Country Name Country Code Indicator Name Indicator Code 2000 India IND GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.KD 450.415106 India IND GDP per capita (current US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 450.415106 India IND GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 3.97505268 India IND Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS 4.30000019 India IND SI.POV.NAHC Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) Malaysia MYS GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.KD 4005.55632 Malaysia MYS GDP per capita (current US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 4005.55632 Malaysia MYS GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 8.8588681 Malaysia MYS Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS 3 Malaysia MYS SI.POV.NAHC Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) Korea, Rep. KOR GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.KD 11346.665 Korea, Rep. KOR GDP per capita (current US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 11346.665 Korea, Rep. KOR GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 8.48619411 Korea, Rep. KOR Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS 4.4000001 Korea, Rep. KOR SI.POV.NAHC Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) Sri Lanka LKA GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.KD 854.926725 Sri Lanka LKA GDP per capita (current US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 854.926725 Sri Lanka LKA GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 6 Sri Lanka LKA Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS 7.69999981 Sri Lanka LKA SI.POV.NAHC Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) Low & middle income LMY GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.KD 1161.82891 Low & middle income LMY GDP per capita (current US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 1161.82891 Low & middle income LMY GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 5.37987059 Low & middle income LMY Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS 5.31202428 Low & middle income LMY SI.POV.NAHC Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) South Asia SAS GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.KD 445.402272 South Asia SAS GDP per capita (current US$) NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 445.402272 South Asia SAS GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 4.23184008 South Asia SAS Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS 4.48245665 South Asia SAS SI.POV.NAHC Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) India IND GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 3.98 Malaysia MYS GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 8.86 Korea, Rep. KOR GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 8.49 Sri Lanka LKA GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 6.00 Lower middle income LMC GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 4.03 South Asia SAS GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 4.23 10 8 6 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 -2 -4 India Sri Lanka US$) Asia GDP per capita (currentSouth SAS NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 445.402272 US$) GDP per capita (currentIndia IND NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 450.415106 US$) middle income GDP per capita (currentLower LMC NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 593.712033 US$) GDP per capita (currentSri Lanka LKA NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 854.926725 US$) GDP per capita (currentMalaysia MYS NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 4005.55632 US$) Rep. KOR GDP per capita (currentKorea, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD 11346.665 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 464.9742607 475.457058 505.248936 536.60488 577.656735 621.89944 673.004626 459.5766355 480.206945 558.441604 642.556503 731.741737 820.298334 1055.13649 4.944226371 3.90753397 7.9439946 7.84880119 9.28487337 9.26396827 9.80134517 4.40366741 4.4000001 37.2 3933.935077 4052.87875 4194.2608 4385.96954 4529.60125 4706.87844 4925.76733 3871.705184 4113.57119 4397.50835 4874.84429 5285.50406 5890.30816 6904.59804 0.517675315 5.39098832 5.78849928 6.78343774 5.33213914 5.84885921 6.48019246 3.5 3.5 3.5999999 3.5 3.5 3.29999995 3.20000005 5.7 3.6 11710.57982 12478.0637 12764.272 13303.82 13801.8294 14446.3586 15113.3528 10654.93555 12093.7573 13451.2294 15028.9401 17550.8539 19676.1242 21590.1056 3.973478758 7.15001752 2.80277592 4.61902038 3.9571537 5.17868492 5.10582397 4 3.29999995 3.5999999 3.70000005 3.70000005 3.4000001 3.20000005 855.3725803 883.457177 923.63544 960.798595 1009.90887 1075.62554 1138.36684 837.6988035 903.896405 984.810172 1063.16058 1242.40435 1423.47722 1614.41111 -1.54537287 3.9646565 5.94026908 5.44506128 6.24174804 7.66746787 6.79764349 7.900000095 8.80000019 8.19999981 8.39999962 7.69999981 6.5 6 22.7 15.2 1181.483072 1209.51629 1259.65794 1336.57688 1414.94567 1510.60702 1620.87817 1156.375821 1163.89973 1312.10901 1537.50437 1803.5696 2116.32816 2585.84313 3.107641435 3.75870787 5.53372917 7.49776889 7.23527281 8.12415197 8.65184686 6.43649043 