the collected samples. Labeling will allow differentiation between PCB contaminated and non-contaminated waste produced during the sampling and analysis once the laboratory results are obtained. Segregation of generated waste during this phase will allow reduction of the volume of contaminated waste that need to be dealt with later on. PCB contaminated waste will be collected inside plastic bags to be contained inside specialized labeled and sealable drums and sent for interim storage. Packing is discussed later in the report. 8.2.2. Dismantling and packing of Askarel transformers and PCB capacitors Concerns emerging from dismantling activities are mainly related to occupational safety and spill incidents owing to the nature of equipment under consideration. 88 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Physical activities Well trained technicians only can be assigned this task. Dismantling team need to be equipped with adequate PPEs similar to those provided for the sampling team. Prior to dismantling in-service equipment, isolation from electric supply must be ensured by an electrical expert. Dismantling of transformers must be initiated by separation of their relative bases prior to size reduction through removal of indispensable parts such as transformers fins to facilitate lifting and transfer to the interim storage site. Avoid breakage of the ceramic bushings on the capacitors during dismantling. Since draining will be performed at the interim storage facilities, special measures must be adopted to avoid spills during dismantling of equipment such as covering the site floors with impermeable lining. In the event of accidental spills, immediate intervention is required to contain the spill prior to expansion as described earlier in the report. Draining and packaging of Askarel and PCB-contaminated transformers During PCBs draining, metal trays and absorbent should be used to collect any spill. The work area for draining and packaging shall be clearly marked with a physical barrier and only the personnel involved in the operation shall be allowed to enter the area. The operation shall take place in Zouk power plant for Askarel transformers and in Baouchriyeh storage site for PCB-contaminated transformers. The Askarel and contaminated oil shall be drained into UN certified liquid drums on pallets and that the drums are packed in a dedicated 20’ box for transportation. Drums with liquids shall be packed in containers separate from the transformer carcasses and capacitors. All containers used for packing shall be UN certified and comply with the relevant international agreements for the transport of dangerous goods. In fact, the containers for transformer carcasses shall be filled with adequate absorbent material to prevent leakage during storage and transport. For the largest transformers, which cannot fit into a conventional container, leak-proof metal trays shall be used for the transport, which comply with the regulations under the IMDG code shall be prepared. The material inside the containers shall be lashed, secured and properly labeled in accordance with the IMDG-code. The containers shall also be labeled on each of the 4 sides of the container and transported at soonest to Beirut seaport, according to a transport scheme to be communicated and subject to approval for the export given by the competent authorities. After the draining of the transformers, all equipment shall be properly cleaned and all waste from the operation filled into drums and disposed of together with the drained liquid and transformer carcasses. The drums and containers with transformers shall be stored in-doors (in a container) at the site until they are shipped abroad. Storage of oil and transformers before shipment PCB contaminated equipment and waste stored at the interim facilities will be considered as hazardous material and managed accordingly. Requirements for the establishment of the interim facilities will be discussed later in this report. It’s recommended to abide by the 89 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project below listed requirements to ensure safe storage of contaminated oil and transformers prior to shipment, these include the following:  A list of all hazardous substances present on site shall be kept and the material safety data sheets for these substances shall be readily available. This list shall be provided to the project proponent and regularly updated;  Each receptacle containing dangerous goods shall be marked with the correct technical name of the substance it contains;  Incompatible materials shall not be placed in common containment;  The contractor shall ensure that there is adequate fire-fighting equipment at the storage area. Dry agent extinguishers shall be made available in quantities sufficient to control large fires;  Fill nozzles shall be kept within the isolated area when not in use and padlocked;  All outworkers handling hazardous materials shall keep appropriate spill cleanup material adjacent to storage and maintenance areas;  Safe storage and handling of hazardous substances shall comply with all legislation; and  All personnel on site who will be handling hazardous materials shall be trained of about its proper use, handling and disposal. 8.2.3. Shipment and destruction of Askarel transformers and PCB capacitors During road transport of askarel transformers and PCB capacitors it’s important to abide by the below recommendations to avoid accidents and associated adverse impacts:  Use non-peak traffic times or provide alternate routes when needed and when feasible;  Use of properly trained flagmen and road side signs, and when needed coordinate will local authorities for a proper traffic flow;  Proper planning and development of a traffic control plan that takes into account the reservations and inputs of residents;  Adequate warning, signing, delineation and channeling at least 500 m down and up-gradient from the project sites;  Restrict movement and transportation of construction machinery outside construction sites to off-peak traffic hours and during night-time; and,  Independent access roads to construction sites accommodating for heavy duty vehicles of up to 40 tons brut weight.  Provide proper traffic flow management plan within the project and at the access points;  Control traffic management plan by installation of proper distributed road signage and monitoring devices;  Install speed limitation signs in the project and at the access points;  Ensure the presence of adequate parking areas;  Apply continuous roads and pavements maintenance;  Provide crossovers be with signals to facilitate safe crossing;  All trucks entering or leaving the site shall have their trays suitably covered to prevent spillage of any material from the truck onto the road;  All vehicles being loaded or unloaded shall stand entirely within the property;  Vehicles leaving the premises shall be sufficiently free from dirt, aggregate or 90 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project other materials such that materials are not transported onto public roads; and  All trafficable areas and vehicle maneuvering areas on the site shall be maintained in a condition that will minimize the generation or emission of windblown or traffic generated dust from the site at all times.  Contractor shall provide all necessary Lebanese licenses and documentation required for transport of the hazardous waste to the Lebanese border  Road transport in Lebanon shall be limited to daylight outside the rush hours, due to safety reasons and transport in bad weather shall be avoided;  Vehicles transporting wastes shall be under surveillance at any time. Under the supervision of the MoE the trucks transporting the wastes shall be escorted by a firefighter vehicle in accordance with the civil defense and lead by internal security forces to provide free road access and uninterrupted routing in order to reduce time spent on the road. However, when it comes to trans-boundary shipment of the freight containers from the power plants and substations by sea transport to a licensed disposal facility abroad, hazardous waste must be shipped out by a properly permitted hauler. For sea transport of the PCBs wastes, the ship shall hold all necessary permits and comply with all requirements according to the International Maritime Dangerous Goods code (IMDG code). The Contractor shall supervise all loading and unloading activities in this phase of the operation. Transport arrangements for these hazardous wastes shall be in accordance with the stipulations of:  Law 387 of 14/11/1994: Ratification of the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal.  The Basel Convention requirements relating to the transboundary shipments of POPs containing waste.  The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG);  UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN, 2009). 8.2.4. Establishment of interim storage and PCB treatment (draining, retrofilling decontamination and destruction) facilities for contaminated transformers and oil Facilities designed for interim storage of PCB contaminated transformers and oils must meet all of the following criteria:  Adequate roof and walls to prevent rain from reaching the PCB waste;  Floors and curbing constructed of Portland cement, concrete, or a continuous, smooth, non-porous surface, which prevents or minimizes penetration of PCBs;  No drain valves, floor drains, expansion joints, sewer lines, or other openings that would permit liquids to flow from the curbed area;  The storage site shall be enclosed and only authorized persons shall have permit to enter the site;  All liquids should be stored in UN certified drums or containers, and stored in a manner that makes them accessible for inspection and that prevents any accidents;  The facility shall not be used for the storage of other waste and the waste shall be stored in way that prevents it from catching fire;  The facility should have written instructions and procedures covering: 91 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 1. Reception, storage, draining and decontamination of PCB containing transformers and oil including safety procedures; 2. Clean up of packaging, vehicles, floors, curbing, wells, etc.; 3. Supervision and self inspections; 4. Fire safety and emergency situations (as further specified below). 5. All instructions and procedures shall be available to the staff and the authorities in Arabic and English language. A fire protection and emergency procedures plan shall be developed in conjunction with the local fire department recognizing that PCB-containing oils in the event of fire may form dioxins and furans. As Askarel is not inflammable and transformer oil has a flame point above 140°C it is required to protect all devices and the liquids against fire from surrounding installations. The plan shall among others provide information on:  Ensure that all employees are aware of the location of safety and rescue equipment available at the site. A clear emergency response plan panel should be fixed at several locations that indicate the safety and fire fighting equipments;  Provide all areas with sufficient fire detectors (heat and smoke) and adequate fire fighting equipments (sprinklers, hoses, distinguishers, etc …);  Provide an automatic fire suppression where necessary;  Ensure that the emergency response plan panel includes the floor map and the evacuation directions, exists and stairs with respect to the reader location (this should be written in languages understood by all workers at stuff);  Ensure that contact details of the local fire fighting services are available to the relevant stuff and worker personnel;  Provide all escape routes with appropriate artificial lighting to illuminates when main electricity supply fails. Such supply should be derived from the project main electricity supply;  Every escape route should be distinctively and conspicuously marked by emergency exit sing of adequate size and languages;  Provide environmental friendly fire-fighting equipment such as dry powder extinguishers within the premises of the project;  All fire safety equipment and fixtures shall be regularly serviced and maintained. The owner or their agent shall certify annually that each of the fire safety measures specified in this statement has been assessed by a properly qualified person;  Conduct annual fire-fighting and leak checks training drills for the operating staff; and,  Prohibit smoking to avoid health problems and possible fires occurrence. Any indoor room for transformer decontamination or for the storage of PCBs and PCB- containing equipment shall be equipped with a fully operative fire alarm system that is maintained, inspected and tested in accordance with the Lebanese fire regulation, with portable fire extinguishers that meet the standards of fire regulation, with fire resistant doors and an automatic fire suppression system. In keeping with international practice, water cannot be used for firefighting when stored PCB or POPs are involved. Dry agent extinguishers must be available and the quantity of these must be sufficient to control a large fire until the arrival 92 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project of the fire service The below table presents the different safety measure that should be provided at the project site in case of fire incidents occurrence: Measures Related Image Measures Related Image Fire Alarm Evacuation alerting Plan device Fire alarm Smoke siren detector mergency Fire hose & exit distinguisher indicators cabinet mergency exit indicators Table 8-1: Different safety measure that should be provided at the project site (Geoflint 2012). 