9195 revised September, 1990 ESMAP WOMEN AND ENERGY The International Network: Policies and Experience A Resource Guide Women and Energy The International Network: Policies and Experience A Resource Guide ESMAP World Bank/UNDP/Bilateral Aid Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Revised Edition September 1990 Managing Editor Jean Becherer Hanan Editors Claire Floyd Carole-Sue Castronuovo Desktop Publisher Carol A. Hafey WordProcessing Sophie Warlop Consultant Elizabeth Cecelski Preface T his resource guide reviews the work being Likewise, it covers only a sampling of donors, done by various international donor agen- NGOs, and research entities. The work being cies and nongovernmental organizations performed and the policies being defined by (NGOs) to incorporate gender issues into energy developing countries are also not included. projects, policies, and energy related activities. ESMAP hopes that others interested in the roles The guide is not meant to be all inclusive. It women play in the energy sector and in develop- does not cover all women and development and ment in general will find this report useful. Ad- women and energy matters being handled by the ditional copies can be obtained by writing: identified donor agencies and other groups. The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Energy Strategy, Management and Assessment Division Industry and Energy Department, PRS The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Research, Documentation, and Information Exchange 3 III. Integrating Women in the Energy Sector 5 IV. Resources 9 A. Donor Agencies 10 B. United Nations Agencies and Departments 20 C. Nongovernmental Organizations, Networks and Researchers 35 I Introduction Beginning in early 1988, ESMAP put into place To enable agencies and organizations involved a program to better integrate women into its in women and energy activities to become better energy activities in Third World countries. It informed as to who is doing what, in which was to be carried out in three steps: first, a regions, with whom and with what kinds of stocktaking of activities of agencies and re- results, information was solicited in the follow- searchers working in areas related to women and ing areas: energy; second, a review of ESMAP's activities with substantive emphasis on women; and last- * Major research and field activities, either ly, the design and start-up of a strategy and ac- completed or planned, involving women and tion plan on women and energy. energy; integration of women into mainstream energy-related activities; and With the review of its own previous efforts women's or general development projects completed, ESMAP has begun implementing its with energy components. women and energy strategy and action plan, which is described in its 1989 annual report. A . The policies and strategies of international full-time Women and Energy Coordinator has agencies and their constraints, needs, and been recruited to oversee the implementation, priorties. monitoring, and evaluation of the program. Fu- Women experts, especially national experts, ture reports will set out ESMAP's activities, who could participate in future programs on document progress, and draw policy implica- women and energy. tions for its overall program. This resource guide divides the organizations This report summarizes the first step, the stock- into three groupings: donor agencies, United laking activities. It describes the activities, Nations agencies, and NGOs and research policies, and plans of a number of donor agen- groups. Abstracts of the organizations' efforts cies (including UN agencies), research groups, cover women in development (WID) policy and and nongovernmental organizations working in areas related to energy and women. This infor- WID specifically. Consultants used by each of mation was collected in late 1988 and early these groupsarealsoidentified. Relevant reports 1989 through interviews and correspondence and p s are referenced inlfoontes.rRe with representatives of organizations in Canada, quests for documents should be addressed Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, the United directly to the orgamzations concerned. Kingdom, and the United States. 2 II Research, Documentation, and Information Exchange Examining the synergism between women and ment programs, although this is changing. They energy is a relatively recent endeavor. In the late have limited access to land, services, education, 1970s, early conceptual work relating energ T to extension, marketing, technology, and credit. women and development was undertaken. It Yet, women are effective in taking remedial ac- was not until the mid 1980s, however, that tion. At the grassroots level, as well as through major research and documentation began. Two their national and international organizations, brochures, one on women and energy and the women are frequently leaders in efforts to other on women and forest resources, were pub- protect the environment and improve family lished by the International Labour Organisation welfare. (ILO) and the Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion (FAO) respectively in 1987.2 The findings have emphasized the linkages be- tween energy and development, especially Current research documents women's special women's roles in meeting their families' basic relationship with energy systems and the en- needs, in generating income, and in protecting vironment in their role as nurturers and through the environment. Several major relevant their activities that depend on biomass resour- programs on women and energy have been ces. It shows that women are important in ener- developed. Included among them are: gy planning because they manage the procurement and use of most energy resources FAQ Forestry for Local Community Develop- in developing countries' household, agricultural, ment (FLCD) Program FLCD has developed a and small industrial subsectors. Further, it policy brochure and is working on a project chronicles women as the group most affected by designers' manual on women and forestry, case energy scarcity and related environmental studies, research, and other related activities. degradation and the decline in life support sys- ILO Energy and Rural Women's Work Project tems. In turn, their families are affected, since Between 1982 and 1986, the project prepared women are responsible for meeting their case studies, synthesis documents, and a policy families' basic needs and for household fuel brochure and held workshops on women and security. energy. The pronounced imbalance between women's United Nations Development Fundfor Women capabilities and their input into decisionmaking (UNIFEM) UNIFEM, which has been operat- that affects them was evident in the research. ing since 1976, has a regional focus in the Sahel Women have been ignored generally in develop- and Southern Africa Development Coordinating I See for example, Irene Tinker, The Real Energy Crisis: Women's Time (Washington, DC, Equity Policy Center, 1980); and Marilyn Hoskins, Women in Forestry for Local Community Development: A Programming Guide (USAID, 1979). 2 ILO, Linking Energy with Survival: A Guide to Energy. Environment and Rural Women's Work (ILO, Geneva, 1987); and FAO, Restoring the Balance: Women and Forest Resources (FAO, Rome, 1987). 3 Committee (SADCC) regions. Its emphasis is on on energy and women. Most of these networks women and food technology, improved stoves, concentrate on specialized topics, for example: and rural energy. Environmental Liaison Centre International UN Institute for Training and Research on (ELCI), a network of environmental NGOs, is Women (INSTRAW) INSTRAW, first funded preparing a database of organizations and con- in 1979, has developed multimedia modular sultants on women and energy for its study of training packages on women and new and NGOs in energy planning. renewable sources of energy. The organization is cooperating with Volunteers in Technical As- Social Forestry Network, one of four networks sistance (VITA), aVUS-based NGO, in gathering run by the Overseas Development Institute data for a UNDP project on this subject in (ODI), is preparing an annotated bibliography Africa. on women and agroforestry as part of its work on social forestry. Intermediate Technology Development Group Foundation for Woodstove Dissemination (ITDG) "Fuel for Food" Program The pro- FWdatnefor ofdstove Disseminac- gram seeks to enhance income generating op- (FWD) is a network of stoves program prac- portunities through fuel efficient stoves while, at titioners and researchers. In its work on the the same time, improving household quality of linkages between poverty and disease and life and saving fuel. domestic fuel shortages, the FWD has developed training programs, better Several networks in related areas have begun to methodologies for improving stove efficiency, collect, exchange, and disseminate information and more fuel efficient cooking techniques. 4 III Integrating Women in the Energy Sector Following the review of the UN Decade for peripheral to organizational or income generat- Women in 1985, there has been renewed interest ing goals. in practical, concrete means of integrating women into development. Many agencies have A sampling of women and energy projects iS adopted new women in development policy given below. Further details on many of these statements. activities can be found in Chapter 4 or by con- tacting the identified organizations directly. Mainstreaming-the integration of women's concems into regular programs and projects-is Energy strategy assessments being adopted, while the approach of promoting separate projects for women is phased out. Since * Development of methodologies for WID advisers often lack the level of specialized participation by local people, including understanding that mainstreaming requires, women, in energy and forestry planning. agencies are developing training and tools for East-West Center in Nepal, Bhutan and technical staff to help them find appropriate Bangladesh; CAREIFAO in agroforestry in ways to involve women in their projects. Africa; ITDG rapid rural energy appraisal in Mainstreaming has proven to be more difficult Zimbabwe; IIED and complex than separate women's projects, generally because project officers accustomed to . Studies on the impact of the fuelwood solving technical problems now are faced with marketing system and effects of time-consuming people problems as well. In the rationalization of the marketig system on energy sector, mainstreaming has only begun to women traders and fuelwood carriers. receive attention. UNIFEMIESMAP in Niamey; LOIIDRC in Addis Ababa The energy sector has just started to generate mechanisms and tools for integrating gender is- . National and regional workshops to improve sues. There are WID experiences in the energy the dialogue between energy policymakers sector, although many are still ongoing or are and women's organizations. FAOIUNIFEM; too recent to offer clear lessons. Many are ILO/TheNetherlands buried in project documents or individual memories and are frequently left out of project Large infrastructure projects reports. The collection of baseline data, monitor- ing, and analysis has not been systematic, so . Identification of constraints on employment