SFG1171 V25 ATHI WATER SERVICE BOARD ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROPOSED MAKOMBOKI, KIRURI AND ICHICHI WATER SUPPLY PROJECT IN MURANG’A COUNTY PROJECT REPORT AUGUST 2017 KENFACE ENCONSULTS (AFRICA) LTD 1ST FLOOR MIRAGE PLAZA, MOMBASA ROAD P. O. BOX 14219 00100 - NAIROBI E-Mail: Info@Kenfaceafrica.Org Tel: 020 6007973, Fax: 020 6007022 Website: www.Kenfaceafrica.Org FACT SHEET Water and Sanitation Services Improvement Project Additional Project Financing (WaSSIP-AF) - Construction of community water supply projects neighbouring the northern collector water scheme. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Assignment Name Makomboki, Kiruri and Ichichi Water Supply Project. The project coverage involves the locations of Makomboki, Location Kangari, Kiruri and Ichichi. Main water use Domestic Proponent Athi Water Service Board KENFACE ENCONSULTS (AFRICA) LTD st Name and address 1 Floor Mirage Plaza, Mombasa Road P. O. Box 14219 00100 - Nairobi of the consultant E-Mail: Info@Kenfaceafrica.Org Tel: 020 6007973, Fax: 020 6007022 Start date August 2017 Completion date July 2018 Targeted users Approximate population of 50,000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The EIA consultant is grateful to the project proponent for commissioning us to conduct this Environmental Impact Assessment Report in respect of the proposed project. We would like to further acknowledge with great appreciation the people of Makomboki, Kiruri and Ichichi who participated in the public consultation process for their cooperation throughout the exercise. The team further acknowledges the support from the Athi water service board project officers who assisted the consultant with project information and their involvement in public consultation. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County ABBREVIATIONS AWSB Athi Water Service Board CLO Community Liaison Officer EA Environmental audit EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product GOK Government of Kenya HIV/AIDs Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired immune deficiency syndrome KFS Kenya Forest Service KWS Kenya Wildlife Service NEAP National Environment Action Plan NEMA National Environmental Management Authority OP Operational Policy WASREB Water Service Regulatory Board WRMA Water Resource Management Authority WSB Water Service Board WSP Water Service Provider WSTF Water Service Trust Fund i Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 1.1. BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ........................................................................................... 1 1.3 ESIA OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................... 2 1.4. PROJECT LOCATION .................................................................................................. 3 1.5 SCOPE OF THE ESIA STUDY...................................................................................... 3 1.6. ESIA GUIDING PRINCIPLES ...................................................................................... 4 1.7. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 5 1.8. ESIA TEAM .............................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY PROJECT ....... 7 2.1. PROJECT DESIGN...................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1. Kiruri & Ichichi Community Water Supply ......................................................... 9 2.1.2. Makomboki Community Water Supply ........................................................... 15 CHAPTER THREE: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................... 21 3.1. OVERVIEW OF THE POLICY FRAMEWORK .................................................................. 21 3.1.1 National Water Policy..................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Water Catchments Management Policies ...................................................... 21 3.1.3 Policy on Environment and Development....................................................... 21 3.2 OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK .......................................................... 22 3.2.1 The Constitution of Kenya .............................................................................. 22 3.2.2 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA), 1999 and amendment Act 2015 ................................................................................................... 23 3.2.3 Water Act, 2016 ............................................................................................. 27 3.2.4 Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2007 ..................................................... 28 3.2.5 The Public Health Act (Cap 242) .................................................................... 30 3.2.6 The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013 .................................. 31 3.2.7 The Forest Act No 7, 2005 ............................................................................. 32 3.2.8 Land Related Acts ......................................................................................... 33 ii Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 3.2.9 The County Governments Act 2012 ............................................................... 34 3.2.10 The Kenya Roads Board Act, 1999 ................................................................ 35 3.2.11 The Standards Act CAP 496 and the Standard Amendment Act 2004 ........... 35 3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................... 36 3.3.1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation ...................................................................... 36 3.3.2 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources ............................................ 37 3.3.3 Kenya Forest Service..................................................................................... 39 3.3.4 Kenya Wildlife Service ................................................................................... 39 3.3.5 Kahuti and Murang’a South Water and Sanitation Companies ....................... 39 3.3.6 County Government of Murang’a ................................................................... 40 3.4 W ORLD BANK SAFEGUARDS TRIGGERED BY THE PROJECT .............................................. 40 3.4.1 Environmental Assessment OP 4.01 ................................................................... 40 3.4.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) .................................................................... 41 3.4.3 Physical Cultural Resources O.P 4.11................................................................. 42 3.4.4 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) .................................................................................. 43 3.4.5 Forests O.P 4.36............................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER FOUR: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ................................................................. 45 4.1 “NO ACTION” ALTERNATIVE ..................................................................................... 45 4.2. ALTERNATIVES TO INTAKE SITE .................................................................................... 45 4.2.1 Makomboki intake .......................................................................................... 46 4.2.2 Ichichi, Kiruri Intake........................................................................................ 46 4.3 WATER SOURCES ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................ 47 4.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ......................................................................................... 47 4.5. PIPELINE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 48 4.6 SYSTEM PRESSURE ............................................................................................... 49 4.7 ECONOMIC VELOCITIES ........................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER FIVE: BASELINE INFORMATION .................................................................... 50 5.1. OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................. 50 5.2. LOCATION ............................................................................................................. 50 5.2.1. Kiruri & Ichichi Water Supply System ................................................................. 50 5.2.2. Makomboki Water Supply System ...................................................................... 51 5.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION .................................................................... 51 5.3.1 Climate .......................................................................................................... 51 5.3.2. Topography and Geology .............................................................................. 53 5.3.3. Soils ................................................................................................................... 53 5.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................... 53 iii Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 5.4.1 Flora .............................................................................................................. 53 5.4.2 Fauna ............................................................................................................ 55 5.4.3 Status of Flora and Fauna within the project site ............................................ 56 5.5 SOCIO – ECONOMIC SITUATION .................................................................................... 58 5.5.1. Administration .................................................................................................... 58 5.5.2. Population ...................................................................................................... 58 5.5.3. Education....................................................................................................... 59 5.5.4. Health facilities and disease prevalence ........................................................ 60 5.5.5. Transport ....................................................................................................... 60 5.5.6. Commerce and Industry ................................................................................. 60 5.5.7 Agriculture ..................................................................................................... 61 5.5.8 Current water situation ................................................................................... 61 5.5.9. Economy and Income situation ...................................................................... 63 5.6 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES ......................................................................................... 63 5.6.1 HIV/AIDS ....................................................................................................... 63 5.6.2 Gender........................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER SIX: PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION .................................. 66 6.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 66 6.2 OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION .................................................................. 66 6.3. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS.................................................................................. 66 6.3.1 Government stakeholders ................................................................................... 66 6.3.2 Community level Stakeholders ............................................................................ 68 6.4 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 70 6.5 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM .......................................................................... 70 6.5.1 Local Residents Complaints Procedure ......................................................... 70 6.5.2 Procedure ...................................................................................................... 71 6.5.3 Responding to a Complaint ............................................................................ 71 6.5.4 Monitoring Complaints ................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER SEVEN: POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ................... 73 7.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 73 7.2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE ..................................................... 73 7.2.1 Positive impacts ............................................................................................. 73 7.2.2 Negative impacts................................................................................................. 74 7.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS DURING OPERATIONS .................................................................... 84 7.3.1 Positive Impacts............................................................................................. 84 7.3.2 Negative Impacts ........................................................................................... 85 iv Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 7.4 DECOMMISSIONING PHASE ..................................................................................... 87 7.4.1. Negative Impacts ........................................................................................... 88 7.4.2. Positive Impacts............................................................................................. 88 CHAPTER EIGHT: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .................. 90 8.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 90 8.2 TABLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................... 91 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ................................................................. 105 8.3.1 Overview...................................................................................................... 105 8.3.2 Internal Monitoring ....................................................................................... 105 8.3.3 External Monitoring and Evaluation.............................................................. 107 8.3.4 Environmental Monitoring Program for the operation phase......................... 111 8.4 DECOMMISSIONING PLAN ...................................................................................... 112 8.5 RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE EMP .............................................................................. 112 8.5.1 AWSB .......................................................................................................... 112 8.5.2 NEMA .......................................................................................................... 113 8.5.3 The contractor.............................................................................................. 113 8.5.4 Murang’a County ......................................................................................... 113 8.5.5 Water service providers ............................................................................... 113 8.5.6 Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) ...................................... 113 8.5.7 Kenya Forest Service................................................................................... 113 8.5.8 Kenya Wildlife Service ................................................................................. 114 CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ......................................... 115 9.1 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 115 9.2 RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................... 116 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 117 APPENDICES................................................................................................................... 118 v Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County EXECUTIVE SUMMARY E1. Overview Kenya is among the countries considered to be water scarce countries in Africa. The access to clean water in the country is estimated to be at 90% in urban areas, 44% in the rural areas and overall national average stands at about 57%.To increase the access to clean water and improved sanitation provision in rural areas within its area of jurisdiction, Athi Water Services Board has identified the need to improve the water supply in Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi in Murang’a county. The project objective is to provide adequate drinking water to the people neighbouring the Northern collector tunnel in Kangari and Kangema division in Murang’a County and in particular targets administrative locations of Makomboki, Kiruri, Ichichi and Kanyenyaini which borders the Aberdare forest to the North and lies along the Northern Collector Tunnel. E2. Objectives The EIA was conducted mainly to comply with the existing environmental legislation primarily EMCA (1999), and Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003 among others. Specifically, the study sought to:  Identify possible impacts of the proposed project on the environment;  Evaluate alternatives to the proposed project;  Predict likely changes on the environment as a result of the development;  Propose mitigation measures for the significant negative impacts of the proposed project on the environment; Generate baseline data for monitoring and evaluation impact, including mitigation measures during the project cycle; and, Highlight environmental issues with a view to guiding policy makers, planners, stakeholders and government agencies to make environmentally and economically sustainable decisions. E3. Methodology The consultant used a combination of tools to gather pertinent information for the study. This included:  Field visits to the proposed project site; vi Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County  Documents analysis;  Key Informants Interviews;  Photography; and,  Public Barazas. E4. Project description Kiruri & Ichichi Community Water Supply The proposed project is meant to abstract water from a tributary of South Mathioya River by construction of a diversion weir about 8.5 km inside Aberdare forest. The source of water for the small existing community water systems at Ichichi and Kiruri is not sufficient and sustainable for the target population of 25,789 in Kiruri, Ichichi and Kanyenyaini locations. The current situation informed the need to have a new water source which would provide sufficient pressure to command the highest point in the area. The Kiruri and Ichichi water system will have the following key components: i. 1No. diversion weir and 2No. intake chambers. ii. DN 280 mm - 8.6 km long conveyance line inside the forest. iii. DN 90- 200mm - 15.9 km long main pipelines. iv. DN 63- 90mm - 15.2 km distribution pipelines. v. 2 no.-225 m3 masonry storage tanks. vi. 8 no. -10m3 break pressure tanks. Makomboki Community Water Supply The proposed project involves the rehabilitation of the existing Gikakima Self Help Group Community Water Supply system which covers most parts of Makomboki location. This was found to be the most economical and less controversial approach to improve the access to drinking water for the Makomboki population. E5. Scope of the Study This environmental impact assessment (EIA) study is designed in accordance with the terms of reference to address the following issues: - Review of the activities of the project - Review of policy and institutional framework - To verify compliance with the environmental regulation and industry standards; - To identify and assess all potential impacts of the proposed project; vii Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County - To identify all potential significant adverse impacts of the project and recommend measures for mitigation; - To identify problems (non-conformity) and recommend measures to improve the existing management system; - Scoping and screening of impacts - Public consultation - Development of an environmental management framework - To assess compliance with Company’s corporate environmental policy requirements; - To prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment Report compliant to the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999) and the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations (2003), detailing findings and recommendations. E 6. Project alternatives In selecting the source of the water and the location of the intake structure, the following was considered; (a) The location to command sufficient dynamic water pressure over all the consumer points in the project area. (b) Quality of water with appropriate treatment would meet the required standards of safe drinking water. (c) Quantity of water at the source is sufficient to meet the current and future water requirements. (d) The source is away from possible water pollution such as human excreta, industrial discharges or agricultural run-ff. (e) The site should allow a stable structure at low cost. (f) Other outstanding favourable conditions. In this case the following other conditions were considered favourable in the Makomboki intake site;  The location is just downstream a convergence point of two tributaries and hence more river flow is realized downstream than upstream of the convergence point.  The profile of the area around is suitable for creating a reservoir upstream of the weir for water storage between off peak and peak water demand hence ensure constant water flow. viii Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County E7. Potential Impacts and mitigation Measures Abstraction and distribution of water has got direct and indirect interactions with the environmental and social setting of the affected areas and downstream of the source streams. Among the broad linkages include the following:  Abstractions reduces the flows in the target rivers and streams effectively denying the ecosystems and social requirements downstream the opportunity for the associated values,  On the other hand, transmission involves trenching, physical installations (pipelines, tanks, treatment works and support structures).  Finally, operations water supply reticulation has attached risks to social aspects such as water accessibility conflicts, wastage of water, economic factors associated with water (e.g. the concepts and modalities of paying for water). The report identifies, describes, evaluates and develops means of mitigating potential environmental impacts of proposed water supply project in Murang’a County. E8. Environmental and social management plan ESMP implementation will be the mandate of the proponent (AWSB). The companies/firms contracted to do the water supply are required to comply with the requirements of the EMP in this report. They shall also be required to ensure that the ESMP is well updated. E9. Issues raised during public consultations During public consultations, various aspects of the project were discussed. The issues raised by the community members touched on water scarcity, employment and anticipated benefits. Detailed account of the discussions is presented in chapter six. E10. Recommendation It is strongly recommended that a concerted effort is made by all the stakeholders to implement the Environmental and Social Management Plan. During the operation and maintenance of the project, it is necessary that environmental regulations be strictly adhered to. The performance of the system should also be monitored against the recommended mitigation measures to ensure sustainability. E11. Overall Public Opinion The construction of the proposed project in the area will have far reaching positive environmental impact on the community in terms of accessibility to quality water. The ix Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County project area has water challenges which continue to stifle socio-economic development and threaten livelihoods. It is for this reason that the community members are very supportive of the project. It was also established that all the identified negative environmental impacts will be effectively mitigated through full implementation of the ESMP. x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background The project is financed by the World Bank under the WASSIP-AF (Water and Sanitation Services Improvement Project Additional Financing) project and implemented by Athi Water Services Board. AWSB is currently implementing the Northern Collector (NCT) Phase 1 project which involves construction of a new raw water transfer tunnel along the eastern fringe of the Aberdare forest. The tunnel project will transfer raw water from intakes at the Maragua, Gikigie and Irati to an outlet at the Githika River near Makomboki, upstream of the existing Thika reservoir. The works are aimed at supplying portable water to Nairobi City and its environs in line with the National Development Plan, Vision 2030 which prioritizes improvement of water services to Nairobi City and the surrounding areas. As part of the Northern Collector Tunnel Phase 1 project, the GOK through AWSB has undertaken to improve the living standards and increase water supply to communities along the tunnel and its surrounding. The GOK through AWSB has therefore initiated some Water Supply projects in Murang’a County. In particular, AWSB has initiated this project (Proposed Makomboki, Kiruri and Ichichi Water Supply Project) to serve approximately 50,000 people in Gitwe-Kanderendu in Kigumo sub-county upstream of Thika Dam, Makomboki, Ichichi, Karurumo and Kiruri communities along the tunnel in order to increase water supply in the area. 1.2. Project justification The water sector in Kenya has been undergoing radical transformation driven by the new national policy, which separates water resources management and development from water services delivery. This conforms to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), the Economic Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation and it is backed up by the Water Act of 2002 now Water Act of 2016. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) recognizes that water is a basic need and an important catalyst for both economic and social development of the country. It states that “access to water for human consumption, agriculture, and livestock use is a major problem in rural areas. 1 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County The water supply situation in rural areas has deteriorated over the years to a point where demand cannot be sustained with current systems. Access to piped water has not increased since 1989 and those accessing other water sources have increased during the same period.” The PRSP seeks to provide affordable safe water and sanitation to majority of the poor at reasonable distances. This is expected to enhance efforts to meet the Sustainable Development Goals and realize the objectives of the Vision 2030. The country needs to provide water to an estimated 60% of the population (about 16 million people) who have no access to improved water sources, reduce uncounted for water that currently stands at over 50% and manage water provision in sustainable, business-like approach. Provision of safe and adequate water is an effective and efficient intervention for fighting poverty, disease and social disparities. This intervention alone has positive impacts on all other MDGs and the attainment of the Vision 2030. Makomboki, Kiruri and Ichichi communities suffer from shortage of clean safe water for domestic use and earlier investigations on alternatives are not considered sustainable. In the project area, provision of clean safe water will reduce costs of health care and child - mortality by reducing water - related infections which will ultimately contribute to attainment of MDGs: Universal Primary Education by freeing time for children, especially the girls, and by improving their nutritional status. The project will promote gender equity and empower women by releasing the time they now spend fetching water and seeking medication. Young people will have more time for formal and informal education and this will contribute to combating HIV / AIDS, and in line with the Kenyan constitution and the vision 2030. It is against this background that Athi Water Services Board has proposed the development of the proposed water supply system to meet the water requirements for the entire area to enhance social-economic improvement leading to poverty reduction. 1.3 ESIA objectives The objective of the study is to carry out an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the project areas in accordance with the Environmental Impact 2 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County and Audit Regulations 2003 and the international guidelines for ESIA and submit report to NEMA for approval. On the social impact assessment, it includes; carrying out a social-economic and social environmental status analysis through a baseline survey and prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). Under the Second Schedule of the EMCA, an ESIA is mandatory for a project that is outside the character of its surroundings. The purpose of an ESIA is to provide information to regulators, the public and other stakeholders to aid the decision-making process. The objectives of an ESIA are to:  Define the scope of the project and the potential interactions of project activities with the environment (natural and social);  Identify relevant national and international legislation, standards and guidelines and to ensure that they are considered at all stages of project development;  Provide a description of the proposed project activities and the existing environmental and social conditions that the project activities may interact with;  Predict, describe and assess impacts that may result from project activities and identify mitigation measures and management actions to avoid, reduce, remedy or compensate for significant adverse effects and, where practicable, to maximize potential positive impacts and opportunities; and  Provide a plan for implementation of mitigation measures and management of residual impacts as well as methods for monitoring the effectiveness of the plan 1.4. Project location The project coverage involves the locations of Makomboki, Kangari, Kiruri and Ichichi in Murang’a County. 1.5 Scope of the ESIA Study The consultant was commissioned by the proponent to undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study for the proposed water supply project and to prepare a report for consideration by the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and subsequent authorization to implement the proposed project. 3 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County The guidelines to conducting an ESIA as per Environmental (Impact and Audit) regulations 2003, applied in addition to terms of reference between the proponent and the environmental firm. The study was conducted to identify the proposed project implementation activities in order to identify the associated potential positive and negative impacts in order to formulate the necessary mitigation measures at an early stage. The negative and positive impacts of the project activities were assessed in form of benefits and losses to the community and in the light of the mitigation measures before the decision are made on the way forward. The decision to approve the project implementation or not lies with NEMA. The EIA study included assessment of impacts of the project during construction, operation and decommissioning activities on the following:  Physical environment;  Flora and Fauna;  Land use;  Social economic aspects; and  Public and occupational health and safety. The study assessed the impacts of the proposed development on the environment in accordance with EMCA (2015) and covering the following:  Baseline information;  Activities of the project;  Design of the project;  Materials to be used;  Methodology;  Assessment of potential environmental impacts of the project and mitigation measures;  Economic and social impacts to the local community and mitigation measures;  Health and safety measures; and  Environmental and social management and monitoring plan. 1.6. ESIA Guiding Principles The guiding principles for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment are: 4 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County (i)It requires that all environmental concerns must be accounted for in all development activities; (ii) It encourages public participation in all stages of proposed project development. It increases the ownership and sustainability; (iii) It also recognizes the role of social and cultural principles traditionally used in the management of the environment and natural resources; (iv) International cooperation in the use and wise management of shared resources. (v) Intra-generation and inter-generation equality; (vi) Polluter-pays principle; and (vii) The precautionary principle. 