8.2.5. Management of in-service transformers Adequate procedures for management of the in-service transformers can prevent leakages of PCB, exposure to the PCBs and the formation of dioxins and furans in the accidental case of the fire. Accordingly, periodic inspection of the transformers should be scheduled by specialized staff to monitor potential leaks or spills. Spill clean-up procedures described earlier should be adopted whenever needed. Personal PPEs should be used during operations for improved protection of the team. Waste from any spill cleanup should be stored in UN certified containers and inert absorption material should be used. The facility for temporary storage of waste and equipment should be installed away from causes of fires (high voltage, scrap shop, etc.) and all safeguarding measures should be coordinated with the measures for the equipment in service including a common fire protection and emergency plan, installation of fire alarm systems and availability of dry agent extinguishers on site. 8.2.6. Initial interventions at PCB-contaminated sites (expected activities with Government finance) Restoration of the baseline conditions of the contaminated sites prior to the spread of PCB oil contamination comprises different stage each of which requires development of specific safeguarding procedures for successful implementation as discussed in the current section. 93 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project The government should prepare a separate and full-fledged ESIA once they decide to conduct restoration. However, the following mitigation measures are listed for initial interventions. Moving the transformers before remediation activities Protocols discussed earlier related to dismantling, packing, transport and storage of transformers and contaminated oil need to be adopted during this phase to avoid and control additional releases of PCBs into the environmental media. Removal of contaminated soil and concrete It’s highly recommended to proceed with the soil and concrete removal activities during the dry season to avoid further releases of previously trapped PCBs through run-offs. Dust control can be achieved through compliance to below requirements:  Driving surfaces should be paved to eliminate fugitive particulates. Facilities with paved surfaces may additionally employ sweeping or vacuuming as maintenance measures to reduce PM emissions.  Resulting fines and concrete of surface abrasion should be collected in contained area to be treated with the contaminated wastes;  Stockpiles of dust should be properly treated and sealed with latex, vinyl, bitumen or other suitable surface stabilizer, if a stockpile of dusty materials is more than 1.2 m high and lies within 50 m from any site boundary that adjoins a road, street, or other area accessible to the public  Dust generating activities shall cease during excessively windy periods;  Progressive rehabilitation of disturbed land by establishing temporary or permanent vegetation;  Contractors shall regularly inspect exposed work areas and construction works practices;  Excessive vehicular movement shall be avoided;  Vehicle speeds shall be restricted on un-surfaced roads and tracks; and,  Cover and/or maintain appropriate freeboard on trucks hauling any loose material that could produce dust when; and  Vehicle washing facilities should be provided at every vehicle exit point. In terms of dust and emissions control, screens shall be used on site to limit dust production while periodic maintenance of used vehicles and heavy machinery can reduce emissions associated with fuel combustion. Catalytic converters and/or installation of the diesel particulate filters (DPF) and/or catalytic silencers are necessary to control automotive and power generation pollution to significantly reduce vehicle emissions. A catalytic converter is a device used to convert toxic exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine into non-toxic substances. 94 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Catalytic converter Exhaust systems incorporating diesel particulate filters Photograph 8-1: Catalytic converter and Exhaust systems incorporating diesel particulate filters to be used at generators. The contractor shall comply with the the maximum allowable limits for outdoor air pollutants defined by the Ministerial decision 52/1 as summarized below: Maximum Limit Exposure Pollutants (μg/m3) duration 350 1 hr Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 120 24 hrs 80 1 yr 200 1 hr Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 150 24 hrs 100 1 yr 150 1 hr Ozone 100 8 hrs 30,000 1 hr Carbon monoxide (CO) 10,000 8 hrs Total suspended particles (TSP) 120 24 hrs PM10 80 24 hrs Lead (Pb) 1 1 yr Benzene 5 ppb 1 yr Table 8-2: The maximum allowable limits for outdoor air pollutants. The impact assessment has identified that noise and vibration will have a significant impact on sensitive receptors in the vicinity of the project. Noise, and vibration can be controlled and reduced by applying a number of measures. These measures are detailed subsequently: 95 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project  Schedule the activities to avoid sensitive time and/or sensitive locations where possible;  Control of noise activities during working and off-working hours;  Provide noise inhibitors such as generators and compressors with silencers and muffled jack-hammers;  Orientate machinery away from noise sensitive residential areas;  Trucks movement should be arranged to avoid residential areas where possible;  Where machines are fitted with engine covers these shall be kept closed;  Regular and effective maintenance of stationary and mobile equipment;  The following mitigation measures should be taken specifically for night time construction: o Ensure the nosiest works are only carried out during day time hours (07:00-17:00); o Public, particularly residents, in areas immediately adjacent to the construction sites should be consulted prior to the start of night time construction, to alert them to the noisy activities at night time, to explain the reasoning for night construction to obtain public understanding, and to solicit specific public concerns and suggestions for mitigation; o Public billboards should be erected at the sites, listing construction activities, contact persons and telephone numbers for receiving public concerns, complaints, and suggestions on a constant basis; o The noisiest activities should not be conducted at night where possible; and o Night time supervision should be enhanced including on-site noise measurement if appropriate and prompt incident response.  Relocating alarm sirens to face away from residences;  Temporary noise barriers may be erected at the most sensitive areas (only if required); and,  Some of the stationary noise machinery such as generators should be located away from sensitive receptors and in enclosed structure for noise control. Contractors working on site shall make sure to comply with Ministerial decision 52/1 issued in 1996 defining maximum allowable noise levels at the workplace around 90 dB for an average exposure duration of 8 hours working days. For higher noise levels, exposure duration should be reduced as listed below. Sound Pressure Level dB(A) Exposure Duration (hrs.) 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 0.5 115 0.25 Table 8-3: Noise exposure limits. 96 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Given that most of the activities at Zouk and Jiyeh sites are located in a non-residential area while the closest residence Baouchrieh site is located at a distance of about 100 m, compliance with the above recommendations for noise control will eliminate any nuisance potentials on the neighboring environment. Establishment of interim storage for contaminated soil and concrete It’s recommended to manage waste generated by the excavation works similarly to any type of PCB contaminated waste as discussed earlier. 8.2.7. Extra mitigation measures Preservation of biodiversity The impact assessment has identified that the project will have a moderate adverse environmental impact due to the absence of any rare and endemic species of fauna and flora at site area. Mitigation measures for controlling and minimising the above threats are described as follows:  Conservation as much as possible of the present vegetation to minimize disturbance to the surrounding biodiversity (similar to bushes and shrubs located at Zouk and Jiyeh sites);  Avoid any destruction action to the nearby environment;  Reduce works in the time intensity in case of any sensitive periods;  Translocation of species if located within the project limits;  Protective barrier placement around vegetation;  Education of workers on environmental protection;  Inform the project works and customers to value environment by avoiding any damage of possible sensitive vegetation;  Adopt and preserve the green prospective to improve air quality and visual intrusion within the surrounding urban areas. Landscape and visual intrusion The impact assessment has identified two significant impacts on visual quality during the project phase, namely unsightly equipment and light pollution. It is not possible to effectively mitigate the visual impact of equipment and such impacts have to be accepted noting that the presence period is relatively short. A number of measures can however be taken to minimise the effects of light pollution:  Ensure that the light source is the minimum intensity for the required purpose;  Ensure that lights are turned off by timer or manually when they are not needed;  Ensure that fittings are chosen that direct light accurately to where it is needed;  Ensure that the type of light chosen is the least likely to cause light pollution;  Enclose site with non-transparent fencing to minimize visual impacts or plantation of trees; and  Preserve existing floral cover when feasible. 97 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Health and Safety A comprehensive Health and Safety Plan need to be developed by the project proponent and the contractor. Extra safety measures are required owing to the toxic nature of the PCBs handled during the operation. In addition, the same measures regarding workers safety shall be taken during sites remediation, establishment of Baouchriyeh storage site and management of in-service transformers. 1. General conditions  Provide sufficient potable water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene purposes;  Adhere to all applicable speed limits and implement speed limits for trucks entering and exiting the site;  Provide a comprehensive first aid kit and make sure that there are staff members present that are trained to use it;  Comply with the local Health and Safety Requirements, specially the Decree No. 7964/2012 that is the amendment of Decree No. 14293/2005 related to the general conditions of public safety in buildings, structures elevators, and fire & earthquake prevention;  Ensure that contact details of the local medical services are available to the relevant construction personnel prior to commencing work;  Ensure that all employees utilize appropriate personal protective equipment (e.g. hard hats, steel toe boots, respirators) and are trained on these as required;  Restrict access to the construction site by proper fencing and provide guards on entrances and exits to the site;  Establish buffering safety zone surrounding the site;  Install warning signs at the entrance of the site to prohibit public access and stress on utilizing the appropriate personal protective equipment;  Provide training to a dedicated staff about the fundamentals of occupational health and safety procedures;  Provide personal ID cards for all employees;  Provide adequate loading and off-loading space;  Provide appropriate lighting during night-time works;  Provide environmental friendly fire-fighting equipment such as dry powder extinguishers within the premises of the plant;  Conduct a fire-fighting and leak checks training drills for the operating staff; and,  Prohibit smoking as well as litter or weed build-up in the area as these may pose fire risks.  Provide roads inside the project with speed limits signs of 25 km/hr to decrease risks of collisions and accidents;  Provide all contained locations such as mechanical and technical areas with proper ventilation system. Such action will help to avoid excess humidity that contributes to damp musty air, odors, mold and mildew. Moreover, ventilation of the closed car parks prevents the build-up of toxic fumes and flammable gases from motor exhaust and also clears smoke in the event of a fire;  Provide a comprehensive first aid kit and make sure that there are staff members present that are trained to use it;  Provide adequate loading and off-loading space;  Develop an emergency response plan;  Properly rating electrical installations and equipment and where applicable, protecting 98 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project them against use in a flammable environment.  