only minimal evaluation of impacts and syn- of women in large-scale treeplanting efforts. onlyo lsoshaebe psil NORAD in the Blantyre Peni-Urban thesis of lessons have been possible. Fuelwood Project in Malawi; ILO public Experiences have come about either by accident, works program in Burundi; WFP projects as women were the obvious actors or were in- evitably involved in some projects where males . Socioeconomic feasibility studies looking at were absent; through conscious targeting of project impacts on women, both as users of women as a subgroup as a result of WID input implementing institution. Oil and gas or individual staff interest; and in special exploration in China; Bamako-Segou women's projects in which energy issues are 5 electricity transmission line-both CIDA a Evaluation of health impacts of various projects cookstoves. WHO; East-West Center; FWD Development of potential side activities that Food and agro-processingi could generate income for women or improve laborsaving technologies their situation. NORAD projects in Zambia (Kafue Gorge) and Niassa Province, . Targeting women's groups for income Mozambique producing technologies designed to reduce labor in women's traditional tasks. CIDA Forestry projects sorghum huller project in Zimbabwe and solar drying for postharvest processing in * Baseline and socioeconomic surveys for Egypt; NORAD artisanal fishing project in plannung the participation of women and Tanzania communities in forestry; development of methodologies and project design manuals. . Technical assistance in food and FLCDIFAO; CIDA Andhra Pradesh social agro-processing, integrating fuel-saving with forestry project income generation and social objectives. . . . ~UNIFEM WAFT program; ITDG Fuel for * Employment of women in key positions in FEm;AFTERAm;lLO project nurseries. Dutch projects with CARE Food program; ALTERSIAL, ILO in Cameroon and fuelwood project with FAO . Studying the impact of laborsaving in Sudan technology on women's productivity. UNIFEM . Involvement of women's organizations in forestry training and extension and in stove . Studying the effects of fuel scarcity on programs. Burkina Faso "Bois de Village" women's income activities. FAO; ILO project; NORAD integrated rural development project in Sri Lanka; * Creating transport alternatives to reduce time UNSOIUNIFEM regional project on spent in hauling fuelwood. ILO improved stoves in the Sahel New and renewable sources of energy . Allocation of communal property or (NRSE) wastelands to women's groups to manage for their own benefit. ILO in West Bengal and . Inclusion of socioeconomic impacts, Gujurat; Netherlands/CARE project in particularly on women, in project monitoring. Rwanda CIDA wind energy project, Niger Improved stoves projects . Involvement of women's organizations in planning, use, and maintenance of renewable • Baseline and socioeconomic surveys of energy technologies. UNIFEM biogas cooking and fuel preferences as the first step project, Yemen PDR in project design. ILOIESMAP project in * Development of multimedia, modular Addis Ababa; UNSO and CARE projects; training packages on women and new and renewable energy sources. INSTRAW . Training women in socioeconomic survey a Promoting dialogue with women's techniques and project management. FWD organizations and providing training for their * Studying measures to reduce fuel use through staff in new and renewable energy. cooking techniques. FAOIFLCD; INSTRAW with VITA ALTERSIAL; FWD . Involvement of women in the production or 6 acquisition of renewable energy solar energy, micro-hydro, etc. UNIFEM sources-briquetting of agricultural wastes, 7 8 IV Resources A. DONOR AGENCIES Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) International Development Research Center (IDRC) German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Netherlands Directorate-General of Development Cooperation (DGIS) Royal Norwegian Ministry of Development Cooperation Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) B. UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENTS Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) International Labour Organization (ILO) United Nations Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) United Nations Development Fundfor Women (UNIFEM) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) UNDP Program for the Promotion of the Role of Women in Water and Environmental Sanitation Services (UNDPIPROWESS) United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office (UNSO) World Food Programme (WFP) C. NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, NETWORKS AND RESEARCHERS Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development (ACORD) Alternatives Techniques sur les Systemes Alimentaires (ALTERSIAL) Association Bois de Feu (ABF) CARE East-West Center Resources Systems Institute Environmental Liaison Centre International (ELCI) Equity Policy Centre (EPOC) Foundation for Woodstove Dissemination (FWD) Institute of Development StudieslSPRU of the University of Sussex Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Panos Institute Social Forestry Network 9 A. Donor Agencies CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (CIDA) 200 Promenade du Portage Hull, Quebec KIA OG4, CANADA INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTER (IDRC) 250 Albert Street, P.O.B. 8500 Ottawa KIG 3H9, CANADA WID Policy and Experience 75 percent power sector and 20 percent oil and gas. The remaining 5 percent involves new and CIDA is increasing emphasis on social impact renewable sources of energy (NRSE), including analysis including gender issues, and large in- improved stoves, wind powered water pumping, frastructure programs are being reexamined and solar driers and water heaters, micro hydro, and reoriented. The main com onents of its 1986 biogas. CIDA is seeking to ensure women's par- WID policy and action plan are a steering com- ticipation through better definition of their roles. mittee of senior managers to oversee guidelines To this end, CIDA is also moving to expand the and corporate initiatives, information systems to participation of NGOs in its NRSE projects. provide data on WID-related activities, staff CIDA plans to take women and/or users into ac- training, obligatory analysis of the impact on count more systematically. For example, the role women in every project proposal, and WID as of women in managing and controlling the an element in officers' performance rating. pumping systems in a wind energy project in CIDA prefers integrated to women-specific Niger will be carefully monitored.4 projects. A WID unit assists technical specialists and country desks in project planning. Training In the energy sector, CIDA has been promoting initiatives include a proposed all-agency, the use of labor saving technologies, allocating gender-specific training course in social analysis resources, and offering fuel alternatives for the to provide trainees with practical tools for ap- benefit of women. In Zimbabwe, a sorghum plying WID/gender analysis to their work. dehuller developed in Botswana was introduced in a CIDA project to relieve women of the Energy Activities and WID drudgery of pounding sorghum. In addition, the project called for 25 percent of the sorghum The CIDA bilateral energy program is currently mills to be earmarked for women's groups. A 3 CIDA, Women in Development: CIDA Action Plan, 1986. 4 University of Waterloo, "Projet Energie Eolienne au Niger, Activity and Financial Report, May-October, 1987," October 1987. 10 project in Egypt on alternative energy and ener- wage laborers and recommended more effort to gy conservation (post harvest processing and include female-headed households (17 percent drying applications of solar technology) will in- in the project area) and encourage women teract with an integrated development project beneficiary nurseries. The mission proposed that and a special women's initiative on income a rural sociologist or rural development expert, generation. preferably a woman, be hired to develop and im- plement a system for monitoring social in- In the area of forestry strategy, CIDA has been dicators. trying to move away from traditional models, develop Canadian expertise, and provide more In addition to CIDA, another Canadian group assistance in social aspects, focusing on the poor that has been involved in both energy and and women. Country projects increasingly work women's issues is the International Develop- through NGOs and involve social forestry and ment Research Centre (IDRC). The IDRC, agroforestry. Examples of forestry projects with which supports Third World researchers and so-called people aspects include Kenya (social provides technical assistance to them, has a forestry), Ethiopia (peri-urban plantations and WID unit that acts as a resource group for rural afforestation), Senegal (protection and IDRC, sharing information, and advising on upgrading of forest reserves), Mali (integrated WID issues. The WID unit also develops and rural development with energy aspects), and administers research projects. Two IDRC China (forestry training and baseline study on projects on the effects of fuelwood scarcity on forest management). women's household activities in Burkina Faso and India emerged from the ILO project on I[n 1983, CIDA provided funding for a large so- women and energy. Other projects6 include a cial forestry project in the state of Andhra sociological baseline study on women's roles in Pradesh, India,5 including a socioeconomic sur- forest management and potential for social vey of women's needs in the project design. The forestry in Lesotho and a study on female fuel- survey found that women participated actively wood carriers in Addis Ababa. IDRC has pub- in household and agricultural chores but were lished a cookstove review7 and is planning work seldom heard in decisionmaking. The project in the Philippines on women in forestry and on took measures to encourage local women's as- indoor pollution from woodstoves. It is also sup- sociations, give women middle management porting a major research project being executed duties, and ensure that at least half of the field by the Environmental Liaison Centre in Nairobi staff (village forest workers) would be women. on women and natural resource management in A mid-term evaluation in 1988 found that Africa. women were mainly involved in the project as 5 Celine Williams, "Forestry is Women's Business Too", Developmen, Autumn 1986, pp. 25-27. 6 Project Summary, IDRC, "The Management of Household Fuel in Rural India: the Role of Women," by the Operations Research Group in Baroda (1985); "Impact of Firewood Shortages on Women's Work and on Family Nutrition" (Burkina Faso), by the Societe Africaine d'Etudes et de Developpement (SAED) in Ouagadougou (1987); and "Social Forestry" (Lesotho), by the Ministry of Agriculture, Maseru (1988). 7 Hartmut Krugmann, Review of Issues and Research Relating to Improved Cookstoves, IDRC-MR 152e, 1987. 