1.7. Methodology The impacts of the proposed project were assessed through project site visits and the following:  Evaluation of the location, extent of the water supply pipelines, the treatment works and the current land use of the project area;  Evaluation of the design and proposed construction materials and methodology and;  Stakeholders meetings and Public Barazas; The assessment team used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through site visits, personal interviews and public consultations. While at the site, the consultant used key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews and observations. Secondary data was obtained through literature review. Literature Review Information obtained through literature review enabled us to obtain:  Relevant laws and regulations;  Socio-economic information;  Water quality criteria to apply - potable, livestock etc.;  Data gaps to be filled; Social, environment, community and land ownership criteria likely to influence the construction and operation of the project; Site Visits The team visited the project site in order to: 5 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County  Develop a better understanding of the project area;  Consult the local people about the proposed project and document their views; and  Assess project impacts. Public Consultations Public consultation was also undertaken as part of the ESIA in order to obtain the views of members of the affected community and interested groups within the area of influence. Public barazas were held in Ichichi and Makomboki on 17-02-2017 and 07/03/2017 respectively. 1.8. ESIA Team The Environmental Impact Assessment was undertaken by the following team of experts: (i)/Team Leader – Water Engineer (ii) Lead EIA Expert (iii) Sociologist (iv) Civil Engineer (v) Field Support. 6 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY PROJECT The projects are located in Murang’a County with two independent project areas (1) Kiruri & Ichichi and (2) Makomboki water supply projects as shown in Figure 2.2 and 2.5. The two projects namely are located in Kangema and Kigumo sub-counties of Murang’a County. The intake works are located upstream of the proposed Northern Collector Tunnel (NCT) Phase 1 project and are meant to serve residents living along the NCT1 project. This is part of AWSB strategy to address the water needs of the communities living along and downstream of the NCT Phase 1 project. The communities living downstream of the NCT will be served by various projects being undertaken by AWSB. They include: i. Murang'a Community Water Project; ii. Gatanga Community Water Project; iii. Gatango Community Water Project; iv. Ichichi, Kiruri and Makomboki Water project; v. Gataguaguga Community Water tank; vi. Ithanga Community Water Project; and vii. Extension of water supply line to Kambiti and Kambirwa. All these projects are in different stages of implementation with some including Murang'a Community Water Project and Gataguaguga Community Water tank being operational. Figure 2.1 below is a map showing the proposed project, the NCT1 project and the downstream water supply projects. 7 Figure 2.1: Map showing the proposed project, the NCT1 project and the downstream water supply projects . 8 2.1. Project design 2.1.1. Kiruri & Ichichi Community Water Supply The proposed project is meant to abstract water from a tributary of South Mathioya River (Manguyo stream) by construction of a diversion weir about 8.5 km inside Aberdare forest. The source of water for the small existing community water systems at Ichichi and Kiruri is not sufficient and sustainable for the target population of 25,789 in Kiruri, Ichichi and Kanyenyaini locations. The current situation informed the need to have a new water source which would provide sufficient pressure to command the highest point in the area. The Kiruri and Ichichi water system will have the following key components: i. 1no. diversion weir and 2 no. intake chambers. ii. DN 280 mm - 8.6 km long conveyance line inside the forest. iii. DN 90- 200mm - 15.9 km long main pipelines. iv. DN 63- 90mm - 15.2 km distribution pipelines. v. 2no.-225m3 masonry storage tanks. vi. 8no. -10m3 break pressure tanks. Analysis of water samples within the intake area was undertaken by Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) on 21st March 2017. The PH was found to be slightly lower than the recommended levels of 6.5 to 8.5 with readings of 6.26 at the intake and 6.35 at consumer connections. However the water is considered fit for human consumption. Therefore, a treatment plant has not been proposed for this project. See Appendix V for the test results. 2.1.1.1. Intake An intake comprising of a weir across the river and the intake chamber have been proposed with a capacity of 3600m3 per day to serve a population of about 25,789 persons. From the hydrological assessment report (Appendix IX), the water available for allocation from the normal flow of Mathioya South River is 35,510.4m3/day. Assuming the allocated 9,008.5032 m3/day was from Mathioya South River, the balance would be 26,501.8968 m3/day. However, analysis of discharge available in Mathioya North River indicates that 89,856.00 m3/day of water is available from the normal flow of Mathioya North River. This indicates adequate water resources in Mathioya South and Mathioya North Rivers. For Manguyo Stream, the normal flow for allocation is the difference 9 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County between Q80 and Q95 equivalent to 4,155.84m3/day. This amount is not allocated and will be available for this project. The project has already applied and obtained a public water use permit to abstract 3,600m3/day of the available normal flow from Manguyo Stream (see Appendix VI). With the approval of the request to abstract the 3,600.00m3/day of normal flow of Manguyo Stream, the balance will be 555.84 m 3/day. The intake was designed to have the following main components;  Diversion weir body: A reinforced concrete weir across the river has been proposed to dam the water, set and raise the static head of the water and direct the water into the intake chamber. The dimensions of the weir are as follows; - Ø Length across the river – 6m. - Height – 1m. - Bottom width – 1.9m and - Ø Top width – 0.5m. Figure 2.2: Kiruri & Ichichi diversion weir body  Intake chamber for collecting water into the inlet pipe. A reinforced concrete intake chamber has been proposed with two chambers i.e. collecting chamber and gate valve chamber. The intake chamber has been equipped with the following main components; - Fine screen – To prevent floating leaves and other course materials that are more than 5mm diameter from entering the intake chamber. 10 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County - DN 300mm steel bell mouth. - To allow smooth entry (with little frictional resistance) of water into the inlet pipe. - DN 300mm gate valve and gate valve chamber – To control entry of the water into the inlet pipe. - DN 300mm bulk water meter - This has been located a few meters away from the intake chamber. - DN 150mm bell mouth, compensation /scour pipe and a gate valve: This system serves to flush off sediments at the bottom of the intake chamber and also allows continuous flow of water along the river channel downstream (environmental flow). Flushing of sediments has been designed to be continuous. The intake site is rocky which will provide a good foundation for the intake. The elevation of the top of the weir is 2445.15 masl which is sufficient to move the water by gravity to a storage tank at the edge of the forest 2425.21 masl.  Sluice way and sluice gate - A path has been designed between the intake chamber and the weir body which remains closed by a sluice gate during the normal running of the system. The gate is opened occasionally to flush sediments that settle behind the sluice gate at the entry to the intake chamber. Other design considerations have been adopted to facilitate flushing of the system.  Wing walls - Reinforced wing/ retaining walls have been designed 5.7m long to divert water into the main channel and also prevents undermining the intake. 2.1.1.2. Conveyance Pipeline An 8.6 km conveyance line has been designed to convey a discharge of 3600m 3 per day up to the Karurumo water tank. The conveyance line runs across an undulating terrain with steep slopes and rocky grounds. In this regard, steel pipes have been considered in such areas and appropriate number of air valves, washout and anchor blocks have been factored. The table below describes the components of the conveyance line; Table 2.1: Kiruri - Ichichi Conveyance line. Design Discharge (m3/hour) Pipe Diameter(mm) Material Length (m) 150 280 uPVC 6,366 250 Steel 2,130 11 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 2.1.1.3 Mainlines and Distribution lines Table 2.2: Mainlines and Distribution lines Name of Total Maximum Design Area Served/ Pipe Size and Pipeline Length(m) Discharge (m3/hr) Termination point Material Kiruri Main 5320 117.5 Kawariua & 200mm uPVC line Magomano junction 160mm uPvc Ichichi main Ichichi Storage 150mm steel line 6055 32.3 Tank 110mm uPvc Kawariua 1950 80.8 Kibutha, Ngoeini 160mm uPvc Mainline and Githiga (the mainline connects to KAWASCO system at Kawariua) Magomano 2660 16.1 Gatara & Githambo 90mm uPvc Mainline junction Gatara 3980 8.1 75 mm uPvc Distribution Gatara area and Line surrounding Githambo 2370 8.1 63 mm uPvc Distribution Githambo area and Line surrounding Ichichi 5240 13.8 Downstream of 90mm uPvc Distribution Ichichi shopping Line centre 75 mm uPvc Gikigie 3501 7 Gikigie area 75 mm uPvc Distribution Line The Kawariua mainline is designed to connect to Kahuti Water and Sanitation Company (KAWASCO) system that has a pipe network to supply water to parts of Githiga, Ngoeini and Kibutha location. Other pipe appurtenances such as air valves, washouts marker post have been included in the proposed projects. 2.1.1.4 Water Tanks Two storage tanks with a capacity of 225m3 have been designed for the Kiruri & Ichichi area. The Karurumo storage tank is at the end of the conveyance (Forest guard house) and the Ichichi Tank is at Nduini area in Ichichi location at chainage 3+050. The tanks acts as balancing tanks, emergency storage and as break pressure tanks. 12 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 2.1.1.5 Break Pressure Tanks Eight 10m3 break pressure tanks have been proposed for the following pipelines; Kiruri mainline, Kawariua, Magomano, Ichichi, Gatara distribution, Githambo, Ichichi distribution and Gikigie. The design prefers the break pressure tanks over the pressure reducing valves for pressure reduction. The break pressure tanks do not require special techniques for operation and maintenance are more durable and shall also function as water storage and balancing facility. The preferred BPT over PRV’S is on the assumption that the system shall be operated by the community hence the above considerations are paramount. The break pressure tanks have been located in such a way that the pressure is reduced as required and the terrain downstream provides sufficient pressure to drive water to the desired points downstream. A similar design criterion has been applied for the BPTs in Makomboki project. The BPTs have been designed to reduce pressure ranging from 32m to 128m depending on the pipeline profile. 13 Figure 2.3: Layout of Kiruri and Ichichi water supply project 14 2.1.2. Makomboki Community Water Supply The proposed project involves the rehabilitation of the existing Gikakima Self Help Group Community Water Supply system which covers most parts of Makomboki location. This was found to be the most economical and less controversial approach to improve the access to drinking water for the Makomboki population. Consultations with the Gikakima Self Help Group leaders and other Makomboki community leader was conducted before this decision was made. Minutes of meeting by Gikakima Self Help Group endorsing the project is attached as Appendix I. The approach of rehabilitating the Gikakima project is more economical and less controversial in view of the following; i. There is already an existing infrastructure that covers a considerable large population of the Makomboki location. ii. The source has proved reliable over the period that the project has been in use and the main challenge has been the water seepage under the weir body which the design seeks to rectify. iii. The works would require minimal way leave land acquisition. The aim of the rehabilitation works is to improve the capacity and efficiency of the system and to increase the current project’s population coverage. The project is designed to cover additional population in areas such as; Gatiaini, Makomboki shopping centre and surrounding, Ngurweini and possibly Gituru area. The following works have been proposed; i. Re construction of the existing intake – diversion weir and intake chamber i.e. demolishing the existing intake works and constructing another intake with minimal interruption to the current water supply. The current intake is dilapidated and repairing the intake is economically and technically unfeasible. ii. DN 90- 200mm – 9.4 km long main pipelines. iii. DN 90- 110mm – 4.2 km long sub main pipelines. iv. 2 no. -225 m3 masonry storage tanks. v. 1no. 150m3 masonry storage tank. vi. 1 no. -10m3 break pressure tanks. 15 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County The proposed works once adopted will have increase the coverage area but future interventions are required such as additional distribution networks and augmentation of the existing sub mains and distribution lines. Figure 2.4: Dilapidated weir body at Gikakima intake in Makomboki The proposed works is not expected to have significant impacts on the environment and more so on the environmental flows since the works involves rehabilitation of an existing system. The project was initially constructed in 2007 by Gikakima Self Help Group and they have an existing permit from WRMA. The proposed project is intended to abstract a total of 2,000m3/day from Githika River. Water analysis of water samples within the intake area was undertaken by Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) on 20st March 2017. It was found that the water is fit for human consumption. Therefore, a treatment plant has not been proposed for this project. See Appendix V for the test results. 2.1.2.1. Intake The information gathered from the technical team that was involved in the construction of the intake and from observation is that the intake sits on deep loamy soil. Such nature of underlying material provides poor foundation for the structures and also leads to water piping below the intake structure. The design was made with that in perspective. Some of the design consideration for the intake structure to reduce water seepage includes; i. Provision of an impermeable reinforced concrete cut off wall downstream and upstream of the weir to increase the water seepage distance. The depth of the cut off wall may vary depending on the results of further investigations. 16 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County ii. Provision of an impermeable reinforced concrete apron downstream and upstream of the weir to increase the seepage distance. iii. Provision of deeper wing walls to increase the water seepage distance. iv. Provision of water proof concrete on all the intake structures. The intake was designed to have the following main components; i. Diversion weir body: A reinforced concrete weir across the river with similar dimensions as the existing structure. The dimensions of the weir are as follows;  Length across the river – 8m.  Height – 1m.  Bottom width – 1.9m and  Top width – 0.5m. ii. Intake chamber for collecting water into the inlet pipe. A reinforced concrete intake chamber has been proposed with two chambers i.e. collecting chamber and gate valve chamber. The intake chamber has been equipped with the following main components;  Fine screen – To prevent floating leaves and other course materials that are more than 5mm diameter from entering the intake chamber.  DN 300mm steel bell mouth. - To allow smooth entry (with little frictional resistance) of water into the inlet pipe.  DN 300mm gate valve and gate valve chamber – To control entry of the water into the inlet pipe.  DN 300mm bulk water meter - This has been located a few meters away from the intake chamber.  DN 150mm bell mouth, compensation pipe/scour pipe and a gate valve: This system serves to flush off sediments at the bottom of the intake chamber and also to allow continuous flow of water along the river channel downstream (environmental flow). Flushing of sediments has been designed to be continuous. iii. Sluice way and sluice gate - A path has been designed between the intake chamber and the weir body which remains closed by a sluice gate during the normal running of the system. The gate is opened occasionally to flush sediments that settle behind the sluice gate at the entry to the intake chamber. Other design considerations have been adopted to facilitate flushing of the system as shown in the intake drawings. 17 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County iv. Wing walls - Reinforced wing/ retaining walls have been designed 13.8m long to divert water into the main channel and also prevents undermining the intake. Figure 2.5: Makomboki weir with apron and cut off wall Gikakima Self Help Group have an existing water use permit for the existing intake weir. A copy is attached to this report (Appendix VII). 2.1.2.2 Mainlines and Distribution lines Table 2.3: Mainlines and distribution lines Pipeline Name Distance Pipe size and Comment (m) Material Gitwe Mainline 160mm Upvc New pipeline 8590 90mm Upvc Kanderendu 832 200mm uPVC Replacing all the existing 160mm Kimotho Mainline Upvc pipe. Kanderendu sub 2880 160mm Upvc Replacing part of the existing main 110mm Upvc pipe. Kimotho sub main 1320 110mm Upvc Replacing part of the existing 90mm Upvc pipe. Other pipe appurtenances such as air valves, washouts marker post etc. have been included in the proposed projects as indicated in the design criteria. 18 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 2.1.2.3. Storage Tanks Two 225m3 storage tanks have been proposed for Kanderendu and Kimotho sub mains at chainage 0+000 and 1+320 respectively. The tanks acts as balancing tanks, emergency storage and as break pressure tanks. 2.1.2.4. Break Pressure Tanks One break pressure tanks has been proposed for Gitwe mainline at chainage 4 + 375m. 19 Figure 2.6: Layout of Makomboki water supply project 20 CHAPTER THREE: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 3.1. Overview of the Policy Framework 3.1.1 National Water Policy The National Policy of Water which was promulgated in April 1999 as Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1999 calls for decentralization of operational activities from the central government to other sectors, including local authorities, the private sector and increased involvement of communities in order to improve efficiency in service delivery. It also tackles issues pertaining to water supply and sanitation facilities development, institutional framework and financing of the sector. According to the policy, in order to enable sustainable water supply and sanitation services, there is need to apply alternative management options that are participatory through enhanced involvement of others in the provision of these services but particularly the private sector. The overall objective of the National Water Policy is to lay the foundation for the rational and efficient framework for meeting the water needs for national economic development, poverty alleviation, environmental protection and social wellbeing of the people through sustainable water resource management. 3.1.2 Water Catchments Management Policies The policy on water catchments management has been shaped over time by two Sessional Papers as listed below:  Sessional paper No. 1 of 1968; and  Kenya Forest Development Policy Sessional Paper No. 9 of May 2005 Sessional Paper No. 9 encourages the involvement of the private sector, communities and other stakeholders’ participation in forest management in order to conserve water catchments areas and reduce poverty. 3.1.3 Policy on Environment and Development This is presented as the Sessional paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development. The overall goal is to integrate environmental concerns into the national planning and management process and provide guidelines for environmentally 21 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County sustainable development. Under section 4.3 of the document, Provision of potable water and water for sanitation is viewed as being central to satisfying basic human needs. It is indicated that the current water development programmes focus almost entirely on water delivery with little concern for demand management and conservation. Water resources have an extremely high value and effective mechanisms for managing and conserving water could result unto economic benefits as well as sustainable use of this vital resource. Some of the key objectives of the policy are:  To protect water catchments;  To ensure all development policies, programmes and projects take environmental considerations into accounts, and  To enhance, review regularly, harmonize, implement and enforce laws for the management, sustainable utilization and conservation of natural resources. Under this policy, proposed water supply requires sustainable approach. The policy recommends the need for enhanced re-use/recycling of residues including water and wastewater as well as increased public awareness raising and appreciation of clean environment. It also enhances participation of stakeholders in the management of natural resources within their respective localities. 3.2 Overview of the Legislative Framework 3.2.1 The Constitution of Kenya The Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic and binds all persons and all State organs at all levels of government. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 provides the broad framework regulating all existence and development aspects of interest to the people of Kenya, and along which all national and sectoral legislative documents are drawn. In relation to the environment, article 42 of chapter four, The Bill of Rights, confers to every person the right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative measures, particularly those contemplated in Article 69, and to have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70. Chapter 5 of the document provides the main pillars on which the 77 environmental statutes are hinged. 22 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Part 2 of this chapter directs focus on the environment and natural resources. It provides a clear outline of the state’s obligation with respect to the environment, thus; “The state shall: - Ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits; - Work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of Kenya; - Protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of, biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities; - Encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment; - Protect genetic resources and biological diversity; - Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment; - Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and - Utilize the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.” There are further provisions on enforcement of environmental rights as well as establishment of legislation relating to the environment in accordance to the guidelines provided in this chapter. Relevance In conformity with the Constitution of Kenya, the proposed project was undertaken in tandem with the state’s vision for the national environment as well as adherence to the right of every individual to a clean and healthy environment. The proposed project is a central development activity that utilizes sensitive components of the physical and natural environment hence need for a clearly spelt out environmental management plan to curb probable adverse effects to the environment. 3.2.2 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA), 1999 and amendment Act 2015 This Act of Parliament, also known as EMCA, is the parent Act of Parliament that provides for the establishment of appropriate legal and institutional framework for the 23 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County management of the environment and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto. EMCA, in its 13 interrelated parts, provides regulatory provisions for all levels of environmental conservation and management. The first four parts provide legislative guidelines on administrative and planning components of environmental management. They include: (i)General Principles; (ii) Administration; (iii) Environmental planning; (iv) Protection and Conservation of the Environment. Parts five to seven focus on on- field management of the environment as an integral component of actual or proposed projects; (v) Environmental impact assessments (EIA), audits and monitoring; (vi) Environmental audit and monitoring; and (vii) Environmental quality standards. The last five parts of the Act regulate on enforcement of provisions outlined in the Act and recognition of international agreements along which the EMCA has been established. They are; Environmental Restoration orders, Environmental Easements, Inspection, analysis and records, Inspection Analysis and Records, International Treaties, Conventions and Agreements, National Environment Tribunal, Environmental Offences. All the chapters 1 to 13 apply to the proposed project at one stage or the other and therefore the project proponent is required to understand and conform with the Act accordingly. One such area is Environmental Impact Assessment. This is expressly stated in section 58(2) of the Act. “The proponent of a project shall undertake or cause to be undertaken at his own expense an Environmental Impact Assessment study and prepare a report thereof where the authority, being satisfied, after studying the project report under sub-section (1), that the intended project may or is likely to have or will have a significant impact on the environment, so directs.” 24 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County EMCA has set out several regulations for managing the environment which include the following: 3.2.2.1 LN 101: The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 This is a supplementary legislation to the EMCA. It gives additional “punch” by providing guidelines for conducting Environmental Impact Assessments and Audits. It offers guidance on the fundamental aspects on which emphasis must be laid during field study and outlines the nature and structure of Environmental Impact Assessments and Audit reports. The legislation further explains the legal consequences of partial or non- compliance to the provisions of the Act. Relevance The proposed water supply project as an activity is listed in the second schedule of EMCA as among projects that require an Environmental Impact Assessments before commencement. The project implementation cannot commence before the license is granted, upon conducting the EIA. For this reason, this report provides the legal requirements for the project approval. Impacts of the proposed project, involves major elements of the environment, including land, water and human health and safety. Therefore, there is need to evaluate these impacts and establish the most sustainable approach to benefit both the current and the future generations and mitigate projected negative impacts to people and the environment through conducting Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and subsequent audits. 3.2.2.2 L.N 120: The Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006 Described in Legal Notice No. 120 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 68 of September 2006, these regulations apply to drinking water, water used for industrial purposes, agricultural purposes, recreational purposes fisheries and wildlife and any other purposes. It stipulates quality standards for sources and discharge of water to any environmental receptors within an activity area. The Regulations outline various water quality standards in relation to use and discharge. Such aspects provided for are: - Quality standards for sources of domestic water; - Quality monitoring for sources of domestic water; 25 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County - Standards for effluent discharge into the environment; - Monitoring guide for discharge into the environment; - Standards for effluent discharge into public sewers; and - Monitoring for discharge of treated effluent into the environment. Relevance The proposed water supply project will impound and abstract significant quantity of surface water. It is thus fundamental to regularly analyze water quality and check for conformity to stipulated legal standards in this supplementary legislation. Moreover, the quality of water discharges into any environmental receptor must be ascertained for safety and if not, treated. 3.2.2.3 L.N 121: Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006 Regulations guiding waste management are described in Legal Notice No. 121 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 69 of September 2006. They offer legal provisions on handling of a variety of wastes emanating from various projects and activities. The waste categories covered by the regulations include:  Industrial wastes;  Hazardous and toxic wastes;  Pesticides and toxic substances;  Biomedical wastes; and  Radio-active substances. These Regulations outline requirements for handling, storing, transporting, and treatment / disposal of all waste categories as provided therein. Relevance The proposed project, during construction phase may involve the use of materials that release hazardous waste i.e. cement, oil spillage from vehicles, hence the need for all project actors to abide by these regulations in dealing with such wastes, especially the wastes emanating from water treatment works which may be handled in the course of the project life. 26 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 3.2.2.4 Environmental Management and Coordination (Fossil Fuel Emission Control) Regulations 2006 These regulations are described in Legal Notice No. 131 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 74 of October 2006 and will apply to all internal combustion engine emission standards, emission inspections, the power of emission inspectors, fuel catalysts, licensing to treat fuel, cost of clearing pollution and partnerships to control fossil fuel emissions. Relevance The fossil fuels considered are petrol, engine oil and diesel. This will be applicable to equipment and machinery used in the project during construction phases of the project. 