SPF ANNUAL REPORT 2016 Pushing the frontiers of development Pushing the frontiers of development ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The SPF Annual Report 2016 was prepared by a team in the Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Group at the World Bank, led by Paul Bance and Paul Maximilian Bisca. Core team members include Cynthia Delgadillo, Hend Irhiam, and Zainiddin Karaev. Gulnara Febres, Suh Yoon Kang, Rohit Narasimhan, Jay Pascual, Farhad Peikar, Eka Zamen Putra, Milena Stefanova, Andrea Stumpf, and Caroline Vagneron kindly provided input. The team extends its gratitude to the SPF development partners: Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade; Denmark’s Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Germany’s Federal Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation; The Netherlands’ Ministry for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation; Norway’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Sweden’s International Development Cooperation Agency; and The United Kingdom’s Department for International Development. The team is also thankful to the SPF Technical Advisory Committee for contributing their expertise, leadership, and time to ensure high-quality grant-making. The SPF Technical Advisory Committee is composed of Laura Bailey, Tekabe Belay, Lynne Sherburne-Benz, Nina Bhatt, Kevin Carey, Fei Deng, Talib Esmail, Jimena Garrote, Deborah Isser, Michelle Keane, Claire Kfouri, Janet Minatelli, Juan Carlos Pereira, Faisal Quraishi, Vikram Raghavan, Sunil Rajkumar, and Paola Ridolfi. The team also extends its sincere thanks to the 106 SPF project teams, and to the 37 recipient countries and numerous executing agencies of SPF grants for their commitment to advancing innovative state and peacebuilding programming across the world. Lastly, we wish to thank Saroj Kumar Jha and Colin Bruce from the Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Group for their guidance, advice, and encouragement. CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS Australia Denmark Germany Netherlands Norway Sweden United IBRD Kingdom RECIPIENT COUNTRIES Armenia Central African Colombia Côte d’Ivoire Democratic El Salvador Georgia Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Republic Republic of Congo Haiti Honduras Iraq Jordan Kosovo Kyrgyz Lebanon Liberia Libya Nepal Republic Nigeria Papau New Philippines Republic Senegal Solomon Somalia South Sudan Sri Lanka Sudan Guinea of Yemen Islands Syrian Arab Thailand Togo Tunisia Ukraine West Bank Zimbabwe Republic and Gaza SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 1 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AFR Africa Region
 CCSA Cross Cutting Solutions Area CDD Community-Driven Development CMU Country Management Unit CSO Civil Society Organization DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAP East Asia and Pacific Region
 ECA Europe and Central Asia Region EC European Commission FCS Fragile and Conflict-affected States FCV Fragility, Conflict, and Violence
 FPA United Nations – World Bank Fiduciary Principles Accord GBV Gender-Based Violence GP Global Practice GSURR Global Practice on Social, Urban, Rural, and Resilience IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association
 IDA18 The 18th Replenishment of IDA IFC International Finance Corporation IDP Internally Displaced Person LAC Latin American and Caribbean Region
 LIC Low-income country MDB Multilateral Development Bank MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund
 MENA Middle East and North Africa Region
 MIC Middle-income country MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs NGO Non-Governmental Organization RRA Risk and Resilience Assessments RPBA Recovery and Peacebuilding Assessments RVP Regional Vice-Presidency 
 SAR South Asia Region
 SMART Specific, Measurable, Assignable, Realistic, and Time-bound results indicators SPF State and Peacebuilding Fund
 SDG Sustainable Development Goal TF Trust Fund UN United Nations UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services WBG World Bank Group WDR World Development Report WHS World Humanitarian Summit * All figures are in US Dollars and marked as $ 2 FORWARD The State and Peacebuilding Fund (SPF) offers a unique platform to support critical development operations, global analysis and learning, and multi-stakeholder partnerships in situations of fragility, conflict and violence (FCV). The SPF Annual Report 2016 goes beyond the fulfillment of traditional reporting obligations to development partners and clients. While it gives an overview of the current portfolio and results, it also acknowledges two major developments—growing global fragility risks; and the historic replenishment of the World Bank’s fund for low-income countries, or IDA18. Therefore, this Report discusses 2016 portfolio results and outlines a set of priorities for 2017, taking these developments into account. It then concludes with a vision of how the SPF can evolve to support this effort. Now more than ever, FCV risks pose significant challenges for the development community’s global ambitions, and for the World Bank Group’s (WBG) Twin Goals of reducing extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Slower economic growth, protracted conflicts, climate change, demographic shifts, new technologies, illicit financial flows, and transnational ideological movements are shaping fragility dynamics at the global, regional, and country levels. Battle-related deaths and terrorism incidents are on the rise, and the number of refugees and internally displaced persons is at its highest since World War II. The record $75 billion replenishment of IDA18, with a special focus on FCV, lies at the heart of the WBG’s efforts to lead the development response to these challenges in low-income countries, where roughly 50 percent of the extreme poor are expected to live by 2030. This new IDA cycle will strengthen our focus on prevention and facilitate earlier engagement in countries facing significant FCV risks. It will allow us to intervene at scale when countries are transitioning out of conflict, and help us to de-risk private investments through a new private sector window. IDA18 will also provide resources on attractive terms to low-income countries hosting refugees. Against this backdrop, the WBG is repositioning the SPF. The SPF has become a primary instrument for first response, innovation, and engagement in FCV-affected countries since the Fund was established in 2008. Its unique value proposition comes from its flexibility in terms of geographic areas, implementation models, and thematic coverage, as well as from its capacity to take risks and mobilize financing rapidly across all income country groups. As such, we envision an SPF that first, serves as a catalyst to the delivery of IDA18 in FCV; second, fills gaps in conventional financing by supporting projects, technical assistance, and policy dialogue in countries in arrears, non-members, and middle-income countries in crisis; and third, offers a coordination platform for the international aid community and FCV countries. We stand at a critical juncture. We have an opportunity to PUSH THE FRONTIERS OF DEVELOPMENT in FCV contexts. Building on its unique experience and network, complementing other financing instruments, and together with development partners and recipient countries, the SPF can play a determining role in helping our community to fulfill its mission of leaving no one behind. Saroj Kumar Jha, Senior Director, Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Group SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgments 1 Abbreviations and Acronyms 2 Forward 3 The State and Peacebuilding Fund at a Glance 6 In Focus: The Humanitarian-Development Nexus in Public Health 8 A. Fragility, Conflict, and Violence: Challenges and Responses 11 1. FCV Trends: A Snapshot 12 2. A Renewed Global Commitment 14 In Focus: Jordan – First Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis 16 B. The State and Peacebuilding Fund: Overview and Results Framework 19 1. Value Proposition 20 2. Objectives 20 3. Governance Structure 20 4. A Customized Grant-Making Process 22 5. The SPF Results Framework 23 In Focus: Solomon Islands – Stabilization Through Jobs 24 C. 2016 Highlights 27 1. FCV Trends: A Snapshot 28 2. New Projects 30 In Focus: Ukraine – Responding to Subnational Conflict 34 D. Portfolio Trends 2009-2016 37 1. SPF Contributions 38 2. SPF Recipients 38 3. SPF Allocations by Region 39 4. SPF Allocations by FCV Types: Differentiated Approach 41 5. SPF Transfers to Multi-Donor Trust Funds 43 6. Emergency vs. Non-Emergency Projects 43 In Focus: Gender-Based Violence – Scaling Up Prevention and Response 46 4 E. SPF Results 49 1. Fund-level Results 50 2. Statebuilding Results 51 3. Peacebuilding Results 52 In Focus: Colombia – Supporting the Peace Process 54 F. 2017 Priorities 57 1. Demand for Financing 58 2. Initial Engagements 60 In Focus: Sudan – Leaving No One Behind 62 G. Forward Look: The SPF as the Lead Fund for FCV 65 1. SPF Partner Trust Funds in FCV 66 2. FCV Trust Funds: Current Constraints to Innovation, Flexibility, and Leverage 66 3. The Proposed Solution: Consolidation and Simplification 68 4. The SPF Compact 68 5. Renewed Governance 70 6. Launch and Next Steps 71 In Focus: Sahel and the Horn of Africa – Preventing Pastoral Conflict 72 In Focus: South Asia – Building the FCV Operational Knowledge Base 74 Annexes 77 Annex I – Financial Highlights 78 Annex 2 – List of SPF Active Projects 82 Annex 3 – List of SPF Completed Projects 88 Disclaimer, Rights, Permissions, Photo Credits 102 SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 5 THE SPF’S TOTAL ENVELOPE AT THE END OF 2016 WAS THE TWO OBJECTIVES OF THE SPF: Statebuilding, which refers to improving governance and institutional performance in FCV-affected $284 MILLION, WITH 134 TOTAL GRANTS AND TRANSFERS countries so as to boost resilience to internal and external stresses; and IN 37 COUNTRIES ACROSS ALL REGIONS. Peacebuilding, which seeks to develop the socio-economic conditions that foster peaceful, stable and sustainable development. AVAILABLE FINANCING PROJECT RATING 94% committed 66% satisfactory MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 79% disbursed 32% moderately satisfactory 22 grants 14 grants $54.8 million committed $19.7 million committed 21.1% of portfolio 7.6% of portfolio GLOBAL 8 grants $5 million committed 1.9% of portfolio EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC 14 grants $23 million committed LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN 8.8% of portfolio 11 grants $21.3 million committed SOUTH ASIA 8.2% of portfolio 7 grants $6.1 million committed 2.4% of portfolio SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 58 grants $130 million committed 50% of portfolio SPF Hub SPF Grants 6 SPFAnnual SPF AnnualReport Report2016: 2016:Pushing Pushingthe frontiers of theFrontiers development | 7 of Development IN FOCUS: THE HUMANITARIAN-DEVELOPMENT NEXUS IN PUBLIC HEALTH Using satellite imagery and social media to estimate damages in Syrian heath sector: the city of Aleppo (illustration only); presented at Fourth Global Symposium on Health Systems Research (Vancouver, November 14-18, 2016). The bloody civil wars that wracked Sierra Traditionally, humanitarian actors have provided Leone and Liberia in the 1990s did more than much needed relief in FCV settings. But with kill hundreds of thousands of people over the average conflict lasting 17 years, there is an the course of a decade. They also decimated urgent need for humanitarian and development the health systems of both countries, setting actors to work together. This was emphasized the stage for the rapid spread of Ebola and at the World Humanitarian Summit (Istanbul, threatening global health security. May 2016), where over 35 humanitarian and development agencies signed onto the “Grand These countries are not unique. Whether Bargain” pledging to “collaboratively work talking about pandemics, wars, or prolonged across institutional boundaries on the basis of occupations, these conditions devastate comparative advantage.” health systems, and have lasting impacts on the physical and mental health of So what is the comparative advantage of affected populations. development actors? 8 Agencies like the WBG can help finance work in FCV contexts. This means providing multi- year grants to humanitarian agencies that allow for long-term planning; crowding in new players such as the private sector to help fund interventions in the humanitarian health space; and developing innovative health financing During the course of “ instruments such as development impact bonds for conflict or a global insurance mechanism conflict, the health sector for pandemics. tends to be doubly Through their neutral convening platforms, development agencies can also bring together affected: as demand multiple stakeholders to develop a medium to long term vision for the health sector and share for health services islands of innovation. increases due to the rise Finally, the high level analytical work development agencies conduct can push the of injuries and mental frontiers of what can be accomplished in these settings. Innovations range from driving impact health conditions, evaluations in fragile contexts to creating a body of evidence of “what works,” to developing supply is disrupted due cutting edge tools which employ Big Data to analyze the health needs of populations. to targeting of health One such powerful example is the SPF-funded infrastructure and programmatic approach to strengthening health service delivery resilience in FCV provider flight.” settings. The goal of this initiative is to test catalytic pilots in frontier settings and inform global health efforts to accelerate progress in Emre Özaltın, WBG Senior -  fragile contexts and humanitarian crises. Economist; Ziad Obermeyer, Emergency Physician at Harvard The series of pilots include tools to assess the Medical School; and Aaka Pande, cost of conflict on the health sector in Syria; WBG Senior Health Economist approaches to build up the health sector in South Sudan; addressing service delivery constraints in Mindanao, Philippines; health systems strengthening in post-Ebola countries of Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone; and approaches to improve emergency care under fragility and conflict in the occupied Palestinian territories. This is an edited excerpt of an article by the task team that originally appeared on the Huffington Post Canada in the Development Unplugged Blog (huffingtonpost.ca/ development unplugged) and the World Bank’s Investing in Health series (blogs.worldbank.org/health/) in November 2016. SPFAnnual SPF Report2016: AnnualReport 2016:Pushing Pushingthe theFrontiers of Development frontiers of development | 9 SECTION A FRAGILITY, CONFLICT, & VIOLENCE: CHALLENGES & RESPONSES Delivering sustainable development solutions to countries affected by fragility, conflict, and violence is both an institutional priority and a global responsibility for the WBG. FCV risks have become more acute, more complex, and more serious, ranging from a record number of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) to regional spillovers of violence and a rise in terrorist attacks. Success in FCV-affected countries is thus essential for accomplishing the WBG’s Twin Goals of reducing extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Making smart, efficient, and effective investments in FCV situations is also a prerequisite for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular SDG 16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions). SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 11 FCV TRENDS: A SNAPSHOT Norway has been “ Fragility, conflict, and violence remain the biggest supporting the SPF threats to sustainable development. After a decline since the 1990s, the number of people from its inception. The killed by violent conflict has been increasing sharply since 2010, and conflicts are becoming Fund has been critical more interlinked. As 2017 unfolds, about 2 billion in advancing the FCV people around the world live in FCV-affected countries. By 2030, projections show that the agenda in the World share of global poor living in countries suffering from FCV range from 43-62 percent.1 World Bank Bank Group. With the studies also confirm the intuition that poverty trends are directly proportional to the intensity scaling up of the WBG's of violence. Moreover, the aggregate economic cost of conflict on the global economy has been support to fragile states, estimated at $14.3 trillion in 2014 – roughly 13.4 percent of world GDP.2 the SPF will be even Meanwhile, the Syrian crisis has brought the more important as an number of refugees worldwide to 17 million, the highest since World War II. Forced displacement incubator of new and has moved from a humanitarian to a primarily development crisis: 95 percent of refugees and innovative approaches internally displaced live in developing countries, to address fragility originating from the same 10 conflicts since 1991. Over 60 million people are forcefully displaced and conflict." worldwide. Lastly, FCV no longer ravage poor countries alone. Bjørn Brede Hansen, Director, -  Recent conflicts in Ukraine and Syria, as well as Section for the Multilateral the soaring homicide rates in Central America, Development Banks, Norwegian demonstrate that sustainable development is Ministry of Foreign Affairs under threat irrespective of geography, income level, or apparent political stability.  rganization for Economic Cooperation and Develop- 1 O ment (OECD). 2015. "States of Fragility: Meeting Post-2015 Ambitions" (Paris: OECD), http://www.oecd.org/dac/gover- nance-peace/publications/documentuploads/SOF2015.pdf 2 Institute for Economics and Peace. 2015. “Global Peace Index: Measuring Peace, its Causes and its Economic Val- ue” (New York: Institute for Economics and Peace), http:// economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ Global-Peace-Index-Report-2015_0.pdf 12 FIGURE 1: FRAGILITY, CONFLICT, AND VIOLENCE TRENDS SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 13 A RENEWED GLOBAL COMMITMENT Recognizing these challenges, countries have causes of conflict, increasing political diplo- agreed upon a series of frameworks and priorities macy for prevention and conflict resolution, meant to strengthen institutions of global and bringing humanitarian, development and governance so as to enhance their response peacebuilding efforts together; ability (see Figure 2). These include: Addressing Large Movements of Refugees •  Financing for Development: At the Addis •  and Migrants: At the last United Nations Ababa Conference (July 2015), the WBG (UN) General Assembly Meeting (September together with other multilateral development 2016), member states adopted the New York banks (MDBs) set out a plan to use the billions of Declaration on for Refugees and Migrants, dollars in lending commitments through their which expresses the political will of world balance sheets in order to mobilize trillions leaders to save lives, protect rights and share more in public and private sector dollars; responsibility on a global scale. The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda: •  Success in FCV-affected countries is thus essential The adoption of the SDGs (September 2015) to achieving the WBG’s Twin Goals of reducing to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure extreme poverty and achieving shared prosperity. prosperity for all. Each goal has specific targets Several recent accomplishments stand out in to be achieved over the next 15 years; this regard: Strengthening the Humanitarian-Develop- •  A record $75 billion IDA18 replenishment, •  ment-Peace Nexus: The World Humanitarian with the doubling of resources to fragile and Summit (WHS) in Istanbul (May 2016) con- conflict-affected states (FCS).This implies the cluded that a new and coherent approach is creation of new financing mechanisms includ- required to target the needs of the most vul- ing (a) a new $2 billion regional window for nerable populations based on addressing root refugees and host communities, which will FIGURE 2: MILESTONES IN GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT 2015-2016 14 FIGURE 3: IDA18 FRAMEWORK make IDA one of the world’s biggest financ- The newly created Global Crisis Response •  ing tools for introducing new, more effective Platform, which builds on existing WBG approaches; (b) a new FCV risk mitigation crisis-related funding mechanisms, financing regime, which will allow four eligible coun- instruments, and financial and knowledge- tries (Guinea, Nepal, Niger and Tajikistan) to based products, to boost country preparedness, access additional funding of up to 33 percent resilience, and response capacity to crises, of their regular IDA18 allocation; and (c) a $2.5 including FCV; and billion private sector window, which will The adoption of the Forward Look by the •  spur private enterprise in IDA countries (with a Board of Executive Directors, outlining a long- focus on FCV); term vision for the WBG which calls for a •   The increase of resources to the MENA region stronger financing and operational framework to nearly $20 billion in the next five years for FCV in IDA18 and onward, a stepping up to address the consequences of the Syrian of IFC and MIGA efforts in IDA countries and conflict, thanks to the Global Concessional FCV environments. Financing Facility; SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 15 IN FOCUS: JORDAN – FIRST RESPONSE TO THE SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS WBG President Jim Yong Kim visiting the Al-Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan (June 2014). Humanitarian agencies have played a colossal Program (ESSRP) to help municipalities role in providing food and protection for the and host communities cope with these hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees who tremendous challenges. have found refuge in Jordan since the Syrian Starting with an emergency grant contribution crisis began in 2011. However, the resulting of $10 million from the SPF, the program has increase in population has put enormous leveraged $66 million from the governments pressure on Jordan’s scarce resources and of Canada, Denmark, the United Kingdom, underfunded local services, demanding a Sweden, and Switzerland. Its budget is likely longer-term approach to the crisis, too. to go up to $120 million, an estimate based on Fewer than 100,000 of the 630,000 Syrians who recent pledges. have entered Jordan as registered refugees live The project’s services have reached 1.8 million in camps; the rest live amid local communities beneficiaries, of whom at least 45 percent are in Jordanian towns and cities. Population women. That figure includes 300,000 Syrian pressure means gaps in public services have refugees, about half of the registered Syrian grown. In response, in 2013, the WBG launched refugee population in Jordan. its Emergency Services and Social Resilience 16 16 Acting on the premise that improvements in service delivery build public confidence The SPF’s timely “ in local government, the program of fiscal intervention has not only transfers supports municipal services, reduces community tensions, and strengthens local enabled the delivery of resilience, adaptability, and preparedness. Twenty municipalities have benefited from the emergency services to project, each selected for the large number of refugees they host in proportion to the original Syrian refugees and their size of their population. host communities, but The town of Zaatari has, for example, seen its population double from 5,000 to 10,000 since it also paved the way the Syrian crisis began, and the same applies to Al Mafraq, where it has doubled to 73,500. Both for the establishment of towns are located near Al-Zaatari refugee camp, the largest camp in Jordan. the largest multi-donor During the first two years of the program, platform, which works municipalities invested mostly in upgrading basic infrastructure, such as roads, sidewalks, with local authorities to water drainage systems, and box culverts. This was a top priority given the doubling in volume respond to the crisis.” of garbage or solid waste, a hazard to health and the environment. Sima Kanaan, Program Manager of -  the Emergency Services and Social Over time, municipalities have directed more Resilience MDTF of their investments toward projects chosen by their communities. Of a total of 328 funded sub- projects, investments in social and economic projects have increased from 5.7 percent to 10 percent to include the building or rehabilitation of multi-purpose town halls and community centers; building or rehabilitating spaces used by the community for skills training and/or for businesses that generate jobs for the local population; and investment in low energy lights to improve security on the streets and at the same time reduce municipal electricity bills. This is an edited excerpt from a feature story on the WBG website published in July 2016: http://www.worldbank. org/en/news/feature/2016/07/14/supporting-jordanians-to- manage-local-impact-of-syrian-crisis SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the Frontiers of Development | 17 SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 17 SECTION B THE STATE AND PEACEBUILDING FUND: OVERVIEW AND RESULTS FRAMEWORK At the heart of WBG efforts to push the frontiers of development in FCV lies the conviction that the WBG should leverage the development impact of any additional investment and “leave no one behind.” Operational challenges in existing FCV settings are daunting, ranging from the lack of reliable data and limited in-country (public and private) capacities, to dangerous field environments and constrained international staffing. There is also greater acknowledgment that coordination with non-development actors (diplomatic, humanitarian, and security), as well as greater interoperability with national and local systems, are essential to sustainable engagement. Consequently, the future of the FCV agenda is both about doing more (volume), and doing better (quality). SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 19 VALUE PROPOSITION The State and Peacebuilding Fund has emerged Second, the SPF can mobilize financing very •  as the WBG’s primary instrument for first quickly – whenever prompt interventions response, innovation, and engagement in FCV- are required to address FCV, the SPF is the affected countries. Its unique value proposition emergency vehicle to deliver technical stems from three factors: assistance, advisory services, or lay the groundwork for large-scale operations; First, the SPF is tremendously flexible in •  terms of where it can operate – all developing Third, the SPF can finance the full spectrum •  countries facing FCV challenges are eligible for of country services – this includes innovations funding regardless of geography, income level, and pilot operations, cutting edge analytics, and arrears status. The SPF can also operate data and evidence collection, as well as seed in territories and non-members on a case-by- funding for single-country multi-donor trust case basis; funds (MDTFs). OBJECTIVES Flexibility, speed, and scope thus make the allows for Bank-executed projects. Contributions SPF a versatile financing mechanism. Since come from development partners and IBRD its establishment in 2008, it has pursued two administrative budget, i.e. the Word Bank’s own interrelated goals: resources. 3. STATEBUILDING which refers to improving governance GOVERNANCE and institutional performance in STRUCTURE FCV-affected countries so as to In order to ensure coherence and sensitivity to boost resilience to internal and the broader FCV agenda, the SPF is governed by external stresses; and a Steering Group which consists of WBG Senior Management and contributing development PEACEBUILDING partners. It meets periodically to provide feedback which seeks to develop the socio- on the SPF’s progress, as well as to ensure that economic conditions that foster peaceful, resources are being channeled to initiatives that stable and sustainable development. are relevant to the wider engagement of the international development community in FCV. As shown in Figure 4, the current total SPF The SPF Technical Advisory Committee is envelope since inception is $284 million. made up of representatives from the WBG’s Between 2008 and 2016, the SPF has financed Global Practices (GPs), Regions, and corporate 126 grants and 8 transfers to single-country units. Its role is to review and approve project MDTFs in a total of 37 countries; 94 percent proposals, integrate the SPF programming with of available financing has been committed regional WBG priorities, transfer operational and disbursement is at 79 percent. Most of the knowledge across practices, and to suggest grants are recipient-executed, although the SPF new initiatives that are in line with regional and sectoral priorities. 20 FIGURE 4: THE SPF AT A GLANCE The SPF Secretariat operates from within the FCV as well as monitoring and evaluating the SPF Group in Washington, DC and the regional hub portfolio on the basis of its results framework. The in Nairobi. It manages the day-to-day operations Secretariat promotes knowledge exchanges and of the Fund, preparing strategic directions for peer-learning, and ensures the compatibility of each year, providing advice to teams on how the work program with broader FCV agenda of to make projects more agile, processing grants, the WBG. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 21 A CUSTOMIZED GRANT-MAKING PROCESS The grant processing steps are shown in Figure preparation, and appraisal may be consolidated; 5, which reveals two distinct processing tracks (b) the approval of the project may be taken after depending on the urgency of project proposals. a single review of a complete project package; and (c) the turnaround times for certain steps Countries may find themselves in urgent are reduced. Similarly, some advisory services need of assistance due to active conflict or and analytical works supported by the SPF may because of capacity constraints caused by FCV follow a streamlined life cycle, with a simplified vulnerabilities. In such situations, projects concept note (Activity Initiation Note) and no financed under the SPF benefit from special review meeting prior to the start of the activity. treatment. Task teams may be authorized This quicker turn-around may be decisive when to prepare the project using accelerated windows of opportunities open for state and procedures for grants under which (a) the peacebuilding or in cases of emergencies. normally sequential stages of identification, FIGURE 5: THE SPF GRANT-MAKING PROCESS 22 5. THE SPF RESULTS FRAMEWORK Recipients and task teams need to reflect in the The Fund-level results represent areas where the design of the project the specifics of the country’s SPF seeks to advance the WBG’s response to FCV situation, along with the related constraints and challenges through promoting FCV-sensitive risks, in order to ensure that the intervention strategies, advancing partnerships, piloting new adequately responds to the recipient’s needs and approaches to risk and results, catalytic support can reach its expected results efficiently. for institutions and capturing and disseminating knowledge from pilot initiatives. In accordance Regular projects can expect funds available within with the defined objectives of the SPF, ten state 10 business days and follow the regular approval and peacebuilding outcomes are then measured track for WBG investment project financing. in individual projects. It is important to note that All SPF projects, emergency and regular tracks, most interventions contribute to multiple goals. benefit from the WBG’s policies, procedures and systems for technical and fiduciary review, quality control, and approval. FIGURE 6: THE SPF RESULTS FRAMEWORK SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 23 IN FOCUS: SOLOMON ISLANDS – STABILIZATION THROUGH JOBS Billboard of a completed community infrastructure project (Honiara, October 2016). Beset by poverty and unemployment, thousands In partnership with the Ministry of Infrastructure of people living in rural areas of the Solomon Development and the Honiara City Council, Islands have been forced in recent years to the SPF supported the launch of the Rapid migrate to the country’s capital, Honiara, in Employment Project in 2010 to provide search of a better life. However, the influx of critical short-term employment and income newcomers stretched the city’s limits and social opportunities for poor Honiara residents, as fabric, leaving many migrants unemployed and well as to strengthen infrastructure, as part of spawning conflicts with longtime residents and a broader recovery and statebuilding process landholders regarding access to land, housing, following the violence that afflicted the country and basic services. In the late 1990s, Honiara in the previous decade. experienced large-scale social tensions, ethnic Australia, though the Pacific Regional violence, and political unrest, which caused Infrastructure Facility, and IDA provided further displacement around the city. A regional additional financing to this project. The Project peacekeeping force, the Regional Assistance has generated over 688,000 labor days, Mission to the Solomon Islands, was deployed to provided short-term employment to over 12,600 restore stability and support state-building. 24 people, and transferred a total of $2.9 million in wages. Training in basic employment skills has The SPF contribution was “ also been delivered to over 11,500 people, of critical because it not which 53 percent were youth and 60 percent were women. only enabled us to create After completing one week of training, Alison short-term employment Lenga Ila, one of the project beneficiaries, worked for 52 days, cleaning streets and building to tens of thousands of footpaths. She later invested her savings, set aside from wages, into a business selling canned people, but also helped tuna, noodles, and sugar to families in her community. The small business enabled the us meet infrastructure 28-year-old mother to feed her family of three for months. “What we earned was small, but needs of vulnerable what is more important is what you do with that money,” Alison said. Six months after completing communities and her project-sponsored work placement, Alison sought help again from the project team to consolidate roads and create a resumé for a vacancy she had seen. She bridges that were at risk is now employed and works as an office cleaner. As part of its focus on resilience and recovery, due to natural disaster the project rehabilitated 104 kilometers of roads, including improving 40 kilometers of and climate change.” all-weather and climate resilient roads. The project also helped construct a number of Charles Kelly, Honiara City Council -  stairways linking informal settlements with Chief Executive Officer roads in the hilly Honiara terrain, helping to stimulate local commerce as well as providing escape routes in the event of natural disasters. Nearly 61,000 people have benefited from the improved access to services and markets through the repaired infrastructure, which was a major component of the project. This SPF grant closed on December 31, 2016, but this flagship project is being continued and scaled-up with IDA financing. SPFAnnual SPF Report2016: AnnualReport 2016:Pushing Pushingthe theFrontiers of Development frontiers of development | 25 SECTION C 2016 HIGHLIGHTS Throughout 2016, the SPF responded to the growing number of crises in places as diverse as Jordan, Ukraine, and Liberia. Operational programs were thus adapted to maximize value for money in an environment in which some countries in deep fragility have limited or no available sources of financing for long- term development, whereas others need urgent assistance to respond to regional spillovers. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 27 FCV TRENDS: A SNAPSHOT The flexibility of the SPF has been put to use in 2016 to quickly mobilize financing urgent, and/or critical operations. More specifically, the SPF served: As a ‘frontier’ fund, providing livelihood •  support for vulnerable communities in countries in arrears where no other source The Ministry of Social “ of financing is available such as Sudan, or innovative interventions such as working Affairs takes pride in with the UN peacekeeping mission to close the infrastructure gap in the Central partnering with the African Republic; SPF in scaling-up the As a ‘first response’ fund, providing technical •  assistance and support in transition scenarios, National Volunteer post-conflict reengagement, and dramatic increases in forced displacement. Such Service Program, which interventions include legal aid services for Syrian refugees and poor host communities in will finance volunteering Jordan; capacity building for conflict-sensitive activities and provide development in Ukraine; emergency electricity reform in Kurdistan Regional Governorate training opportunities (Iraq); and financial assistance to small- and medium- enterprises in post-Ebola Liberia; and to youth in the most •  As a knowledge platform, providing resources vulnerable communities to help understand new themes, such as youth violence prevention programs in throughout Lebanon.” Central America; the relationship between transparency and citizen engagement in the extractive sector in FCV settings; the role of Pierre Bou Assi, Minister for - financial services to manage crises in Lebanon; Social Affairs, Lebanon and gender-based violence in Nepal. The SPF Technical Committee approved 15 new proposals totaling $28.9 million in 2016. However, the demand for SPF financing far exceeded available funds. The 2016 Call for Proposals received 50 eligible submissions totaling close to $100 million, demonstrating the sustained commitment from the WBG operational teams to tackle issues pertaining to FCV, and the SPF’s performance and reputation to act as the key platform for the strategic allocation and management of funds. 28 UKRAINE JORDAN Conflict Response and Justice Sector GLOBAL Recovery | $3.6M Services | $2.5M Disclosure in Extractives | $0.3M GLOBAL Health Service CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Delivery | $1.0M Local Connectivity Emergency Project | $4.9M SUDAN Sustainable Livelihoods | $4.4M LIBERIA Rural Finance for Reconstruction | $4.8M WEST BANK AND GAZA Economic Opportunity | $1.0M CENTRAL AMERICA Jobs, Crime and Violence | $0.3M IRAQ Emergency Power Action Plan | $0.5M NEPAL Gender-Based Violence Prevention | $2.0M LEBANON National LEBANON Volunteer Service Financial Service Program | $2.0M Provision | $0.5M GLOBAL SRI LANKA Recovery and Strategic Social PeaceBuilding Assessment | $0.1M Assessment | $1.0M SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 29 NEW PROJECTS JORDAN GLOBAL Project: Justice Sector Services Project: Disclosure in Extractives Grant Amount: $2.5 million Grant Amount: $0.3 million Governance Governance The Justice Sector Services to Poor Jordanians Disclosure in Extractives: An Analysis for and Refugees in Host Communities increases Guidance in Operations generates insights on access to legal aid services (information, the link between improved access to contracting counseling and legal representation) for poor information and mitigation of conflict in FCV Jordanians, particularly women, and refugees in order to inform future development project in host communities. The project will reach design. This will include in-depth analysis of approximately 30,000 beneficiaries, out of which current open contracting-related projects in 60 percent women. three fragile pilot countries, with a focus on the extractive industries. GLOBAL UKRAINE Project: Health Service Delivery Project: Conflict Response & Recovery Grant Amount: $1.0 million Grant Amount: $3.6 million Health, Nutrition, and Population Social, Urban, Rural, and Resilience Strengthening Health Service Delivery The Conflict Response, Recovery Pilot, and Resilience in FCV Settings is a program to Capacity Building Project builds the capacity broaden global knowledge and provide direct of the Ministry for Temporarily Occupied support to strengthen the resilience of health Territories and Internally Displaced Persons service delivery through innovative pilots, analysis, to address the development impacts of the and rapid assessments in West Bank and Gaza, conflict. This is done through capacity building, Syria, South Sudan, Mindanao (Philippines), and knowledge generation, and pilot recovery and Ebola-affected countries in West Africa. peacebuilding activities. 30 LIBERIA SUDAN Project: Rural Finance for Reconstruction Project: Sustainable Livelihoods Grant Amount: $4.8 million Grant Amount: $4.4 million Finance and Markets Social, Urban, Rural, and Resilience The Rural Finance for Post-Ebola Reconstruction The Sustainable Livelihoods for Displaced and Project supports the development of a Vulnerable Communities in Eastern Sudan framework to provide finance to medium and strengthens the capacity of local stakeholders, small enterprises (MSMEs) on sustainable terms including state authorities, displaced persons, and enhance the capacity of local private sector and vulnerable host communities to jointly plan financial institutions to lend profitably to MSMEs. and implement durable solutions for livelihoods and natural resource management CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CENTRAL AMERICA Project: Local Connectivity Emergency Project Project: Jobs, Crime and Violence Grant Amount: $4.9 million Grant Amount: $0.3 million Transport Development Research Group Reconnecting the population of Northeast Youth Employment, Crime and Violence CAR to urban centers and local markets by in Central America is a contribution to the rehabilitating roads, the Local Connectivity existing literature on protective factors for at- Emergency Project contributes to the recovery risk youth through randomized control trials and reconstruction effort at a critical moment of (impact evaluations) of jobs programs combining the peace process. The project is implemented skills training and behavioral therapy, with by UNOPS, in collaboration with the Ministry temporary job placements and individual of Transport. mentoring scheme. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 31 IRAQ LEBANON Project: Emergency Power Action Plan Project: National Volunteer Service Grant Amount: $0.5 million Grant Amount: $2.0 million Energy and Extractives Social Protection and Labor As a response to massive power-cut protests, This additional financing for the National the Emergency Action Plan to Power Cuts in Volunteer Service improves social stability and the Kurdistan Regional Governorate supports service delivery in the most vulnerable Lebanese monitoring for operational performance of power communities hosting Syrian refugees through producers; optimization of generation capacity; youth volunteering, skills development, and identification of critical transmission links; and psychosocial support. Syrian refugee youth cost/benefit analysis of urgent measures versus in the targeted communities participate in the longer term optimization. project activities. LEBANON NEPAL Project: Financial Service Provision Project: Gender-Based Violence Prevention Grant Amount: $0.5 million Grant Amount: $2.0 million Finance and Markets Social, Urban, Rural, and Resilience This Financial Service Provision to Manage The Integrated Platform for Gender-based Crisis study develops policy tools on the use of Violence Prevention and Response raises financial services to manage crisis and promote awareness about, and improve response to, microeconomic opportunity amongst host GBV by supporting victims, including those communities and Syrian refugees in Lebanon. from indigenous groups and other vulnerable It improves the capacity of policymakers and communities. It is achieved by improving the market players (NGOs, private sector, financial quality and reach of services through a helpline, regulators, donors, etc.) to take evidence-based promoting greater awareness, and strengthening programming decisions. the capacity of the National Women Commission. 