11 Consultants (CIDA) Lorraine Giles Deborah Hines Susan Bogash Christine Pomerleau Dorothy Lele Contacts (CIDA) Africa Division Nancy Spence (WID Coordinator) Africa 2000 Jean Perras Energy Section Gilles Bouchard (Chief) Environmnent Sector Diane Beckett Forest Division Michel Leverdiere, Richard Baerg Professional Services Louise Oulmet WID Directorate Marcie Girvan (Director), Barb Brown (WID Integration Specialist) Contacts (IDRC) Social Science Division Hartmut Krugmann WID Unit Eva Rathberger 12 GERMAN AGENCY FOR TECHNICAL COOPERATION (GTZ) Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenar-beit Postfach 5180 D-6236 Eschborn I Frantkfurt anm Main, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Energy activities and WID materials and back-stopping for household ener- gy projects). There is also a technical research Over the past seven years, GTZ has carried out a component (e.g. pilot projects on new cookstove number of pilot projects in energy conservation technologies and fuelwood substitutes) as well in households, small-scale industries (bakeries), as efforts to develop and test common and institutions (schools). The pilot projects guidelines for monitoring and evaluating dif- served to develop technologies, try out various ferent aspects of household energy projects. approaches, and outline strategies for dissemina- This is a joint effort by GTZ, ITDG, and FWD. tion of information. International cooperation and innovative efforts to support local institutions and nongovernmen- From these experiments, GTZ has seen the need tal organizations are the third and main area of to plan projects with local participation, using a concentration. In all these efforts, close attention grassroots approach. It also emphasizes training is paid to the impact these activities have on and qualifying local staff and project par- women. ticipants. Focus is, therefore, shifting from car- rying out projects within GTZ to finding ways to GTZ will emphasize conscious raising activities enable local NGOs and governmental organiza- in the Federal Republic of Germany and tions to plan and execute projects according to developing countries in the interest of promoting their own needs. sustainable household energy supplies. In the framework of a more general study on women Presently, GTZ is implementing a comprehen- and environment, GTZ is preparing a state-of- sive integrated household energy program. the-art report on the aims and activities of Ger- Since women are the main focus in this subsec- man and international governmental and tor, gender issues play a major role. The pro- nongovernmental organizations and institutions gram has three main components. The first is an dealing with the conceptualization and im- information and advisory service (including a plementation of respective projects and research. data bank, audio-visuals, and other information Contact Division 4020 Mrs. Agnes Klin gshir n Division 4150 Energy Cornelia Gerhai-dt Division 4101 Promotion of Women Interest Elisabeth Mildeberger 13 NETHERLANDS DIRECTORATE-GENERAL OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION (DGIS) Ministerie van Builenlandse Zaken Postbus 20061, 2500 EB den Haag NETHERLANDS WID Policy and Experience tor papers on WID (the sector paper on women and agriculture is available), recommendations Women have participated in many DGIS by WID sector specialists on integrating WID projects. A review of the Dutch WID policy at policy in country and regional policy plans, and the end of the UN Decade for Women (1975- a data file on women's status to be created for 1985), however, found a gap between policy and specific countries and regions. The program also implementation. In February 1988, Parliament requires that all bilateral projects pass through adopted a more specific action program.8 the WID adviser for comment and that, in con- sultations with governments of counterpart The objectives of the DGIS WID policy are to countries, NGOs, and multilaterals, attention to give women improved access to and control WID issues be given along with encouragement over production factors, services, and infrastruc- to identify projects where women's participation ture facilities; reduced workload through labor in the development process can be increased. saving technologies; increased involvement in decisionmaking; and better information ex- Energy Activities and WID change. The bilateral strategy is to integrate WID objectives in general programs and The DGIS Rural Development Section's Energy projects and support projects specifically geared and Ecology Desk handles energy, forestry, and to women, while the multilateral strategy is to environmental policy and projects. The section's foster integration of WID in all multilateral programio attempts to improve women's status, programs and strengthen WID units in multi- recognizing their primary responsibility for food lateral organizations. production and lack of means (land, credit) to Its new action program includes integration of increase production. WID in sector policy papers, preparation of sec- Most energy assistance is dedicated to 8 Women and Development Programrne of Action, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Directorate-Generalfor International Cooperation, June 1987. 9 DGIS, Sector Paper: Women and Agriculture, March 1988. 10 DGIS, Rural Development Sector Programme, The Hague, May 1986. 14 household energy and channeled through the activities for extension for women (FAO) ESMAP program. There are also some bilateral activities in renewable energy (wind, gasifiers, . Burkna Faso, Mauritania, Sri Lanka - and stoves), 1 industrial energy, and energy con- woodstoves servation. Most forestry projects are . Burundi - agroforestry and insight into the agroforestry or social forestry, monitored by the role of women (ILO) forestry group in the Ministry of Agriculture. The Ministry of Agriculture also provides . Cape Verde and Nicaragua - wind energy general support services to DGIS in agricultural projects and policy.12 . Kenya - woodstoves development program (forestry and stoves) DGIS prepares an annual list of all projects with significant WID components. 3 For 1986-87, . Rwanda - Gituza agroforestry (CARE) energy and forestry projects included: 0 West Bengal - wasteland development with Burkina Faso - village forestry project, women's organizations (ILO). Consultants FEMCONSULT is a multidisciplinary group of women consultants who support women's participation in development. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has a book on women and environment with a chapter on women and energy. WorldWIDE publishes a directory on women and environment. Education Training Consultants (ETC) Foundation, Consultants for Development Programmes focuses on organizational development and training in forestry, agriculture, water supply, and small enterprises. MATRIX Consultants hasfive product groups: women and gender issues in development, wood energy conservation andforestry, small-scale industry development and inter-firm technology transfer, water supply and sanitation, and NGO development. 11 DGlSlTechnology and Development Group of Twente University, Renewable Energy for Developing Countries, Io years of Dutch Experiences, Report of a Discussion, June 11 1987. 12 See e.g., Ministry ofAgriculture and Fisheries, Operational Strategies for Reaching Women in Agriculture, 1987; and Farming Systems and Gender Issues: Implications for Agricultural Training and Projects, February 1988. 13 Inventarisatie Vrouwenprojecten, Projecten met een Vrouwencomponent, 1986 and 1987. 15 Contacts Rural Development Section Pieter Lammers (Energy and Ecology) Policy Planning Section Hanke Koopman, Susan Blankard (Women in Development) West Africa Harry Molenaar Ministry of Agriculture Directorate for Agricultural Development Cooperation Jannehe Schaafsma, Rob van Raalte Forestry Group Willem Kriek 16 ROYAL NORWEGIAN MINISTRY OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION P.O. Box 8142 DEPIN-0033 Oslo 1, NORWAY WID Policy and Experience Forestry Department, the Norwegian Housewives Association, and the Norwegian Norway's WID policy states that women should Water Resources and Electricity Board, with be a primary target of development assistance support from NORAD (Norway Aid Agency). A and should be integrated into all activities. Cur- report of the workshop and a bibliography were rent strategy specifies planning and reporting ac- published.15 tivities, resource mobilization and training administrative measures, monitoring, and Innovative approaches to integrating women in women-oriented assistance by sector. The energy have included eliminating bottlenecks to strategy also includes objectives for multilateral employment, increasing the number of site ac- cooperation.14 tivities for infrastructure projects to promote in- come generating work for women or to mitigate Norway places particular importance on its par- negative impacts, and incorporating women in ticipation with other OECD countries in the integrated rural development projects. For ex- Development Assistance Committee which is ample, in Malawi, the Blantyre City Fuelwood defining WTD criteria for all development Project, a NORAD/SADCC project to relieve projects. These criteria would require that bottlenecks to employment, may serve as a women be consulted in project design and be ac- model for other SADCC countries.16 tive participants in their implementation. Con- straints to their participation are to be identified There are several other examples of energy and measures designed to overcome them in the projects with WID components. In Zambia, at product. WID expertise must be involved she Kafue Gorge Power Station, the projectrwas throughout the project cycle, and women are to designed to identify socioeconomic constraints be explicitly identified as part of the target to effective station functioning and to consider group of all components or reasons given why settlement and gender issues. In Mozambique, not. as part of a small-scale hydro project, Eletricidad do Mocambique helped women start Energy Activities and WID up small-scale spinning and weaving and other income generating activities. In 1984, a workshop on women and energy was Along with these site activities are integrated jointly sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture rural development projects with gender-specific 14 Norway's Strategy for Assistance to Women in Development, 1985. 15 Norwegian Development Group for Women and Energy, Women and Energy. Report from an International Workshop Held in Oslo June 1984. 16 NORAD, Project Analysis for Blantyre City Fuelwood Project in Malawi (FORINDECO, Oslo, 1985). 17 objectives. For example, in the Kigoma region tivities but also special support for women in- of Tanzania an integrated rural development cluding a female extension officer. 17 project includes credit for artisanal fishing ac- Contacts Agriculture Department Unni Poulsson Kramer Energy and Telecommunications Marit Roti, Wenche Gulnes Integrated Rural Development (Sri Lanka) Margaret Skutsch Ministry of Environment Jan Borring Multilateral Department Helge Semb Norwegian Housewives Association Yrsa Berner Planning Department Ingeborg Stolring University of Bergen Turi Hammer (work in Sudan on forestry and biomass marketing) Women in Development Mette Jorstad, WID Advisor 17 Kigoma Region: Feasibility Study of a Possible Rural Development Programme, October 1987. 