3.2.2.5 L.N 61: Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution) Control Regulations, 2009 These Regulations prohibit making or causing any loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise which annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment. Relevance Under the regulation the contractor is prohibited from producing excessive noise and vibrations which annoy, disturb, injure or endanger the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment or excessive vibrations which exceed 0.5 centimeters per second beyond any source property boundary or 30 meters from any moving source. Under the regulation the Contractor will be required to undertake daily monitoring of the noise levels within the project area during construction period to maintain compliance. 3.2.3 Water Act, 2016 Water in Kenya is owned by the National Government, subject to any right of the user, legally acquired. However; this Act regulates conservation and management of all water resources within the republic, and related purposes. (a) The Water Resources Management Rules, 2007 As a subsidiary to the Act, a legislative supplement, The Water Resources Management Rules, 2007 was gazetted to guide all policies, plans, programmes and activities that are subject to the initial Water Act, 2002. The Water Resources Management Rules 27 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County empower Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) to impose management controls on land use falling under riparian land. Water demand is the sole driving factor in the abstraction of river water for the proposed project. In the proposed project, surface water will be the main source of water whose abstraction must comply with the provisions and legal procedures in this Act. The Act will thus play a central role in guiding the exploitation of the water resource throughout the project life. 3.2.4 Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2007 The OSHA was enacted to provide for the health, safety and welfare of persons employed in workplaces, and for matters incidental thereto and connected therewith. The proposed project will be undertaken in compliance with the 2007 (OSHA) during the construction and operational phases 3.2.4.1 L.N. 31: The Safety and Health Committee Rules, 2004 These rules came into effect on 28 April 2004 and require that an Occupier formalise a S&H Committee if there is a minimum of 20 persons employed in the work place. The size of the S&H Committee will depend on the number of workers employed at the place of work. For the Proponent and Contractor, the OSHA and the S&H Committee Rules 2004 are important as they require compliance with the following measures:  Posting of an Abstract of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act in key sections of each area of the factory or other workplace;  Provision of first aid boxes in accordance with Legal Notice No. 160 of 1977;  Ensuring that there are an appropriate number of certified first aiders trained by an approved institutions and that the certification of these first aiders is current;  Provision of a General Register for recording amongst other things all incidents, accidents and occupational injuries;  Appointment of a S&H Committee made up of an equal number of members from management and workers based on the total number of employees in the workplace;  Training of the S&H Committee in accordance with these rules;  Appointment of a S&H management representative for the Proponent. 28 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 3.2.4.2 L.N. 24: Medical Examination Rules, 2005 These rules provide for Occupiers to mandatorily undertake pre-employment, periodic and termination medical evaluations of workers whose occupations are stipulated in the Second Schedule of the OSHA and the First Schedule of the above Regulation. Workers that fall under the above two schedules are required to undergo medical evaluations by a registered medical health practitioner duly registered by the DOSHS. It will be incumbent on the Contractor to ensure that Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for chemicals used in the construction phase are studied for toxicological and epidemiological information and workers trained on their safe handling, use and disposal. If any of these products present negative impacts to human health, the workers exposed to the chemicals will be required to undergo medical examinations in accordance with the above Rules. 3.2.4.3 L.N. 25: Noise Prevention and Control Rules, 2005 These rules were promulgated on 10 March 2005 for occupational noise exposure and apply to workplaces in Kenya. The regulation is applicable to the project as noise potentially generated by construction equipment may exceed the permissible occupational noise levels given below. The rules set the permissible level for occupational noise in any workplace (which includes construction sites) as follows:  90 dB(A) over an 8-hour TWA period over 24-hours; and  140 dB(A) peak sound level at any given time. Additionally, the rules set permissible limits for community noise levels emanating from a workplace as follows:  50 dB(A) during the day; and  45 dB(A) at night. If noise levels exceed the above permissible levels, the Occupier is required to develop, rollout and implement a written hearing conservation program which should include the following sections as a minimum:  Undertaking a Noise Level Survey;  Education and training of persons affected by excessive noise;  Engineering noise control methods;  Hearing protection requirements; 29 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County  Posting of notices in noisy areas;  Audiometric testing methods and frequencies for those exposed to high noises; and  Annual program review. The Proponent is to ensure that any equipment brought to a site in Kenya for use shall be designed or have built-in noise reduction devices. (a) The Factory and Other Places of Work (Medical Examination) Rules, 2005 This supplementary legislation covers workers who are exposed to specific occupational hazards for the purpose of preventing or controlling occurrence of occupational diseases. In the first schedule of the legislation, works involving risks to healthcare are listed and recommended examinations and their respective intervals are indicated for adherence by employers or company directors. Sample requisite certifications are also provided for employers. Relevance All persons employed will be required to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to ascertain their fitness and also to maintain their health and safety at the workplace. Examinations certificates will be required on regular basis, hence the need for adherence. 3.2.5 The Public Health Act (Cap 242) This Act makes provision for securing and maintaining health. Part III and IV of the Act focuses on notification, prevention and suppression of infectious diseases, including inspection, disinfection and provision of medical aid to affected parties in case of outbreaks of infectious diseases. Part IX regulates on sanitation and housing, granting health authorities powers to prevent or remedy any dangers to health arising from poor handling of sanitation issues as well as improper housing and nuisances arising there from. Besides, regulations governing prevention and destruction of mosquitoes, encompassing due maintenance of yards, premises, wells, cesspits and identification and destruction of breeding places are entailed in part XII. 30 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Relevance Sanitation, housing, disease outbreaks and communal resource sharing are obvious issues in construction projects. The Public Health Act provides the necessary legal guidelines regulating measures aimed at effective control and management of the said issues. 3.2.6 The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013 This Act became operational on 10th January 2014. One of its guiding principles is the devolution of conservation and management of wildlife to landowners and managers in areas where wildlife occurs, through in particular the recognition of wildlife conservation as a form of land-use, better access to benefits from wildlife conservation, and adherence to the principles of sustainable utilization. Section 25 of the act provides for compensation for injuries and damages caused by wildlife (species listed in its third schedule) to humans and their properties respectively. Such compensation claims are to be reviewed and awarded by County Wildlife Conservation and Compensation Committees at the ruling market rates: provided that no compensation shall be paid where the owner of the livestock, crops or other property failed to take reasonable measures to protect the properties from damage by wildlife or land use practices are incompatible with the ecosystem-based management plan for the area. The act in its sixth schedule list various animal and tree species that are nationally considered as critically endangered, vulnerable, nearly threatened and protected. It also lists in its seventh schedule, national invasive species for which control is required. Section 48 restricts activities involving the above listed species without a permit from KWS. KWS can make recommendations to the responsible cabinet secretary, to prohibit carrying out of any activity which: is of a nature that may negatively impact on the survival of species listed in sixth schedule; or is specified in the notice or prohibit the carrying out of such activity without a permit issued by KWS. Relevance Any critically endangered, vulnerable, nearly threatened or protected species found within the project area will have to be managed in line with this Act. 31 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 3.2.7 The Forest Act No 7, 2005 The Forest Act, Cap 385 of 1962 (revised 1982, 1992 and 2005) addresses the reservation, protection, management, enforcement and utilisation of forests and forest resources on Government land for the socio-economic development of the country. The Forest Act is applicable to gazetted forest areas (Forest Reserves) and specifically covers:  Gazettement, alteration of boundaries and de-gazettement of Forest Reserves (Section 4);  Declaration of Nature Reserves within Forest Reserves and regulation of activities within Nature Reserves (Section 5);  Issuance of licenses for activities within Forest Reserves (Section 7);  Prohibition of activities in Forest Reserves (removal of forest produce, grazing, cultivation, hunting, etc.) and on unalienated Government land (removal of trees, collection of honey, lighting of fires) except under license from the Director of Forest Services (Section 8);  Enforcement of the provisions of the Act, penalties and powers afforded to enforcing officers (Sections 9-14);  Power of the Minister to make rules with respect to sale and disposal of forest products, use and occupation of land, licensing and entry into forests (Section 15). This prerogative has been taken with the Forests (General) Rules, which sets forth rules for sale of forest produce and specifies royalty rates for these products.  Community participation as provided for under Section 46. Relevance The project will specifically trigger section 8 of the act and a permit for the use of the Aberdare forest will be sought from the Director of Forest Services as required by the act. 32 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 3.2.8 Land Related Acts i. The Land Act, 2012 This is an Act of Parliament intended to give effect to Article 68 of the Constitution, to revise, consolidate and rationalize land laws; to provide for the sustainable administration and management of land and land based resources, and for connected purposes. Parts 1 and 2 of section 4 of the Act outline the main guiding principles in land management and administration, binding to all land actors including state officers. These principles are to be applied when Enacting, applying or interpreting any provisions of this Act; and when making or implementing public policy decisions. The act vests management of land on National Land Commission (NLC). ii. The National Land Commissions Act, 2012 This is an Act of Parliament to make further provision as to the functions and powers of the National Land Commission, qualifications and procedures for appointments to the commission; to give effect to the objects and principles of devolved government in land management and administration, and for connected purposes. The mandate of the Commission, as provided for in the Act, Pursuant to Article 67(2) of the Constitution, shall be among other things to manage public land on behalf of the national and county governments. This Commission will be integral in the management of land issues arising from the project implementation, especially as far as portals and pipelines wayleave acquisition is concerned. iii. The Land Registration Act, Act No. 3 of 2012 This is an Act of Parliament intended to revise, consolidate and rationalize the registration of titles to land, to give effect to the principles and objects of devolved government in land registration, and for connected purposes. 33 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County iv. The Land and Environment Court Act, 2012 This is an Act of Parliament to give effect to Article 162(2) (b) of the Constitution; to establish a superior court to hear and determine disputes relating to the environment and the use and occupation of, and title to, land, and to make provision for its jurisdiction functions and powers, and for connected purposes. The principal objective of this Act is to enable the Court to facilitate the just, expeditious, proportionate and accessible resolution of disputes governed by this Act. Section 13 (2) (b) of the Act outlines that in exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 162 (2) (b) of the Constitution, the Court shall have power to hear and determine disputes relating to environment and land. Section 24 (2) also states that the Chief Justice shall make rules to regulate the practice and procedure, in tribunals and subordinate courts, for matters relating to land and environment. Section 30 (1) states that all proceedings relating to the environment or to the use and occupation and title to land pending before any Court or local tribunal of competent jurisdiction shall continue to be heard and determined by the same court until the Environment and Land Court established under this Act comes into operation or as may be directed by the Chief Justice or the Chief Registrar. Any land or/and environmental cases arising from the project will be handled in accordance with the provisions of this act. Relevance All the applicable land laws will be adhered to especially during land acquisition exercise for some of the project components including the tanks and sections of the pipeline. 3.2.9 The County Governments Act 2012 The local government act was repealed after the final announcement of all the results of the first elections held under the Constitution as per the County Governments Act of 2012. Under section 134 subsection (1), The Local Government Act is repealed upon the 34 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County final announcement of all the results of the first elections held under the Constitution. It further states in section 134, subsection (2) reads “All issues that may arise as a consequence of the repeal under subsection (1) shall be dealt with and discharged by the body responsible for matters relating to transition”. The project will according to the County Government act of 2012 ensure that the project activities conform to the regulation that shall be passed.(section 135 (1) The Cabinet Secretary may make regulations for the better carrying out of the purposes and provisions of this Act and such Regulations may be made in respect of all county governments and further units of decentralization generally or for any class of county governments and further units of decentralization) comply to the set regulations and by laws. Relevance This is the primary law governing the development of counties and thereby will be key during implementation of the project. All organs established under this law should be consulted and approvals sought from the relevant authorities in relation to the County Government of Murang’a where the project falls. 3.2.10 The Kenya Roads Board Act, 1999 This is the one of the legal instrument that governs management of road network in the country. Relevance Of relevance with the proposed project is the need for consultative cooperation with the roads authorities since part of the pipeline routing will be within the road reserves. 3.2.11 The Standards Act CAP 496 and the Standard Amendment Act 2004 The Act empowers the Kenya Bureau of Standards to promote standardization through the Government or the representatives of any industry or with any local Authority or other public body or any other person, with a view to securing the adoption and practical application of standards. 35 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 3.3 Institutional Framework The following are the main institutions that perform the regulatory role and are relevant to the project. 3.3.1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation The mandate is formulation, review and implementation of policy on the water sector. The functions include: a)Water harvesting and storage infrastructure for water conservation, which will help in mitigating droughts and famine; b)Catchments area conservation; c) Water resources management policy; d)Urban and rural water development and supply; e)Waste water treatment and control; f) National water conservation and Pipeline Corporation; and g)Flood preparedness and management to cope with and mitigate the impacts. Water quality and pollution control by adopting the ‘Polluter Pays’ principles in order to ensure water user responsibility. Relevance Storage and utilization of water is the main driving factor in the project. Abstraction of water from Mathioya River will be guided by the ministry through WRMA. It is thus paramount that the ministry is centrally involved in the planning and operational phases of the proposed project. The following are the key institutions of relevance to this project: (a) The Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) The Authority shall have the following powers and functions: a)To develop principles, guidelines and procedures for the allocation of water resources; b)To monitor, and from time to time reassess, the national water resources management strategy; c) To receive and determine applications for permits for water use; d)To monitor and enforce conditions attached to permits for water use; e)To regulate and protect water resources quality from adverse impacts; 36 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County f) To manage and protect water catchments; in accordance with guidelines in the national water resources management strategy, to determine charges to be imposed for the use of water from any water resource; g)To gather and maintain information on water resources and from time to time publish forecasts, projections and information on water resources; h)To liaise with other bodies for the better regulation and management of water resources; and i) To advise the Minister concerning any matter in connection with water resources. Relevance WRMA will regulate and manage water use in conjunction with the WSP by provision of water use permit to ensure water supply in the target population is as per conditions of the permit. b) Water Service Boards (WSB) The Boards have the following mandate: a)strengthen the institution and build its capacity; b)provide water and sanitation services in an efficient, effective, affordable and sustainable manner; c) increase access and availability of water and sanitation services; d)strengthen communication with stakeholders; and e)Mainstream good corporate governance, gender, and HIV/AIDS awareness campaign in all core activities. Relevance Athi Water Service Board as part of its mandate, is planning to provide water services to the residents of Ichichi, Makomboki and Kiruri through this proposed project. Being the implementing agency of the project, AWSB plays a big role in safeguarding environment by ensuring that this ESIA report is implemented. AWSB will undertake this in conjunction with Tana Water Services Board. 3.3.2 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources This is the state office in charge of all issues affecting, and affected by, the environment and all its components. The Ministry’s core mandate includes the following; a)Environment and Natural Resources Policy formulation, analysis and review; b)Sustainable management of Mineral resources and conservation of environment; 37 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County c) Continuous development of geo-database for integrated natural resources and environmental management systems; d)Conduct applied research and dissemination of research findings in land resources and geology; e)Carry out geological surveys, mineral exploration and regulation of mining and use of commercial explosives; f) Promote, monitor and coordinate environmental activities and enforce compliance of environmental regulations and guidelines; and g)Meteorological services. Relevance Water resources, land, flora and fauna and the air are core components of the natural environment. The proposed project will utilize all these resources at one stage or another. Any extractive or depository uses of the resources are guided by the various programmes and regulations under the ministry and consistent consultative partnerships, including adherence to relevant legal provisions will be required in the entire course of the project. (a) The National Environment Management Authority The authority is mandated to carry out, among others, the following activities in the sector: a)Promote the integration of environmental considerations into development policies, plans, programmes and projects, with a view to ensuring the proper management and rational utilization of environmental resources, on sustainable yield basis, for the improvement of the quality of human life in Kenya; b)Undertake and coordinate research, investigation and surveys, collect, collate and disseminate information on the findings of such research, investigations or surveys; c) Identify projects and programmes for which environmental audit or environmental monitoring must be conducted under this Act; d)Initiate and evolve procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents, which may cause environmental degradation and evolve remedial measures where accidents occur e.g. floods, landslides and oil spills; and e)Undertake, in cooperation with relevant lead agencies, programmes intended to enhance environmental education and public awareness, about the need for 38 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County sound environmental management, as well as for enlisting public support and encouraging the effort made by other entities in that regard. Relevance NEMA will review this ESIA report and provide the license to enable the construction works to commence. NEMA will also render advice and technical support, where possible and conduct site inspections during the life of this project. 3.3.3 Kenya Forest Service Kenya Forest Service (KFS) is mandated to manage protected forests within the country. Protection of the Aberdare forest will be vital for sustained water supply for the project targeted Rivers. KFS will issue AWSB with a permit to construct the works within the Aberdare forest which will be annually renewed by Kahuti Water and Sanitation Company. AWSB will be in regular contact with KFS during construction and operational phases of the project. 3.3.4 Kenya Wildlife Service Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) is principal institution responsible for implementation of the Wildlife Management Act, 2013. KWS is responsible for protection of all wildlife within the Aberdare forest reserve and thus works jointly with KFS in the forest conservation management program. KWS will offer AWSB technical support where necessary to ensure that the wildlife within the forest is protected. 3.3.5 Kahuti and Murang’a South Water and Sanitation Companies Kahuti and Murang’a South Water and Sanitation Companies are the water service providers (WSPs) who is currently providing water and sanitation services within the project area. They work under TWSB and will benefit from this project. The WSPs are state owned but has been commercialized to improve performance and run like business within a context of efficiency, operational and financial autonomy, accountability and strategic, but minor investment. They are charged with the provision of the water and sanitation services within the proposed project area. The WSPs will be responsible for operation and maintenance (O&M) of the project once commissioned. 39 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 3.3.6 County Government of Murang’a Murang’a County is the project host county will have various inputs in the project implementation in line with constitutional functions of county governments. The functions of the county government relevant to the proposed project, as outlined in the Fourth Schedule, Constitution of Kenya 2010 are as follows: Agriculture and husbandry; Provision of essential services such health services, county transport, education; Control pollution and disasters management; Monitor cultural activities, public entertainment and public amenities; County planning and development; County public works and services; Implementation of specific national government policies on natural resources and environmental conservation; and Encourage public participation in county governance and development The county government of Murang’a is thus expected to help in coordinating various project related activities as far as general environmental conservation and public participation are concerned. This will be better achieved through the county ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 3.4 World Bank safeguards triggered by the project 3.4.1 Environmental Assessment OP 4.01 This policy requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed investment.. The EA process takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property) and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. Operational Policy 4.01 further requires that the EA report must be disclosed as a separate and stand-alone document by the Government of Kenya and the World Bank. 40 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County The disclosure will be both in Kenya where it can be accessed by the general public and local communities and on the World Bank website. The World Bank assigns a project to one of three project categories, as defined below: a. Category “A” Projects An EIA is always required for projects that are in this category. Impacts are expected to be ‘adverse, sensitive, irreversible and diverse with attributes such as pollutant discharges large enough to cause degradation of air, water, or soil; large-scale physical disturbance of the site or surroundings; extraction, consumption or conversion of substantial amounts of forests and other natural resources; measurable modification of hydrological cycles; use of hazardous materials in more than incidental quantities; and involuntary displacement of people and other significant social disturbances. b. Category “B” Projects Although an EIA is not always required, some environmental analysis is necessary. Category B projects have impacts that are ‘less significant, not as sensitive, numerous, major or diverse. Few, if any, impacts are irreversible, and remedial measures can be more easily designed.’ Typical projects include rehabilitation, maintenance, or upgrades, rather than new construction. c. Category “C” Projects No EIA or other analysis is required. Category C projects result in negligible or minimal direct disturbance of the physical environment. Typical projects include education, family planning, health, and human resource development. The proposed project has been assigned a Category B because it involves rehabilitation of an existing water supply network and where new pipelines and tanks will be constructed, the project footprint is considered small and therefore the impacts will be temporary and minimal. 3.4.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) The objective of this policy to avoid where feasible, or minimize, exploring all viable alternative project designs, to avoid resettlement. This policy is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts. 41 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank- assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to project appraisal of proposed projects. The objective of this policy to avoid where feasible, or minimize, exploring all viable alternative project designs, to avoid resettlement. The policy requires the displaced persons and their communities, and any host communities receiving them, are provided timely and relevant information, consulted on resettlement options, and offered opportunities to participate in planning, implementing, and monitoring resettlement. Appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms are established for these groups. In new resettlement sites or host communities, infrastructure and public services are provided as necessary to improve, restore, or maintain accessibility and levels of service for the displaced persons and host communities. This policy is triggered when a project activity causes the involuntary taking of land and other assets resulting in: 1) Relocation or loss of shelter, 2) Loss of assets or access to assets, 3) Loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location, 4) Loss of land. This policy will be triggered since some of the project components i.e. some of the tanks will be located on private land. A valuation report for the project is being prepared as a separate document. 3.4.3 Physical Cultural Resources O.P 4.11 The objective of this policy is to assist in preserving physical cultural resources (PCR) and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR includes archaeological, paleontological, architecturally significant, and religious sites including graveyards, burial sites, and sites of unique natural value. Initial indications are that no observed physical or cultural resources will be affected by the project. Nevertheless, the Contractor is responsible for familiarizing 42 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County themselves with the following “Chance Finds Procedures”, in case culturally valuable materials are uncovered during excavation, including:  Stop work immediately following the discovery of any materials with possible archaeological, historical, paleontological, or other cultural value, announce findings to project manager and notify relevant authorities;  Protect artefacts as well as possible using plastic covers, and implement measures to stabilize the area, if necessary, to properly protect artefacts.  Prevent and penalize any unauthorized access to the artefacts  Restart construction works only upon the authorization of the relevant authorities. All contracts should include a Chance Finds Procedure clause. There are no known physical cultural resources within the proposed site thus this policy will be not be triggered. However, a sample chance find procedure is attached to this ESIA report in VIII. 3.4.4 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) This policy seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which natural habitats provide to human society. The policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any Bank-supported project can damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal species are still present). Specifically, the policy prohibits Bank support for projects which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any Critical Natural Habitats, whose definition includes those natural habitats which are either:  legally protected,  officially proposed for protection, or  unprotected but of known high conservation value. In other (non-critical) natural habitats, Bank supported projects can cause significant loss or degradation only when there are no feasible alternatives to achieve the project's substantial overall net benefits and acceptable mitigation measures, such as compensatory protected areas, are included within the project. 