32 WEST BANK AND GAZA GLOBAL Project: Economic Opportunity Project: Recovery and PeaceBuilding Assessment Grant Amount: $1.0 million Grant Amount: $1.0 million Trade and Competitiveness FCV Group The successful Abraham Path Project receives An IDA18 commitment, the Recovery and additional financing to support job creation Peace-Building Assessment (RPBA) Facility and income generation for marginalized rural supports the systematic use this instrument in communities along the Abraham Path in the countries emerging from conflict. RPBAs bring West Bank, with a particular focus on women client governments, partner institutions (EC and youth. It also captures lessons from piloting and UN), and the WBG together to forge a more job creation through experiential tourism that targeted and coordinated response to post- could be applied in other FC settings. conflict reconstruction. SRI LANKA Project: Strategic Social Assessment Grant Amount: $0.1 million Social, Urban, Rural, and Resilience The Strategic Social Assessment of the conflict- affected Northern and Eastern Provinces focuses on post-conflict social and economic conditions. It develops an evidence-based understanding for the area to inform the government’s own strategy, as well as the WBG’s future engagement, for the conflict-affected areas. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 33 IN FOCUS: UKRAINE – RESPONDING TO SUBNATIONAL CONFLICT Military chevrons pinned by veterans as a sign of gratitude to doctors in the SPF-supported Veterans Regional Hospital (Dnipro, November 2016). With eastern Ukraine still fragile in the aftermath The project team’s immediate priority is to work of conflict, a SPF project is helping to build hand-in-hand with the MOT as the ministry is the capacity of the government to address the quickly establishing itself to lead and coordinate development impacts of the war, which has recovery programming. Activities include left over 10,000 people dead and 2.7 million training and support on financial management, others displaced. The grant is supporting the procurement, and on peacebuilding and consolidation of the newly established Ministry recovery programming. Following this early for Temporarily Occupied Territories and capacity building phase, MOT is expected to Internally Displaced Persons (MOT) and the begin pilot projects aimed at responding to piloting of peacebuilding and recovery activities the development needs of IDPs, veterans, in eastern Ukraine. and host communities. Executed through capacity building, knowledge The project has also launched a nationwide generation, and peacebuilding pilot activities, survey on the socio-economic impacts of the SPF is also helping to lay the foundation of a displacement, and the return of veterans with Multi-Partner Trust Fund on peacebuilding and over 4,000 interviews conducted with internally recovery, which has recently been launched by the World Bank Group and the United Nations. 34 displaced persons, returnees, host communities, We look to the “ and conflict veterans across Ukraine. Results of this quantitative and qualitative survey will World Bank as a key provide key insights for the government and international partners, as they consider policies international partner in and programs shaping a development response to the conflict. As part of this same effort, the our efforts to address the United Kingdom through DFID is financing a pilot data platform to track progress and results development impacts of peacebuilding and recovery efforts. of the crisis. Support The implementation of the project comes at a time when Ukraine is experiencing a from the SPF has been critical period of political transition, economic instability, and insecurity. The dramatic critical in the early developments over the past two years, including the “Maidan” uprising, outbreak of conflict in establishment of the eastern Ukraine, and the annexation of Crimea, Ministry and in raising have exacerbated underlying sources of fragility. As a result, the country faces a severe economic the profile of recovery downturn, governance challenges, regional divides, and long-held distrust between citizens and peacebuilding and the state. efforts as fundamental The conflict has directly affected five million people in the Donbass region, paralyzing for development economic activity in Ukraine’s industrial heartland. The region accounts for almost one progress in Ukraine.” quarter of Ukraine’s industrial activity, and an equal share of its exports. The impacts of conflict are particularly acute for the poor and vulnerable in Donbass, which has one of the - Vadym Chernysh, Minister highest populations of the bottom 40 percent. of Temporarily Occupied Continued fighting and job losses could push Territories and Internally these households further into poverty. Displaced Persons, Ukraine SPFAnnual SPF Report2016: AnnualReport 2016:Pushing Pushingthe theFrontiers of Development frontiers of development | 35 SECTION D PORTFOLIO TRENDS 2009-2016 SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 37 SPF CONTRIBUTIONS FIGURE 7: SPF CONTRIBUTIONS The SPF was established in 2008 with an initial pledge of $100 million over three fiscal years (2009-2012) from the World Bank (IBRD). This in- dicates that the World Bank has given the SPF special priority. In virtually all cases, the Bank manages the contributions of development partners without contributing its own resources to the trust fund. By contrast, the SPF has been singled out to receive significant annual contri- butions from the IBRD's own resources: between 2008 and 2016, IBRD contributions to the SPF amounted to over $218 million, as illustrated in Figure 7, which represents approximately 78 percent of total financing to the Fund. The IBRD contributions have been complemented by an additional $59 million in financing from bilateral donors, which include Australia, Denmark, Ger- The SPF is a unique multi-donor trust fund in that the WBG many, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and contributes its own resources. The United Kingdom. Total contributions and in- vestment income to the SPF currently amount to $284 million. SPF FIGURE 8: SPF RECIPIENTS RECIPIENTS The SPF focuses on partnerships that are varied and complementary, utilizing flexible financing procedures and arrangements. It has the ability to use the UN-WBG Fiduciary Principles Accord (FPA) for disbursements to UN agencies, and is able to engage with a diverse set of partners and grant recipients. These include government agencies, international and national NGOs, universities and think tanks, as well as regional and international institutions. In exceptional circumstances, such as active conflicts or in instances where the capacities of institutions are severely constrained, the Bank is also able to execute activities on behalf of recipients at their request. Figure 8 details the broad range and share of institutions and partners that implement SPF grants. The SPF features a complete spectrum of grantees for the most fit-for-purpose delivery of results on the ground. In 2016, the SPF team conducted a thorough performance review of the portfolio on the basis of which data were updated to reflect projects that have closed, and the refunded amounts which returned to the parent fund from child funds, i.e. balance of closed grants. Adjustments between the 2015 Annual Report data and the 2016 Annual Report reflect this exercise. 38 SPF ALLOCATIONS BY REGION The flexibility of the SPF as a financing instrument has enabled it to respond to a broad range of The SPF provides the Bank unique “ FCV challenges in diverse regional and country access to supporting FCS clients, contexts. The portfolio as of 2016 features 134 operational activities, comprising $216 million in which is a corporate priority. It grants and $44 million in transfers to MDTFs. allows the Bank to remain engaged As shown in Figure 9, the Africa region (AFR) with countries in arrears (e.g. hosts the largest number of SPF supported projects, which address multiple FCV contexts Somalia) or non-members (e.g. with 50 percent of SPF funding. Several West Bank and Gaza), and be at the strategic initiatives—a package of projects behind a transformative statebuilding and forefront of undertaking research peacebuilding strategy (country/regional)— studies in novel situations such have been supported thus far, including Sudan ($14 million) and the Democratic Republic as the mass refugee and of Congo (DRC, $10 million). Somalia is the migration crisis.” largest single recipient of SPF funds, with a portfolio of $36 million. The SPF has played an  -Fiscal Year 2017 World Bank important role in supporting countries in arrears Budget Paper (May 2016) or re-engaging countries that have little or no access to IDA resources (Guinea-Bissau, Sudan, and Zimbabwe). The Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) is the second largest recipient of SPF financing (21 percent of funding), which tends to focus on International engagement “ service delivery and livelihood development for conflict-affected, displaced and marginalized should be based on trust and a populations. The SPF financed the WBG’s early good understanding of existing response to the Syria refugee crisis with pilot project support and MDTF transfers of over $27 response capacity and critical gaps, million to mitigate the impact of the refugee to arrive at a clear assessment influx on host communities. In Libya, the SPF’s “Transitional Assistance” project is providing of comparative advantage and flexible financing for early technical assistance to complementarity with national support Libya’s transition. The Iraq “Consultative Service Delivery Program” targeted Kurdish areas and local efforts.” of the country with innovative community driven development (CDD) approaches.  -One Humanity: Shared Responsibility. Report of the Secretary-General for the World Humanitarian Summit (February 2, 2016) SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 39 conflict, forced displacement, and transnational radicalism and criminal flows. In Georgia, the SPF FIGURE 9: SPF ALLOCATIONS funded a pilot to build knowledge and capacity BY REGION on prevention and response to GBV, with a par- ticular focus on conflict- and displacement-af- fected populations. The SPF grant seeks to build the capacity of the newly established Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and IDPs to address the development impacts of the conflict. The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region’s SPF projects seek to address issues pertaining to post-conflict reconstruction and urban crime and violence. SPF funding to LAC in the amount of $21.4 million largely focused on citizen security and urban violence in Central America and supporting the peace process and victims’ reparation in Colombia. Crime and violence are the preeminent development challenges for the Central American countries of Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala. The SPF-sponsored RESOL-V (Red de Soluciones a The SPF has provided financing to all regions, with Africa and the Middle East and North Africa representing the la Violencia/Solutions to Violence Network) also largest share. helped in developing a global network of experts on violence prevention. The East Asia and Pacific region (EAP) is the The South Asia region (SAR) does not have a center of SPF initiatives that are geared towards significant SPF presence, mainly due to the addressing the drivers of subnational conflict portfolio of other large-scale trust funds, such and fragility. The SPF has provided $23 million to as the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund EAP, the third largest recipient of SPF, to support (ARTF) and the Pakistan Multi-Donor Trust development solutions to a diverse range of Fund for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Federally FCV challenges that impact the WBG’s ability Administered Tribal Areas, and Balochistan. to deliver on its Twin Goals of ending extreme In Nepal, the SPF’s Program to Promote the poverty and improving shared prosperity. Data Demand for Good Governance supports a from a recent SPF-funded Asia Foundation process of political transformation after 10 years Study identifies subnational conflict as the most widespread, deadly and enduring form of conflict in Asia, compared to other regions which are most impacted by civil and cross-border conflict. Europe and Central Asia region (ECA) grants are informed by the SPF’s ECA Strategic Initiative on Conflict and Fragility, which includes oper- ational and knowledge-generation activities to strengthen sensitivity to FCV in the Bank’s work and tackle the underlying sources of fragility and violence. FCV challenges include tensions over ethnic power-sharing, subnational fragility and lagging regions, unresolved ‘frozen’ territorial 40 of civil war. The SPF also financed an important •  Latin America and the Caribbean is threatened knowledge and learning grant in South Asia on by urban crime and violence; livelihood generation as part of community- •  In MENA, most SPF projects help absorb driven development (CDD) programming in the shock of the Syrian conflict (refugees and conflict-affected areas. In Sri Lanka, the SPF is IDPs); and funding a study to develop an evidence based understanding for FCV-affected northern •  In South Asia, the portfolio is more modest, but and eastern provinces in order to inform the equally distributed among the types of FCV government’s own strategy for the conflict- challenges facing the region. affected areas, and to contribute to the WBG’s future engagement in these post-conflict areas. This analysis also reveals that there is little focus on conflict and violence prevention in the current portfolio. This is an SPF priority for 2017. SPF ALLOCATIONS 4. BY FCV TYPES: DIFFERENTIATED APPROACH FIGURE 10: SHARE OF SPF FINANCING All low- and middle-income member countries TO IDA/IBRD COUNTRIES (LICs and MICs) of the WBG are eligible to receive SPF funding, as are non-members on a case- by-case basis, and countries in arrears. The SPF is unique in its ability to work in low-income countries where IDA cannot, or where there are limited or no IDA allocations, and in special middle-income cases where IBRD borrowing is challenging for FCV-related purposes. Figure 10 shows how 38 percent of the SPF’s funds have gone to LICs with limited or no access to IDA and 26 percent have been dedicated to middle- income IBRD countries affected by FCV. In 2016, the WBG adopted a differentiated approach to FCV whereby countries are grouped according to specific risks and interventions tailored according to their risk profile. The SPF had already been operating according to a similar philosophy, linking interventions to the type of The SPF is the only financing mechanism that works in all FCV challenge encountered by client countries. FCV situations and provides resources regardless of the income level and legal status of the recipient countries. These interventions reflect global FCV trends: •  In Africa roughly equal shares of SPF projects focus on post-conflict recovery and recon- struction, and protracted crises (as with an incipient program on crime and violence and subnational conflict); SPF grants in MICs tackle mostly subnational •  conflict (particularly in Europe and Central Asia); SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 41 FIGURE 11: DIFFERENTIATED APPROACH IN SPF PROJECTS (IN NUMBER OF GRANTS) The regional distribution of SPF grants reflects a differentiated approach customized to FCV risks. 