6.01841992 457.3702082 467.056259 493.038603 522.083319 558.813683 597.988564 642.179127 447.9872512 464.312115 533.496535 610.2634 689.000759 769.827681 962.875678 4.44261992 3.84014699 7.30159161 7.59209569 8.71379213 8.65115515 8.99888117 4.75095122 4.49270393 4.94 3.91 7.94 7.85 9.28 9.26 9.80 0.52 5.39 5.79 6.78 5.33 5.85 6.48 3.97 7.15 2.80 4.62 3.96 5.18 5.11 -1.55 3.96 5.94 5.45 6.24 7.67 6.80 3.96 3.50 5.40 7.08 6.79 7.38 7.70 4.44 3.84 7.30 7.59 8.71 8.65 9.00 Korea, Rep. Malaysia Sri Lanka Lower middle income India 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 South Asia Malaysia Korea, Rep. 0 5,000 Lower middle income 447.9872512 464.312115 533.496535 610.2634 689.000759 769.827681 962.875678 459.5766355 480.206945 558.441604 642.556503 731.741737 820.298334 1055.13649 588.1152826 619.429518 699.109444 789.531459 897.26451 1050.13052 1275.89974 837.6988035 903.896405 984.810172 1063.16058 1242.40435 1423.47722 1614.41111 3871.705184 4113.57119 4397.50835 4874.84429 5285.50406 5890.30816 6904.59804 10654.93555 12093.7573 13451.2294 15028.9401 17550.8539 19676.1242 21590.1056 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 689.273204 735.6318488 794.801211 837.746418 1027.90657 1126.945129 1375.39116 1488.51697 3.89096829 8.238228401 9.55286402 6.85593154 29.8 5077.9378 4914.908892 5184.70622 5364.50284 8099.1986 6902.175561 8372.83097 9656.24685 4.8074808 -1.6360178 7.19392224 5.13686675 3.29999995 3.700000048 3.8 15349.8499 15325.94024 16219.3881 16684.2128 19028.0129 16958.65239 20540.1769 22424.0623 2.29837603 0.319499625 6.32025404 3.63407346 3.20000005 3.599999905 3.70000005 1195.48108 1223.68571 1308.78402 1402.12167 2013.91154 2057.113247 2400.01557 2835.40828 5.95004336 3.538955823 8.01595941 8.25207084 5.19999981 5.900000095 4.9000001 8.9 1692.8039 1716.69209 1825.47997 1916.79797 3058.90355 2933.307539 3485.91677 4020.78682 5.74830545 2.685381736 7.66835294 6.31844116 657.411251 696.0573536 745.760452 782.397871 968.15918 1046.603153 1254.15976 1371.49033 3.88007993 7.425436968 8.69342466 6.42421994 3.89 8.24 9.55 6.86 4.81 -1.64 7.19 5.14 2.30 0.32 6.32 3.63 5.95 3.54 8.02 8.25 4.64 5.14 7.30 5.51 3.88 7.43 8.69 6.42 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 968.15918 1046.603153 1254.15976 1371.49033 1027.90657 1126.945129 1375.39116 1488.51697 1412.43723 1411.723276 1676.42317 1876.68154 2013.91154 2057.113247 2400.01557 2835.40828 8099.1986 6902.175561 8372.83097 9656.24685 19028.0129 16958.65239 20540.1769 22424.0623 (1) 45% VARIABLES learnh 40% 35% technology 38.80% computer use 21.00% 30% mechanic 25.00% 25% English 16.20% 20% manual skills 2.10% 15% excel replace dec(3), analysis_030813 This is based on $p1\output\returns_tech, 10% 5% 0% technology computer use mechanic English 2000 lwage Coef. Std. Err. t 2000 2004 2012 2000 2004 2012 edm3 0.172938 0.151747 0.122761 primary 17% 15% 12% edm4 0.316741 0.276203 0.18637 lower secondary 14% 12% 6% edm5 0.498081 0.426133 0.140269 18% passed GCE-O level 15% -5% edm6 0.641004 0.595182 0.406614 14% passed GCE-A level 17% 27% edm7 1.005152 0.819894 0.926677 36% bachelor and above 22% 52% voc_edu 0.128683 0.221813 0.174003 TVET 13% 22% 17% age 0.063335 0.100121 0.020607 age2 -0.00067 -0.00111 -0.00029 _cons 1.230098 0.670447 4.078299 manual skills 60% 50% primary 40% lower secondary 30% passed GCE-O level 20% passed GCE-A level bachelor and above 10% TVET 0% 2000 2004 2012 -10% 2000 2004 2012 -10% Panel A 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Reading 20 Writing 10 Numeracy 0 Total Highly skilled Low skilled Highly skilled Low skilled workers workers workers workers Wage employed OVERALL SKILLS STOCK OF THE LABOR FORCE EMPLOYERS' VIEW OF AVAILABLE SKILLS For cognitive skills graph: OVERALL SKILLS STOCK OF THE LABOR FORCE EMPLOYERS' VIEW OF AVAILABLE SKILLS Wage employed Total Highly skilled workers Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Low skilled workers Reading 70.7 97.1 60.3 89.4 43.8 Writing 66.7 96.4 62.2 79.1 34.5 Numeracy 87.5 96.7 91.2 93.4 50.0 Panel B 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 English skills 10 0 Computer use Total Highly skilled Low skilled Highly skilled Low skilled workers workers workers workers Wage employed OVERALL SKILLS STOCK OF THE LABOR FORCE EMPLOYERS' VIEW OF AVAILABLE SKILLS For technical skills graph: English & Computer Skills: EMPLOYERS' VIEW OF AVAILABLE SKILLS OVERALL SKILLS STOCK OF THE LABOR FORCE Wage employed Total Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers English skills 23.8 56.5 18.5 79.6 41.4 Computer use 15.6 48.7 10.8 75.3 37.8 English skills Computer use Figure XX.21: WITHOUT "DON'T KNOW"--KEEPING ONLY "AGREE": University General education system TVET 67.69 meet the skill needs of employers adequately 51.99 49.41 70.02 produce the LEVEL of skills needed by employers 55.09 56.85 72.62 produce the KINDS of skills needed by employers 57.66 58.81 69.8 produce UP TO DATE knowledge of methods, 54.14 materials, and technology 54.33 produce enough PRACTICAL SKILLS 70.74 55.91 54.88 50.44 produce enough GOOD ATTITUDE AND SELF-DISCIPLINE 55.08 51 The general education, TVET, and university system produce enough GOOD ATTITUDE AND SELF-DISCIPLINE produce enough PRACTICAL SKILLS produce UP TO DATE