Properly labeling and storing chemicals, oils, and fuel to be used on-site.  Provide internal road and project entrance with necessary guidance to enhance avoid accidental collation. 2. Specific conditions  All workers involved shall prior to commencing the works receive a health and safety instruction where the special risks are described and rules are established in case of incidents.  All workers shall be submitted to an initial medical check, focused on the specific risks of this operation. This medical check shall be repeated upon termination of the works.  A sufficient stock of the personal protection equipment will have to be kept at every working site. The minimum personal protection equipment shall consist of: 1. Industrial protection helmet; 2. Appropriate working clothes; 3. Eye goggles, respiration equipments and ear plugs; 4. Safety boots and gloves for protection against mechanical and chemical risks.  Mobile phones shall be switched off during working time As different environmental media are expected to be affected by the proposed project, mitigation measures that were discussed earlier in this report were summarized and listed in the below table based on the specific adverse environmental impact that are expect to inflict. To provide a more comprehensive approach in terms of impact management, health and safety measures were included in the table 4. 99 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 1. Storage and Handling of Hazardous Substances:  All hazardous material, including chemicals and fuels, shall be stored at a designated site. A site plan showing the designated site shall be provided to Project Proponent;  Prevent spills during sampling by the use of spill trays and the use of adequate absorbent in case of spill to prevent and soil or water pollution in case of accidental spill. Although the amount of oils sampled is small (typically 20 ml), there is a risk of significant spill if the bottom valve is accidentally removed from the transformers;  A list of all hazardous substances present on site shall be kept and the material safety data sheets for these substances shall be readily available. This list shall be provided to the project proponent and regularly updated;  Each receptacle containing dangerous goods shall be marked with the correct technical name of the substance it contains;  Incompatible materials shall not be placed in common containment;  All hazardous liquids shall be stored in an impervious isolated area where the volume of the storage pond is not less than 110% of the largest Soil and storage tank contained within the pond; ground water  The contractor shall ensure that there is adequate fire-fighting equipment at the fuel and oil storage area; Quality  All refueling operations shall take place at a designated site;  The ground under the refueling areas shall be protected against pollution caused by spills and/or tank overfills;  Fill nozzles shall be kept within the isolated area when not in use and padlocked;  All outworkers handling hazardous materials shall keep appropriate spill cleanup material adjacent to storage and maintenance areas;  Used or waste fuel or other waste chemicals shall be stored in a isolated area until collected for off-site disposal by an approved waste contractor at an approved site;  Waste material or water containing waste chemicals such as thinners, oil, and mineral spirits shall not be pumped or disposed of into storm water drains, sanitary sewers or into the ground;  Safe storage and handling of hazardous substances shall comply with all legislation; and  All personnel on site who will be handling hazardous materials shall be trained of about its proper use, handling and disposal. Table 8-4: Summary of Mitigation Measures. 100 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 2. Maintenance and Wash Down of Vehicles and Machinery:  A collection system shall be provided (i.e. trays or impervious linings) under machinery or equipment that may leak hydrocarbons/hazardous substances (e.g. generator and pumps);  Oil or lubricants shall only be changed at designated workshop locations;  Vehicle/machinery repair whether minor or major on open ground or at the side of roads is forbidden. Vehicles/equipment shall be moved to a designated workshop for repair or mechanical servicing;  The ground under the servicing areas shall be constructed of an impervious material and isolated as necessary;  Vehicle and equipment wash-down shall only be undertaken at designated areas. The ground under the wash-down area shall be impervious and designed to collect wash water. Wash water will be re-used where possible and excess water collected and disposed of by an approved location; and  It is prohibited to allow wash water to cause pollution of the ground or groundwater.  water and detergents used for the sweeping (not expected) or cleaning of equipment should be collected and filtered through an activated carbon filter before discharge, or absorbed in an inert absorption material. The activated carbon or other absorbent material shall be sent for Soil and water destruction together with the PCB-containing waste. Quality 3. Sanitary Facilities:  Adequate sanitary facilities shall be provided for workers on site and shall drain to a septic tank collection system;  The setting of the sanitary facilities shall be agreed with Project Proponent;  Septic tanks shall be emptied on a regular basis, at a frequency which ensures no overflow of sewage effluent to an approved site;  Septic tanks shall be fitted with overflow alarms;  It is prohibited to discharge sewage onto the open ground;  It is prohibited to discharge untreated wastewater into sea;  It is prohibited to use open ground for sanitary purposes including bathing, defecating, urination, cooking, washing (dishes or clothing);  Wastewater and storm-water shall be collected in two separate systems, and collection network should be inspected periodically to prevent accidental leakage;  Storm-water form can be tested and utilized if suitable for irrigation purposes;  Water run-off during construction and/or operation should be diverted from running into any water body if suspected to be contaminated (especially during rainy season washout). 101 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 4. Draining and packaging of Askarel and PCB-contaminated transformers  During PCBs draining, metal trays and absorbent should be used to collect any spill;  The work area for draining and packaging shall be clearly marked with a physical barrier and only the personnel involved in the operation shall be allowed to enter the area;  The operation shall take place in Zouk power plant for Askarel transformers and in Baouchriyeh storage site for PCB-contaminated transformers;  The Askarel and contaminated oil shall be drained into UN certified liquid drums on pallets and that the drums are packed in a dedicated 20’ box for transportation. Drums with liquids shall be packed in containers separate from the transformer carcasses and capacitors;  All containers used for packing shall be UN certified and comply with the relevant international agreements for the transport of dangerous goods. In fact, the containers for transformer carcasses shall be filled with adequate absorbent material to prevent leakage during storage and transport. For the largest transformers, which cannot fit into a conventional container, leak-proof metal trays shall be used for the transport, which comply with the regulations under the IMDG code shall be prepared;  The material inside the containers shall be lashed, secured and properly labeled in accordance with the IMDG-code. The containers shall Soil and water also be labeled on each of the 4 sides of the container and transported at soonest to Beirut seaport, according to a transport scheme to be Quality communicated and subject to approval for the export given by the competent authorities;  After the draining of the transformers, all equipment shall be properly cleaned and all waste from the operation filled into drums and disposed of together with the drained liquid and transformer carcasses.  The drums and containers with transformers shall be stored in-doors (in a container) at the site until they are shipped. 5. Handling of out-of-service capacitors  Capacitors shall be dismantled carefully from the banks and the ceramic isolators on top of the capacitors shall be protected from damage in order not to create a risk of further PCB leakage. The capacitors will be handled in Zouk power plant together with the Askarel transformers;  The capacitors are transported in UN approved IBCs (intermediate bulk container). In case of corroded or damaged capacitors, the IBC container shall be partially filled with absorption material after placement of the capacitors. At the disposal facility, the absorption material shall be destroyed together with the capacitors. 102 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 6. Management of in-service transformers  Waste from any spill cleanup should be stored in UN certified containers and inert absorption material should be used. The facility for temporary storage of waste and equipment should be installed away from causes of fires (high voltage, scrap shop, etc.) and all safeguarding measures should be coordinated with the measures for the equipment in service including a common fire protection and emergency plan, installation of fire alarm systems and availability of dry agent extinguishers on site. 7. Interim storage facility for PCB contaminated transformers  The storage site shall be enclosed and only authorized persons shall have permit to enter the site;  The flooring is expected to be made of a closed steel tray. Otherwise, all floor drains, sumps or other openings in the floor or surface shall be closed and sealed to prevent the release of liquids, or connected to a drainage system suitable for liquid dangerous goods that terminates at a location where any spilled liquids will be contained and recovered;  All liquids should be stored in UN certified drums or containers, and stored in a manner that makes them accessible for inspection and that Soil and water prevents any accidents; Quality  The facility shall not be used for the storage of other waste and the waste shall be stored in way that prevents it from catching fire;  The facility should have written instructions and procedures covering: 1) Reception, storage, draining and decontamination of PCB containing transformers and oil including safety procedures; 2) Clean up of packaging, vehicles, floors, curbing, wells, etc.; 3) Supervision and self inspections; 4) Fire safety and emergency situations (as further specified below). 5) All instructions and procedures shall be available to the staff and the authorities in Arabic and English language. 103 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 8. Storage in the port  Given the short distance from Zouk and Jiyeh power plants to the port of Beirut, ideally the packaged waste should go from the power plants for immediate loading on the ship during the same day. As the waste is packed in closed, leak-proof containers, however, short time storage in the port would be possible. Soil and water Quality 104 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures Operation phase: 1. PCB Incineration  Contractor shall provide data on the emission levels for dioxins and furan and disclose the most important technical data of the facility such as combustion temperature, time of residence of the waste in the incinerator (or destruction chamber), type of off gas treatment. Information shall also be presented with respect to the disposal of the slag, ashes, filter dust and other wastes produced during the destruction. 2. Dust Suppression  Driving surfaces should be paved to eliminate fugitive particulates. Facilities with paved surfaces may additionally employ sweeping or vacuuming as maintenance measures to reduce PM emissions.  Resulting fines and concrete of surface abrasion should be collected in contained area to be treated with the contaminated wastes;  Stockpiles of dust should be properly treated and sealed with latex, vinyl, bitumen or other suitable surface stabilizer, if a stockpile of dusty materials is more than 1.2 m high and lies within 50 m from any site boundary that adjoins a road, street, or other area accessible to the Air and Oder public quality  Dust generating activities shall cease during excessively windy periods;  An adequate water supply shall be provided for dust suppression;  Progressive rehabilitation of disturbed land by establishing temporary or permanent vegetation;  Contractors shall regularly inspect exposed work areas and construction works practices;  Excessive vehicular movement shall be avoided;  Vehicle speeds shall be restricted on un-surfaced roads and tracks; and,  Cover and/or maintain appropriate freeboard on trucks hauling any loose material that could produce dust when; and  Vehicle washing facilities should be provided at every vehicle exit point. 3. Ozone Depleting Substances  Ozone depleting substances shall not be used on site. Fire protection products, refrigerants, coolants, and degreasing agents shall be based on non-ozone depleting alternatives; and,  Any refrigerants used, shall be limited to R134a type (non-ozone depleting). 