42 SPF TRANSFERS TO MULTI-DONOR TRUST FUNDS 6. EMERGENCY VS. NON- EMERGENCY PROJECTS World Bank-administered MDTF’s can be The SPF is present in a wide array of fragile efficient financing mechanisms to harmonize environments, including crises where speed, donor funds, pool risk, economize transaction simplicity, and flexibility are keys to effective costs and reduce the administrative burden financing. SPF financing for grants designated on host governments, especially in situations “rapid response” encompasses about a quarter of fragility, conflict, and violence. The SPF’s of the overall portfolio, as illustrated in Figure founding Board paper (2008) allows for the 12. These include projects that focus on rapid flexibility to transfer seed funding to support infrastructure reconstruction in the Central Bank-administered MDTFs in FCV to “ensure the African Republic, and emergency assistance rapid implementation of critical activities and to to mitigate the immediate impacts of forced mobilize additional donor resources.” Given the displacement in Jordan and Lebanon as a result difficulties of operating in fragile environments, of the Syrian crisis. limited preparation budgets and slow start-up times often result in the protracted mobilization of donor contributions. This undermines the ability to respond to emergencies or urgent FIGURE 12: SHARE OF EMERGENCY needs. As such, the SPF is continuing its effective VS. REGULAR PROJECTS mobilization of donor funding, meeting urgent financing gaps, creating early entry points and leveraging other opportunities. As of 2016, the SPF Committee has approved eight transfers to Bank-administered MDTFs in three regions and five countries, collectively valued at $44 million, as shown in Table 1. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 43 THE SPF DONOR NETWORK: CONTRIBUTIONS AND LEVERAGE TABLE 1: SPF TRANSFERS TO SINGLE-COUNTRY MDTFs SPF Transfer MDTF Total Country List of Partners / Countries Amount Amount Somalia: $5 million $24.6 million 1. SPF Private Sector Development 2. United Kingdom Reengagement 3. Denmark Somalia: $8 million $165 million 1. SPF 5. Denmark Multi-Partner Fund 2. Switzerland 6. Finland 3. United Kingdom 7. Italy 4. Sweden 8. USA Jordan: Emergency Services $10 million $65.7 million 1. SPF 4. Sweden and Social Resilience Project 2. Switzerland 5. Canada Trust Fund 3. United Kingdom 6. Denmark Haiti: Reconstruction $2 million $401.4 million 1. SPF 10. Estonia Trust Fund 2. Canada 11. Finland 3. Sweden 12. Ireland 4. Thailand 13. Japan 5. USA 14. Latvia 6. France 15. Norway 7. Brazil 16. Nigeria 8. Colombia 17. Oman 9. Cyprus 18. Spain Lebanon: Syrian Crisis Multi $10 million $95.5 million 1. SPF 5. Netherlands Donor Trust Fund 2. Norway 6. Sweden 3. Finland 7. Switzerland 4. France 8. United Kingdom Colombia: Peace $4 million $6.5 million 1. SPF and Post-Conflict 2. Sweden Support Multi Donor Trust Fund Zimbabwe: Reconstruction $5 million $25.2 million 1. SPF 5. Sweden Fund 2. Denmark 6. Switzerland 3. Germany 7. United Kingdom 4. Norway Total Amount $44 million $774 million This network of seven country MDTFs includes the SPF, seven SPF donors, and 18 non-SPF donors. Excluding the Haiti Trust Total Amount (excluding Haiti) $42 million $373 million Fund, non-SPF donors in this network are limited to 6 and the leverage effect is 1:9 44 The SPF is a central pivot for leveraging bilateral funding * Donors with only one contribution to country MDTFs are not represented in this network SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 45 IN FOCUS: GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE - SCALING UP PREVENTION AND RESPONSE Supporting female participation in cash-for-work programs to strengthen GBV prevention and response (Central African Republic, July 2016). More than one in three women worldwide have and findings to inform follow-up work on GBV experienced GBV during their lifetime. Sexual globally. GBV projects supported by the SPF are violence, trafficking, and domestic violence active today in DRC, Georgia, Nepal, and Papua occur in all settings, but they tend to increase New Guinea. both during and after a conflict and crisis. While In DRC, the project has provided services to those affected by the GBV are predominantly 4,000 GBV survivors, while 114 Village and young women, men and boys can also be Savings Loan Associations have been created to victims or be forced to perpetrate it against help restore livelihoods. In Georgia, the project others, including their own families. intervention analyzes the drivers of GBV, the Over the last eight years, the SPF has supported adequacy of available support services, and analytical work, evaluations, and country pilots institutional constraints. A quantitative survey on GBV with $15 million in commitments. The of 3,000 respondents—half of them men—is SPF supported the first WBG project focused currently comparing the representative sample on GBV with a grant in Côte d’Ivoire in 2009, of conflict-affected communities in Georgia to which inspired a series of related initiatives the national population. In Nepal, the project 46 promotes awareness about the GBV through social media, and is in the process of creating By joining forces, the “ a 24/7 helpline, which will bring together Gender and FCV CCSAs providers of support services to GBV survivors. To address GBV in Papua New Guinea, another can accelerate the World grant helped develop an industry-specific code of conduct for extractive industries, while a 24/7 Bank’s commitment helpline has been set for GBV survivors. to support countries in Today, the SPF co-sponsors the Global Platform on Sexual and Gender-Based Violence. The addressing gender-based Platform’s objectives are to provide services to GBV survivors, contribute to prevention, raise violence, across sectors public awareness, and build capacity of member countries through South-South knowledge and in urban and rural sharing. The SPF has funded a series of study tours in Rwanda, DRC, Sri Lanka, and Fiji, where areas. The SPF is critical in participants from across the world exchanged knowledge and good practices. catalyzing much needed The SPF projects in DRC and Côte d’Ivoire have attention and investment already informed the design of the first IDA operation in Sub-Saharan Africa which includes to maximize this support.” GBV as its Project Development Objective ($106 million). - Caren Grown, Senior Going forward, the SPF has set aside $1 million Director for Gender CCSA of its 2017 allocation to support the preparation of development projects across sectors and countries that would include a GBV component. Many sectors can contribute to the prevention, response and mitigation to GBV, as is detailed in the World Bank’s Violence Against Women and Girls Resource Guide (vawresourceguide. org). This new initiative, supported jointly with the World Bank Gender CCSA, aims to scale-up solutions to preventing and mitigating GBV. The initiative moves from successful pilots to scale, with an ambitious goal of leveraging $50 million in project financing for GBV and contributing, ultimately, to fulfilling the IDA18 commitment on GBV. SPFAnnual SPF Report2016: AnnualReport 2016:Pushing Pushingthe theFrontiers of Development frontiers of development | 47 SECTION E SPF RESULTS The Fund-level results represent areas where and sustainable. The term incorporates a broad the SPF seeks to advance the WBG’s response to spectrum of activities, including recovery and FCV challenges through FCV-sensitive strategies, reintegration of conflict-affected populations partnerships, new approaches to risk and and increased social cohesion; the use of results, catalytic support for institutions, and gender-sensitive approaches; and responses knowledge dissemination from pilot initiatives. to vulnerable groups. It also encompasses In accordance with the defined objectives the management of external stresses, such of the SPF, ten state and peacebuilding as transnational organized crime and cross- outcomes are measured in individual projects. border violence. Most interventions contribute to multiple goals. While there are distinctions between the The SPF defines statebuilding goals as efforts two sets of activities, the SPF does not view to strengthen, build, or rebuild institutions of statebuilding and peacebuilding as separate governance, including support of institutions objectives, but rather as interrelated and that provide transparent and accountable complementary processes. management of public finances; investments in human capital and social development; promoting the rule of law; delivering basic services and infrastructure; and creating enabling environments for market development. The SPF’s definition of peacebuilding includes efforts that seek to develop the conditions, values, and behaviors that foster social
 and economic development that is peaceful, stable, SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 49 FUND-LEVEL RESULTS As shown in Figure 13, the most common areas of statebuilding contribute to the delivery of basic services, public confidence in the management FIGURE 13: MAPPING PROJECT-LEVEL of resources, policy formulation, improved OBJECTIVES TO STATEBUILDING AND state-society relations and responsiveness PEACEBUILDING RESULTS (IN THE to the demands of citizens. With regards to peacebuilding, SPF projects focus on job NUMBER OF GRANTS AND TRANSFERS) creation and private sector development as in Kosovo, Somalia, and West Bank and Gaza. Other peacebuilding activities concentrate on resilience to external stress, social cohesion, and reintegration of conflict-affected populations. The SPF portfolio is limited in its support to the justice sector, as well as in its support to peace processes and implementation, even though the Fund has provided innovative support to legal aid in Jordan and the peace processes in Colombia and in Mindanao, Philippines. As peacebuilding and statebuilding results tend to overlap, most SPF projects contribute to multiple results, and support several, often interlinked, activities. Pages 51-53 take a closer look at sample activities for each statebuilding and peacebuilding area. Projects supporting service delivery, jobs, public financial management— core expertise of the World Bank— and social cohesion continue to be primary areas of investment. 50 STATEBUILDING RESULTS Public Financial Management The SPF as a catalytic “ Public financial management; anti-corruption fund was instrumental initiatives; natural resource management in establishing the basic Somalia: Public Financial Management Capacity Strengthening Project PFM foundation and This project has been critical in the establish- ment of Somali public sector institutions and was useful to crowd-in putting in place a working Public Financial Management (PFM) system. An early PFM Self more donors through the Assessment led to the formulation of a PFM re- Multi-Partner Fund to form strategy and action plan. It also helped the Federal Government of Somalia pilot its new Fi- scale up the reforms to nancial Management Information Systems, and establish a new Chart of Accounts. In addition, SPF other regions of Somalia. assistance supported training of key government staff, and laid foundations for an expansion of This contribution also the project. paved the way for other Justice reform initiatives such as tax administration and Judicial sector capacity building; local-level dispute and conflict resolution mechanisms; external audit.” human rights protection; human rights commissions; land reform and land rights; reparation for victims of conflict - Mohamed Adan Ibrahim, Minister of Finance, Somalia Jordan: Delivering Legal Aid Services to Displaced Iraqis, Palestinians, and Poor Jordanians This project provides a mechanism for poor and vulnerable persons, such as refugees, to understand and advocate for their basic social and economic rights and in so doing, gain access to other social benefits. Further, the project has helped create public awareness and improved case management systems at the SPF supported legal aid centers. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 51 Policy Service Formulation Delivery Capacity building of government ministries and Delivery of services (infrastructure, health, executive; capacity building of local governance education, water and sanitation, etc.); structures; polling; public information CDD programming campaigns; leadership development Tunisia Participatory Service Delivery Somalia: Private Sector Development for Reintegration Reengagement Program Phase II In Tunisia, this SPF project piloted participatory The program set out to improve access to markets approaches to social service delivery and job and generate employment in key productive and creation through a cash-for-service program service sectors. In addition to boosting Somalia’s for vulnerable Tunisian households. The project investment climate, developing public-private contributed to fostering social cohesion and partnerships and value chain development, stabilization among disadvantaged populations the program helped strengthen the banking following the country’s 2011 revolution, while and legal frameworks in accordance with also mitigating the socioeconomic risks faced by international standards. Tunisians fleeing civil strife in neighboring Libya. It also provided a basis for input to the country’s post-revolution Bank partnership strategy. State-Society PEACEBUILDING Relations RESULTS Civil society and NGO capacity building; social accountability mechanisms; civic Jobs and Private Sector engagement programs Development Job creation; livelihood creation; micro- Thailand: Expanding Community enterprise; private sector development Approaches in Conflict Situations in the Three Southernmost Provinces Abraham’s Path: Economic Development This project is developing effective approaches to Across Fragile Communities local development in a middle-income country The Abraham trekking path follows the historical affected by subnational violence. By gaining footsteps of the religious figure across the Middle knowledge, local understanding and building East. In the West Bank it is a popular tourist trust among authorities and stakeholders, the destination and a vital economic asset to shops, project is helping improve more accountable guesthouses, restaurants and other businesses in collection, management, and use of public 53 often-rural communities. In partnership with resources. 