18 SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (SIDA) S 10525 Stockholm, SWEDEN WID Policy and Experience Energy Activities and WID SIDA has an overall strategy for the integration Some energy projects have focused of women into development cooperation specifically on women, for example, the support programs but no specific strategy or plan of ac- to the stoves program in Vietnam and support to tion for integration of women into energy and stove development in India. A small afforesta- environment programs. The objective of the tion project in Tanzania involved all household strategy is to integrate women into all members, not only women. mainstream programs. There are concrete plans Th for efforts to integrate women in India, Tere are plans to use special energy funds to Nicaragua, and Tanzania. Through its Office of produce a film on the household energy situa- WomeNica in andeveopmniT SIDA Owill s o tion in the Sahel area. The film will focus on Advisor on Women and Sustained Development women's participation. Discussions have been at the International Union for the Conservation held at the SIDA Office of Women in Develop- of Nature (IUCN) headquartered in Switzerland. ment and the FAO Community Forestry Unit on possible SIDA support for the development of informational film strips on women's involve- ment in afforestation programs in Africa, similar to those already prepared on "Women and Com- munity Forestry in Sudan." Contact WID Unit Carolyn Hanntiah-Andersson Consultants Antoine Baya-Vuma (stoves in West Afirica) Maria Berlekom (forestry in Tanzania and Kenyva) Karin Fahlstrom (ULTUNA--forestry in Ethiopia) Karin Isaksson (stoves in West Afirica) Eva G. Jansson (stoves in West Africa) Caroline Lefflers (energy questions in Africa) Lill Lundgren (soil conservationlforestry in East Africa) Maria Nystrom (stoves in Vietnam) Maoit Warner (forestr-y in Nicaragua) 19 B. United Nations Agencies and Departments FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO) Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, ITALY Energy Activities and WID using biogas as an example.19 The group is sponsoring participatory approaches to energy Energy activities, emphasizing energy for rural planning, including women's participation, in development, are coordinated through an Inter- Asia and has prepared a draft manual on women Departmental Working Group on Environment and energy for agricultural/home economics ex- and Energy and its executive secretariat, the En- tension workers to reorient training programs. vironment and Energy Programmes Coordinat- (An earlier version is being tested in the Philip- ing Centre (AGRES). Their work includes rural pines; workshops have been held in the Philip- energy assessment and planning, fuelwood pines and in Kenya.20 ) programs, promotion of mature and promising renewable energy technologies, and household The FAO Forestry Department is working to in- energy (including involvement of women in volve women more effectively in its programs rural energy programs). and project activities. A 1985 evaluation report noted that data on women's participation is The Working Group is developing an approach often not available when their activities cross to integrating energy planning into agricultural over several sectors and appear as integrated and rural development planning and training,18 components. A computerized system is being a rural energy manual, and a training guide for established to disaggregate project data by agricultural and rural development planners gender. 18 Rural Energy Planning: Proposal for FAO/ESP programme concerning energy planning for the rural areas of developing countries, Development Policy Studies and Training Service, Policy Analysis Division, December 1986. See also S.K. Chopra, "Energy Planning for Agricultural and Rural Development, " Expert Consultation on Energy Assessment and Planning for Rural and Agricultural Development, Rome, 19-22 April 1988. 19 Earthscan Energy Information Program, Identification and Appraisal of Small-Scale Rural Energy Projects: A Training Guide for Agricultural and Rural Development Planners Using Biogas as a Case Study Example (Report to FAO, September 1986). 20 "Energy Saving Technologies for Rural Households: Implications for Interventions", paper for Curriculum Workshop on Reorientation of Home Economics for Rural Development, 13-19 April 1986, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; and Proceedings, Workshop on Household Energy: The Role of Home Economics in Fornal and Nonformal Education. 27-31 October 1986, SEARCA, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. (Contact: M.J. Mermillod.) 21 Virginia Kerns, Reporting on Women and Men in FAO-Assisted Forestry Projects, Forestry Department, 1985. 20 The FAO's Forestry for Local Community forestry for local community development, fuel Development Programme (FLCD) has a number efficient stoves, and a participatory, needs- of activities relating to women and energy. They oriented approach to project design. have encouraged self-help fuelwood projects, Consultants The FLCD program maintains an informal but active network of highly qualified consultants and resource persons (many of whom are women), especially in the forestry sector. Contacts Development Policy Studies and Training Service, Policy Analysis Division Francoise Petry Environment and Energy Coordinating Centre (AGRES) Gustavo Best Forestry Department Marilyn Hoskins, D. Davis-Case Forestry for Local Community Development Programme (FLCD) Paula Williams (Consultant) M.A. Trossero (Wood Energy, Forest Industries) Paola Por c ini (Operations Service) Alice Carloni (Investment Centre) Women in Agricultural Production and Rural Development Service, ESHW M. J. Mermillod 21 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO) 4 rue des Morillons 1211 Geneve 22, SWITZERLAND WID Policy and Experience energy industries. The ILO has several centers of WID expertise, Between 1982 and 1987, ILO's Rural Employ- including a coordinating office, a WID expert to ment Policies Branch, with support from promote the integration of women in technical Government of the Netherlands, implemented cooperation projects, and focal points in selected an interregional program whose objectives were departments. ILO's governing body has recom- to focus attention on the impact of household mended a WID action plan, and a checklist and energy problems on rural women and thereby guidelines to be used at the project design stage affect government policy. National teams (in have been finalized for testing. Ghana, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Mozambique, Nepal, Peru, and Senegal) prepared case studies, Modular briefing packages have been proposed, and national workshops were held in Indonesia to include fact sheets on the status of women and Peru to disseminate results. The results were and ongoing projects in the target country; lists summarized in a brochure.22 of in-country resources and institutions with in- formation on women; gender disaggregated An expert group meeting under the Energy and baseline data for identifying target groups and Rural Women's Work Project was held in 1985 measuring project impact; descriptions of re- to evaluate and synthesize research results and search data collection techniques and techniques propose dissemination and follow-up activities. for evaluating impacts on women; relevant case In 1986, an international workshop (one of the study material, guidelines, and terms of refer- activities recommended to ILO at the 1985 ence for better designed projects and successful meeting) attended by government policy makers approaches. and by representatives of NGOs, donors and UN agencies was held in The Hague to disseminate Energy Activities and Women in the project results and discuss future actions. Development The following actions were proposed: Due to budget constraints, the ILO has . Educate energy policymakers about women's downplayed specific energy sector work in concerns and, in turn, women about energy favor of activities that address the employment, planning. training, and social implications of the changing world energy situation. Examples are energy . Continue to improve planning of energy pricing strategies and basic needs, energy for projects aimed at rural women and the poor employment and income, occupational safety through better coordination between NGOs and health in the energy sector, and impacts of and government, involvement of women in 22 Linking Energy with Survival: A Guide to Energy. Women and the Environment (1987). 22 early stages of assessments of household raising fuel and fodder cash crops23 (the needs, application of studies on the effects of Self-Employed Women's Association in women's participation, and support of West Bengal/Danish funding; the Center for grassroots efforts so that women's claims on Women's Development Studies in resources are routinely taken into account. Gujarat/Dutch funding) • Develop pilot projects to improve the . improvement of energy intensive, traditional productivity of traditional activities and bring technologies such as fish smoking, solar women income and other benefits. Improved drying, soap making, and palm oil processing energy technologies would be used to reduce (Ghana and Lesotho) women's workload, reduce production costs in income-generating activities, and create * development of training modules on women new employment. and NRSE topics, aimed variously at trainers, planners, and participants and treating UN * For household fuel projects, create activities in NRSE, design and institutional channels that increase implementation of projects and programs, decisionmaking of poor women, by and NRSE systems and technology establishing dialogue within the bureaucracy (INSTRAW) about their concerns, helping them gain legal rights to land and other resources, and u preparation of case studies on employment of teaching them to see their circumstances in women am the forestry sector (India, terns of widespread issues such as Vietnam) and a fuelwood transport study environmental deterioration. (Ethiopia) that may be incorporated into a World Bank pen-urban plantation project In addition to the interregional rural women's 28 project, ILO activities relevant to women and . studies of constraints on women's energy have included: participation in large-scale projects (India, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Burundi, Nepal and * wasteland projects in India to revitalize Togo) eroded land by giving women access to it for 23 ILO, "Wasteland Development Through Women's Organizations, "West Bengal and Gujarat (two project documents). 24 See ILO, Technological Change, Basic Needs and the Condition of Rural Women, Report of the Joint ILO/Noruay Africa Regional Project ILOINOR1781RAF127, 1984: ILOINational Council on Women and Development, Control and Management of Technology by Rural Women of Ghana, 1987; and Technical Manuals on Fish Smoking, Soap Manufacturiing, and Palm Oil Processing (1985). 25 Gunilla Olsson, Employment and Income Generation in Social Forestry: A Case Study from Orissa (ILO, 1988). 26 National Urban Planning Institute/ILO, Research on Women in Fuelwood Transport in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, proposal for an IDRC-sponsored research project, January 1988. 