105 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 4. Other Emissions  No uncontrolled fires shall be allowed on the construction site; and,  Vehicles, equipment and power generator shall be regularly maintained;  Catalytic converters and/or installation of the diesel particulate filters (DPF) and/or catalytic silencers are necessary to control automotive Air and Oder and power generation pollution to significantly reduce vehicle emissions. A catalytic converter is a device used to convert toxic exhaust quality emissions from an internal combustion engine into non-toxic substances;  All contained mechanical and technical areas should be provided with proper ventilation system. Such action will help to avoid excess humidity that contributes to damp musty air, odors, mold and mildew. Moreover, ventilation of the contained areas similar to workshops prevents the build-up of toxic fumes and flammable gases from motor exhaust and also clears smoke in the event of a fire.  Appropriately schedule the construction activities to avoid sensitive time and/or sensitive locations where possible;  Control of noise activities during working and off-working hours;  Replace noisy plant with less noisy alternatives, or provide plant which is specifically designed with noise inhibitors such as generators and compressors with silencers and muffled jack-hammers;  Use plant in accordance with manufacturer's specifications;  Orientate machinery away from noise sensitive residential areas;  Construction trucks movement should be arranged to avoid residential areas where possible; Noise and  Where machines are fitted with engine covers these shall be kept closed; vibration level  Regular and effective maintenance of stationary and mobile equipment;  The following mitigation measures should be taken specifically for night time construction; o Ensure the nosiest works are only carried out during day time hours (07:00-17:00); o Public, particularly residents, in areas immediately adjacent to the construction sites should be consulted prior to the start of night time construction, to alert them to the noisy activities at night time, to explain the reasoning for night construction to obtain public understanding, and to solicit specific public concerns and suggestions for mitigation; o Public billboards should be erected at the construction sites, listing construction activities, contact persons and telephone numbers for receiving public concerns; 106 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures o complaints, and suggestions on a constant basis; Noise and The noisiest activities such as piling should not be conducted at night where possible; vibration level o Night time supervision should be enhanced including on-site noise measurement if appropriate and prompt incident response;  Some of the stationary noise machinery such as generators should be located away from sensitive receptors and in enclosed structure for noise control.  Conservation as much as possible of the present vegetation to minimize disturbance to the surrounding biodiversity (similar to bushes and shrubs located at Zouk);  Avoid any destruction action to the nearby environment;  Reduce works in the time intensity in case of any sensitive periods;  Translocation of species if located within the project limits;  Protective barrier placement around vegetation;  Education of workers on environmental protection;  Inform the project works and customers to value environment by avoiding any damage of possible sensitive vegetation;  Adopt and preserve the green prospective to improve air quality and visual intrusion within the surrounding urban areas. Biodiversity condition 107 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 1. Good Site Practice  No waste shall be disposed of or buried or burned on site;  Segregation and storage of different types of waste in different containers, skips or stockpiles to enhance reuse or recycling of materials and their proper disposal  Collection and segregate of aluminum cans;  Recycling of unused chemicals or those with remaining functional capacity;  Plan and stock materials carefully to minimize amount of waste generated and avoid unnecessary generation of waste;  Implement a recording system for wastes generated, recycled and disposed;  Wastes should be stored in a covered area to prevent storm water runoff and protect the containers from weather exposure;  Provide secondary containment storage of hazardous waste that will hold up to 110% of the largest container stored in the area. This area should be able to contain any leaks or spills;  Collect putrescent waste and litter in designated, leak proof containers; and  Overfilling of the waste containers should not be allowed. Waste generation 2. Waste Reduction Management  Applying the principals of waste reduction / re-use and recycling (RRR – reduce, reuse & recycle) wherever possible;  Nomination of an approved personnel, such as a site manager, to be responsible for good site practices, arrangements for collection and effective disposal to an appropriate facility, of all wastes generated at the site;  Training of site personnel in proper waste management and chemical handling procedures;  Provision of sufficient waste disposal points and regular collection for disposal;  Appropriate measures should be employed to minimize windblown litter and dust during transportation of waste by either covering trucks or by transporting wastes in enclosed containers; and  Separation of chemical wastes for special handling and appropriate treatment at any Chemical Waste Treatment Facility and hazardous waste shall be stored in an impervious bounded area. 108 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 3. Contaminated Waste  As by the sampling it is not known whether the transformers are contaminated or not, it is proposed to keep the waste from the sampling of each transformer in a separate small plastic bag, marked with the serial number of the transformers. Later, when the results of the tests are available, the bags can be separated into contaminated waste and normal waste. By this procedure, the amounts of the contaminated waste can be reduced considerably and the disposal cost of these wastes will be lowered.  The Contractor shall offer a disposal of the PCBs wastes in a facility/facilities located in a country signatory of the Basel Convention. The facility/facilities shall have all national licenses for the operations and comply with Best Available Techniques (BAT).  For the transformers, it is expected that the transformers are dismantled and cleaned before the PCB containing waste is disposed of either by hazardous waste incineration or a dechlorination process.  Capacitors may be dismantled prior to disposal and feed into a hazardous waste incinerator. The Contractor’s ESMP shall include as well the safeguard procedures for dismantling and cleaning processes undertaken abroad.  In case a dechlorination process is applied, a detailed description of all generated waste products and their disposal shall be described by the contractor. If any hazardous wastes are generated, the waste shall be disposed of in accordance with national hazardous waste regulation and Waste in accordance with Basel Convention guidelines for the relevant waste categories. generation 1. Workforce Wastes  Suitable collection sites around site offices should be provided. It is recommended that for environmental hygiene reasons and to minimize odor, putrescible (Solid waste that contains organic matter) wastes are not stored for a period exceeding 48 hours, however, removal every 24 hours is preferable. All material should be disposed of to a Municipality approved site. 2. Transportation and Disposal  Hazardous waste must be shipped out by a properly permitted hauler to an approved treatment, storage, and disposal facility; and  Containers should be labeled properly, including contents and date of generation for any hazardous wastes. 109 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures  Ensure that the light source is the minimum intensity for the required purpose;  Ensure that lights are turned off by timer or manually when they are not needed; Landscape  Ensure that fittings are chosen that direct light accurately to where it is needed; and visual  Ensure that the type of light chosen is the least likely to cause light pollution; intrusion  Enclose site with non-transparent fencing to minimize visual impacts or plantation of trees; and  Preserve existing floral cover when feasible. 1. General conditions  Provide sufficient potable water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene purposes;  Adhere to all applicable speed limits and implement speed limits for trucks entering and exiting the site;  Provide a comprehensive first aid kit and make sure that there are staff members present that are trained to use it;  Comply with the local Health and Safety Requirements, specially the Decree No. 7964/2012 that is the amendment of Decree No. 14293/2005 related to the general conditions of public safety in buildings, structures elevators, and fire & earthquake prevention;  Ensure that contact details of the local medical services are available to the relevant construction personnel prior to commencing work;  Ensure that all employees utilize appropriate personal protective equipment (e.g. hard hats, steel toe boots, respirators) and are trained on these as required;  Restrict access to the construction site by proper fencing and provide guards on entrances and exits to the site; Health and  Establish buffering safety zone surrounding the site; Safety  Install warning signs at the entrance of the site to prohibit public access and stress on utilizing the appropriate personal protective equipment;  Provide training to a dedicated staff about the fundamentals of occupational health and safety procedures;  Provide personal ID cards for all employees;  Provide adequate loading and off-loading space;  Provide appropriate lighting during night-time works;  Provide environmental friendly fire-fighting equipment such as dry powder extinguishers within the premises of the plant;  Conduct a fire-fighting and leak checks training drills for the operating staff; 110 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures  Prohibit smoking as well as litter or weed build-up in the area as these may pose fire risks.  Provide roads inside the project with speed limits signs of 25 km/hr to decrease risks of collisions and accidents;  Provide all contained locations such as mechanical and technical areas with proper ventilation system. Such action will help to avoid excess humidity that contributes to damp musty air, odors, mold and mildew. Moreover, ventilation of the closed car parks prevents the build-up of toxic fumes and flammable gases from motor exhaust and also clears smoke in the event of a fire;  Provide a comprehensive first aid kit and make sure that there are staff members present that are trained to use it;  Provide adequate loading and off-loading space;  Develop an emergency response plan;  Properly rating electrical installations and equipment and where applicable, protecting them against use in a flammable environment.  Properly labeling and storing chemicals, oils, and fuel to be used on-site.  Provide internal road and project entrance with necessary guidance to enhance avoid accidental collation. 2. Specific conditions Health and  All workers involved shall prior to commencing the works receive a health and safety instruction where the special risks are described and Safety rules are established in case of incidents.  All workers shall be submitted to an initial medical check, focused on the specific risks of this operation. This medical check shall be repeated upon termination of the works.  A sufficient stock of the personal protection equipment will have to be kept at every working site. The minimum personal protection equipment shall consist of: 1) Industrial protection helmet; 2) Appropriate working clothes; 3) Eye goggles, respiration equipments and ear plugs; 4) Safety boots and gloves for protection against mechanical and chemical risks.  Mobile phones shall be switched off during working time 111 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 3. Fire prevention  Ensure that all employees are aware of the location of safety and rescue equipment available at the site. A clear emergency response plan panel should be fixed at several locations that indicate the safety and fire fighting equipments;  Provide all areas with sufficient fire detectors (heat and smoke) and adequate fire fighting equipments (sprinklers, hoses, distinguishers, etc …);  Provide an automatic fire suppression where necessary;  Ensure that the emergency response plan panel includes the floor map and the evacuation directions, exists and stairs with respect to the reader location (this should be written in languages understood by all workers at stuff);  Ensure that contact details of the local fire fighting services are available to the relevant stuff and worker personnel;  Provide all escape routes with appropriate artificial lighting to illuminates when main electricity supply fails. Such supply should be derived from the project main electricity supply;  Every escape route should be distinctively and conspicuously marked by emergency exit sing of adequate size and languages;  Provide environmental friendly fire-fighting equipment such as dry powder extinguishers within the premises of the project; Health and  All fire safety equipment and fixtures shall be regularly serviced and maintained. The owner or their agent shall certify annually that each of Safety the fire safety measures specified in this statement has been assessed by a properly qualified person;  Conduct annual fire-fighting and leak checks training drills for the operating staff; and,  Prohibit smoking to avoid health problems and possible fires occurrence. 