么勿 WORKING WITH UN AGENCIES IN DEVELOPMENT A Source Book Operations Policy Department World Bank '('vlelnlwr 1995 by Elise Forbes Pachter UN Unit, OPRPG World Bank Acknowledgments This project benefited from input from Bank staff and managers as well as from UN Agencies, and I would like to thank all those who provided information and counsel. Within the Operations Policy Department, I would like to thank Myrna Alexander, Jim Adams, Jan Wijnand, Nimrod Raphaeli, and Callie Boucher for their support. The Source Book also owes a great deal to the following people who worked most closely on it: Lisa Wood for developing the presentation; editor Jane Gould for inte- grating concepts and text; Tomoko Hirata for developing the design for text and cover; and Helen Meade for management of the printing process. I am also grateful to Carmen Molena and Samir Bhatia for sharing their experience with their own publications. 11 Contents HOW TO USE THIS BOOK IV INTRODUCTION V PREFACE Vii THE AGENCIES Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) International Labor Organization (ILO) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT) United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNWRA) United Nations Volunteers (UNV) World Food Programme (WFP) World Health Organization (WHO) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) lil How to use this book This Source Book is intended for Bank managers and staff who would like to know more about working with the Agencies of the United Nations. It is not designed to cover all the UN Agencies and programs active in the developing world. The book presents a thumbnail sketch of those Agencies whose activities are likely to bring them in contact with the Bank. It covers the origins, financial resources, staff, recent cooperation with the Bank, and a brief resume of the leadership. Where there has been substantial operational cooperation, the Source Book supplies an indicative list of Bank projects in which the agencies have a role, together with a description of each Agency's contribution. Please note that the list of recent Bank projects is selective, not comprehensive. For making contact, there is a section with relevant names, telephone numbers and addresses, and the names of individuals from the Bank and the Agency who have worked together in the past. Designated Bank contact persons who can provide information on the nature of the collaboration to date are also listed. A system of graphic icons has been used for easy identification of information by the reader. In addition, a system of differentiated bullets is used to list principles, issues, projects, and conferences. Iv Introduction The Source Book on Working with UN Agencies in Development has been prepared to help the World Bank and UN Agencies * pursue mutually-held goals of meeting the needs of the poor and attaining sustainable development. Such goals have been devel- oped within the UN family both at international conferences and within each agency's work program. In recent years a global agenda has evolved on a wide range of the world's development challenges: the environment; goals for primary health care and the containment of the HIV/AIDS pandemic through a UNAIDS co- sponsored program; a commitment to improve schooling for girls and to empower women following the Summit for Children, the International Conference on Population and Development, the Social Summit and the Beijing Conference on Women. Other international efforts are addressing nutrition and food sufficiency; labor intensive employment and social safety nets; and research networks benefiting such areas as agriculture and infrastructure. As these endeavors grow, the results of experience can be shared between agencies and among developing countries. The following pages give information on selected UN agencies, programs, and funds, focusing on making contact and instituting effective collaboration. The Source Book is a project of the UN/TA Unit of the Operations Policy Department of the World Bank, and responds to requests from staff of the Bank for informational resources on UN agencies. We hope that others will also find it a useful guide. There were frequent consultations with the agencies concerned during the preparation of the Source Book and we look forward to receiving further suggestions and more current informa- tion. From all users we invite comments and corrections. The Source Book will be updated periodically to ensure its continued usefulness. As Mr. Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank, emphasized in his speech to ECOSOC, the Bank is making a renewed effort to make best use of resources and skills through increasing coopera- tion with the UN and its agencies. Myrna L. Alexander Director, Operations Policy Department V 個••．•••■■■•■•■■． Preface '\Ve care about people, poverty, social justice, and a better world for our children and grandchildren. These dreams and objectives must be our guiding lights. The Bank will never achieve them without its partners -without the closest relationships with our clients, our shareholders, and with you -our sister organizations. We need particularly to strengthen our cooperation at the working level -where it really counts and where it benefits our clients. Again, we must keep the needs of our clients uppermost in our minds.vVe are here to serve them, not some bureaucratic imperative. In my first travels as President of the Bank, in Africa, I saw many ways in which our partnerships are being implemented on the ground -and to great effect: our joint projects to fight riverblindness; to help prevent AIDS; to bring clean water to remote villages; and to help nourish poor mothers and their children. All tl- s was extremeh T encouraging. Nevertheless, I am convinced that we can be even more much more - effective in our cooperation. Entering our second half century, I believe that the UN agencies and the Bretton Woods institutions - working vdth our clients - have a great opportunity to be even more effective in our work, to make an even greater contribution to the world. We must seize that opportunity. NVe can only do it through our continuing partnership. Working together, let us all be open to thinking in new and fresh NXT ays how best to achieve that goal. Excerpts from Jaines D. Wolfensoljiis speech to the Ecoimiiic ind Social Council of the UiiRe(INTatims (3, 1995 Vii 昭国国国■国■■■日国■園■■■ A F(_X_? D A N 1) A( ' R I U i T L.) RE ORG-'A IN I Z ATI 0 N (FA 0) The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was established in 1945 in Quebec City with a membership of 44 govermnents; all the functions and assets of the former International Institute of Agriculture in Rome were transferred to the new body. By 1995, FAO had grown to 169 member states, one associate member (Puerto Rico), and one member organization (European Union). The purpose of FAO is to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living, specially among the rural poor, and to improve the efficiency of the production and distribution of food and agricultural products. FAO collects, analyzes, and disseminates information on nutrition, food, and agriculture, including fisheries and forestry, It furnishes technical assistance at the request of governments. Structure 10 FAO is headed by a Director-General, currently Jacques loin Diouf (Senegal), whose 6-year term expires in 1999. Members meet in Conference every two years to determine the policies of the organization, approve its budget, and make recommendations to member states and international organizations. Its 28th session will be held in Rome in October 1995. The Council is the executive organ of the Conference and meets three times between biennial Confer- ence sessions; its 108th session was held in June 1995. Forty-nine member states, elected for three-year terms with one-third of the body changing every year, represent different geographical areas. In non-conference years, regional conferences are held.The Council Chairman is Jose Ramon Lopez Portillo (Mexico), who took office in 1993. The European Union (EU) has a special membership in FAO which allows participation in all meetings in which it has expertise, and membership rights in key committees on an alternative basis with its member states which are active in those committees. However, the EU is not eligible to hold any office, be elected, or participate on certain committees. FAO 1 Programs 26 In 1962, FAO and WHO established the Codex J.L. . Alimentarius Commission to protect the health of consum- ers and ensure fair practices in the food trade by develop- ing and publishing international food standards. To date, 210 standards and 40 codes of practice have been pub- lished. FAQ also makes recommendations and sets guide- lines to harmonize requirements and to facilitate interna- tional trade in food. At present, there are 151 members of the Commission. Codex standards, guidelines and recom- mendations are recognized by the World Trade Organiza- tion as reference texts in the settlement of trade disputes in matters covered by these standards. FAO is the parent organization, with the UN, of the World Food Program. FAQ established the World Agricultural Information Center (WAICENT) to provide online access to statistical and technical data on food, agriculture, fishery and forestry; this information is also available on tape and on diskette (FAOSTAT/AGROSTATPC). FAO sponsors conferences e.g. World Conference on Agricultural Education and Training; World Food Conference; World Conference on Fisheries Management and Development; World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (WCARRD). Budget In 1994-5, FAO's biennial regular budget is US$ 673.1 million. The major budgetary chapter, representing nearly half of total resources, covers a wide range of technical and economic activities. Other key chapters cover: [ TEixCHicu COOPERTION PRoca\W (FAO's Regular Budget window for small-scale technical cooperation projects to meet urgent or unforeseen requirements of Member Nations) H DE\lOVNENTr SUeoRMF PR(xRVs (support to field operations and investment, the latter in cooperation with numerous other financial institutions including the Bank) E REGLLlR BUDrE (complemented by a substantial portfolio of technical cooperation projects balanced by extra- budgetary resources, e.g. UNDP, Individual Member Nations, through Funds-in-Trust mechanisms) FAO 2 Extra-budgetary field delivery was about US$ 240 million in 1994. A share of about 12 percent of the FAO budget is devoted to the TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAM (TCP) which supports technical assistance in response to urgent and unforeseen needs from member governments. Assistance under the TCP can have a maximum budget of US$400,000 and a maximum duration of 24 months, and ranges from emergency assistance to the preparation of investment and policy studies. Cooperation with the Bank The World Bank and FAO entered into a cooperative agreement in 1964 under which a COOPERATIlE PROGA (CP) was set up and staffed in the FAO to assist Bank operational divisions with sector work and with the identification, preparation, and to a lesser extent, ap- praisal of Bank projects. CP is the largest part of FAO's Investment Centre, a multidisciplinary group of almost 100 professional staff, most of whom work out of FAQ's headquarters. It operates under agreements not only with the Bank, but also with IFAD, the African, Asian, and Inter-American Development Banks, the EBRD, the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF), and sub-regional financing institutions. Since its establishment, 520 projects have been approved for IBRD or IDA financ- ing, with total loans and credits, including co-financing, amounting to over US$20 billion. Under the agreement, FAO contributes to indirect costs and may also allocate funding from its Technical Cooperation Program to assist governments in carrying out investment- related studies. FAO has contributed 25 percent of the cost, while the Bank has provided a non-fungible budget alloca- tion to operational divisions amounting to 75 percent; the CY93 Bank allocation for the CP with FAO was US$10.7 million. Since March 1993, however, discussions have been held on the financial arrangements to bring them more in line with current Bank budgeting systems and to align CP assistance more effectively with a market based system for operational support. Commencing in FY 1994, the Bank began to phase out the guaranteed payments to FAO. FAO 3 Director-General Diouf has stated his desire to strengthen links between FAO and the Bank beyond the Cooperative Program. Initiatives with this aim include the recent agreement between the Bank, FAO, and UNEP to estab- lish a facility to assist in the identification and preparation of projects which will encourage the uptake of integrated pest management. FAO, along with UNDP and the World Resources Institute, collaborated with the Bank on a TROPICAL FORESTs ACTION PLAN (TFAP) starting in 1987. Results fell short of expectations and the effort to reconstitute the TFAP in 1992 was also disappointing, reflecting the lack of interna- tional consensus on forest matters. Currently the emphasis is on national forestry programs which are based on sector analyses to develop sound policies and encourage effective lending to the sector. Making Contact Management Dr. Jacques Diouf (Senegal) Director-General Mr. Howard Hjort, Deputy Director-General Assistant Directors-General: Mr. H. Carsalade, Sustainable Development Mr. H. de Haen, Economic and Social Mr. D. Harcharik, Forestry Mr. W Krone, Fisheries Mr. K. Mehboob, Administration and Finance Mr. A. Regnier, Technical Cooperation Mr. A. Sawadgogo, Agriculture Mr. E Zenny, General Affairs and Information FAO Staff working with Bank Mr. David Forbes Watt, Director, Investment Center Mr. Paolo Lucani, Senior Chief, CP/FAO Mr. Mark Bral, Senior Chief, CP/FAO Mr. B.K. Godbole, Senior Chief, CP/FAO Mr. Charles Remenschneider, Director, FAQ Office, Washington DC FAO 4 Bank Staff working with FAO Alexander McCalla (AGRDR) (Bank contact person); Messrs. Donald Forno (AGRTN); Michel Petit (ESDAR) Most recent meetings with Bank Management Mr J Diouf has visited the Bank several times, most recently in March 1995. Principal Publications Ceres (monthly) Commodity Review and Outlook (annual) The FAO Review (hi-monthly) Rural Development (annual) The State of Food and Agriculture (annual) World Agriculture: Towards 2010 FAO Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics, Food and Agricultural Legislation Statistical Yearbooks (Production, Trade, Fertilizer, Forest Products, Fisheries, Animal Health) AGROSTAT PC-an electronic version of FAO's statistical yearbooks Headquarters Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Telephone: (39 6) 52251 Facsimile: (39 6) 5225. 3152 Telex: 610181 FAO 1 Staff (Headquarters and Field) FAO has representatives in 78 developing countries. In 1994-95, extensive decentralization was undertaken with technical expertise strengthened in the five Regional Offices and multidisciplinary technical teams posted in each of the five Subregional Offices. FAQ 5 BANK PROJECTS WITH FAO C/L # not available AFRICA Project FY C/L Description CAMEROON Food Security 92 L3388 FAO approved pesticides only used: TM Diarra FAO training for pesticide handling to continue: FAO to provide TA for Early Warning MOZAMBIQUE Food Security 93 C2487 FAO cofinancing US$1m; funding TM Salim policy advisor for Poverty Alleviation, Ministry of Planning and Finance NIGER Pilot Private Irrigation 95 C2707 FAO help in environmental assessment Promotion TM Jammeh TANZANIA Agriculture Sector 94 C2537 GOT to use FAG for training program Management and TA for agricultural information TM Coates component EAsT ASIA INDONESIA Integrated Pest 93 L3586 FAO to prov de L'S$9 million ior Management consultancy ser, iie. 1L' ilateral Tru.; TM Leeuwrik Fund Agreement F-\O GOl Virt NAM Viet Nam Agriculture 94 C2561 FAO assisted GOV in preparation Rehabilitation Loan TM Cuddihy ECA POL'ND Forestry Development 94 L3641 FAO pesticide guidelines to be followed TM Wencelius MNA JORDAN Agricultural Sector 95 FAOundertookprojectpreparation report Technical Support TM Sallah MoRocco On-Farm and Irrigation 94 L3704 FAO to provide $1.7 m in TA and Network commun,cations eor\ ices TM Simas YEMEN Fisheries IV 91 C2265 Studies by FAO on fish resources used TM Sallah In CY 1994, disbursements to FAO from the proceeds of Bank loans and credits totalled US$5,457,633. TA: Technical assistance TM: Task Manager L: IBRD Loan FY July 1-June 30 C: IDA Credit GO Government of (borrower) Readers should be aware that the names of TMs and project specifics can change in the course of project implementation. FAO 6 Dr. Jacques Diouf Director-General Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Dr. Jacques Diouf (Senegal) became the seventh Director- General of FAO in January 1994, the third from the devel- oping world and the first African to hold the post since the Organization was founded in 1945. Previous posts held o Ambassador, Senegal Permanent Mission to the United Nations (1991 to 1993) Secretary General of the Central Bank for West African States in Dakar, Senegal (1985 to 1990) Member of Parliament in Senegal (1983 to 1984) Secretary of State for Science and Technology (1978-1983). Executive Secretary of the African Groundnut Council and later of the West African Rice Development Association (1965-1977) Degrees Doctor of Philosophy in Social Sciences of the Rural Sector (Agricultural Economics) from the Sorbone (Pans) o Master of Science in Agriculture and Tropical Agronomy from the Ecole Nationale d'Application d'Agrononiie Tropicale-Nogent and the Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture-Grignon (both in Paris) Dr. Diouf is married with five children. FAO 7 FAO 8 The statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency entered into force in 1957. It is not a specialized agency, but an independent inter-governmental organization under the aegis of the UN, based in Vienna. Purpose The purpose of the Agency, as defined in its statute, is "to seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world". The Agency is specifically authorized to: # encourage and assist research on atomic energy for peaceful purposes throughout the world 4 act as an intermediary in the supply of materials, services, equipment and facilities 4> foster the exchange of scientific and technical information * establish and administer safeguards against the misuse of aid provided by or through the agency and # establish safety standards The Agency is responsible for drawing up and implement- ing the safeguards provisions of the Nuclear Non-Prolifera- tion Treaty (NTP) and related treaties. About 50-60 percent of IAE's budget is allocated to safeguard activities -a relatively new concept in international law and one of the most important aspects of the IAEAs role and functions. The aim of the safeguards is to assist states in demonstrat- ing their compliance with international obligations in the interest of preventing the further proliferation of nuclear weapons. There are now over 820 nuclear installations and other locations under IAEA safeguards, which represents approximately 95 percent of the world's nuclear facilities and materials outside the five nuclear-weapons states. Although the IAEA is not a regulatory body, its recommen- dations are used by many countries as a basis for national standards and rules. As nuclear power programs have grown and public attention has focused on safety, the responsibility of the IAEA in the area of nuclear safeguards has increased. The nuclear safety program also includes IAEA 1 monitoring operator qualification and training, and the evaluation of training programs. An Operational Safety Review Team (OSART) program has been instituted to review the operational safety of nuclear power plants upon invitation by member states. The IAEA also has important functions to carry out under international conventions related to emergency response and preparedness in the event of a nuclear accident, namely the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, and the Conven- tion on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. Great emphasis is put on evaluation and assistance to improve the safe operation of Eastern European reactors. Additional activities are oriented toward: power develop- ment (locating possible niches for nuclear energy); envi- ronmental issues; peaceful use of nuclear techniques; radio-isotopes for medicine; and food conservation. International Consultative Group On Food Irradiation (ICGFI) In 1982, the Directors-General of FAO, IAEA and WHO invited member states to consider forming a consultative group to focus on international cooperation in food irradiation. ICGFI, composed of experts or other partici- pants designated by each government, was established in 1984 for a initial period of five years; it has now been extended to 1999. FAO, LAEA and WHO, through the Joint FAO/IAEA/Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture based at the IAEA,Vienna, serve as its secretariat. The functions of the ICGFI are to: * evaluate global developments in the field of food irradiation * provide a focal point of advice on the application of food irradiation to member states and the three Organizations > furnish information, as required, to the Joint FAO/ IAEA/WHO Expert Committee on theWholesomeness of Irradiated Food and the Codex Alimentarius Commission ICGFI funds and operates its own programs, developing policy guidelines relating to the safety of food irradiation, legislation, public information, economic feasibility, and international IAEA 2 trade. The group is currently composed of 40 Member States, more than half of which are developing countries. ICGFI convenes annual meetings to develop technical recommenda- tions and to consider its budget and program of work. Structure The IAEA secretariat, which has its headquarters in Vienna, has 2,200 staff members. There are laboratories in Seibersdorf, Austria, and Monaco; safeguards offices in Tokyo and Toronto; UN liaison offices in NewYork and Geneva. In Trieste, Italy, the IAEA operates an International Centre for Theoretical Physics jointly with UNESCO. The General Conference meets bi-annually. The 38th regular session met inVienna in September, 1995. Collaboration with the Bank Issues of interest to the Bank in regard to IAEA are nuclear energy in developing countries and the safety of aging reactors in the former Soviet Union countries. Most coop- eration with the Bank takes place in the energy sector, specifically in developing a computerized information system on power and environmental linkages. In addition, the technique of food irradiation is of interest to the Bank. Making Contact Management Dr. Hans Blix (Sweden) Director-General Mr. Leonard Bennett, Chief, Economic Studies Section Bank Staff working with IAEA Mr. Karl Jechoutek (IENPD) (Bank contact person) (Mssrs/Mmes.) Jock Anderson (A GRAP); Jean-Pierre Charpentier (IENPD); Alvaro Covarrubias (OEDD3); John Evans (AF2AE); Joseph Gilling (IENPD); Ian Johnson (GEF); Judith McGuire (HDD); Alastair McKechnie (VIN2PI); Jayme Porto-Carreiro (LA3IN); Kurt Schenk (IENPD); lona Sebastian (ENVPE) IAEA 3 Recent IAEA visit to the Bank Senior staff of IAEA March 1-3, 1995 Headquarters Vienna International Centre Wagramerstrasse 5 PO. Box 100 A- 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (43 1) 23600 Facsimile: (43 1) 234564 Cable: INATOM VIENNA Telex: 1-12645 atom a Hans Blix Director-General International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Hans Blix of Sweden was appointed Director-General in September 1994, succeeding Sigvard Eklund of Sweden. Mr. Blix studied at the University of Uppsala, at Columbia University, and at Cambridge University where he received a Doctor of Philosophy degree. In 1959 he became Doctor of Laws at Stockholm University and in 1960 was ap- pointed Associate Professor in International Law. Government posts held @ Head of Department, Ministry for Foreign Affairs 1963 to 1976, and 1979 Under-Secretary of State, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 1976 a Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1978 Since 1961 he has been a member of Sweden's delegation to UNGA, and from 1962 to 1978 a member of the Swedish delegation to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. Dr. Blix has written several books on international and constitutional law and was leader of the campaign in favor of the Swedish nuclear energy program in 1980. He is married to Eva Blix, Director at the Ministry of Commerce. They have two children. IAEA 4 *~ ~NT[KN'IA I 10X (, ORGANIZATION I The Convention on International Civil Aviation, providing for the establishment of ICAO, was signed in Chicago in 1944. The organization existed provisionally until it was ratified in 1947. Purpose Article 44 of the convention assigns to ICAO the responsi- bility to: 4 develop, adopt, and amend international standards in all matters related to the operation of aircraft, air worthiness, and the facilities and services required in their support 4 establish, with the cooperation of States, regional air navigation plans 0 4> create standards for and help States with aviation security 4 streamline customs, immigration, and public health formalities 4 assist, through technical cooperation activities, resource-scarce states to meet ICAO standards 4 collect and publish world aviation statistical data and economic studies 4 draft international air law conventions 4 monitor the impact of civil aviation on the environment and develop relevant standards Structure a THE ASSEMBLY, composed of delegates from member states, meets not less than once in three years to review and to establish guidelines for future activities. The 31st session of the Assembly is scheduled for September, 1995. a THE CouNcIL, the executive body of the organization, is elected by the ordinary session of the Assembly every three years. The Council elects its own President. ICAO 1 E KEY counrrris include the Air Navigation Commission, Air Transport Committee, Legal Committee, Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services, Finance Committee, Personnel Committee and the Committee on Unlawful Interference,Technical Cooperation Committee. z THE SECRETARLAT, headed by the Secretary-General, appoints the staff and directs its activities. Budget In 1995, the ICAO budget was US$52,205,000. Making Contact Senior ICAO Officials Dr. Philippe Rochat (Switzerland) Secretary-General Dr. Assad Kotaite (Lebanon) President of the Council Headquarters 1000 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal, Canada H3A 2R2 Telephone: (514) 285 8221 Facsimile: (514) 288 4772 Staff working with the Bank Mr. A.R. El Hicheri, Director, Technical Cooperation Bureau Bank Staff working with ICAO Mr. Ellis Juan (CFSPS) (Bank contact person) Staff Headquarters: 747 Field: 197 ICAO 2 Philippe H.P. Rochat Secretary-General International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Philippe H.P Rochat of Switzerland became Secretary- General of ICAO in August, 1991. Mr. Rochat earned his law degree in 1966 and a Doctorate in Law at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland. His doctoral thesis concerned "Protection against obstacles to air navigation". Mr. Rochat began his career as a journalist, but later became Assistant to the Deputy Director of the Federal Office for Civil Aviation, located in Bern. In 1977, Mr. Rochat was appointed Administrative and Commercial Director of the Geneva Airport. From 1985 to 1989, Mr. Rochat served on the ICAO Council, for one year as Alternate Representative of Bel- gium and for the three subsequent years as Representative of Switzerland. He wasVice-Chairman of the Joint Support Committee and Chairman of the Finance Committee. Mr. Rochat is married and has two children. ICAO 3 ICAO 4 DIf Vj F~ 1' C The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) was established after the 1974 World Food Confer- ence at a time of great concern regarding world food production and hunger, and launched its program in 1977. IFAD mobilizes financial resources from donors to be made available on concessional terms to developing country members. Structure The President of IFAD is Mr. Fawzi Al-Sultan, elected for a four-year term and also serving as the Chairman of the Executive Board. In January 1995 at the 18th session of the Fund's Governing Council, the membership approved changes to the original Agreement of Establishment by * replacing the three category system of OECD, OPEC and developing country member groups with a new voting system. Member countries will now have two types of votes -an original membership vote and a vote based on the size of contributions. These changes will become effective once the negotiations on the Fourth Replenish- ment have been concluded, probably by September 1995. IFAD has 158 member states. Each member is represented on the Governing Council, which meets annually. The Executive Board holds three regular sessions a year, and is responsible for the conduct of the general operations of the Fund. Under a new structure, it will have 18 members, eight from OECD countries, four from OPEC countries, and six from developing countries. IFAD has three main administrative departments: " PROJECT NLANAGEMENT (Africa I, Africa II, Asia, Latin America and Caribbean, Near East and North Africa Divisions, and Technical Advisory Division) " EcONONuc POLICY AND RESOURCE STRATEGY " MNAGENTF ,ND PRisoNEL SERvicEs (Re-engineering Task 0 Force, Office of the Secretary, Personnel Division, Manage- ment Information Systems, Administrative Services Unit) IFAD 1 Purpose S The Fund provides financing primarily for projects and programs specifically designed to introduce, expand or improve food production systems, and to strengthen related policies and institutions within the framework of national priorities. The aims are to: 4> increase food production in the poorest food deficit countries 4> increase food production in other developing countries > improve the nutritional level of the poorest populations in developing countries, and the conditions of their lives I design and finance projects which increase the average incomes of the rural poor, focusing on small and marginal farmers, the landless, and rural women 4> redirect the energies of public and private institutions to meet the needs of the poor 4 identify and provide needed technology to the poor, and restructure or build credit institutions for the poor IFAD's clients are involved in the design and implementa- tion of IFAD programs. Resources Since 1977, IFAD has mobilized over US$4.5 billion from cofinanciers and US$5.5 billion from recipient countries for a total project investment of US$14.4 billion. The 1993 budget was US$50 million, jointly funded by Western Countries (60 percent) and OPEC Countries (40 percent). IFAD Member States are currently finalizing their pledges for the Fourth Replenishment which are expected to total nearly US$600 million. By the end of 1994, IFAD had made 407 loans (396 projects); 543 grants (464 grants under the Regular Programs and 79 grants under the Special Programs) to 103 developing countries. Also in 1994, IFAD's Program of Work resulted in 28 projects for which approved loans totaled US$350 million. In addition, two technical assistance grants provided funding amounting to US$13.5 million. IFAD loans are of three sorts: Loans on highly concessional terms are free of interest but bear a service charge of three-fourths of a percent (0.75 percent) per annum and have a repayment period of 40 years, including a grace period of 10 years. IFAD 2 Loans on intermediate terms have a rate of interest equivalent to 50 percent of the variable reference interest rate, as determined annually by the Executive Board, and a repayment period of 20 years, including a grace period of 5 years. o Loans on ordinary terms have a rate of interest equivalent to 100 percent of the variable reference interest rate, as determined annually by the Executive Board, and a repayment period of 15 to 18 years, including a grace period of 3 years. No commitment charges are levied on any loan. IFAD Regular Program Lending (1994) % of total Africa 35.3 Asia 34.0 Near East and North Africa 14.4 Latin America 16.2 IFAD conducts a SPECIAL PROGRAM FOR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIEs AFFECTED By DROUGHT AND DESERTIFl- CATION (SPA), launched in 1986, which has financed 41 projects in 24 countries, (apart from projects under IFAD's regular program of assistance). The total value of loan commitments amounts to approximately US$390 million. In addition, the Program has also mobilized further direct contributions to sustain these projects. The total value of programs and projects developed under the aegis of SPA now amounts to some US$700 million, including a contribution of approximately US$126 million from bilateral and multilateral sources and US$73 million from IFAD's own regular program. Cofinancing As of CY94, IBRD/IDA had provided 57.8 percent of IFAD cofinancing. Examples of IFAD's Cooperation IFAD is a member of the Joint Consultative Group on Policy (JCGP) and works closely with other members, UNDP, UNICEF, UNFPA, and WEP The JCGP unites these five Funds and Programs against poverty, hunger and deprivation. IFAD 3 IFAD held a summit in Geneva in February 1992 on the Economic Advancement of Rural Women. It adopted a Geneva Declaration for Rural Women, later endorsed by ECOSOC. Making Contact IFAD Senior Officials Mr. Fawzi Al-Sultan, President (Kuwait) 1993-96 Bank Staff working with IFAD Messrs. Douglas Fomo, AGRTN (Bank contact person); Alexander McCalla, AGRDR Most recent meeting of IFAD and Bank Management Mr. Fawzi Al-Sultan, President, IFAD met with Bank management