27 ULG Consultants Limited, World Bank Addis-Bah Forestry Development Project Socio-Economic Study, Final Report. Volume 4 Addis Ababa: Upgrading of Existing Plantations, June 1987. 28 See e.g. P. Van den Oever-Pereira, Programmes de travaux publics et distribution du temps de travail des femmes: le cas de Burkina Faso (anc, Haute-Volta) (1984); UNDPIILO, special issue (b) Participation by women in Special Public Works Programmes, in Eighth Joint Meeting for Support to Special Public Works Programmes (Geneva, 23-25 April 1986); Sizue Tomoda, Women and Special Public Works Programmes: A case study of the Mtowambu irrigation (Arusha) and the water supply (Rukwa) projects - Tanzania, WEP Working Paper (August 1987); and L. D'Haese, et al, Enqu&te sur l'integration de la femme au programme speial des travaux publics a haute intensite de main-d'oeuvre a Ruyigi rBurundil (Universite du Burundi, Bujumbura, juin 1988). 23 surveys of transport that focus on the carrying large-scale projects such as market roads, and of fuel and water by women, the costliness of the possibilities for interventions closer to this activity in terms of constraints on other home such as carts, footpaths, and piped productive activities, its neglect in favor of water. Contacts Department of Technical Cooperation Evv Messell, Jan Sorenson Employment and Infrastructure Branch Irene Carle Employment Planning and Population Branch Peter Duiker Employment Rural Project Azita Berar-Awad Energy & Environment Focal Point Larry Kohler Forest Industries Bernt Strehlke, Peter Poschen Office of Women Workers' Questions R. Smirnova Rural Employment Policies Branch, Programme on Rural Women Rounaq.lahan Training Department Gretchen Goodale ILO International Center for Advanced Technical and Vocational Training, Turin G. Piva Christine Cromwell 24 UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN (INSTRAW) One United Nations Plaza New York, New York 10017, U.S.A. WID Policy and Experience . A prototype multimedia training package on women and NRSE aimed at energy INSTRAW is an autonomous institution within policymakers and WID staff (prepared the framework of the United Nation. It serves as together with the ILO's Turin Center), to be a vehicle on the international level for undertak- field tested with energy experts. ing research and establishing training programs to contribute to the integration and mobilization . Development, in collaboration with the ILO of women in development. Its headquarters are Turin Center, of training materials on women in the Dominican Republic. INSTRAW and NRSE for use in training of trainers. The cooperates through the United Nations network purpose is to promote involvement of women of cooperative arrangements with bodies and in NRSE projects and in the choice and agencies, including UNDP, governmental, and adaptation of appropriate technologies, as nongovernmental organizations. Its current well as to incorporate women in projects and programs contain five clusters: statistics, in- training programs. dicators, and data on women; issues relevant to Advocacy for the inclusion of women-related policy design; sectoral issues; training issues in the agenda for various United methodologies for women in development; and information and communication linked to net- work building. . A project on NRSE and women in Africa29 is in the final stages of preparation, to be Energy Activities and WID financed by the Africa Region of UNDP and implemented jointly by INSTRAW and INSTRAW started an energy program in 1985, VITA. The project aims to develop a national building up from the NRSE conference in 1981. institutional base for supporting women's In 1985, INSTRAW held an expert meeting to involvement in energy programs and projects, prepare policy guidelines on women and NRSE. establish cadres of trainers, and develop Ongoing energy activities include: concrete and practical mechanisms in each country for women's participation in NRSE. * Comparative analysis of environmentally The project countries are still under sound stoves (an INSTRAW manual on this discussion. subject will be used for training). 29 Improving Linkages Between Women and Energy Sector Policies, Programmes and Projects with Special Reference to New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE), Proposed Document, UNDP Inter-country Project of the Governments of Sub-Saharan Africa. 25 Contacts Dunja Pastizzi-Ferenzcic (Director) Borjana Bulajich (Desk Officer) 26 UNITED NATIONS CHILDRENS FUND (UNICEF) One United Nations Plaza New York, New York 10017, U.S.A. WID Policy and Experience training and functional literacy for women. UNICEF probably has the longest standing WID UNICEF became involved with the household policy of any UN agency due to its mandate to fuel crisis in a number of developing countries improve the status of children and, by extension, through its concern about the inordinate amount of women. UNICEF has moved from separate of time women spend collecting and carrying projects for women and WID country experts in fuel and the effects on their health and social the early 1980s to the current strategy of integra- and economic conditions of their families. The tion of women's aspects in mainstream projects, Fund has assisted communities with small-scale with a WID expert role mainly in monitoring forestry and related agroforestry developments, and evaluation. Operational program guidelines usually in the context of nutrition improvement are used to monitor achievement of WID objec- and agricultural activities. It has also promoted tives. Senior management has participated in energy saving and improved methods of food training seminars on methodologies for translat- processing and has introduced smokeless cook- ing policy guidelines into action on a country- ing stoves on a large scale in Bhutan, India, and by-country basis. Achievement of WID Nepal for fuel-saving and health purposes. Other objectives is a component of officer perfor- small-scale sources of energy, such as solar mance evaluations. UNICEF was also one of the cooking devices, solar-powered water pumps, first to recognize the constraints to WID includ- small water turbines, and biogas, have frequent- ing in-country political support and cultural ly been included in UNICEF projects. UNICEF climate, the type and level of national programs, expects to continue this type of work, emphasiz- ingeffctson he nvionmnt30 shortage of NGO activities and research in- ingeffectsontheenvironment. stitutes through which assistance can be chan- An important point noted by UNICEF in energy neled, and the degree of personal commitment projects is that energy projects affect women's labor use, since they require human labor for ex- Energy Activities and WID ecution and can add to women's work burden, especially if the technology chosen is not ap- lJNICEF's approach to the energy sector is propriate. This workload can also affect income closely linked to projects concerning appropriate generation, food production, and water and technology to reduce women's domestic sanitation efforts. workload; food production, conservation and Other projects have or are being undertaken in preparation; improvement of water supplies; and 30 UNICEF, Children. the Environment and JNICEF, E/ICEF/1988/CRP.5, 30 March 1988. 27 Bhutan (National Stoves Project), Mozambique Tanzania in various income generating projects; (nutrition support, Green Zones Project), Nepal and in Sudan as a reafforestation component. (Small Farmers Development Programme), and UNICEF has published studies on food process- the Philippines in relation to agricultural ing and on improved stoves in Morocco and projects; in Cameroon, Ghana, Mauritania, and West Africa.31 Consultants UNICEFfield offices (regional offices in Abidjan, Amman, Bangkok, Bogota, Delhi, and Nairobi, plus about 150 country offices) are a good source of information about local women consultants and consultants in general on social issues. Contact Development Programmes for Women Ulrike Jendis 31 For example: Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan 11, Etude sur les Foyers Ameliores, (UNICEF, Rabat, November 1987); and Michel Sidibe, Technologie Apprivois&e: Femmes et Transformation Pratique des Aliments (Mil. Sorgho, Manioc), UNICEFIWCARO, Abidjan. 28 UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMEN (UNIFEM) One United Nations Plaza New York, New York 10017, U.SA. WID Policy and Experience women's participation is often a most effective entry point to development activities. The Voluntary Fund for the Decade for Women UNIFEM's experience also showed that the ex- was established by the UN General Assembly in istence of local and national women's organiza- 1975. In 1985, the Fund moved into autonomous tions and agencies is a necessary condition for association with UNDP as the UN Development project effectiveness. Fund for Women (UNIFEM). Its mandate is to ensure the appropriate involvement of women in Energy Activities and WID mainstream development activities and to sup- port innovative and experimental activities The Fund has given special attention to affores- benefitting women. In support of its tation and fuel saving stoves, recognizing that mainstreaming activities, UNIFEM participates energy, both human and material, is a major in selected UNDP Round Table exercises, concern of women. ECA (Economic Commis- country programming, etc., and has developed sion of Africa)/FAO workshops on women and model approaches for more effective WID fuelwood in Africa were sponsored in 1980 and programming.32 1984.34 Country level projects have included 33 village woodlots, improved stoves, and forest in- An evaluation of the Fund's experience of dustries (Thailand), the Green Belt Movement 1978-83 demonstrated that projects that (Kenya), and an improved wood burning stoves decrease women's workload, while simul- project covering eight countries in the Sahel. taneously transformning traditional tasks into There has also been support for stove dissemina- small industrial and thus remunerative jobs, are tion through the Sarvodaya movement in Sri of utmost importance. The evaluation confirmed Lanka, and a project has been developed on that major emphasis should be given to integrat- biogas dissemination with the Ministry of Ener- ing women in mainstream programming, as gy and Mines and the national women's associa- 32 See UNIFEM, UNIFEM's Mainstream Experience, including Case Studies of Participation in Round Tables and Country Programmes, UNIFEM Occasional Paper No. 5, October 1987. 33 Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Development Fund for Women. Development Cooperation with Women: Experience and Future Directions of the Fund, New York, 1985. 34 UNECAIATRCW, Workshop on Firewood and Energy Development for Rural African Women, Bamako, Mali, 2-13 December 1980 (STIECAIATRCW181126) and UNECAIATRCW, Report. ECA/FAO Subregional Seminar on Fuelwood and Energy Development for African Women (Lusaka- Zambia), (EIECAIATRCW184106), 1984. 