112 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 1. Land transport  Use non-peak traffic times or provide alternate routes when needed and when feasible;  Use of properly trained flagmen and road side signs, and when needed coordinate will local authorities for a proper traffic flow;  Proper planning and development of a traffic control plan that takes into account the reservations and inputs of residents;  Adequate warning, signing, delineation and channeling at least 500 m down and up-gradient from the construction sites;  Restrict movement and transportation of construction machinery outside construction sites to off-peak traffic hours and during night-time; and,  Independent access roads to construction sites accommodating for heavy duty vehicles of up to 40 tons brut weight.  Provide proper traffic flow management plan within the project and at the access points;  Control traffic management plan by installation of proper distributed road signage and monitoring devices;  Install speed limitation signs in the project and at the access points;  Ensure the presence of adequate parking areas;  Apply continuous roads and pavements maintenance;  Provide crossovers be with signals to facilitate safe crossing; Traffic  All trucks entering or leaving the site shall have their trays suitably covered to prevent spillage of any material from the truck onto the road;  All vehicles being loaded or unloaded shall stand entirely within the property;  Vehicles leaving the premises shall be sufficiently free from dirt, aggregate or other materials such that materials are not transported onto public roads; and  All trafficable areas and vehicle maneuvering areas on the site shall be maintained in a condition that will minimize the generation or emission of windblown or traffic generated dust from the site at all times.  Contractor shall provide all necessary Lebanese licenses and documentation required for transport of the hazardous waste to the Lebanese border  Road transport in Lebanon shall be limited to daylight outside the rush hours, due to safety reasons and transport in bad weather shall be avoided;  Vehicles transporting wastes shall be under surveillance at any time. Under the supervision of the MoE the trucks transporting the wastes shall be escorted by a firefighter vehicle in accordance with the civil defense and lead by internal security forces to provide free road access and uninterrupted routing in order to reduce time spent on the road. 113 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures 2. Transboundary shipment  For sea transport of the PCBs wastes, the ship shall hold all necessary permits and comply with all requirements according to the International Maritime Dangerous Goods code (IMDG code). The Contractor shall supervise all loading and unloading activities in this phase of the operation. Transport arrangements for these hazardous wastes shall be in accordance with the stipulations of: 1) Law 387 of 14/11/1994: Ratification of the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their Traffic disposal. 2) The Basel Convention requirements relating to the transboundary shipments of POPs containing waste. 3) The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG); 4) UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN, 2009).  Apply a sufficient traffic flow management plan to avoid high traffic load that may cause road block;  Apply dust and noise suppression mitigation and visual intrusion prevention to reduce the negative impacts on the surrounding counties;  Proper supervision for high workmanship performance;  Employ a large number of local subcontractors;  Instigate a formal complaints system which responds in a timely fashion to complaints about nuisances;  Publish data and reports on environmental performance of the service utility facilities  Provide economic incentives to local communities by adopting policies to recruit locally and to hire local contractors when possible; Socio-  Give priority to the local community in terms of providing job opportunities; economic  Adopt on-the-job training programs for those who do not have adequate skills to be recruited; and  Examine means for potential economic benefits at the local level. 114 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Category Mitigation Measures  In case of future consideration to construct a permanent facility for treatment and decontamination which may require resettlement and/or land acquisition, various key stakeholders should be consulted to evaluate the economical and social impacts. The stakeholders may include but not limited to the follow: 1) Directly and indirectly affected population 2) Hosting populations (population in areas receiving the resettlers) 3) Implementing agencies and consultants 4) NGOs, Local governments and national authorities 5) Project owners and developer 6) Private sector firms involved in the project 7) Funding agencies Socio- economic 115 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 8.3. Environmentally Sustainable Development (ESD) It is an essential objective of the project embraces the very latest best practice for environmental sustainability. The environmental and social impact assessment will establish a detailed set of environmental criteria and an environmental audit process to enable each individual development scheme to be evaluated. The environmental assessment will select an internationally recognized building assessment process, which will provide a consistent method of ensuring that buildings meet minimum environmental targets. The focus of attention will be on the following environmental factors:  Integration of best practice ESD principles into the design and management of the public domain.  The minimisation of energy consumption by creating low maintenance environments and encouraging green electricity supplies;  Minimisation of resource depletion by the selection of environmentally sustainable building materials in the public domain, thus reducing reliance on non-renewable material sources;  The provision of at source recycling approach, and other waste recycling strategies, including the use of demolition material where appropriate;  Maximisation of opportunities for efficient water consumption and reduced wastage by efficient infiltration run-off and storm water management strategies;  The effective reduction of the amount of waste pollutants will be maximised by the following measures:  The utilisation of energy efficient mechanical systems;  Maximisation of opportunities water recycling;  Implementation of a solar energy strategy; and  Efficient management and planning of production demand to reduce unnecessary raw material depletion. 8.4. Monitoring Plan The main role of Environmental Monitoring is to examine changes in environmental conditions in areas where change is taking place, to ensure that impacts are acceptable, and that applied methods are environmentally sound. Nowadays Environmental Monitoring methods are implemented for most major projects. The value of Environmental Monitoring cannot be stated strongly enough. Environmental requirements and restrictions from authorities, project owners and local communities are commonplace. As the environmental legislation, becomes stricter, and as the public’s demand for information grows, implementation of environmental techniques has become more widespread. Measuring the success of these methods is imperative. Monitoring provides invaluable data for the Client and Contractor in order to minimize environmental impacts whilst simultaneously optimizing the design. It also helps in communicating accurately with regulators, the public and other stakeholders who may doubt the project for one reason or another. 116 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project The environmental monitoring plan is necessary before, during and after project implementation. The first step is usually an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), which is frequently mandatory. The ESIA uses Environmental Monitoring to establish the environmental status at the start of a project and to predict how this will change as a result of the project. The degrees to which environmental parameters are permitted to change are then defined by the appropriate regulator and an Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMP) is developed to ensure that parameter changes remain within the permitted ranges. Two monitoring activities should be implemented to ensure the environmental soundness of the project namely “compliance monitoring” and “impact detection monitoring”. Compliance monitoring provides for the control of construction and operational activities, while impact detection monitoring relates to detecting the impact of the operation on the environment. Together, the objective is to improve the quality and availability of data on the effectiveness of operation, equipment, and design measures with the ultimate target being the protection of the environment. 8.4.1. Operation Phase - Environmental Monitoring The monitoring requirements associated with the management strategies which should be implemented during construction are outlined in Table 8-5. Monitoring Requirement Frequency Monitor the condition of areas affected by activities Weekly Inspect heavy vehicles before they leave the sites to ensure soil is not adhering to the Weekly undercarriage of vehicles. Monitor the extent of operation areas to ensure they do not extend beyond the defined Weekly zone. Inspect machinery to ensure it is in a good state of repair and is not leaking oil or fuel. Monthly Visually monitor dust generation from work zones to ensure that excessive dust is not Daily being produced. Conduct investigative noise monitoring in response to specific complaints As required Conduct noise monitoring in the vicinity of sensitive receiver locations Monthly Report any archaeological sites discovered during construction activities As necessary Check that trucks are not overloaded, that they adhere to speed limits, that their trays are Daily covered and that materials are loaded and unloaded carefully Inspect operation zones to monitor for any unauthorized waste disposal activity. Weekly Inspect the site to evaluate the effectiveness of waste storage and collection practices. Weekly Monitor waste recycling and disposal procedures to ensure they are being complied with. Weekly Monitor the water quality Seasonally Ensure access is available for fire fighting vehicles Quarterly Table 8-5: Monitoring Requirements. 117 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 8.4.2. Compliance Monitoring In this context, compliance to the regulations set by the authorities limiting air, water, and soil pollution shall be observed. Compliance monitoring requirements include process control testing, process performance testing, and occupational health monitoring. Compliance monitoring shall be the responsibility of the corresponding project administration, thus monitoring activities shall be budgeted for accordingly. For effective compliance monitoring, the following shall be assured:  Trained staff and defined responsibilities  Adequate analytical equipment, and materials, if possible.  Authorized Standard Operating Protocols (SOPs) for representative sampling, laboratory analysis, and data analysis.  Maintenance and calibration of monitoring equipment.  