knowledge of methods, materials, and technology produce the KINDS of skills needed by employers produce the LEVEL of skills needed by employers meet the skill needs of employers adequately 0 10 20 on, TVET, and university system do not TVET University General education system 30 40 50 60 70 80 Sri Lanka Korea Malaysia India income Low middleSouth Asia Agriculture 12.8 2.6 10.6 17.7 17.0 18.3 Services 57.8 58.2 45.0 55.1 51.5 54.8 Industry 29.4 39.3 44.4 27.1 31.5 27.0 100% 90% 29.4 27.1 31.5 27.0 80% 39.3 44.4 70% 60% 50% Industry 55.1 51.5 54.8 40% 57.8 Services 30% 58.2 45.0 Agriculture 20% 10% 17.7 17.0 18.3 12.8 10.6 0% 2.6 Sri Lanka Korea Malaysia India Low South Asia middle income youth adults (30-64 (15-29 years) years) Total no edu 8% 0% 8% 4% 5) below primary (Grade 11% 4% primary (grade 5) 3% 6% 3% secondary (grade 9)4% 9% 5% passed O 6% 14% 8% passed A 3% 15% 7% bachelor + 1% 24% 6% Total 4% 13% 6% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% adults (30-64 years) 0% youth (15-29 years) Sri Lanka: population 15 years and over India: population 15 years and over 2% 6% 2010 60% 2010 41% 22% 21% 15% 33% 3% 5% 50% 33% 2000 2000 34% 20% 14% 43% 1% 2% 41% 19% 1980 45% 1980 13% 13% 0.4% 0.6% 23% 3% 1960 47% 1960 25% 30% – illiterate, – primary, – secondary, – tertiary – illiterate, – primary, – secondary, – tertiar Malaysia: population 15 years and over 15% Korea: population 15 years and over 2010 61% 15% 40% 9% 2010 47 9% 10% 4% 56% 2000 30% 22% 12% 5 2000 3% 12% 31% 6% 1980 38% 9% 28% 50 1980 28% 1.5% 10% 13% 1960 38% 2.6% 18% 50% 1960 37% 43 – illiterate, – primary, – secondary, – tertiary – illiterate, – primary, – secondary, – tertiar ndia: population 15 years and over 6% 41% 21% 33% 5% 33% 20% 43% 2% 19% 13% 66% 0.6% 3% 25% 72% e, – primary, – secondary, – tertiary Korea: population 15 years and over 40% 47% 9% 4% 30% 52% 12% 6% 9% 50% 28% 13% 2.6% 18% 37% 43% e, – primary, – secondary, – tertiary Figure: Implementing STEP as an integrated set of programs across workers' life cycles Preschool age Facilitating 5 labor mobility and job matching Encouraging 4 entrepreneurship and innovation Building 3 job-relevant skills Ensuring 2 that all students learn Getting Nutrition, psychological and 1 children off to the right start cognitive stimulation, basic cognitive and social skills ograms across workers' life cycles School age Youth Workiong age Apprenticeships, Intermediation services, skills certification, labor regulation, social security counseling portability Universities, Innovation clusters, basic entreneurship training, risk Fostering Inquiry management systems Vocational training, higher Basic vocational training, Firm-provided training, education, apprenticeships, behavioral skills recerti cation, reskilling targeted programs Cognitive skills, socialization, Second chance education, behavioral skills behavioral skills School health and remedial education University education Professional institutes UNIVOTEC Senior secondary GCE A/L cycle, Technical education grades 12–13 and vocational training Senior secondary GCE O/L cycle, grades 10–11 Junior secondary, grades 6–9 Informal apprenticeships Primary, grades 1–5 GOVERNMENT Ministry of Youth Affairs and Ministry of Higher Other Ministries Skills Development Education engaged in TVET TVEC UNIVOTEC Statutory SLIATE, Institutes Training Bodies Private ITUM NAITA, CGTTI, Sector NGOs NYSC, DTET, NIBM VTA, & Training Institutes Figure XX.1: Percent of firms identifying an inadequate Afghanistan (2008) educated workforce as a major constrain Percent of firms identifying an inadequately educated workforce as a major constraint 18 Bangladesh (2007) 24.9 30 India (2006) 14.5 Nepal (2009) 5.9 25 Pakistan (2007) 8.1 Sri Lanka (2011) 16 20 15 10 5 0 Afghanistan Bangladesh India (2006) Nepal (2009) (2008) (2007) tifying an inadequately as a major constraint Nepal (2009) Pakistan (2007) Sri Lanka (2011) Crime, theft and disorder Corruption 20.6 Political instability Access to finance 15.3 Practices of competitors in the informal sector Customs and trade regulations Inadequately educated workforce 13 11 Electricity Transport Tax rates 8.3 Labor regulations 6.6 Business licensing and permits Tax administration 6.3 Access to land 3.7 Access to land Business licensing and permits 3.3 3 Tax administration Transport Customs and trade regulations 2.3 Labor regulations Political instability 2 1 Corruption Tax rates Crime, theft and disorder 1 Electricity Inadequately educated workforce Practices of competitors in the informal sector Access to finance 0 5 10 15 20 25 Minimum wage rate Reduced & ranked, for graph: Employment protection legislation Major or severe: General education of workers (b) Low threshold: Percent Total salary cost 51 Finding workers with previous experience Pay taxes and EPF/ETF, etc contributions High employee turnover 38 Labor availability TVET of workers 33 TVET of workers Labor availability 29 21 Pay taxes and EPF/ETF, etc contributions High employee turnover Total salary cost 21 Finding workers with previous experience General education of workers 16 Employment protection legislation 15 0 Minimum wage rate 13 10 20 30 40 50 60 Figure XX.4: In percent--EXCLUDING Agr/Forestry/Fishing )TO KEEP THE GRAPH