43 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County This policy will be triggered on a precautionary basis since the Aberdare forest is considered as a natural habitat. Precaution will be required in line with OP 4.04 to ensure the forest resources are not interfered with. AWSB will work hand-in-hand with Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and Kenya Forest Service (KFS) to ensure that there is minimal habitat loss and where feasible assist in rehabilitating degraded areas within the forest. 3.4.5 Forests O.P 4.36 The Bank's current forests policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. Combating deforestation and promoting sustainable forest conservation and management have been high on the international agenda for over two decades. However, little has been achieved so far and the world's forests and forest dependent people continue to experience unacceptably high rates of forest loss and degradation. The Bank is therefore currently finalizing a revised approach to forestry issues, in recognition of the fact that forests play an increasingly important role in poverty alleviation, economic development, and for providing local as well as global environmental services. Success in establishing sustainable forest conservation and management practices depends not only on changing the behavior of all critical stakeholders, but also on a wide range of partnerships to accomplish what no country, government agency, donor, or interest group can do alone. The new proposed Forest Strategy suggests three equally important and interdependent pillars to guide future Bank involvement with forests:  Harnessing the potential of forests to reduce poverty,  Integrating forests in sustainable economic development, and  Protecting vital local and global environmental services and forest values. This policy is triggered since the two intake weirs and the water pipelines will be constructed within the Aberdare forest. AWSB will collaborate with KFS when clearing the forest vegetation in the intake sites and water pipelines. 44 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County CHAPTER FOUR: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 4.1 “NO Action” Alternative The “no action” alternative would mean further problems in spending more time and money in accessing water for domestic use. This project provides hope for the school going children and the women who spend many hours fetching water from natural springs and streams. Dangers of waterborne` diseases such as cholera will prevail with this alternative. Furthermore, the sanitation situations will deteriorate with negative ramifications on the environment. A ‘no project’ alternative is therefore, a perpetuation of the current status quo and quite undesirable. The No Project Option is the least preferred from the socio-economic and partly environmental perspective due to the following factors: a. The economic status of the local people would remain unchanged. b. No employment opportunities will be created for locals who will work at the proposed project c. Increased problems associated with limited access to clean and affordable water supply. d. Discouragement of investors planning to invest in water infrastructure e. Development of infrastructural facilities such as health facilities will not be undertaken From the analysis above, it becomes apparent that the No Project alternative should not be considered. 4.2. Alternatives to intake site In selecting the source of the water and the location of the intake structure, the following was considered; (a) The location to command sufficient dynamic water pressure over all the consumer points in the project area. (b) Quality of water with appropriate treatment would meet the required standards of safe drinking water. (c) Quantity of water at the source is sufficient to meet the current and future water requirements. 45 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County (d) The source is away from possible water pollution such as human excreta, industrial discharges or agricultural run-ff. (e) The site should allow a stable structure at low cost. (f) Other outstanding favourable conditions. 4.2.1 Makomboki intake For makomboki intake, the consultant explored the possibilities of placing the intake either downstream or upstream of the existing weir and the results were as follows: a)Intake upstream of existing weir: There is a small tributary feeding Githika river upstream of the existing weir. The water volumes in this tributary is too low to serve the proposed command area. Placing another intake upstream of the existing weir would also interfere with the water volumes in the existing intake which is already licensed by WRMA. b)Intake downstream of the existing weir: Placing an intake downstream of the existing weir is not feasible because there will be no sufficient pressure to command water by gravity to the target area. In this case the existing Makomboki intake site was considered favorable as;  The location is just downstream a convergence point of two tributaries and hence more river flow is realized downstream than upstream of the convergence point.  The profile of the area around is suitable for creating a reservoir upstream of the weir for water storage between off peak and peak water demand hence ensure constant water flow. 4.2.2 Ichichi, Kiruri Intake The intake under this project is meant to serve Kiruri and Ichichi location. Various intake alternatives were considered. They include: a)Intake at Gikigie River: This intake would be about 5km inside the Aberdare forest. The water volumes at this site is sufficient to serve the residents of Ichichi location and not Kiruri location. This site was therefore not considered. b)Gataguagwo Water Supply System: This was established and managed by Gataguagwo Self Help Group and serves parts of Karurumo and Kiruri sub locations. The water is sourced from a small stream 5km inside the Aberdare forest by simple direct abstraction without damming. The water is inadequate to serve both Kiruri and Ichichi locations. 46 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County c) Githaeini Community Water Project: This is a community initiated and managed water supply system in Ichichi Location which was established in 1999 by Githaeini Self Help Group. The water is abstracted from Githaeini stream through a weir located 3km inside the Aberdare Forest. The water is inadequate for the connected members and hence perennial water rationing is experienced. This intake was therefore not considered due to inadequate water. The consultant therefore settled for an intake at Manguyo stream because:  It has sufficient water to serve both Kiruri and Ichichi locations by gravity.  It is cost effective as one weir will be constructed to serve both Kiruri and Ichichi locations instead of two separate weirs and water systems for each of the locations. 4.3 Water Sources Alternatives Although it was not incorporated into the design of this project, the community should consider roof catchments of rain water to supplement water supply from the water supply project. Rain water harvesting will reduce pressure on the surface water and will provide plenty of water for use by the community. The local water services providers can sensitize the communities on the importance of rain water harvesting. They can do this encouraging the community to construct gutters and install water storage tanks for storing harvested rain water. This can be in form of (1) below and above ground water tanks, (2) water holes and (3) purchase of locally available plastic tanks. The ground water tank of sufficient volume could be lined with a butyl rubber membrane to meet domestic water requirements in the households constructed. The butyl rubber lined tank is much cheaper to construct. However it must include a well reinforced metallic cover to prevent livestock, wildlife, children and mosquitoes from accessing the water directly. A hand held water bucket could be ideal for drawing the water. The water could also be treated with chlorine directly before use. 4.4 Construction materials Two alternative materials have been considered for pipeline: GI and UPVC pipes. Although GI pipes are material usually used for construction of low pressure pipelines, it was not considered feasible for the proposed project because of the following reasons:  High costs associated with the material; 47 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County  Heavy weight of the material will require additional lifting and transportation machinery (e.g. cranes) along the pipeline route. This will result in the need for a wider access road, thereby increasing the construction footprint. and  The heavy weight of the material will decrease factors of safety against slope failure, which will be a concern due to the steep slopes along the pipeline route. A UPVC pipe is considered feasible and preferable for the conveyance system for the following reasons:  Lower costs associated with the material;  Lighter weight of the material enables it to be transported by manual labour. The access road does therefore not need to cater for heavy transport vehicles and lifting equipment;  Water will be conveyed at low pressure from the intake to the fore bay / buffer tank structure. A polyethylene pipe will be capable of withstanding this low internal pressure; and  The flexibility of the polyethylene pipe will allow for the horizontal pipeline alignment to be adjusted in order to pass well-established trees in the forest, thereby avoiding the removal of these trees. 4.5. Pipeline design The following was considered in the pipeline design: (a) Each section of the pipeline was designed to convey the peak water flow. (b) Pipe selection; Pipes were selected under the criteria below:  Steel pipes were selected for rocky areas, cliffs/deep valleys, gulley crossings, road crossings, inside the chambers, all exposed sections. This was informed by the fact that steel pipes are more durable, strong, resistant to erosion, joints that are easy to assemble and maintain.  Upvc pipes were selected for most of the buried sections other than the above mention sections for the steel pipes. This was informed by the fact that Upvc pipes are cost effective, easy to handle and install, durable, locally available and resistance to corrosion.  Class of pipeline was selected on the basis of static pressure as follows; - 0 to 90m. Class D – 90 to 120m. – 120m to 150m. 48 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 4.6 System Pressure In order to provide an acceptable level of service to consumers, water must be supplied at adequate pressure. The Consultant suggests that the residual pressure at any point of consumption should not be less than 5m. This value is recommended for areas with single storey buildings and in areas mainly served by public taps and kiosks. Leakages and pipe bursts are most prevalent in areas where system pressures are high. In order to minimize these leakages and bursts and to reduce noise and pressure shocks, the Consultant suggests a maximum pressure limit of 60m in the distribution pipes. Therefore, the system pressure range for this project has been defined as follows: 5m ≤system pressure ≤60m. In this design, the pressure was maintained below 120 mhw which is suitable for class C pipelines and below. 4.7 Economic Velocities Economic velocities are usually recommended by pipe manufactures to ensure carrying efficiency. The velocities should be kept within certain limits to avoid deposition on the lower end, and to limit forces on bends and water hammer effects, on the upper end. A minimum flow velocity of 0.3 m/s and a maximum of 2.5 m/s are desirable to avoid siltation in the pipeline system and avoid scouring of the pipes respectively. A design velocity of 0.3m/s to 1.43m/s was maintained in this design. 49 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County CHAPTER FIVE: BASELINE INFORMATION 5.1. Overview This section presents the geographic characteristics, baseline environmental conditions including the socio-economic conditions within the area. For convenience, the description of the larger Murang’a county area is provided followed by presentation of details that are more specific to the project site. Gathering of baseline data was necessary to meet the following objectives:  To understand key biological, physical, ecological, social, cultural, economic, and political conditions in areas potentially affected by the proposed project;  To provide data to predict, explain and substantiate possible impacts;  To understand the expectations and concerns of a range of stakeholders on the proposed development;  To inform the development of mitigation measures; and  To benchmark future socio-economic changes/ impacts and assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures It should however be noted that the comprehensiveness of the descriptions of the general geographic and environmental characteristics of the study area is variable being governed by availability of relevant data and information. 5.2. Location The two independent project namely Kiruri & Ichichi and Makomboki water supply projects are located in Kangema and Kigumo sub-counties of Murang’a County. 5.2.1. Kiruri & Ichichi Water Supply System The area is located in Kangema Sub County and covers all or part of the following administrative units:  Kiruri Location; - Kiruri sub location. - Karurumo sub location.  Kanyenyaini location: 50 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County - Githiga sub location. - Kibutha sub location. - Ngoeini sub location.  Ichichi Location covering; - Nduini sub location. - Ichichi sub location and - Karura sub location. The project area lies between latitude 256000E & 265000E and longitudes 9925000N & 9919000N and borders the Aberdare forest to the North with the proposed source of the water being about 8.5kms inside the Aberdare forest on a tributary of South Mathioya River. The area is about 65 to 85km from Thika and approximately 104 to 120 km from Nairobi. 5.2.2. Makomboki Water Supply System The area is located in Kangari division, Kigumo Sub County and covers the following administrative units;  Makomboki Location. - Makomboki sub location. - Kanderendu sub location.  Ngurweini area in Kangari location. The project area lies between latitude 253000E & 261000E and longitudes 9917000N & 9910000N, borders the Aberdare forest to the North and is about 40km from Thika and approximately 90 km from Nairobi. 5.3 Physical environmental condition 5.3.1 Climate The two project areas have similar climatic conditions with an average annual rainfall of 1400 – 1500mm annually in two seasons - March-June, October-December. The driest months are January and February with the wettest month being April and May. The area has an average minimum temperature of 80C and average maximum temperature of 220C. Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate interactions and processes in the atmosphere and oceans to study the dynamics of the climate system and provide projections of a future climate. All climate models are based around the planet’s energy 51 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County balance, including incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy from the Earth’s surface. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) and other independent studies agree that there is expected increase in surface temperatures and evapotranspiration in central Kenya which covers Murang’a County. The annual trend analysis of rainfall shows no critical change in mean annual rainfall. However, the seasonal trend analysis reveal a different scenario where Murang’a is classified among the regions that may experience a reduction in total rainfall received in the long rains seasons of about 150mm. See figure 5.1 below. Source: FEWSNET, A Climate Trend Analysis of Kenya—August 2010 According to Murang’a County First County Integrated Development Plan 2013-2017, some of the adverse effects of climate change experienced at Murang’a County include:  Variation in weather patterns with reduced rainfall and failed crop seasons;  Frequent and prolonged droughts and diminishing water resources;  Floods/flash floods and landslides;  Environmental degradation and habitat destruction: Water bodies have been rescinding due to reduced inflow following the massive destruction of catchment areas; 52 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County  Resurgence of weeds, diseases and pests that are destructive to both human and livestock wellbeing;  Loss of biodiversity especially where the ecosystems is fragile. Climate Change has also affected species distribution as an adaptive response. The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) found at Aberdares is threatened due to destruction of its habitat and breeding grounds in the forest;  Severe famine and hunger causing food insecurity especially in the ASALs regions like Kambiti, Maragwa Ridge. This is exacerbated by over dependence on rain- fed agriculture and rural poverty; and  Resource use conflicts. Wildlife has been forced to stray from protected areas to farms in search of water and forage thus enhancing human/wildlife conflicts. E.g. at Kaseve hills in Murang’a South there is conflict between the locals and monkeys. 5.3.2. Topography and Geology The area is on high altitude ranging from 2000 - 2450m above sea level and is at the foot of Aberdare ranges. The area is hilly with deep and steep valleys. Most of the valley bottoms have rivers or small streams running from the Aberdare forest. The area is well served with loamy soils and natural features such as hill and rivers and an artificial water body. 5.3.3. Soils The predominant soils are black clays (grumosolic soils) which consist of black cotton and include the calcareous and non-calcareous variants. The adjacent area has rock outcrops that have been subjected to geological and accelerated erosion to an extent that they have lost their original characteristics. 5.4 Biological Environment 5.4.1 Flora The project components will be both within the Aberdare Forest and within farmlands. The vegetation outside the Aberdare forest and downstream of the project area is largely transformed due to agricultural activities more so tea farming. The most dominant tree species is Eucalyptus which is found within farmlands and along the rivers and streams. Most common trees in the area are as shown in Table 5.1. 53 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Table 5.1: List of tree species found in the project area Scientific name Local name Tabernaemontana stapfiana Mwerere Ocotea usambarensis Muthaiti Prunus africanum Muiri Croton macrostacheus Mutundu Syzygium Guineense Mukoe Ochna Holstii Mungirima Aristotelia serrata Makomako Albizia schimperiana Mukurue Vernonia auriculifera Muthakwa Garcinia gerrardii Munyawa Rapanea rhododendoides Mugaita Podocarpus falcutus / latifolias Muthengera Makaranga kilimadscharica Mukuhakuha Aningeria adolfi- friederichii Muna Aberdare forest Both the intake weirs for Makomboki and Kiruri and Ichichi water supply projects will be located within the Aberdare forest. In Makomboki, the intake will be approximately 2.5km into the Aberdare forest while for Kiruri & Ichichi will be approximately 8.5km inside the forest. The Aberdare Forest Reserve is located to the east of the Great Rift Valley, between 36 0 30’ E, 00 05’ S and 360 55’E, 00 450S. The Forest Reserve is situated within Central Kenya in four (4) Counties. These are Kiambu, Murang’a, Nyeri and Nyandarua. Vegetation zones and species distribution are distinguished according to the different climatic zones and altitudes, mostly through variation in vegetation structure, cover and composition. A total of 778 species, sub-species and varieties of vascular plants belonging to 421 genera and 128 families, have been documented in the Aberdare. Plants endemic to Aberdare include Lobelia deckenii ssp sattimae, Helichrysum gloria- dei and Alchemilla hageniae. There are four vegetation zones namely Sub alpine vegetation, Montane humid forest, Xeromorphic evergreen forest, and Sub-montane forest. The project area for both Makomboki, Kiruri and Ichichi are all in Montane humid forest zone. This is a belt running down to the east side of the range now dominated by the pioneer species Macaranga capensis and Newbutonia macrocalyx. The zone also has valuable commercial species` such as Podocarpus milanjianus now Podocarpus 54 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County latifolius, Ocotea usambarensis and Aningeria adolfi friendrici. Other species include, syzygium guinesee found within the riverbanks. Croton macrostachyus, a second generation species is also commonly sighted within the project area. This is a deciduous tree which is mostly affected by the cold season where it sheds most of its broad leaves. The tree mostly grows where the initial vegetation was Camphor tree (Ocotea usambarensis). 5.4.2 Fauna Within the project area cultivation has led to less bushy areas and natural vegetation and this has in turn displaced many animals that would usually inhabit such areas. However there are still few large and small animals which include and a variety of birds, porcupines and monkeys. Within the Forest Reserve, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) lives all over the Forest Reserve and National Park and make localized movements through the whole mountain range as there no physical barriers between the two areas. The number of elephants in the forest reserve and adjacent park is estimated to about 3 000 individuals. The Elephants are endangered species found in the Forest Reserve and listed in Appendix I of CITES. Other faunal species found within the project area include buffalos (Syncerus caffer) and dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii). The predators found in the project area within the Forest Reserve include leopard and the spotted hyena. Black and white Columbus monkeys are mainly found in the primary forests whereas Sykes Monkeys and bush babies are mainly found in the montane forest. Olive baboons are numerous in the forest and are found all over except in the bamboo and moorland areas. The Aberdare holds several amphibians that are endemic to central Kenya including Hyperolius montanus, Hyperolius cystocandicans, Rana wittei and Phrynobatrachus kinangopensis. 55 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Over 290 species of birds have been recorded in the forest and the park. Of these the Jackson’s francolin is categorized as being regionally endemic whereas the Aberdare cisticola is rated as being globally threatened. Black river ducks, forest and moorland francolins, white napped ravens, streaky seed eaters, hill chats, alpine swifts and four species of sunbirds including the scarlet – tufted malachite sunbird which is found in the moorlands. Birds of prey are common which include the mountain augur buzzard, crowned eagle, hawk eagle and African goshawk. The Aberdare mountain range holds 52 of Kenya’s 67 Afrotropical Highlands species of birds and 6 of 8 restricted range species in the Kenyan mountains. Globally threatened bird species found in the mountain range are Sharpe’s Longclaw, Abbott’s Starlin g, Aberdare Cisticola and Jackson’s Widowbird. Birds with a restricted range and found in the Aberdare range are Jackson’s Francolin and Hunters Cisticola. Regionally threatened bird species are African green Ibis, Ayre’s Hawk Eagle, African Crowned Eagle, Stripped Flufftail, Bailon’s Crake, African Grass owl, Cape Eagle Owl and Long - tailed Widowbird. Various sites within and around the Aberdare are listed as Important Bird Areas (IBA) by Nature Kenya. These include Ol bolossat, Kinangop, Kimakia, Gatare and Kikuyu escarpment. Three hundred and three (303) species of moths belonging to 19 families have been identified in the forest. The butterfly Neptis kikuyuensis is endemic to the forests of Aberdare while Charaxes nandina endemic to central Kenya has also been recorded in Aberdare. The forest areas have various species of fish which include the rainbow trout fish that were introduced in the moorland streams in 1905 and 1915 respectively. The porcupines are found all over the forest and adjacent areas. 5.4.3 Status of Flora and Fauna within the project site The major species found within the project area were cross checked against IUCN Red data list conservation status. The results are as shown in Table 5.2. 56 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Table 5.2: IUCN Status of Flora and Fauna within the project site No. Common name Scientific name IUCN Status Flora 1. Mwerere Tabernaemontana stapfiana Not Listed 2. Muiri Prunus africanus Not Listed 3. Mukuhakuha Macaranga capensis Not Listed 4. Mungirima Ochna Holstii Not Listed 5. Makomako Aristotelia serrata Not Listed 6. Mukurue Albizia schimperiana Not Listed 7. Muthakwa Vernonia auriculifera Not Listed 8. Munyawa Garcinia gerrardii Not Listed 9. Mugaita Rapanea rhododendoides Not Listed 10. Muna Aningeria adolfi- friederichii Not Listed 11. Newbutonia macrocalyx Not Listed 12. Muthengera Podocarpus milanjianus / Least Concern Podocarpus latifolius 13. Muthaiti Ocotea usambarensis Not Listed 14. Mukoe syzygium guinesee Not Listed 15. Mutundu Croton macrostachyus Not Listed Fauna 16. African elephant Loxodonta africana Endangered 17. Buffalo Syncerus caffer Least Concern 18. Dik-dik Madoqua kirkii Least Concern 19. Black-and-white Colobus angolensis palliatus Not Listed Columbus monkey 20. Leopard Panthera pardus Vulnerable 21. Spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta Least Concern 22. Sykes Monkey Cercopithecus albogularis Least Concern 23. Bush baby Galago senegalensis Least Concern 24. Olive baboon Papio anubis Least Concern The plant species in the project site have not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List. The elephants and leopards are endangered and vulnerable respectively therefore of high conservation status. 57 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 5.5 Socio – Economic Situation 5.5.1. Administration The project area is located in Kigumo and Kangema Sub Counties in Murang’a County and is expected to serve 10 sub locations:  Kiruri Location: Kiruri, Karurumo sub locations.  Kanyenyaini location: Githiga, Kibutha, Ngoeini sub locations  Ichichi Location: Nduini, Ichichi and Karura sub locations.  Makomboki Location: Makomboki, Kanderendu, and Ngurweini area in Kangari location. 5.5.2. Population The population census of the project area carried out in 2009 by the Kenya National Bureau of statistics (KBS) is as shown in the table below: Table 5.3: General population in the project area Project Area sub Male Female Total Population location Kangema sub-county Kiruri Karurumo 845 809 1,654 Kiruri 1,180 1,233 2413 Ichichi Nduini 644 672 1316 Ichichi 1,155 1,155 2310 Kanyenyaini Ngoeini 743 786 1529 Githiga 2,158 2,383 4541 Kibutha 1,087 1,294 2381 Kigumo sub-county Makomboki Makomboki 4,139 4,156 8,295 and Kanderendu Kangari Kangari 5,946 5,964 11,910 Total 17,897(49.24%) 18,452(50.76%) 36,349 Source: 2009 Kenya population and Housing Census From the census data tabulated above, 49% of the population are male while 51% are female. This is in line with the Murang’a County male: female sex ratio of 48:52. The higher female population in relation to male is attributed to high male emigration to other counties and towns in search of employment and business opportunities. According to 2009, the population of Murang’a County by age and sex is as shown in Table 5.4. 58 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Table 5.4: Population Projection by Age Cohorts Age Cohort 2009 (Census) M F T 0-4 57,758 56,251 114,009 5-9 60,903 59,271 120,174 10-14 49,520 58,162 107,682 15-19 49,964 45,324 95,288 20-24 39,934 37,888 77,822 25-29 31,622 36,550 68,172 30-34 28,932 32,310 61,242 35-39 25,942 28,755 54,697 40-44 20,525 23,835 44,360 45-49 19,241 23,156 42,397 50-54 14,347 17,083 31,430 55-59 13,170 15,057 28,227 60-64 12,691 13,432 26,123 65-69 8,769 11,039 19,808 70-74 6,853 8,602 15,455 75-79 4,707 6,069 10,776 80+ 6,873 11,693 18,566 Total 451,751 484,477 936,228 From Table 5.4 above male population is more than female population for age groups 0 - 9 years and 15 – 24 years. However in all other age cohorts, females are more than males. This trend can be attributed to emigration of male to neighbouring urban areas in search of economic opportunities. 5.5.3. Education The education infrastructure in the area is well developed with Kiruri and Ichichi having 10 primary schools and 6 secondary schools both private and public. Makomboki area has four public primary schools, 6 private primary schools, 2 public secondary schools and 1 private secondary schools. The project design has factored in the water demand of all the education institutions in the project area. 59 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 5.5.4. Health facilities and disease prevalence There are a total of approximately seven dispensaries and one health centre in the project area namely; Gatiaini, Makomboki, Kanderendu, Kiruri, proposed Karurumo health centre, Ichichi and Kibutha. The project design has factored in the water demand of all the health facilities in the project area. Data on disease prevalence was sourced from public health officers in Kangema and Kigumo sub-counties. Table 5.5 shows top ten (10) most prevalent diseases according in the two sub-counties. Table 5.5: Disease prevalence in Kangema and Kigumo sub-counties Kangema sub-county Kigumo sub-county No. Prevalent illness No. Prevalent illness 1. Upper respiratory tract infection 1. Upper respiratory tract infection 2. Skin disorders 2. Skin disorders 3. Pneumonia 3. Hypertension 4. Diarrhoea 4. Intestinal worms 5. Urinary tract infection 5. Injuries / accidents 6. Normal accidents 6. Pneumonia 7. Chicken pox 7. Diabetes 8. Eye infections 8. Diarrhoea 9. Rheumatism 9. Arthritis 10. Ear infections 10. Gastroenteritis 5.5.5. Transport Transport system within the entire project area is good and many centres are linked by all-weather gravel roads. In Makomboki area, a tarmac road is under construction from Mairi shopping centre through Gatiai-ni to Makomboki tea factory. Public transport is also available to and from Kangari town and Thika. However access to the proposed intake sites is poor. In Makomboki, a reliable access road of approximately 2.5km into the Aberdare forest is required to transport construction materials. In Kiruri & Ichichi, a similar road is required of approximately 8.5 km inside the Aberdare forest. 5.5.6. Commerce and Industry The main industrial establishment within the area is the Makomboki Tea Factory which has been considered a beneficiary of the project. There is however several medium and small sized commercial enterprises such as shops, restaurants, bars etc found in the shopping centres within the project area. Establishment of other industries within the project area is not anticipated within the project life. The project design has 60 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County approximated and factored in the water demand of the industrial and commercial establishments. 