Provision of safe storage and retention of records. With relation to the proposed project, qualified personal and staff should carry out process control and performance testing. The technical staffs that run the project services are to attend training programs to improve their qualifications and update their information. The contractors should be involved in knowledge through administering specialized technical workshops. It is noteworthy to mention that every proprietor must cooperate with the technology provider for a better approach in process control. This course of action is needed since a precise and adapted process control strategy translates into a better process performance, and henceforth compliance. As for process performance monitoring, a list of recommended parameters is to be presented during the first months of project operation. Once a preliminary database is built, less frequent analysis can be performed. Note that sampling frequencies are reduced at later stages of the operational phase. The project administrators may adjust the schedule of sampling in accordance to the operational characteristics of the system, and previous monitoring experience; however, utmost responsibility should be taken for uninterrupted compliance. The manufacturer's operation and maintenance (O&M) instructions on procedures and machines should be followed. All equipment must be tested and calibrated as recommended by the equipment manufacturer. A routine O&M schedule should be developed and followed. It is critical that the equipments be pilot tested prior to installation and operation to ensure that it will meet permit requirements for that particular operation. Regular monitoring will be required to ensure that mitigation is being carried out as shown in Table 8-6. Monitoring for the appropriate application of health, safety and environmental protection measures at all stages of the project will be the formal responsibility of the project management, the independent project monitors and counterpart staff designated for this task which is a unit within the ministry of environment. As well, the project management unit (PMU) will be responsible of monitoring the project implementation. During the normal operations there is a risk of releases of the PCBs and a risk of occupational exposure by handling the PCB. In case of fire accidents, there is furthermore a risk of formation of dioxins and furans. The health of involved workers will be monitored by health inspection including blood tests 118 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project before and after the operation. For long term operations (e.g. draining of contaminated transformers) it is expected that a health inspection is undertaken every half year. As regards releases of PCBs, potential impacts would be monitored indirectly by the amount of PCB released e.g. by spill, as shown in Table 8-15 whereas, in case the ESMP is properly applied, it is not expected that PCB released from project activities (except in the case of accidents) would result in measureable increases in the PCB concentration in the environment or any measurable effects on the general population or the environment. In case of fire involving PCBs or PCB-containing equipment, the concentration of dioxins/furans in soot around the place where the fire has taken place should be measured in order to assess the amount of dioxins and furans formed and the potential risk from the formed substances. Table 8-6 presents PCB Monitoring for the appropriate application of health, safety and environmental protection measures, whereas, Table 8-7 indicates general testing parameters with performance frequency. 119 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Issue Target Description Indicator Frequency Environmental monitoring Detection of potential Visual inspection for leaks at storage PCB Leak detected Weekly pollution facility Concentrations in soil (top soil and soil Soil investigation (drillings and PCB in soil (mg/kg) immediately under top soil) and Start of activity piezometers) and groundwater Define background level groundwater of In case of spills or storage 1 drilling / area <20 m² (µg/l) <1 mg/kg dw soil on soil. 1 piezometer / area < 50m² <0,1 µg/l groundwater If the soil/groundwater conditions poses Periodically (f.e. every 10 Follow-up potential pollution Regular investigation at spots defined as risk for the current or future use of the site years) and after closure of in soil and groundwater critical remediation is necessary the facility Collection of storm water runoff PCB in stormwater samples from each site and analysis of Runoff detected During storm event these samples PCB in air (µg/m³) Define background level Start of activity Weekly check at relevant spots Measure PCB content and hydrocarbon Every 6 months and after Monitor ambient air quality Concentration < 0.5 mg/m³ content in emission gas closure of facility Measure PCB content and hydrocarbon Monitor air discharge Concentration < 0.5 mg/m³ Every 4 months content in emission gas Spill management Identifying Reporting requirements (names, phone Elaborate a spill response plan numbers of appropriate agencies) Management needs Yearly update Immediate response procedures Information on containers, labelling, disposal requirements for cleanup debris 120 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Issue Target Description Indicator Frequency Methods for determining spill boundaries Decontamination procedures for different PCB use areas Required records Post-cleanup sampling requirements Containment equipment and absorbents at Avoid spreading Avoid spills from running out Weekly inspection all relevant areas should be spread on the contaminated area and should be left in place for at least one Spill control Absorptive material immediately hour or longer to ensure that all PCB fluid have been absorbed if PCB contamination cannot be Removal of contaminated soil determined visually at least 15 cm of soil Within 24 hours depth must be excavated Removal of absorptive material after use and contaminated soil, also exposed In steel containers clothing, boots, … All equipment in exposure area should Within the week be washed down with solvent Pump out the air with air pump whose outlet is fixed with carbon fiber absorber Prevent emission of PCBs to the Use plastic cloth to cover surface of Within 24 hours atmosphere polluted spot to diminish the vaporization of PCB’s Exercise every available spill which may Training sessions periodically occur Provide personal protective clothing and Protect personnel equipment (see higher) 121 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Issue Target Description Indicator Frequency Protect surrounding Inform responsible authorities Within 24 hours Placement of barricades around the Prevent pedestrians and vehicles entering immediately contaminated area When exposed, medical attention must Safeguard personnel immediately be organized Move exposed people to ventilation room Give artificial respiration Inspiration of PCBs In function of seriousness hospitalization will be necessary Swab skin with soap or neutral detergent Dermal contact with PCBs Take contaminated cloths of and clean In function of seriousness send to hospital Rinse eye with water Eye contact with PCBs In function of seriousness send to hospital Send to hospital at once Ingestion of PCBs When conscious use syrup of insert finger to induce vomiting Evacuation of personnel and, if necessary, people present in Foresee room for care and support the immediate surroundings Table 8-6: PCB Monitoring for the appropriate application of health, safety and environmental protection measures 122 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Institutional Monitoring Impact Parameters Responsibility Phase Location Frequency Cost Estimate means /Monitoring TSP/PM-10  Inside working areas Contractor  Upon Air quality Sampling Wind speed and Operation  Nearest receptors  $700/reading /Consultant, PMU complaints direction (residences)  3 monitoring locations around the  Quarterly Contractor perimeter of the site Noise Measuring Leq (dBA) Operation  Upon  $250/reading /Consultant, PMU  Traffic points complaints  Around production plants Operation  Upon pH, temperature, Contractor  Drainage system and Commencem Water quality Sampling chloride, mineral Oil &  $500 /Consultant, PMU water resources ent / Upon grease, fecal coliforms After remediation complains  Site and surrounding Waste Storage, recycling, Contractor Solid waste Operation  Collection area  biweekly  In house staff checklists transport, and disposal /Consultant, PMU  Workshop Contractor  Spill location  Spill Soil quality Sampling Oil, lubricants, fuel Operation  $500/analysis /Consultant, PMU  Storage areas occurrence 123 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Institutional Monitoring Impact Parameters Responsibility Phase Location Frequency Cost Estimate means /Monitoring  Site and surrounding Diagnosis Unpleasant/noxious Contractor  Upon Odor Operation  Project animates and  In house staff checklist (*) smells /Consultant, PMU complaints Site Proper use of Personal Health and protective equipment  Site and surrounding safety surveys, Health and Contractor  All project documentation Operation  Continuous  In house staff safety (PPE), presence of /Consultant, PMU components of injuries and accidents signs, first aid kit, and  Leading roads fire fighting devices Photographic Biological Contractor  Project animates and Field surveys documentation of Operation  Continuous  In house staff environment /Consultant, PMU surrounding present species Visual Landscape Ensure the effective inspection and Contractor and visual implementation of Operation  Entire area  Continuous  In house staff photographic /Consultant, PMU intrusions mitigation measures documentation Number of local Field people employed Socio- Contractor questionnaires Population perception Operation  Region of influence  Monthly  In house staff economics /Consultant, PMU Interviews Employment records 124 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Institutional Monitoring Impact Parameters Responsibility Phase Location Frequency Cost Estimate means /Monitoring  During peak Vehicle counts,  Around construction hours Frequent Measure traffic flow vehicle speed, sites Contractor  Monthly Visual Use of sensor, videos, gross vehicle  At crossroads and  In house staff Traffic /Consultant, PMU Inception infrared, laser or radar weight / release of appointed areas along & Sea PCBs the road transportation Frequent  Sea transport vessels  Continuous shipping company Visual Accident reporting Sea transportation & equipments & Upon  In house staff /Consultant, PMU accident Inception (*) Odor diagnosis checklist is presented in Appendix 2 Table 8-7: Pattern of monitoring, specifies parameters, frequency and responsible party. 125 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 8.5 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) In order to ensure the proper integration of the project to the existing environment, an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) was developed. The ESMP will ensure as a minimum that potential negative impacts are mitigated, effluent quality is monitored, the appropriate staff are trained efficiently, precise record keeping is maintained in an orderly fashion and that effective contingency measures are prepared for. Mitigation measures to reduce the likelihood and magnitude of negative impacts that may be directly associated with the construction, operation and post-operation of the proposed project are summarized below and the total estimated cost is US$586,700. 126 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Environmental Management Plan - Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Monitoring of Institutional Potential Adverse Capacity Development Mitigation Responsibility Estimated Cost Project components Activity Mitigation Measures Impacts and Training Measures and Mitigation / (USD $) Procedures Monitoring Training of Reporting on any Consultant Measures for reducing spill, Spill from inventory teams major spill by responsible 30,000 and use of adequate procedures transformers by on sampling sampling and the for inventory, for spill response (e.g. use of sampling procedures and applied spill EDL, Sampling of metal tray and inert absorbent) on spill response response. & PMU transformer oil Consultant Samples of in-service Accidental electrical No monitoring responsible 250,000 transformers taken by trained shock envisaged for inventory, Component 1: electricians EDL PCB inventory Careful separation of PCB- Releases of PCB to the contaminated waste from other environment from waste. Training of inventory Consultant Disposal of PCB-containing waste Implementation of procedures teams in sampling No monitoring responsible 180,000 waste from from sampling for collection of PCB- procedures and waste envisaged for inventory, sampling disposed of containing waste (including management EDL inadequately absorbent) and interim storage of the waste Occupational exposure Control the health status of Training of workers of workers to PCB workers; on PCB health risks Use adequate personal Component 2: and use of personnel Accidents where protection equipment; Contractor’s protection equipment Contractor, All physical workers are being Use adequate procedures for immediate reporting 7,000 2.1 Dismantling MOE-PMU activities crushed underneath reducing spills and accidents; on any incidents and packing of Training of workers the transformers Ensure all equipment is Askarel in handling of inspected by trained transformers and transformers and Accidental electrical electricians before being PCB capacitors capacitors shock handled. Spill of PCB to the Training workers Contractor’s Draining and ground with Use of spill trays and on the safe reporting on any spill Contractor, packing of subsequent releases inert absorbent draining of and the applied spill MOE-PMU 30,000 transformers to the atmosphere equipment response 127 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project PMU monitoring report Store the equipment and oil in UN certified transport containers; Store drained transformers in metal trays within the container; Leakages of Monitor stormwater for any Contractor’s Storage of oil PCB from the Training of leakages immediate reporting and containers workers on dry Keep stored equipment away on any incidents Contractor, 25,000 transformers agents from combustible material; MOE-PMU before Accidental fire with extinguishers and Emergency plan with PMU monitoring shipment formation of their use procedures for notification of report PCDD/PCDF authorities; Dry agent extinguishers available in quantities sufficient to control a large fire until the arrival of the fire service. Avoid breakage of ceramic bushings on the capacitors; Pack capacitors in IBC with sufficient inert absorption material to absorb any leakages; Contractor’s Use plastic bags to prevent Dismantling immediate reporting Leakages of PCB further leakages when leaking and on any incidents Contractor, from damaged or damaged capacitors are 5000 packaging MOE-PMU capacitors moved to the IBC; capacitors PMU monitoring Remove any visible leakages report on the ground beneath the capacitors together with the capacitors; Mark the area beneath leaking capacitors for any follow-up activities. 