in June, 1995 regarding the Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest. Headquarters Via del Serafico 107 00142 Rome, Italy Telephone: (39 6) 54591 Facsimile: (39 6) 5043463 Telex: 620330 Principal Publications The State of World Poverty (1992) Annual Report IFAD Update (newsletter) Occasional publications on rural poverty and food security Staff At the end of 1993, IFAD had a staff of 259, as well as consultants and temporary staff. Acronyms ASP: Agricultural Services Project ECP: Extended Cooperation Program FRAMES: Focused Rapid Assessment of Monitoring and Evaluation Systems PLPR: Periodic Loan Portfolio Reviews SOF: Special Operations Facility IFAD 4 SPA: Special Program for Sub-Saharan Countries Affected by Drought and Desertification SPM: Special Programming Mission SRS: Special Resources for Sub-Saharan Africa Directions for Bank Appraisal and Supervision of IFAD-Financed Projects @) The World Bank and the International Fund for Agricul- tural Development (IFAD) have entered into an agreement of cooperation that calls on the Bank to appraise and supervise projects that are fully financed by IFAD. Bank Procedures The Bank carries out its agreement with [FAD through the following procedures: Preappraisal No formal contact on issues relating to the appraisal takes place between the Bank and the govern- ment concerned until IFAD has officially requested the Bank to undertake the appraisal. However, when it becomes known that the Bank may be asked by IFlD to undertake such an appraisal, Bank staff may carry out an informal assessment of preparation progress and project design in collaboration with IEAD. Appraisal The appraisal of IFAD projects follows Bank standards and procedures. Supervision Likewise, supervision of IFAD projects follows Bank standards and procedures. Staffing The Bank determines the composition of appraisal and supervision missions, and agrees with IFAD on the terms of reference for such missions. IFAD staff may join such missions if they choose, and in consultation with the Bank. Reimbursement The agreement between the Bank and IFAD rests on the principle of full cost recovery; that is, IFAD shall fully reimburse the Bank for the cost of services rendered, on the basis of agreements reached through the exchange of written communications between IFAD and the Bank division concerned as to overall costs and on the basis of time records kept by the Bank. It is the responsi- IFAD 5 bility of the Bank division concerned to reach prior agreement with IFAD on any work adjustment that would result in a cost differential from agreed amounts. Failure to do so may result in the Division/Region concerned having to bear any cost over-run. The Planning and Budgeting Department determines annually the cost of a staff-year, including institutional overheads, which it communicates to IFAD. Cofinancing IEAD also cofinances Bank projects, and at times the Bank may cofinance an IFAD prepared project. The Bank does not charge IFAD for the cost of preparing, appraising of supervising such projects. Documentation The Bank produces Staff Appraisal Reports for IFAD-financed projects. No Memorandum and Recommendation of the President or legal documents are required. Project Completion Report (PCR) The Bank does not prepare a PCR unless IFAD has specifically requested it and agreed to pay for it. However, the last supervision mission before loan closing should, in agreement with IFAD, discuss with the Borrower the responsibilities, time frame and budget for preparing the PCR. Billing Issues The Accounting Department bills IFAD and settles any dispute on costs in consultation with AGR and the Division/Region concerned. Questions on this directive should be addressed to the Chief, Agricultural Technology and Services Division, Agriculture and Natural Resources Department, World Bank. IFAD 6 BANK PROJECTS W ITH IFA D*C/ #no avi bl CL # not available AFRICA Project FY C/L Description BENIN Agricultural Services 91 C2285 US$4m cofinancing from IFAD TM Brizzi/Toure Rural Credit II 93 C2529 Used IFAD credit scheme for women TM Sissoko CAMEROON Livestock Sector 89 13014 Participation suggested and financed by Development IFAD; cofinancing US$10.8m TM Chabeuf CENTRAL AFRICAN Agriculture Services 92 C2368 Parallel work with an IFAD-funded REPUBLIC TM Asseo project in food crops C6TE D'IVORE National Agricultural 94 C2636 US$1.9m cofinancing from IFAD Services TM Weetjens EQUATORIAL Crop Diversity/ 91 C2181 US$5m cofinancing from IFAD GUINEA Agricultural Services TM Bouchitte KENYA Agricultural National 91 C2199 US$6m cofinancing from IFAD Extension II TM Kampen MAURITIUS Agricultural Services 91 L3333 Complements project by IFAD in TM Trapman organic gardening SENEGAL Small Rural OPS II 89 C1992 US$5m cofinancing from [FAD TM Jammeh UGANDA Northern Reconstruction 92 C2362 Builds on previous cofinanced loan; TM Talai agricultural inputs by [FAD ZIMBABWE Agricultural Credit and 89 L3063 Cofinancing US$15,8m Export TM Chidawanyika EAST AsIA PHILIPPINES Communal Irrigation II 91 L3261 Based on previous cooperation with TM Gunasekara IFAD on communal irrigation SouT ASIA PAKISTAN Agricultural Credit 90 L3226 US$25m cofinancing by IFAD TM Wambia In CY 1994, disbursements to FAO from the proceeds of Bank loans and credits totalled US$5,457,633. TA: Technical assistance TM: Task Manager L: IBRD Loan O FY July 1-June 30 C: IDA Credit GO Government of (borrower) Readers should be aware that the names of TMs and project specifics can change in the course of project implementation. IFAD 7 Mr. Fawzi Al-Sultan President International Fund for Agricultural Development (lFAD) Mr. Fawzi Al-Sultan (Kuwait) became President of IFAD in February 1993. Prior to election, he had a long career with the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, and then with the World Bank, where he was an Executive Director. Degrees a 1970 M.A. in Economics fromYale University, USA o 1966 B.A. in Economics from American University of Beirut, Lebanon Publications t Averting Financial Crisis-Kuwait (1989) World Bank Working Paper Series a The Financial Development in Kuwait (1979) Seminar paper presented to the Conference on Industrial Development and Finance in the Gulf, Bahrain Mr. Al-Sultan is married with two sons and one daughter. IFAD 8 INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (110) The International Labour Organization (ILO) was estab- lished in 1919 by the Treaty ofVersailles and associated with the League of Nations. Its aims were redefined by the Declaration of Philadelphia, adopted at the 1944 Interna- tional Labor Conference, and famous for the statement that "poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere." In 1946 ILO entered into an agreement with the United Nations which named it a specialized agency. ILO reports to the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). It has 168 member states. Purpose The basic purpose of the Organization is to improve working conditions and living standards of workers throughout the world and, in so doing, advance the cause of social justice. More specific aims are: 4> full employment and rising living standards 4 policies to assure a just share of the fruits of progress for all workers 4 strengthened cooperation between management and labor, and recognition of the right of workers to collective bargaining * extension of social security * freedom of association for workers and employers * elimination of child labor, forced labor and discriminatory employment practices 4 protection of the worker's life and health 4 provision for workers of adequate nutrition, housing and facilities for recreation and culture 4 assurance of adequate educational and vocational opportunities 4 provision of facilities for the training and transfer of workers to jobs for which they are best fitted > set standards on labor, employment, and related issues 4 provision of a forum for social dialogue 4 dissemination of information on such questions at an international level ILO 1 Structure ILO functions though a unique tripartite structure involving government, employer and worker organizations (trade unions). This participatory arrangement strengthens ILO's ability to foster consensus on national development policy, and gives ILO advantages when working on difficult policy issues such as structural adjustment. The INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE is held annually in June to review global conditions of employment and to formulate international standards of working and living conditions, subsequently embodied in labor Conventions and Recommendations. It also adopts a biennial program and budget. The Conference consists of national delegations drawn from government, trade unions, and employers' organizations. The Bank has rarely attended. ILO's GOVERNING BODY acts as an executive council. Its responsibilities include supervising the International Labor Office, appointing the Director-General, and fonnulating policies and programs. It is composed of 56 members, 28 of which represent governments (10 of the 28 are always held by industrial countries), 14 represent employers' and 14, workers' organizations. The INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE is the secretariat of the Organization, and provides advice and technical assistance, on request, to governments, workers, employers and other organizations. It is headed by a Director-General, currently Mr. Michel Hansenne (Belgium) 1994-99. Affiliated Institutions International Institute for Labor Studies (IILS) Established in 1960 by ILO and headquartered in Geneva, the IILS specializes in advanced education and research on social and labor policy. Under its auspices, government administrators, trade union leaders, university officials, and industrial experts come together to examine develop- ment issues of mutual interest. ILO 2 International Training Centre of ILO The Centre was created in 1965 and is based in Turin, Italy. It provides residential programs tailored to the needs of developed and developing countries' trade union leaders, directors and staff of vocational and technical institutions, and senior and middle-level managers of private and public enterprises. In recent years, the Centre has offered training seminars for resident representatives of the specialized agencies and UN organizations, and Bank staff have participated in some of these programs. Programs and Projects Current Work Program The Organization's work focuses on eight major themes: standard setting and human rights, including equity issues; employment promotion; training; industrial relations and labor administration; working conditions and the environ- ment; industrial sectoral activities; social security; and services to employers' and workers' organizations. Recently, special emphasis has been placed on such issues as rural development, the urban informal sector, women workers, international migration, and new technologies. Technical Cooperation UNDP has been the largest single contributor to ILO's technical cooperation budget. In 1992 it provided over 48 percent of the Organization's budget in this area, but this proportion is now declining sharply. Other funding sources include ILO's own regular budget for technical coopera- tion, trust fund arrangements with recipient countries, implementation of project components of the World Bank, and regional development banks and bilateral donors. Technical cooperation is concentrated in the following major areas: training, principally in the field of employ- ment-intensive infrastructure construction and mainte- nance works employment and development; sectoral activities, especially development of cooperatives and training; conditions of work and the working environment; and industrial relations. A growing number of technical cooperation projects are multidisciplinary in nature and target vulnerable groups, such as migrants, refugees, women and untrained youth. ILO 3 The Organization has built up a code of standards, the International Labor Code, in areas of ILO's competence. These standards take the form of Conventions (subject to ratification by governments) and Recommendations (not subject to ratification) and are adopted by the annual tripartite International Labor Conference. Both Conventions and Recommendations define standards and guide national legislation and practice in member countries. ILO Conven- tions cover basic human rights, minimum wages, labor administration, industrial relations, employment policy, working conditions, social security, occupational safety and health, employment at sea, and women workers. Human Rights and the Promotion of Equality ILO supervises instruments on discrimination in employ- ment and forced labor, and assists disadvantaged groups to become aware of their economic, social and political rights and to participate in drawing up and evaluating projects for economic and social development. A high priority during the 1990s is to help develop programs to permanently improve the status of women and press for full equality in employment. Initiatives World Employment Program (WEP) WEP was launched in 1969 to provide technical assis- tance to countries in formulating appropriate employment policies and choosing technologies and training programs which encourage human resource development. New emphases of the program in the 1990s are on developing and improving information systems to monitor develop- ments in the labor market, and greater efforts to pursue a constant dialogue with ILO tripartite constituents in member states. Social Security A priority issue in ILO's research work is to examine how social security benefits can be better targeted toward the most needy and vulnerable members of society in devel- oped and developing countries, assessing the extension of social security coverage. Included in this will be the social security rights of migrant workers and the goal of health care for all by the year 2000. ILO 4 Labor Statistics Existing international standards on national statistics and methodologies are expected to be revised and extended in scope to reflect more accurately the recent changes in the pattern of employment in both industrialized and develop- ing countries, such as the increase in part-time work, employment training schemes, the importance of the informal sector, etc. ILO will restructure its LABORSTA data base and make data available through direct on-line access and on diskette in addition to printed publications. Training ILO's program concentrates on research on key policy issues, such as a wage/employment effects of structural adjustment c development of training packages in management and small enterprise development a vocational training and rehabilitation Studies of management increasingly focus on changes in management systems, with particular attention to technol- ogy transfer, joint ventures, and technological innovation in developing country enterprises. Training will focus on natural resource management, entrepreneurship, and small enterprise development for the distribution and service sectors. Over the last 30 years, ILO has helped to create over 100 management development institutions in member states. In vocational training, the emphasis is on community- based training techniques for rural areas, and delivery of skills to the informal sector at a reduced cost. In voca- tional rehabilitation, ILO encourages community-oriented approaches, including technical cooperation projects in rural areas. Intensive Works Programs ILO has developed a long-standing collaboration with the Bank's Infrastructure Divisions on the development and implementation of labor-intensive infrastructure programs, both in the road sector, area-based multi-sectoral public work schemes, and in the context of structural adjustment projects. The effort is to effectively substitute labor for equipment for cost-effective production. The development ILO 5 of small contractors and local participation are key aspects. During the last two decades, ILO has been involved in technical cooperation work in this field in over 30 countries, primarily in Africa and Asia. Sectoral Activities ILO works with governments, employers' and workers' organizations to develop their capacity to deal effectively with labor and social problems of specific industries and sectors, with special attention to the petroleum industry and commodity sectors characterized by depressed prices. ILO analyzes how the changing structure of world produc- tion and trade in these sectors impacts on labor. Collaboration with the Bank ' ILO contacts are generally in the labor and social areas, on gender issues, and on participation. InterAgency Mechanism The Bank and ILO do not have any formal cooperation agreement. Operational Cooperation In operations, as of FY92, ILO was implementing components of 92 Bank-financed projects amounting to over US$56.2 million. In CY92, disbursements to lLO out of proceeds of Bank loans and credits were almost US$3 million, in CY93 the figure was US$1.1 million, but in CY1994 it was over US$5 million. Structural Adjustment Bank-ILO cooperation is extensive following the introduc- tion of structural adjustment lending, including the Bank's increased reliance on ILO expertise in labor markets analysis. Increased cooperation is also a direct conse- quence of the Governing Council urging ILO management to foster closer consultations with the Bank and IMF concerning the impact of adjustment and stabilization programs on the welfare of workers. ILO cites the useful role its tripartite structure (governments, trade unions, private sector employers) can play in fostering national support for structural adjustment programs. Reflecting this concern, ILO was invited to present a paper on social ILO 6 safety nets at the 1993 Development Committee meeting. The Bank's 1991 policy paper, "Vocational and Technical Education and Training," was prepared by its education division after extensive consultation with Governments in 53 developing countries, with professional and financial support from ILO, among other donors. Three regional seminars on the paper were organized with ILO participation. Poverty and Social Policy Work Program (PSP) PSP's work program on employment and labor markets has recently involved both consultation and collaboration with ILO. Two program background papers were prepared with ILO support, and ILO participated in an authors' confer- ence in November 1992. PSP's labor market study "Labor, Employment and Adjustment" included two background papers prepared by ILO, which also organized a workshop. Migration ILO has an active unit on migration, the International MNligration for Employment Branch, whose program is of interest to the Bank -especially the work of PSP which prepared a paper on population and migration for the Spring 1994 meeting of the Development Committee. Social Funds The ILO has also cooperated with the Bank in the estab- lishment of Social Funds in Rwanda and Madagascar. In Rwanda, two components of the NxnoiNL PROGRVMME FOR Soct,I ACTION (PNAS) were prepared (just before the civil war) by the ILO: an employment-intensive works compo- nent and a micro and small enterprise development component. In Madagascar, the World Bank subcon- tracted to ILO the design of the FoNIs D'INTERVENTION PouR l DEVELOPPEMENT (FID), including operational modalities as well as the organizational and management structure of the Fund. ILO 7 Key Issues in Relations Key issues for ILO and the Bank include: o appropriate labor standards in developing and transition countries: costs and benefits, enforcement capacity, balancing growth and equity objectives, protecting vulnerable groups such as women and children a appropriate labor-related interventions in developing transition countries: design of public works, public employment agencies, microenterprise schemes i implementing reform of vocational education and training in developing and transition countries a the effects of structural adjustment on labor and the poor ILO Participation in Bank Work Considerable Bank/ILO interaction takes place at the country level, in operational missions, and through ILO execution of components in Bank-financed projects. How- ever, ILO staff has sometimes indicated a desire to increase: o ILO participation and influence in the adjustment dialogue, in particular, structural adjustment, labor market policies, and social safety nets the number of contracts awarded to ILO for technical assistance in Bank projects 5 the attribution and recognition of ILO inputs in Bank reports a opportunities for joint research and analytical work a priorities and directions for the growing cooperation at the operational and technical levels a a modality for ILO views on major development issues of mutual interest recognition of ILO competence, mandate and potential cooperative role in areas of traditional ILO expertise: i.e. labor markets and social safety nets, particularly in economies in transition ILO 8 Making Contact Management Mr. Michel Hansenne (Belgium) Director-General, elected in 1994 for a second term Ms. M. Chinerv-Hesse, Ms. Katherine Hagen, Mr. H. Maier; Deputy Directors-General Mr. J. Martin; Assistant Director General (Social Summit followl-up) Mr. P Gopinath, International Institute for Labor Studies (lLS) Recent meeting with ILO Management Mr. Hansenne, Director-General, met with Mr. Wolfensohn in July, 1995. Bank staff working with ILO: Mssrs/Mmes. Jane Armitage (PSP) (Labor Markets and Social Security) (Bank contact person); Jim Adams (AF2DR); Lionel Demery (PSP); Peter Fallon (AF6CO) Indermit S. Gill (PSP); Ralph Harbison (EC2HR); Stephen Heyneman (EMTHR) (Migration); Nimrod Raphaeli (OPRPG); Zafiris Tzannatos (PSP); Arvil Van Adams (AFTHR); Michael Walton (WDR): EDI Staff Messrs. Fred Fluterman; Gareth Howell (SA 1PH- on special assignment from ILO) ILO Staff working with the Bank Ms. Katherine Hagan, Deputy DG, International Organization (including Bretton Woods) Mr. Anthony G. Freeman, Dirctor, ILO Washington Branch Office Mr. Juhani Lonnroth, Director, Employment and Development Mr J. F Tremeaud, Director, ILO Training Center Mr. Ng Bo, Chief, Development Policies Branch Mr. Roger Bohning, Chief, International Migration for Employment Ms. Maria Angelica Ducci, Chief, Training Policy and Program Development Mr. Colin Gillion, Chief, Social Security Mr. M. Henriques, Enterprise Management Mr. Larry Kohler, Chief, Environment and The World of Work Unit Mr. J. Majeres, Development Policies IMr. HW Mumm, Chief, Vocational Rehabilitation Mrs C. Oppong, Development Policies (Women and Population) ILO 9 Mr. N. Petion, Chief, Vocational Training Systems Management Mr. Stanley Taylor, InterOrganization Relations Headquarters 4 route des Morillons CH-1211 Geneva 22 Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 799 61 11 (switchboard) (41 22) 799 + extension number Facsimile: (41 22) 798 86 85 Telex: 415647 ilo ch Resources (US$ millions) 1992-93 budget: 405.7 1994-95 budget: 466.5 Technical Cooperation Expenditures 1992 195.5 million 1993 189.3 million 1994 148.7 million Principal Publications World Employment Report (Fall, 1994, first edition; annual) World Labor Report (annual) World of Work (5 times annually) International Labor Review (6 times annually) Bulletin of Labor Statistics (quarterly plus 5 supplements) Official Bulletin (3 times annually) Labor Law Documents (3 times annually) Labor Education (occasional) Year Book of Labor Statistics (annual) Staff Size (Headquarters and Field) Total staff worldwide (1994):1794 professional staff 765 support staff 107 extra-budgetary staff 880 110 10 B k rev IC/L I not available * AFRICA Project FY C/L Description COTE D'IVOIRE Municipal Development 90 L2881 ILO provided US$750,000 cofinancing. TM Amiot/Schwartz GHANA Feeder Roads 92 C2319 ILO to train Ghanaian staff in TM Nickesen procurement GUINEA National Rural 90 C2106 ILO contracted for US$1,5m labor- Infrastructure based road works TM Balcet/Kwoh LESOTHO Infrastructure Engineering 92 C2400 ILO procurement in exchange for TM Zeijion implementing component MALI Food Security & Nutrition 93 C2474 ILO to manage food-for-work program TM Khan NIGERIA State Roads II 93 C2485 ILO to help pilot by training in labor- TM Bhaudari intensive road maintenance SUDAN Emergency Drought 92 C2290 ILO procured and distributed Recovery materials for labor-intensive rural TM Falconer road rehabilitation UGANDA Transportation 94 C2587 ILO developed labor-based equipment Rehabilitation methods contract for use in IDA project TM Goris/Kami MNA IRAN Health and Family 93 L3584 ILO to provide training in procurement Planning TM Rawadan EAST ASIA INDONESIA Skill Development 94 L3721 ILO piloted program of unemployment TM You alleviation In CY 1994, disbursements to FAO from the proceeds of Bank loans and credits totalled US$5,457,633. TA: Technical assistance TM: Task Manager L: IBRD Loan FY July 1-June 30 C: IDA Credit GO Government of (borrower) Readers should be aware that the names of TMs and project specifics can change in the course of project implementation. In March 1994 there were 35 ongoing projects valued at US$33 million, financed by the Bank and executed in part or full by IL-O. Projects under consideration (Sierra Leone, Madagascar and Turkey) would add another US$8 million. Projects approved in 1993-94 were Bangladesh (labor market); Ghana (roads); Hungary (human resources); Madagascar (technical education); * Maldives (training); Philippines (vocational education); Poland (employment promotion); Russia (employment services); Turkey (training); Rwanda (education); Kenya (informal sector); Nlada- gascar (food security); and Sierra Leone (agriculture/roads) for a total of US$16 million. ILO 11 Acronyms EPZ: Export Processing Zones ILIS: International Labor Information System SME: Small and Medium-sized Enterprises WEP: World Employment Program PREALC: Regional Employment Program for Latin America and the Caribbean ARTEP: Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion JASPA: Jobs and Skills Program for Africa SATEP: Southern African Team for Employment Promotion * Mr. Michel Hansenne Director-General International Labor Organization (ILO) Mr. Hansenne, previously Belgium's Minister for Civil Service, was elected Director-General of ILO in February 1989, and was re-elected in 1994 for a second term of five years. Mr. Hansenne was born in 1940. He holds a doctorate in law and a degree in economics and finance from the University of Liege, Belgium. Government posts held Minister for French Culture from 1979 to 1981 Minister of Employment and Laborfrm December 1981 Minister for Civil Service, from May 1988 until his appointment to ILO At the international level, Mr. Hansenne has led the Belgian delegation at the International Labor Conference since 1982. Within the European Community, he chaired the Council of Ministers of Labor and Industrial Relations and twice chaired the Standing Committee on Employment. He was an active contributor to the work of the OECD within its Manpower and Industrial Relations Committee, and during the 1984 inter-governmental conference on the growth of employment in the context of structural change. In addition, he represented Belgium at the Council of Europe and the European Labor Ministers' Conference. Mr. Hansenne is married, and has two children. ILO 12 INTERNATIONAL IT1E TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU ) ITU was founded in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union. Its 14th Conference was held in Kyoto in 1994 with the 15th Conference scheduled for 1998 in Atlanta. Purpose The purposes of the Union are to: T maintain and extend international cooperation between all Members of the Union for the improvement and rational use of telecommunications of all kinds 4 offer technical assistance to developing countries in the field of telecommunications and also to promote the mobilization of the material and financial re- sources needed for their implementation * promote development of technical facilities with a view to improving the efficiency of telecommunications services, increasing their usefulness and making them generally available to the public 4 support, at the international level, the adoption of a broader approach to the issues of telecommunications in the global information economy and society, by cooperating with other world and regional intergov- ernmental organizations Structure a The PLENIPOTENTIARY CONFERENCE, the supreme organ of the Union a The COUNCIL, which acts on behalf of the Plenipotentiary Conference a World conferences on international telecommunications a The TELErINIuATIoN STANDARDIZATION SEmR, including world telecommunication standardization conferences a The Telecommunication Development Sector, including world and regional telecommunication development conferences a The GENERAL SECRETARIAT ITU 1 Conferences The 1992 Constitution provides that a Plenipotentiary Conference be convened every four years. The Council holds one annual meeting. In addition, world conferences on international telecommunications are held at the request of plenipotentiary conferences; radio communica- tion confer-ences are held every two years; a telecommuni- cation standardization conference every four years; and development conferences at regular intervals. In principle, one world conference and, subject to availability of resources, one conference in each of the regions (Africa, Asia/Pacific, Americas, Europe, Arab States) are held in the four year period between plenipotentiary conferences. The Council The Council is composed of members elected by the Conference to serve until the succeeding conference; the present members of the Council were elected in 1994. The Council held its 46th session in Geneva in July, 1992. Making Contact Mr. Pekka J. Tarjanne (Finland) Secretary-General Mr Ahmed Laonyani, Director, Telecommunications Develop- ment Bureau Mr. Theodor Irmer, Director, Radio Communications ITU Staff working with the Bank Mr. Michael Mingus Bank Staff working with ITU Mr. James Bond (IENTI) (Bank contact person) Mr. Bjorn Wellenius (IENTI) Headquarters Place des Nations CH-121, Geneva 20, Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 730-51 11 Facsimile: (41 22) 733-72 56 Telex: 421000 UIT CH ITU 2 Pekka Tarjanne Secretary-General, ITU Mr. Tarjanne has been Secretary-General of ITU since 1989. Previous posts held a Director-General for Posts and Telecommunications for Finland 1977-89 o Member of Parliament 1970-77 a Professor in Theoretical Physics at the University of Helsinki, 1967-77 Publications -A Group of Theoretical Models for Strong Interaction Dynamics 1976 Mr. Tarjanne is a national of Finland. He is married. ITU 3 E The Commission for Human Settlement was established by the General Assembly in 1977 to assist countries and regions in solving human settlement problems and promoting greater international cooperation in that sector. The Com- mission provides overall direction to the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) which serves as its secretariat and also provides a focal point for human settlements action and the coordination of activities within the UN system. The United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation (UNHSF) is the extrabudgetary financial arm of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and provides funds for activities not covered by the United Nations regular budget resources. Structure The Commission, which meets biennially, held its 151, session in Nairobi, Kenya in April/May, 1995. It has 58 members; 16 from African states, 13 from Asian states, 6 from Eastern European states, 10 from Latin American and Caribbean states, and 13 from Western European and other states. The United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) The United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), will be held in Turkey from June 3 to 14, 1996. The Conference will address human settlements issues in the context of sustainable development. The Preparatory Committee for the Conference held its organi- zational session in NewYork in March 1993. The first two substantive sessions of the PrepCom were held in April, 1994 in Geneva, and in April, 1995 in Nairobi. Preparatory Committee Meeting, The Secretary-General of the Conference and Officer-in- Charge of UNCHS is Mr. Wally N'Dow (Gambia), previously HABITAT 1 with UNDP as Resident Coordinator, Resident Representative, and principal officer in the Regional Bureau for Africa. He is supported by Deputy Secretary-General of the Conference, Mr. Jorge Wilheim, former Secretary of Planning for Sao Paulo State in Brazil and an urban planner. Ms. Elizabeth Dowdeswell, Under-Secretary-General of the UN, has responsibility for the design of a joint administration for UNCHS and UNEP The Conference, broadly speaking, is intended to review developments in the 20 years since Habitat I, to assess how the state of human settlements has changed, and whether or not the sorts of national and global actions called for by Habitat I have had an impact on current conditions, and to develop forward-looking plans of action to deal with current and anticipated developments. The two Conference themes, "adequate shelter for all" and "sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world," are consistent with the themes of major recent Bank policy papers on housing and of Urban Policy Papers on urban infrastructure and municipal finance. Bank staff from ESD and ENV will participate both in the preparatory process and the Conference. Making Contact Mr. Wally N'Dow, Assistant Secretary-General UNCHS (Habitat)/Secretar-General (Habitat II) Headquarters PO. Box 30030 Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: (254 2) 621234 Facsimile: (254 2) 624266/7 Staff UNCHS has around 100 professional and 120 support staff. Publications Habitat Debate (3 issues annually) HABITAT 2 The Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) was established by a resolution in ECOSOC in 1946. ECOSOC directed the Commission to prepare recommendations and reports regarding an international bill of rights, international declara- tions or conventions on civil liberties, the status of women, freedom of information, the protection of minorities, the prevention of discrimination based on race, sex, language, or religion, and other matters concerning human rights. Structure UNCHR has 53 members who are elected by ECOSOC for three-year terms representing geographic areas. Sub commissions of CHR include the SuB-COMMIssION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORI- TIES, which is charged with making recommendations to the Commission in light of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) on the prevention of discrimina- tion of any kind relating to human rights and fundamen- tal freedoms and the protection of racial, national, religious and linguistic minorities. The Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities has several Working Groups (WGs). One WG deals with issues such as slavery and slavery-like practices and indigenous populations; there is also a voluntary fund which supports the participation of indigenous people in the deliberations of the WG. There are also WGs on enforced or involuntary disappearances; Southern Africa; minorities' rights; promotion of rights and freedoms; protection of mentally ill persons; and detention. The Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and UNCHR 1 Protection of Minorities has 26 expert members, elected by the Commission for four-year terms, who meet for four weeks every year. A Working Group of relevance to the Bank is the WG on the Right to Development, which was established as a follow-up to the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action adopted in 1993 by the World Conference on Human Rights. The WG consists of 15 experts nominated by governments, and their mandate is to identify the main obstacles to the implementation of the right to development, and recommend ways and means to overcome them. They take testimony from various UN agencies concerning their activities. The Bank presented comments at the May, 1994 session, making the point that the Bank strategy on poverty alleviation and the Bank assistance to economic develop- ment are fully compatible with the right to development - and are a major instrument for the realization of this right. The Commission studies the human rights situation in various countries such as Afghanistan, Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Iran. It also investigates thematic situations such as those having to do with executions, religious intolerance, massive exoduses and mercenaries. United Nations Center for Human Rights The Center serves as the focal point of the UN in human rights; it provides secretariat and substantive services to UN organs concerned with human rights, including the General Assembly and its Third Committee (social, humanitarian, and cultural), ECOSOC and its Social Committee and a number of Committees on Human Rights. It administers a program of advisory services and technical assistance on human rights, and coordinates liaison with NGOs. The Center is located at the United Nations Office in Geneva. It is headed by the Under Secretary-General (USG) for Human Rights, who is also the Director-General of the UN office in Geneva. The Center also has an office in NewYork at the UN headquarters. The USG for Human Rights coordinates the human rights program of the United Nations, represents the SG at meetings UNCHR 2 on human rights, and promotes the ratification and applica- tion of international conventions on human rights. Other UN agencies and programs with activities concerning human rights include FAO, ILO, UNESCO, UNHCR, and WHO. The 1993 SECONDWORLD CONFERENCE ON HuNwN RIGHTS at Vienna showed clearly the dichotomy that now exists between the North's concentration on political and civil (individual) human rights and the more collective social, economic, and cultural rights espoused by the South. As a lender to the latter, the Bank is asked to indicate its concern with economic and social rights, in such form as the right to development. Human rights are a universal aspiration, and in the current period of disintegration of the ideological blocs and the assertion of local powers, potential for rights violations has increased. The UN fought the system of apartheid for many years, and can be credited with helping speed its demise. However, the UN has neither the authority nor the reach to monitor the myriad violations that are currently taking place across the globe. Purpose @ In 1994, the Secretary General appointed Mr. Jose Ayala Lasso (Ecuador) the first High Commissioner for Human Rights. His functions are to: * act on early warnings of violations 4 provide human rights analyses to the proposed new Council on Diversity, Representation and Governance 4 advise the Secretary-General when to intervene with his good offices > bring the UN's human rights machinery into play over major violations 4 help the international community apply the Bill of Rights in the North and South perspectives > offer more technical assistance to countries to build human rights institutions and mechanisms 4 provide a frank annual report on the state of human rights > improve coordination of human rights machinery UNCHR 3 Making Contact Mr. Ibrahim Shihata, LEGVP, represented the Bank at the 1993 Conference on Human Rights. Bank staff have provided UNCHR with information on Bank activities and helped identify analytic work relevant to their operational activities, including briefings prior to their humanitarian missions. UNCHR Staff working with the Bank Mr. Ibrahima Fall, Assistant Secretary-General, also heads the Center for Human Rights Bank Staff working with UNCHR Mr. A. de Capitani, HCO (Bank contact person) Mr. Ibrahim Shihata, LEG VP Mr. Louis Forget, LEG VP Headquarters Palais Des Nations Geneva, Switzerland Telephone: (44 22) 734 60 11 Telex: 289696 UNCHR 4 Jose Ayala Lasso High Commuissioner for Human Rights, UNCHR Mr. Jose Ayala Lasso became the first United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in February 1994. Previous posts held a Permanent Representative for Ecuador to the United Nations since 1989 Permanent Representative for Ecuador to the Security Council 1991, 1992 President of the Security Council 1991, 1992 Mr. Ayala Lasso has also served as his country's Arnbassodor to Peru, Belgium, Luxembourg and the EC. Mr. Ayala Lasso has published articles on international affairs and is currently writing a book on the Security Council. He holds degrees in law and economics, interntaional law, and political and social sciences. Mr. Ayala Lasso was born in Ecuador; he is married and has four children. UNCH-R 5 UNCHR 6 IUNITED NATAONS COC)N FER47ENCE ON TRA/kDEF n, ANDDEVELOMENT (UN CTAL The General Assembly established UNCTAD in 1964 as the central UN organ concerned with integrating trade and development issues. UNCTAD functions under the jurisdic- tion of the UN Secretary-General and is part of the UN Secretariat. UNCTAD's Secretary-General is appointed by the UN Secretary-General. It is possible that in time, despite the concerns of many of the developing countries, the World Trade Organization will take over many aspects of UNCTAD's work on trade. Bank relations would then shift toWTO. Interaction with the Bank Primary Commodities There has been frequent Bank interaction and discussion on primary commodity issues and implications for developing countries. One emerging area of Bank interest is commodity risk management through the use of financial market hedging instruments. The feasibility of this approach, first proposed by the Bank, is now being studied by UNCTAD, and joint activities are being developed. Debt Management Technical Assistance This is a joint technical assistance program begun in 1992 between UNCTAD and the Bank's Debt and International Finance division, and financed by UNDP The program emphasizes two basic groups of services: the joint develop- ment of a new version of computer-based debt manage- ment software (CBDMS), and the broader aspects of debt data management, including training advisory services and institution building. UNCTAD is the lead agency in the development of the CBDMS and for conducting debt audits. The Bank is the lead agency in strengthening debt management capability, country assessments, and in the establishment of an institutional mechanism for collecting debt information. Implementation of this joint program is UNCTAD 1 proceeding satisfactorily, and demand for its services is strong. But its longer-term viability is being threatened by constraints on UNDP resources, and the Bank could be asked for financial support. SMART (Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade) SMART was developed jointly by staffs of the Bank and UNCTAD, with funding by UNDP, to support the Uruguay Round negotiating process, in which a large number of developing countries were actively involved for the first time. Although the program has officially been terminated and UNDP no longer provides funding, the Bank and UNCTAD still maintain the working relationship estab- lished through the program. SMART consists of databases on trade and trade restrictions that provide developing countries with a simulation model to analyze trade barriers and basic trade statistics, for use in both the GATT and bilateral negotiations and market access studies. Since 1989, SMART has been installed in over 50 countries and government officials have been trained in its use. Improvements in the model and the database are currently underway Least Developed Countries (LDCs) UNCTAD is responsible for monitoring implementation of the UN Program of Action for LDCs, and as such, the Bank and UNCTAD regularly share information on Bank Group policies and lending activities in these countries. The Bank provides UNCTAD with access to its databases and research, and the Bank contributes to UNCTAD's annual report on LDCs. Disbursements to UNCTAD out of proceeds of World Bank loans and credits: calendar year 1994 US$228,489. ANNUAL OPERATIONAL BUDGET (US$ millions) 1994 (from regular UN budget) 55 1993 (from regular UN budget) 45 TECHNICAL COOPERATION BUDGET 1993 (extrabudgetary resources) 20 UNCTAD 2 * © )Making Contact Management Rubens Ricupero, Secretary-General Mr. Carlos Fortin, Deputy Secretary-General, also Director, Commodities Division Most recent high-level interchanges with the Bank There have been no meetings at head of agency level since that between Mr. Conable and Mr. Dadzie in 1989. Principal Bank contacts and Agency counterparts Bank Contacts (Responsibility for covering UNCTAD in the Bank rests with IEC on matters of trade, debt and the world economy.) Mr. L. Alan Winters (IECIT) Trade (Bank contact person) Mssrs/Mmes. Takamara Akiyeme (IECCP) Commodities; Nawal Kemal (IECIF) Debt Management Technical Assis- tance; AlexanderYeats (IECIT-served with UNCTAD for 17 years); Jerzy Rozanski (IECDD-served as a full-time consultant with the Systems Division of UNCTAD) 0 Agency counterparts Mr. Roger Lawrence, Director, Resources for Development Programs (RDP) Mr. Georg Kell, Officer in Charge, UNCTAD New York Office Mr. Murray Gibbs, Officer in Charge, International Trading System Program Mr. A. Bouyad, Dictor, ECDC Division and Services Development Mr. M. Gallis-Quednau, Officer in Charge, Insurance Program Mr. C. Fortin (also Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD), Director, Commodities Division Mr. M. Sakbani, Officer in Charge, Monetary and Financial Cooperation and Trade Analysis Ms. G. Wegener, Chief, Poverty Alleviation Program Chief, International Support Measures Branch, Division for LDCs, Landlocked and Island Developing Countries Mr. C. Patel, Chief, Program Management Unit Headquarters Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 734 60 11 UNCTAD 3 Facsimile: (41 22) 733 65 42 Telex: 28 96 96 Principal Publications UNCTAD Bulletin (six issues a year) Trade and Development Report (annual) The Least Developed Countries Report (annual) Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics (annual) UNCTAD Commodity Yearbook (annual) Commodity Price Bulletin (monthly) UNCTAD Statistical Pocketbook (occasional) World Investment Report Staff Size Approximately 300 staff Rubens Ricupero Secretary-General UNCTAD Mr. Ricupero was appointed Secretary-General of UNCTAD for a four-year term, effective September 1995. Previous posts held @ Minister for the Environment and Minister for Finance for Brazil a Brazilian Ambassador to the US o Permanent Representative of Brazil to the UN in Geneva e Chairman of GATT Contracting Parties and GATT Council of Representatives UNCTAD 4 NAIHON:( PPRU The United Nations Drug Control Program (UNDCP) is a coordinating body which organizes resources in the UN and its agencies to cope with the international drug problem. It is not a specialized agency of the UN or a UN Program. In December 1988, over 100 states adopted the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs. The General Assembly passed a resolution on a System- Wide Action Plan (SWAP) on drug abuse control in December 1989, and in February 1990, adopted a resolu- tion approving a Political Declaration and a Global Program of Action. The present United Nations Interna- tional Drug Control Program (UNDCP) was created in 1991 by integrating in a single entity the functions of existing drug units in the UN. UNDCP performs a variety of functions which are derived from international drug control treaties and specific mandates of the General Assembly, ECOSOC and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. In 1992, the UN asked the relevant UN agencies to establish agency-specific action plans and the UNDCP's Executive Director was asked "to provide effective leader- ship for all United Nations drug control activities." Structure Headed by an Executive Director, currently Giorgio Giacomelli (Italy), UNDCP is comprised of two divisions. u THE DIVISION FOR TREATY LIPLEMENTATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES provides secretariat services to the International Narcotics Control Board and to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and promotes adherence to the international drug control treaties. It also provides program support for all UNDCP activities and manages the human and financial resources of the Program. n Ti E DiVISION FOR OPERATIONAL ACnTIrnS AND TEc NIcAL SERVICES coordinates the technical cooperation activities financed by the Fund of the Program and provides advice and technical expertise in international UNDCP 1 drug control to both member states and United Nations entities. Each of the two divisions is headed by a Director who also serves as Deputy Executive Director. The International Narcotics Control Board, established in 1964, is an independent body which normally meets twice yearly. It administers an estimates system for the narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances which are listed in the international conventions and are therefore subject to international control. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs, which is the main policy-making organ for the Program, holds regular meetings in Vienna to develop policy guidelines, approve the budget, review the global drug control situation, and make recommendations for strengthening international activity. Subsidiary bodies of the Commission coordinate mechanisms for drug law enforcement at the regional level, particularly through regular meetings of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies (HONLEAs). UNDCP maintains field offices, either country-wide (C) or regional (R) in: Afghanistan (C), Barbados (R), Bolivia (C), Brazil (C), Colombia (C), C6te d'Ivoire (R), Ecuador (C), Gabon (R), India (R), Kenya (R), Lao People's Democratic Republic (C), Latvia (R), Lebanon (C), Mexico (R), Mvanmar (C), Nigeria (R), Pakistan (R), Peru (C), Thailand (R) and Uzbekistan (R). In addition there is a UNDCP Office at UN Headquarters in NewYork. UNDCP has a working arrangement with UNDP whereby the UNDP Resident Representative also acts as the Represen- tative of the Program in field offices. Resources UNDCP has an operational budget of US$ 188 million for the 1994-5 biennium, provided in the form of voluntary contributions. The Program is also funded in part from the regular budget of the United Nations Secretariat (approxi- mately 7 percent of its total budget). In 1995, however, the regular budget of the UNDCP was cut 25 percent. Mission @ UNDCP collects and disseminates information on all aspects of drug control and provides technical assistance, advice and training to governments in setting up adequate UNDCP 2 drug control structures and defining national policies. Integrated rural development projects feature the improve- ment of agricultural practices, the introduction of alterna- tive crops, the development of infrastructure and agro- industries, irrigation, electrification and drinking water schemes, and other activities to lessen the economic dependence of farmers on narcotic crops (opium poppy, coca leaf and cannabis). New areas of concern which UNDCP has regularly sought to discuss with the Bank include the environmental damage caused by illicit crop cultivation and the chemicals used for the processing of drugs in the Andean region and South-East Asia. UNDCP provides assistance to governments to enhance their capacity to enforce the law, combat money-launder- ing and control the movement of the chemical precursors used in the illicit manufacture of drugs. It has developed a "masterplan" which entails a thorough analysis of the drug problems within a country or region. The Program supports the activities of the Global Program of Action adopted by the General Assembly as an agenda for the Decade Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (1991- 2000). UNDCP is responsible for coordinating all drug control activities between organizations of the United Nations system, using, for example, mechanisms such as the ACC and its Subcommittee on Drug Control, and is the lead agency for the preparation and updating of SWAP Cooperation with The Bank -There is no formal agreement between the Bank and UNDCP However, in seeking cooperation with the Bank, UNDCP has the following objectives: 4 division of labor in countries where development and drug control needs intersect * integrating drug control activities into the broader framework of development policy 4 strengthening joint studies of affected countries The mandate of UNDCP now includes language that specifically relates to the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and their ability to "promote economic stability and undermine the drug industry" In 1994, LAC staff visited UNDCP to learn more about its analytic capacity and to UNDCP 3 consider its request for greater Bank involvement in the international drug control effort. Recommendations contained in their report, while cautious regarding joint studies, urged: @ continued Bank effort to build good relations with UNDCP ( greater information-sharing of relevant Bank reports @ encouragement of UNDP and UNDCP to continue to undertake studies of drug-affected economies (some 14 studies are currently funded by UNDP) ,a promotion of measures to control demand through education and health programs in countries where drug consumption is significant Some bilaterals want the IFIs to cooperate with the UNDCP on the drug issue. For example, Mr. Robert Gelbard, US Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Matters, speaking at the UN on July 11, 1994 stated that: "...the socio-political consequences of drug trafficking undermine the very development programs that the UN Development Program (UNDP), the World Bank, regional development banks, and other institutions promote and fund. It is my government's strongly held position that on both developmental and counter-narcotics grounds, the World Bank and the regional development banks must begin to take a more active role on this issue. The President specifically urged [that we] work closely with the multilat- eral development banks to integrate drug control objectives into development aid." Certain of the Bank's Executive Directors -including those representing the US, UK, and Germany -have also taken a stand that the IFIs should cooperate with the UNDCP on a problem with such global reach and repercussions, reflect- ing the interests of the governments they serve. In addition, some bilaterals, like US AID, are considering reducing bilateral grants as well as voting against multilateral lending to those countries that do not cooperate in control- ling drug trafficking. Bilaterals such as the UK are explor- ing ways to have the multilateral banks include specific proposals regarding drugs in their country programs. Among other meetings, the Bank attended the InterAgency meeting on coordination in matters of international drug abuse control in April 1993 and the ACC Subcommittee on Coordination of International Drug Abuse Control in UNDCP 4 September 1993. The Bank also attended a Subregional Technical Consultation on Illicit Opium Poppy Cultivation in Bogota, Colombia, May 1993. Country staff for Colom- bia and Pakistan have attended UNDCP local or regional meetings for information. In May 1995, the Bank attended a meeting of the Dublin Group on drug issues. Operational Collaboration Collaboration between the Bank and UNDCP consists of the sharing of information and studies. In 1994, the effort to share information with Pakistan regarding drugs was actively facilitated by Mr. Qureshi, the Prime Minister. The Bank has undertaken a few studies on the economic impact of drugs in Latin America and the Caribbean, including a report on the agricultural sector in Columbia and on the impact on agricultural policy of the price of coca in Peru. But in general, UNDCP is dealing with an issue on which the Bank has no expertise. Crop substitu- tion-in theory an area in which the Bank would have some experience-was an earlier goal of the UNDCP's predecessor program, but is no longer considered a viable alternative to drug cash crops. In its place UNDCP is espousing the concept of "alternative development," particularly in areas denied access at present to basic education, health, transportation and other infrastruc- ture, where the added benefit derived from poppy or coca cultivation is very minimal in comparison to the costs incurred in pursuing this illegal activity. The illegality and crime associated with the drug traffic provide further disincentives to Bank involvement because of doubts about personal security. At the same time, the Bank has a comparative advantage in macroeconomic analysis, and could take into account the severe economic distortions that exist in a number of drug-producing and exporting countries. UNDCP's position is that the promotion of alternative develop- ment-namely the integration of drug control activities into a broader development framework-will have little impact if undertaken on a pilot basis. So UNDCP requires a commitment, which the IFIs could provide, to pursue such activities on a large scale and over a reasonable period of time. The Bank has not been ready to give this. UNDCP 5 Attendance at CG meetings UNDCP attended Bolivia CGs in 1989 and 1991. The Bank's policy is to facilitate the participation of UNDCP in CGs for countries with "major illicit drug problems." Making Contact UNDCP Management Mr. Giorgio Giacomelli (Italy) Executive-Director: March 1991-present Mr. Bertrand Juppin de Fondaumiere, Director for Treaty Implementation and Support Services Mr. Gerd Merrem, Director, Division for Operational Activities and Technical Services Bank Staff working with UNDCP Jose Louis Bobadilla (FIDD) (Bank contact person); Mssrs/ Mines James Adams (AF2DR); Nicholas Krafft (LA3NR); David Marron; Michel Petit (ESDAR); Nimrod Raphaeli (OPRPG); MateenThobani (LATEA); LoreneYap (SA1CA) Most recent high-level meetings Mr. Ernest Stem met with Mr. Giacomelli, November 1,1994 and Mr. Javed Burki met with Mr. Giacomelli at US Department of State, also November 1, 1994. Headquarters Vienna International Centre Wagramerstrasse 5 PO. Box 500 A- 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (43 1) 21345 ext. 5001 Facsimile: (43 1) 2307002 Telex: 135612 Cable: UNATIONS Vienna Staff Size (Headquarters and Field) As of November 1994, UNDCP employed 195 staff (including 7 associate experts) at its Vienna headquarters, and 51 professionals (including 12 associate experts) and 78 locally recruited staff in the field offices listed above. Principal Publications Report of the International Narcotics Control Board (annual) UNDCP 6 Acronyms CND: Committee on Narcotic Drugs GPA: Global Plan of Action INCB: International Narcotic Control Board SWAP: System Wide Action Plan Georgio Giacomelli Executive Director United Nations Drug Control Program (UNDCP) Under Secretary-General Giorgio Giacomelli (Italy) has been Executive Director of the Program since its inception in March 1991 and Director-General of the United Nations Office at Vienna since 1992. From 1985-1991, Mr. Giacomelli was Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). Mr. Giacomelli holds a masters degree in law from the University of Padua, Italy and also studied at Cambridge University in the UK and at the Geneva Institute of Higher International Studies. Public sector posts held o Ambassador to Somalia (1973-76) and Syria (1976-1980) o Director-General for Emigration and Social Affairs Director-General of the Department of Cooperation and Development Mr. Giacomelli has two children. UNDCP 7 UNDCP 8 UNI'ED N4AI 0 Nf DRGAM F VDP The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a subsidiary organ of the United Nations General Assembly. It was established by the GA in 1965, merging the United Nations Special Fund (UNSF) and the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (EPTA), and became effective in 1966. UNDP's current mandate is sustainable human develop- ment. Through a network of offices, UNDP serves as the central planning, funding, and coordinating agency for technical cooperation (TC) for the UN system. UNDP is funded primarily by voluntary contributions from govern- ments, and finances a broad range of development activi- ties, all aimed at strengthening national capacities. Resources AM Voluntary contributions for UNDP's core programs in 1994 were estimated at US$905 million. In addition, UNDP manages special purpose funds, expected to have a core income level of US$41 million for 1994. Non-core resources exceed US$1 billion. UNDP also has active co- financing arrangements with donor and recipient govern- ments as well as multilateral financing institutions. UNDP's resources are allocated to countries on the basis of need according to an internationally agreed formula. The indicative planning figure (IPF) is the projected amount available for program activities in a country over a five-year period. The calculations are based on popula- tion, per capita GNP, and additional criteria which weigh in favor of countries facing great geographic disadvan- tages, such as landlocked countries or small island econo- mies, or significant economic difficulties, such as high debt service payments or deteriorating terms of trade. UNDP 1 Structure UNDP is administered under the authority of the GA and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC); it is composed of a single inter-governmental committee, the Executive Board of UNDP, and an Administrator and his staff. The GA sets the overall policy of UNDP while ECOSOC is responsible for the formulation of the general rules and principles which govern the administra- tion and operations of UNDP The Executive Board is composed of representatives of 48 states: 27 developing countries and 21 developed coun- tries. The members are elected for three-year terms by ECOSOC from among UN member states, and one third of the membership is elected each year. The Council reports to the GA through ECOSOC. The Executive Board meets in regular session four times a year. The UNDP Administrator, James Gustave Speth (US), and the Associate Administrator, Rafeeudin Ahmed, are currently heading the organization. The Administrator is appointed by the Secretary-General of the UN, after consultation with the Executive Board, and his appoint- ment is confirmed by the GA. The term is for four years. The US has traditionally had priority in nominating a candidate. Since UNDP is largely a field-based organization, its programs and policies are implemented currently by 123 field offices of which four are UN Interim Offices. The Headquarters staff assist the Administrator in maintaining full accountability for the program and in rendering support services for the field office operations. UNDP has programs in 175 countries. UNDP also administers a number of special purpose funds, including the UN Capital Development (UNCDF), the UN Fund for Science and Technology for Development (UNFSTD), the UN Revolving Fund for Natural Resources Exploration, the UN Volunteers Programme (UNV), the UNDP Energy Account, the UN Trust Fund for Sudano- Sahelian Activities (UNSO), and the UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM). UNDP 2 Collaboration with the Bank UNDP and the Bank interact and maintain policy and operational relations at many levels: through an existing agreement, they cooperate on aid coordination. The UNDP/ Bank High-Level Task Force is responsible for developing and maintaining collaboration between the two organizations. Cooperation at the policy level has included: UNDP/Bank Development Assistance Committee (DAC) held a High-Level Semminar in Paris in July, 1994- resulting in the establishment of a technical assistance network of donors. o joint empirical studies on capacity building c cosponsorship of a professional journal, the Inter- national Journal of Technical Cooperation In addition, cost-sharing arrangements have been set up between Bank borrowers with UNDP in Latin America and the Caribbean, and similar arrangements are being explored with other regions. So far the Task Force has played a major role in initiating and facilitating various collaborative efforts. UNDP/Bank Technical Cooperation The Bank is an executing agency for UNDP-financed technical cooperation projects, and as of June 30, 1994, was executing 116 projects for a total of $279.3 million. This includes Bank-executed elements of projects that are otherwise executed by another UN agency or the recipient government. In January 1992, UNDP put into effect a new system that relies on national execution. Since then, the role of the Bank as executing agency has declined sharply. A drop in the portfolio of Bank-executed projects is now evident. In FY 1994, newly approved Bank-executed projects totaled $15 million, a substantial drop from the $101 million in FY 91, when large global projects for agriculture were approved. Additionally, disbursements- which had been steadily increasing since the beginning of the FY 88-92 five year period-fell to US$48 million in FY 94 compared with $78 million in FY 92. While this decline is likely to be attributable to a drop in the avail- ability of UNDP money at the end of the UNDP five-year program cycle in 1991, the principal reason is the increas- ing emphasis on national execution. A further decline in the Bank's UNDP portfolio is expected. UNDP 3 An increasingly used feature of UNDP technical assistance is "cost-sharing," whereby proceeds from Bank loans are added to a UNDP project to complement its funding. In Latin America and the Caribbean, for example, it is expected that about $150 million in proceeds from Bank loans will be channeled into UNDP projects through government cost-sharing arrangements. Other Areas of Collaboration Program Consultations The UNDP Regional Bureaus and the Bank Regional Offices consult regularly at senior and operations levels. These consultations include systematic visits to the Bank by UNDP resident representatives and visits by the Bank's economic sector and project missions to field offices. Aid Coordination Since February 1986, Bank and UNDP have cooperated under an agreement which delineates their respective roles and responsibilities in the Consultative Group/Round Table process. Under this agreement, UNDP serves as the lead donor agency for TA in both consultative mechanisms and attends CG meetings as the sole representative of all other agencies in the UN system. In turn, the Bank assists UNDP and the governments in preparing the macro- economic framework for round tables chaired by UNDP and participates actively in such meetings. This agreement is due to be revised. Field Coordination Under the aid coordination agreement it was established that the resident representative of the agency with the primary responsibility for the aid mechanism (CG or RT) be responsible for the follow-up action at the country level. There have occasionally been misunderstandings on this matter and a reaffirmation of the 1986 agreement can be expected. .p Other Programs Managed by UNDP UxiTED N4io\s CApITAL DEVELOPM 1ENT Fu_\vo (UNCDF) The General Assembly established the UN Capital Develop- ment Fund (UNCDF) in 1966 as one of its autonomous organs with the purpose of assisting developing countries in UNDP 4 the development of their economies by supplementing existing sources of capital assistance by means of grants and loans. UNCDF is intended to provide funds for investment in development projects in the least developed countries. The Administrator and the Executive Board of UNDP assume respectively the functions of managing director and executive board of the Fund. The resources of the Fund come from voluntary contributions (US$33.4 million in 1993) and through