The project has spurred an increase in Masar Ibrahim Al Khalil, a national NGO, the SPF demand-side governance, engaging civil society is helping to develop and promote the Path as and community efforts to improve state- society a catalyst for socioeconomic development and relations in a volatile environment. It has also social cohesion. The project improves the lives of improved policy formulation capacity among women and youth in particular, and offers tour local and district governments. guide certifications, hospitality training, and the creation of practical and promotional resources. 52 Peace and Transition Gender Agreements Peace process technical support; conflict and GBV prevention and response; programs violence monitoring; national dialogue support; targeting vulnerable young men; women’s local and subnational inputs to national peace empowerment and leadership programming and transition processes Addressing GBV in South Kivu, DRC Central African Republic: Local Connectivity SPF financing for this project enabled the Emergency Project provision of basic services to nearly 4,000 GBV The project aims to support the peace process survivors. It allowed for the building of a referral and the newly-elected government, connecting system between community organizations and the rebel-controlled northeast with the rest of the service providers as well as partnerships with country in order to boost economic development, community members who lead advocacy and ensure the return of state authority and provision community awareness sessions on GBV. 
 The of public services, and develop infrastructure. project also provided medical, legal, and The intervention is implemented by UNOPS psychosocial assistance to GBV survivors in under a FPA. 65 sites in South Kivu. It helped empower 28 community organizations to improve safety and well-being of women. Resilience to Social Cohesion External Stress Refugee and IDP support; reintegration of Cross-border development programming; urban ex-combatants and the conflict-affected; violence prevention; anti-trafficking programs; community- based programs targeted to serve food security; disaster response and disaster risk minority and marginalized populations and reduction increase inter-group trust Zimbabwe Agricultural Inputs Project Jordan and Lebanon- Mitigating the Socio- SPF support came in response to a request from economic Impact of Syrian Displacement the government of Zimbabwe for support in The SPF funded programs at the early stage of improving food security for the most vulnerable the refugee crisis to mitigate the most urgent farming households during a drought in 2010. service delivery needs and development The SPF response was a one-time intervention to priorities of municipal authorities. Through the alleviate the food crisis, and supported national maintenance of water and sanitation services, efforts, while taking into consideration the municipal authorities have been able to promote fragile context in which it operated. Through local development and social cohesion between the provision of nitrogen-based fertilizer to host communities and authorities, and vis-à-vis smallholder farmers, and in partnership with refugee populations. SPF financing informed fourteen NGOs, the project managed to reach program design, co-financing and the expansion 138,500 beneficiaries in 20 districts. of project activities in both countries. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 53 IN FOCUS: COLOMBIA: SUPPORTING THE PEACE PROCESS Community meeting with residents of Guacoche, Department of Cesar, and WBG President Jim Yong Kim (Colombia, January 2016). The armed conflict in Colombia between the An initial peace agreement reached between state and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Colombian government and the FARC-EP Colombia- People´s Army (FARC-EP) has been faltered in 2016 after it was unexpectedly voted going on for more than five decades with down by a very narrow margin in a popular devastating consequences: 220,000 people have plebiscite. However, fresh rays of hope have been killed, an estimated of 16,000 children resurfaced for reaching an end to the region’s forcefully recruited, over $13 billion have been longest-running civil war after the Colombian spent in the war and about 5 million have Congress approved a revised peace agreement. been forced to flee their homes. Systematic Efforts are also underway to reach a similar dispossession of land and forced displacement deal with the National Liberation Army (ELN), were widely used as war tactics to the point Colombia’s second-largest rebel group and the that one out of two people in extreme poverty last remaining rebel force in the country. in Colombia is an internally displaced person (IDPs). The SPF is supporting the country through its unique flexible financing arrangements to consolidate a tenuous peace and the 54 implementation of a complex agreement that promises to re-formulate the country’s urban- rural relationship. The SPF first-response window has provided seed funding to establish the Colombia Peace and Post-Conflict Consolidation MDTF. Co-financed by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), the fund, among The SPF contribution was “ other initiatives, strengthens national and catalytic to establish Colombia's subnational capacities to implement collective reparations for war victims. These include Peace and Post-Conflict Fund. economic compensation, land restitution, rehabilitation, and guarantees of non-repetition This Fund, with an additional and reconciliation measures involving both contribution from SIDA, was victims and perpetrators. The MDTF also finances pilots and knowledge generation able to finance collective activities, such as a technical assistance to the reparations to victims of the multi-purpose cadaster to map IDP and other populations´ assets, as well as the design and armed conflict. This effort implementation of a comprehensive post- comes at a critical moment of conflict needs assessment to set up the basis of the government of Colombia Rapid Response or the national process towards Stabilization post-conflict plan. reconciliation following Second, through its knowledge platform, the SPF has financed a full spectrum of data and decades of war, and is part of analysis. These encompass the preparation of the commitments made for guidelines, tools and methodologies about protective measures for IDP assets, organizing the implementation of peace international seminars, monitoring and agreements by the Colombian evaluation, and submitting progress reports to the Colombian Constitutional Court. government.” Protecting IDPs’ Land, Patrimony Viviana Ferro, Deputy General -  Director, Victims' Unit, IDPs have been assisted by a series of social Government of Colombia programs, but they still lack access to dignified housing, economic opportunities and reparations have experience a slow implementation pace. The SPF’s frontier solutions window financed two projects for a total of $6 million between 2009 and 2014 to mitigate the risk of impoverishment of the displaced population. The interventions focused on protecting the patrimonial assets of IDPs, but also elicited public policy initiatives for the restitution of properties to IDPs, and conducted monitoring and evaluation. SPFAnnual SPF Report2016: AnnualReport 2016:Pushing Pushingthe theFrontiers of Development frontiers of development | 55 SECTION F 2017 PRIORITIES In 2017, the SPF must continue to respond to an increasingly turbulent FCV environment, but it also has the opportunity to support the delivery of IDA18. This highlights the need for the SPF to better articulate its niche, especially in IDA countries. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 57 DEMAND FOR FINANCING The value proposition of the SPF in 2017 has been Forced Displacement:* Continued support to •  upgraded to: host communities and refugees, e.g. service delivery, assistance to IDPs, regional and  • Serve as an IDA18 catalyst, supporting the country analyses; delivery of IDA18 in FCV situations by making resources available for enhanced and innovative • Gender-based Violence:* Special initiatives preparation and supervision, client readiness to boost the preparation of stand-alone GBV and technical assistance, as well as increased projects or projects including GBV components; face-time with clients; H umanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus: * •  Fill gaps in IDA/IBRD •  by financing Recovery and Peacebuilding Assessments projects, technical assistance, and policy (RPBA) undertaken with the EC and UN; dialogue in IDA countries in arrears, non- security sector public expenditure reviews; members, and middle-income countries interoperability with humanitarian and in crisis, but also investments in emerging/ security actors; implementation of the World unexpected topics (prevention of violent Humanitarian Summit’s Grand Bargain; extremism) and alternative delivery models (local non-state actors); • Conflict and Violence Prevention:* Studies and pilot projects that focus on preventing violent Serve as a coordination platform to ensure •  extremism of youth through development; risk a WBG approach that is coherent, agile, and and resilience assessments (RRA); differentiated to country circumstances, as well as the specifics of today’s FCV trends, such Data: The collection, storage, analysis, and •  as deep fragility, transitions, crisis response, dissemination of information that fills critical FCV knowledge gaps; regional spillovers, and subnational conflict. In 2017, grants will be distributed according to First Response: Emergency support to local •  the same three operational programs as 2016 actors and systems of resilience; service delivery; (frontier solutions – first response – knowledge), anticipation capability and contingency but selection criteria will reflect the most funding for crisis operations; pressing FCV-related challenges, and the WBG’s Special Circumstances: Strategic initiatives in •  most innovative thinking on how to tackle them. partnership with WBG regional management The SPF is expecting to finance a variety of in countries to enable innovative approaches mechanisms that will help countries address the to address special circumstances (in arrears, following challenges: non-members, active conflicts, etc.). *IDA18 commitments for FCV 58 TABLE 2: DEMAND FOR SPF FINANCING IN 2017 Total commitments New themes Estimated Region Current themes 2009-2016 (in addition to Demand for ($ million) existing topics) 2017 ($ million) AFR GBV, youth, CDD, 130 Risk monitoring and 18 small public works, prevention, assistance public financial to the Lake Chad management, Basin (Boko Haram), pastoralism, regional approaches to service delivery forced displacement; reintegration of ex- combatants; and community violence reduction EAP Subnational conflict, 23 Conflict-sensitive 7 fragility in small sectoral programming, island states monitoring of subnational conflicts ECA Support for lagging 19.7 Frozen conflicts and 5 regions, frozen conflicts, territorial disputes; forced displacement prevention of violence extremism; inclusion of minorities and vulnerable groups MENA Service delivery and 54.8 Forced displacement; 14 livelihood support, local resilience systems development approach in active conflict; to forced displacement post-conflict planning prevention of violence extremism LAC Urban violence, peace 21.3 Economic dimensions 5 process in Colombia, of peace processes, citizen security citizen security, knowledge exchanges SAR Demand for good 6.1 Link between natural 6 governance, GBV disasters and conflicts; partnership with MDTFs GLOBAL Impact evaluation, 5 Development 2 global crisis response projects in high-risk environment; utility management in crises (water, electricity, etc.); special financing (peace bond; pooled funds); humanitarian- development-peace nexus; support to global/regional networks; coordinated WBG response to famine-fragility nexus TOTAL COMMITMENTS 260 ESTIMATED DEMAND 57 (2009-2016) for 2017 SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 59 INITIAL ENGAGEMENTS TABLE 3: SPF FINANCING AVAILABLE FOR 2017 No. Source US$ million 1 Balance from 2016 (including December 2016 contributions) 16.6 2 IBRD administrative budget 9 3 Contributions receivable from development partners (estimate) 2.0 4 Returns from completed projects in 2016 (estimated) 2.0 Total Available 29.6 Total Estimated Demand 57 The SPF will finance these priorities from Economic and Social Impact Assessment of •  IBRD administrative budget, development the Syrian Crisis ($0.5 million): The ESIA has partner contributions, and anticipated returns been launched to inform the WBG’s future from closing projects (see Table 3). Despite development response to conflict-induced, the corporate moratorium on mobilization of macro-fiscal, environmental and social impacts external resources imposed during the IDA18 through existing or stand-alone operations in replenishment, the SPF has secured enough Syria. It will cover all sectors and will be used to resources to provide at least the same level of facilitate a high-level meeting during the IMF- investments in 2017 as in 2016. WB Spring Meetings in March 2017; On the basis of these objectives and resource Securing Yemen Food Commodities Trade •  availability, the SPF pipeline for 2017 has been ($0.4 million): The objective of this study is growing to include the following proposals, to assess the financial and logistical obstacles which were approved between the closing date to importing essential food commodities to of the reporting period (December 31, 2016) and Yemen and propose solutions to resolve them. prior to January 31, 2017: The Famine Early Warning Systems Network issued an alert about Yemen on January 4, Gender-Based Violence Initiative ($1 million): •  2017, and called for necessary action to ensure This initiative supports the preparation of that commercial food trade continues given operations which include a GBV component. the country’s high import dependency. More Small grants ($50,000) will be made available than 14 million people are currently food- to World Bank task teams across sectors to insecure in Yemen and an estimated 7.6 million support the design of GBV components in require immediate emergency food assistance. investment operations, e.g. infrastructure The grant was approved on January 26, the or health projects, on top of regular budget same day the UN Under-Secretary General for allocations for staff support. This incentive Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief mechanism will help promote the prevention Coordinator (OCHA) issued a statement on of and response to GBV in the IDA18 pipeline, famine risk in Yemen, pointing explicitly to the and contribute ultimately to mainstreaming financial and logistical challenges of importing GBV prevention into development operations; food commodities. 