5.5.7 Agriculture The suitable soils coupled with the high rainfall regime makes the area favourable for many agricultural ventures. The project area is a tea growing zone with tea being the main cash crop. Dairy farming is also another economic activity and subsistence food crop farming such as maize, beans and vegetables. Forestry is also practiced in the area where farmers grow blue gum trees and sell them to Makomboki, Githambo and Kanyenyaini Tea Factories as fuel. Farmers in Makomboki including the Makomboki tea factory use the existing Gikakima project for irrigation and various uses in the factory. The rehabilitation works will therefore boost their activities as the system wil be more reliable. Within Kiruri and Ichichi locations, there are no tea factories to be affected. There are small irrigation schemes within this area which are either individually owned or operated by the community. The proposed project will not affect these schemes. 5.5.8 Current water situation a)Makomboki Area There are two existing water supply systems: i. MUSWASCO (Murang’a South Water and Sewerage Company) network: This covers mainly Makomboki and Gatiaini areas and is not adequate to meet the population’s water demand. This is managed by MUSWASCO with monthly billing based on the individual meter readings. ii. GIKAKIMA (Gitwe, Kanderendu, Kimotho and Makomboki) Community Water Project: This is the main water supply system for Makomboki location. It was constructed in 2007 as a community initiative and was funded by the community and the Fair – Trade Foundation. It is operated and maintained by the Gikakima self help group which has a structured management system in place. The project was constructed to supply raw water for both domestic use and for irrigation to about 1000 households. The project covers Gitwe, Kanderendu, Kimotho and Makomboki villages. The main infrastructure is a river intake, conveyance pipeline, main pipelines and distribution pipelines. Connection to the system is through registration with the GIGAKIMA self help group. A standard monthly fee 61 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County is charged to each consumer. However, the water is not adequate to meet the domestic and irrigation requirements owing to some technical and management inefficiencies. b) Kiruri and Ichichi Area There are several existing community water supply in Kiruri and Ichichi Locations as follows. i. Gataguagwo Water Supply System: This was established and managed by Gataguagwo Self Help Group and serves parts of Karurumo and Kiruri sub locations. The water is sourced from a small stream 5km inside the Aberdare forest by simple direct abstraction without damming. The water is inadequate for the connected members and hence perennial water rationing. ii. Githaeini Community Water Project: This is a community initiated and managed water supply system in Ichichi Location which was established in 1999 by Githaeini Self Help Group. The water is abstracted from Githaeini stream through a weir located 3km inside the Aberdare Forest and serves about 439 households who are members of the project. The water is inadequate for the connected members and hence perennial water rationing is experienced. iii. Hukuhuku and Gachai Community Water Project: This is a community initiated and managed water supply system in Ichichi sub location serving 70 households and is abstracted from Ichichi River. iv. Karura Community Water Project: Is a small community initiated and managed water supply system in Karura sub location serving 50 members. The water is abstracted from Itinga River. Other sources of water for the inhabitants of the project area include;  Rain water harvesting in small tanks.  Drawing direct from the river. The existing systems are not sufficient in regard to their capacity to meet the current and future water demand to serve the intended population. The systems are also faced with technical challenges that affect their efficiency, effectiveness, operation and maintenance thus rendering them unsustainable. 62 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 5.5.9. Economy and Income situation The livelihoods of the people in the project area revolve around agricultural activities i.e. crops and livestock farming. In the year 2015/2016, farmers from Makomboki tea factory received over 1 billion earnings from the sale of their tea. Bulk of the population is engaged in tea farming and or dairy production. Farmer sometimes experience fluctuation of prices of their products in the market (tea, milk and vegetables) and in addition to poor agricultural practices there is generally low income leading to middle to low standards of living. The main means of livelihood in the project area include: - Food crop production(maize, beans, potatoes, vegetables) - Cash crop production (Tea, cabbages) - Livestock (cows, goats, chicken, sheep) - Agro-forestry. Provision of water to the area is meant to provide reliable and adequate domestic water as a basic human need and also to provide adequate water for their livestock. 5.6 Cross-cutting issues 5.6.1 HIV/AIDS HIV prevalence in Kenya is estimated based on the Demographic and Health Survey (2003 and 2008/9), AIDS Indicator Surveys (KAIS 2007 and 2012) and Antenatal Clinic (ANC) sentinel surveillance. A trend analysis starting from 1990 shows that prevalence in the general population reached a peak of 10.5% in 1995‐96, after which it declined by about 40% to reach approximately 6.7% in 2003. Since then, the prevalence has remained relatively stable. The decline of the prevalence from 1995 to 2003 is partly attributed to high AIDS related mortality while the stabilization of the epidemic in the last 10 years is largely due to the rapid scale up of anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) and reduction in the number of new infections that occurred during this period. (Source: Kenya AIDS Response Progress Report 2014). Murang’a County is among the regions with low prevalence of HIV/AIDS, which were generally estimated between 3-5%. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection increases with proximity to the urban centers where the prevalence is estimated to be above 4.4 %. (Source: Kenya AIDS Response Progress Report 2014). The disease has weakened the economically productive population. The most affected age group is between 15 and 49 who constitute the majority of the workforce. The 63 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County scourge has contributed significantly to high incidences of poverty. The greatest impact has been on the widows who are left with the heavy burden of caring for their households. This explains the increasing number of female-headed households in the region. The number of Aids orphans has also been on the increase, resulting in a rise in the number of families headed by orphans. Most of the orphans are forced to drop out of school due to lack of school fees. Others become street children as a coping mechanism. A large amount of family resources is used for medication and other forms of care to the infected. Poverty is among the major pre disposing factors to HIV/AIDS, influx of people from outside the project area during construction and operation phases may further worsen the prevalence rates in the county. Also, important to note is the reversal of prevalence rates during the operation phase due to improved economic situation in the counties. 5.6.2 Gender According to 2009 census, there are more women than men in the project area and in Murang’a County as a whole. The male: female ratio stands at 48:52. The County gender development index stands at 0.5357 compared to the national indicator which is 0.4924. This is attributed to empowerment of the girl child and promotion of women rights in the county (Murang’a County First County Integrated Development Plan 2013- 2017). According to the Murang’a County First County Integrated Development Plan 2013- 2017, gender disparities are minimal in primary and secondary education where enrolments are 50% for both boys and girls. However, women have been discriminated against when it comes to access to ownership of property and finances. The plan indicates that 80% of women constitute the agricultural workforce but only a small percentage of them hold title deeds to land. This imposes a great constraint on their ability to make major land-related investment decisions including obtaining credit using title deeds as collateral. This has an implications on economic growth and poverty reduction. The share of women in wage employment in the non-agriculture sector stands at 33.9%. This means that the men are more engaged in employment in the non-agricultural sector. Women in most instances in Kenya are usually left out of many development initiatives, and the perception exists that women’s reproductive and domestic responsibilities 64 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County should be their primary function. Some of the domestic responsibilities that are done by women and girls include cooking, washing clothes, fetching water and firewood and general house cleaning. This in term excludes them in decision making and as a result lack of access to income and other means of production. Men usually own and control all family resources but labour is mostly provided by women and girls. 65 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County CHAPTER SIX: PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 6.1 Introduction This chapter outlines the key issues raised by the public on the proposed project. The findings indicate that all the community members support the project as long as they are involved and fully sensitized on the same. 6.2 Objectives of Public Consultation The need for public consultations as required by EMCA was to:  Disseminate and correctly inform the stakeholders about the project, its key components, location and expected impacts.  Awareness creation on the need for EIA.  Gather comments, concerns and suggestions of the interested and affected parties.  Ensure that the concerns of the stakeholders were known to the decision-makers early enough  Incorporate the information collected into the EIA study The purpose for such a process was to identify the positive and negative impacts and subsequently promote and mitigate them respectively. It also helped in identifying any other miscellaneous issues which may bring conflicts in case project implementation proceeded as planned. 6.3. Stakeholder Consultations 6.3.1 Government stakeholders During the EIA process, some of the key stakeholders were consulted. They include  Kenya Forest Service (KFS);  Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS);  Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA);  Physical Planner; and  Local administration The stakeholder list is as shown in Appendix III. The summary of the deliberations is itemised in Table 6.1. 66 Table 6.1: summary of comments from key informants. Issue of Concern Kenya Forest Kenya Forest Service (Muranga Water Resource Management Physical Planner Service County) Authority (Upper Tana Sub- (Muranga County (Kigumo) Region) Government) Water shortage Agreed there is Agreed there is water shortage in Agreed that the piped water is Agreed there is water water shortage the area insufficient shortage in the area in the area Project contribution -Improve the -Adequate water for domestic use -adequate portable water for the -easy access to drinking towards alleviating this existing water -Irrigation community water problem supply Positive impacts -poverty -clean and safe water to -availability of quality water -will save time which is eradication community -time saving for community to do consumed in fetching -Income generation other activities water Establishment of tree nurseries to -Clean water hence alleviate poverty and conserve reduced level of water the environment borne diseases Negative impacts -Impact of the -destruction of vegetation along -if all regulations will be followed -none flow the way leave there will be no any negative downstream -the trenches dug may cause impacts mudslides during rainy seasons because the area is hilly. Other issues -project -community ownership of the -follow and adhere to group by- -community should form a committee project should be enhanced laws committee to run the should be -KFS to give required way leave - adhere to the government laws project formed to and abstraction authority before and water act -provide meters to manage the commencement of the project. -install master meter regulate wage and bill of water supply This should be accompanied by -priority of the water used should the consumers WRMA permit and NEMA license. be for domestic use -domestic use should be -domestic water use should be -acquire abstraction water permit the priority the priority 67 Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) were also consulted and requested to undertake a site visit to the proposed intake which was undertaken 27th and 28th of June 2017. From the site visit, they gave a go-ahead for the project to be implemented. 6.3.2 Community level Stakeholders Two public barazas were held during the ESIA studies i.e. in Kiruri location and Makomboki locations. They were held on 17th February 2017 and 7th March 2017 respectively. A meeting was also held with community leaders within Makomboki location on 7th March 2017. The minutes of the meetings and attendance sheets are as shown in Appendix II. The following is the summary of views, comments, suggestions obtained and discussions had during public barazas at Makomboki and Kiruri locations. i. Water Scarcity Community members reported that scarcity of water was a serious challenge in the area. They were optimistic that the need to improve the water supply through proposed water supply will complement the existing water sources and reduce traveling distances to water points. The community members were informed that apart from the proposed Makomboki, Ichichi and Kiruri water supply project, Athi Water Services Board is currently undertaking various projects within Murang’a County. They include: i. Murang'a Community Water Project; ii. Gatanga Community Water Project; iii. Gatango Community Water Project; iv. Ichichi, Kiruri and Makomboki Water project; v. Gataguaguga Community Water tank; vi. Ithanga Community Water Project; and vii. Extension of water supply line to Kambiti and Kambirwa. This will alleviate water scarcity problems in major parts of Murang’a County. AWSB will also undertake a water masterplan for Murang’a County. The masterplan will identify all the water resources within the County and their uses. This will help in proper planning of the water resource in the County. 68 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County viii. Beneficiaries The community members informed the EIA team that women and children will be the greatest beneficiaries of the project as they are the ones tasked with the duty of fetching water and other household chores as indicated in section 5.6.2. Consequently, time wasted in search for water will be used for other constructive activities. Additionally, the danger posed to women and children during the search for water will greatly reduce. ix. Speed of action The public requested that the time to undertake the project should be hasten because the demand of water is high. x. Pipe laying For pipe laying routes the community is willing to provide wayleave if required. They didn’t see this as an issue to block them f rom accessing clean potable water. Valuations will be done for farmers who will be affected. xi. Project acceptance and support There was support for the proposed project. This was as a result of clear explanation of what is proposed and the way forward in the implementation process. The community understood that the project is feasible in all aspects. In addition, the project will spur growth in the area. The local administration indicated that it and the entire community would support the project as long as it promoted development in the area. The community has no objections for the project since they will solve water shortage problems. xii. Employment This is a key benefit of any project that host communities can gain from a proposed project. They thus expressed the need for the proponent to observe the following with regard to employment.  Those responsible for project implementation ensure that youth from the area are given priority in recruiting labour force. They were emphatic especially on the recruitment of manual labour.  While recruiting employees during the operation phase there is need to consider local population skilled in various issues. 69 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County xiii. Implementation Given the immense benefits that the proposed project will produce, the community members urged the proponent to hasten so that the community can start benefitting from it. xiv. Community engagement To avert unnecessary conflicts, there is need for prompt communication to all stakeholders. This could be through the use of the local administration and other such fora. Any information or clarification about stakeholders’ position on project need to be promptly availed to any interested party. The EIA Team explained the proposed mitigation measures to their concerns among other potential negative impacts. 6.4 Conclusion Basically, there was no objection on the proposed project. Nearly all those who were consulted welcomed the project because it has a great contribution to solving the water supply challenges, creation of employment, and promotion of water supply in the area. The issues raised and many others foreseeable impacts have been adequately addressed in the report and in the ESMP. 6.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism Grievance redress mechanisms (GRM) includes instruments, methods, and processes by which a resolution to a grievance is sought and provided. The processes is as shown in the sections below. 6.5.1 Local Residents Complaints Procedure The purpose and scope of local resident’s complaints procedure is to ensure all complaints from local residents are dealt with appropriately with corrective actions being implemented and the complainant being informed of the outcome. It will be applicable to all complaints received from any local within the project area. The contractor will employ a Community Liaison Officer and or sociologist who will be responsible for collating written complaints and co-coordinating responses to all complaints. 70 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 6.5.2 Procedure a) General complaints Both verbal and written complaints are to be entered a Grievance Complaint Log. When receiving a complaint all employees shall refer the complainant to the Community Liaison Officer (CLO) or the resident engineer. The person receiving a complaint shall ensure that the Grievance Complaint Log is completed. The form shall then be forwarded to the Community Liaison Officer who will assign it a number. The Community Liaison Officer shall ensure that all actions are made to close out the complaint. b) Grievance Complaint Log Ensures that each complaint has an individual number and that tracking and recording actions are carried out. It also records who is responsible for an individual complaint and records dates for the following actions:  Date the complaint was reported;  Information on proposed corrective action sent to complainant (if appropriate);  The date the complaint was closed out; and  Date response sent to complainant. A sample grievance log is as shown below: Table 6.2: Sample Grievance Log Ref Name of Nature of Date Action Resolved Unresolved Next complainant Grievance Registered Taken steps 6.5.3 Responding to a Complaint All complaints shall be responded to in writing, though a verbal response will be provided as well if this is more appropriate in the circumstances (e.g., where the complainant cannot read). All complaints must be responded to within two weeks of being received, even if the response is just a summary of what is planned and when it is likely to be implemented. Further correspondence should be given once the complaint is closed out. 71 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 6.5.4 Monitoring Complaints The CLO through the contractor will be responsible for providing AWSB with a Monthly report detailing the level of complaints and any outstanding issues to be addressed. Monthly reports will include analysis of the type of complaints, levels of complaints and action taken to reduce complaints. The CLO shall file all documentation related to complaints in a file in his office. 72 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County CHAPTER SEVEN: POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 7.1 Introduction A study of potential environmental and social impacts as a result of the proposed project was carried out. From observations made in the field and discussions held with various people, a number of aspects affecting the natural, physical, economic and social environment were noted. Environmental and social impacts manifest at all stages of the proposed project. This is because of the different project activities that inform particular actions which in turn act on environmental factors. The significance of these impacts is also varied. Once potential impacts of the proposed project were identified, the team went further to predict the nature of the impacts. Predictions are normally based on explicit assumptions about environmental processes, professional judgment and different value judgments expressed by various stakeholders during consultations. Determination of the significance of the potential impacts was based on the three broad categories of determining impact significance. These are:  Legal: The importance of environmental conservation is acknowledged in existing policies, laws and plans.  Public: segment of the public recognize the importance of environmental conservation. This recognition takes place in the form of support and sometimes conflict and opposition.  Technical: the importance of an environmental resource is based on the scientific knowledge of the critical resource characteristics. 7.2 Potential impacts during construction phase 7.2.1 Positive impacts 7.2.1.1 Creation of employment During the construction of the proposed project, there will be employment opportunities for both professionals and unskilled workers. Several workers including casual labourers, plumbers and engineers are expected to work on the project during the construction period. Semi-skilled, unskilled labourers and formal employees are expected to obtain gainful employment during the period of construction. With labour 73 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County intensive construction technologies, the project will provide employment for youths and provide support to the Government of Kenya initiatives on creation of jobs. The creation of employment opportunities is beneficial both from the economic and social point of view. Economically, it means abundant unskilled labour will be used in digging of trenches, laying of pipes, and transport of construction materials. Socially these people will be engaged in productive employment and minimize social ills like alcohol abuse. This positive social change in the social behaviour will be one of the anticipated transformational indicators in the project area. 7.2.1.2 Injection of money into the local economy A large sum of the project money shall be released into the local economy as a result of the construction activities. This money will be inform of payments for skilled and unskilled labour; purchases of construction materials; and payments for local provisions including fuel, foods and accommodation. 7.2.1.3 Creation of market for construction materials The project will require materials, some of which will be sourced locally within the project area. Some of this include sand and hard-core for the construction of the intakes and manholes. Local suppliers will be given first priority in supply of construction materials. 7.2.2 Negative impacts 7.2.2.1 Air Emissions and dust Gaseous emission is associated with combustion of fuel by the construction vehicles and equipment. These emissions may be in the form of oxides of nitrogen as well as volatile organic carbons. Emissions from the construction vehicles should comply with national or international standards. Dust is released during certain operations, such as transport and open storage of solid materials, and from exposed soil surfaces, including unpaved roads. Mitigation measures - Regardless of the size or type of vehicle, operators should implement the manufacturer recommended engine maintenance programs; 74 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County - Contractors should consider additional ways to reduce potential impacts including implementing a regular vehicle maintenance and repair program; - Machines must not be left idling for unnecessary periods of time; this will save fuel and reduce emissions. - Ensure that all material (sand and aggregate) stockpiled on the site to be used in construction activities are regularly sprayed to reduce the effects of wind whipping; - Ensure that all trucks carrying aggregate and sand are covered during delivery to the site; - Care must be taken in the unloading construction materials (aggregate, sand and cement) to prevent spillage. If a spill occurs, this should be cleaned up as soon as possible thereafter; - Extra care must be taken to reduce dust in periods when wind speed is greatest and the rainfall amounts are lowest. This will involve extra wetting of the construction area to suppress dust particles; - All raw materials must be sourced as close as possible to the construction site thus reducing the emissions from vehicular traffic. 7.2.2.2 Soil erosion The activities involved in the site preparation and construction phase of the project may have a major negative short-term impact on soil. This is due to the removal of vegetation from the area which will leave considerable areas of soil exposed to the elements, which may result in soil erosion. This is particular area of concern since the topography of the project area is hilly. Mitigation measures: - Only remove vegetation from areas under construction; - Install appropriate drainage systems to direct water away from slopes; - Avoid as far as possible the traversing of bare soil by vehicles to reduce soil compaction; - Designate a main access route for heavy machinery; - Avoid site preparation in period when wind velocities are highest. - Revegetate the project area to enhance soil stability by project completion. 75 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 7.2.2.3 Noise & vibration The site preparation and construction phases of the project may likely have the negative impact to the ambient noise and vibration in the project area. A number of measures may be undertaken by the contractors to reduce the impact of noise on the existing and potential residents as well as the workers involved in the project. This is temporary, however, and the aim at this point is to make the increase in noise as small as possible until this phase is complete. The cumulative impact of the construction activities occurring simultaneously may increase the noise and vibration levels in the area significantly. Mitigation Measures: - Access roads should be exclusively used for the transportation of workers, goods and materials. - Where possible silenced machinery and instruments should be employed to reduce the impact of noise on the existing residents and workers. - Machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be used on a phased basis to reduce the overall impact. These equipment such as drills and cement mixers should also be used when the least number of residents can be affected, for example during periods where most residents are at work or school. - Ensure that construction activities for the development of the project are staggered to decrease the levels of noise and vibration in the area; - Construction hours should be limited to the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. daily. - The delivery of raw materials must be limited to 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. daily. 7.2.2.4 Construction wastes Various wastes both liquid and solid are generated in the course of construction. The wastes range from general to hazardous categories. This impact is short term. However, the disposal mechanism of the wastes can have long term consequences. Mitigation measures - All solid waste will be collected at a central location at each site and will be stored temporarily until removal to an appropriately permitted disposal site by county government of Murang’a. The waste handler should also be registered with NEMA. 76 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County - No dumping within the surrounding area is to be permitted. Where potentially hazardous substances are being disposed of, a chain of custody document should be kept with the environmental register as proof of final disposal. - Waste generated at the site should be categorised by the contractor and disposed of in a suitable manner into different waste streams (including general and hazardous waste). Wherever possible recycling should be carried out. - For fuel storage tanks provide adequate secondary containment tanks and for the temporary storage of other fluids such as lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids, - Use impervious surfaces for refueling areas and other fluid transfer areas - Training workers on the correct transfer and handling of fuels and chemicals and the response to spills -Provide portable spill containment and clean-up equipment on site and training in the equipment deployment -Assess the contents of hazardous materials and petroleum-based products in building systems (e.g. PCB containing electrical equipment, asbestos-containing building materials) and process equipment and removing them prior to initiation of decommissioning activities, and managing their treatment and disposal according to Hazardous Waste Management guidelines. 7.2.2.5 Vegetation loss It is worth noting that the potential significant impact on flora in the area will be short term and reversible. The rising mains will run along the forest area, road reserve and in some sections private land currently under crop cultivation. These areas will thus be restored immediately the pipelines have been laid. No rare, threatened, critically endangered or endemic plant species were observed. However, it is important to reduce vegetation loss on the work sites as much as possible. Mitigation Measures: - Only clear vegetation that is absolutely necessary for the construction activities; - Retain all mature trees (> 25 cm diameter at breast height) during this phase of the development if possible; - Replant trees and shrubs upon project completion to stabilize the soil (in consultation with KFS); - Avoid the use of Invasive Alien Species in the landscaping activities 77 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County - Determine access roads which are to be used by machinery used in the construction and site clearance phase of the development to avoid the unnecessary trampling of vegetation that will be maintained within the project area. - The forest area should be cleared in collaboration with KFS to ensure minimum interference of the forestry vegetation. 7.2.2.6 Occupational Health and Safety Risks Construction sites are hazardous environments due to a range of activities and works being undertaken, vehicle movements, mechanical equipment, open trenches, presence of scaffolding etc. Open access to the construction site will undoubtedly result in injury and potentially fatal accidents. Potential accidents are not anticipated if the construction site is appropriately managed and controlled. Mitigation Measures: - Ensuring that the drivers and machine operators hired to work at sites are qualified. - Workers on site must be provided with appropriate PPE. - Appropriate signs must be erected on the site to warn workers and visitors. - There should be safety policy clearly displayed on the site. - Machines should be properly maintained. - A first aid kit should be provided and a trained first aider should always be on site. - Proper scheduling of activities to avoid workers being overworked. - Machines/equipment for the intended purpose. - No worker should be allowed on site while under the influence of alcohol or other inebriating substances. 