SIMPLER!!!): Managers Professionals Technicians Clerks Service Sales Crafts Plant/machine operators No or few applicants 56 59 52 38 50 53 78 69 Applicants lacked skills 86 74 84 78 72 79 78 70 Applicants expected too high wages 55 46 40 35 42 38 44 45 16 Applicants did not like working conditions 22 20 14 20 25 24 20 Other 2 2 4 1 1 0 0 0 N 64 54 50 85 115 76 50 74 Elementary occupations Plant/machine operators Crafts Elementary occupations 66 Sales 50 51 21 Service 3 Clerks 101 Technicians Professionals Managers 0 10 20 30 40 50 Other Applicants did not like working conditions Applicants expected too high wages Applicants lacked skills No or few applicants 50 60 70 80 90 100 rking conditions Importance of Individual Job-related Skills for Retainment of New Employees after Probation Period For figure/graph in paper/report: The most important skill: PERCENT: Job-specific technical skills Literacy: Sinhala or Tamil Highly skilled workersLow skilled workers Literacy: English Creative and critical thinking 0.64103 1.44231 Leadership skills Time management skills 3.52564 3.6859 Numeracy Teamwork skills 3.8 9.77564 Problem solving skills Communication 3.8 4.80769 Ability to think… Ability to think independently 4.00641 6.41026 Communication Problem solving skills 4.00641 1.44231 Teamwork skills Numeracy 8.8 5.28846 Time management skills Leadership skills 13.8 1.12179 Creative and critical thinking Literacy: English 15.2 11.05769 Literacy: Sinhala or Tamil 18.3 20.99359 Job-specific technical skills 24.0 33.8141 fic technical skills : Sinhala or Tamil Literacy: English Leadership skills Numeracy blem solving skills Low skilled workers Ability to think… Highly skilled workers Communication Teamwork skills management skills d critical thinking 0 10 20 30 40 NOTE: One figure with education and TVET combined, one only with education: OVERALL SKILLS STOCK OF THE LABOR FORCE EMPLOYERS' VIEW OF AVAILABLE SKILLS Self-employed Wage employed Total Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers 7.54 None or less than primary 3.08 7.58 2.17 12.1 0.33 1.79 Primary 9.23 6.15 10.11 0.72 15.03 0.49 6.35 Lower secondary 33.47 20 40.61 5.8 38.3 2.28 19.38 Passed O-levels 27.3 36.92 28.88 16.3 20.74 14.8 40.88 Passed A-levels 18.17 30.77 11.91 44.2 12.9 55.93 29.15 Bachelor 3.17 1.54 0.72 22.1 0.8 21.79 2.44 Master or PhD 1.13 1.54 0.18 8.7 0.13 4.39 TVET 16.4 29.2 17.1 42.0 12.9 58.8 23.3 70 60 50 None or less than primary 40 Primary 30 Lower secondary 20 Passed O-levels 10 Passed A-levels 0 Bachelor Total Highly Low skilled Highly Low skilled Highly Low skilled Master or PhD skilled workers skilled workers skilled workers TVET workers workers workers Self-employed Wage employed OVERALL SKILLS STOCK OF THE LABOR FORCE EMPLOYERS' VIEW OF AVAILABLE SKILLS None or less than primary ower secondary Passed O-levels Passed A-levels Master or PhD Figure XX.8: Figure XX.9: 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 Total Highly Low skilled Highly Low skilled Highly Low skilled skilled workers skilled workers skilled workers workers workers workers Self-employed Wage employed SUPPLY EMPLOYERS' VIEW For soft skills I graph: Teamwork & Presentations: SUPPLY EMPLOYERS' VIEW Self-employed Wage employed Total Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers Team work 76.6 96.9 84.1 93.5 64.8 95.8 79.3 Presentation skills 50.4 69.2 47.1 76.7 41.3 83.2 42.2 Team work Presentation skills Low skilled workers YERS' VIEW 70.0 Figure XX.11: 60.0 Highly skilled workersLow skilled workers Any Contact All firms 15.7 14.0 50.0 Manufacturing 15.6 10.7 Tourism 16.7 19.8 Other services 14.9 12.1 40.0 30.0 University All firms 46.4 25.3 Manufacturing 54.5 26.1 Tourism 40.6 15.8 20.0 Other services 43.8 38.5 10.0 Secondary All firms 58.3 56.3 Manufacturing 51.5 47.8 0.0 Tourism 64.5 57.9 Other services Tourism All firms Manufacturing Other services 59.4 61.5 TVET All firms 39.6 43.7 Manufacturing 42.4 39.1 Any Contact Tourism 29.0 44.7 Other services 46.9 46.2 All firms Manufacturing Tourism Other services University All firms Manufacturing Tourism Other services Secondary All firms Manufacturing TVET Tourism Other services Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Figure XX.17: (i) Which firms (sector/industry, etc) use contractors to compensate for skills shortages? IN PERCENT (FOR GRAPH): Type A Type B Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers All firms 0.0534846 0.1145161 All firms 5.3 11.5 Manufacturing 0.0327103 0.144186 Manufacturing 3.3 14.4 Tourism 0.037234 0.0634921 Tourism 3.7 6.3 Other services 0.0883721 0.1296296 Other services 8.8 13.0 Sole proprietorship 0.0413223 0.1239669 Sole proprietorship 4.1 12.4 Partnership 0.0740741 0.1234568 Partnership 7.4 12.3 LLC (privately held) 0.0436681 0.0952381 LLC (privately held) 4.4 9.5 LLC (public or listed) 0.0892857 0.122807 LLC (public or listed) 8.9 12.3 Part of multinational company 0.1428571 0.1428571 Part of multinational company 14.3 14.3 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Figure XX.18: (III) Recent hires: Informal channels Internet (a) From where? (JOBSNET, private employment services, etc) Media advertisements Direct contact with edu institutions Highly skilled workersLow skilled workers Experienced people in other