co-financing (more than US$42 million since 1966). New project approvals by UNCDF in 1994 amounted to US$33.7 million. UNTnD NATIONs DEvh.LOPJIE,T FUND FOR Wo.uEN (UNIFE.1f) UNIFEM was created by the General Assembly in 1984. It is in autonomous association with UNDP and its regional advisors work though the national UNDP offices. UNIFEM objectives include: * to ensure the appropriate involvement of women in mainstream development activities, preferably at pre-investment stages 4 to support innovative and experimental activities benefiting women in line with national and regional priorities UNIFEM is financed by voluntary contributions both from government and private donors. Assistance is given to countries classified by the UN as least developed countries (LDCs) as well as to other developing countries. Contribu- tions to UNIFEM in 1993 amounted to US $9.9 million of core funds and US $3.2 million for non-core contributions; private donations amounted to US $570,000. Much support is from the Scandinavian counties, especially Finland and Norway Canada and the Netherlands are also strong supporters. Since 1975, theVoluntary Fund and UNIFEM have supported 800 programs in more than 100 countries. UNIFEM generally allocates $2,000-$400,000 per project. Collaboration in Regional and Global Programs EXR;i SECTUR MANL,tAllENT ASSISTANcE PROGRIME (ESMAP) A high-level international commission recently evalu- ated the role and operations of this joint UNDP/World Bank program, established in 1983, and recommended a strategic orientation of its focus and management to reflect energy-sector priorities in the 1990s. The UNDP 5 priorities include energy efficiency, environmental linkages, long-term investment planning, investment financing, technology transfer, and institutional strengthening. ONCHOCERL4SIS CONTROL PROCRAAIE The Bank, UNDP the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Health Organization (WHO) have co-sponsored this program in West Africa since its incep- tion in 1974. WHO is the executing agency. The Bank has responsibility for donor coordination, mobilizing all donor financing, and managing the program's Trust Fund and also plays a lead role in organizing support both for socioeconomic development of riverblindness-controlled areas and for capacity-building in the beneficiary countries to prevent any long-term recurrence of the disease. AFRICAv CAPACITY BvILDI\ INITIA TIvE (A CBI) Jointly sponsored by the AfDB, UNDP, and the Bank, the initiative aims to expand African capacities in the key areas of policy analysis and development management. signed to help develop the kinds of skills and institutional knowledge needed to manage economic change. GLOBAL ENmTRONiENT FACILITY (GEF) UNDP, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the Bank have joined forces to manage global environment facility to channel considerable amounts of technical, scientific, and financial resources (US$2 billion over three years) to middle-income and lower-income countries to help finance program and projects affecting the global environment. COOPE1, TIov ON AGRicLTURAL RESEARCH Established in 1971, the CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNA- TIONAL AGRICULFURAL RESEARCI (CGIAR) is an informal association of 40 public and private-sector donors that supports a network of 15 international agricultural research centers. The Bank, UNDP, and FAO are co- sponsors of this effort. Research at CGIAR centers covers commodities that provide 75 percent of food energy and a similar share of protein requirements in developing countries. UNDP 6 HEALTH, WATER, AND SANITATION UNDP annual core support of $2.5 million to the joint UNDP/World Bank/WHO SPECIAL PROGRAM FOR RESEARCI I AND TRAINING IN TiioPIcAL DIsE\sEs has attracted considerable funding from the Bank and other donors. Under UNDP's GLBAL WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM, many investment projects have been prepared for funding by the Bank and other donors as an integral part of the International Drink- ing Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-90). TRADE ExPANsIoN UNDP finances technical assistance activities by the Bank and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- ment (UNCTAD) under the TRADE ExPnNsIoN PROGRAJMIE. FIMLNc]AL TECHNICAL AssisTANcE With seed funding from UNDP in 1990 the Bank launched a technical assistance program which brings to bear finan- cial market technology on the management of assets and liabilities of a growing number of developing countries. Making Contact Mr. James Gustave Speth, Administrator Mr. Andrew Wyckman, Assistant Administrator for Policy Most recent high-level meeting June 7, 1995 UNDP Staff working with the Bank Directors Ms. Elena Martinez, Office of the Administrator Mr. Eduardo Gutierrez, UN Systems Support and Services Bank Staff working with UNDP Mr. Nimrod Raphaeli (OPRPG) (Bank contact person) Headquarters One United Nations Plaza NewYork, NY 10017 Telephone: (212) 906-5000 Telefax: (212) 826-2057 Telex: 125 980 Cable: UNDEVPRO NEWYORK UNDP 7 Publications Human Development Report (annual) International Journal of Technical Cooperation (Co-sponsored by UNDP and the Bank-First issue, summer, 1995) Acronyms GIDF: Gender in Development Program PCSD: People Centered Sustainable Development PIPA: Program Impact Performance Assessment PRDA: Preventive and Rehabilitation Accelerated Development Appeals SHD: Sustainable Human Development James Gustave Speth Administrator, UNDP Mr. Speth was confirmed as Administrator for the UNDP in June, 1993. ' Previous posts held Founder and president of World Resources Institute 1982-93 i Senior advisor to President-elect Clinton's transition team on natural resources, energy and the environment Member and then Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality 1977-1981 Mr. Speth graduated fromYale University in 1964, attended Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, and graduated fromYale Law School in 1969. He served in 1969 and 1970 as a law clerk to US Supreme Court Justice Hugo L. Black. Mr. Speth is married and has three children. UNDP 8 PRORA0NM (UNE) The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was established by resolution of the General Assembly as a follow-up to the UN Conference on the Human Environ- ment convened in Stockholm in 1972. Purpose The purposes of UNEP include the following: 4 to provide policy guidance for the UN system on environmental matters > to review the global situation and appraise governments of environmental problems of international significance > to improve knowledge and technical expertise regarding the environment and promote cooperation * to constantly review the impact of national and international policies on environmental conditions in developing countries = to approve annually the utilization of resources in the Environment Fund for environmenLal initiatives UNEP does not, however, bear the main responsibility for executing projects in its area of concern, nor does it fund such activities. Structure The Governing Council of UNEP reports to the General Assembly (GA) through ECOSOC. The Council meets on odd-numbered years; it also holds a special one-week session every six years to approve the next medium-term program and the global program. The Council last met in May 1995 in Nairobi. There are 58 members of the Council, chosen for 4 year terms, and elections take place in the GA. There is a small UNEP 1 Secretariat in Nairobi which serves as focal point for environmental action and coordination within the UN system, headed by an Executive Director, also elected for a 4 year term. Elizabeth Dowdeswell (Canada) was ap- pointed in 1993. Objectives L In UNEP's second decade, world attention turned to global environmental problems. The Governing Council's Nairobi Declaration of 1982 called for "all governments and peoples of the world to discharge their historical responsibility, collectively and individually, to ensure that our small planet is passed on to future generations in a condition which guarantees a life in human dignity for all." In 1989, the Governing Council approved eight areas of concentration for UNEP's work: the protection of the atmosphere; freshwater quality; oceans and coastal areas and land resources; combating deforestation and desertifi- cation; conservation of biological diversity; environmen- tally sound management of biotechnology and of hazard- ous wastes and toxic chemicals; the protection of human health and quality of life. UNEP's strategies include environmental assessment ("Earthwatch") and environ- mental management. THE ENVIRONMENT FUND is a voluntary fund to support UNEP's programs, including regional and global environ- mental monitoring, assessment and data-collecting systems; environmental research; information exchange and dissemi- nation; and studies to advance approaches to economic growth compatible with sound environmental management. In the areas of climate change and ozone depletion, UNEP established the INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CI IANGE, as well as assessment panels under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer for which UNEP serves as the secretariat. UNEP supports the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and is also an Implementing Agency under the Montreal Protocol. In addition, as the environmental conscience in the UN system, UNEP works with most UN agencies, including, FAO, IMO, UNCHS (Habitat), UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, UNIFEM, WHO, and WMO. UNEP 2 UNEP initiated the Regional Seas Program and the Environmentally Sound Management of Inland Waters (EMINWA). Examples of activities under this program include eight regional seas accords, the Zambezi River Basin project; the Lake Chad Basin project, and the efforts related to the Aral Sea. UNEP is Task Manager for Desertification for the Commission on Sustainable Devel- opment and responsible for the Plan of Action to Combat Desertification. It also has a program on World Soils Policy (with FAO and UNESCO). Working with FAO, UNDP and the World Bank, UNEP helped to develop a TROPICAL FOREST ACTION PLAN (TFAP). UNEP was the lead agency for the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1992). UNEP's Global Environmental Monitor- ing System (GEMS) works in the areas of climate/atmo- sphere; environmental pollution; renewable resources and environmental data. In 1993, UNEP listed 53 new projects; in 1994, the list totaled 212 projects. Funds (US$ millions) UN Regular Budget: 1994 7 Trust Funds 1994-95-approved budget 120 1996-97-proposed budget 105 Counterpart Contributions 7 Environment Fund 65 Cooperation with the Bank Current cooperation centers on joint sponsorship of the GEE GLOBAL EviROINMENT FACILITY (GEF) GEF participants have designated UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank as the Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility. The Agencies are accountable to the Executive Council of governments for their GEF-financed activities, including the preparation and cost-effectiveness of GEF projects. Each Implementing Agency has a particular emphasis: UNEP plays the primary role in catalyzing scientific and technical analysis and advancing UNEP 3 environmental management in GEF-financed activities. UNEP will provide guidance on relating the GEF-financed activities to global, regional and national environmental assessments, policy frameworks and plans, and to international environ- mental agreements. UNEP was asked to establish the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) as an advisory body to the GEE The Bank and LNEP cooperate in their regional seas programs, in efforts with industry, and efforts with the Repub- lics of the Former Soviet Union. LNEP is undertaking six projects for the Global Environ- ment Facility valued at US$21.4 million. Making Contact UNEP Management Mrs. Elizabeth Dowdeswell (Canada) Executive Director Mr. Reuben Olembo, Deputy Executive Director Mr. Jorge Illueca, Deputy Executive Director, Planning Principal Publications Environment in Print 1995 Environment in Video 1995 Our Planet (bi-monthly) Annual Report Industry and Environment Review Desertification Control Bulletin Environmental Data Report 1993-1994 Infoterra: a network of government-designated institutions serving as the focal points for environmental matters which includes a "Who's Who" of environmental expertise in their country. Bank Staff working with UNEP Mr. Colin Rees, ENVLW (Bank contact person) Mssrs/Mmes. Chuck Di Leva, (LEGEN); John O'Connor, (ENDR); J. Martin-Brown, (ESDVP); Jocelyn Mason, (EATDR); Mohan Munasinghe, (E7VPE); Kenneth Newcombe, (ENVGC); John Redwood,(ENVLE); Andrew Steer, (ENVDR) Meetings with Bank Management Ms. Dowdeswell met with Mr. Wolfensohn in July 1995. UNEP 4 Headquarters PO. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: (254 2) 621234 Telefax: (254 2) 226886, 226890 Telex: 22068, 22173 Staff Size (Headquarters and Field) 1994 373 professionals; 1,031 total overall (including general service staff) 245 professionals and 762 total at headquarters 269 total in the regions and outposted offices (e.g. secretariats) UNEP 5 Elizabeth Dowdeswell Executive Director United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Ms. Dowdeswell joined UNEP as its third Executive Director in January 1993, and also holds the rank of Under Secretary-General. She has set in motion a major restructuring to improve transparency and accountability within UNEP in line with the Earth Summit's Agenda 21. Public sector posts held @ Assistant Deputy Minister at Environment Canada c Head of the Atmospheric Environment Service * Canada's Permanent Representative to the World Meteorological Organization * Canadian Chair of the Great Lakes Water Quality Board for the Canada-US International Joint Commission Prior to her service with Environment Canada, Ms. Dowdeswell was a management consultant to the federal government and led a number of public inquiries into such areas as Canada's unemployment benefits program. Ms. Dowdeswell achieved the rank of Deputy Minister of Culture andYouth of the Province of Saskatchewan in her early thirties. During her five years in this post, she directed a major public review of cultural policy and developed heritage legislation that is now a national standard. She holds an M.Sc. in behavioral sciences from Utah State University, a B.Sc. in home economics and a teaching certificate from the University of Saskatchewan. Ms. Dowdeswell is single. UNEP 6 [,N TI ~1C AN! F i_ I T ' -' The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945 to promote aims set out in the Charter of the United Nations: "to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law, and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms ... for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion..." This broad mandate has resulted in a more idea-oriented and less specialized agency, in contrast to the agencies created in response to a particular need (WHO) or an emergency (UNHCR). Structure a The GENERAL CONFERENCE, the organization's supreme body, which meets biennially (the 28th session is October/November 1995) a The EXECUTIVE BOARD with 58 member states geographically distributed a The SECRETARIAT The head of UNESCO is a Director-General, currently Federico Mayor (Spain). Members of the Executive Board are chosen for four years, and meetings are generally twice a year, in April/May and in October. Membership is 183. Most countries (165) have a National Commission for UNESCO in support of the agency's work and 600 NGOs have working/ informational relations with the agency. UNESCO is active at the national, regional and global levels. UNESCO 1 Institutes L The INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF EDUCATION (IBE) which organizes the International Conference on Education (ICE) every two years, attended by Ministers of Education; the 44th session was held in 1994. IBE publishes the InternationalYearbook of Education and the UNESCO: IBE Thesaurus, as well as the quarterly Prospects. I The UNESCO INsTmTE FOR EDUCATION (UIE), Hamburg, Germany, focuses on adult and non-formal education; UIE publishes the International Review of Education. 1 The INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING (IIEP) in Paris focuses on training (at international and national levels) research, and publications. It has a large documentation center, which Bank staff consult. Commissions Reports of the two following commissions will be presented in 1995: i The International Commission for Education for the Twenty-First Century is chaired by Jacques Delors, former President of the European Commission. The Commission is reviewing the purpose of education in the modem era, in a global age. It is focused on education in relation to: culture; citizenship; social cohesion; work and employment; development; research; and science. H The World Commission on Culture and Development was established in 1992. The Chairman is Javier Perez de Cuellar, former Secretary-General of the United Nations. Selected Intergovernmental Bodies o Intergovernmental Council of the International Hydrological Program (IHP) a International Co-ordinating Council of the Program on Man and the Biosphere (MAB) z Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) a World Heritage Committee @ Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Country of Origin, and its Restitution in the Case of Illicit Appropriation g Intergovernmental Committee of the World Decade for Cultural Development (WDCD) o Intergovernmental Council of the International Program for the Social Sciences (MOST) UNESCO 2 One of UNESCO's most popular conventions is World Heritage (1972), now signed by 130 nations, which aims to identify and conserve cultural and natural heritage. By 1992, 378 sites in 86 countries had been designated cultural sites of primary importance. Some Bank projects must choose their location with the nature of these sites in mind. Scope In 1993, UNESCO organized: [ INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON POPULATION EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT (Istanbul); F PAN-AFucAN CONFERENCE ON THE EDuCATION OF GrRLs (Ouagadougou); H INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON EDucATION FOR HUMAN RIGi ITS AND DEMOCRACY (Montreal) UNESCO is also active in emergency or post-conflict situa- tions, such as Afghanistan, Cambodia, Croatia and Slovenia, El Salvador, Gaza and the West Bank, Haiti, Iraq, Mozambique, Somalia, and South Africa, as well as European countries in transition: Albania, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. A new program begun in 1994- THE CufURE OF PEACE PROGIAM - contributes to conflict prevention and post- conflict peace-building. National programs bring together parties to a conflict to develop networking and information systems, e.g. in Burundi, El Salvador, and Mozambique. Membership UNESCO lost the membership of the United States, United Kingdom, and Singapore in part over the issue of the controversial doctrine of the New World Information Order. Some member states, particularly Western coun- tries, thought the world-wide licensing of journalists would limit freedom of the press. There were also criticisms that UNESCO favored the Soviet Union and the Third World. Cooperation with the Bank In 1964, the Bank and UNESCO signed an agreement for a Cooperative Program (CP), which was terminated in 1989. In the CP's initial years, UNESCO provided much needed expertise, as the Bank was developing a more active lending program in education. UNESCO 3 The Bank co-sponsored (along with UNESCO, UNDP, and UNICEF) the WORLD CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION FOR ALL (EFA) held in Jomtien, Thailand in 1990. The EFA Forum, established to follow up on WCEFA goals of improving access to, and the quality of, basic education, consists of development agencies, donors, NGOs and policy makers. The Forum's biannual budget and work program is approved by a 13-member Steering Committee on which the Bank has a permanent seat. The Executive Secretariat oversees the operations of the EFA Forum and answers to the Steering Committee; there is an Executive Secretary and contact person in UNESCO for Bank/UNESCO cooperation. The Bank has funded the EFA Forum through the Special Grants Program (US$232,000 in FY93 and US$140,000 in FY95). UNESCO and UNICEF devised the Nine Most Populous Developing Countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, Indonesia, India, Mexico, Nigeria, and Pakistan) EFA Initiative. The Bank has not funded this initiative, but has responded to requests for information on data on the nine countries. The EFA Forum, Steering Committee and Secretariat are all joint follow-up exercises to the EFA Conference. UNESCO's capacity in educational statistics collection, important to work in education and to the effective develop- ment of education systems in the developing world, was identified by Bank management as a major area for collabo- ration between the Bank and UNESCO. The Bank would like to support the development of more reliable indicators for monitoring education project outcomes, as well as general progress in the sector. Resources 1994-95 biennium: total funds US$730.4 million, of which 37 percent are extra-budgetary and 63 percent submitted for approval to the General Conference of UNESCO. Areas of particular relevance to the Bank in the 1994- 1995 program and budget include: basic education; the child and the family; renewal of secondary, technical and vocational education; higher education; educational innovation; reconstruction of educational systems (includ- ing education sector studies carried out by the staff previously working on the Bank/UNESCO Cooperative UNESCO 4 Distribution of Funds by % 1994-95 Education/Basic Education 40 Natural Sciences 25 Communication and Information 13 Culture 16 Human and Social Sciences 6 Program); education on the environment and population; education for peace, human rights and democracy. Making Contact UNESCO Management Dr. Federico Mayor (Spain) 1987-(reelected for a second 6-year term in 1993) Most Recent Senior Level Visits Mr. Mayor and Mr. Lewis Preston in March, 1994 UNESCO Staff working with the Bank Mr. Dieter Berstecher, Director, Secretariat for Inter-Agency Cooperation in Basic Education Mr. John Beynon, Director, Bureau for Development Cooperation in Education Mr. Badouin Dieuvesart, Policy and Sector Analysis Division Mr. Paul Falzon, Chief, Development Banks Section Mrs. Winsome Gordon, Chief, Primary Education Sector Mrs. Lucilla Jallade, Director, Policy and Sector Analysis Mr. Michael Lakin, Executive Secretary, EFA Forum Mr. Geraldo Nascimento, Director, Statistics Unit Mr.Victor Ordonez, Director and Coordinator for Basic Education Programs Mr. Colin Power, Assistant Director General for Education Mr. Tsaga Worku, Policy and Sector Analysis Bank Staff working with UNESCO Mssrs/Mmes. Nick Burnett (PSP) (Bank contact person); Nicholas Bennett (AF4PH); Fred Golladay (EMENA); Michael Bamberger (EDI); Birger Fredriksen (ex- UAESCO staff -AF5CO); Wadi Haddad (SEC) Ward Heneveld (AFTHR); Steve Heyneman (E11T); Elca Rosenberg (EDI) UNESCO 5 Headquarters 7 place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07-SP, France Telephone: (33 1) 45 68 10 00 Facsimile: (33 1) 45 67 16 90 Telex: 204461 Principal Publications Education for All: Status and Trends EFA 2000 Bulletin (quarterly newsletter on Education for All Conference) World Education Report (biennial, with appendices on education indicators) Basic Education and Literacy: World Statistical Indicators Nature and Resources: Different Faces of World Heritage (quarterly review of sustainable development) UNESCO Courier Sources Staff Size (Headquarters and Field) 2184, includes 50 field offices UNESCO 6 BANK PROJECTS WITH UNESCO * C/L 9 not available AFRICA Project FY C/L Description MADAGASCAR Environment 90 C2125 UNESCO a donor TM Simeon MOZAMBIQUE Education II 91 C2200 Technical Assistance procured from TM Herrault UNESCO SENEGAL Transport Sector Loan 91 C2266 UNESCO helped preserve World TM Silveira Heritage Site near project SOUTH AstA MALDIVEs Education and Training 89 C1 981 US$80,000 of SEC equipment TM Aime procured through UNESCO MNA YEMEN Hadramut Agriculture III 89 C2045 Project 5 miles from UNESCO- Planning designated World Heritage Site TM Raturi Fisheries IV 91 C2265 UNESCO made an assessment in the L TM Sallah sector LAC ARGENTINA Technical Assistance 89 L2984 UNESCO to support components in for Social Management health TM Javier HAmTI Education V 91 C2264 UNESCO was part of the Coordinating TM Scheidman Committee MExico Decentralization and 91 L3310 Project area includes area designated Regional Development as a "human patrimony" TM Silverman, A URUGUAY Basic Education 94 L3729 UNESCO's regional office in Quality Improvement Montevideo involved in project TM Prawda execution/loan proceeds TA: Technical assistance TM: Task Manager L: IBRD Loan FY July 1-June 30 C: IDA Credit GO Government of (borrower) Readers should be aware that the names of TMs and project specifics can change in the course of project implementation. UNESCO 7 Federico Mayor Director-General, United Nationas Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Federico Mayor was first elected to a six-year term as Director-General of UNESCO in November 1987, and has since been reelected to a second term. From 1983-87 he was the Director of the Institute of the Sciences of Men in Madrid, and in 1981-82 served as Spain's Minister for Education and Science. He had been Deputy Director- General of UNESCO from 1978-81, and prior to that had been a member of the Spanish Parliament. A biochemist by training, with a Ph.D. from the Complutense University of Madrid, Mr. Mayor has pub- lished research work in the field of neonatal pathology and cell biology. c The New Page (1994) c Manana siempre es tarde (Tomorrow is always late) 1987 @ La lucha contra infermedad (The War against Disease) (1986). n Scientific Research and Social Goals: Towards a New Development Model (1982) Academic posts I Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Granada, 1963-73 Visiting Professor (laboratory of Nobel laureate H.A. Krebs) and Senior Fellow (Trinity College, Oxford) 1966-67 Rector of the University of Granada, 1968-72 Professor of Biochemistry, 1973, and Director of the Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center, Autonomous University of Madrid, 1974-78 Mr. Mayor is married and has three children. UNESCO 8 In 1966, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) called for assistance in the field of population from the UN system organizations. The following year, the Secretary-General set up a UN Trust Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) with US$3 million whose administration was entrusted to the UNDP in 1969. Starting in 1972, UNGA placed the Fund under its authority, making the UNDP Executive Board the governing body of the Fund. Thus the Fund is a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly. Policy guidance is also provided by ECOSOC. Purpose In June 1995, the UNDP Executive Board approved a new set of program priorities for UNFPA in light of the 0 1994 International Conference on Population and Devel- opment (ICPD). UNFPA had previously extended assis- tance in eight categories but, in future, will concentrate its funding in three critical areas: advocacy, population policy, and reproductive health and family planning. Gender equality, equity, and the empowerment of women will be addressed as cross-cutting dimensions of the three pro- gram areas; and research, training, awareness and infor- mation dissemination will be financed. All activities of the UNFPA-assisted program, both in terms of advocacy and operational activities, will be undertaken in accordance with the principles and objectives of the program of action of the ICPD. Moreover, all activities will be geared toward building national capacity and will give explicit attention to enhancing the role of women in program formulation and implementation. Conferences UNFPA has taken the lead in organizing three population conferences. ANVorld Population Conference was held in Budapest in 1974 and agreed upon a World Population Plan of Action. In 1984, the Second International Conference on UNFPA 1 Population was held in Mexico City. The third conference, the International Conference on Population and Develop- ment, was held in 1994 in Cairo. UNFPA has been man- dated to monitor progress in achieving the recommenda- tions of the major population conferences and does this through Monitoring Reports. The Bank's sectoral library has these reports. Structure UNFPA is a funding agency, giving grants to government agencies, NGOs, other UN agencies and funding its own activities. An Executive Director heads UNFPA, currently Dr. Nafis Sadik (Pakistan), recently confirmed for a second term, 1995-1999. The organization includes the following divisions: planning and coordination; information and external relations; technical and evaluation; and four regional divisions-Africa; Asia and Pacific; Latin America and Caribbean; and Arab States and Europe. It should be noted that the UN Secretariat has a Population Division which specializes in statistical and demo- graphic work that is separate from UNFPA. Resources Total contributions to UNFPA in 1994 were US$255.2 million. In addition, UNDP provides UNFPA with adminis- trative support on a reimbursable basis. There were 101 country donors to UNFPA in 1993. Programs i tf As of December 31, 1993, UNFPA was assisting 1,536 WM- projects with regular funds and 37 projects with multi- bilateral funds. It supported programs in 137 countries and territories, with field offices in 58 of these countries. In 1993, UNFPA approved 480 new projects at a total cost of US$72.4 million. About two-thirds of the projects financed by UNFPA were implemented by agencies and organizations within the UN system (including UNFPA), and the remainder by recipi- ent governments themselves (25 percent) or by NGOs. Coordination with other agencies and programs in the UN is maintained through the Administrative Committee on UNFPA 2 Coordination (ACC) of the UN and through a Joint Consul- tative Group on Policy composed of five fumding agencies: UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, WFP and IFAD. UN agencies executing UNFPA projects charge UNFPA for administrative costs (technical services and project administration). UNFPA serves as the secretary for the Committee on the UN Population Award. The 1993 recipient was Dr. Fred Sai, President of IPPF and Senior Population Advisor at the World Bank in the late 1980s. The 1994 award was granted to President Mubarak of Egypt and to the Plan- ning Foundation of Turkey. UNFPA also holds an annual World Population Day. As part of its effort to implement ICPD, UNTPA will undertake a comprehensive advocacy agenda for the enjoyment of human rights, particularly reproductive rights; poverty alleviation; the empowerment of women, noting that this concept means the availability of options and the ability to make choices; basic education, particu- larly for girls; environmental preservation; reproductive health and family planning. The population and develop- ment paradigm emerging from the Cairo conference shifts population policy away from a demographic and target- focused approach to one that puts the well-being of individual women and men at the center of sustainable development. It establishes that gender equality, equity, and the empowerment of women are important ends in themselves and essential to the achievement of sustainable development. It calls for the full engagement of civil society and for the strengthening of partnerships with NGOs and the private sector. UNFPA Priorities UNFPA will continue to support all feasible and effective modes of family planning information and services. Within the context of primary health care, UNFPA will build on its traditional support, according to need, through the strength- ening or addition of services that seek to improve reproduc- tive health by reducing the need for abortion; preventing and treating reproductive tract infections, including STDs; pre- venting and treating I-NV/AIDS; preventing and treating infertility; providing routine screening for other reproductive health conditions; and discouraging harmful practices such as female genital mutilation. UNFPA 3 Where possible, UNFPA has also moved toward decen- tralization of its programs, giving field staff more author- ity to approve expenditures. This distinguishes it from the centralized Bank structure, and provides an opportunity for the Bank to negotiate with UNFPA at the field level for project support (e.g. procurement and project components that are less than US$500,000) without time-consuming approvals. UNFPA has extended total program approval authority, on a trial basis, to about a dozen countries, and it has fielded eight Country Support Teams to give needed technical assistance. These teams consist of 10-12 experts in various sub-sectors of population activities. UNFPA introduced a new process for the design of country programs based on what is known as the Program Review and Strategy Development (PRSD). This assessment process includes an examination of the context for popula- tion programming within the country, the current profile of activities of all of the other donors and aid agencies and the aspirations of the country. The PRSD is placed within the context of the demographic and population estimates based on the most recent census and survey data available. An Aide-M6moire is produced and is circulated to the government for review Once agreed to by the government, it goes to the various Divisions in Headquarters for review and final editing. The PRSD provides the basis for