7.2.2.7 Disturbance of traffic and difficulty of access The main impact on roads traffic will be during possible laying of raising main along the rural roads. The machinery used may cause blocking of the road but for a relatively short period. Excavation for distribution pipelines will cause access problems to pedestrians, and possibly to riders of bicycles and motorcycles. This access difficulty will have more impact on elderly people, handicapped and children who may accidentally fall in open trenches or make tedious long cycles before they reach their targeted locations. 78 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Mitigation measures: - Provide diversion routes where possible. - Give a construction itinerary in advance so that the potentially affected population can use alternative routes and start early to get to their destinations on time. - Erect warning signs of on-going works. - Expedite construction works so as to reduce the times where roads are blocked. - Access of residents should be facilitated by installing appropriate temporary bridges over the pipeline trenches. - Suitable warning signs should be placed at near locations and should be visible at night. - Alternatives access ways should be communicated to the community. 7.2.2.8 Water pollution The construction activities may cause negative impacts on the surface and ground water quality within the area especially Manguyo stream and Githika River and other small streams within the project area. During the construction, sediment from the earthworks, wet cement, detergents, paints and other chemicals, accidental oils and fuels spills and leaks from deployed equipment may find their way into the river through surface run-off if not properly controlled. This will contribute to degradation of the river water quality and may affect the downstream users negatively and may also affect aquatic organisms. Mitigation Measures: - If diesel and motor oil are to be stored on site, ensure that they are properly contained in a bunded area. This area must have signs indicating the storage of these substances erected. - Store all raw materials away from the vicinity of water bodies located on the property to avoid contamination in these areas. - General refuse generated during these phases of the development must be stockpiled in one central area of the development site, away from existing water bodies and collected, transported and disposed of appropriately at the designated disposal site. - • Contractor should develop emergency clean up procedures for managing accidental spills. Such procedures should be developed before civil works start on the site. - Put in place soil erosion control measures. 79 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County - Ensure that all construction equipment and vehicles are serviced off site at licensed garages. 7.2.2.9. Disruption of water supply During rehabilitation and expansion of the existing Gikakima Self Help Group Community Water Supply system which covers most parts of Makomboki location, water supply will be cut off during construction period. Mitigation measures - Provide sufficient notice to the Makomboki community before disconnecting the water supply; - Contractor to work with speed to ensure that the period of disruption is minimised; - Where possible, provide an alternative water supply for example tracking. 7.2.2.10. Material sites The construction of the project will utilize a number of materials including sand, rocks, gravels, murram etc. which will be sourced within the project area or the surrounding areas. It is envisaged that the construction materials will be sourced in areas approved by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) as per the regulations. Due to the fact that the construction materials will be of small quantities, the project will not open new borrow pits but will source materials from existing approved quarries in the project area. The pipes and cement will also be sourced from the local market including Nairobi. Mitigation measures - The Contractors will source construction materials such as sand and hard core from registered and approved quarry and sand mining firms whose projects have undergone satisfactory environmental impact assessment/audit and received NEMA approval; - The Contractor will only order for what will be required through accurate budgeting and estimation of actual construction requirements. 7.2.2.11 Land take The proposed project will lead to minimal land take majorly for the twelve (12 No.) break pressure tanks. The intake works and water pipelines will be laid within the Aberdare 80 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County forest, Nyayo Tea Zones land and on the road reserves. The land take for the project is as shown in Table 7.1. Table 7.1: Summary of land requirement for the Infrastructure under the project Makomboki water supply project Project Component Land Ownership 1. Main Tanks 225m3 Gitwe Tank Private land 225m3 Kanderendu Tank Nyayo Tea Zone land 150m3 Kimotho Tank Public land 2. 10m3 Break Pressure Tanks (BPTs) On Gitwe – Ngurweini Mainline At Private land Chainage 4+375m 3. Pipeline Kanderendu-Kimotho Mainline – 832m Nyayo Tea Zone land Kimotho Submain – 1340m Gitwe Mainline-8590m Both are on the road reserve Kimotho sub main-1320m Kiruri & Ichichi water supply project 1. Main Tanks Karurumo Tank Nyayo Tea Zone land Ichichi Tank Private land 2. 10m3 Break Pressure Tanks Kiruri Mainline at chainage 5 + 312m All on private land Kawariua Mainline at chainage 1+400m. Magomano Mainline at chainage 1+440m Gatara Distribution line at 1+200m. Githambo Distribution line at 0+860m. Ichichi Mainline at 5+900m Ichichi Distribution Line at 3+080m Ichichi Distribution Line at 4+180m Gikigie Distribution Line at 1+960m 3. Pipeline Intake In the forest Karurumo Conveyance 8495m in the forest Ichichi Mainline 3050m Sections of the pipeline on Nyayo Tea Zone land and forest land Kiruri Main line-5320m All are on the road reserve Kawariua Mainline-1950m Magomano Mainline-2660m Gatara Distribution Line-3980m Githambo Distribution Line-2370m Ichichi Distribution Line-5240m Gikigie Distribution Line-3501m Note: The approximate size of land required for tanks and BPTs are:  225m3 Karurumo Tank: 17m by 17m.  All other 225m3 Tanks: 17m by 13m.  150m3 Tanks: 15m by 13m. 81 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County  All Break Pressure Tanks: 10m by 5m.  All pipelines: 3m corridor. Mitigation measures:  Valuation of assets for the twelve farmers whose land will be used for construction of break pressure tanks is being undertaken. The valuation report will assist in compensation of the affected persons before project commencement. 7.2.2.12 Spread of HIV and AIDS The proposed project will most likely attract migrant workers both skilled and non-skilled. These men and women away from their partners can get into sexual liaisons with people from the host community. Thus being exposed to HIV/AIDS or infecting others. Mitigation measures:  Maximize hiring skilled and unskilled workers from the host community.  Contractor should adopt a code of conduct including penalties for its violation. Collaborate with the local law enforcement system to ensure compliance.  Sensitize the migrant workers on risky sexual behaviour.  Have VCT services on site and encourage workers to undergo the same.  Provision of sexually protective devices such as condoms. 7.2.2.13 Social conflicts These can potentially emerge mainly due to: - Acts of omission or commission by project proponent or contractor for example delay in honouring agreements. - Misunderstanding amongst stakeholders. - Incidents and accidents which may occur. Mitigation measures: - Immediate action undertaken as soon as possible and within 24 hours of receipt of a complaint. - Investigations completed within seven days of receipt of complaint. - All corrective actions implemented by due date - All incidents or complaints about either environmental or social issues will be managed in accordance to the existing procedure in line with the legal framework. 82 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County - All incidents and complaints will be recorded in the contractors incident reporting system - Additional environmental awareness training of the workforce with respect to procedures to be followed for environmental incidents or complaints - Sensitize workforce on cultural sensitivities - Engage community into grievance redress. 7.2.2.14 Gender equity and harassment Unequal or preferential treatment of individuals or groups on their basis of gender during construction period may result in reduced access to or control of resources and employment opportunities. The contractor should therefore ensure that there is no gender discrimination during recruitment exercise. Mitigation measures:  The contractor should ensure that both genders are prioritized and given equal opportunities during recruitment process. This can be done with the assistance of the local administration.  The contractor will be required to report to the Client on a regular basis the number of employees on site including their gender.  Engage community and local law enforcement into monitoring and reporting any misconduct by the contractor. 7.2.2.15 Child labour and protection According to the Maragua District Strategic Plan 2005 – 2010 which now forms part of the larger Murang’a County, child labour is rampant in the project area. There may therefore be a tendency of children to seek employment during the construction phase. The contractor’s employment policy should have child protection clauses wherever necessary which is will ensure that the construction site is child-safe and free of child labour. This is because every child deserves to have a childhood, to be able to grow and develop through play and education in a safe way. Construction sites are no place for children and never will be. Mitigation measures: 83 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County  The contractor should ensure that all the personnel employed should be adults and should possess valid national identification cards.  Engage community and local law enforcement into monitoring and reporting any misconduct by the contractor. 7.3 Potential impacts during operations 7.3.1 Positive Impacts 7.3.1.1 Increased access to portable water The current water sources rapidly deplete during the dry season and the quality of water is also not fit for consumption. The community’s main water sources are unprotected springs, rivers and shallow wells. Consequently, the community members have to travel increasingly far distances in search for portable water. It is expected that the construction of the proposed water supply project will greatly improve access to water in the area. 7.3.1.2 Permanent employment opportunities Permanent employment opportunities are one of the long-term major impacts of the project that will be realized during the operation and maintenance of the water supply project. It is expected that some community members will be permanently employed as technicians. 7.3.1.3 Improved Health The proportion of the population currently relying on water from unprotected water sources such as rivers and shallow wells will reduce significantly. These will have a direct impact on health and sanitation especially in relation to waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea and helminthic infections. Families that are unable to wash clothes or bathe will be able to do so due to close proximity to water sources. 7.3.1.4 Reduced travel times to water points From our discussions with community members, most families spend almost 30 min- 1.5hours in search for water. It is expected that the construction of the proposed water supply project will lead to significant time savings due to reduced distances to water points. It is expected that same will improve the economic and social status of women and children since there will be more time for other activities for example for farming and school respectively. 84 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 7.3.1.5 Increased participation of women in socio-economic development The prevailing socio-cultural norms influencing household division of labour determine that looking after children, preparation of food and collecting water and firewood are tasks for the women. By bringing water closer to the communities, the women will be able to spend their time in other productive activities thereby increasing their participation in socio-economic development. 7.3.2 Negative Impacts 7.3.2.1 Accidents and injuries Work at water facilities is often physically demanding and may involve hazards such as open water, trenches, and slippery walkways, working at heights, energized circuits, and heavy equipment. Work may also involve entry into confined spaces, including manholes, pipelines, storage tanks, and pump stations. Drowning is also a risk associated with water works. Mitigation measures - Install guard railing around pits. - Implement a confined spaces entry program that is consistent with applicable national requirements and internationally accepted standards. - Valves to tanks should be locked to prevent accidental flooding during cleaning and maintenance; - Use fall protection equipment when working at heights; - Maintain work areas to minimize slipping and tripping hazards; - Use proper techniques for trenching and shoring; - When installing or repairing rising mains adjacent to roadways, implement procedures and traffic controls, such as: i. Establishment of work zones so as to separate workers from traffic and from equipment as much as possible ii. Reduction of allowed vehicle speeds in work zones; iii. Use of high-visibility safety apparel for workers in the vicinity of traffic iv. For night work, provision of proper illumination for the work space, while controlling glare so as not to blind workers and passing motorists 7.3.2.2 Solid Waste 85 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County The operation of the project will result in generation of solid waste e.g. plastics (wrappings and containers), paper, office wastes including e.g. used toner, cartridges, kitchen (canteen) wastes etc. These waste can be a nuisance if not properly disposed. Mitigation measures - Provision of solid waste storage bins and skips; - Monitor skips so that they do not become overfilled; - Ensure that the solid waste collected is disposed of in an approved dumpsite. 7.3.2.3 Emergency preparedness Water service provider should be prepared to handle incidents affecting drinking water and the water supply systems. Pipelines may be washed away by natural disasters such as floods and landslides. Contamination of water can also occur. This should be mitigated against since it might impact the community. Mitigation measures - Design and implement an emergency response plan; - Sensitize local communities on the provisions of the emergency response plan and necessary steps to take during an emergency; - Coordinate with aid organizations/agencies such as with the Red Cross, county government fire brigade. 7.3.2.4 Reduced downstream flows The construction of the intake works may lead to increased abstraction of water from two independent rivers i.e. South Mathioya tributary and Githika River for Kiruri & Ichichi and Makomboki systems respectively. The downstream flow is likely to be affected as a result of over abstraction. However, this impact is expected to be minimal. Reduced water level will affect water temperature which may in turn affect some aquatic plants and animals as it may exceed their biologically viable temps. Lower flow levels will also mean that water will not be available for downstream users. According to hydrological assessment report, the amount of water being requested for the Kiruri/Ichichi Water Project (3,600 m3/day) which is about 88% of the available normal flow of Manguyo Stream at the intake. The hydrologist recommended that the project be permitted to abstract water from the Manguyo stream during normal flow of only. However, there are other springs discharging into Manguyo Stream at the reach between the intake on 86 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Manguyo Stream and the confluence with Mathioya South River. Based on these observations, it is opined that the impacts on Manguyo Stream will be restricted to a very small section of the stream inside the forest and will have no impacts on the overall normal flow of Mathioya South River. Mitigation measures: - There should be due adherence to the safest maximum abstractable water quantities throughout the project life. - Adhere to WRMA water use permits. 7.3.2.5 Increased domestic wastewater generation The proposed Project will result in increased wastewater generation through the introduction of more water in the system. This may lead pollution of the environment. The rural and peri urban region in within the project area do not have proper conventional sewerage infrastructure. Residents rely on pit latrines and septic tanks for sewer disposal and gray water through surface drain to farmland for irrigation. Mitigation measures: - Plans should be put in place by the WSP on how to address sewer and waste water within its area of jurisdiction. 7.4 Decommissioning Phase Decommissioning takes place during the final phase of a project life-cycle, but a degree of environmental planning is necessary before any decommissioning activities should be allowed to commence. Decommissioning refers to the final disposal of the project and associated materials at the expiry of the project life. During this project, the proponent will be expected to either rehabilitate or demolish the intake works and tanks, remove the pipes, and remediate the site. The decommissioning of one or all components of such a project would therefore have an effect on the environmental status quo, either in a positive or in a negative way. In this respect, this section contains broad environmental guidelines which will assist decision makers to take environmentally responsible and sustainable decisions in terms of which infrastructure to retain, which to develop further (and how to do this), and which to remove completely with regard to this project. In this way, the positive aspects of 87 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County decommissioning may be maximized and the negative aspects minimized or even avoided. 7.4.1. Negative Impacts 7.4.1.1 Solid Waste Generation Demolition of project related infrastructure will result in large quantities of solid waste. The waste will include materials such as concrete, metal, wood, adhesives, sealants and fasteners. Although demolition waste is generally considered as less harmful to the environment since they are composed of inert materials, there is growing evidence that large quantities of such waste may lead to release of certain hazardous chemicals into the environment. We recommend that proper waste disposal mechanisms be observed. 7.4.1.2 Noise pollution The decommissioning related activities such as demolition works will lead to significant deterioration of the acoustic environment within the project site and the surrounding areas. This will be as a result of the noise and vibration that will be experienced as a result of demolishing the proposed project structures. 7.4.1.3 Occupational Health Hazards Demolition works will inevitably expose workers and the public to occupational health and public safety risks: in particular, working with heavy equipment, handling and use of tools engender certain risks. The workers involved in demolition are also likely to be exposed to risk of accidents and injuries resulting from accidental falls, falling objects, injuries from hand tools and other equipment. 7.4.2. Positive Impacts 7.4.2.1 Rehabilitation Upon decommissioning of the proposed project, rehabilitation of the project site will be carried out to restore the site to its original status or to a better state than it was originally. This will include replacement of topsoil and re-vegetation which will lead to improved visual quality of the area. This will also mean that alternative options can be utilized within the project site. 88 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 7.4.2.2 Employment opportunity For decommissioning to take place properly and in good time, several people will be involved. As a result, employment opportunities will be created for the demolition staff during the demolition phase of the proposed project. 89 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County CHAPTER EIGHT: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8.1 Introduction The purpose of the following Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed project is to initiate a mechanism for implementing mitigation measures for the potential negative environmental impacts and monitor the efficiency of these mitigation measures based on relevant environmental indicators. The ESMP identifies certain roles and responsibilities for different stakeholders for implementation, supervision and monitoring. The objectives of the ESMP are: - To provide evidence of practical and achievable plans for the management of the proposed project. - To provide the Proponent and the relevant Lead Agencies with a framework to confirm compliance with relevant laws and regulations. - To provide community with evidence of the management of the project in an environmentally acceptable manner. Conversely, Environmental monitoring provides feedback about the actual environmental and social impacts of a project. Monitoring results help judge the success of mitigation measures in protecting the environment. They are also used to ensure compliance with environmental standards, and to facilitate any needed project design or operational changes. A monitoring program, backed up by powers to ensure corrective action when the monitoring results show it necessary, is a proven way to ensure effective implementation of mitigation measures. By tracking a project‘s actual impacts, monitoring reduces the environmental risks associated with that project, and allows for project modifications to be made where required. This ESMP is prepared for the three project stages where potential significant negative impacts manifest. These are: i. Construction Phase ESMP; and ii. Operation Phase ESMP . 90 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 8.2 Table of Environmental and social management plan Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters Construction phase Air pollution  Regular vehicle maintenance and repair.  Complaints Contractor Throughout Ksh 500,000  Machines must not be left idling for unnecessary  Noise the To mitigate for periods of time; this will save fuel and reduce measurements construction all impacts emissions. undertaken in period during  Use of dust control methods, such as covers, water dB (A) scale construction suppression  Total suspended phase.  Ensure that all trucks carrying aggregate and sand particles, H2S, are covered during delivery to the site. CO2, CH4  All raw materials must be sourced as close as  Evidence of dust possible to the construction site thus reducing the suppression emissions from vehicular traffic. measures like  All waste must be transported off-site for processing, wetting of not burnt or stored for any longer than is surfaces during absolutely necessary. dry season Water pollution  If diesel and motor oil are to be stored on site,  Water quality tests Contractor Throughout ensure that they are properly contained in a the bunded area. This area must have signs indicating construction the storage of these substances erected. period  Store all raw materials away from the vicinity of 91 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters water bodies located on the property to avoid contamination in these areas.  General refuse generated during these phases of the development must be stockpiled in one central area of the development site, away from existing water bodies and collected, transported and disposed of appropriately at the designated disposal site.  • Contractor should develop emergency clean up procedures for managing accidental spills. Such procedures should be developed before civil works start on the site.  Put in place soil erosion control measures.  Ensure that all construction equipment and vehicles are serviced off site at licensed garages. Soil erosion  Only remove vegetation from areas under  Physical Contractor Throughout construction; identification of the  Install appropriate drainage systems to direct water eroded areas construction away from slopes;  River turbidity and period  Avoid as far as possible the traversing of bare soil presence of by vehicles to reduce soil compaction; sediments 92 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters  Designate a main access route for heavy machinery;  Avoid site preparation in period when wind velocities are highest. Construction  Use an integrated wastes management system  Records of exact Contractor Throughout wastes observing the following hierarchy of options: materials to be the Reduction at source, Recycling, Reuse, procured by the construction Combustion, land filling. contractor period  Incorporation of waste management commitments  Check sources of contained in the Waste Management Guidelines procured  Agreement with suppliers to accept the return of materials unused materials.  Agreement with NEMA licenses companies to be used for the off-site transport of wastes  Workforce training programs in waste minimization practices  Where practical any excess materials will be returned to the supplier  Waste oil will be collected for transport and off-site disposal  Littering, specifically of the natural areas, should be prevented. Adequate containers for litter removal 93 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters should be supplied on site. These containers should be emptied on a regular basis and the contents removed to an appropriate and licensed waste disposal site.  The Contractor shall set up a solid waste control and removal system.  For fuel storage tanks provide adequate secondary containment tanks and for the temporary storage of other fluids such as lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids,  Use impervious surfaces for refueling areas and other fluid transfer areas  Training workers on the correct transfer and handling of fuels and chemicals and the response to spills  -Provide portable spill containment and cleanup equipment on site and training in the equipment deployment  -Assess the contents of hazardous materials and petroleum-based products in building systems (e.g. PCB containing electrical equipment, 94 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters asbestos-containing building materials) and process equipment and removing them prior to initiation of decommissioning activities, and managing their treatment and disposal according to Hazardous Waste Management guidelines1. Noise and  Best available work practices will be employed on-  Complaints Contractor Throughout vibration site to minimize occupational noise levels.  Noise construction  All construction equipment will be regularly measurements phase inspected and maintained in good working undertaken in condition. dB (A) scale  Combine noisy operations so that they occur at the same time. The total noise level will not be significantly louder than the level produced if the operations were to be undertaken separately.  Noisy operations will be carried out strictly during the day time. 1 Example guidelines are World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines: http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/47d9ca8048865834b4a6f66a6515bb18/1- 5%2BHazardous%2BMaterials%2BManagement.pdf?MOD=AJPERES 95 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters  Switch off engines when not in use.  Access roads should be cut that are exclusively used for the transportation of workers, goods and materials. These roads should be sited in such a way that the noise from this movement affects as few of the existing residents as possible.  Where possible silenced machinery and instruments should be employed to reduce the impact of noise on residents and workers.  Machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be used on a phased basis to reduce the overall impact. These pieces of equipment such as drills, and cement mixers should also be used when the least number of residents can be expected to be affected, for example during periods where most residents are at work or school.  Ensure that construction activities for the development of the project are staggered to decrease the levels of noise and vibration in the area. 96 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters Vegetation loss  Only clear vegetation that is absolutely necessary  Correspondences Contractor Throughout for the construction activities; with KFS construction  Determine access roads which are to be used by  Vegetation phase machinery during construction and site clearance structure, phase to avoid the unnecessary trampling of species density, vegetation; diversity, fuel  Re-vegetation of site after completion of construction (in wood usage and consultation with KFS); illegal logging  The forest area should be cleared in collaboration with incidences. KFS to ensure minimum interference of the forestry vegetation. Disturbance of  Provide diversion routes where possible.  Traffic Contractor Throughout traffic and  Give a construction itinerary in advance management the difficulty of  Erect warning signs of ongoing works. plan construction access  Expedite construction works so as to reduce the  Presence of phase times where roads are blocked. warning signs  Access of residents should be facilitated by installing appropriate temporary bridges over the pipeline trenches.  Suitable warning signs should be placed at near locations and should be visible at night. 97 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters  Alternatives access ways should be communicated to the community. Disruption of  Provide sufficient notice to the Makomboki  Notices of Contractor Throughout water supply community before disconnecting the water interruptions AWSB construction supply;  Records showing phase  Contractor to work with speed to ensure that the alternative water period of disruption is minimised; sources  Where possible, provide an alternative water provided supply for example tracking. Material sites  The Contractors will source construction materials  Licenses of the AWSB Before works such as sand and hard core from registered and quarry site Contractor commence approved quarry and sand mining firms whose  Approved orders projects have undergone satisfactory by contractor environmental impact assessment/audit and received NEMA approval;  The Contractor will only order for what will be required through accurate budgeting and estimation of actual construction requirements. Occupational  Ensuring that the drivers and machine operators  Accident reports Contractor Throughout Health and hired to work on the site are qualified.  Training manuals construction Safety Risks  Workers on site must be provided with appropriate and attendance phase 98 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters PPE. registers  Appropriate signs must be erected on the site to  Occupational warn workers and public. health and  Machines should be properly maintained. safety adviser  A first aid kit should be provided and a trained first engaged aider should always be on site.  