128 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Transport of equipment and oil in UN certified transport containers; Inspection of containers prior Training of drivers Contractor’s 15,000 to loading; in safety and immediate reporting Releases of PCBs All transport Store drained transformers in emergency plans. on any incidents from leaking Contractor activities metal trays within the containers container; (Possibly) a mock PMU monitoring Use inert absorption material accident drill. report Emergency plan including procedures for notification of authorities. Trucks shall be led by internal security forces to 2.1 Shipment and Releases of PCB provide free road access and destruction of Contractor’s from crushed uninterrupted routing; Askarel immediate reporting containers in case of Transport during day time transformers and on any incidents Contractor, traffic accidents – outside rush hours; 1,500 PCB capacitors MOE-PMU exposure of the All trucks shall be checked PMU monitoring general population for proper operation and for report in the area safety (brakes, tires, extinguishers) prior to Road transport driving. Trucks shall be escorted by a firefighter vehicle with equipment for dry agent fire Contractor’s Formation of fighting immediate reporting PCDDs/PCDFs in Dry agent extinguishers on any incidents Contractor, 2,000 case of fire by traffic available in quantities MOE-PMU accidents sufficient to control a large PMU monitoring fire until the arrival of the fire report service Follow the ADR/RID rules Significant releases of Contractor’s Ship shall hold all necessary PCB from crushed immediate reporting Contractor / Sea transport permits and comply with all containers – exposure on any incidents Shipment - of equipment requirements according to of the crew; company the IMDG code Formation of dioxins PMU monitoring 129 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project and furans in case of report fire Occupational exposure of workers to PCB; Accidents where workers are injured by the transformers; Contractor’s The contractor should hold Releases of PCB from All activities to immediate reporting the necessary permits for the the dismantling and be done by the on any incidents Contractor operations and follow the - cleaning of Contractor’s national occupational health transformers and from trained staff PMU monitoring regulation waste; report Formation of PCDDs/PCDFs in case Dismantling and of accidental fire in cleaning of dismantling facility transformers Releases of non- Contractor’s proper (activities destructed PCBs in Requirements of PCB decontamination of undertaken Contractor waste products from destruction efficiency of equipment - abroad) de-chlorination >99.9999% PMU monitoring processes report Contractor’s proper Emission of non- Requirements of PCB decontamination of Contractor destructed PCBs from destruction efficiency of equipment - incineration >99.9999% PMU monitoring report Contractor’s Formation of Emission should be <0.1 ng documentation of Contractor PCCD/PCDF from 3 PCCD/PDCF emission - incineration I- TEQ/Nm at 11% O2 PMU monitoring report Replacement of Occupational exposure Control health status of Training of EDL for 2.2 Disposal of transformers of workers be involved workers; workers in PCB installation of in-service (dispose of in the replacement Use adequate personal health risks and EDL’s immediate PCB free Askarel Askarel transformers protection equipment; use of personnel reporting on any transformers 1,000 transformers in transformers, Accidents where Use adequate procedures protection incidents and Jieh Power Plant install PCB free workers are injured by for reducing spill and equipment; Contractor transformers) the transformers accidents, Training of for disposal 130 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project workers in of Askarel handling spill. transformers. Store all waste in UN EDL’s immediate Leakages from stored EDL certified containers; reporting on any 15,000 equipment and waste /PMU Use inert absorption material incidents Install facility away from Monitoring causes of fires (high voltage, coordinated with scrap shop, etc.) Training of monitoring of Interim storage All measures coordinated workers on first transformers in of high PCB Formation of with the measures on the immediate service equipment PCCD/PCDF in equipment in service EDL emergency and Fire inspection 1,500 case of fire in Implementation of fire /PMU protection by Fire storage protection and emergency measures in case Authorities plan Installation of fire of fire EDLs immediate alarm systems reporting on any Dry agent extinguishers on incidents site Training of workers in PCB health risks Store drums properly; and use of personnel Store oil in closed UN protection certified drums; equipment; Contractor’s Keep adsorbent materials Release of PCB in Training of workers immediate reporting in reach Use adequate Contractor, case drums are on handling of on any incidents; 15,000 personal protection MOE-PMU overturned or break transformers, PMU monitoring equipment; capacitors and report 2.2 Draining Use adequate procedures Interim storage drums/tanks PCB for reducing spill and of PCB Training of workers contaminated accidents containing oil in measures in case transformers of spills Training EDL on first immediate Fire inspection Implementation of fire emergen- cy and by Fire EDL Formation of protection and emergency protection Authorities / Fire PCCD/PCDF in plan; 1,500 measures in case of EDL’s immediate authoriti case of fire Dry agent extinguishers fire (in addition to reporting on any es, PMU on site the general incidents measures) 131 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project If dechlorination: Same impacts as for draining, and If dechlorination: Same All physical decontamination measures as for facility for Contractor’s 2.2 Destruction activities retrofilling immediate reporting Contractor, of PCB- (activities If export: Same on any incidents - MOE-PMU contaminated oil undertaken impacts as for If export: Same measures as PMU monitoring abroad) export of high- for export of high-content report content PCB PCB equipment equipment described above Control health status of Training of Monitoring of workers Contractor Occupational workers in PCB worker’s health Use adequate personal /Consultant, All physical exposure of workers health risks and status before and protection equipment Responsible 1,000 activities to PCB and other use of personnel after the operation Use adequate procedures unit of the contaminants protection Reporting on any for reducing spill and Government equipment incidents accidents Occupational exposure of workers Contractor to PCB Supervising /Consultant, Initial intervention Moving Secure that transformers accidents where Consultant’s re- Responsible - at transformers are not leaking workers are ports unit of the PCB- injured by the Government contaminated sites transformers (expected Contractor activities with All activities shall be Supervising /Consultant, Government PCB in run-off from undertaken during the dry Consultant’s re- Responsible - finance) the site Removal of season ports unit of the contaminated Government soil and Contractor Use of screens to prevent concrete Supervising /Consultant, Dust and noise from dust Consultant’s re- Responsible 1,200 the operation All operations to be ports unit of the undertaken during daytime Government Establishment PCB leaking to the Establishment of PCB- Supervising of interim surroundings from proof and water-proof Consultant’s re- 5,000 storage for contaminated waste lining below an above the ports 132 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project contaminated interim storage for soil and soil/concrete concrete Table 8-8: Environment and Social Management Plan 133 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 8.6 Contingency Plan Contingency plans in case of emergency have been addressed throughout the text of this report. Throughout operation of the project the workforce are to be continuously informed of any hazardous issue that may materialize during the operation period, moreover, occupants of the project during the operational period should in turn be informed accordingly should a hazard persist. Stringent emergency procedures are to be assigned that will intercept any pollution that may occur as a result of structural damage due to any natural disaster occurrences. A requirement should be set in the tender document that forces the awarded contractor to perform regular and frequent maintenance checkups of the equipments. These preventive measures and design considerations will ensure a continuous and uninterrupted operation of the tower activities. Moreover, the contractor should also implement certain procedures at certain occasions, such as: 1. All contractors shall develop a spill response plan for submission to the project proponent; 2. In the event of a spill, immediate action shall be taken to contain or clean up the spill using sand or a suitable absorbent material; 3. All contractors handling hazardous materials shall keep appropriate spill cleanup material adjacent to storage and maintenance areas; 4. All spillages of hazardous materials shall be reported immediately to the Contractor’s Environmental Representative (CER). The CER shall submit an incident report to the project proponent within 24 hours; 5. Contaminated soil, rags and other clean up material shall be kept in appropriate containers before being disposed of to a municipality approved site; 6. The contractor shall be responsible for training all staff in the procedures for handling spills and shall provide all staff with appropriate personal protective equipment; and, 7. In the event of a spill, the area shall be inspected by the CER and the Project Manager and this shall form part of the incident report. In the case of accident occurrence, three levels of emergency should be applied as such: Level One It is an emergency that would occur at the site but could be managed initially without external assistance. However, the person in charge (PIC) shall initiate an increase in status if:  No information is forthcoming from the site of the incident;  Situation is escalating or control has not been established immediately;  If the incident requires additional resources; 134 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Level Two It is an emergency that may require external assistance initially but can be controlled via resources on site over time. The PIC shall initiate an increase in status if:  Resources committed are insufficient;  Situation is escalating or control has not been established immediately; or  Possible impact to asset or customers. Level Three An emergency where the site’s asset resources have been fully committed or the time to bring the incident under control is excessive or significant resources are required to control the incident. The PIC shall contact the appropriate emergency centre. Other characteristics of the emergency include:  Facility and/or asset and/or surrounding environment;  Life, property and the environment. 8.6.1. Response Actions Plan The step up of response actions plan is to address the risks that are identified in any accidental oil spill. A carefully designed contingency plan will describe major actions that need to be taken when a spill occurs. These actions should occur instantly after a spill so as to reduce hazards to human health and environment. The following response actions should be included in the contingency plan:  The contractor should notify the MOE to assess the need for specialized private companies and/or related government agencies that are usually responsible for the cleaning operations  Defining the spill size and identifying the position, the extent, and the content of the spill. Also in case of a steep slope terrain then the direction and speed of movement must be investigated.  