design- ing the five-year country program. Collaboration with the Bank The Bank has been active in the field of population since a few years after UNFPA was established. President Robert McNamara's first speech to the Bank's Board of Directors in September 1968 set the Bank's initial policy on population: ....the rapid growth of population is one of the greatest barriers to the economic growth and well being of our member states..." The Bank's Population Projects Depart- ment was formed in 1969 and lending began in 1970 with a loan to Jamaica. The Bank's lending initially focused on the health infrastructure through which family planning and Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services could be provided. The understanding of the links between fertility reduction and other dimensions of development has grown -particularly with regard to the health of women and children, women's education, and the empowerment of women in general. Bank UNFPA 4 projects have supported a broad range of interventions known to contribute to reproductive health. InterAgency Mechanism There is no formal agreement or memorandum of under- standing between UNFPA and the Bank. Some UNFPA staff have occasionally indicated interest in establishing a formal cooperative program, but the Bank has preferred to maintain the present practice of informal collaboration on a project-by-project and country basis. Comparative Advantages of the Bank and of UNFPA The World Bank's role in population programs has been shaped by its comparative advantage in a number of areas in relation to the many multilateral, bilateral, and nongovernmental organizations that are involved in population work. Although the Bank is not the lead agency in population, it has played an increasingly important role as it has responded to borrower demands. The Bank helps borrowers address population through a broad range of social sector interventions, including health, education, and the status of women. The Bank also brings particular strength in sector and economic analyses, which inform the policy dialogue between the Bank and borrower countries. Bank resources, although available through loans and credits to borrowers, not through grants, are usually available on an ample scale. UNFPXs comparative advantages include being a grant- making institution; having a strong field presence and experience working with bilateral, NGOs and the other donors; an advocacy role vis a vis government; the least expensive procurement of contraceptives; acknowledged predominance in the field; technical expertise; and decen- tralized decision-making. UNFPA and the World Bank together are the two largest multilateral agencies providing population assistance, providing over US$1 billion in aid in 1991-1993. Patterns of Collaboration Currently, the UNFPA and World Bank have complemen- tary programs in a number of countries. This type of collaboration includes senior interagency meetings; field contact; cofinancing of projects; cooperation on multi-donor UNFPA 5 projects (e.g. Bangladesh); consultation on complementarities; and consultations on in-country activities. The rehabilita- tion and development of health infrastructure in World Bank loans and credits has been complemented by UNFPAs support for the training of personnel in maternal and child health/family planning, including the technical specification, provision and procurement of equipment and modem contraceptives. The Bank has also sometimes supplemented UNFPA provision of contraceptives. Other collaboration includes: consultations at headquarters; sharing studies; use of each other's national needs assess- ments; participation in sectoral reviews and more compre- hensive programming missions. Examples of collaboration: " Global population conferences attended by Bank presidents and top management: Mr. William Clark, Vice President, External Affairs, attended the first conference in Bucharest in 1974; Mr. Claussen addressed the 1984 conference in Mexico City; and Mr. Preston addressed the population and development conference in Cairo in 1994. Regarding the preparations for the ICPD, the Bank participated in the Expert Group, Regional and Preparatory Committee meetings. The Bank prepared a population sector review, Population and Development (1994) and A New Agenda for Women's Health and Nutrition (1994) for the conference. The Bank now is part of the InterAgency Task Force on the Implementation of the ICPD Program of Action. " The Bank contributes to activities of UNFPA's global initiative on contraceptive requirements and logistics management needs in developing countries in the 1990s. The World Bank is active on two steering groups: the Consultative Group on Contraceptive Requirements and the Working Group, and contributes to UNFPA's Technical and Evaluation Division. The Bank and UNFPA are among the co-sponsors of the Safe Motherhood Initiative and the Bank is the Executive Secretariat for its InterAgency Group. o The Bank and UNFPA also co-sponsor the Special Program of Research, and Research Training UNFPA 6 Development in Human Reproduction. Through its Special Grants Program, the Bank contributes US$2.5 million a year to this program. The Bank also provides grants from its Special Grants Fund (US$850,000 FY94) to population NGOs-some of which supported their attendance at ICPD. a The Bank and UNFPA are among the six co-sponsors -others are WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, and UNESCO - of the Global Program on AIDS, which will become the Joint and Co-Sponsored Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in 1996. Current Issues Policy UNFPA staff has expressed an interest in timely policy dialogue on subjects such as: the complementarity of mandates defined; exchange of information; full collabora- tion over program implementation; further development of UNFPXs special role in the procurement of contraceptives. Both organizations were very satisfied with the collabora- tion that marked the preparations for and activities at the ICPD Conference in Cairo, September 1994. Operational The Bank makes loans and UNFPA makes grants for I- population; the relative cost of such aid can be a factor in a country's decision as to how to borrow, or what to borrow. The size of Bank inputs tend to be much larger, and a substantial share of World Bank inputs are in construction and equipment. a UNFPA has 70 percent of its staff in the field. The staff of the Bank is concentrated at headquarters. UNFPA has wider field contacts with support services, NGOs, and community-based groups than the Bank. The Bank may have more interlocutors at the planning and financial ministries in addition to the sectoral ones than UNFPA. UNFPA 7 © In addition to sectoral discussions, the Bank maintains a dialogue on macroeconomic policies with governments. A review of UNFPA activities entitled UNFPA: Evaluation of UNFPA Synthesis Report 1993 was conducted by the German Aid Agency (BMZ), Canadian Aid Agency (CIDA) and the Finnish Aid Agency (FINNIDA), and contains informative observations. Making Contact Management Dr. (Mrs.) Nafis Sadik (Pakistan) Executive Director 1987-present; Mr. Joseph Van Arendonk, Deputy Executive Director, Program Mr. Hirofumi Ando, Deputy Executive Director, Policy and Administration Mr. Jyoti Singh, Deputy Executive Director, Technical and Evaluation Division Most recent high-level interchanges with the Bank The Executive Director of UNFPA, Dr. Sadik, met with Mr. Wolfensohn in July, 1995. Dr. Sadik addressed the April 1994 Development Committee on ICPD and addressed the staff of the Bank and the Fund in November, 1994. Principal Bank Contacts Mr. Tom Merrick (HDD) (Bank contact person) Mssrs/Mmes. Loso Boya (AF3PH); Judith Harrington (ex-UNFPA-HDD); John Innes (LA2HR); Pierre Mersier (AF3PH); Jeannette Murphy (AF1HR); Janet Nassim (HDD); Anne Tinker (HDD); Erik Palstra (ex-UNFPA- SA1PH); Paul Shaw (ex-UNFPA-AFTHR) Headquarters 220 East 42nd Street NewYork, NY 10017-5880 Telephone: (212) 297-5000 297-5111 (Executive Director) Telex: 422031 or 422038 Facsimile: (212) 370-0201 UNFPA 8 Staff Size (Headquarters and Field) 1993: 837 (304 Professional and 533 General Services) Of professional staff, 105 serve at headquarters and 197 in the field; more than 70 percent of UNFPA staff over-all are in the field. Forty-four percent of professional staff at headquarters and in the field are women. Principal Publications Populi (10 times a year) Global Population Assistance Report (annual) State of the World's Population (annual) Making a Difference Twenty-five Years of UNFPA Expenence, N. Sadik, ed.,1994 Program Review and Strategy Development (by country, covers 5-year program) Periodic Summaries of Programs and Funding (by country and region) Acronyms CSN: Country Strategy Note FP: Family Planning ICCR: International Committee for Contraceptive Research (the Population Council) ICPD: International Conference on Population and Development (9/94 in Cairo) IEC: Information, Education and Communication IPPF: International Planned Parenthood Federation MCH: Maternal and Child Health PAPCHILD: Pan-Arab Project for Child Development PATH: Program for AppropriateTechnology in Health POPIN: Population Information Network PRSD: Program Review and Strategy Development STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease TFR: Total Fertility Rate TSS: Technical Support Services VIPD: Women, Population, and Development UNFPA 9 PROJECTS WITH )NFPA C/L # not available AFRICA Project FY C/L Description ANGOL4 Health 1 C 2-14 I BanI conrinbuied io medical equipment Tr. 1.--r -r w%orkshop in LINFPA, Support 1. the National MCH FP Propran and rn Popularon Plannrng BURKINA FASO Population/AIDS Control 94 C2619 Consultations on respective Programs; Program UNFPA to procure contraceptives TM Vitagliano CAPE VERDE Family Life Education * * Information, Education and Communications (IEC) project may include population and family welfare materials and curricula designed by the Bank THE GAMBIA Women in Development 90 C2141 Collaboration in project research TM AguehNitagliano and surveys; UNFPA cofinancing $100,000 MADAGASCAR Health Sector 91 C2251 UNFPA cofinancing Improvement TM Waty/Martin MAURITANIA Population/ 92 C2311 UNFPA to provide family planning Health Project support to 50 centers with equipment TM Jarawanx/Vitagliano maintenance from Bank; UNFPA to cofinance US$3 m; module on Health and Family Planning added to Bank literacy training program NIGERIA National Population UNFPA proposals incorporated into Policy Bank sub-projects (Population Activities Fund) ZAIRE Social Sector 91 C2196 UNFPA active on family planning TM Trapman component of Bank's Social Sector Projects; suspended at present ZIMBABWE Family Health II 91 L3339 UNFPA funding a family planning TM Hansen subcomponent Disbursements to UNFPA out of proceeds of World Bank loans and credits: calendar year 1994 were US$11,865,469. TA: Technical assistance TM: Task Manager L: IBRD Loan FY July 1-June 30 C: IDA Credit GO Government of (borrower) Readers should be aware that the names of TMs and project specifics can change in the course of project implementation. UNFPA 10 EAsT ASIA BUNGLADESH General Education Project 90 C2118 UNFPA US$2.4 million cofinancing TM Schmidt/Ribe Population Health IV 91 C2259 UNFPA procured contraceptives, TM Pannenborg charging 5 percent fee; useful information exchange INDONIEStA Population V 91 L3298 UNFPA/Bank collaboration in TM Saadah preparation, implementation; pilot communication program later expanded to 22 other areas NEPAL Population and Health 94 C2600 UNFPA provided 6 mos help to TM Duza government to prepare population component of IDA credit (UNFPA, government, and Bank hosted donors' conference 1992) PAKISTAN Social Action Program 94 C2593 UNFPA to procure contraceptives TM Wall/Gafsi SOUTH AsIA PLrA Population Project q3 L ' LINFPA 3ctw.e (n B3nk mi.ons NE% GUINEA TP.I F.rt.-r pr.,bable LINFPN procuremeni if contraceptives ECA ROMANIA Health Services 92 L3409 Procurement Rehabilitation TM Schweitzer MNA TUNIsIA Population and Family * * UNFPA provides 70 percent of Health country's contraceptive supplies TM Claire Voltaire LAC ECUADOR Social Development IlI 93 L3510 Contraceptives procurement and Health and Nutrition project cooperation TM P. Marquez JAMAICA Social Sector 90 L3111 Contraceptives procurement Investment Loan TM Lister UNFPA 11 Dr. Nafis Sadik Executive-Director United Nations Population Fund(UNFPA) Dr. Nafis Sadik is the Executive-Director of UNFPA and holds the rank of Under Secretary-General- the first woman to head one of the United Nations' major volun- tary-funded programs. Dr. Sadik received her medical degree from Dow Medical College, Karachi, and served her internship in gynecology and obstetrics at City Hospital in Baltimore, MD. Dr. Sadik completed further studies at the Johns Hopkins University and held the post of research fellow in physiol- ogy at Queens University, Kingston, Ontario. Posts held a Director of Planning and Training of the Pakistan Central Family Planning Council, 1966 , Director-General of the Council, 1970 o Chief of the Program Division of UNFPA, 1973 i Assistant Executive Director of UNFPA 1982-1987 © President of the Society for International Development (SID) 1994-97 Publications Dr. Sadik has written numerous articles in the family plan- ning, health and development fields, and edited two books: Population: the UNFPA Experience (NewYork University Press) 1984 © Population Policies and Programmes: Lessons Learned from Two Decades of Experience (NYU Press) 1991 Dr. Sadik is married, and has three children and two adopted children. She is the daughter of a former vice- president of the Bank during Mr. McNamara's presidency. UNFPA 12 C 7, UNHCR was established in 1951 to handle continuing refugee needs after the critical immediate post-war period. UNHCR is a program of the UN, responsible to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), not a specialized agency, such as World Health Organization (WHO) or International Labor Organization (ILO). It is a protection agency of the international community for refugees, not an assistance program such as the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF). Originally it was not an operating organization. It funded assistance through host governments and NGOs, supervised pro- grams, controlled finances and provided technical advice. It now finances its own programs as well as those of others. One hundred and eleven states have acceded to the 1951 UNHCR Convention. Forty-seven are members of the Executive Committee (EXCOM), which meets annually in October to oversee the UNHCR program; its 46th session was held in 1995. EXCOM determines the amount of the budget available for the General Program. Structure a The HIGH COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE a The special OPERATION FOR FoRMERYUGOSLAVIA a INTERNATIONAL PRoTECTION a The EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE SETIoN a DivisioN OF PROGROS AND OPERKl'IONAL SUPPORT [ REGIONAL BUREAUS-Africa, Asia, and Oceania; Europe; Americas and Caribbean; SW Asia; N Africa; Middle East a The DivIsIoN OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS The current High Commissioner, Mrs. Sadako Ogata (Japan) was elected for three years in January 1991 and re-elected for a five-year term in January 1994 by the General Assembly. UNHCR 1 Mandate @ The mandate of UNHCR is to respond to the needs of refugees. While statistics reflect varying definitions, UNHCR counted over 16 million (trans-border) refugees in 1994. More than half were children. Internally dis- placed persons comprised another 24 million by UN estimate. In a world of 5.5 billion people, these two groups combined mean that one in every 137 people has been forced into flight. There are 10,000 new refugees a day. UNHCR assistance to refugees includes return and resettlement. UNHCR physical support to returnees, or refugees voluntarily returning to their country of origin, usually consists of food, cash travel allowance, roofing materials, farming tools and household items. Returnees are issued food ration cards, valid up to two months, and must complete a Voluntary Repatriation Form (VRF) before aid commences. Tripartite agreements are signed between the country of asylum, country of origin and UNHCR to ensure the safety and well-being of returnees. Traditional Functions UNHCR has two primary functions: > to provide protection for refugees, applying the principle of asylum, that they not be sent back (refoulement) to a country where they are in danger of being denied entry (non-entree) to safe havens > to search for durable solutions including repatriation, local integration, and resettlement by providing assistance to meet material needs and promote economic self-sufficiency UNHCR also provides emergency humanitarian relief and rehabilitation assistance. According to the 1951 UNHCR Convention, a refugee is a person who has a well-grounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality or political opinions, who is outside the country of origin, and unable or unwilting to return. The 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees extends the definition of refugee to displaced persons who have crossed a border because of the harmful consequences of an event or situation in which they were bystanders. It should be noted that the classical definition of refugee has been replaced by a working definition that does not limit the group to political refugees. UNHCR 2 Evolving Responsibilities Faced with a rising tide of refugees, UNHCR argues that, wile humanitarian aid is imperative, it is palliative and cannot substitute for political solutions. In addition, relief is short-term, and must be connected to development efforts. Political solutions do not just involve refugees and their host countries, but repatriation to countries of origin, where development support is necessary in order to re- absorb returnee populations. UNHCR efforts to help returnees build housing and find employment are matched by efforts to mitigate the impact of reintegration on host communities. UNHCR increasingly looks for ways to prevent migration: durable solutions include investment in housing and human services provided to returnees and local peoples. Programs are also being developed to prevent refugee movements spurred by deprivation and social exclusion. UNHCR is increasingly responsive to the needs of the internally displaced, which have not tradition- ally been within its mandate. InYugoslavia, UNHCR has served refugees, internally displaced and the besieged local population, and in the case of Somalia, no distinction is made between returnees, refugees, and internally dis- placed. UNHCR's current three-pronged strategy is: prevention, preparedness and solutions. The first and third require cooperation with other agencies. UNHCR wants an integrated response linking humanitarian action, protection of human rights, peace-keeping and peace- building with all partners. Emergency Response The flood of Cambodians into Thailand in 1979 and the large number of boat people leaving Viet Nam led to a change in the nature of UNHCR work, requiring an emergency, on-the-ground response. In the 1980s, the situation in Central America helped turn UNHCR into an operational organization. The Kurdish crisis in 1991 was one of its big challenges: its emergency fund increased in 1991 from US$10 to US$20 million. UNHCR's Emergency Preparedness and Response Section became operational in February 1992 with five regional EPROs (officers), 20 staff, and 40 others available on short notice. Danish and Norwegian Refugee Committees and UN volunteers also provide emergency staff. Emergency Response Teams (ERT) have been formed in many regions, e.g. in December 1992 for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan. Tventy-four UNHCR 3 million dollars was made available in 1992 for rapid re- sponses. This emergency capacity contrasts with the work of longer-term development institutions. UNHCR is currently working in Liberia and Afghanistan on returnees and would like the development agencies to become involved as soon as possible in support of broad economic development. Emergency Coordination Increasingly, donor governments are substituting support for humanitarian intervention for political involvement, increasing the burden on humanitarian organizations such as UNHCR. In April 1992, the UN Secretary-General appointed an Under-Secretary-General to head the new Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) and to serve as Emergency Relief Coordinator. The UN currently has four instruments for the coordination of relief: Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator, the Central Emer- gency Revolving Fund, the InterAgency Standing Com- mittee and the Consolidated Appeals Process. UNHCR cooperates with all. Generally speaking, political aspects of emergency work are centered in NewYork, and operational aspects in Geneva. UNHCR also has an office in Washington, DC for liaison with US institutions, especially the White House and the State Department. Resources Expenditures UNHCR expenditures have increased rapidly in the last 25 years from US$6.2 million in 1967 to US$111.4 million in 1977, and US$460.4 million in 1987. In 1992, UNHCR received US$1,157 million in cash and in kind, in 1993 contributions amounted US$1,000 million and in 1994 to US$1,065 million. Top donors in 1994 (US$ millions) United States 255.5 European Union 233.4 Japan 120.8 Netherlands 86.9 Sweden 81.1 United Kingdom 68.2 UNHCR 4 Fundraising Pledging conferences are held each year for programs. Norway (US$10.49) and Sweden (US$9.20) provided the highest per capita support in 1993. In addition, appeals for special needs are launched throughout the year, e.g. for ex-Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The General Funds constitute approximately 30 percent of UNHCR expenditures, and the Special Programs approximately 70 percent. Cooperation with the Bank U 1 The mandates of the Bank and UNHCR have not overlapped significantly in the past. UNHCR focuses on the needs of refugees, a group that by defini- tion generally falls outside the purview of borrowing countries (both host and of origin). The mandates of the two institutions are now beginning to overlap in selected countries as UNHCR broadens its work to include not just refugees settled in second countries, but returnees to the home country and people displaced within their country. According to its report, The State of the World's Refugees 1993, ...the organization has moved beyond its traditional mandate in an effort to meet the needs of the entire community, stabilize the population, and pre-empt new displacement." At the same time, Bank emergency lending has increased, including lending related to war and attendant dislocations. World Bank Experience in Reconstruction From 1946 to 1953, the World Bank lent for reconstruc- tion in Europe, where there were six million refugees in member countries. It then turned to investment lending. The Bank resumed some lending for emergency assis- tance in 1970, emphasizing financial and technical help. Seventy-six new (not reallocated) emergency projects were approved between 1974-1991, of which 19 were between 1989-1991. Of the 76 loans, 20 were for the aftermath of civil war and the rest concerned natural disasters. Bank emergency loans related to civil wars and other internal disturbances include loans to Nigeria, Bangladesh, Sudan, Lebanon, Nicaragua, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Ghana. Bank emergency lending is to the productive sector, including rebuilding infrastructure and transportation, creating employment, and restoring UNHCR 5 trade. The Bank has made many reconstruction loans, including modifying existing loans in response to emer- gency situations. Bank Emergency Lending The relevant documents include a paper entitled "Lending by the Bank for Emergencies" (R88-231) dated October 18, 1988, and the OP, BP, GP 8.50, entitled "Emergency Recovery Assistance," released in 1995. The documents make it clear that the Bank finances investment and productive activities, rather than relief and consumption, consistent with its comparative advantages, e.g.: a immediate support in assessing the emergency's impact and developing a recovery strategy restructuring of the Bank's existing portfolio for the country, to support recovery activities @ redesign of projects not yet approved, to include recovery activities provision of an emergency recovery loan (ERL) Immediately after a disaster, the Bank can assist countries in a assessing the overall economic impact and sectoral damage and needs c identifying an efficient recovery strategy and overall reconstruction program a making the transition between relief and reconstruction strengthening institutional capacity for managing relief and recovery attracting and coordinating reconstruction support by other donors To support emergency recovery activities, the Bank, in cooperation with the borrower, reviews possibilities for modifying existing projects in the country and reallocating loan proceeds, and also examines possibilities for includ- ing appropriate recovery components in the design of planned projects in sectors or areas incurring large-scale disaster damage. General Cooperation Recent initiatives for increased cooperation have come from UNHCR. High Commissioner Ogata has been urged by her Executive Committee, to "bridge the gap" between relief and development work by linking the activities of her organization to those of the development agencies, UNHCR 6 making a transition from emergency to rehabilitation to development. Donors are concerned about diversion from their long-term development efforts (6 percent of ODA went for relief in 1992), and how to maintain development in the midst of conflict. UNHCR states that"... humanitar- ian aid must be linked more effectively to longer-term development in a way that addresses the root causes of recurrent emergencies." Mrs. Ogata raised the issue of closer cooperation with Mr. Preston during a visit to the Bank (May 1992), and with other Bank Managers in 1993 and 1994. The issue was raised with Mr. Wolfensohn in 1995. Mrs. Ogata also addressed a Bank and Fund audience on the subject of cooperation (June 1994). The Bank made an exceptional grant of US$4 million for UNHCR's work in Rwanda in 1994. The Halifax Summit of the G-7 (1995) Communique included language encouraging the Bank and Fund to coordinate with the UN regarding emergencies: "We will ask ... the Bretton Woods institutions and the UN to establish a new coordination procedure, supported as necessary by existing resources, to facilitate a smooth transition from the emergency to the rehabilitation phase of a crisis, and to cooperate more effectively with the donor countries." Selected UNHCR Activities of Interest to the Bank QUICK IMPACT PRooIA.us (QIPs) were first developed in Nicaragua, and are used to bring development aid fast to returnees. In addition to Central America, QIPS have been implemented in Cambodia and Somalia. They average US$30,000 each and are generally completed within a few months. Typically, they involve food production, water supply, health care, education, road rehabilitation, and social and community services. QIPS generally do not distinguish between different types of recipients (returnee and local). UNHCR would like to place the programs within the context of longer-term economic development plans. Infonnation Services The Centre for Documentation on Refugees (CDR), attached to the Division of International Protection, is UNI-ICR's specialized information and UNHCR 7 documentation center, and publishes Refugee Abstracts. It has a database available to other agencies and NGOs. UNHCR Local Area Network (LAN), donated by the Government of Canada, continuously updates country databases. The International Refugee Documentation Network (IRDN) is housed at the Berlin Institute for Social Sciences. A pilot project, the International Refugee Electronic Network (IRENE), has been launched. Conferences " INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASSISTANCE TO REFUGEES IN AFRICA -ICARA I (1981) and ICARA II (1984) which the Bank (External Affairs) helped fund " INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THtE PUGI IT OF REFUGEES AND RETURNEES, AND DISPLACED PERSONS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA (SARRED), 1988 a CONFERENCE ON CENTRAL AmERICAN REFuGEES (CIREFCA) in 1989, 1990, and 1992 " Conference on Ex-Yugoslavia (Geneva, 1992; London, 1992) a Conference on Former Soviet Union (planned in 1996) UNHCR entrusts most of the implementation of its programs to NGOs and government agencies in the host country. Its UN partners are WFP, 40 percent of whose resources go to refugees; FAO; IFAD, UNICEF, UNDP, WHO, ILO, UNESCO; and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) (non-UN). UNHCR has agreements with inter-governmental bodies such as the OAU, International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREFCA-OAS), Organization of the Islamic Conferences (OIC), Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), League of Arab States, European Union (EU); agreements such as the Cartegena Declaration on Refugees (1984) guide regional policy. Past Operational Cooperation with the Bank . InterAgency Agreement ' UNHCR has an understanding with the Bank dated 1986 and signed by Mr. Stern which includes the provision for UNHCR 8 attending CGs for countries where UNHCR has a large program. Examples of Project Cooperation In only one instance have the two institutions successfully cooperated on a project: the three consecutive income- generating projects to aid Afghan refugees in Pakistan (see below for details). UNHCR now wants to exploit the potential for cooperation regarding returnee populations in countries such as Mozambique. It would also like to interest the Bank in countries immediately post-conflict where there is currently no Bank lending, such as Af- ghanistan and Liberia. It should be noted that UNHCR is able to work in countries without a functioning central government and/or where hostilities have not yet com- pletely ceased. UNHCR and the Bank cooperated successfully on three consecutive projects in Pakistan for Afghan refugees. The First (1983), Second (1987) and Third (1992) Income Generating Project for Refugee Areas were designed to create employment and income, primarily for Afghan refugees, but also for local residents. They addressed some of the damage caused by the protracted presence in Pakistan of over three million refugees and their livestock. They included the implementation of small scale, labor- intensive sub-projects, primarily of a public works nature with an emphasis on high labor intensity. Emphasis was placed on the improvement of the rural environment and physical infrastructure, and on training refugees in basic skills in anticipation of their return to their homeland. The Bank helped UNHCR raise donor grants, and the Bank monitored and supervised the projects. Cooperation between UNHCR and the Bank ceased in January 1990 in the Southern Kassala Agriculture Project (Sudan), approved in 1989, as UNHCR was unable to raise the US$10 million it had committed to contribute. Coopera- tion in the Furjano Refugee Settlement Project (Somalia), which also aimed at alleviating environmental damages, ceased in June 1990 because of civil war. Both projects were prepared and appraised by the Bank and were under UNHCR 9 supervision when UNHCR funding ceased. Some Bank staff were disappointed by UNHCR withdrawal, and by its inability to fulfill prior financing obligations. Potential Operational Collaboration UNHCR was requested by Eritrea (whose Finance and Development Minister visited UNHCR in mid-1993) to provide a US$340 million grant for the resettlement of refugees. While the Bank already had a project in Eritrea (US$140 million Emergency Recovery and Rehabilitation Project, approved March, 1993), the Government of Ethiopia did not want the funds used for refugees. Eritrea joined the Bank in June, 1994 and UNHCR is interested in involving the Bank in planning for the arrival and integra- tion of returnees. In 1994-95, a massive repatriation was under way of approximately 1.3 million Mozambicans. Because of the international nature of the peace process in Mozambique (the General Peace Accord was signed by the Government and Renamo in October 1992), funding was expected to be available. The coordinating body for humanitarian assis- tance in Mozambique is the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Coordination (UNOHAC). The Bank has included returnees in its Education IT Project. for possible collaboration Azerbaijan, Georgia, Tajikistan, Liberia, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Liberia. Cooperation Issues Attendance at CG Meetings UNHCR attends CGs in exceptional cases: "UNHCR will be invited to participate in Consultative Group meetings where there is a UNHCR program on a scale warranting discussion in that forum, or where there is a major influx of refugees or returnees into a country, which is creating a substantial financial and economic burden." UNHCR 10 Making Contact Management Mrs. Sadako Ogata, High Commissioner Mr. Gerald Walzer, Deputy High Commissioner Mr. F Fouinat, Chef de Cabinet Mr. Soren Jessen-Petersen, Director, New York Office Mr. Kofi Asomani, Director, External Affairs Mr. Omar Bakhet, Deputy Director, External Affairs Mr. Kazuo Watanabe, Environmental Coordinator Mr. ReneVan Rooyen, Director, Washington Office Most recent visit of UNHCR Management to the Bank Mrs. Sadako Ogata, High Commissioner met with Mr. Wolfensohn in July, 1995. Bank Staff working with UNHCR Ms. Lisa Pachter (OPRPG) (Bank contact person) Mssrs/Mmes. Ridwan Ali (SA3AG) (Afghanistan); Marc Blanc (EC3DR) (Tajikistan, Azerbaijan); Jean- Charles Crochet (EC3IV) (Tajikistan); Abhay Deshpande (Resident Mission in Ethiopia); Brian Falconer (Resident Mission in Uganda, worked in Somalia); Ronald Fennell (AF4CO) (Sierra Leone); Betty Hanan (EC3DR) (Tajikistan, Azerbaijan); Huda Kraske (MIN2CO) (ex- Yugoslavia); Martial Laurent (AF3CO) (Burundi); John Macgregor (N2CO) (Previous: Kenya Regional Office); Guy Motha (SA3AG) (Afhanistan); Manuel Penalver- Quesada (SA3CI) (Afghanistan, Pakistan);Veeyen Rajagopalan (EC3C1) (Azerbaijan); Jayasankar Shivakumar (EA 1PH) (Canibodia, Vietnam); Katerina Taiganides (LA2CO) (El Salvador); Frederick Walker (AF3PH) (Horn of Africa) Headquarters Case postale 2500 CH-1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland. Telephone: (41 22) 739 81 11 Facsimile: 731 95 46 Cable: HICOMREF Geneva Telex: 28741 HCR CH UNHCR 11 Principal Publications The State of the World's Refugees (annual report) Refugees (quarterly), circulation 200,000 Refugee Abstracts (quarterly) International Journal of Refugee Law (collaborator) Staff Size (Headquarters and Field): As of June 1993, UNHCR employed 3,703 staff. 