60 Germany has been a strong “ supporter of the SPF since Social Accountability for FCV Prevention/ •  Working with Local CSOs ($1 million): 2012. We consider it a valuable In partnership with the World Bank-supported and central instrument to Global Program on Social Accountability, the SPF will support the mapping and training pilot and jumpstart innovative of local CSOs in Guinea, Nepal, Niger and approaches and out-of-the- Tajikistan (the four countries selected as part of the IDA18 risk mitigation window) to ensure box initiatives focusing on social accountability around extra development much-needed peacebuilding investments provided through IDA18. and statebuilding in fragile Strategic Engagement Platform on Forced •  Displacement ($1 million): This Platform aims contexts. The SPF detects to operationalize and scale up the global pertinent fragility challenges development response to forced displacement, in partnership with key stakeholders, in on the ground and endeavors the context of the newly established IDA18 Refugee Window ($2.0 billion). It supports to address them effectively, the effective delivery of the IDA18 Refugee thereby tackling the root causes Window by providing a one-stop shop (policy analysis, technical assistance, training, and of FCV, including migration. We partnerships) to assist eligible countries in will continue our support of maximizing the resources available to address the development needs of refugees and such initiatives and would like host communities. Beyond this, the program to explore ways to cross-fertilize will deepen knowledge and understanding of the development dimensions of forced ideas and strengthen synergies displacement, and how to address the socio-economic impacts over the medium between the SPF’s measures to long term. and our existing portfolios on the ground.” Dr. Thomas Helfen, Peace, Security -  and Disaster Risk Management Division Head, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 61 IN FOCUS: SUDAN - LEAVING NO ONE BEHIND Children are lining up at a community water well in the Kassala region (Sudan, December 2016). Sudan is home to 3.2 million IDPs and roughly the second phase works to build capacities, 300,000 refugees, mainly from its neighboring improve livelihoods, and support natural resource countries. Eastern Sudan, which is one of the management practices of the IDPs and host poorest and most arid areas of the country, communities in the Eastern state of Kassala. serves as a transit hub for migrants attempting The first phase, funded by a $3.1 million grant to reach Europe via smuggling routes leading from the SPF, has provided livelihoods support northwest into Libya. Such displacement and to hundreds of vulnerable households in six conditions have led to staggering poverty rates, officially recognized IDP and host communities unemployment, and a lack of basic services. since October 2013. Households that received To address some of these concerns, the SPF assistance for livestock and agriculture extension is expanding the successful pilot phase of services have increased their monthly income the Sustainable Livelihoods for Displaced by 60 percent on average. Communities were and Vulnerable Communities in Eastern also organized to undertake small works, such Sudan Project. Launched in December 2016, as upgrading water supplies and establishing community farming and grazing plots. 62 62 With a larger grant of $4.4 million, the main objective of this second phase is to strengthen The SPF serves as “ the capacity of local stakeholders, including a unique source state authorities and local NGOs, displaced persons, and vulnerable host communities of financing for to plan and implement improved livelihood and natural resource management practices. development in Sudan Community-led management of natural resources will be a particular focus of this at a time when the intervention. country is facing major The new stage will target an additional ten IDP and host communities in Kassala, economic challenges, incorporating lessons learned during the first phase and in particular the importance is under international of resilience and environmental protection. Targeting marginalized communities, those with sanctions, and has no substantive socioeconomic and environmental needs, the project focuses on those who access to IDA financing often risk falling under the radar. This initiative provides them agency over their development due to its arrears.” processes and tools to design sustainable and climate-resilient livelihoods opportunities. - Mohamed Osman, The Sudanese government is directly involved Sustainable Livelihoods for in Phase 2. Along with other experts engaged Displaced, Project Manager by the project, technical staff from state government will conduct trainings and assist beneficiaries with planning livelihood activities. Departments that will be involved include the Livestock Directorate, Agriculture Extension, Veterinary Extension, Development Planning, as well as the State Water Corporation. The federal government has already committed five million Sudanese Pounds (about $750,000) in their 2017 budget to contribute to the project. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the Frontiers of Development | 63 SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 63 SECTION G FORWARD LOOK: THE SPF AS THE LEAD FUND FOR FCV According to the Forward Look: A Vision for the World Bank Group in 2030 (October 2016), the WBG will need to stay engaged with all clients while ensuring that resources are strategically deployed to meet global and client needs and targeted to areas of the world that most require funding. This includes expanding funding in FCS for both the public and private sectors, enhancing support to LICs and MICs, and further integrating global goods and risks into its business model. This also means the WBG will need to scale up its mobilization efforts from both public and private sources, expand the sources of partner funding, and help countries better use and build their financial resources and curb illicit financial flows. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 65 FCV TRUST FUNDS: SPF PARTNER TRUST FUNDS IN FCV 2. CONSTRAINTS TO INNOVATION, FLEXIBILITY, AND LEVERAGE The strategic deployment of trust fund resources The 2014 Update on SPF Progress and Proposed remains vital to fulfilling these objectives. With SPF Reforms submitted to the World Bank’s the steady support of development partners, the Board of Executive Directors argued for the WBG currently administers three global FCV trust strategic alignment of all FCV-related trust funds funds in addition to the SPF: so as to maximize development impact and economies of scale (Reform Area No. 6). Since this reorganization corresponds to the logic of broader WBG efforts to respond to today’s FCV challenges as defined in the Forward Look, the FCV Group has initiated a consultative process The Korea Trust Fund for Economic and with development partners to work out the best Peacebuilding Transitions (KTF): Established way to consolidate all global FCV trust funds in 2009, the KTF shares common development managed by the FCV Group around the SPF. objectives as the SPF, and it has funded 34 The Bank’s current FCV trust fund architecture projects valued at $24 million in 28 countries. The presents several constraints: main focus of KTF grants is in the East Asia and Pacific region; Lack of strategic coordination: At the •  strategic level, the current FCV trust funds are led by four separate Steering Groups, which individually address overlapping content and require parallel consultations even though all development partners (apart from Switzerland The Global Program for Forced Displacement and the Republic of Korea) are already members (GPFD): Set up in 2009, the GPFD works on three of the SPF Steering Group; categories of displacement: emerging crises, Limited voice for development partners: •  protracted displacement, and situations where Separate Steering Groups do not offer a space solutions have been found for the displaced and where strategic priorities can be shared and a their host/return communities. To date, GPFD comprehensive dialogue on the development has financed activities primarily in Africa (22 agenda in FCV can take place. Only the UN-WB countries) and MENA (7 countries), amounting to TF benefits from UN sponsorship, while the UN $10 million; contribution could add value to all funds; Multiple “entry points”: Development partners •  wishing to support this work stream must deal with multiple different administrative and legal arrangements, subject to distinct governance The UN-WB Partnership Trust Fund (UN-WB TF): structures and procedures, even though their Set up in 2010, it supports the implementation themes are complementary; of the 2008 UN-WB Partnership Framework Agreement, and promotes a more cohesive international response in FCS. The UN-WB TF has financed 31 projects valued at around $9.5 million. The Fund has catalyzed partnership initiatives, such as funding core government functions and public expenditure reviews of the security sector. 66  ultiple “exit points”: Similarly, at the level of • M fund allocation and project implementation, The SPF is an important “ operational teams must pursue separate procedures to access the resources managed and complementary by the four different trust funds, which may lead to unnecessary delays in critical situations. partner to the United Recipient countries and other grantees also must follow separate, uncoordinated Nations Peacebuilding procedures for implementation, reporting, etc.; Fund. Consolidating the  imited financial leverage: Having separate • L funding mechanisms creates a situation offer on FCV could provide whereby development partners cannot build on each other’s contributions to maximize a clear entry point for development impact. This also carries over to the World Bank, as the SPF is the only one that catalytic collaboration is directly financially supported by IBRD; between the World Bank  ncreased administrative costs: The adminis- • I tration of the trust funds is performed by sep- and the United Nations, arate teams according to varying cost-recovery principles that could be streamlined. Addition- both on specific countries al time spent on administration could instead be exchanged for client facetime or operational and on thematic issues.” support to task teams; and  onitoring and Evaluation: The four FCV • M Marc-André Franche, Chief, Financing - trust funds have different reporting tools for Peacebuilding, UN Peacebuilding and frameworks, even though they finance Support Office similar types of activities, making it difficult to aggregate results at the program level and adequately measure impact across trust funds. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 67 THE PROPOSED SOLUTION: CONSOLIDATION AND SIMPLIFICATION 4. THE SPF COMPACT The FCV Group is seeking the support of Collaboration with development partners on development partners to transition to one the upgraded SPF would be strengthened and consolidated FCV trust fund – a one-stop-shop broadened on the basis of an envisioned SPF for accessing FCV expertise, resources, and Compact. While not a legally binding document, partnerships. This would entail bringing all the the SPF Compact will outline the rationale for FCV funds under one roof in order to minimize this consolidation, its need and relevance given transaction costs for development partners, the evolution of the current FCV universe, update operational teams, and ultimately country the current SPF Results Framework, and serve as clients, by creating a “single entry point” for all a strategic document with guiding principles for partnerships and contributions, as well as a single development interventions in FCV. It will align “exit point” for all analytical and operational with the WBG’s Twin Goals and the SDGs’ targets. funding and implementation. This will also The SPF Compact would be accompanied by increase the quality of monitoring and evaluation a two-year Work Program. SMART indicators at the program level and the subsequent reporting and specific targets to be achieved within linking up contributed resources more clearly to the period will be developed by the SPF achieved results. Secretariat in consultation with development In light of its profile as the largest FCV fund partners and country clients. Examples in volume and in number of partners, with include targets for the types of analytics to be a mandate approved by the WBG Board of undertaken, such as RRAs, RPBAs; strengthening Executive Directors to operate flexibly in all interoperability with humanitarian and peace possible FCV situations worldwide, and with a actors through joint activities; investment in portfolio which encompasses virtually all the innovative financing solutions for FCV contexts; themes and execution models, the SPF is best or forced displacement diagnostics at the positioned to become the lead FCV fund. country level. Building on the SPF’s unique value proposition of flexibility, speed, and scope of country engagement, the consolidated FCV fund would leverage the comparative advantage, experience, and network of the four existing trust funds to enhance the impact of the WBG’s interventions in IDA as well as non-IDA FCV situations. The internal fund hierarchy of the SPF would be revised to align better with the WBG FCV strategy and priorities, and support the agenda of each of the three other trust funds: forced displacement, the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, and economic and peace transitions. Each work stream will be adequately recognized and represented within the newly upgraded SPF structure through dedicated programs (see Figure 14). 68 FIGURE 14: SPF - THE LEAD FCV FUND SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 69 RENEWED GOVERNANCE Consequently, the SPF’s business model would SPF Technical Advisory Committee: Chaired •  be improved with a simpler governance struc- by the FCV Group Manager, and composed of ture, streamlined processing, better reporting, representatives from the six WBG Regions as and a more agile delivery to clients. The cur- well as from the Legal and Operations vice- rent SPF governance relies on a Steering Group presidencies, the Committee will approve grants to provide strategic guidance and sensitivity to in line with regional priorities and dialogue with the wider international FCV agenda; a Technical relevant country governments. The Committee Advisory Committee to approve fund allocations; will also serve as a “sounding board” for new and a Secretariat for program management and ideas. A roster of experts across Global Practices administration. In turn, the upgraded SPF will will be tapped into to advise the Committee build on the same structure as follows: and vet technical proposals; and • S  PF Council: Convened by the FCV Group Se- SPF Secretariat: Hosted in the FCV Group in •  nior Director, it would comprise development Washington and Nairobi, the SPF Secretariat partners and WBG Senior Management for stra- would continue to act as a trustee and be tegic dialogue. It will provide overall guidance responsible for the overall preparation and on the direction of the Fund and review the implementation of the Work Program, relations two-year SPF Work Program. The UN Assistant with development partners, coordination across Secretary-General for Peacebuilding Support the WBG, program reporting, as well as for the would become an ex-officio member of the funding of global analyses. A team of dedicated Council. Other supporters of the SPF Compact program managers will also provide quality may be called in for consultation as needed; control in project selection, grant allocation, and execution of activities. 