29 tion in the Democratic Republic of Yemen. and a networking system proposed to deal specifically with action oriented research on the UNIFEM's Africa Investment Plan (AIP) has impact of technology on women's productivity, been uVlated and activities in Africa in- time, income, employment, social status, em- creased. S To date, the AIP has emphasized two powerment, etc.36 New work planned in Africa sectors: the food and agriculture sector and the includes energy conservation in women's in- energy sector. A major project on Women and dustries (such as brewing and baking) and Food Technology (WAFT), started in 1985, production or acquisition of renewable energy concentrated on crop/food processing tech- sources (briquetting of agricultural wastes, use nologies. Work has also been done on the im- of wind energy, etc.). pact of technology on women's productivity, Consultants A roster of qualified women consultants is being developed and will be available for use by other agencies. UNIFEM experts participate frequently in UNDP missions and programming efforts. UNIFEM can assist in identification of national and international consultants and coordination of women's activities at the national level. Contacts New York Olubanke Aquerele (Deputy Director); Mariama Djibo (Programme Officer); Susan Holcombe (AsialPacific Desk, Acting) Africa Jacqueline Ki-Zerbo (Coordinator for West and Central Africa, UNIFEMI UNDP, Dakar); Marilyn Carr (Senior Adviser on Technology and Small Enterprise Development, UNIFEMIUNDP, Harare) 35 Consultative Committee on the UNDevelopment Fundfor Women, 23rd Session, 5-11 April1988, "Update of UNIFEM's Africa Investment Plan. " 36 Marilyn Carr and Ruby Sandhu, Women. Technology and Rural Productivity: An Analysis of the Impact of Time and Energy-Saving Technologies on Women, UNIFEM, September 1987. 30 UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) One United Nations Plaza New York, New York 10017, U.S.A. WID Policy and Experience change, program planning, implementation and evaluation, and strengthening local NGOs. The The UNDP WID mandate is to ensure the in- UNDP NGO Division's International Tree tegration of women as participants and Project Clearinghouse, an information and beneficiaries in all its development programs liaison service for NGOs and others involved in and projects. The WID officer sits on the forestry-related activities, has published a direc- review board that must approve all major UNDP tory of NGOs working in forestry in Africa.38 projects. Support measures include staff WID training, country profiles, and a WIDLINK A trust fund project, the Africa 2000 Network, newsletter. A project review form on WID is at- financed mainly by Canada, supports social and tached to all project documents. agroforestry activities of African NGOs. Its ob- jectives are to raise food and fuelwood produc- Energy Activities and WID tion and fight desertification through social forestry activities, to strengthen local grassroots In addition to its close sponsorship of and coor- organizations and NGOs, and to support dination with the ESMAP program and its villagers' actions to resolve their own problems. women and energy endeavors, the UNDP works The Africa Regional Programme has prepared a actively with women's groups through NGOs. project on women and energy, to be executed by Areas of cooperation with NGOs include INSTRAW and VITA (see notes on INSTRAW dialogue on policy issues, information ex- for details). Contacts Division for Global and Interregional Division of Women in Development, Bureau for Programmes Timothy Rothermel (Director), Programme, Policy and Evaluation Elizabeth Tom Cox (Senior Programme Officer) Reid (Program Director) Division for Nongovernmental Organizations Regional Bureau for Africa Herbert McLeod Sally Timpson (Director) (Regional Programme Officer), Rugba Onosode (Consultant) 37 UNDP, "Women in Development: Policy andProcedures," 17November 1987. 38 International Tree Project Clearinghouse, A Directory: NGOs in the Forestry Sector, 2ndAfrica Edition, 1987. 31 UNDP PROGRAM FOR THE PROMOTION OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION SERVICES (UNDP/PROWESS) One United Nations Plaza New York, New York 10017, U.S.A. WID Policy and Experience document the experience of women's participa- tion to leam what works and why. PROWESS Though PROWESS is not involved in women has prepared a monograph39 on how to involve and energy, it is included here because much of women in sanitation, jointly with the World what PROWESS has learned in working with Bank Technical Advisory Group on the Decade, women should be useful for women and energy. and an annotated bibliography and literature PROWESS is an interregional UNDP project in review of water supply and sanitation ex- support of the UN International Drinking Water perience. Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-1990). Its aim is to demonstrate the value and ways of PROWESS can provide a literature review and achieving women's effective involvement in annotated bibliography, guidelines for case planning, designing, implementing, operating, studies and for project preparation, consult- and maintaining drinking water and waste dis- ancies to assist in project preparation, direct posal schemes. financial support to country projects, preparation of training manuals, methodology development, At the country level, PROWESS gives advisory and many other services and materials useful to and technical support to demonstrate how women in energy programs. However, it should women and their communities can be involved be kept in mind that there are some important in project design, execution, and maintenance; differences between the energy sector and the help NGOs serve as community resources for water and sanitation sector, and in the institu- planning and action; develop innovative training tions involved, that imply a somewhat different and education strategies; train trainers; and approach. Contacts Sally Timpson (Director, NGO Division) Siri Melchior (Program Manager) 39 Heli E. Perrett, "Involving Women in Sanitation Projects," TAG Discussion Paper No. 3 (UNDPlWorld Bank, 1985). 32 UNITED NATIONS SUDANO-SAHELIAN OFFICE (UNSO) One United Nations Plaza New York, New York 10017, U.S.A. WID Policy and Experience include forestry and stoves, the stove projects (considered less prestigious) become the ex- UNSO's specific mandate is to protect the clusive domain of the women, while the forestry Sudano-Sahelian area from desertification. projects are the domain of the men. To counter Though it has no specific strategy on involving this problem, UNSO is trying to get women women in its projects, a number of energy more involved in forestry activities (Burkina projects do involve women. Faso) and to integrate teams of men and women working on stove dissemination (the Gambia). Energy Activities and WID UNSO has found competition between men's and women's groups in tree planting to work UNSO supports a number of afforestation, well. reforestation, renewable energy, and energy conservation activities in the Sahel. They range In the second phase of its regional stoves pro- from the establishment of village woodlots and gram with UNIFEM and CILSS (Comit6 Per- agroforestry development (Burkina Faso), manent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Secheresse regeneration of native species on farms, agro- au Sahel), UNSO plans to tackle the problem sylvo-pastoral techniques and urban green belts that fuel efficient stoves are not being widely (Niger), and fuelwood plantations (Ethiopia) to disseminated despite the existence of many fuel efficient stoves (Burkina Faso, the Gambia, models. This effort will involve more attention Mauritania, Niger, Sudan ), wind energy (Cape to the market and to women's needs. Support to Verde, Somalia), fuel briquetting (Sudan), and artisans to strengthen their production and peat development (Senegal). marketing capabilities is felt to be the key. Be- cause the socioeconomic aspects of the rural Many of these activities involve women, in par- energy situation, including women's roles, are ticular the fuel efficient stoves projects, which still neglected, UNSO has been conducting usually include user testing. UNSO staff have some small-scale informal fuelwood studies and identified several areas where more work needs village surveys. to be done. For example, in many projects that Contacts East Africa Division Gjermund Haga (Programme Officer) Regional Cooperation Programme Augustin Mandeng (Chief) West Africa Division Jill Fleming (Programme Officer) 33 WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME (WFP) Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, ITALY WID Policy and Experience Energy Activities and WID The World Food Programme (WFP) emphasizes In keeping with its mandate to promote social the significance of food aid for improving the development and sustainable economic growth, economic, nutritional, and health levels of low- WFP supports projects to plant and manage income women.40 WFP is adopting policies and trees for use as wood energy (fuelwood and strategies to increase the effectiveness of charcoal). In 1988, an estimated US$54 million women as key resources for development.41 in wood energy components was approved in Every WPF project will be viewed in terms of projects, mainly executed in cooperation with its direct and indirect impact on women, their FAO, UNEP (United Nations Environment activities, and resource base, and should include Programme), and national governments.42 WFP provisions for women's participation. These is experienced in employment of women in principles have already been applied in some large-scale reforestation and soil erosion project designs and evaluations. projects and has produced policy guidelines. Consultants WFP's project design unit is developing a consultant roster and terms of reference for project design, to include gender issues and socioeconomic analysis. Contacts Project Design Group, WFP Policy Unit David French (Natural Resources Officer) Mona Hammam (SocioeconomiclWID Officer) 40 Breadwinners at Home and at Work: World Food Programme Support to Rural Women During the Decade for Women, Occasional Paper No. 4, October 1985. 41 Food Aid Strategies for Women in Development, draft, 06.03.87. 42 Memo to Q.H. Haque, Chief, ERC from J.P. Nastorg, Acting for Director, EP, Overview Report on the Activities of the UN System in the Area of Natural Resources, 10 February 1988, with annex on "On-going WFP Projects with Energy Components." 