Safety procedures  Proper scheduling of activities to avoid workers being overworked.  Machines/equipment for the intended purpose.  No worker should be allowed on site while under the influence of alcohol or other inebriating substances.  Display at prominent places occupational health and safety rules.  Test and approve equipment such as ladders before use.  Training workers on how to use various PPE and proper use of machinery.  Display an emergency contacts and evacuation procedure  Moving parts of machines should be guarded to 99 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters protect workers from injuries.  Sensitize workers on safe conduct for water supply system facilities. Social conflicts  Immediate action undertaken as soon as possible  No. of complaints Contractor Throughout and within 24 hours of receipt of a complaint lodged and Community construction  Investigations completed within seven days of corrective phase receipt of complaint. measures  All corrective actions implemented by due date  Records of  All incidents or complaints about either sensitization environmental or social issues will be managed in meetings accordance to the existing procedure in line with the legal framework.  All incidents and complaints will be recorded in the contractors incident reporting system  Additional environmental awareness training of the workforce with respect to procedures to be followed for environmental incidents or complaints  Sensitize workforce on cultural sensitivities  Engage community into the grievance redress process (e.g. WRUA). 100 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters Spread of HIV  Sensitize the migrant workers on dangers of risky  Health awareness Contractor Throughout and AIDS sexual behaviour. campaigns Community construction  Have VCT services on site and encourage workers  Siting of phase to undergo the same. construction  Uptake of VCT by project workers and the host camp community.  Provision of condoms to the workers.  Preference for hiring workers from local community to minimize influx of migrant workers.  Sensitize the community on the HIV/AIDS risks.  Collaborate with the local law enforcement authorities and community leadership to minimize incidents. Gender equity  The contractor should ensure that both genders  Record of all Contractor Throughout and harassment are prioritized and given equal opportunities contractors’ construction during recruitment process. This can be done employees phase with the assistance of the local administration.  The contractor will be required to report to the Client on a regular basis the number of employees on site including their gender.  Engage community into grievance redress process 101 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters Child labour  The contractor should ensure that all the  Record of Contractor Throughout and protection personnel employed should be adults and should employees construction possess valid national identification cards. employed by phase  Engage community and law enforcement into the contractor monitoring and reporting incidents. Land take  Valuation of assets for the twelve farmers whose  Signed consent AWSB Before works As per the land will be used for construction of break forms and commence valuation report pressure tanks is being undertaken. The compensation valuation report will assist in compensation of the paid as per the affected persons before project commencement . valuation report Operation phase Accidents and  Install guard railing around pits.  Accident reports Water service Throughout Annual Budget injuries  Implement a confined spaces entry program that is  Training manuals providers the operation of Ksh. 100,000 consistent with applicable national requirements and attendance phase to mitigate all and internationally accepted standards. registers impacts during  Valves to tanks should be locked to prevent  Safety procedures operation phase accidental flooding during maintenance;  Use fall protection equipment when working at heights; 102 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters  Maintain work areas to minimize slipping and tripping hazards;  When installing or repairing raising mains adjacent to roadways, implement procedures and traffic controls  Sensitize workers on safe conduct for water supply system facilities. Solid Waste  Provision of solid waste storage bins and skips;  Slag, domestic Water service Throughout  Monitor skips so that they do not become overfilled; refuse, metallic provider operations  Ensure that the solid waste collected is disposed of scrap, office in an approved dumpsite. waste  Presence of licensed waste transporter. Emergency  Design and implement an emergency response  Presence of Water service Throughout preparedness plan; emergency providers operations and response  Coordinate with aid organizations/agencies such as response plan with the Red Cross and county government fire brigade. Reduced  There should be due adherence to the safest  Records of WRMA, Water Throughout downstream maximum abstractable water quantities of amount of water service operation 103 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost Estimate impact Indicators / Time Frame parameters flows throughout the project life; abstracted from providers phase  Adhere to WRMA water use permits. the project rivers Increased  Plans should be put in place by the WSPs on how to  Feasibility studies Water service Throughout domestic address sewer and waste water within its area of and company providers operation wastewater jurisdiction. reports on water phase generation and sanitation situation in its area of jurisdiction. 104 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 8.3 Environmental and social monitoring 8.3.1 Overview The overall objective of environmental monitoring is to ensure that mitigation measures are implemented and that they are effective. Environmental and social monitoring will also enable response to new and developing issues of concern. The activities and indicators that have been recommended for monitoring are presented in the EMP. Environmental monitoring program will operate through the preconstruction, construction, and operation phases. It will consist of a number of activities, each with a specific purpose with key indicators and criteria for significant assessment. Monitoring should be undertaken at a number of levels. Firstly, it should be undertaken by the contractor at work sites during construction, under the direction and guidance of the Supervision consultant who is responsible for reporting the monitoring to proponent. It is recommended that the contractor employ local full time qualified environmental inspectors for the duration of the Contract. Environmental monitoring is also an essential component of project implementation. It facilitates and ensures follow-up of the implementation of the proposed mitigation measure, as they are required. It helps to anticipate possible environmental hazards and/or detect unpredicted impacts over time. Monitoring includes: - Visual observations; - Selection of environmental parameters; - Sampling and regular testing of these parameters Periodic ongoing monitoring will be required during the life of the Project and the level can be determined once the Project is operational. 8.3.2 Internal Monitoring It is the responsibility of the proponent to conduct regular internal monitoring of the project to verify the results of the contractor and to audit direct implementation of environmental mitigation measures contained in the ESMP and construction contract 105 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County clauses for the project. The monitoring should be a systematic evaluation of the activities of the operation in relation to the specified criteria of the condition of approval. The objective of internal monitoring and audit will be:  To find out any significant environmental hazards and their existing control systems in force.  Meeting the legal requirements as stipulated in the Environmental Management & Coordination Act, EMCA-2015. The responsibility for mitigation monitoring during the operation phase will lie with the Environmental Unit of the Athi Water Service Board. Environmental monitoring of the following parameters is recommended as a minimum for the Project. Noise Levels Monitoring Although noise during construction is not expected to be a problem, periodic sampling of Contractor equipment and at work sites should be undertaken to confirm that it is not an issue. Noise level monitoring could be supplemented by consulting with Project Affected People in the first instance to identify the level of monitoring required. Air Quality Protection The contractor shall monitor wind velocity and site dust levels during earthmoving activities. The contractor shall also monitor emissions from vehicles. If excessive dust is generated, the contractor shall immediately water down areas generating dust or, if this is not effective, cease the activities generating dust. Stop all excavation work if wind threshold velocity has been exceeded. Soil Erosion Monitoring The excavation of earth will exacerbate soil erosion. It will, therefore, be the responsibility of the contractor’s environmental inspectors to ensure the implementation and effectiveness of erosion control measures. Focus should be given to work sites where soil is disturbed and its immediate environ. Monitoring of accidents/safety The Contractor’s safety and health officer must make sure that appropriate signs are posted at appropriate locations/positions to minimise/eliminate risk. The proponent will 106 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County have overall responsibility to oversee that all environmental measures are put in place and that regulations are enforced. The construction supervision consultant should assist the proponent in this process in order to make sure that contractors fulfil the environmental requirements. The following parameters could be used as indicators:  Presence of posted visible signs  Level of awareness of communities pertaining to dangers/risks  Accident reports. Records on actual accidents associated with the project could be compiled. Waste Management Monitoring The contractor shall regularly monitor the management of wastes to ensure that;  All stored waste shall be contained within construction sites;  Solid waste: all site waste is to be collected and disposed of in an approved site. Where possible segregation of waste (paper, glass, metal) should be undertaken and recycling opportunities identified. Workforce Training The contractor shall ensure that all workers have been inducted. The contractor shall regularly monitor that occupational health and safety requirements are implemented. The client representative shall audit that all requirements are met. Where occupational health and safety requirements are not being implemented, relevant workers shall immediately be trained and instructed to implement these requirements. 8.3.3 External Monitoring and Evaluation The Consultant recommends that a consultant (Environmental Auditor) should be hired to carry out Annual Environmental Audits in line with NEMA requirements. NEMA has the overall responsibility for issuing approval for the Project and ensuring that their environmental guidelines are followed during Project implementation. Its role therefore is to review environmental monitoring and environmental compliance documentation submitted by the implementing authorities and they would not normally be directly involved in monitoring the Project unless some specific major environmental issue arises. 107 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County The proponent through the consultant will therefore provide NEMA with reports on environmental compliance during implementation as part of their annual progress reports and annual environmental auditing reports. Depending on the implementation status of environmentally sensitive project activities, NEMA will perform annual environmental reviews in which environmental concerns raised by the project will be reviewed alongside project implementation. Community will conduct monitoring of the contractor performance during construction phase, such monitoring will include community safety aspects (gender based violence and dis crimination, child abuse, local employment opportunities, etc. 108 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Table 8.2: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Construction phase Environmental Process/ Monitoring Location Responsible Organization Cost Parameter Description Measure Frequency (ksh) Performance QA/QC 1. Physico- 1. Mathioya north River : 2500 per Chemical - nearest gauging station to parameter Ministry of parameters Monthly intake - Contamination 2. Mathioya south river: Water and 2. Microbiological WRMA Water Quality by fuels and oils Irrigation & parameters - Gauging station located /AWSB - Soil erosion NEMA downstream of the intake Every 6 3500 per 3. Heavy metals parameter months Erosion signs & AWSB 2000 per - Soil erosion River water quality River downstream of project WRMA parameter Soil erosion - Increased Monthly NEMA (TSS, TDS, TH, area runoff EC) - Contamination AWSB 5000 per Soil Construction sites, access by fuels and oils Oil, grease, etc. Monthly WRMA NEMA parameter contamination roads, river bank Weekly (at 5000 per Unhealthy the peak of construction sites, surrounding Contractor, site Noise Noise Intensity NEMA conditions activities) areas and affected villages Safety officer - Unhealthy Dust Weekly (at 1500 per Air Quality and Conditions HC, CO, SO2 the peak of construction sites, surrounding Contractor, parameter NEMA Dust CO2, NOx activities) areas and affected villages Safety officer - Dust emissions Occupational - Contractor, Ministry of None Level of health & Health and Weekly Construction sites and camps Safety officer Health & safety Safety NEMA 109 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Environmental Process/ Monitoring Location Responsible Organization Cost Parameter Description Measure Frequency (ksh) Performance QA/QC Physical Destruction of Contractor, None construction sites and KFS & Flora destruction of ecosystem Seasonal ecologist surrounding areas NEMA plants Animal killing, Destruction of construction sites and Contractor, KWS & None Fauna Animal migration ecosystem Seasonal ecologist surrounding areas NEMA Land disputes No. of complains AWSB, As per the Construction sites that are on Land take and complains received Continuous Consultant NLC valuation private land report 110 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 8.3.4 Environmental Monitoring Program for the operation phase Water Quality & quantity Since the main objective of the project is to supply drinking water to the community, water quality comprising of all the parameters such as, physico-chemical, microbiological, and heavy metals have to be under continuous monitoring. In order to execute the qualitative-quantitative monitoring of the water quality, in the minimum, one specialist and a technician are required. Parameters requiring monitoring are similar to the monitoring programs of the construction phase, but the number of monitoring locations shall increase. The environmental monitoring program of the water quality and quantity of the river is according to Table 8.3. Table 8.3: Environmental Monitoring Program of Water Quality and Quantity Environme Monitoring Responsible Associated ntal Measure Frequency Location Organization cost (ksh) Parameter Performance QA/QC Physico- 2500 per Chemical parameter At the intake parameters Monthly point, Water Microbiological upstream Service River parameters NEMA and Providers/ downstream WRMA 3500 per of the intakes parameter 3-Heavy metals Annual 111 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 8.4 Decommissioning plan It is anticipated that the water project will be continuously maintained and repaired, and will be operated for several decades. Because of their long useable life, the circumstances under which they might ultimately be decommissioned are difficult to foresee at this stage. Thus, only a site construction decommissioning approach can be considered at this stage in the study. As a result, the practical decommissioning will for now involve the following:  Removal of the Contractor’s camp;  Restoration of sites through levelling and re-vegetation measures;  Demobilisation and return of imported labour force after the project;  Grievance management mechanisms with the host communities before site closure;  Repairs of damaged roads and restoration of access routes and route deviations; and  Removal of construction debris and unused materials. A decommissioning plan must be prepared by the Contractor for approval by the Resident Engineer, and a decommissioning audit undertaken. Special attention must be given to remediation of oil polluted areas if any. 8.5 Responsibilities in the EMP In order to ensure effective implementation of the ESMP, it is necessary to identify and define the responsibilities of various persons/authorities that will be involved in the project. They include the following: -  AWSB  NEMA  Contractor  Water service providers  Murang’a county  WRMA 8.5.1 AWSB AWSB will be charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the proposed water supply is put up in an environmentally sound manner. This can be done through activities such as including environmental specifications in the tender documents, selection of an 112 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County environmental conscious contractor and active supervision to ensure adherence to the ESMP. 8.5.2 NEMA NEMA should exercise general supervision and coordination over all the matters of this project relating to the environment. They shall also be the principal instrument of the government in ensuring implementation of all policies relating to the environment. 8.5.3 The contractor The companies/firms contracted to do the water supply are required to comply with the requirements of the EMP in this report. They shall also be required to ensure that the ESMP is well updated. 8.5.4 Murang’a County All the relevant departmental officers should be called upon wherever their services are needed during the project implementation. This is in order that they may provide necessary advisory services and permits when needed. 8.5.5 Water service providers Water Service Provider formed in line with the water Act of 2002 and is charged with the provision of water and sanitation services in the area. The water service provider will be responsible for operation and maintenance (O&M) of the project once commissioned. They will also help AWSB in monitoring the progress of the project during the construction phase. 8.5.6 Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) WRMA’s county office will be involved in the project through its issuance of project water rights and regulations of water abstraction, study for water resources development and coordination of water use within the basin catchment area. 8.5.7 Kenya Forest Service Kenya Forest Service (KFS) is mandated to manage protected forests within the country. AWSB will be in regular contact with KFS during construction and operational phases of the project. 113 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 8.5.8 Kenya Wildlife Service KWS is mandated to conserve and manage wildlife in Kenya, and to enforce related laws and regulations. It manages the biodiversity of the country, protecting and conserving the flora and fauna. AWSB will collaborate with KWS to ensure that the wildlife within the Aberdare forest are not negatively impacted by the construction activities. 114 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 9.1 Conclusion From findings of this ESIA several conclusions can be drawn. These touch mainly on the potential significant negative impacts. These impacts manifest at the different stages of the proposed project on environment in its totality. That is the biophysical and environmental components. The potential significant negative impacts on the biophysical environment include loss of vegetation, air and water pollution and noise. For these, appropriate mitigation measures have been identified. Having considered the information collected, collated and analysed during the study, it is the expert’s considered opinion that: I. The proposed project will lead to livelihood improvement in the area. This will be through direct and indirect employment and will result to economic growth in the area among others. II. The project is vital for the improvement of water access in the project area. Access to clean water is a right for all citizens. III. The project DOES NOT pose any serious environmental concern, other than those that accompany similar development activities. IV. The proposed ESMP is adequate to mitigate the potential negative environmental impacts V. The positive environmental impacts far outweigh the negative ones, which can be contained by following the proposed ESMP. VI. The project should be allowed to commence and activities be managed within the provided ESMP. There are various actors with diverse responsibilities depending on the stage of the project. VII. The proposed project is a viable venture that should be given due support. An Environmental and Social Management Plan provided in chapter eight charts the path for sustainable project implementation. The plan provides strategies and activities that need to be implemented so as to mitigate the negative impacts. Implementation timelines, responsibilities and cost estimates are also provided where applicable. 115 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 9.2 Recommendation It is strongly recommended that a concerted effort is made by all the stakeholders to implement the Environmental and Social Management Plan. During the operation of the water supply systems, it is necessary that environmental regulations be strictly adhered to. The performance of the system should also be monitored against the recommended mitigation measures to ensure sustainability. 116 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County REFERENCES 1. Famine Early Warning Systems Network Informing Climate Change Adaptation Series. A Climate Trend Analysis of Kenya—August 2010 2. Kenya gazette supplement Acts 2000, Environmental Management and Coordination Act Number 8 of 1999. Government printer, Nairobi 3. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Land Planning Act (Cap. 303) government printer, Nairobi 4. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Local Authority Act (Cap. 265) government printer, Nairobi. 5. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Penal Code Act (Cap. 63) government printer, Nairobi 6. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Physical Planning Act, 1999 government printer, Nairobi 7. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Public Health Act (Cap. 242) government printer, Nairobi 8. Kenya gazette supplement number 56. Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2003. Government printer, Nairobi. 9. Murang’a County First County Integrated Development Plan, 2013-2017 117 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County APPENDICES Appendix I: Minutes of Meeting by Gikakima Self Help Group endorsing the project Appendix II: Minutes of the public barazas Appendix III: Stakeholder consultation list Appendix IV: KII feedback Appendix V: Water quality results Appendix VI: WRMA Authorization for Ichichi and Kiruri Appendix VII: Gikakima Water Use Permit Appendix VIII: Sample chance find procedure Appendix IX: Hydrology report for Ichichi and Kiruri Appendix X: KFS Application Letter 118 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Appendix I: Minutes of Meeting by Gikakima Self Help Group endorsing the project 119 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 120 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 121 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Appendix II: Minutes of the public barazas MINUTES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MEETING AT KIRURI TEA BUYING CENTRE ON THE 17-02-2017 AT 1100hrs to 1300hrs Present 1.Chief Kiruri Location 2.Ass chief Karurumo sub-location Kenface Company limited representatives 1. Peter Muriuki 2. Marjoline Motaroki Athi Water Service Board (AWSB) 1. Joseph Ndungu Agenda Public participation and consultation on the proposed construction of the Kiruri, Ichichi and Makomboki water projects. 1.0 Introduction The area Chief welcomed all members of his location and the meeting began with a word of prayer. The chief welcomed the government’s gesture to supply water to the area. He mentioned that the water in the area has been inadequate and this has had an effect to the people mostly in farming and household use. The area chief welcomed Mr. Ndungu from Athi Water to explain to the meeting the proposed project. Mr. Ndungu told the participants that the proposed project was initiated as a result of the outcry of the host community that they don’t have water supply yet water supplying other areas originate from the area. He reiterated that the project was to benefit the community and not to be a cause of conflict amongst communities. Mr. Ndungu then introduced the consultant, Mr. Muriuki. Mr. Muriuki started by thanking the people for attending the meeting and for their large turnout. He mentioned about the proposed project and the project area and he informed the meeting that the public consultation and participation is a requirement by law according to the EMCA 1999 Act. He assured the community that all issues and comments raised in the 122 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County meeting will be incorporated in the report as the exercise was free, fair and independent. Having explained, he welcomed the community for questions. 2.0 Comments and opinion from the public Name Comments Mbuchi Kihara – Kiruri He wanted to know how the enumeration and compensation aspects would be handled. Evans Muturi – GSHWP Proposed that the existing gataguaguo water project to manage project the project as they had the capability and were duly registrered. He mentioned that he wanted jobs to be given to the locals once the project begins. James Maina Gichinga He said that his community has suffered a lot in persuit of water and he expressed his optimism of the water being sufficient according to the designs. Amos Kimani Said that the community had previously given their views to the county leardership as well as Athi water. His main concern was whether after distribution the water would be adequate. Peter Ruga He wanted Athi water to ensure that all corners of the location were covered especially the public interest areas like schools, hospitals, government offices e.t.c Pauline Wangari - Mentioned that the water was inadequate so additional water was Karurumo greatly appreciated. She also expressed support of gataguaguo as a water management body. Benson Kimanga He was very skeptical about merging the 2 projects together. He wanted the 2 projects kept separately as this would avoid future conflicts. 3. Conclusion After the comments and opinions from the public session was over, Mr. Muriuki thanked the public for their input. He later handed over the meeting back to the area chief who asked a member of the public to pray and the meeting concluded at 1330hrs. 123 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County MINUTES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MEETING AT MAKOMBOKI CHIEFS OFFICE, MAKOMBOKI LOCATION HELD ON 07-03-17 FROM 1200HRS TO 1400HRS Present Local Administration; 1. Gibson Kimani - Senior chief Makomboki Location 2. John M. Kariuki - Asst. Chief Kanderadu sub-location 3. Bethiel K. Gitonga - Asst. Chief Makomboki sub location Kenface Company limited representatives; 1.Peter Muriuki 2.Marjoline Motaroki 3.Murigi Mwangi Athi Water representative; 1.Joseph Ndungu Agenda 1. Public participation of the proposed construction of the Kiruri, Ichichi and Makomboki water projects. 1.0 Introduction Chief Paul Mwangi welcomed all members of his location and the meeting began with a word of prayer from one of Pastors in the midst. The area chief explained the importance of water to the people of his location and how it would be beneficial in starting other income generating activities. Chief welcomed Mr. Ndungu from Athi Water to explain to the meeting the proposed project. Mr. Ndungu told the participants that the proposed project was initiated as a result of the outcry of the host community that they don’t have water supply yet water supplying other areas originate from the area. He reiterated that the project was to benefit the community and not to be a cause of conflict amongst communities. Mr. Ndungu then introduced Engineer Muchugia so as to explain the design to the constituents. Engineer Muchugia explained that he had a first meeting with the area administration and representatives from all areas were chosen and they assisted him in the design work. Engineer  He mentioned that there was an issue at the intake as there was leakage Muchugia and this was making more water get lost.  He mentioned that through his calculations, he concluded that if the intake is rehabilitated the water would be more than enough for the people. 124 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County  In the calculations, he mentioned he looked at existing schools, dispensaries and hospitals, trading centres as well as population reports in the area.  He mentioned that the budget was for I. Intake rehabilitation II. Distribution and lastly III. Construction of tanks.  Eng Muchugia explained that the main contention was a pipeline 6km long and that was noted in the last meeting and would be factored in the contingency budget. Mr. Ndungu then introduced the consultant, Mr. Muriuki. Mr. Muriuki started by thanking the people for attending the meeting and for their large turnout. He mentioned about the proposed project and the project area and he informed the meeting that the public consultation and participation is a requirement by law according to the EMCA 1999 Act. He assured the community that all issues and comments raised in the meeting will be incorporated in the report as the exercise was free, fair and independent. Having explained, he welcomed the community for questions. 2.0 Comments and opinion from the public Eng. Erastus He was very greatful for the project and mentioned that they had sat Karanja Gakuya - down at a different meeting and agreed that Gikakima water project the chairman of should be given the work of managing the project water to the whole the Makomboki location immediately after completion. tea factory and He mentioned that they had plans to reach everyone in the locality but board member the budget was the issue. zone II He said that since there was infrastructure for the project, it would be beneficial to use it so as to save costs. John Gitau – He said that the existing water body “Gikakima” was registered in 2013 CEO Makomboki and has been serving 2 electoral areas within the locality. tea factory He mentioned that they had the capability and should be given the project immediately after completion. Mr Maingi – KFS He mentioned that it was a good thing that the community had agreed to representative use the existing water company as the licences take long to get and this would have had a big effect to the water distribution. He reiterated to the people that as much as they are getting water from the forest, they should have plans of reforestation as this would help sustain their water source. Mr Ngure – He expressed his appreciation to the people for having a common Resident of agreement for the growth of the location. Makomboki He was also grateful for the government. John Mwangi – He was grateful for the contingency budget that would cater for the 6km Opinion leader pipeline. Gatia-ini 125 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 3. Conclusion After the comments and opinions from the public session was over, Mr. Muriuki thanked the public for their input. He later handed over the meeting back to the area chief who asked a member of the public to pray and the meeting concluded at 1400hrs. 126 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County MINUTES OF MEETING WITH LEADERS AT MAKOMBOKI CHIEFS OFFICE, MAKOMBOKI LOCATION HELD ON 07-03-17 FROM 1030HRS TO 1130HRS Present Local Administration; 1.Gibson Kimani - Senior chief Makomboki Location 2.John M. Kariuki - Ass. Chief Kanderadu sub-location 3.Bethiel K. Gitonga - Ass. Chief Makomboki sub location Kenface company limited representatives; 1. Peter Muriuki 2. Marjoline Motaroki 3. Murigi Mwangi Athi Water representative; 1. Joseph Ndungu Agenda 1. Public participation of the proposed construction of the Kiruri, Ichichi and Makomboki water projects. 