810 were stationed in Geneva and 2,893 deployed to 177 field offices in 106 countries. Expenditures CY92 by Region US$ millions Eastern and Central Asia 337 Africa 284 Asia/Oceania 175 South West Asia/North Africa/Middle East 159 Latin America and Caribbean 50 UNHCR Program Categories General Programs (US$) CY93 budget $311 million CY94 budget $418.5 million Special Program* CY93 budget $959.7 million CY94 budget $718.9 million Total Voluntary Funds CY93 budget $1,194 million CY94 budget $1,200 million *includes special appeals bY the Secretary-General UNHCR 12 Glossary of Terms "Good offices" doctrine is based on General Assembly resolutions asking UNHCR to extend its good offices to new groups of refugees. Cross-Mandate System is an approach whereby the needs of the entire population are met, without regard to their status as returnees, refugees, internally displaced or those who have never left. The goal is to stabilize the entire population of a community, stopping the refugee/returnee/ internally displaced/refugee cycle. The system also refers to different UN agencies being flexible in working beyond their mandate to best respond to acute situations. Acronyms ICRC: International Committee of the Red Cross IOM: International Organiztion for Migration ODP: Orderly Departure Programme ONOCHA: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance Relating to Afghanistan UNOSAL: United Nations Oserver Mission in El Salvador UNOSOM: United Nations Operation in Somalia UNPROFOR: United Nations Protection Force (e.g. ex-Yugoslavia) UNTAC: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNRWA: United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNV: United Nations Volunteers UNHCR 13 Sadako Ogata High Commissioner United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Sadako Ogata of Japan was elected United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in January, 1991. Previous posts held a Independent expert of the United Nations Commission for Human Rights for Myanmar in 1990 @ Japan's representative on the Commission for Refugees from 1982 to 1985 0 Member of the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues, 1983-1987 e Chairman of the Executive Board of UNICEF, 1978-1979 © Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations, 1978-79 Mrs. Ogata was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Foreign Studies at Sophia University in Tokyo in 1989, and earlier, Director of the University's Institute of International Relations. Mrs. Ogata has published books on diplomatic history and international relations, and numerous articles. She has been a member of the Trilateral Commission since 1984 and a member of the Board of Governors of the International Development Research Centre since 1986. Mrs. Ogata is married and has a son and a daughter. UNHCR 14 The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund -now called the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) -was established in 1946 by the UN General Assembly for the alleviation of suffering by children in war-torn Europe. In 1950, UNICEF's mandate was extended to Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Middle East, and in 1953 the Fund was made permanent. UNICEF's purpose is to save and safeguard the lives of children. Its activities on behalf of children, mothers, and families include health, nutrition, sanitation, social welfare and education, and while many interventions are short- term, others involve long-term development. Although UNICEF no longer uses "emergency" in its name, it is involved in relief work, and is concerned about the toll on children of civil strife and war. It is also an advocacy group with governments for the rights of children. Mandate UNICEF's mission has broadened over time. In the period immediately after World War II, it focused on Child Survival and Development, Protection and Participation. In the 1970s it added a focus on Women in Development, Basic Urban Services Strategy, and Primary Health Care (1979) culminating in the InternationalYear of the Child (1979). The 1980s included the development of cheap, mass medical interventions such as Universal Child Immunization (UCI) (1982), Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT), Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), micronutrients, and breast- feeding as well as the Bamako Initiative (1987) for commu- nity-financed health.\WHO and UNICEF announced in 1991 that during this decade they had fulfilled their commitment to immunize 80 percent of the world's children against the six major child-killer diseases before their first birthday. A focus on education emerged with the Education for All Conference (EFA) (1989), and a broad mandate for social welfare was reflected in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). UNICEF 1 UNICEF has both a number of broad social goals and specific numerical goals, launched at the intergovernmental WoRLD SUIVT FOR CHILDREN and the St AMIT PLAN oF ACTION (1990). It has adopted a "20/20" vision plan which urges that 20 percent of government expenditures and 20 percent of aid for development be specifically devoted to meeting human needs for adequate nutrition, primary health care, basic education, safe water supply, and family planning. Support for the concept is stronger among developed than developing countries, as some of the latter believe that such standards could make aid conditional on certain budgetary priorities. The "20/20" plan was central to the debates at the Social Summit in Copenhagen, March, 1995. Operational Profile UNICEF is well positioned with its extension field staff and access throughout the regions of a country to work with the Bank at the identification and design stage of projects. It also has the capacity to undertake small experimental projects, which suggests that as a develop- ment partner, UNICEF might undertake pilot projects to form part of a national program supported by bilateral donors and/or the Bank. c Perspectives: UNICEF uses numerical targets to mobilize resources in support of its programs. Emphasis is on fund-raising and results rather than long term development; thus, immunization rates may fall markedly after the conclusion of a campaign. e Analytical data: UNICEF has launched an effort to get statistics on mid-decade indicators at country level. o Decentralization: UNICEF decentralization makes information exchange difficult because HQ and field staff do not communicate frequently, and UNICEF reports stay in the field. © Funding Resources available cannot be accurately predicted, and do not have to be strictly accounted for-which may distort priority setting. g Advocacy UNICEF deals with the disadvantaged; often with Ministries of Women and Social Affairs, Health, and Education-not central Ministries, such as Planning. UNICEF 2 Contraception: Contraceptives are not among the essential drugs available through its procurement facility, UNIPAC. They are available through UNFPA. UNICEF is arguably the best known of the UN agencies, flagging to the global public the needs of the world's children. It appoints celebrity ambassadors such as Harry Belafonte, Audrey Hepburn, Sir Edmund Hillary, Liv Ullman, and Peter Ustinov to attract the public attention and funding needed for its campaigns. Resource mobiliza- tion from donor countries is undertaken in the context of achieving the goals of the Children's Summit at the country and global levels. It should be noted that with new leader- ship, UNICEF could be expected to undertake changes. World Summit for Children On September 30, 1990 in NewYork, UNICEF hosted a Woiuo StALNUr FOR CilLDREN, attended by heads of state and heads of government. To date, the Summit Declaration has been signed by 159 countries. Its goals for the year 2000, to be carried out under National Plans of Action, inform UNICEF strategy: a the reduction of 1990 under-five mortality rates by one- third (eradication/reduction of polio, neonatal tetanus, measles, diarrhea, respiratory disease, guinea worm) the reduction of maternal mortality rates by one-half (reproductive health services, prenatal care, special nutritional needs) n the reduction of severe and moderate malnutrition of under-five year olds by one-half (reduction in low birth weight, iron deficiency, vitamin A; promotion of breastfeeding, growth monitoring, food security) L- universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation universal access to basic education and completion of primary school by 80 percent of primary age children reduction of adult illiteracy- especially female -by half a protection of children in difficult circumstances (abuse, neglect, exploitation, war) UNICEF 3 Structure UNICEF is an autonomous body within the UN secretariat and reports to the UN's Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). It has a rotating 41-member Executive Board of geographically diverse countries elected for three-year terms which sets agency policy at its annual meeting in June in NewYork. 1994 Expenditures in 69 Countries US$ millions Emergencies and relief work 216 Child health 202 Planning and program support 121 Education/early childhood 87 Water and sanitation (WATSAN) 81 Community/women's programs 63 Child nutrition 30 In each country, UNICEF prepares a situational analysis of children; conducts a program approval process; holds mid-term reviews assessing UNICEF program activities; and produces program documents. Projects are generally small-scale, focusing on communities, and involving NGOs. Given the inter-sectoral nature of its work, UNICEF cooperates with other UN agencies such as WHO and UNESCO as well as bilateral aid agencies and NGOs. Funds Around one hundred and twenty governments provide about 70 percent of the UNICEF budget through volun- tary contributions, and the remainder comes from NGOs (34 countries have active National UNICEF Committees), the sale of greeting cards, and individuals. Income for 1994 was divided between general resources (59 percent), supplementary funding (21 percent) and emergencies (20 percent). In 1994, contributions to UNICEF were UNICEF 4 US$1,006 million, of which US$535 million were general resources, and US$471 million were supplementary funds. Expenditures amounted to US$999 million. In 1994 UNICEF received US$10.5 million from the World Bank for its emergency work in Rwanda. Five percent of global external assistance to health is from UNICEF Top Donors to UNICEF (in US$ thousands) United States 135,855 Italy 41,935 Sweden 113,506 Denmark 40,555 Canada 56,353 Japan 34,810 Netherlands 53,552 United Kingdom 25,964 Norway 47,869 Switzerland 18,871 1994 Emergency Expenditures by Sector (in US$ millions) Rwanda 32.8 Sudan 29.7 Iraq 26.6 ex-Yugoslavia 19.4 Somalia 17.9 Angola 14.4 Kenya 9.5 Afganistan 8.2 Mozambique 7.7 Liberia 5.8 Ethiopia 4.5 Haiti 3.6 Burundi 3.2 Subtotal 183.3 For more information, Other emergencies 32.2 see AIDAB, CIDA, DANIDA, Total 215.5 SDC Review: Strategic Choices Total_215.5 for 12NICEF, February 1993. UNICEF 5 Collaboration With The Bank While there is no formal cooperative program between the Bank and UNICEF, there are numerous ongoing joint activities in health, education, water and sanitation, nutrition, and poverty assessment. Relations with the UNICEF representative are important at the country level in determining the quality of collaboration. Starting in December, 1994 regular meetings to renew the whole range of cooperation have been inaugurated. Examples of cooperative efforts include: " World Conference on Education for All (March 1990 in Jomtien, Thailand), co-sponsored by UNICEF, the Bank, UNDP and UNESCO, adopted recommendations for the rapid expansion of basic education and literacy. Cooperation continues on follow-up. " Task Force on Child Survival (1988- ) UNICEF, the World Bank, WHO, the Rockefeller Foundation, and UNDP issued the Talloires Declaration which set goals for the 1990s, later elaborated in the Declaration of the World Summit for Children. c Africa Region: Aide Memoires cover meetings held by the Regional Vice-President on Bank/UNICEF cooperation in health and education, including one on March 29, 1995. c The InterAgency Steering Conunittee for Water Supply and Sanitation meets annually to coordinate the work of the UN agencies active in the sector, e.g. UNDP, UNICEF, WHO. * The Regional Water and Sanitation Network in Central America seeks to assist El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua improve sector performance and aid effectiveness. UNICEF is host. Working Groups and Other Examples Em BETTER HEALT[I IN AFRIcA UNICEF staff cooperated closely in the conception, preparation, and review. The report reflects the views of UNICEF, WHO, and the Bank, and commits the organizations to work together in helping African countries adapt the UNICEF 6 recommendations to local circumstances and carry them out. UNICEF is expected to be active on follow- up strategies. u GLOBAL MICRO,NUTRIENT INITA T]IT (joint venture with WHO and other donors) INTERAGENCY GROUP LOR SAFE MOTHE-ROOD E TASK FORCE FOR CHILD SURMIAL AND DEvTLLOR11h.NT (established 1984) E ACC SUB-COALMlTTEE ON NUTRITION I CONSULTAT VE GROuP oN EARLY CIlLOOD CARE AND DEVELOPlENT (based in UNICEF and supported by the Bank's Special Grants Program) a World Development Report 1993-Investing in Health (UNICEF consulted during planning and contributed material) [ InterAgency Working Group on African Health (includes WHO and the Bank) E UNICEF/World Bank working groups on African Health Trust Fund a UNICEF/World Bank working group on African Education (UNICEF also a donor) a UNICEF a partner in AFTHR's Regional Program on Early Childhood Development a UNICEF received exceptional grant monies from the Bank in response to an appeal by the UN Secretary General: US$7 million for Somalia (December 1992), US$10.5 million for Rwanda (September 1994) (see also P8) a Secondments and staff exchanges: Bank staff Alan Dock to UNICEF Zambia UNICEF staff Reiko Nimi to Bank HQ AF6PH Structural Adjustment UNICEF's concerns about the social costs of adjustment and debt resonate among donors and the public. Its criticism of Bank policy has had an impact on Bank adjustment planning and has contributed to the develop- ment of social safety nets and social funds. UNICEF publications and public statements critical of adjustment programs and developing country debt include Adjust- ment with a Human Face (Cornia, Jolly and Stewert, 1987 and 1988) and the annual publication, State of the World's Children (SWC), especially 1989. UNICEF and the Bank agree that it is necessary to protect the vulner- able, but some UNICEF managers and staff claim that UNICEF 7 child malnutrition among the poor has increased in some adjusting countries because of adjustment policies. The Bank does not agree that the cause of such problems is adjustment policies themselves, but rather the root problems that necessitated adjustment. The SWC 1992 claimed that the Bank contributed to large negative net transfers to developing countries. National Programs of Action (NPAs) The NPAs were developed as a way to implement the goals of the 1990 Children's Summit at which 149 coun- tries committed themselves to developing programs. Some countries have implemented their plans (e.g. Mexico, Dominican Republic); and others use the NPAs in their negotiations with aid donors. National Committees and NGOs help implement NPAs. The Bank collaborates with NPA efforts but would like some issues addressed more fully, including: costing their complementarity with SECALS, SALs, investment projects; involvement of donors; and setting intermediate goals to monitor. Emergency Assistance-Rwanda In August 1994, the Executive Directors of the Bank approved totaling US$20 million to four UN agencies (UNICEF, UNHCR, FAO and WHO). The objective of these grants was to help lay the foundations of a broad- based reconstruction and development program, filling identified gaps in each of these agencies' program for Rwanda, with particular emphasis on the emergency needs of returnees.UTNICEF received US$ 10.5 million. THE BAMAKO INITIATIVE ...is a community-management approach to primary health care, primarily in Africa. By the end of 1994 there were 33 countries (28 in Africa) implementing the six-year old initiative. The plan encourages decentralization and concentrates on provincial health care. The premise is that even in poor countries, people are willing to pay a reason- able fee for local facilities if they improve, if the resources generated are reinvested in the community and if users have a say in how facilities are managed. Cost recovery requires monitoring the proportion of payment to the health care provider- and has an impact on procurement. UNICEF 8 Consultative Groups (CGs) UNDP represents all UN agencies at the CGs. UNICEF has asked to be invited to participate in CGs since the mid-80s; the Bank has responded regarding social sector sessions at which UNICEF attendance could be warranted. Among others, it participated in the Ghana CG (PAMSCAD project, social sector subgroups); Guinea subgroup on social development; Caribbean subgroup (Haiti); Central America CG, and Pakistan CG. In Novem- ber 1992, UNICEF asked to be invited to a pre-CG for Russia and Central Asia Republics CGs, but had a limited budget for activities in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Eastern Europe and was therefore not invited. The Bank, with other donors, supports UNICEF's Consultative Group on Early Childhood and Development. Policy Framework Papers (PFPs) While UNICEF and other agencies would like access to Bank studies, as of this writing, even after Board discus- sion, PFPs can only be released by authorization of the country involved, which may represent a serious bureau- cratic hurdle. ur Making Contact Management Carol Bellamy (US) Executive Director Richard Jolly (UK) Deputy Executive Director for Programs Most recent high-level interchanges with the Bank Ms. Bellamy met with Mr. Wolfensohn, July, 1995. Principal Bank contacts and Agency counterparts BANK Human Development Department in HCO as well as Human Resources divisions in operations: Mr. David de Ferranti (HDD) (Bank contact person) Health: Mssrs/Mmes. Michael Azefor (Benin); Howard Barnum (HDD); Jorge Barrientos (HDD); Jacques Baudouy (1N21HR); David Berk (AF3PI); Jose Luis Bobadilla (HDD); Alain Colliou (LA 1HR); Edmond de Gaiffer (LA2HR); Edward Elmendorf (AFTHR); Birger Fredricksen (AF5CO); Ishrat. Z. Husain (AFTHR); Ethna Johnson (HDD); Steen Jorgensen (AFRCA); Jean-Louis Lamboray (HDD); Nicole Marchant (HSDDR); UNICEF 9 Michael Marek (EDS01); Carmen Martinez (AF5CO); William McGreevey (HDD); Anthony Measham (India); Thomas Merrick (HDD); Elizabeth Morris-Hughes (AFTHR); Reiko Niimi (AF6PH); Ok Pannenborg (AF5PH); Anne Tinker (HDD); Mary E. Young (IENTI); ZiaYusuf (MIGGU) Nutrition: Alan Berg; Judith McGuire (HDD) Education: Nat Colletta (AFTHR); Wadi Haddad (SEC); Stephen Heyneman (EM11THR); Ishrat Z. Husain (AFTHR); William McGreevey (HDD); Peter Moock (PSP); Arvil Van Adams (AFTDR) Pharmaceuticals: Denis Broun (HDD) Poverty: Emmanuel Jimenez (PDRPH) Adjustment: Edward Elmendorf (AFTHR); Stephen Heyneman (E11THR) UNICEF: Africa Health Staff/Other Mssrs/Mmes. Richard Jolly; Mansour Ahmed, Education; David Alnwvick, Chief, Nutrition; Leila Bishart, Data Collection; Jane Cole, Deborah Dishman, Kul Gautam, Director, Program Division; Terrel Hill, Chief, Child Sur- vival; Stephen Jarrett (BLIU); Eva Jespersen; Gareth Jones (WDR); Rudolf Knippenberg (BLWfU); Santosh Maehorta; Justin Maida; Christine Mistral, Martin Mogwanja, Nyi Nyi, Director Program Division (now Advisor on Health Goals); Agostino Paganini (B114U); Kasa Asila Pangu (WDR); David Parker (BLIU); Jon Rohde (helped on WDR); Jim Sherry, Chief, Health Promotion Headquarters UNICEF House, 3 United Nations Plaza NewYork, N.Y. 10017 Telephone: (212) 326-7000 (326-7035 Executive Director) Telex: RCA-239521 Facsimile: (212) 888-7465 Principal Publications UNICEF has 63 regular publications. Africa's Children: Africa's Future: Human Investment Priorities for the 1990s (Innocenti) Adjustment with a Human Face, Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth,Vol. 1 (1987) Adjustment with a Human Face, Ten Country Studies, Vol. 11 (1988) UNICEF 10 First Call for Children (quarterly newsletter) The Progress of Nations: statistics on the growth and health of children (annual) Reaching Health for All, (Oxford University Press) Rapid Assessment: country-by-country reports based on site visits State of the World's Children (annual) Staff Working Papers Series UNICEF Policy Review Series Staff (Headquarters and Field) UNICEF is a field-based organization, with 7,000 staff, 2,000 of whom are professional. In 1993, 83 percent of the staff worked in the field in one of 228 locations in 138 countries, of which 40 percent are in Africa, 23 percent in Asia, 11 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 9 percent in the Middle East and North Africa. UNICEF also has regional offices in Abidjan, Amman, Bangkok, Bogata, Kathmandu, and Nairobi. Acronyms ARI: Acute Respiratory Infections BFHI: Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative CERF: Central Emergency Revolving Fund EPI: Expanded Program on Immunization DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys IDD: Iodine Deficiency Disorders IMR: Infant Mortality Rate JCHP Joint Committee on Health Poliev (UNICEF/WHO) NPA: National Plan of Action ORT: Oral Rehydration Therapy SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease U5MR: Under 5 Mortality Rate PPE: Poverty, Population Growth and Environmental Deterioration TFR: Total Fertility Rate UNICEF 11 PROJECTS WITH UNICEF *C/L # not available AFRICA Project FY C/L Description BENIN Rural Water Supply and 94 C2622 UNICEF to procure water-related Sanitation materials/aid small contractors; TM Verspyck and to receive $650,000 BURKINA FASO Economic Recovery 94 C2590 UNICEF to handle training of Credit peripheraI heilth Sutrt under a TM W. Foster contract I aih Gqnernmrnt BURUNDI Health/Nutrition 94 C2595 [INICEF 1-:1 pro%ide LIS$3 6m in TM Marek/Dailly culnancing Water Supply Sector 92 C2288 Project to use water supply services TM Drea of UNICEF CHAD Basic Education 93 C2501 UNICEF to procure for small TM Ndao education promotion projects Health and Safe 94 C2626 UNICEF to help health, nutrition, Motherhood and family planning services as TM Jarawan/Lioy executing agency GUINEA Guinea Health and 94 C2574 UNICEF to provide drug and Nutrition vaccine procurement TM Luculescu KENYA Drought Recovery 93 C2460 UNICEF procurement procedures TM Falconer will be used; UNICEF helped prepare Early Child Development, especially micronutrients MADAGASCAR Food Security and 93 C2474 UNICEF helped target vulnerable Nutrition Project region; cofinanced about US$4m TM Khan (Economic Management and Social Action Plan) NIGERIA Eduction Ill-SECAL 94 * To use UNICEF's micro-nutrient TM Ndao/Martinez program SENEGAL Community Nutrition 95 * In preparation; UNICEF to be TM Pean involved in execution TOGo Small Towns Water 94 C2583 UNICEF to procure hand pumps TM Tschanner ZAMBIA Health Sector Support 95 C2660 UNICEF assisting a review of the Project health sector TM McLaughlin Education Rehabilitation 93 C2429 UNICEF did study on Cholera in TM Meiro-Lorenzo Schools TA: Technical assistance TM: Task Manager L: IBRD Loan FY July 1-June 30 C: IDA Credit GO Government of (borrower) Readers should be aware that the names of TMs and project specifics can change in the course of project implementation. UNICEF 12 EAST AsIA INDONESIA Basic Education for Girls 95 * UNICEF staff aid in 4 provinces, and Minorities III UNICEF resident mission helped TM Beemer with contacts and travel SOUTH ASIA BANGLADESH Integrated Nutrition 95 * UNICEF participation at many levels, TM Sundavarajan inputs free to Bank and GOB Population/ 91 C2259 UNICEF to procure DDS kits Health 1, II, III, IV TM Pannenborg General Education 90 C2118 UNICEF US$10m co-financing TM Schmidt/Ribe INDIA Child Survival and 96 * UNICEF cofinancing US$75m; Bank Safe Motherhood US$213m. UNICEF-state-level offices in New Delhi/technical capacity for procurement Health I (MCH) 92 C2300 UNICEF cofinanced US$67.8m for TM Cambridge drugs procurement LAO PDR Health Systems Reform 95 * UNICEF helped fund study on and Malaria Control revolving funds and cost recovery TM de Geyndt PAKISTAN Family Health II 93 C2464 UNICEF to procure small medical TM Walker supplies Balochistan Primary 93 C2482 UNICEF cofinancing NGO services Education for community gilrls' schools and TM Chang female teacher training ECA ROMANIA Health Service 92 L3409 UNICEF to procure drugs; Rehabilitation training of staff in procurement TM Schweitzer procedures TURKEY Basic Education Pilot 96 * In preparation; UNICEF, as imple- menting partner, to support rural improvement and increased enrollment of girls UNICEF 13 MNA IR%N Heallh-Familt Planning c3 L 0-i- UNICEF nolKed in Basi: Educdrion -,n .:1r Bank has asked I-UNICEF In clinmant,c Monocco Social Priorilies I 9 UNICEF ro a . A ith design and Rehabililation niplrientat.on TUNISIA Population Famil 91 L Training 4upport b% UNICEF Health TM P. 1.4, F . .n.j d 5... 1EMEN Health II 1 r 21 C I Maternal Child Health T11 H baC. VjIrr1inf LAC BOLIVIA Social Investment Fund 90 C2092 Inlegrared Health De,elopmenr TM Plessis-Fraissard/ k TsAN Educationi- UNICEF Javier (ooperation on training Education Reform 95 C2650 LNICEF4 pilot propectl pro. der TM Corbett le.on for Bank. UNICEF emergent:\ bridge inancing ECUADOR Social Investment Fund 94 L3707 UNICEF co.rnan ing L 1S$W0 001) TM Van Domelan UNICEF orianizint. local NCO' ro reIurbish cornmunir% schools EL SALVADOR Social Sector 91 L3348 UNICEF procurement agent Rehabilitation TM Arreagada GUYANA Water and Sewerage 94 C2559 To coordinate with UNICEF's sewer TM Ramani program HONDURAS Nutrition/Health 93 C2452 UNICEF to arrange drug procurement TM Sant'anna PERU Basic Health and Nutrition 94 L3701 UNICEF to procure drugs and TM Jones.P medical supplies UNICEF 14 Carol Bellamy Executive Director United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Carol Bellamy took over as Executive Director of UNICEF in May, 1995, after James P Grant died in office; she was formerly head of the Peace Corps. Private sector posts held t Managing Director of Public Finance at Bear Steams 8 Co. c Principal at Morgan Stanley and Co., 1986-90 Public sector post held @ Member of NewYork Senate, 1973-77 c First woman President of New York City Council, 1978-85 Her experience in NewYork includes taking an active part in the City Commission to Review Health and Hospitals Corporation and involvement in the NewYork Public Transportation Improvement Coalition. Ms. Bellamy was a Peace Corps Volunteer from 1963-65 in Guatemala. She was born in 1942, and graduated from Gettysburg College in 1963. Ms. Bellamy is married. UNICEF 15 UNICEF 16 0~~4 ok: ) ~'i, The United Nations Industrial Development Organization became a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1986. It originated in a General Assembly resolution of 1966 and was established as an autonomous organization within the UN Secretariat in 1967. It became the UN's sixteenth specialized agency in 1986, and unlike many UN agencies, has the mandate to deal with the private, as well as cooperative and public sectors of industry. In 1979, it was stipulated that UNIDO's primary objec- tive should be the promotion and acceleration of indus- trial development in developing countries to facilitate the establishment of a new international economic order. UNIDO's Second General Conference, in 1987, issued the Lima Declaration and Plan of Action calling for a substantial strengthening of the institution to increase its ability to render assistance to developing countries. Structure The head of UNIDO is a Director-General, currently Mauricio de Maria y Campos (Mexico). The structure includes a general conference, which meets every two years, an Industrial Development Board and a Program and Budget Committee. The Sixth General Conference is scheduled for December 1995, in Vienna. The Industrial Development Board consists of 53 members elected by the General Conference giving due regard to the principle of equitable geographic distribution. Members serve for four years, with half the seats elected every two years. The Board meets annually. As of May 1995, UNIDO had 167 member states. * UNIDO 1 Resources Sources of funding include assessed contributions from member states, UN system funds, government funds, government development finance institutions support and trust funds. UNIDO's system of voluntary contribu- tions is the Industrial Development Fund (IDF). In 1994, IDF received US$71.5 million in pledges. Between 1972 and 1993, UNIDO helped carry out more than 16,000 projects with a value of nearly US$2 billion, in 180 countries and regions. Annually, UNIDO delivers technical assistance of around US$120 million. It uses the services of about 2000 experts from over 100 countries each year, about 40 percent of whom come from develop- ing countries. UNIDO awards some 200 contracts with a value of US$14 million annually and places equipment orders worth US$20 million per year. Spending on train- ing, in the form of fellowships, study tours, and group training amounts to almost US$14 million annually. 