34 C. Nongovernmental Organizations, Networks and Researchers AGENCY FOR COOPERATION AND RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENT (ACORD) Francis House, Francis Street London SW] P IDQ, U.K. WID Policy and Experience of national-level women staff to discuss pro- gram policies and structures as they relate to ACORD is an international consortium of women; and the training of women in field pro- 20 NGOs working in Africa. It is active in areas gram design, evaluation, management, etc. where there is no local NGO network or where innovative work can be effective to support the Energy Activities and WID emergence of local NGOs. In 1986, it was operating in 15 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Rural energy has been an important part of many ACORD field activities. ACORD, with Since 1982, ACORD has been building an the urging of African women participating in active WID policy. Some key steps taken were their activities, is concentrating on reducing time the development of a checklist for program constraints from fuel and water collection. identification, taking into account effects on women; initiation of projects on women's Fuelwood activities are being included in economic opportunities with commitment to ACORD projects in Burkina Faso, Mali, equality; appointment of country program of- Somalia, and Tanzania, among others. Interven- ficers to monitor impacts on women; estab- tions under consideration range from tree plant- lishment of a women's support group at ing (women planted 70 percent of the trees for headquarters for information sharing with the the Somalia project), to new ways of carrying field; meetings to discuss women's policy at or- wood where more can be carried than by head- ganizational and field program levels; prepara- loading (Tanzania), to live hedges (Guinea), to tion and review of women's impact statements agroforestry (SADCC/ZERO). A policy paper as a required component of products; meetings on energy is planned. Contacts Mark Sinclair (Executive Director) Peter James (Program Coordinator) 35 ALTERNATIVES TECHNIQUES SUR LES SYSTEMES ALIMENTAIRES (ALTERSIAL) clo ENSIA 1. Avenue des Olympiades 91305 Massy, FRANCE WID Policy and Experience periences have shown that, compared to domes- tic cooking, small-scale food processing requires ALTERSIAL provides technical assistance a specific approach: (i) it is a revenue generating on food technologies and systems in developing activity so there is an interest in improving all countries. It works with women in its stoves and phases of food processing and not just stoves; fuelwood programs. (ii) fuel consumption is concentrated in a smaller number of users, sometimes already or- Energy Activities and WID ganized, making dissemination and marketing easier; and (iii) the stoves used are specific to ALTERSIAL is carrying out a program each product. ALTERSIAL has also found that "base experimentale economie de bois de feu et small-scale food processing requires an under- cuisson des aliments" in collaboration with As- standing of the dynamics of food chain opera- sociation Bois de Feu and with funding from the tions. Agence Frangaise de Maitrise de l'Energie.i Studies and pilot programs on improving energy ALTERSIAL has also focused on cooking efficiency have been conducted for palm sugar techniques for saving fuel and time and improv- in Thailand, sorghum beer in Burkina Faso2 and ing nutrition and has published its findings. Cote d'lvoire, and gari in Benin. These ex- Consultants ALTERSIAL is in contact with national experts who could act as consultants in the field in some countries. Contacts Isabelle Gattegno Jose Muchnik I Isabelle Gattegno. "Woodfuel and Small-Scale Food Processing," ALTERSIAL-GRET, 1987. 2 Michel Zaffran, La consommation de bois dans la preparation du dolo au Burkina Faso (1985); 1. Gattegno and J. Muchnik, Rapport de mission Haute Volta: La fabrication du dolo et l'economie de bois de feu (1983); Philippe Laura, Dolo et bois de feu a Kougsabla (Burkina Faso) (March 1988). 36 ASSOCIATION BOIS DE FEU (ABF) 45 bis, av. de la Belle-Gabrielle 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, FRANCE Energy Activities and WID saving campaigns. The orientation is to the user, especially urban households and artisans. ABF Association Bois de Feu (ABF) was has also assisted in the promotion of tree grow- founded in 1981 to create French capability in ing in rural areas. Activities include collection, the field of fuelwood and to establish an intema- analysis, and dissemination of information tional network. It takes a global approach to the (documentation center and newsletter3); train- 4 fuelwood chain: reforestation and forest ing, studies, and research; and technical sup- management; substitute fuels; improved char- port to field projects. Most activities are in coal production; improved stoves; and fuel francophone Africa. Contact Philippe Laura 3 Bois de Feu Informations: Bulletin trimestriel. 4 See for example, Manuel pour realiser de enquetes de consommation en milieu domestique (1986); Enquete et reflexions sur des projets de reboisement a participation paysanne dans quatre pays saheliens (1986); various 'fiches techniques" on technical subjects of stove design. ABF also produced the French-language version of the Commission of the European Communities' Energy for the People: A Dossier on Woodfuel in the Developing World (produced in English by Panos). 37 CARE 660 First Avenue New York, New York 10016, U.S.A. WID Policy and Experience are for use in training and will be made avail- able to other agencies. CARE, one of the largest international NGOs operating in developing countries, fosters A demonstration activity was begun by the participation, adaptability, sustainability, and USAID WID office in the fall of 1987 to in- fundamental change in its programs.5 CARE crease the participation of female beneficiaries does not specifically focus on women, but in ongoing agriculture, forestry, and income- women are often involved, both as staff and as generating projects. Participation was channeled project participants. through NGOs which in turn will work with Peace Corps volunteers in developing gender- Energy Activities and WID specific activities and action plans. CARE will be participating in the activity in its agroforestry Since 1974, CARE has been a leader in the projects in Cameroon and Guatemala. field of agroforestry. Historically, CARE has CARE has also been active in improved worked with governments in forestry projects stoves projects, under its small enterprise but increasingly is working with local NGOs. development program. Stoves projects can be This trend is leading to more work with women. found in Kenya, Mali, Nepal, Rwanda, Sudan, CARE is cooperating with FAO and the Ford etc., often in conjunction with forestry projects. Foundation in jointly preparing case studies on In Guatemala, an evaluation of the Lorena stove agroforestry in Africa, and although they are not found that user operation was so difficult that specifically focusing on women, gender issues major savings could not be assured and support are expected to be prominent. In the first case 6 . . ~was stopped. Stove projects concentrate on study completed (Kenya), 2-1/2 million production and marketing of existing tech- seedlings were planted in one year, 60 percent nologies rather than development of new tech- by women's groups (based on funeral societies) and 40 percent by schools. These case studies Contacts Agriculture and Natural Resources John Michael Kramer East Africa Steve Wallace 5 "CARE's Program Principles," Asia Regional Workshop, Chiangmai, Thailand, March 1987. 6 "High Mass Stove Evaluation, Guatemalan Agroforestry Project, CARE - Guatemala," Final Report, June 1986. 38 EAST-WEST CENTER RESOURCE SYSTEMS INSTITUTE 1717 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96848, U.S.A. Energy Activities and WID Under the UNDP Regional Energy Development Programme (REDP), executed by The East-West Center has worked in two ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for directions relevant to the women and energy Asia and the Pacific) and FAO, the Center, sector: health impacts of biomass fuels and par- together with the Chulalongkorn University So- ticipation in energy planning.7 Both have in- cial Science Research Institute of Thailand, has cluded significant gender implications. been involved in a rural energy planning project. The project's objective was to strengthen the The Center has published several ability of rural citizens and of planners and in- monographs, including One for WHO (World stitutions in the participating countries Health Organization), showing the noxious ef- (Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal) to formulate, fects of biomass fuels on women's and implement, evaluate, and adapt village energy children's health in terms of eye and respiratory projects and plans to meet local needs and diseases.8 WHO has made some attempts to priorities. A report on the activity, including in- carry out epidemiological studies and to link re- stitutional and policy implications for rural search with the introduction of improved stoves, development and energy planning, has been sub- but no major program is underway. mitted to FAO.9 Contacts Deepak Bajracharya (currently with ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal) Richard Morse Kirk Smith 7 See M. Nural Islam, Richard Morse, and M. Hadi Soesastro, eds., Rural Energy to Meet Development Needs: Asian Village Approaches (Westview Press, Boulder for East-West Center, 1984); and Jamuna Ramakrishna and Kirk R. Smith, Smoke from Cooking Fires: A Case for Participation of Rural Women in Development Planning (1982). 8 See Kirk R. Smith, et al., Air Pollution and Rural Fuels: A Pilot Village Study in India (1982); op. cit., Air Pollution and Rural Fuels: Implications for Policy and Research (1983); and WHO, Biomass Fuel Combustion and Health (1984). 9 Deepak Bajracharya, Richard Morse, Amara Pongsapich, et al., Village Voices in Rural Development and Energy Planning: Participatory Action Research in Nepal. Bangladesh, and Bhutan (East-West Center and Chulalongkorn University, 1987). A Handbook for Participatory Planning and Development with a Focus on Rural Energy is also available from the Chulalongkorn University. 39 ENVIRONMENTAL LIAISON CENTRE INTERNATIONAL (ELCI) P.O.B. 72461 Nairobi, KENYA WID Policy and Experience vironmental and energy issues; (ii) planned ex- pansion and updating of ELCI's energy database The ELCI is an international coalition of and development of an NGO energy directory environmental NGOs from industrial and and a list of NGO periodicals in energy; and (iii) developing countries that liaises with UNEP implementation of a major IDRC funded project (United Nations Environment Programme) and on women and natural resource management in performs a number of network functions. In Africa. working with NGOs on energy and environmen- tal issues, ELCI is frequently involved in For 1989-91, ELCI is launching a pro- women and energy issues and has held gram, "Energy for Sustainable Development", workshops with a women and energy focus. which, by strengthening NGO involvernent in the development process, will ensure local par- Energy Activities and WID ticipation in defining and implementing sus- tainable energy policies. "It will focus on four Relevant activities of the energy program, program areas: household energy and the sus- past and planned, include: (i) workshops on tainability of biomass fuels in the economic women and the environment, organized at the South, global climatic change, the role of energy UN Decade for Women Conference in Nairobi efficient and renewable energy technologies in in 1985, providing an opportunity for input from energy planning particularly in the South, and women environmentalists and NGOs on en- energy use in traditional production systems. Contacts Shimwaayi Muntemba (Executive Director) Anne Heidenreich (Energy Coordinator) 10 ELCI, Women and the Environmental Crisis: Forum '85, a report of the proceedings of the workshops on "Women, Environment and Development," July 10-20, 1985, Nairobi, Kenya. 11 ELCI, EnergyProgramme l989-1991: EnergyforSustainableDevelopment (15 Septemberl988). 