1. Introduction  The senior chief welcomed all representatives for the different groups represented into the meeting and he requested one member to open with a word of prayer.  He mentioned that his whole Location was well represented and that there were leaders from all the administrative areas within his locality as well as from the water and tea development companies.  The senior chief handed over the meeting Eng. Erastus Karanja Gakuya the chairman of the Makomboki tea factory to conduct the meeting through the next phase. 2. Comments and opinion from the representatives Name Comments Eng. Erastus Karanja He mentioned that they had sat down at a different meeting and Gakuya - the chairman agreed that Gikakima water project should be given the work of of the Makomboki tea managing the project water to the whole location immediately factory and board after completion. member zone II He mentioned that they had already spent over Ksh 16m in the same project. He said that since there was infrastructure for the project, it would be beneficial to use it so that the cost saved can be budget to reach even more people. John Gitau – CEO He said that the existing water body “Gikakima” was registered in Makomboki tea factory 2013 and has been serving 2 electoral areas within the locality. He mentioned that they had the capability and should be given the project immediately after completion. 127 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County 3. Comments from the design engineer Eng Muchugia mentioned that from the meeting held, the people of makomboki location disagreed with the design and wanted to be explained on how the design was reached. Engineer  He mentioned that there was an issue at the intake as there was leakage. Muchugia  He mentioned that through his calculations, he concluded that if the intake is rehabilitated the water would be more than enough for the people.  In the calculations, he mentioned he looked at existing schools, dispensaries and hospitals, trading centres as well as population reports in the area.  He mentioned that the budget was for IV. Intake rehabilitation V. Distribution and lastly VI. Construction of tanks.  Eng Muchugia explained that the main contention was a pipeline 6km long and that was noted in the last meeting and would be factored in the contingency budget. Having satisfactorily answered all the issues, the area chief gave a religious leader the opportunity to pray and therefore the meeting was concluded at 1130hrs. 128 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Appendix III: Key Informant Interview with KFS, WRMA and County MINUTES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MEETING FOR KEY INFORMANTS FOR THE PROPOSED WATER PROJECT AT ICHICHI, MAKOMBOKI AND KIRURI. Present 1.J. G Nderitu- Kenya Forest Service (Ecosystem Conservator Muranga County) 2.Faith Mbathi– Water Resource Management Authority 3.Jacob Mukura– Physical Planner, Muranga County 4.J.M Mihiu-Director, Kenya Forest Service, Kigumo branch, Muranga County Kenface Company limited representatives 3. Peter Muriuki 4. Marjoline motaroki Agenda Public participation and consultation on the proposed construction of the Kiruri, Ichichi and Makomboki water projects. 1.0 Introduction The key informants’ participants were explained about the proposed project which was initiated as a result of the outcry of the host community that they don’t have water sup ply yet water supplying other areas originate from the area. He reiterated that the project was to benefit the community and not to be a cause of conflict amongst communities by Mr. Muriuki. 2.0 Comments and opinion from the Key informants Name Comments J. G Nderitu supported the project saying; Kenya Forest Service - Proponent should seek abstraction permit from the authority (Ecosystem before commencing the project. Conservator Muranga - The project will provide adequate water for domestic and if County) possible irrigation - Provide clean and safe water to community - Implementation of the project may result to income generation - Recommend establishment of tree nurseries to alleviate poverty and conserve the environment He however mentioned that the negative impacts that the project can cause include; - Destruction of vegetation along the wayleave - The area is hilly and the trenches dug may cause mudslides during rainy seasons He also noted that that KFS will give wayleave after application by proponent and consideration by the service. J.M Mihiu Supported the project saying the proposed project will; Director, Kenya Forest - improve the existing supply which is not enough for the Service, Kigumo community branch, Muranga - lead to poverty eradication in the community as they can use County the water for irrigation - However he raised the concern that the project may cause 129 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County mudslides during rainy seasons in hilly areas which will be dug Faith Mbathi Supported the project with the following sentiments; Water Resource - There will be adequate and potable water for the community Management Authority - There will be availability of quality water for domestic use She however said that, the proponent should adhere to government laws and Water Act, 2001 and comply with all water rules. The proponent should apply for water permit before commencing the project, The proponent should acquire an authorization to abstract water from the rivers. Jacob Mukura Supported the project with the following positive impacts; Physical Planner, - Easy access to drinking water Muranga County - Will save time which is normally spent fetching water - The project will improve people’s health 3. Conclusion The meeting concluded with each key informant filling the questionnaire which is attached at the final report. 130 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Appendix V: Water quality results 131 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Appendix VI: WRMA Authorization for Ichichi and Kiruri 132 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Appendix VII: Gikakima Water Use Permit 133 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Appendix VIII: Chance Find Procedure Chance finds procedures should be incorporated into the ESMP and civil works contracts. The following is proposed: If the Contractor discovers archaeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor shall: - Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find; - Delineate the discovered site or area; - Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be arranged until the responsible local authorities or the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture take over; - Notify the supervisory Project Environmental Officer and Project Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture immediately (within 24 hours or less); Responsible local authorities and the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture would then be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archaeologists of the National Museums of Kenya. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage, namely the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding irremovable remains of cultural or archaeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by relevant local authorities. 134 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County -Construction work may resume only after permission is given from the responsible local authorities or the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture concerning safeguard of the heritage. 135 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Appendix IX: Hydrology report for Ichichi and Kiruri 136 HYDROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT: MANGUYO STREAM (TRIBUTARY OF MATHIOYA SOUTH RIVER) FOR ATHI WATER SERVICES BOARD APRIL, 2017 Compiled by: Client: James K. Waititu Athi Water Services Board P.O. BOX 55020 – 00200 P.O. Box 45283- 00100 NAIROBI. NAIROBI Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION/PHYSIOGRAPHY............................................................................... 4 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION .............................................................................................................................. 4 2.2 DRAINAGE OF THE PROJECT AREA..................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 GEOLOGY AND SOILS......................................................................................................................................... 5 3.0 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL ............................................................................................................................ 6 4.0 VEGETATION AND LAND USE ................................................................................................................... 7 5.0 DETAILS OF THE RIVER ................................................................................................................................ 8 6.0 PROJECT WATER DEMAND.......................................................................................................................... 9 7.0 HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ...................................................................................................... 10 8.0 HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 11 8.1 SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY...................................................................................................................... 11 8.2 FLOW DURATION ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 12 9.0 PERMITTED WATER ABSTRACTIONS .................................................................................................... 15 10.0 WATER BALANCE ........................................................................................................................................ 15 11.0 IMPACTS ON THE RIVER REGIME AND DOWNSTREAM USERS................................................ 16 12.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................... 16 12.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................. 16 12.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 16 2 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board List of Tables TABLE 1.0: TUTHU CAMP: MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL...................................................................7 TABLE 2.0: MATHIOYA SOUTH RIVER: MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE AT RGS 4BD06.................11 TABLE 3.0: MANGUYO STREAM: ESTIMATED MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE .................................12 TABLE 4.0: MATHIOYA SOUTH RIVER: FLOW DURATION ANALYSIS AT RGS 4BD06....................13 TABLE 5.0: MANGUYO STREAM: ESTIMATED FLOW DURATION ANALYSIS ....................................14 List of Figures FIGURE 1: PROPOSED WATER ABSTRACTION POINT ON MANGUYO STREAM ..........................................6 FIGURE 2: TUTHU CAMP: MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL ....................................................................7 FIGURE 3: LOCATION MAP FOR MATHIOYA RIVER SUBCATCHMENT...............................................9 FIGURE 4: KIRURI/ICHICHI WATER SUPPLY OULINE ......................................................................10 FIGURE 5: MATHIOYA SOUTH RIVER: MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE AT RGS 4BD06 ..................11 FIGURE 6: MANGUYO STREAM: MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE AT PROPOSED INTAKE ..................12 FIGURE 7: MATHIOYA SOUTH RIVER: FLOW DURATION CURVE AT RGS 4BD06 .........................14 FIGURE 8: MANGUYO STREAM: ESTIMATED FLOW DURATION CURVE ................................................15 3 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board 1.0 Introduction The Athi Water Services Board (AWSB) is currently implementing the Northern Collector Tunnel (NCT) Phase 1 project which involves construction of a new raw water transfer tunnel along the eastern fringe of the Aberdare forest. The tunnel project will transfer raw water from intakes at the Maragua, Gikigie and Irati rivers to an outlet at the Githika River near Makomboki, upstream of the existing Thika reservoir. The works are aimed at supplying portable water to Nairobi City and its environs in line with the National Development Plan, Vision 2030 which prioritizes improvement of water services to Nairobi City and the surrounding areas. As part of the Northern Collector Tunnel Phase 1 project, the Government of Kenya (GOK), through AWSB has undertaken to improve the living standards and increase water supply to communities along the tunnel and its surrounding. The GOK through AWSB has therefore initiated some Water Supply projects in Murang’a County. In particular, AWSB has initiated the Kiruri/Ichichi Water Project on behalf of Kahuti Water and Sanitation Company, to serve approximately 25,789 people in Ichichi, Kiruri and Kanyenyeini locations. The project intends to abstract 3,600.0 m3/day of water from Manguyo Stream at coordinates 37 M 0251027, UTM 9928462 (E036.762970, S00.646720) at an elevation of 2460masl (Map Sheet No. 134/2, Kangema, Scale 1:50,000). This report is intended to investigate the availability of adequate water resources in Manguyo Stream for allocation to Kirui/Ichichi Water Project through AWSB and assist in the application of a public water use permit from Tana Water Catchment Area. 2.0 Background Information/Physiography 2.1 Geographical Location The proposed Kiruri/Ichichi Water Project is located in Kangema Sub-County of Murang’a County and covers all or part of the following administrative units:  Kiruri Location;  Kiruri sub-location.  Karurumo sub-location.  Kanyenyaini location:  Githiga sub-location.  Kibutha sub-location.  Ngoeini sub-location. 4 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board  Ichichi Location;  Nduini sub-location.  Ichichi sub-location and  Karura sub-location. The project area borders the Aberdare Forest to the North with the proposed source of the water being about 8.5kms inside the Aberdare Forest on Manguyo Stream, a tributary of South Mathioya River. The proposed water abstraction point is shown in Figure 1. 2.2 Drainage of the project area The Manguyo Stream has its sources within the Aberdare Forest and discharges into Mathioya South River within the forest. Being inside the forest zone, the general description of basin characteristics of Manguyo Stream subcatchment is illustrated through the characteristics of Mathioya South River. Mathioya South River subcatchment extends from the humid eastern Aberdare Ranges at 3500m.a.s.l and flows through the forest and the settled areas to confluence with Mathioya North River in the south. The subcatchment is characterised by highly dissected topography of over 10% slope in many sections. The catchment area upstream of the proposed water abstraction point is approximately 6.0 km2. 2.3 Geology and Soils The Mathioya South River subcatchment lies in the Tertiary Volcanic rocks region of central Kenya. The soils in the subcatchment comprise mainly two soil types, namely;  Mountain slope soils, which are mainly too steep for cultivation. These soils are found in the forest zone and are well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with thick acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky.  Soils developed on volcanic footridges which are very fertile but very erodible. These soils can again be classified into two classes, namely;  Ando-humic NITISOLS, with humic ANDOSOLS: A strip of well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil that are adjacent and to the south of the mountain slope soils;  Humic NITISOLs: The major portion of the Mathioya River catchment area comprise a soil that is well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil. 5 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board Figure 1: Proposed water abstraction point on Manguyo Stream 3.0 Climate and Rainfall Manguyo Stream is a small tributary of Mathioya South River inside the Aberdare Forest and its characteristics are explained through the characteristics of Mathioya South River. The Mathioya South River subcatchment extends from the Upper Highland Zones comprising the Forest Zone and the Sheep and Dairy Zone, through the Lower Highland Zone comprising the Tea-Dairy Zone, the Upper Midland Zone comprising the Coffee-Tea Zone and the main Coffee Zone. The Mathioya South River confluences with Mathioya North River within the main Coffee Zone to form the main Mathioya River. The Upper Highland Zone lies in the humid zone with very cool climate. The rest of the subcatchment lies in the sub-humid zone with warm temperate climate. The mean annual temperatures across the subcatchment vary from 14° C in the humid zone to 20° C in the sub-humid zone. The mean maximum temperatures vary between 20°C in the humid zone in the Aberdare Forest and 26°C in the sub-humid zone. The mean minimum temperatures vary from 8°C in the humid zone and 14°C in the sub- humid zone. 6 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board On precipitation, the upper Mathioya South River subcatchment experiences a bimodal rainfall regime with the long rains occurring in the March to May period and the short rains in the October to December period. Highest rainfall occurs in April and November as shown through the analysis of rainfall records from Tuthu Camp Station No. 9036315 located at Tuthu Rural Market at coordinates 37 M 0258862, UTM 9926256 (E036.8333, S00.6667) and depicted in Table 1.0 and Figure 2. The upper reaches of Mathioya South River basin receive an annual average of 2360mm of rainfall. Table 1.0: Tuthu Camp: Mean monthly rainfall Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec RF 97.3 97.8 183.2 469.0 410.1 116.2 76.5 83.9 74.3 256.5 303.5 192.6 Tuthu Camp: Mean monthly rainfall 500 450 400 Rainfall (mm) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Figure 2: Tuthu Camp: Mean monthly rainfall 4.0 Vegetation and Land Use The natural vegetation cover in the Mathioya South River subcatchment has been altered through human activities. However, the upper reaches of the subcatchment, including the Manguyo Stream system, fall within the Aberdare Forest Reserve which is a protected forest. The rest of the Mathioya South River subcatchment can be divided into the following zones; (a) A narrow strip of land that can be identified as Sheep and Dairy Zone which is adjacent to the forest zone with permanent cropping potential. However, this zone has been taken over by tea growing including the Nyayo Tea Zones; 7 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board (b) The proper Tea and Dairy Zone which is to the south and east, and adjacent to the sheep and dairy zone; (c) The Coffee – Tea Zone to the south of the tea and dairy zone; (d) The main Coffee Zone. The main economic activities in the Mathioya River subcatchment include subsistence farming, livestock keeping and small scale tea growing in the upper reaches while small-scale coffee and banana plantations are common in the lower reaches. 5.0 Details of the River The river under reference is Manguyo Stream, a tributary of Mathioya South River which confluences with Mathioya North River to become Mathioya River which discharges into Tana River. Manguyo Stream has its sources within the Aberdare Forest at approximately 3400masl and discharges into Mathioya South River within the forest at approximately 2360masl. Mathioya South River itself rises on the eastern slopes of the Aberdare Mountain Ranges at 3500 m.a.s.l and flows in a south easterly direction to its confluence with North Mathioya River approximately four kilometres to the North of Murang’a Town. The Mathioya South/Mathioya North River catchment is identified as subcatchment 4BD within the Lower Sagana Water Management Unit (MU) of the Tana Water Catchment Area. Other subcatchments forming the Lower Sagana MU include; Sagana River system - subcatchment 4BA; Ragati River system - subcatchment 4BB; Ruamuthambi River system - subcatchment 4BC; Maragua River system - subcatchment 4BE and Saba Saba River system - subcatchment 4BF. The subcatchments within the Lower Sagana Management Unit are shown in figure 4. Lower Sagana River Management Unit, to which the South Mathioya River subcatchment belongs, is classified as of high livelihood importance in the Tana Catchment Management Strategy (TANA-CMS). Livelihood important management units are areas with predominantly rural characteristics i.e. rural and scattered settlements with varying population densities and where small scale subsistence oriented economic activities dominate. This classification targets water resources management for equitable allocation and protection to ensure the sustainability of rural population livelihood. The main water management issues identified in the Mathioya River system include:  Pollution due to surface runoff from rural market and urban centres,  Siltation,  Washing of motor vehicles near river banks,  Encroachment on river riparian zones,  Landslides. 8 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board To ensure sustainable water resources management and development, the TANA-CMS recommends a holistic approach in addressing these issues involving relevant stakeholders operating in the catchment. Figure 3: Location map for Mathioya River subcatchment 6.0 Project Water Demand The Athi Water Services Board, on behalf of Kahuti Water and Sanitation Company intends to apply for a permit to abstract 3,600 m3/day of water from Manguyo Stream at coordinates 37 M 0251027, UTM 9928462 at an elevation of 2460masl. This location will be upstream of all other abstractions from the main Mathioya South River. The Kiruri/Ichichi Water supply layout is shown in Figure 4. 9 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board Figure 4: Kiruri/Ichichi Water supply layout 7.0 Hydrological Investigations A reconnaissance survey of the project area was undertaken in order to assess the resources and get a view of the area under consideration. The Manguyo Stream is a perennial stream within the Mathioya South River system which is within the greater Mathioya River watershed. The Mathioya South River flows in an east by south direction and is joined by a few tributaries inside the forest. The water quality of Mathioya South River is still good for many purposes including irrigation and livestock watering but minor treatment is required for domestic use due to increasing pollution from anthropogenic activities in the middle and lower reaches of the subcatchment. However, for Manguyo Stream, the intake is in the upper zone of 10 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board the forest and is not affected by pollution from human activities. Hence, the project water supply might require only chlorination before its domestic use. 8.0 Hydrological Analysis 8.1 Surface Water availability Manguyo Stream is not monitored across its length as it is a small stream fully within the forest zone. However, the Mathioya South River system was monitored at RGS 4BD06 located near Kanyenyeini Market. RGS 4BD06, with a catchment area of 51 km2, has a discharge record for the period March, 1972 to February, 2008 with data gaps in some years. However, the random nature of hydrological events allows the analysis of the available records with minor loss to the detail. The discharge record of Mathioya South River at RGS 4BD06 has been analysed and the mean monthly discharges through this station are depicted in Table 2.0 and graphically in Figure 5. Table 2.0: Mathioya South River: Mean monthly discharge at RGS 4BD06 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Discharge 2.498 1.790 2.002 4.646 6.204 3.233 2.130 1.690 1.507 2.600 4.351 2.828 Mathioya South River: Mean monthly discharge at RGS 4BD06 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 5: Mathioya South River: Mean monthly discharge at RGS 4BD06 11 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board To estimate the discharge of Manguyo Stream passing through the proposed intake point, the ratio of the catchment areas upstream of the proposed intake point and upstream of RGS 4BD06 on Mathioya South River have been used. The catchment area upstream of the proposed water abstraction on Manguyo Stream is approximately 6 km2 which is approximately 11.7% of the catchment area upstream of RGS 4BD06 (51 km2). It is opined that due to hydrological homogeneity of Mathioya South River and its tributary Manguyo Stream, Manguyo Stream would contribute 11.7% of the flow of Mathioya South River at RGS 4BD06. By area proportioning, the estimated mean monthly discharge of Manguyo Stream at the project location is depicted in Table 3.0 and Figure 6. Table 3.0: Manguyo Stream: Estimated mean monthly discharge Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Manguyo Q 0.292 0.209 0.234 0.544 0.726 0.378 0.249 0.198 0.176 0.304 0.509 0.331 Manguyo Stream: Estimated mean monthly discharge 0.80 0.70 0.60 Discharge (m3/s) 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Figure 6: Manguyo Stream: Mean monthly discharge at proposed intake 8.2 Flow duration analysis In order to assess the availability of water resources for the purposes of allocation, flow frequency analysis to establish frequency of occurrence of specific river flows are undertaken. In this case, flow duration analysis using the discharge data computed for RGS 4BD06 was undertaken. The analysis was then transposed to the proposed intake on Manguyo Stream. 12 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board The development of flow duration curves give the percentage of time during which any selected discharge may be equalled or exceeded. This type of analysis is undertaken in order to establish the catchment yields at various percentage reliabilities with particular emphasis on the 95%, 80% and 50% reliability yields. Table 4.0 presents the flow duration analysis of Mathioya South River at RGS 4BD06 while the flow duration curve for the river at RGS 4BD06 is depicted in Figure 7. Table 4.0: Mathioya South River: Flow duration analysis at RGS 4BD06 Probability of Exceedance Discharge (At RGS (%) 4BD06) 0.01 23.1 0.1 18.877 1 12.346 5 8.086 10 5.65 15 4.714 20 4.025 25 3.532 30 3.078 35 2.788 40 2.526 45 2.311 50 2.155 55 2.01 60 1.863 65 1.718 70 1.578 75 1.471 80 1.351 85 1.261 90 1.145 95 0.94 98 0.761 99 0.722 13 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board Mathioya South River: Flow duration curve at RGS 4BD06 25 20 Discharge (m3/s) 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Probability of Exceedance (%) Figure 7: Mathioya South River: Flow duration curve at RGS 4BD06 By area proportioning, the estimated flow duration analysis and flow duration curve for Manguyo Stream are depicted in Table 5.0 and Figure 8. Table 5.0: Manguyo Stream: Estimated flow duration analysis Probability of Exceedance (%) Discharge (m3/s) 0.1 2.2086 1 1.4445 5 0.9461 10 0.6611 15 0.5515 20 0.4709 25 0.4132 30 0.3601 35 0.3262 40 0.2955 45 0.2704 50 0.2521 55 0.2352 60 0.2180 65 0.2010 70 0.1846 75 0.1721 80 0.1581 85 0.1475 90 0.1340 95 0.1100 98 0.0890 99 0.0845 14 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board Manguyo Stream: Estimated flow duration curve at proposed intake 3.0 2.5 Discharge (m3/s) 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Probability of Exceedance (%) Figure 8: Manguyo Stream: Estimated flow duration curve 9.0 Permitted Water Abstractions The water abstraction records for Mathioya River system held by the WRMA Sub- regional Office in Murang’a indicates that 9,008.5032 m3/day of water has been allocated from the normal flow while 4,375.386 m3/day of water has been allocated from flood flow for irrigation purposes. In addition, 313,142.97 m3/day of water is allocated for hydropower generation with 100% return. 10.0 Water Balance From the flow duration analysis for Mathioya South River, the water available for allocation from the normal flow is 35,510.4 m3/day. Assuming the allocated 9008.5032 m3/day was from Mathioya South River, the balance would be 26,501.8968 m3/day. However, analysis of discharge available in Mathioya North River indicates that 89,856.00 m3/day of water is available from the normal flow of Mathioya North River. This indicates adequate water resources in Mathioya South and Mathioya North Rivers. For Manguyo Stream, the normal flow for allocation is the difference between Q 80 and Q95 equivalent to 4,155.84 m3/day. This amount is not allocated. The project intends to apply for a public water use permit to abstract 3,600 m3/day of the available normal flow from Manguyo Stream. With the approval of the request to abstract the 3,600.00 m3/day of normal flow of Manguyo Stream, the balance will be 555.84 m3/day. 15 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board 11.0 Impacts on the River Regime and Downstream Users The amount of water being requested for the Kiruri/Ichichi Water Project (3,600 m3/day) is about 88% of the available normal flow of Manguyo Stream at the intake. However, there are other springs discharging into Manguyo Stream at the reach between the intake on Manguyo Stream and the confluence with Mathioya South River. Based on these observations, it is opined that the impacts on Manguyo Stream will be restricted to a very small section of the stream inside the forest and will have no impacts on the overall normal flow of Mathioya South River. 12.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 12.1 Conclusion The provision of safe water supply and basic sanitation to communities is contributing significantly to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals as agreed under the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000. Towards this end, the allocation of a water permit to Athi Water Services Board to abstract 3,600 m3/day of water from Manguyo Stream will ensure that the communities resident in Kiruri, Ichichi and Kanyenyeini locations will have adequate domestic water supplies - thus contributing towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. 12.2 Recommendations It is recommended that, subject to the project meeting the general and specific water permit conditions, the Athi Water Services Board: i) Be permitted to abstract 3,600 m3/day of water from the normal flow of Manguyo Stream for public use; ii) The project installs water measuring and control devices to ensure that it only abstracts the authorized water volumes for public use; iii) The project implements water demand management measures to improve water use efficiency by reducing wastage and thus minimize the water demand from the river. 16 Hydrological Assessment Report of Manguyo Stream James K. Waititu For Athi Water Services Board Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the proposed Makomboki, Karuri and Ichichi Water Supply Project in Murang’a County Appendix X: KFS Application Letter 137