firms JOBSNET 11.9 9.4 Private employment services 8.8 9.8 Job fairs Job fairs 4.2 7.3 Experienced people in other firms 22.1 20.1 Private employment services Direct contact with edu institutions 15.5 14.4 Media advertisements 53.5 52.2 JOBSNET Internet 18.03543 12.4 Informal channels 65.91276 74.5 formal channels Internet advertisements edu institutions e in other firms Job fairs oyment services JOBSNET 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 Low skilled workers Highly skilled workers 60.0 70.0 80.0 Managers REDUCED table -- ONLY KEEPING the CHANGE (i.e., the INCREASE) in demand: Elementary occupations 10.1 Professionals 12.4 Plant & machine operators & assemblers Crafts & related trades 14.4 Technicians Skilled agr, forestry & fishing 3.9 Sales workers 4.5 Clerical support workers Service workers 3.7 Clerical support workers 5.2 Technicians 13.5 Service workers Professionals 9.3 Managers 8.8 Sales workers Skilled agr, forestry & fishing Crafts & related trades Plant & machine operators & assemblers Elementary occupations Managers Professionals Technicians al support workers Service workers Sales workers , forestry & fishing ts & related trades ators & assemblers entary occupations 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 REDUCED table -- ONLY KEEPING the CHANGE (i.e., the INCREASE) in demand: Manufacturing Tourism Other Services 25.0 Managers 6.7 7.1 11.6 Professionals -0.5 15.2 12.2 Technicians 7.8 4.9 20.9 Clerical support workers 6.4 4.1 4.8 20.0 Service workers 1.7 2.8 10.5 Sales workers 7.6 11.4 2.4 Skilled agr, forestry & fishing 3.8 7.9 Crafts & related trades 15.0 3.8 10.3 15.0 Plant & machine operators 14.6 0.1 4.7 Elementary occupations 12.3 5.4 5.1 10.0 5.0 0.0 -5.0 Manufacturing Tourism Other Services Manufacturing Tourism Other Services Figure XX.21: WITHOUT "DON'T KNOW"--KEEPING ONLY "AGREE": University General education system TVET 67.69 meet the skill needs of employers adequately 51.99 49.41 70.02 produce the LEVEL of skills needed by employers 55.09 56.85 72.62 produce the KINDS of skills needed by employers 57.66 58.81 69.8 produce UP TO DATE knowledge of methods, 54.14 materials, and technology 54.33 produce enough PRACTICAL SKILLS 70.74 55.91 54.88 50.44 produce enough GOOD ATTITUDE AND SELF-DISCIPLINE 55.08 51 The general education, TVET, and university system produce enough GOOD ATTITUDE AND SELF-DISCIPLINE produce enough PRACTICAL SKILLS produce UP TO DATE knowledge of methods, materials, and technology produce the KINDS of skills needed by employers produce the LEVEL of skills needed by employers meet the skill needs of employers adequately 0 10 20 on, TVET, and university system do not TVET University General education system 30 40 50 60 70 80 Distribution of general education (education coded using new codes from Jinendra Region Gender Youth rural completed Highest level of education urban female male youth adults (30-64 (15-29 years) years) no edu 2 0 1 1 2 0 Below primary 7 4 6 6 8 2 Primary 11 7 8 11 12 3 Lower sec 37 29 33 35 33 34 Passed O-level 13 16 15 13 13 16 Upper sec 13 13 13 13 11 20 Passed A-level 14 24 20 16 17 22 Bachelor 2 5 3 4 3 3 Master + 1 1 1 1 1 0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100% 1 2 1 1 3 1 4 5 youth (15-29 years) 90% 14 20 16 80% 24 13 70% 13 13 60% 13 13 13 15 50% 16 40% 37 35 30% 33 29 20% 11 8 11 10% 7 7 4 6 6 0% 1.98 0.42 1.42 1.29 rural urban female male 1 3 0 3 17 22 Master + 11 Bachelor 20 13 Passed A-level 16 Upper sec 33 Passed O-level 34 Lower sec 12 Primary 8 3 1.87 2 0.12 Below primary adults youth no edu (30-64 (15-29 years) years) Quintile Asset IndexYears TVET, of Education Share Apprenticeship, Share 1 7.57 0.06 0.13 2 8.83 0.11 0.15 3 9.52 0.16 0.16 4 10.28 0.22 0.16 5 11.64 0.31 0.17 14 12 Education, Years 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 Household Asset Index Years of Education 0.35 TVET and Apprenticeship, share 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 2 3 4 5 Household Asset Index, Quintiles Years of Education TVET, Share Apprenticeship, Share 1 73 vocational training (certificate) technical education12(diploma) 14 professional qualification 14 (diploma) vocational training (certificate) vocational technology 1 (degree) technical education 12 (diploma) professional qualification (diploma) vocational technology 73 (degree) vocational training (certificate) technical education (diploma) professional qualification (diploma) vocational technology (degree) Training Apprenticeship Education Vocational education no edu 0 0.02 0.12 master+ below primary 3.24% 0.02 0.13 bachelor primary, grade 51.79% 0.02 0.12 lower sec, grade 11.25% 9 0.03 0.16 passed A-level passed O-level20.71% 0.05 0.15 upper sec, grade 11 20.30% upper sec, grade 11 0.06 0.17 passed A-level 37.13% 0.11 0.18 passed O-level bachelor 37.89% 0.20 0.15 lower sec, grade 9 master+ 44.12% 0.32 0.21 primary, grade 5 Education by wealth quintile below primary 0.00% master+ 44.12% bachelor 37.89% assed A-level 37.13% sec, grade 11 20.30% assed O-level 20.71% sec, grade 9 11.25% mary, grade 5 1.79% elow primary 3.24% 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 100 100 80 60 high 40 medium 20 0 low rural urban rural urban rural urban reading writing numeracy reading