Quickly transport all trained personnel and mobilize decontamination equipment to the site  Apply a very strict safety procedure to all response personnel and forbid public access to prevent undesired contact with contamination  Investigate the accident location of oil or storage facility to prevent the spilling continuity  Contain the spill to a limited area and remove the oil  Properly dispose of the removed oil once it has been removed 8.6.2. Plan Efficiency Testing For a better efficiency of response action plan, it is important to test it to see if it functions as expected. Testing usually takes the form of an exercise or drill to practice responding to a spill. Drills can varieties from debates and discussion regarding possibility of spill and how it could happen to a full-size deployment of equipment and mobilization of team. Exercises can extend for several hours to days. Exercises provide the following benefits:  Training of staff whom responsible for the action plan 135 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project  Investigate the need for any improvement  Create a low-stress environment through generating a routine procedure and reaction This builds familiarity and teamwork, which can make response more effective during real spills. 8.6.3. Spill location The spill is more likely to occur at the Baouchriyeh designated location for collection and treatment before deportation, however; such leakage may also occur in all the sites that contain contaminated equipments and along the transportation routes. Therefore, the contingency plan should take into consideration having emergencies at various locations and accordingly arrange for a mobile trained action team whom will be responsible for a fast reposed of containment. 8.7. Record Keeping and Reporting Monitoring efforts would be in vain in the absence of an organized record keeping practice. It is normally the responsibility of the project administration, to ensure development of a database that includes a systematic tabulation of process indicators, performed computations, maintenance schedules and logbook and process control/performance monitoring outcomes. Such a historical database benefits both the project administrator and surrounding communities. The project administrator should submit a periodic report to the assigned project management unit, regional authority, namely the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and EDL. During the project operation phase the contractor/operator shall produce a quarterly report containing details of inspections, Non-conformances (major/minor), corrective actions taken, complaints received and monitoring results. Major and minor non-conformities are defined below: 1. Minor Non-conformance – is typically a random or isolated incident. Minor Non- conformances involve discrepancies within an element of the operation management plan (OMP) that do not significantly affect the implementation of the environmental and social management plan and commitment to conform to the Code of Good Practice – a systemic problem is not indicated. 2. Major Non-conformance – can occur when a contractor/operators has documented a process or procedure, but has not implemented it or cannot demonstrate effective implementation. A Major Non-conformance can also occur if a number of Minor Non-conformances in a given activity or against a given element point to a systemic failure. Major Non-conformances also exist if an element is being disregarded sufficiently that it is having a noticeable effect on the contractor's environmental compliance, environmental impacts, or the quality of the structures being produced – there is a gap or problem that could lead to a systemic failure. Monitoring reports including measurement records should be submitted to the PMU at Ministry of Environment (MoE) upon request, according to following: 1. Sampling Baseline data before project implementation. 136 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 2. Monitoring reports for construction and operational phase. These reports should summarize monitoring data with full interpretation illustrating the environmental impacts and assessment of the implementation status of agreed-upon mitigation measures. The monitoring reports should include at least the following sections/information: 1. Environmental parameters  Implementation status of environmental mitigation measures as recommended in the ESIA  Monitoring locations  Parameters monitored  Monitoring results  Monitoring date, time frequency, and duration 2. Other parameters  Report of all non-compliance with or exceeding of the environmental standards  Record of all complaints received including location, nature, actions and follow-up procedures  Records of health and safety accidents on-site 8.8. Capacity Building Considered as a corner stone of the ESMP, the administration should provide the necessary training period to all staff who will be involved with the operation of the project. This allows overall sustainability and eventual transfer of technical expertise to the future appointed operators. The training program consists of two major parts: Technical Training (TT) and a General Awareness Seminars (GAS). 8.8.1. Technical Training (TT) The majority of the Operation and Maintenance training should commence prior to project initiation. The most significant training, especially as it relates to the mechanical equipment, should occur during the general equipment shake down period and continue during start up and performance testing. In addition, formal classroom lecture for process familiarization for the staff should take place. A highly technical training manual should be distributed to the participants to serve as a basis for future reference and application of proper environmental guidelines. The major capacity developments and training activities are described as such: 1. Training the inventory team to perform a safe and correct sampling procedures and how to fast respond to any occurring spillage incidents. 2. Training the inventory team on how resulting sampling wastes should be safely handled. 3. Training labors and project staff on all possible health and safety risks and on the importance of using the personnel protection equipments (PPE). 4. Training the labors and project staff on the handling of dismantling and packing transformers and capacitors. 5. Training the labors and project staff on the safe draining and spill containment of oil spill. 137 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 6. Training the labors and project staff on using the dry agent extinguishers to control any large fire until the arrival of the fire services. 7. Training of drivers in safety and emergency plans. 8. Training of EDL employees on first immediate emergency and protection measures in case of fire occurring at sites containing PCB. 8.8.2. General Awareness Seminars (GAS) Issues addressed in a General Awareness Seminar are less technical than those in the TT, and aim at raising awareness and improve environmental practices. It would be however rather difficult and expensive to provide these seminars to all the staff of the project. It is believed to be a more sustainable approach to train the trainers who will subsequently train and raise awareness in the staff. Topics to be included in these seminars could be environmental impacts, role of in improving the environment and other general topics aimed to increase environmental awareness. Awareness manuals and ready-made presentations will be prepared and provided to these trainers as tools to be used in raising awareness. Trainers would attend awareness seminars in order to be acquainted with the principle. Several GASs would be conducted in order to initiate the environmental awareness. 8.9. Institutional Arrangements It is essential to organize predefined responsibility and strong technical bodies to achieve a better environmental and social management plan. This organization of responsibility will allow every staff member to adhere to his duty and accordingly any mismanagement, to be easily detected. In accordance with the requirements of the regulatory authority (municipality, EDL, Ministry of Environment – MoE), the contractor should submit a periodic Compliance Monitoring Report to the assigned enforcement authority (Consultant). The assigned authority will be responsible for drawing conclusions based on the monitoring data, and deciding on specific actions to alleviate pollution impacts. The direct coordination with the PMU at MoE is also important since they are responsible for diverting the investment towards a sustainable development approach. 8.10. Statement of compliance and commitment Any employed Contractor or sub-contractor should confirms their adherence to the environmental requirements and obligations of the ESIA including proper implementation of the mitigation measures and monitoring plan during both the construction and operation phases. During the implementation of the project, the Contractor will comply with the national regulations/standards stipulated and will adopt the proposed mitigation measures and monitoring plans of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) proposed. The Contractor will coordinate and technically liaise with the MoE for the proper application of the proposed environmental and social management plan. 138 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 9. CONCLUSION As the environmental concern grows, some communities found it difficult to comply with or embrace an environmental management system (EMS) that will improve the general environmental performance. This report identifies the important drivers for such an approach that goes beyond a system to comply with legal requirements into strategies to reduce degradation costs and living conditions. The required action is to develop a life trend that will divert the currently existing practices to a clean society lifestyle. This win – win situation is the desired value of similar projects that should alleviate the recent degradation of environment and replace it with sustainable development. Environmental problems are situational and typically addressed on as-needed basis. These problems require analysis, planning, and action. Accordingly, the environmental impacts should always be identified, surveyed, evaluated and then mitigated after quantifying and qualifying of its effect. Afterword, the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is developed for guidance during project design and for implementation after the approval of the report to insure the correct framework of the project execution and achieve the significance of the ESIA. Monitoring measure contains specific provisions and procedures for the preservation, protection, and enhancement of the environmental conditions during operation period of the facility. Such provisions and procedures are summarizes in the following factors:  Trained staff and defined responsibilities.  Adequate analytical equipment and materials, if possible.  Authorized Standard Operating Protocols (SOPs) for representative sampling, laboratory analysis and data analysis.  Maintenance and calibration of monitoring equipment.  Provision of safe storage and retention of records. Additional Periodic reviews and modifications will occur when necessary to ensure that this monitoring plan complies with mitigation measures that are applied to reduce any possible negative impact. In parallel with acknowledging this industrial project is a requirement for any growing inhabitants, it is important to indicate that a sound implementation practices of proposed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) can reduce and minimize the impact magnitudes. 139 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project 1001 ‫ أيلول‬1 - ‫ تنظيم قطاع الكهرباء‬- 1001 /9 /1 ‫ تاريخ‬461 ‫قانون رقم‬ 1004 ‫ كانون األول‬22 - )‫ (قانون البناء‬2983/9/26 ‫ تاريخ‬248 ‫ تعديل المرسوم االشتراعي رقم‬- 646 ‫قانون رقم‬ ASTM D5730-04 Standard, Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Ground Water. 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GEF PAD Grant for Preparation of Sustainable Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Stockpiles Management Project. ECOS for the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Moldova. El-Fadel M., Maroun R., Semerjian L., and Harajli, H., 2003. A health-based socio-economic assessment of drinking water quality: the case of Lebanon, Management of 140 Leb-Lebanon-ESIA-17 September 2014 United Nations Development Programme PCB Management in the Power Sector Project Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 14 (3), 353-368. Environment Canada (2005): Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines. Guidelines at a glance. National Guidelines and Standards Office environment Canada. March 2005. EPRI (1985): CLOR-N-OILTM Test Kit as a PCB screening tool. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI); Seattle. http://www.dexsil.com/uploads/docs/dtr_0501.pdf Fire safety (the Building Regulation 2010), HM Government Frankel, O.H., Brown, A.H.D. & Burdon, J.J. 1995. The conservation of plant biodiversity. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press. 299 pp. George T. and Henriette T, A Thousand and One Flowers of Lebanon. Lebanese Uniersity, Natural Sciences Section 22, Beirut, Lebanon 2002. George T. and Henriette T, Illustrated Flora of Lebanon. National Council for Scientific Research, Beirut, Lebanon 2007. IHPA (2009): Provisional POPs Technology Specification and Data Sheets for the Secretariat of the Basel Convention. International HCH & Pesticides Association, June 2009. http://www.ihpa.info/resources/library/ Jerade, l. (2006): Case study of a transformer repair facility. Soil and groundwater remediation. 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