40 EQUITY POLICY CENTER (EPOC) 4818 Drummond Avenue Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, U.S.A. EPOC is a small research institute con- processing and water collection are more impor- cemed with equity and gender issues in develop- tant time users than fuel collection. This led to ment. EPOC has been doing work on energy and EPOC's more recent work on the processing and women since the late 1970s. There have been sefling of streetfoods by women, often as an ex- monographs for USAID, and the UN as well as tension of their household activities for needed EPOC's own publication. Based on its time al- cash. location studies, EPOC has argued that food Contact Irene Tinker (Director) 12 Irene Tinker, The Real Rural Energy Crisis: Women's Time (EPOC, Washington, DC, 1982). 41 FOUNDATION FOR WOODSTOVE DISSEMINATION (FWD) P.O. Box 30979 Nairobi, KENYA FWD is a networking institution whose (ZERO/ZECON); the Secretariat is head- goal is to assist the wide scale dissemination of quartered in Nairobi. improved cookstoves in the developing world. This is done mainly by: FWD has identified several weaknesses in stoves programs-poor monitoring, lack of a * facilitating the exchange of information on commercial approach, little contact with the in- cookstoves, especially between stove formal sector for stove production, overem- agencies, phasis on governments rather than NGOs as development actors, and lack of involvement of * assisting stove agencies in developing professional food technologists and nutritionists countries to improve the quality of despite a widespread recognition of the impor- information generated on cookstoves, and tance of cooking techniques. * lhelping development agencies to formulate FWD activities include seven national sur- and initiate regional programs. veys to assess the impact of improved As a result of international workshops in cookstoves programs, a study in West Africa on 13 and 4 FWD has improving nutrition and fuel economy through adopted a decentralized structure based on seven cookuing techniques, and efforts to train women regional focal points managed by key local n survey techniques and projectmanagement. stove agencies. The focal points are in China Recently, FWD started publishing "Stove (CCRERT), Guatemala (CEMAT), India NewDs", a newsletter produced with assistance (CORT), Indonesia (YDD), Kenya (KENGO), from DGIS, the Netherlands. Senegal (ENDA) and Zimbabwe Consultants FWD/Matrix Therese Steverlynck, M.A. Oomen-Myin Korte Jansstraat 7, 3512 GM Utrecht Bea Groen Kariboestraat 51, 3523 PA Utrecht 13 FWD, Stoves for People.International Workshop, Guatemala, 410 Oc tober- 1 987,Statement of the Meeting, prepared by Yv onnlie Shanahan. 14 See e.g., FWD, Stove.sfor People: Proceedings ofSouthern Aficica Regional Workshop on Coor dination ofActivitie.sfor an Effective Networking Structure in Cookstoves, Harare, 11 13May 1988. 15 G.De Lepeleire, E.T. Ferguson, Th. Steverlync k,Foyers Ameliores, Elementsd'Evaluation Suggestions, Document deTr'vail du Seminaire CILSSFSS7'D, 27.93.10.84. 42 INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (IDS)ISPRU, UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX Brighton BN1 9RE, U.K. Energy Activities and WID community forestry projects, and identify pos- sible alternative courses of action. IDS has supported fellows and graduates working on energy and women-related sub- SPRU is editing a special issue of World jects.16 IDS is currently working on an assess- Development of case studies on diffusion of ment of Sri Lanka's biomass energy strategy NRSEs. An associated consulting firm (Sussex (funded by the ODA (Overseas Development Associates Limited) is preparing a practical Association)). The strategy attempts to establish guide to the integration of energy issues into the present and likely future extent of biomass rural development projects for the European energy shortages, evaluate ongoing stove and Communities. Contacts Mick Howes (IDS) Jim Tarrant (IDS) Andrew Barnett (SPRU) 16 See Bina Agarwal, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes: The Woodfuel Crisis in the Third World (Zed Books, London, 1986); and Lori-Ann Thrupp, Women. Wood and Work: The Imperative for Equity in Overcoming a Deeper "Energy Crisis." (Institute of Development Studies, M. Phil Program, Term Paper, April 1983). 43 INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP (ITDG) Myson House, Railway Terrace Rugby CV21 3HT, U.K. Energy Activities and WID income-generating activities for women involv- ing a biomass heat process (such as cassava and ITDG provides technical and nontechnical maize processing and fish smoking).20 advice and support to national organizations in small-scale technology, small enterprise Work in the agro-processing sector in- development, and biomass energy, including cludes projects in Kenya and Tanzania (sugar stove programs. processing), Malawi (drum oven bakeries, avocado processing, groundnut oil expelling), Under its Food for Fuel Programme,17 Mali (karite butter for soapmaking), Peru (food work is being done for small-scale energy con- processing using tray driers), Sri Lanka (kitu suming industries and households in Kenya treacle syrup, silk reeling/boiling, training), and (woodstoves testing, potter training, fish Zimbabwe (oil expelling, fruit drying). processing on Lake Victoria18), India (potter training, stoves), Maldives (assessment), and Sri As part of the UN Conference on the Lanka (urban stoves, potter training, etc.). ITDG Decade for Women in 1985, a technology guide has also done work on estimating the concentrating on technologies usedprimarily by socioeconomic benefits of different stove women worldwide was published. ITDG has production and dissemination distribution op- also done work under UNIFEM's Women and tions.19 A 1986 draft literature review describes FoodTechnologyProject. Contacts Simon Burne Alex Bush 17 Simon Burne and Yvonne Shanahan, Fuel for Food Programme. A Proposal, May 1986; and Kathryn H. Clarke, Annual Report April 1987-March 1988. 18 See Arthur Fleiss, "Fish Processing Project, L. Victoria, Kenya, Ufira & Ragwe Beach Profiles," April 1988. 19 S.S. Burne, "The Social Economics of Stove Production and Distribution," paper presented at the Woodstoves Dissemination conference in Guatemala, October 1987. 20 Jill Gordon, Biomass Energy Devices for Income Generation at the Household or Community Level, January 1986. 21 Ruby Sandhu and Joanne Sandier, The Tech and Tools Book: A Guide to Technologies Women Are Using Worldwide (International Women's Tribune Center and IT Publications, 1986). 44 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (IIED) 3 Endsleigh Street London WC] H ODD, U.K. WID Policy and Experience to gender issues by noting how a macro assess- ment can appear to lead to a crisis response and IIED has traditionally taken an approach crisis-style solutions. linking natural resource issues with poverty and socioeconomic analysis, and their work typically LIED presented case studies at the Sus- incorporates gender and household issues. tamnable Development Conference, 28-30 April 1987, some of which treated gender as well as Energy Activities and WID energy-related issues. IIED has also been developing a methodology using rapid rural ap- Relevant work includes a report to praisal in agroecosystem analysis. This may NORAD on Biomass Energy Issues and Options be applied in fuel scarce and fuel abundant for Africa, including a number of case studies, areas, for women and men, possibly starting in several of which examine gender issues specifi- Tanzania. cally. The report advocates a micro approach Contact Gerald Leach 22 Gerald Leach and Robin Mearns, Bioenergy Issues and Options for Africa, a Report to the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Development Cooperation, Energy and Development Programme, IIED, draft, January 1988. A revised version of the report has been published as a book, entitled Beyond the Woodfuel Crisis: People. Land and Trees in Africa (London, Earthscan Publications, 1987). 23 A number of case studies presented at the conference have been published as a book, Czech Conroy and Miles Litvinoff, eds., 1988 The Greening of Aid: Sustainable Livelihoods in Practice, London, Earthscan Publications. 24 See Gorgon R. Conway, Jules N. Pretty and Jennifer A. McCracken, An Introduction to Agroecosystem Analysis and Training Notes for Agroecosystem Analysis and Rapid Rural Appraisal, Sustainable Agriculture Programme, IIED, November 1987. 45 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN) 1196 Gland SWITZERLAND The IUCN is a network of environmental servation Strategy.25 Women and energy was and conservation organizations, both one subject covered. IUCN's General Assembly governmental and nongovernmental. It has es- in February 1988 resolved to establish a pro- tablished a working group on women and the gram on women and environment, and an ad- environment. A meeting of the group was held visor to run the program has been recruited in late 1987 to provide input to the World Con- (funded by SIDA). Contacts Petronella van der Oever (Population and Sustainable Development Coordinator) Colette Dhulot (Women and Environment) 25 IUCN, Women and the World Conservation Strategy: Report on the First Strategy Workshop (Gland, Switzerland, 25-27 November 1987). 46 PANOS INSTITUTE 8 Alfred Place London WCIE 7EB, U.K. Energy Activities and WID workers in agroforestry, as yet, has not been considered to the extent it has in agriculture. Panos has several activities in which 26 gender issues are involved. Panos sees a need to Work by Panos on rural electrification look at the relationship between dietary change has pointed out the value of electricity as a and women's changing roles in urban proven technology with benefits for lighting and households. Panos promotes centralized baking, ironing, easing the drudgery of housework for as it eliminates a large portion of household fuel women, community services such as water use. pumping and medical care, refrigeration, productive uses in farming and industry, etc. Panos is preparing agroforestry profiles in Case studies have been carried out or are ongo- Africa for SIDA. The need for female extension ing in about ten countries. Contact Gerald Foley 26 Gerald Foley, "Rural Electrification Programme; The Rural Electrification Dilemma," presented at Surrey Energy Economics Centre meeting on Rural Electrification in the Third World, March 1988. 47 SOCIAL FORESTRY NETWORK Overseas Development Institute Regent's College, Inner Circle Regent's Park, London NW 14NS, U.K. The Social Forestry Network is one of four lects documentation, and publishes and dis- networks run by the Overseas Development In- tributes short informal articles submitted by stitute (ODI) for the dissemination of research members on their field work. A register of mem- and the exchange of ideas and experience be- bers is available. The network is preparing an tween countries. The network was started in annotated bibliography on women and 1985, and 45 percent of its 800 members are in agroforestry. the Third World. It publishes a newsletter, col- Consultants The network is a source of materials, contacts and consultants on social aspects offorestry, including but not limited to gender issues. 27 ODI Social Forestry Network, Register of Members, October 1987. 48