writing numeracy rural urban rural urban rural urban Total low 24.53 22.52 33.72 40.34 43.77 35.08 40.35 medium 14.55 21.58 7.72 10.81 31.75 37.46 34 high 24.8 33.13 5.44 8.68 11.19 16.61 13.33 Total 100 80 60 40 20 0 rural urban rural urban rural urban reading writing numeracy reading writing numeracy Total rural urban rural urban rural urban 1 22.21 27.83 39.96 39.51 39.5 45.88 41.88 2 19.81 15.37 11.72 4.72 39.21 41.84 40.19 3 27.21 19.58 7.78 2.93 14.09 7.27 11.55 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 educ Mean Std. Dev. Freq. 50.00% 42% no edu 42.31% 0.50383 26 40.00% Below primary 23.33% 0.42437 150 30.00% 23% 19% Primary 18.58% 0.38984 226 20.00% 11% Lower sec 11.18% 0.31527 841 10.00% Passed O-level 5.88% 0.23564 340 0.00% Upper sec 7.12% 0.25757 337 no edu Below Primary Lower Passed Passed A-level 4.86% 0.21521 494 primary sec O-level Bachelor 6.52% 0.24826 92 Master + 5.88% 0.23883 34 Total 0.10157 0.30215 2540 6% 7% 5% 7% 6% Lower Passed Upper Passed BachelorMaster + O-level sec A-level computer mechanic English physical primary -5.60% -0.012 -3.20% -9.10% -2.70% lower secondary 6.20% -0.70% -1.00% passed O 4.70% -0.50% 10.60% -11.80% passed A 18.60% 1.40% 11.60% -10.10% bachelor 2.70% 1.50% 8.10% -6.70% master+ 17.10% 3.30% 18.40% -0.70% TVET 10.70% 3.50% 8.70% -0.016 25% 20% 15% 10% computer mechanic 5% English 0% physical -5% -10% -15% team work openness presentation 1.00% primary(grade 5) -5.40% 3.00% 13.90% lower secondary 3.60% 4.60% passed O 3.50% 13.90% 8.30% passed A 4.60% 12.10% 4.20% bachelor 6.10% 12.50% 3.70% master+ -2.00% 3.50% 4.10% TVET 9.30% 4.00% 2.60% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% openness presentation 0.00% team work -5.00% -10.00% 2000 lwage Coef. Std. Err. t 2000 2004 2012 2000 2004 2012 edm3 0.172938 0.151747 0.122761 primary 17% 15% 12% edm4 0.316741 0.276203 0.18637 lower secondary 14% 12% 6% edm5 0.498081 0.426133 0.140269 18% passed GCE-O level 15% -5% edm6 0.641004 0.595182 0.406614 14% passed GCE-A level 17% 27% edm7 1.005152 0.819894 0.926677 36% bachelor and above 22% 52% voc_edu 0.128683 0.221813 0.174003 TVET 13% 22% 17% age 0.063335 0.100121 0.020607 age2 -0.00067 -0.00111 -0.00029 _cons 1.230098 0.670447 4.078299 60% 50% primary 40% lower secondary 30% passed GCE-O level 20% passed GCE-A level bachelor and above 10% TVET 0% 2000 2004 2012 -10% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% no tech skills controls 10.00% tech skills controls 0.00% primary lower passed passed bachelor TVET -10.00% secondary GCE-O GCE-A and above level level -20.00% learnh Coef. Coef. tech no tech skills skills controls controls primary 0.035203 0.048102 primary 3.52% 4.81% 0.082104 lower secondary 0.061034 lower secondary 4.69% 1.29% level passed GCE-O 0.02691 -0.02989 -5.52% passed GCE-O level -9.09% passed GCE-A level 0.274113 0.159518 24.72% passed GCE-A level 18.94% above bachelor and0.691223 0.532398 41.71% bachelor and above 37.29% TVET 0.14344 0.100658 TVET 14.34% 10.07% techno 0.273479 comp_basic 0.0762 mechanic 0.211373 english 0.09494 physt 0.029246 male 0.36625 0.266515 urban 0.027588 -0.01413 age 0.015884 0.014559 age2 -0.00021 -0.00016 pr2 -0.13744 -0.12495 pr3 -0.14751 -0.10562 pr4 0.120909 0.150617 pr5 0.029969 0.026628 pr6 -0.15651 -0.14029 pr7 -0.21186 -0.19278 pr8 -0.22099 -0.20885 pr9 0.144016 0.163603 occ2 0.102414 0.070003 occ3 -0.02266 -0.01228 occ4 -0.14656 -0.12666 occ5 -0.43837 -0.41855 occ6 -0.22296 -0.15587 occ7 -0.45651 -0.37446 occ8 -0.09932 -0.03522 occ9 -0.21439 -0.21193 occ10 -0.19549 -0.10343 ind2 -0.18361 -0.22613 ind3 -0.09414 -0.08469 ind4 -0.04103 0.022654 ind5 0.14248 0.162795 ind6 0.030939 0.006304 ind7 0.26425 0.238568 ind8 -0.2097 -0.20877 ind9 0.160906 0.08852 ind10 0.195388 0.119174 ind11 0.316251 0.2762 ind12 -0.02114 -0.05043 ind13 0.120363 0.113138 _cons 4.188839 4.009792 -24% technology -22% computer -11% English -3% perseverance -2% decision making 17% mechanic 10% team work 7% interpersonal (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) VARIABLES self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% physt 0.020 z_present 0.013 interpersonal 7% team work 10% mechanic 17% decision making-2% perseverance -3% English -11% computer -22% technology -24% Observations 1,667 1,662 1,662 1,667 1,662 1,662 1,662 1,667 (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl self_empl 1,662 1,661 1,661 1,660 1,661 1,661 1,662 1,662 1,661 (18) (19) self_empl self_empl 1,661 1,662 Total Expenditure on TVET by MYASD at Current and Cons Price, 2000-2011 10,000 9,000 8,000 Curren 7,000 Rs. Million 6,000 5,000 4,000 Consta 3,000 (CCPI 2,000 1,000 - Year Source: Nisha, figure ? P. 6 Table 1: Total Expenditure on the TVET Sector by the MYASD, by Type of Expenditure and Source of Funds (2000- MYSAD will Total Recurrent give new Expenditure more accurate Capital Total data (Rs.)a data Source of Funds Expenditure (Rs.)aa Total Domestic (Rs.) Donor (Rs.) 2000 692290846 277727993 955689031 14329808 970018839 2001 778225192 355956124 980172006 154009310 1134181316 2002 828899000 500489000 1053911000 275477000 1329388000 1E+10 2003 883687000 929691000 1075965000 737413000 1813378000 9E+09 2004 895600000 950343000 987640000 858305000 1845945000 8E+09 2005 1194733000 1093675000 