1994-95 Resources (US $ millions) Regular and Operational Budget 231.0 Voluntary Contribution Budget 209.0 Total Volume of Operations 440.4 CY 1994 TA% expenditures by source (total US$10 million) UNDP Funds for TA 33.0 Trust Funds 31.7 Regular Budget 3.2 Industrial Development Fund 39.2 CY 1994 TA% expenditures by region Africa (includes N. Africa) 28.9 Asia and the Pacific 22.7 Global and Interregional 25.2 Arab States 12.6 Europe 4.8 CY 1994 projects by region Arab states and Europe 22 Asia and the Pacific 32 Latin America 7 Africa US 8 UNIDO 2 Purpose @ The Fifth General Conference, held inYaounde in December 1993, approved a major restructuring of UNIDO. This was intended to shape UNIDO into a demand-driven organization better able to meet the needs of industrial development in developing countries. It identified five developmental objec- tives which would underlie its future programs: industrial and technical growth and competitiveness; human resource development; equitable development through industrializa- tion; environmentally sustainable industrial development; international cooperation in industrial investment and technology. A focus on Africa, as well as increased efforts in privatization, women in industrialization, and cooperation with the international financial institutions emerged. Since 1972, UNIDO has enabled more than 25,000 individu- als from developing countries to take part in workshops, seminars, on-the-job training and study tours designed to increase technical and managerial skills. UNIDO has invest- ment offices in Athens, Milan, Paris, Seoul, Tokyo, Warsaw, Washington and Zurich, and industrial cooperation centers in Beijing and Moscow These centers provide information on the investment climate in developing countries, private sector opportunities, and undertake "match-making" between investors in developed countries and entrepreneurs in develop- ing countries. Between 1980 and 1992, UNIDO facilitated investment in some 1500 enterprises. UNIDO field work is conducted by a representative UNIDO Country Director who serves under the UNDP Resident Representative in the country. UNIDO takes responsibility for the industrial component of UNDP country programs. Cooperation with the Bank UNIDO and the Bank cooperate in a number of ways, although no formal cooperation agreement exists. Mr. J.E Rischard (FDPVP) participated in a UNIDO Expert Group meeting on industry in the LDCs in March, 1995, and other senior Bank staff have joined UNIDO confer- ences on industrial issues. UNIDO has contributed to World Bank/EDI seminars at the Joint Vienna Institute in 1994 and 1995. Recently, UNIDO provided inputs to three Bank publications: UNIDO 3 African Development Indicators Guidelines on Industrial Pollution Prevention and A-batement a Workers in an Intergrating World, World Development Report, 1995 In calendar year 1994, the Bank disbursed US$888,000 to UNIDO out of the proceeds of its loans and credits. Making Contact UNIDO Management Mr. Mauricio de Maria y Campos (Mexico) 1993-97 Managing Directors as follows: Mr. D.L.Pishkounov, Human Resources and Enterprise Development Mr. W Behrens, Operation Support Mr. J-M. Deroy, Mobilization and Management of Financial Resource Ms. 0. King-Akerele, Country Strategy and Program Development Mr. K. Nishigaya, Information and Research Ms. A. Tcheknavorian-Asenbaver, Industrial Sectors and Environment Mr. K.Venkataraman, Investment and Technology Promotion Mr. G.R. Van Raalte, Administration Bank Staff working with UNIDO Mr. Peter van derVeen (IENL1) (Bank contact person) Mssrs. Andrew Ewing (PSD); Michel Wormser (AFTPS) UNIDO Staff working with the Bank Mr. Ulrich Loeser, Director, Development Finance Institutions Mr. Michael Davidsen, UNIDO Liaison Office, Washington Most recent high-level interchange with Bank Director Maria y Campos met with top management at the Bank in October 1993. He spoke at the Bank's Second Conference on Sustainable Development, September 1994. UNIDO 4 Headquarters Vienna International Centre Wagramerstrasse 5 PO. Box 300 A- 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (43 1) 21131 ext. 3001 Facsimile: (43 1) 232156 Telex: 135612 Cable: UNIDO VIENNA Principal Publications Periodicals and Guidelines Industry Africa Energy and Environment Series Technology Trends Technology Transfer (rules, regulations, etc.) Annual Publications Industry and Development: Global Report UNIDO Annual Report Handbook of Industrial Statistics Africa Industry in Figures ULDO Guide to Training Opportunities for Industrial Development Annual Report on Industrial Restructuring Staff Size (Headquarters and Field) As of May, 1994 UNIDO employed around 1,000 staff in the General Service and Professional categories, stationed in Vienna and deployed to field offices in 43 countries. UNIDO uses the services of, on average, 2000 experts from over 100 countries (40 percent from developing countries) each year. UNIDO 5 PROJECTS WITH UNIDO -_ UNIDO has in recent years provided services under Bank loans/credits to Nigeria, Colombia, Madagascar, Sudan, India and Uganda. Current and pending loans/credits are as follows: *C/L # not available AFRICA Project FY C/L Description MADACASCAR Vocational Education 92 C2382 US$820,000; UNIDO staff TM Mersier Mr. G. Anestis Ecologically Sustainable 91 C2125 Industrial Development TM Vitagliano SUDAN Privatization Assistance 94 L3258 US$700,000; UNIDO Staff: Mr. R. TM Castro/Sherif Kennedy; reflects earlier credit line currently disbursing only to UNIDO SOUTH ASIA INDIA Central Institute of 95 * Training and study tours; US$660k; Engineering/Technology UNIDO staff Mr. Bysyk TM Hadjitarkhani EAST ASIA PHILIPPINES Vocational Training 93 C2392 Training TM Ndao LAC COLOMBIA Management Information 94 L3201 Training and study tours System for ICBF Future Projects In Africa, UNIDO awaits government confirmation for implementa- tion of the technology component of the Private Sector Development and Capacity Building Project in Ghana, and may be subcontracted for training components in the Micro-Small Enterprise Training Project in Kenya. In Latin America, UNIDO may provide additional TA and implement some components of the Environmental Development Project in Honduras. In China, UNIDO assisted with the design of the Iodine Salt Project, and is considered as implementing partner. TA: Technical assistance TM: Task Manager L: IBRD Loan FY July 1--June 30 C: IDA Credit GO Government of (borrower) Readers should be aware that the names of TMs and project specifics can change in the course of project implementation. UNIDO 6 Acronyms COMFAR: UNIDO computer model for feasibility analysis and reporting IDDA: Second Industrial Development Decade for Africa IDF: Industrial Development Fund (voluntary contributions) INTIB: Industrial and Technological Information Bank IPS: Investment Promotion Service SMID Strategic Management of Industrial Development TSS- 1: Technical support services at the programming level TSS-2: Technical support services at the project level WINS: World Investment Network Service UNIDO 7 Ah Mauricio De Maria y Campos Director-General United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Mauricio de Maria y Campos (Mexico) was appointed Director-General of UNIDO for four years from April, 1993. Posts held a Director-General for Foreign Investment at Ministry of Trade/Industry, 1974 Director-General for Tax Incentives and Fiscal Promotion, 1977-1983 n Vice-Minister for Industrial Development at the Ministry of Trade/Industry, 1982. From 1989 to 1992 Mr. de Maria y Campos was Executive Vice-President of Banco Mexicano SOMEX in Mexico City, responsible for strategic planning and marketing. He was on the board of several financial companies connected with the Bank, including trading company investment funds. Publications Mexico Faces the Challenges of the New Technological Revolution (1989) c Challenges and Opportunities for Scientific and Technological Collaboration Between the EEC and Mexico (1990) The Transformation of the Mexican Automobile Industry during the 1980s (1992) o The Mexican Cultural Industries in the Context of NAFTA Negotiations (1992) Mr. de Maria y Campos received his Licenciatura in economics from the National University of Mexico in 1967 and M.A. in development economics from the University of Sussex (UK) in 1969. Mr. Maria y Campos is married and has three children. UNIDO 8 The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is one of the most delimited of the UN agencies: it was created to solve a particular problem, and has been continuously involved in the same area. As the World Bank has, since 1992, taken an active role in the donor effort to develop Gaza and the West Bank, it is now in a working relationship with UNRWA. Nearly three-quarters of a million Palestinians became refugees in the aftermath of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The next year, UNRWA was created by the General Assembly. The initial mandate was to provide direct relief and works programs for refugees in cooperation with local government; over the years the mandate expanded to include general and legal assistance, and currently the Agency provides core programs of assistance in education, health, and relief and social services. It also provides general and legal assistance. UNRWA's mandate has been renewed every three years, most recently until June 1996. UNRWA defines a Palestininian refugee as someone whose home was Palestine for at least two years before 1948 and who lost home and livelihood; direct descendants are also eligible for support. In 1950, UNRWA provided humanitarian assistance and emergency relief to over 910,000 registered Palestinian refugees. The comparable number in 1995 was 3.1 million. Structure The Commissioner-General (CG) reports to the General Assembly, and heads all UNRWA activities. Mr. 11ter Turkmen (Turkey) was appointed in 1991. The CG is assisted by an Advisory Commission made up of 10 members states: Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, the UK and the UNRWA 1 US. The Advisory Commission meets annually to consider the draft of the annual report to the General Assembly as circumstances require. UNWRA will move its Headquar- ters from Vienna to Gaza by January 1, 1996, and maintain its Headquarters Unit in Amman, Jordan. Resources UNRWA's regular and emergency programs are both financed by voluntary contributions. Seventy governments and the European Union as well as inter-governmental and NGO groups contribute. The host countries of the Pales- tinians provide support through services. At the beginning of 1995 the agency had a budget of US$323 million for regular and US$15 million for emergency programs. The Major donors in 1993 (US$millions) United States 68.59 Japan 21.71 Italy 21.22 European Union 20.22 Sweden 16.34 United Kingdom 10.43 Canada 9.83 Switzerland 9.34 Norway 8.42 Germany 7.62 The Netherlands 6.47 France 3.20 Denmark 2.63 Spain 2.52 Total 219.93 regular budget is distributed as follows: 49 percent for education; 11 percent for relief and social services; 18 percent for health and 22 percent for all other areas. UNRWA ministers to 1,023,000 refugees living in 62 refugee camps. Others who qualify for assistance live in villages and towns in Gaza and the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. In Jordan, an additional 300,000 last UNRWA 2 refugees returned from Kuwait and other Gulf countries after the Persian Gulf War. In 1995, Jordan hosted 1,240,000 registered Palestinian refugees; the Gaza Strip 666,000; the West Bank, 512,000; Lebanon 342,000; Syrian Arab Republic, 332,000. The total was 3.1 million refugees, all of whom come under the responsibility of UNRWA. To cope with these crises, UNRWA makes appeals for special funding from the international commu- nity to support its emergency measures. EDucATION In 1995, the education program absorbed almost 46 percent of UNRWA's budget. In the 1994/95 school year, over 409,580 were enrolled in 643 elementary and preparatory schools run by the Agency. UNWRA provided nine or ten years of schooling for eligible refugee children and vocational, semi-professional and teacher training for 5,000 students at eight centers. Over 75 percent of these schools operate on double shifts and have over 50 pupils per class. UNRWA also offered 872 university student scholarships. While some graduates from training centers have found employment, currently there is soaring unem- ployment among this population. Because of strife, there are frequent school closings and UNRWA has developed distance teaching arrangements. Almost all of the 10,000 teachers and administrators are Palestinian. UNESCO provides technical assistance for the program. HEALTH Health accounted for over 20 percent of UNRWXs 1995 expenditure. Aside from infectious disease control, UNRWA emphasizes preventive and community health care. With a medical staff of 3180, it has 122 health clinics, including diabetes clinics, specialist clinics, and mother and child health clinics. Just short of 6.5 million patient visits were recorded in 1995. Host country facili- ties are used on a reimbursable basis. Technical coopera- tion from WHO helps with work on the quality of drinking water and environmental health conditions in camps. RELIEF AND SocAi SERi7cES In 1982, UNRWA discontinued its food ration distribution system and introduced targeted relief and social services for the 7 percent of registered refugees who are unable to support themselves. Expenditures on relief and social UNRWA 3 services accounted for 13 percent of UNRWA's 1995 regular and emergency budget. UNRWA gives cash grants for small scale income-generating projects. It runs rehabili- tation centers. UNRWA launched an expanded PROGRAM OF AssISTANCE (EPA) in 1988 to improve living conditions in the refugee camps. EPA expenditures in 1992 were US$45 million. In addition to a hospital in the West Bank, LTNRWA has built a hospital in the Gaza Strip with support particularly from the European Union and Denmark, at a total project cost of US$25 million. UNRWA also works on sewerage and water supply, as well as housing. Income generation is also a key activity In 1993, UNWRA launched its PEACE IMIPLEMENTYI'ION. PROGRAtME (PIP) to create jobs and upgrade infrastructure for Palestinian refugees and start coordinating with the New Palestinian Authority in the Gaza Strip and the Jericho area. For the first phase of PIP, UNWRA has received a total of US$83.5 million in project funds for Gaza and the West Bank and US$10 million for Palestinians in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Projects totaling about US$250 million are planned under PIP II. UINWIRA has consulted with the World Bank regarding PIP proposals. Cooperation with the Bank Starting in 1992, when the Bank began its work on Gaza and the West Bank, numerous contacts have taken place. The Bank has strongly advocated using UNRWA's opera- tional capacity during the start-up period as Palestinian institutions are being established and developing capacity for implementation. The Bank has agreed that UNRWA should implement components of the Emergency Rehabili- tation Project. O t Making Contact UNRWA Management Mr. Ilter Turkinen, Commissioner General Ms. Nasra Hassan, Chef de Cabinet (responsible for relations with the Bank) UNRWA 4 Bank Staff working with UNRWA Mr. Odin K. Knudsen, Resident Representative (Bank contact person) Mssrs. Anders Bjorgung (IN2CO); Vasilios Demetriou (MN2HR); Nigel Roberts (MN2VG); Kingsley Robotham (Jerusalem) Most recent meetings with Bank Management Mr. Turkmen met with Mr. Caio Koch-Wcser, Vice President, MNA in 1994. Headquarters Vienna International Center PO. Box 700 A- 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (43 1) 21345-0 Facsimile: (43 1) 21345 5878 Telex: 135310 unrwa Publications Annual Report of the Commisioner General A Guide to UNRWA Palestinian Refugees Today (every two years) UNR WA News (bulletin -every two weeks) Staff Size (Headquarters and Field) UNRWA is a vehicle for employment of Palestinians. It employs 192 international staff from over 30 countries and approximately 20,000 local staff, mainly Palestinian refugees. UNRWA 5 liter Turkmen Commissioner-General United Nations Relief Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in Near East (UNRWA) Mr. Ilter Turkmen, a national of Turkey, was appointed Commissioner-General of UNWRA in January, 1991. Mr. Turkmen was born in Istanbul in 1927 and joined the Turkish Foreign Service in 1949, where his assignments included Counselor at the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations. From 1979 to 1980, Mr. Turkmen was Special Representative of the United Nations Secre- tary-General in Thailand to liaise with the Thai Govern- ment on humanitarian questions. He was Turkey's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1985 to 1988 as well as from 1975 to 1978, and Perma- nent Representative of his country to the United Nations Office at Geneva, 1983-1985. Other posts include: Ambassador to Greece, 1968-1972 Ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1972-1975 c Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1980-1983 - Ambassador to France, 1988-1991 Mr. Turkmen is married and has two children. UNRWA 6 UNITED NATIONS 'S2zi VOLUNTEERS (UVO The UNVolunteers Program was established in 1970 to serve as an operational partner in international develop- ment, operating under the overall administration of the UNDP The General Assembly stipulated that volunteers should have the technical and personal qualifications required for the development of recipient countries; that they should only be sent to a country at the request of and with the approval of its government; and that they should be recruited and serve on as wide a basis as possible, particularly in the developing countries. Structure UNV, a unique multilateral volunteer-sending organiza- tion, has become one of the foremost suppliers of volun- teer experienced professionals for governments of develop- ing countries and for UN system agencies which assist them. They work under five different "windows": -+ Technical cooperation 4> Facilitation of the developmental (including environmental) initiatives of local communities 4> Humanitarian relief and rehabilitation = Peace-building, including democratization -+ Fostering entrepreneurship in the public and private sectors Key features of the UNV approach include: capacity to field short-term volunteers; rapid deployment; stream- lined clearance procedures; special emergency rosters of proven candidates for relief work; extended network partner organizations for recruitment to UNV; stand-by rostering for candidates preselected in certain disciplines. UNV specialists comprise some 115 professional catego- ries under 11 broad headings -Administration, Agricul- ture, Communication and Transport, Education, Engi- neering, Technicians, Skilled Trades, Health, Human Settlement/Construction, Natural Science and Social Science. They are recruited from some 120 countries, both industrialized and developing. UNV 1 In 1994, 2,085 specialists were serving in 120 countries of Africa, Asia and the Pacific, the Arab States, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Poland and the former Soviet Union republics. More than two thirds were assigned to the countries classified as Least Developed. Almost half have postgraduate qualifications: their average age is in the late thirties, so they bring with them an average of 10 years' work experience. Assignments are normally for two years, with shorter terms applying in the humanitarian relief, peace-building and entrepreneurship areas. The pro forma average annual per capita cost of a UNV specialist assignment is US$26,000. Programs 7lk. In 1991, UNV established a Humanitarian Relief Unit IA. (HRU) at its Geneva headquarters for the rapid recruitmnent of short-term experienced specialists in fields where needs are most acute in times of humanitarian crisis. A UNV Special Voluntary Fund was also established in 1970, to which governments, NGOs and individuals are invited to contribute. The Fund is spent on pilot and experimental projects covering grassroots development initiatives; support to community, women's and youth groups; emergency relief preparedness; and thematic areas such as HIV/AIDS; the environment and the urban informal sector. Also qualifying for the Fund are the orientation of UNV specialists and the training of country specialists and field workers, government officials and NGO representatives in grassroots animation work. The Bank has employed a few UNVs, primarily in UNDP funded projects. J Resources In 1993-94, UNV mobilized contributions or pledges totalling US$20 million from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzer- land, the UK, and the US. An additional $10 million was added from UN system funds. The currently approved humanitarian assistance portfolio in UNV exceeds $30 million in funding. UNV 2 Making Contact Mrs. Brenda Gael McSweeney (US) Executive Coordinator Bank Staff Working with UNV Mr. Nimrod Raphaeli (OPRPG) (Bank contact person) Headquarters Palais des Nations Geneva, Switzerland 86 avenue Louis Casa, 1216 Cointrin, Geneva Telephone: (41 22) 788-2455 Facsimile: (41 22) 788-2501 Telex: 415464 udp ch EMail: (Internet) Enquiries @UNV.CH Acronyms DMTP: Disaster Management Training Program HRU: Humanitarian Relief Unit Brenda G. McSweeney Executive Coordinator UNV Dr. McSweeney was appointed Executive Coordinator of UNV in 1988, after a career in UNDP since 1972 which culminated in the post of Resident Representative for Jamaica, 1982-88. Degrees a B.A. in History from Smith College 1963 c M.A. in Law and Diplomacy 1966 a M.A.L.D in International Economics 1970 Ph.D. in Development Economics 1979, all from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Dr. McSweeney is single. UNV 3 UNV 4 WORLD FOOD - PROGRAM~ (WFPIT The World Food Program (WFP) was established by both the General Assembly (GA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1961 as the UN's food aid organization. As such, it has the largest budget, including in-kind donations, of any UN agency. WFP provides food aid primarily to low-income, food-deficit countries to assist in the implementation of economic and social development projects. Increasingly, it also meets the food needs of refugees and other victims of natural and man-made disasters. Structure The supervision of the WFP is undertaken by the 42- member (27 from developing countries) Committee on Food Aid Policies and Programs (CFA) which meets twice a year in Rome. Half of the members are elected by 0 ECOSOC and half by FAO. CFA supervises the adminis- tration, operations, funds and finances of WFP It approves WFP's program support and administrative budget. It also provides a forum for intergovernmental consultations on national and international food aid programs and policies. Its Sub-Committee on Projects meets twice a year to undertake technical scrutiny of projects. The Secretariat is headed by an Executive-Director, currently Ms. Catherine Bertini (U.S.). Resources WFP is supported entirely by voluntary funds. Pledges support both development projects and protracted refugee and displaced person operations. The Interna- tional Emergency Food Reserve (IEFR) and its Immedi- ate Response Account (IRA) are mobilized in response to a particular crisis, raising resources as each emergency happens. WFP also solicits contributions for non-food items. A further source of income is from fees charged to WFP 1 donors for help in providing aid under bilateral programs. 1kTP's resources are generally tied and the uses designated by donors. WFP has a dual mandate: providing food for development (food-for-work and other programs) and food for relief. In 1993, WFP shipped 3.2 million tons of food to poor people: 39 percent for development projects; 32 percent for emergency operations, 21 percent for protracted refugee and displaced persons operations, and 8 percent on behalf of bilateral donors. Of the 47 million people WFP aided in 1993, 29 million were disaster victims and 18 million were beneficiaries of WFP-assisted development projects. Almost two-thirds of the food was purchased in develop- ing countries. Donations to WFP are in cash or kind, although one third of the contributions must be in cash to support transporta- tion costs. Contributions to WFP in 1994 were US$ 1,499.8 million. WFP's expenditures 1992 were $1.33 billion; in 1993 they were $1.6 billion (including 6 percent for administrative and program support). The target for the 1994-95 biennium is $1.5 billion. Expenditures in 1993 were $541 million for IEFR and IRA; $500 million for the regular development program; $325 million for refugee and displaced people; $233 million for bilateral aid programs and special emergencies. The value of WFP's relief commitments has increased by a factor of four in the last five years compared to a doubling of the over-all program. In 1993, two-thirds of donor resources went for emergency not development efforts, and 83 percent of new commitments were for relief work. Total WFP 1993 commitments were $1.4 billion and the portfolio of 237 development projects was $2.8 billion. Africa received 41 percent, Asia 39 percent, and LAC 20 percent. Africa leads WFP's commitments at $600 million; if that figure is added to WFP relief aid, 7 percent of ODA to Africa is from WFP North Africa is the only subregion where more was invested in development than in relief. In LAC, 46 percent of resources were for development with only two countries (Haiti and Cuba) requiring new commitments of emergency aid. In 1993, WFP's develop- WFP 2 ment commitments, including budget increases for on- going projects, totalled $253 million, the lowest annual commitment for development assistance in 20 years. The top donors to WFP in 1993 were: US (US$808 mil- lion); EU (US$323 million); Canada (US$112 million); the Netherlands (US$106 million); Japan (US$90 million); Germany (US$87 million). Purpose The current goals of the WFP are to: T work toward the eradication of hunger 4 focus on the poor and the causes of their hunger 4 intervene only where food is scarce and its provision provides part of the solution - undertake activities that provide a safety net for people in urgent need 4> support human resource development, especially women and children 4 provide the unemployed with opportunities to earn incomes and build assets 4 help build self-reliance among the poor WFP is the UN's largest source of grant assistance to developing countries; the largest supporter of programs benefiting poor women; and the largest purchaser of food and services in developing countries. Most of those helped by WFP are women and children. They are caught in emergencies caused by war or drought, or they take part in nutrition and health schemes, primary education and training. They include landless agricultural workers, small farmers and the urban poor with insufficient food and inadequate resources to buy food. Some 60 per cent of WFP beneficiaries that obtain family rations take part in labor-intensive programs to construct infrastructure. Others receive assistance through human resource devel- opment projects. The WFP is adopting a country program- ming approach, rather than individual project approach. The WFP development portfolio is dominated by agricul- ture (59 percent) and human resource development. Twenty percent of the latter goes to primary schools. 0 WFP 3 Some examples of WFP projects include: SMaga : emergency aid for drought, development assistance and disaster-mitigation @ s: rural infrastructure development project, expanded during the Southern Africa drought D Mz b support to returnees and displaced persons as well as demobilized soldiers @ : food aid to the health and education sectors to offset the social costs of adjustment programs being undertaken by the government o a a indigenous populations targeted in poor areas; also in other LAC countries M : the government asks WFP to support one-time programs to reach the poorest a A a ad Ge i trans- port, distribution and monitoring of bilateral food aid; Logistics Advisory Unit in support of relief efforts; efforts involve 1.5 million people o nas a : monitorization of WFP aid to generate funds to buy local produce, by supporting food-stamp programs targeting the most vulnerable, including many female-headed households a a FI : income-transfers through food aid in averaged $25 per beneficiary, or about 7% of income. WFP was a key agency in handling the African drought in Southern Africa, 1992-93 j Provision of food to school children for the 180 days of the school year; Work for Food programs average 50-150 days a year for participants ( Food aid and logistics work in war situations such as ex-Yugoslavia, Angola, Somalia and Sudan D Innovative transport in multi-donor aid and emergency operations; e.g. Sudan, where WFP has developed WFP 4 1000 kilometers of barge transportation. Where rail and barge and jeep could not reach, WFP used airdrops. A huge airlift was mounted for Rwanda; Angola also received significant airlifted food aid. The agency also provides port equipment, vehicles, tents, spare parts, classroom equipment, even barges, tugs, ferries and bridges. Cooperation with other UN Agencies As FAO is the parent organization, there are numerous joint WFP/FAO crop and food assessment missions.WFP also works with the Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) and UNHCR in emergencies; with UNHCR it also holds relief training workshops. A revised Memorandum of Understanding with UNHCR entered into force January 1, 1994.This includes understandings on joint assessment missions (27 countries by 1994) and intervention on behalf of refugees/returnees. WFP cooperates with UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, and IFAD on the Joint Consultative Group on Policy (JAGP). In Peru, IFAD is lending to alleviate serious ecological damage to watersheds with WFP to be implemented by NGOs. In Bangladesh and Nepal, UNDP and IFAD have formal programming with WP regarding labor-intensive public works. Cooperation with NGOs In CY93 WFP collaborated with about 300 NGOs. In Haiti, all of WFP food ($4 million) was distributed by NGOs when there was no recognized government. Bank Cooperation with WFP The Bank gave $10 million in response to an emergency appeal by the Secretary-General to WFP in October 1992 as a special grant for Somalian aid. Recent projects that include WFP policy advice, design, cooperation and cofinancing are listed below. ©f Making Contact WFP Management Executive-Director Catherine Bertini (US) 1993-1997 WFP 5 WFP Staff working with Bank Mr. C.D. Tuinenburg Bank Staff working with WFP Mssrs. Alexander McCalla, (AFRDR) (Bank contact); Harry Walters, (AFTHR) Headquarters 426 Via Cristoforo Colombo 00145 Rome, Italy Telephone: (39 6) 52 28 21 Facsimile: (39 6) 512 74 00/513 35 37 Telex: 626675 WFP Cable: WORLDFOOD, ROME Publications Food Aid Monitor (quarterly) WFP Journal (quarterly) Staff Size (Headquarters and Field) As of December 1993,WFP employed 2005 long-term staff of whom 80 per cent were deployed in 85 country offices serving over 90 developing countries. WFP staff come from over 100 countries (40 percent from developing countries). 1347 are general service staff, of which 648 are professional level, including 119 UN volun- teers. In addition, WTP employed 1770 temporary person- nel on special assignment for logistics and emergency operations. Of these, 950 were in Ethiopia, 160 in Angola, and 140 in Sudan. In 1993, WFP trained 6000 counterpart staff in food storage management and project work. Acronyms BCM: Beneficiary Contact Monitoring CFA: Committee on Food Aid Policies and Programs COPRs: Country Office Program Reports CSN: Country Strategy Notes CSO: Country Strategy Outline ERFF: Emergency Resource Food Facility FAC: Food Aid Convention FAIS: Food Aid Information System IEFR: International Emergency Food Reserve LLPP: Local-Level Participatory Planning PRA: Participatory Rapid Assessment WFP 6 PROJECTS WITH WFP *C/L # not available AFRICA Project FY C/L Description BENIN Food Security 94 C2601 US$7m cofinancing for food to TM Akpa poorest and most vulnerable BURKINA FAso Food Security 93 C2414 US$2.3m cofinancing for unskilled TM Jammeh workers MADAGSCAR Food Security and 93 C2474 US$7.3m cofinancing for poorest Nutrition urban neighborhoods. WFP provided TM Khan US$12m for food-for-work; materials purchased locally MAURITANIA Agricultural SECAL and 90 C2093 $1 m cofinancing for food-for-work, Irrigation Improvement Tree plantations, village infrastructure TM Vitagliano MOZAMBIQUE Health and Nutrition 89 C1989 Cofinancing US$4m; WFP/Bank TM Tcheyan cofinancing rehab of health posts, schools, water/sanitation by labor- intensive methods; local building materials by NGOs/local communities. WFP food/Bank project RWANDA Food Security and Social 92 C2388 US$ 15.9m cofinancing; WFP Action to provide food (50% purchased TM Boudouy locally) for vulnerable populations e.g. AIDs victims, children SAoTOME AND Agricultural Sector 92 C2325 $2.7m cofinancing, food supplements PRINCIPE TM Werbrouck, to settlers Rambocus/Pasquier TANZANIA Railway Restructuring 91 C2267 $3.3m cofinancing TM Crookes/Nkojo SouTH ASIA BANGLADESH BWDS System 90 C2099 Procedures regarding earthworks Rehabilitation TM Van Voorthuizen /Schoengold LAC JAMAIcA Social Sector Investment 90 L3111 Planned cofinancing TM Valdivieso/Delvoie TA: Technical assistance TM: Task Manager L: IBRD Loan FY July 1-June 30 C: IDA Credit GO Government of (borrower) Readers should be aware that the names ofTMs and project specifics can change in the course of project implementation. WFP 7 Catherine Bertini Executive Director World Food Program (WFP) Catherine Bertini (US) was appointed Executive Director of the WFP for a five year term in 1992. Before joining the UN system, Ms. Bertini served as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for Food and Consumer Services. She was active in FAO and World Food Security Council meetings and was the US expert on Female- Headed Households. In the private sector, as a manager with the Container Corporation of America in Chicago, Illinois, she supervised the company's nation-wide government and community relations. She was also active with youth groups and shelters for homeless women. Ms. Bertini received her B.A. from the State University of NewYork at Albany. She was also a Fellow at the Institute of Politics, John E Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Catherine Bertini is married. WFP 8 WORLD HEALTH ORGAN ZATION (WHO) The Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) was adopted by 61 states in 1946, and the organization came into existence in 1948 as a specialized agency of the United Nations. There are currently 189 member states and two associate members. WHO's primary objective is "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health." Structure WHO is governed by: m THE WORLD HEAITH ASSEMBLY (VIA), which meets every year (the 48th assembly was held in May, 1995) a Ti E EXECUT VE BOARD, which meets annually in January and after the WHA (32 individuals with technical backgrounds in health, designated by member states, and serving in their personal capacity for three years) a THE SECRETARIA' The Director-General, currently Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima of Japan, has a Deputy (a post vacant since 1993), six Assistant Directors-General, six Regional Directors (Africa; Americas; Eastern Mediterranean; Europe; South-East Asia; Western Pacific) and over thirty direc- tors of functional departments. WHO has regional offices in Brazzaville; Washington, D.C.; Alexandria; Copenhagen; New Delhi; Manila; as well as liaison offices in Addis Ababa (ECA liaison), New York and Washington D.C.; and the International Agency on Research and Cancer in Lyon, France. Resources The WHO budget is calculated in biennia. WHO has the second largest-the largest being for the UN itself- approved regular budget in the UN system. These funds are assessed contributions from member states. In 1994- 95 the regular budget was US$822 million, which was WHO 1 not, however, fully realized, and extrabudgetary funds of US$1.2 billion. The regular budget has held constant in nominal terms for the last eight years and is expected to decrease. The extrabudgetary resources are expected to be approximately US$1 billion in the biennium 1996-97. Extrabudgetary monies from member countries or multilat- eral sources are usually earmarked for specific purposes by donors, and not intended for general use. WHO is not a funding agency and its budgetary funds are used for direct technical cooperation activities with countries. A 13 percent program support cost is levied on the extrabudgetary funds received from donors. WHO's indicative planning covers periods of six years, and provides a framework for workplans. The ninth program of work (1996-2001) fixes broad goals for WHO's global action. Purpose @ The second Article of its constitution enumerates WHO's objectives, which include the mandate to : 4> direct and coordinate international health work > establish and maintain effective collaboration within the UN, specialized agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups > furnish technical assistance, and aid in emergencies on request or acceptance by governments > provide health services to special groups on the request of the UN > stimulate work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases 4 improve environmental hygiene * propose conventions, agreements or regulations with respect to international health matters 4 promote maternal and child welfare 4 foster activities regarding mental health; and 4 develop, establish and promote international standards regarding food and pharmaceutical products Selected examples of WHO activities TMA In 1978, delegates from 134 countries and 67 United =Ed. Nations bodies and nongovernmental organizations met in Kazakhstan for an international conference on primary health care. This led to the Declaration of Alma-Ata, WHO 2 which stated that primary health care was to be the key to attaining the target of health for all by the year 2000, and which was unanimously endorsed by the Health Assembly in 1979. This global strategy was also endorsed by the 1981 Health Assembly, and has since been the criterion against which all health developments have been measured by WHO. In 1994 WHO established a global program for vaccines and immunization aimed at coordinating all activities in this field carried out within the Organization and other agencies. WHO's Expanded Program on Immunization aims at protecting all children by the year 2000 against six preventable diseases-measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, and tuberculosis -in their first year of life. Global coverage of the vaccines reached its goal in 1990 of immunizing 80 percent of all children by the age of one year. UNICEF has helped with the RAPID NUTRITIONAL AsSESS- MENT, and the IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDER programs of WHO. Both cooperate in the Bamako Initiative which seeks to set standards of community health delivery in Africa. Both institutions support the follow-up Plan of Action of the 1990 World Summit for Children and the Joint Committee on Health Policy to monitor progress in achieving the goals of the Summit. WHO cooperates with UNICEF and UNHCR on health activities in refugee areas. The promotion of environmental health is also one of WHO's priorities. It focuses on the prevention of air pollution, monitoring of water quality, protection against radiation, management of waste, and housing hygiene. WHO played a leading role in the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-90). Another WHO initiative, the Healthy Cities project, aims to improve the health of low income urban dwellers through improved living conditions, environment and better health services. The concept of essential drugs and vaccines developed by WHO is one of the basic components of primary health care. WHO's activities in this field focus on its Action Programme on Essential Drugs, launched in 1981. A cornerstone of its WHO 3 direct operational support to countries is the Model List of some 270 drugs and vaccines considered essential to help prevent or treat over 80 percent of all health problems; more than 100 countries have approved lists adapted from the Model. Cooperation with the Bank * A joint Memorandum of World Bank/\HO health activities was issued in 1976. Recommendations for action and World Bank/WHO partnership principles were agreed at the World Bank/WHO Review Meeting, November 1994. The Bank is to assist WHO in: > the analysis and projection of socio-economic conditions * the assessment of national development plans 4 in the selective planning, implementation and evaluation of WHO-assisted projects > the establishment or strengthening of national health and related institutions 4 the analysis of problems in the delivery of health services WHO is to assist the Bank in designing, appraising and monitoring schemes for: > the delivery of health services > the control of communicable diseases 4 the planning of health manpower education 4 the monitoring of health conditions 4 research in the bio-medical sciences Special Grants The Bank, through its Special Grants Program (SGP), makes grants which benefit WHO activities, and joint programs. Special Grants related to health constitute US$17.31 million, and WHO is the main though not exclusive beneficiary. The SGP is administered by the relevant departments, and the accounting side is handled by Controller's. The FY94 grants include: * Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), US$3.8 million 4 Onchocerciasis 1, 11 (Riverblindness) US$3.43 million 4 Research and Development in Human Reproduction, US$2.5 million * Global Program on AIDS, US$1 million > Global Micronutrient Initiative, US$900,000 WHO 4 = Control of Acute Respiratory Infection, US$800,000 + Safe Motherhood Initiative, US$740,000 > Regional HIV/AIDS facility of South East Asia, US$620,000 4 Sahel Regional Advocacy and Capacity Building Program: AIDS prevention US$350,000 (to start in FY95) > International Health Policy Program, US$300,000 > Tuberculosis Program US$170,000 (to end in FY96) > Early Childhood Care and Development US$120,000 (to start in FY95) Early Collaboration The Onchocerciasis Control Program In the early 1970s, onchocerciasis or "river blindness" infected nearly 15 percent of the population of the West African subregion. Today, prevalence rates for riverblindness in 11 West African countries are well under one percent of the population, and though the disease remains a major health concern in a few coun- tries. This enormous change was largely due to the long- term collaboration of a wide range of development partners in supporting the Onchocerciasis Control Program, begun in 1974. The program is cosponsored by WHO, UNDP, FAO, the Bank, over 20 bilateral, multilat- eral, and non-governmental donors, and the manufac- turer of the drug ivermectin. It was the first major health program to be supported by the Bank. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). PAHO is both a distinct InterAmerican Organization, founded in 1902, and a part of the UN system since it serves as NHO's regional office for the Americas (AMRO) and implements WHO extrabudgetary programs in the Americas. PAHO's director, presently Sir George Alleyne, is elected by member governments and also serves as WHO's director for AMRO. In addition to its network of field offices in Latin America and the Caribbean, PAHO also has a field office in El Paso, Texas, to deal with US- Mexico border health issues. PAHO works together with the Bank in the implementa- tion of some project activities at country level, as well as in the provision of technical cooperation to countries to WHO 5 define priorities and prepare loan requests to the Bank. In addition, various joint efforts are being carried out in areas such as health sector reform, and the environment and its impact on health. Country Cooperation: The Example of India In India, the Bank and WHO collaborate on strategy development, technical matters, peer reviewing, joint supervision, lending, and parallel financing, and each party attends many of the other's meetings. In lending, cooperation includes the control of AIDS, cataract blind- ness, tuberculosis and malaria, and leprosy elimination. Bank work builds upon WHO's comparative technical advantage in disease control. Bank goals of client orienta- tion, cost effectiveness, and strengthening partnership are aided by the India program. Recent Bank/WHO Operational Collaboration a The UNDP/World Bank/WHO SPECIAL PROGRAIM FOR RESEARCI I AND TRAINING IN TROPICAL DISEASEs (TDR) deals with the control of six major tropical diseases malaria, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and leprosy. Because these diseases are primarily diseases of the poor, they are of limited and declining interest for drug and vaccine research and development in the private sector. WHO is the executing agency of TDR. o WHO and the Bank co-sponsored the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSS), 1981-90. © Exceptional Grant: in September 1994, the Bank Board voted and the Governors approved a US$1.5 million grant to WHO in support of its emergency work in Rwanda. BETTER H-ALTH Fon AFRICA (BHA): WHO helped in the development and dissemination of the Bank's work, and will continue to take an active part in follow-up strategies to the original recommendations. WHO 6 & Disease Control Priorities, (1994) Oxford University Press, NewYork: WHO and the Bank jointly prepared this review. World Development Report-Investing in Health (WDR93) WHO designated a team to work with the Bank on the WDR93, providing 1-2 years of staff time to the publica- tion, as well as a number of experts who consulted on specific issues. WHO also provided extensive analytical input and joined the Advisory Committee in review sessions. There were some areas where the two institutions were not in full agreement; e.g. efficiency as the criterion for invest- ment, the emphasis on the private sector, and the issue of financial sustainability. Global Programme on AIDS WHO's GLOBAL PROGRAMME ON AIDS (GPA) was begun in 1987 to coordinate international efforts to combat the disease and cooperate with countries in designing and implementing national control programs which, in the absence of a vaccine, stress education and information activities to stop the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Bank supports it through the Special Grants Program. The GPA will be streamlined and the new joint cosponsored UNAIDS Programme will start in January, 1996, headed by Dr. Peter Piot. The Bank is a co-sponsor and a cofinancier of UNAIDS with UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNICEF, and WHO. In 1995, the World Bank's current and planned lending for HIV/AIDS/STD activities in Africa was valued at US$380 million for part or all of 56 different projects. For the other five regions, the total was US$312 million committed for part or all of 14 projects. As of March 30, 1995, the Bank has cumulatively committed US$761 million for FIV/ AIDS-related projects. In FY95, the Bank is supporting the regional HIV/AIDS facilities for South East Asia - covering Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia,Vietnam, Singapore, and the Philippines. A senior medical staff member from P-IN has been seconded to the Center. The Bank is also supporting the SAI IEL REGIONAL ADvocAcy AND CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAM FOR AIDS PREVENTION. In FY96-98, a regional initiative of AIDS/STD control will be undertaken in Latin America and the Caribbean by the World Bank and UNAIDS, among others. WHO 7 Global Tuberculosis Programme Cooperation between WHO and the Bank against the threat to world health from Tuberculosis, which kills 3 million people a year, is extensive -funding for projects in Bangladesh amounts to US$25 million; in China to US$55 million; and in India to US$100 million. Project coopera- tion also includes Bolivia, Kenya, Peru, and Uganda. Global Micronutrient Initiative Launched in 1992, the Global Micronutrient Initiative (GMI) was formed in recognition that no groups or institutions existed to address the problem of micronutri- ent deficiencies in an integrated way. Sponsors and contributors to GMI include the Canadian International Development Agency, International Development Research Center, the UNDP, UNICEF, and the Bank. Task Force for Child Survival Begun in 1984, the Task Force for Child Survival provides advocacy, technical guidance, monitoring and coordina- tion for child survival policies and programs. The Task Force is composed of the Rockefeller Foundation, UNICEF UNDP, WHO, and the Bank. WHO Concerns on Cooperation $ e Information about the Bank's present and future country operations should be made available to WHO in a timely fashion a WHO departments and programs should participate in the preinvestment stage with WHO financing, but some have budgetary problems and will need Bank or third party financing The Bank's appraisal missions should, where appropriate, be extended to include WHO staff a WHO seeks opportunities to act as executing agency in more Bank projects a The two institutions need to be aware of their differing capacities and procedures WHO 8 The system of clearing all contacts and joint activities between the two institutions is cumbersome and frequently unproductive. Structural Adjustment Some WHO management have voiced their concerns about the Bank's structural adjustment programs, maintaining that such programs contribute to a reduction in health expenditure and hurt health programs, especially in Africa. From the Bank's perspective, its programs include protection of those likely to be adversely affected. The leadership of WHO has expressed concern that the devaluation of the CFA exchange rate in French-speaking West Africa has made it more difficult to purchase phar- maceuticals. Attendance at CG Meetings WHO attends under the auspices, but not independently of the UNDP Resident Coordinator. Making Contact WHO focal point with the World Bank and IMF is Dr.Yuji Kawaguchi, Director, Division of InterAgency Affairs. WHO Management Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima (Japan) Director-General 1988-1997 (reelected to a second term) Dr. Ralph H. Henderson, Assistant Director-General (Diarrhea], Respiratory, Communicable Disease, Tropical Diseases, Immunization, Global Tuberculosis Program, Global Program for Vaccines) Dr. Jean-Paul Jardel, Assistant Director-General (WDR and other contact with Bank, International Cooperation, Epidemiology, Health Services) Dr. Hu Ching-Li, Assistant Director-General (Family, Health, Human Resources for Health, Human Reproduction) Dr. Nikolai P Napalkov, Assistant Director-General (Health Protection, Mental Health, Non-Communicable Diseases) Dr. ES. Antezana, Assistant Director-General (Drug Management and Policies, Essential Drugs, Food and Nutrition, Health Technology) Bank Staff should make contact with Program Directors WHO 9 Regional Directors Dr. Ebrahim M. Samba, Africa (AFRO) Sir George Alleyne, Americas Dr. Hussein A. Gezairy, Eastern Mediterranean Dr. Jo Eirik Asvall, Europe Dr. Uton Muchtar Rafei, South-East Asia Dr. Sang Tae Han, Western Pacific Other Directors whose departments work with the Bank Dr. Aleya El Bindari Hammad, Advisor on Health and Development Matters Dr. Tore Godal, Director, Special Program Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Dr. Arata Kochi, Global Tuberculosis Programme Dr. John Dunne, Director, Division of Drug Management and Policies Dr. Habib Racgmat Hapsara, Director, Epidemiological Surveillance and Health Situation and Trend Assessment Dr. Yuji Kawaguchi, Director, InterAgency Affairs Dr. J.W Lee, Director, Global Programme on Vaccines Dr. Wilfried Kreisel, Executive Director, Division of Environmental Health (EHE) Dr. Kazem Behbehani, Director, Division of Control of Tropical Disease Dr. GiorgioTorrigiani, Director, Division of Communicable Diseases Dr. James L. Tulloch, Director, Diarrhoea Diseases Control and Acute Respiratory Infections Dr. Hans Emblad, Director, Program on Substance Abuse Bank Staff working with WHO: Mr. Richard Feachem (HDD) (Bank contact person) Mssrs./Mmes. Howard Barnum, economist (collaborated with Cancer Control Program) (HDD); Jorge C. Barrientos (HDD); Jose-Luis Bobadilla, health policy (HDD); Eduard Bos, demographer (HDD); Denis Broun, pharmaceuticals; Richard Bumgarner (seconded to WHO 1992-96, Dep. Director, Global Tuberculosis); David Gwatkin, International Health Policy program (HDD); Salim Habayeb, epidemi- ologist (India); Judy Harrington, Population (HDD); Jean- Louis Lamboray, IKlHV/AIDS ([-DD); Maureen Lewis (Brazil) (LA2H1R); Bernard Liese (HSDDR); Judith McGuire, nutritionist (IIDD);William McGreeveY, population (HDD); Anthony Measham (PHN-New Delhi); Tom Merrick, population (HDD); Philip Musgrove, economist (HDD); WHO 10 Helen Saxenian, economist (HDD); Anne Tinker, Health, Safe Motherhood (HDD);Vincent Turbat (EDIllR); Armand Van Nimmen (EDIDR); Mary EmingYoung (IENTI) public health/children; Debrework Zewdie (HDD) Headquarters 20 Avenue Appia 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland. Telephone: (41 22) 791 21 11 Facsimile: (41 22) 791 07 46 Telex: 415416 WHO 11 A SELECTION OF BANK PROJECTS WITH WHO *C/L # not available AFRICA Project FY C/L Description ANGOLA Health I 93 C2490 \HOiCPAilohelp%%iihHI AIDS TM Mersier related aoi, irIC ncluding prot isin 01 uppl.e CHAD Health and Safe 93 C22626 %HC) in%oked in health &-pendiure Motherhood repir a,:n%e%%ithp.o_ernmenI and TM Jarawan doncrz ic, help in rranng planning lor Phirmar% DI' ISIOn Population and AIDS 95 C2684 HC 4upport ith pharmaceuticak control (technical only) TM Lioy MALAWI PHN Sector Credit 91 C2220 WHO adniinkhiere L. pn$1drvn rr Irrigation Improvement rinhertland TM Shields NIGERIA: Sexually Transmitted 94 C2603 WHO took part in Nigeria Essential Diseases Drugs project; designs drug systems TM Jagdlish SAoTOMEAND Health (malaria) 92 C2348 WHO identified consultants for PRINCIPE TM Boya malaria program TANZANIA AIDS Assessment and 95 WHO to provide Bank US$180,000 Planning Study under trust fund agreement, adminis- tered by Bank; after discussion, WHO/ Bank form action plans in country workshops ZIMBABWE STI Prevention and Care 93 C2516 WHO guidelines used for prevalence, TM Hansen counseling, feasibility studies; selection of indicators/evaluation of indicators/evaluation of STI project Most project cooperation concerns HIV/AIDS, Maternal and Child Health, Diarrheal Disease, ARI,Vaccines, Essential Drugs and Tropical Disease research. Disbursement to WHO out of proceeds ofWorld Bank loans and credits: CY 1994, US$7,126,191 TA: Technical assistance TM: Task Manager L: IBRD Loan FY July 1-June 30 C: IDA Credit GO Government of (borrower) Readers should be aware that the names of TMs and project specifics can change in the course of project implementation. WHO 12 EAST AsIA LAo PDR Health S%stem Relorm 14 I.1-24 WHO upported proect preparanor and Malaria Control and appraisal \\ HO senior malarnologui pr,. nded T CHINA Iniection, and Endemic 92 .2 ,l - k HO super% sing U1lO00m Di.ease Control ncludingTB conrl and sc:hisos:s;os Tt .1 li wdh, . research compoinent al.o immunization crnponent ot Bank's proposed Däease Pre entron iFY9bi SOUTH ASIA BANGLADESH Population and Health Ir 91 C_¾ Durch cofinancng \\HO condult Tr. r ,u k .r tor onie Iinancing INDIA National AIDS Control 92 :' Ii' \f HOc-iinancnn LiS$1sm inolked ir.t H -1-. in 1echn.cal mnhoring and ekaluarion. LAC BoLuIA Integraled Health 90 \' ' f HO GP\ and PAHU paid Ior Tr. , consultanrs fra-.e and submstence and for prepartion also proN ided Limited Compelite Bidding opproun.uiés Ior drug. and coandnm MEico Basic Health Care 94 L W~'I \HO and LINICEF collaboraikn in T .r:. preparaon MNA LEBANON Healh Seriice \\1HO in Beirur assirung in implenen. iation re-cruttneni it rc nsullanis and ,tah 1r Mlinitr c- Healtih WHO 13 Hiroshi Nakajima Director-General World Health Organization (WHO) Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima was appointed to a second five-year term as Director-General of WHO in May, 1993. Dr. Nakajima studied medicine at Tokyo Medical College, obtaining his M.D. in 1955. In 1960, he obtained a doctorate in medical science. After acquiring an international reputation in the field of pharmacology and neuropsychiatry through his work at the National Institute of Health and Medical Research in Paris, and at the Nippon Roche Research Centre in Tokyo, Dr. Nakajima became WHO's Chief of Drug Policies and Management in 1976. Elected Director of WHO's Re- gional Office for the Western Pacific in January 1979, he was re-elected for a second term in 1983. Dr. Nakajima was appointed WHO Director-General in May, 1988, succeeding Dr. Halfdan Mahler. Dr. Nakajima is married and has two children. WHO 14 WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (WIPO) WIPO was established in 1967 by a convention signed in Stockholm that came into force in 1970. In 1974, the General Assembly made WIPO the 14th specialized agency of the UN. Purpose @ WIPO was established to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world through cooperation among states and to ensure administrative cooperation among the unions established to afford protection in the field of intellectual property, e.g. inven- tions, trademarks, industrial designs, appellations of origin and copyright. 40 The major conventions underlying the organization include: a The Paris Union, officially the International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property, is composed of states party to a convention concluded at Paris in 1883 and last revised in 1967. a The Berne Union, officially the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, is composed of states parties to a convention concluded at Berne in 1886 and last revised in 1971. Structure a GENERAL ASSEMBLY. States members of WIPO and of either the Paris Union or the Beme Union may participate in the biennial General Assembly, most recently convened in September/October, 1994. a CONFERENCE. States members of WIPO whether or not members of any of the unions are entitled to participate in the conference, which meets at the same time as the General Assembly. In April 1995 there were 151 member states. WIPO 1 a COORDINATION COMMITTEE. The Paris and Berne unions elect the executive committee from among their members. The joint membership of these two committees consti- tutes the Coordination Committee of WIPO. These three committees meet annually. The 52 members serve for two years each. a INTERNATIONAL BuREAu. The International Bureau is the Secretariat of WIPO and of the Unions it administers. Its permanent staff in 1994 comprised 437 persons. The International Bureau is headed by a Director General. WIPO is supported by fees for its services (73 percent), contributions (18 percent), and the sale of publications. Making Contact Mr. Arpad Bogsch, US (1991-1997) Director-General Mr. Francois Curchod, Mr. Kamil Idris, Deputy Directors- General Bank Staff working with WIPO Mssrs. Carlos Braga (IECIT); Carl Dahlman (Mexico City) Headquarters 34 chemin des Colombettes 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 730-9111 Facsimile: (41 22) 733-5428 Telex: 412 912 ompi ch Cable: OMPI GENEVA WIPO 2 Arpad Bogsch Director-General WIPO Mr. Bogsch has been Director-General of WIPO since December, 1973 Mr. Bogsch was born in Hungary, and left Budapest in 1948 to join the Copyright Division of UNESCO in Paris in 1948. Posts held a Legal Advisor in the United States Copyright Office in Washington, DC 1954-63 o Deputy Director of the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property, WIPO's predecessor body a First Deputy-Director of WIPO 1970-73 Mr. Bogsch holds law degrees from universities in Hun- gary, France, and the United States. He became an Ameri- can citizen in 1959. Mr. Bogsch is married and has two children. WIPO 3 WIPO 4 WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) WMO was established in 1947. Purpose Its aims are to: facilitate worldwide cooperation in the establishment of networks of stations for making meteorological observations, as well as hydrological and other geophysical observations related to meteorology, and to provide meteorological and related services = promote the establishment and maintenance of systems for rapid exchange of meteorological and related information 4 promote standardization of meteorological and related observations and ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics 0 4> further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, agriculture and other human activities 4 promote activities in operational hydrology and foster close cooperation between meteorological and hydro logical services > encourage research and training in meteorology Structure * WORLD METEOROLOGICAL CONGRESS a Ti IE EXEcUTIVE COUNCIL a Six REGIONAL METEOROLOGIcAL AssocIATIONs (Africa, Asia, Southern America, North and Central America, South-West Pacific, Europe) a Eight TECHNICAL COAUSSIONS (atmospherics sciences, aeronautical meteorology, agricultural meteorology, basic systems, hydrology, instruments and methods of observation, marine meteorology, climatology) a THE SECRETARIAT WMO 1 © Making Contact Secretary-General: G.O.B. Obasi, Nigeria (1992-1995) Bank staff working with WMO Mssrs/Mmes: Patricia Bliss-Guest (GEF); Alexander McCalla (AGRDR); Kenneth Newcombe (ENVGC)(all Bank con tact persons) Headquarters 41, Avenue Giuseppe Motta Case Postale No. 2300 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 730-8111 Facsimile: (41 22) 734-2326 Telex: 414199 Cable: METEOMOND, GENEVA Godwin Olu Patrick Obasi Secretary-General, WMO Mr. Obasi was appointed Secretary-General of WMO in 1984, after being Director of Education and Training from 1978-83. Previous posts held a Advisor on Meteorological Research and Training for Government of Kenya 1976-78 © Professor at the Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi 1974-76 Degrees o McGill University, Canada, B.Sc. (Hons) in Maths and Physics 1957-59 cq MIT, USA, M.Sc. Meteorology 1959-60; D.Sc. Meteorology 1969-63 © Institute of Statisticians, UK, M.S. 1970-72 Mr. Obasi is married. WMO 2 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO) a 88 Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Telephone: (39 6) 52251 Facsimile: (39 6) 5225 3152 Regional Office for Africa PO Box 1628 Accra, Ghana Telephone: (233 21) 666851 4 Facsimile: (233 21) 668427 Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200, Thailand Telephone: (66 2) 281-7844 Facsimile: 2800445 Latin America and the Caribbean Avda. Santa Maria 6700 Santiago, Chile Telephone: (56 2) 218 5323 Facsimile: (56 2) 218 2547 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA) Vienna International Centre Wagramerstrasse 5, PO. Box 100 A- 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (43 1) 23600 Facsimile: (43 10 234564 Cable: INATOM VIENNA Telex: 1-12645 atom a INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO) 1000 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal, Canada H3A 2R2 Telephone: (514) 285 8221 Facsimile: (514) 288 4772 INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (IFAD) Via del Serafico 107 00142 Rome, Italy Telephone: (39 6) 54591 Facsimile: (39 6) 5043463 Telex: 620330 Location List 1 Liaison Office in Washington, DC 1775 K Street, NW #41088 Washington, DC 20006 Telephone: (202) 331 9099 Facsimile: (202) 331 9366 Liaison Office in New York 1 UN Plaza, Room DC 1 -1208 NewYork, NY 10017 Telephone: (212) 963 0546 Facsimile: (212) 963 2787 88 INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO) 4 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 799 61 11 (switchboard) Facsimile: (41 22) 798 86 85 Telex: 415647 ilo ch Liaison Office with UN in NY 220 East 42nd Street, #3101 NewYork, NY 10017 Telephone: (212) 697 0150 (four lines) Facsimile: (212) 883 0844 Regional Department for Africa 01 BP 3960 Abidjan 01, C6te d'Ivoire Telephone: (225) 21 27 16 Facsimile: (225) 21 28 80 Latin America and the Caribbean Ap. postal 3638 Lima 1, Peru Telephone: (51 14) 41 98 00 Facsimile: (51 14) 21 52 92 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU) Place des Nations 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 730 5111 Facsimile: (41 22) 733 7256 Telex: 421000 UIT CH1 UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (UNCHS/HABITAT) PO. Box 30030 Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: (254 2) 230 800 or 520 600 Facsimile: (254 2) 226 473 or 226 479 Location List 2 UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (UNCHR) Palais Des Nations 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 917 1234 Facsimile: (41 22) 917 0212 Telex: 289696 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 734 60 11 Telephone: (212) 963 6896 Facsimile: (41 22) 733 65 42 Telex: 28 96 96 UNITED NATIONS DRUG CONTROL PROGRAM (UNDCP) Vienna International Centre Wagramerstrasse 5, PO. Box 500 A- 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (43 1) 21345 ext. 5001; Facsimile: (43 1) 2307002 Telex: 135612; Cable: UNATIONS Vienna UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) 1 United Nations Plaza NewYork, NY 10017 Telephone: (212) 906 5000 Telefax: (212) 826 2057 UNITED NATIONS CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT FUND (UNCDF) 304 East 45th Street, Room FS 1020 NewYork, NY 10017 Telephone: (212) 906 6172 Telefax: (212) 906 6479 UNIFEM 304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor NewYork, N.Y 10017 Telephone: (212) 906 6400 Facsimile: (212) 906 6705 UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM (UNEP) PO. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: (254 2) 333930, 520600 Facsimile: (254 2) 520711 Telex: 22068 Location List 3 UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANZATION (UNESCO) 7 place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07-SP France Telephone: (33 1) 45 68 10 00 Facsimile: (33 1) 45 67 16 90 Telex: 204461 Liaison Office with the UN in NY 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC 2-0900 New York, NY 10017 Telephone: (212) 963 5995 Telefax: (212) 963 8014 Regional Office for Education in Africa 12 avenue Roume, BP 3311 Dakar, Senegal Telephone: (221) 23 50 82 Telefax: (221) 23 83 93 Regional Office for Education in the Arab States BP 5244, Cit6 Sportive Avenue Beirut, Lebanon Telephone: (961) 83 00 13/14/15 Telefax: (972 4) 82 52 28 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Prakanong Post Office, Box 967 Bangkok 10110, Thailand Telephone: (66 2) 391 05 77 Telefax: (66 2) 391 08 66 UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND (UNFPA) 220 East 42nd Street NewYork, NY 10017-5880 Telephone: (212) 297 5000; 297 5111 (Executive Director) Telex: 422031 or 422038 Facsimile: (212) 370 0201 UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSION FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) Case postale 2500, Depot, 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 739 81 11 Facsimile: 731 95 46 Cable: HICOMREF Geneva Telex: 28741 HCR CH Location List 4 UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND (UNICEF) UNICEF House, 3 United Nations Plaza NewYork, N.Y. 10017 Telephone: (212) 326 7000 (326 7035 Executive Director) Telex: RCA-239521 Facsimile: (212) 888 7465 Regional Office for West and Central Africa BP 443 Abidjan 04, C6te d'Ivoire Telephone: (225) 21 31 31 Facsimile: (225) 227 607 Regional Office for East and Southern Africa PO Box 44145 Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: (254) (2) 62 1234 Facsimile: (225) 227 607 Regional Office for the Americas and the Caribbean Apartado 7555 Santa Fe de Bogota, Columbia Telephone: (57) 310 5700 Facsimile: (57) 310 1437 Regional Office for East Asia and Pakistan PO Box 2-154 Bangkok 10200, Thailand Telephone: (66 2) 280 5931 Facsimile: (66 2) 280 3563 Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa PO Box 811721 Amman, Jordan Telephone: (962 6) 629 571 Facsimile: (962 6) 610 570 Regional Office for South Asia PO Box 5815 Malla Annex, Lekhnathmarg Kathmandu, Nepal Telephone: (977) 418 381 Facsimile: (977) 419 479 Location List 5 UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (UNIDO) Vienna International Centre Wagramerstrasse 5, PO. Box 300 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (43 1) 21131 ext. 3001 Fax (43 1) 232156 Telex: 135612; Cable: UNIDO VIENNA UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR THE PALESTINE REFUGEES IN THE NEAR EAST (UNRWA) Vienna International Center PO. Box 700 A- 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (43 1) 21354 Facsimile: (43 1) 21345 5878 Telex: 135310 unrwva Branch Amman, Jordan New York Office Mr. William Lee, Chief Room DC2-0550 United Nations NewYork, NY 10017 Telephone: (212) 963 2255 Facsimile: (212) 935 7899 Telex: 422311 unations ny Cable: UNWRA UNATIONS NEWYORK UNITED NATIONS VOLUNTEERS (UNV) Palais des Nations Geneva, Switzerland 86 avenue Louis CasaY, 1216 Cointrin, Geneva Telephone: (41 22) 788 2455 Facsimile: (41 22) 788 2501 Telex: 415464 udp ch EMail: (Internet) Enquiries @UNVCH WORLD FOOD PROGRAM (WFP) 426 Via Cristoforo Colombo 00145 Rome, Italy Telephone: (39 6) 52 28 21 ext. Facsimile: (39 6) 512 74 00/513 35 37 Telex: 626675 ATP Cable: WORLDFOOD, ROME Location List 6 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) 20 Avenue Appia 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 791 21 11 Facsimile: (41 22) 791 07 46 Telex: 415416 Regional Office for Africa PO Box 6 Brazzaville, Congo Telephone: (242) 83 91 11 Facsimile: (242) 83 94 00/1/2/3 Regional Office for the Americas/ Pan American Sanitary Bureau 525 23rd Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 Telephone: (202) 861 3200 Facsimile: (202) 223-5971 Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean PO Box 1517 Alexandria 21511, Egypt Telephone: (203) 482 0223/4 Facsimile: (203) 483 8916 Regional Office for South East Asia World Health House Indraprostha Estate Mahatma Ghandi Road New Delhi 110002, India Telephone: (91) 11 331 7804 to 7823 Facsimile: (91) 11 331 8607 Regional Office for Western Pacific PO Box 2932 Manila 1099, Philippines Telephone: (632) 521 8421 Facsimile: (632) 521 1036 WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (WIPO) 34 chemin des Colombettes 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 730 9111 Facsimile: (41 22) 733 5428 Telex: 412 912 ompi ch Cable: OMPI GENEVA Location List 7 New York Office 2 United Nations Plaza Room 560 (5th Floor) NewYork, N.Y. 10017 Telephone: (212) 963 6813 Facsimile: (212) 963 4801 Telex: 420544 unh ui WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) 41, Avenue Giuseppe Motta Case Postale No. 2300 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Telephone: (41 22) 730 8111 Facsimile: (41 22) 734 2326 Telex: 414199 Cable: METEOMOND, GENEVA Location List 8