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                  enGender Impact: The World Bank’s Gender Impact Evaluation Database



 Time Allocation in Rural Households: The Indirect Effects of Conditional Cash Transfer
                                       Programs
      Author(s)            Amer Hasan
      Contact              ahasan1@worldbank.org

      Country              Pakistan

  Organizing Theme         Voice and Agency

       Status              The project is ongoing but the analysis is complete

Intervention Category      Cash Transfer

       Sector              Social Protection
                           Conditional cash transfers are being heralded as effective tools against the intergenerational
                           transmission of poverty. There is substantial evidence on the positive effects of these
                           transfers. Analysts are only now beginning to investigate the indirect effects these programs
                           generate. This paper examines the effect of a gender-targeted conditional cash transfer
                           program on the time allocation of mothers in rural program-eligible households. Using a
      Abstract             fixed effects difference-in-differences estimator, the author finds that program eligibility is
                           associated with an increase of 120 minutes of housework per typical school day by mothers
                           of eligible children in the stipend district when compared with mothers of eligible children
                           in the non-stipend district. There is a 100-minute reduction in the amount of time mothers
                           report spending on children's needs. The intent-to-treat effect of the program suggests no
                           change in the amount of time spent on paid work or sleep.
 Gender Connection         Gender Focused Intervention

  Gender Outcomes          Gender norms, labor force participation

     IE Design             Difference in Difference
                           The program is a conditional cash transfer program that targets female students in Punjab.
    Intervention           Girls receive a stipend of approximately $3.5 per month if they are enrolled in grades 6-8 of
                           government schools and have at least 80% attendance.
 Intervention Period       2004-Present
                           The sample is comprised of 823 government and private schools in 112 villages in Punjab,
  Sample population        Pakistan. The survey also followed a random sample of 1807 households in these villages.
                           Of these households 482 mothers are eligible for the stipend and have data.
                           The two districts in Punjab that received the program are the treatment while the two
Comparison conditions
                           districts that were ineligible to receive the stipend serve as the control.
   Unit of analysis        Household Level

  Evaluation Period        2004-2007




   Last updated: 14 August 2013                                                                        1
                   enGender Impact: The World Bank’s Gender Impact Evaluation Database


                            There is no difference in the share of mothers who participate in household work. Mothers
                            in treatment communities increase the amount of time that they spend on housework by
        Results             two hours per school day. There is no significant change in the amount of time women
                            spend on paid work. There is also no difference in the hours of sleep the mother gets per
                            night.
                            The survey did not ask the respondent for the grade level at baseline. There is a lack of
Primary study limitations
                            household data to fully analyze the economic outcomes of the program.
    Funding Source
                            Hasan, A. (2010). Time allocation in rural households: The indirect effects of conditional
      Reference(s)
                            cash transfer programs. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, Vol. 5256
    Link to Studies
                            https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/3743
       Microdata




    Last updated: 14 August 2013                                                                      2