1584718000 703690000 2288408000 7E+09 2006 1597941000 1930910000 2323003000 1205848000 3528851000 6E+09 2007 1857989000 1799321000 2791861000 865449000 3657310000 5E+09 2008 2928858000 3037144000 5243960000 722042000 5966002000 4E+09 2009 3113224000 2169543000 4865761000 417006000 5282767000 3E+09 2010 3204378000 2635556000 4729613000 1110321000 5839934000 2E+09 2011 3575505000 5009105000 7953110000 631500000 8584610000 1E+09 Current and Constant Current Price Constant Price (CCPI 2002=100) d Source of Funds (2000-2011) Total Expenditure on TVET by the MYASD, 2000-2011 1E+10 9E+09 8E+09 7E+09 6E+09 5E+09 4E+09 3E+09 2E+09 1E+09 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 Current Prices 2011 Table 1: Total Expenditure on the TVET Sector by the MYASD, by Type of Expenditure Total Recurrent Total Capital Expenditure Expenditure Source of Funds a Year (Rs.)a (Rs.) a Domestic (Rs.) Donor (Rs.) (A) as a % of GDPb Total (Rs.)a (A) 2000 692,290,846 277,727,993 955,689,031 14,329,808 970,018,839 0.08 2001 778,225,192 355,956,124 980,172,006 154,009,310 1,134,181,316 0.08 2002 828,899,000 500,489,000 1,053,911,000 275,477,000 1,329,388,000 0.08 2003 883,687,000 929,691,000 1,075,965,000 737,413,000 1,813,378,000 0.1 2004 895,600,000 950,343,000 987,640,000 858,305,000 1,845,945,000 0.09 2005 1,194,733,000 1,093,675,000 1,584,718,000 703,690,000 2,288,408,000 0.09 2006 1,597,941,000 1,930,910,000 2,323,003,000 1,205,848,000 3,528,851,000 0.12 2007 1,857,989,000 1,799,321,000 2,791,861,000 865,449,000 3,657,310,000 0.1 2008 2,928,858,000 3,037,144,000 5,243,960,000 722,042,000 5,966,002,000 0.14 2009 3,113,224,000 2,169,543,000 4,865,761,000 417,006,000 5,282,767,000 0.11 2010 3,204,378,000 2,635,556,000 4,729,613,000 1,110,321,000 5,839,934,000 0.1 c 2011 3,575,505,000 5,009,105,000 7,953,110,000 631,500,000 8,584,610,000 0.13 This table will change according to the Ministry and DTET financial data. MYSAD will give new more accurate data data TVET Expenditure as % of GDP 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 GDP ratio (%) 0.04 0.02 0 Year Donor/Total 50% 2000 1% 45% 2001 14% 40% 2002 21% 35% 2003 41% 30% 2004 46% 2005 31% 25% 2006 34% 20% 2007 24% 15% 2008 12% 10% 2009 8% 5% 2010 19% 0% 2011 7% 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 CETRAC OTC Total Total Expendit Expendit ure ure 2007 ######### ######### 31188 45367 2008 ######### ######### 35464 49103 2009 ######### ######### 41263 48671 2010 ######### ######### 41294 58074 2011 ######### ######### 53604 67572 70000 60000 50000 40000 CETRAC 30000 OTC 20000 10000 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 2012 Recurrent Expenditure 3113 3,204 3470 3838 Capital Expenditure 2170 2,636 3555 4275 Total Expenditure 5,283 5,840 7,025 8,113 59% Recurrent Expenditure 55% 49% 47% 41% Capital Expenditure 45% 51% 53% 65% 60% % of total expenditure 55% Recurrent Expenditure 50% 45% Capital Expenditure 40% 35% 30% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2009, 2010, 2011: actuals 2012: estimate Source: MoF, Budget Estimates Recurrent Expenditure Capital Expenditure 300000 Ranked 250000 Unit Cost per Unit Cost per Nbr of participant participant 200000 participants (Rs) (Rs '000) NAITA 34970 16042 16 150000 VTA 27172 32460 32 100000 DTET 23250 43856 44 NYSC 13655 53460 53 50000 CGTTI 3620 38950 39 CETRAC 1523 61000 61 0 SLITHM 1274 138000 138 UNIVOTEC 415 261776 262 Nbr of participants Unit Cost per participant (Rs) Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita Primary Secondary Tertiary 2009 2009 2009 10.8 South Asia Average (2009) 23.4 56.2 Comparators Average (2009) 17.5 16.7 26.7 Upper Middle Income Average (2007) 13.9 17.3 18.8 Per Student Expenditure as a % of GDP p.c. Set of Selected Comparator Countries: 2007 and 2009 60.0 50.0 40.0 South Asia Average (2009) 30.0 Comparators Average (2009) 20.0 Upper Middle Income Average (2007) 10.0 0.0 Primary Secondary Tertiary s: 2007 and 2009 uth Asia Average mparators Average per Middle Income erage (2007) Don Bosco Technical College ATIs As a % of As a % of Cost (Rs.) Cost Rs. total cost total cost 5554800 staff 45% Salaries for the Academic 23847650 31% 1663800 Salaries for the Non- 13% Academic staff 12841000 17% Materials 2159000 17% 5618500 7% Electricity 1709400 14% 5022900 7% Exam Fees 79400 1% 0 0% cost Other Overhead1309800 10% 28978200 38% Total cost 12476200 100% 76308250 100% 39860 Cost per student per year 92049 Sources: Authors' calculation based on data provided by the Don Bosco Colleges and ATI Finance Divisions Don Bosco ATIs 45% staff 31% Salaries for the Academic Academic staff Salaries for the Non-13% 17% Materials 17% 7% Electricity 14% 7% Exam Fees 1% 0% Other Overhead cost 10% 38% Figure 10 50% 45% Salaries for the Academic staff 40% Salaries for the Non- 35% Academic staff 30% Materials 25% 20% Electricity 15% Exam Fees 10% 5% Other Overhead cost 0% Don Bosco ATIs SLITHM Teachers, Assistant Principals, SLGETS 2- Lecturer, SLGEPS 3 II w/ SLGETS 2 - II scale 1 16100 17060 24725 2 16340 17390 25096 3 16580 17720 25472 4 16820 18050 25829 5 17060 18380 26191 6 17300 18710 26557 7 17630 19040 27062 8 17960 19370 27576 9 18290 19770 28072 10 18620 20170 28578 11 18950 20570 29092 12 19350 20970 29703 13 19750 21370 30327 14 20150 21770 30933 15 20550 22415 31552 60000 16 20950 23060 32151 55000 17 21350 23705 32762 50000 18 21750 24350 33385 45000 19 22395 24995 34386 40000 20 23040 25640 35384 21 23685 26285 36374 Rs 35000 22 24330 26930 37356 30000 23 24975 27575 38365 25000 24 25620 28220 39362 20000 25 26265 28865 40347 15000 26 26910 29655 41355 10000 27 27555 30445 42348 1 3 5 28 28200 31235 43322 29 28845 32025 44318 30 29490 32815 45293 31 30135 33605 46290 32 30780 34395 47262 33 31425 35185 48254 34 32070 35975 49267 35 32715 36765 50253 36 33360 37555 51258 37 34005 38345 52232 38 34650 39135 53224 39 39925 Teachers, SLGETS 2-II Principals, SLGEPS 3 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 Years of Service Sri Lanka East Asia & Pacific (2011) 18.4 Pakistan Eastern Europe & Central Asia (2007) 6.7 Nepal High-income OECD (2009) 8.8 India (2006) 15.9 Latin America & Caribbean Afghanista n (2008) 14.6 Middle East & North Africa Sub- Saharan South Asia Africa 30.7 Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia 14.6 Middle East & North Africa 26.7 Afghanistan (2008) Latin America & India (2006) Caribbean 43.7 High- income Nepal (2009) OECD 41.1 Eastern Pakistan (2007) Europe & Central Asia 33.7 Sri Lanka (2011) East Asia & Pacific 44.1 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 70 60 50 40 30 Firm-based: 20 Type A Firm-based: Type B Type External: A External: Type B Yes 39.42 57.85 14.58 12.5 No 60.1 41.83 85.26 87.34 Don't Know 0.48 0.32 0.16 0.16 10 0 Internal External workers Highly skilledLow Any type of worker skilled workers Internal 39.61 58.04 External 14.61 12.52 Figure 8.6: In-Service, By Outside Providers 21.31 Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Any type of worker External In-Service, By Outside Providers INTERNAL TRAINING: EXTERNAL TRAINING: workers Highly skilledLow skilled workers workers Highly skilledLow skilled workers Manufacturing 41.78 65.42 Manufacturing 15.35 9.3 Tourism 37.5 55.21 Tourism 14.58 15.63 Other Services 39.35 53.24 Other Services 13.89 12.96 Domestic 29.78 50.95 Domestic 7.9 8.17 90 International 53.28 67.62 International 24.59 18.85 80 No innovations 25.26 43.81 No innovations 5.15 6.19 Innovative 46.34 64.86 Innovative 19.06 15.53 70 Private 7.41 29.63 Private 7.41 11.11 60 Public 41.08 59.33 Public 14.93 12.58 50 Micro 21.95 47.09 Micro 4.85 5.83 Small 38.07 55.5 Small 11.42 13.24 40 Medium 52.42 65.32 Medium 24.19 16.13 Large 71.62 83.78 Large 35.14 22.97 30 Total 39.61 58.04 Total 14.61 12.52 20 10 Figure 8.5: 0 IN-SERVICE TRAINING (BY OUTSIDE PROVIDERS): Manufacturing 22.79 Tourism 22.4 Other Services 18.89 Domestic 13.62 International 33.06 60 No innovations 11.34 Innovative 26.06 Private 11.11 50 Public 21.78 Micro 7.28 40 40 Small 20.09 Medium 29.84 Large 49.33 30 Total 21.31 20 10 0 Figure 8.3: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 8.5: 60 50 40 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 8.4: 40 35 30 25 20 Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers 15 10 5 0 Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers 80 70 60 50 Low Highly skilled skilled workers workers 69.14419 On the job training 73.47239 (from more experienced workers) firm's managers, Training by the 59.76301 technical persons, peers, 61.65854 40 etc. firm's dedicated Training by the 53.88136 trainers 58.4881 firm/ workplace Training on the45.88235 premises with external trainers 44.89041 30 20 10 0 On the job training (from more Training by the firm's manag experienced workers) technical persons, peers, e Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Training by the firm's managers, Training by the firm's dedicated Training on the firm/ workplace technical persons, peers, etc. trainers premises with external trainers Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers Figure 8.7: 70 60 Highly skilled Low workers skilled workers 50 53.17949 At a technical or 48.22857 and training public institute vocational education 65.9 providers Through private training 56.10638 Through equipment 40.86364 suppliers 41.29412 40 45.53846 NGO's or international 48.375 organizations 30 20 10 0 At a technical or vocational education and Through private training provide training public institute Through private training providers Through equipment suppliers NGO's or international organizations Highly skilled workers Low skilled workers rganizations Figure 8.8: TVET Public 79.63 Private 20.37 Figure 8.8: University Public 90 100 Private 10 Public Other (Private associations, etc) companies, industry20 Private 80 90 Figure 8.9: 80 TVET Very poor 3.64 70 Poor 3.64 Fairly good 47.27 60 Very good 45.45 University Very poor 50 Poor 5 Fairly good 50 Very good 45 40 Very Other (Private poor companies, 2.22 industry associations, etc) Poor 30 Fairly good 34.44 Very good 63.33 20 10 0 Public TVET Private Public Private Public Private TVET University Other (Private companies, industry associations, etc) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Very Poor Fairly Very Very Poor Fairly Very Very Poor Fairly poor good good poor good good poor good TVET University Other (Private companies, industry associations, etc) Private ndustry associations, Fairly Very good good (Private companies, ry associations, etc)