70 6. LAUNCH AND NEXT STEPS Given positive feedback received from Although there will be no change in the SPF legal development partners, the following measures agreement, the consolidation and simplification are proposed to move towards the upgraded SPF: exercise, as well as these improvements to the SPF, will be presented to the Board of Executive  ffective January 1, 2017, the SPF receives all • E Directors as an update on the Board-approved new contributions from WBG development SPF Reform (October 2014), which already partners; authorized “advancing strategic management of Global FCV Trust Funds.” This presentation  ctivities under execution through other • A is expected to provide the SPF a renewed trust funds will continue until completion, legitimacy and broader support among the WBG although administered by a consolidated trust shareholders. fund expert team;  he FCV Group will conduct rounds of inter- • T nal and external consultations on the upgrade of the new SPF structure and the proposed SPF Compact in order to integrate develop- ment partner views;  he new, expanded SPF Council will meet • T during the IMF-WBG Spring Meetings to endorse the SPF Compact and approve the first biennial SPF Work Program. FIGURE 15: FCV TRUST FUND CONSOLIDATION TIMELINE SPF Positioned as the Lead FCV Fund SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 71 IN FOCUS: SAHEL AND THE HORN OF AFRICA – PREVENTING PASTORAL CONFLICT CILSS IGAD PASHA Project Countries The PASSHA is operational in the same countries as the PRAPS and RPLRP projects since it is anchored in those WBG operations: Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Uganda. With growing levels of trafficking, crime, The PASSHA enhances the capacity of both kidnapping, and terrorism in the Sahel and Horn pastoralism projects and their respective of Africa (HoA), increasing attention has turned implementing regional organizations, the to the connections between pastoralism and Permanent Interstate Committee for the factors that drive or mitigate conflict and Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) and the instability across these regions. Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to understand and mitigate conflict The SPF is financing a unique initiative: risks in pastoral development. This goal can be Pastoralism and Stability in the Sahel and achieved through interventions such as natural the Horn of Africa Project (PASSHA), which resources management, market integration, supports two IDA projects: the $248 million and livelihoods support. PASSHA also improves Regional Sahel Pastoralism Support Project monitoring and evaluation systems as well (PRAPS) and the $197 million Regional as knowledge on the link between pastoral Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Project for development and stability for regional the HoA (RPLRP). organizations and programs. 72 72 The PASSHA has been key in “ helping us develop institutional This initiative is implemented through the two regional organizations, CILSS and IGAD, knowledge on conflict sensitivity supporting their Member States in West and and prevention, and the link East Africa. This is unprecedented for WBG projects, opening a new window of opportunity between pastoralism and conflict. to partner with regional development agencies. In the Sahel, we have many Since the launch of the initiative in mid-2016, traditional ways through which the project has produced significant results, pastoralists and other communities including the development of a Conflict Sensitivity and Prevention Toolkit and training work through conflicts, but these sessions on the toolkit for government officials, are often ignored by the state regional agency officials, local development or development actors, so that staff, and projects teams. The project has also facilitated joint planning and implementation projects may end up doing more of activities as well as exchanges between CILSS harm than good.” and IGAD. In addition, the PASSHA also held events and Dr. Souleymane Ouédraogo, Interim - produced analytical work to build bridges Administrator for CILSS between the agriculture and environment communities, and those working in conflict prevention and peacebuilding. The events provided opportunities for these communities Thanks to the SPF, the PASSHA “ to exchange and build knowledge and create synergies for dialogue on pastoral development. has allowed for strengthened collaboration across our regions Through its activities, the PASSHA has elicited the interest of several partners. These include and institutions which had not Agence Francaise de Developpment (AFD), the occurred before. Working across UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization national and regional boundaries (FAO), which hosts the Pastoralist Knowledge has enriched our understanding of Hub, a comprehensive platform between pastoralism and conflict issues, and pastoralist networks and international actors. has also allowed us to deliver a joint Pastoralism is the prevailing livelihood and production system practiced in arid and semi- product–the Conflict Sensitivity and arid lands. Recent estimates indicate that there Prevention Toolkit–that can help are about 120 million pastoralists and agro- pastoralists worldwide, of which 50 million others around the world.” reside in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ambassador Mahboub Maalim, -  Executive Secretary of IGAD SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the Frontiers of Development | 73 SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 73 IN FOCUS: SOUTH ASIA – BUILDING THE FCV OPERATIONAL KNOWLEDGE BASE Two young women in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Pakistan. Community-Driven Development (CDD) Through a review of existing literature and has become a well-established operational research conducted in four country case approach for economic reconstruction, studies—Afghanistan, Nepal, Pakistan and subnational service delivery, fostering social Sri Lanka—the project aimed to: (i) provide in- cohesion, and bottom-up statebuilding in FCV. depth and user-friendly guidance to CDD task However, while much has been done to assess teams and government counterparts working CDD’s effects on improving governance, there in conflict contexts on selected aspects of remains a lack of in-depth understanding designing and implementing CDD–livelihood among the development community about interventions; and (ii) initiate a knowledge and how CDD can restore and rebuild livelihoods in experience exchange program between WBG such contexts. CDD teams and government counterparts so as to share lessons, draw synergies, and develop To fill the gap, the SPF together with the partnerships. Partnership for South Asia, funded by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and This study was carried out by the Overseas Trade (DFAT), co-financed a research program Development Institute (ODI), a leading on Restoring and Rebuilding Livelihoods independent think tank on international through CDD approaches in Conflict-Settings development and humanitarian issues. in South Asia. 74 In fragile states, there may be few alternatives to community-driven approaches because of the weak reach and capacity of government and the limited presence of the private sector. However, the decision to use a CDD approach needs be linked with a clear theory of change, including why CDD is appropriate and likely to be effective Evidence about how CDD “ as well as why it may be more suitable than other instruments. The key conclusion was approaches can best that a CDD approach may be appropriate to restore livelihoods or to rebuild community contribute to rebuild and infrastructure, but it may not be suitable restore livelihoods is scarce, for both. The outputs of this research program include particularly in fragile and the publication of a toolkit, a literature review, four country case studies, and conflict settings. This three thematic notes: research compiled existing  estoring and rebuilding livelihoods through 1. R CDD approaches in conflict settings: A Toolkit lessons and generated new 2.  Restoring and rebuilding livelihoods insights. These insights can through CDD approaches in conflict settings: A Literature Review support the development 3.  Restoring and rebuilding livelihoods through of future World Bank CDD CDD approaches in conflict settings in Nepal livelihoods programs.” Restoring and rebuilding livelihoods 4.  through CDD approaches in conflict settings in Pakistan Lucy Scott, Lead Researcher, Overseas - Restoring and rebuilding livelihoods 5.  Development Institute, London through CDD approaches in conflict settings in Sri Lanka Restoring and rebuilding livelihoods 6.  through CDD approaches in conflict settings in Afghanistan  hematic note: Institutional arrangements 7. T when using CDD approaches to rebuild and restore livelihoods in fragile states Thematic note: Using CDD approaches 8.  to increase access to appropriate financial services Thematic note: Using CDD approaches to 9.  support public and private goods SPFAnnual SPF Report2016: AnnualReport 2016:Pushing Pushingthe theFrontiers of Development frontiers of development | 75 ANNEXES ANNEX 1: FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS ANNEX 2: LIST OF SPF ACTIVE PROJECTS ANNEX 3: LIST OF SPF COMPLETED PROJECTS SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 77 ANNEX 1: FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS Note 2016 2015 2009-2014 TOTAL (Expressed in US$) Opening Balance 78,032,327.97 102,549,540.73 0.00 - Receipts Donor Contributions 1 8,424,452.00 25,654,893.00 245,171,485.23 279,250,830.23 Net Investments & Other Incomes 2 602,729.29 224,957.34 3,701,987.24 4,529,673.87 Total Receipts 9,027,181.29 25,879,850.34 248,873,472.47 283,780,504.10 Disbursements Grant Disbursements 3 26,267,108.07 33,265,584.10 117,032,740.42 176,565,432.59 of which Program Management 4 368,891.17 731,756.31 4,674,922.91 5,775,570.39 Net Transfers to Single-Country MDTFs 3 0.00 17,000,000.00 27,000,000.00 44,000,000.00 World Bank Administration Fee 5 78,408.00 131,479.00 953,321.00 1,163,208.00 Refund to Donors 6 0.00 0.00 1,337,870.32 1,337,870.32 Total Disbursements 26,714,407.24 50,397,063.10 146,323,931.74 223,066,510.91 Ending Balance 60,345,102.02 78,032,327.97 102,549,540.73 - Less: Committed Funds (Active Grants) 7 43,698,399.35 - - - Fund Balance 8 16,646,702.67 - - - (Available for New Programming) Pipeline of Operational activities 9 10,500,000 - - - (first quarter of 2017) 78 Note 1 : Donor Contributions The SPF has received $8,424,452 in the calendar year ending December 31, 2016 from three Donors: IBRD, Germany, and Sweden. The decrease in contributions from the previous year can be explained by (i) the IDA18 moratorium on mobilization of external resources, which was in effect during the entire calendar year; and (ii) a delayed second tranche of IBRD contribution in the amount of $9.0 million. Since it has been established, the SPF has received $279,250,830 from eight Donors. Pending payments on signed agreements are expected in the amount of $12.4 million equivalent. The following table provides details of contributions received and contributions receivable by Donor. 2016 2015 2009-2014 Total Contributions Receivables Amount in Amount in Amount in Amount in Contribution Amount in Amount in Amount in Amount in Amount in Donor Contribution contribution Contribution Contribution Currency US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Currency currency Currency Currency Australia Department of AUD - - - - 8,110,500 7,607,417 7,607,417 - - Foreign Affairs & Trade Denmark Royal Ministry of DKK - - - - 60,000,000 10,713,276 10,713,276 - - Foreign Affairs Germany Federal Ministry for Economic EUR 540,000 663,000 800,000 949,519 660,000 896,321 2,508,840 500,000 536,825 Development & Cooperation The Netherlands Minister for Foreign Trade and EUR - - - - 10,000,000 14,051,000 14,051,000 - - Development Cooperation Norway Ministry of NOK - - 30,000,000 3,705,374 67,000,000 10,268,624 13,973,997 - - Foreign Affairs Sweden Swedish International SEK 25,000,000 2,724,452 - - 36,469,280 5,431,731 8,156,183 25,000,000 2,837,990 Development Cooperation Agency The United Kingdom Department for GBP - - - - 2,800,000 4,537,120 4,537,120 - - International Development SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 79 World Bank USD 5,037,000 5,037,000 21,000,000 21,000,000 191,665,996 191,665,996 217,702,996 9,000,000 9,000,000 1818 H Street TOTAL (in US$) 8,424,452 25,654,893 245,171,485 279,250,830 12,374,815 The actual US$ equivalent is based on the exchange rate on the date of the fund transfer. Note 2: Investments and Other Incomes Net investments and other incomes in the amount of $602,729 for the calendar year 2016 consist of the SPF’s share in the interest income earned by the World Bank’s trust fund portfolio including realized gains/losses from sale of securities and other incomes. The received income in 2016 is superior to the SPF’s annual program management costs and administration fee, i.e. Donor contributions have been used exclusively for financing of operational activities only. Note 3: Disbursement for SPF’s Operational Activities Cumulative disbursements to SPF grants in the amount of $170,789,862 were made since the establishment of the fund, out of which $26,345,516 this calendar year. The following table provides details of the grant distribution and disbursements by region. Number of Percentage Disbursement Percentage Region Grants of Grants ($ million) of Disbursement Africa 54 42.8 88 51.5 Middle East and North Africa 20 15.9 30 17.5 South Asia 7 5.6 4 2.3 Global 8 6.3 3 1.8 Latin America and Caribbean 9 7.2 13 7.6 East Asia and Pacific 14 11.1 18 10.5 TOTAL 126 100 171 100 The following table provides details of the grant distribution by execution type. Number of Distribution in Disbursement Distribution in Execution Type Grants Percentage ($ million) Percentage Recipient-executed by Government 41 32.5 73 42.7 Bank-executed (BE) 42 33.3 21 12.3 BE on behalf of the recipient 9 7.1 9 5.3 UN agencies and regional organizations 8 6.3 12 7.0 Local and international NGOs 23 18.3 51 29.8 Academic institutions 3 2.4 5 2.9 TOTAL 126 100 171 100 The SPF has also provided $44 million in net transfers to single-country MDTFs since the establishment of the fund in 2008. SPF Transfer Country MDTF Amount ($ million) Somalia: Private Sector Development Reengagement 5.0 Somalia: Multi-Partner Fund 8.0 Jordan: Emergency Services and Social Resilience Project Trust Fund 10.0 Haiti: Reconstruction Trust Fund 2.0 Lebanon: Syrian Crisis Multi Donor Trust Fund 10.0 Colombia: Peace and Post-Conflict Support Multi Donor Trust Fund 4.0 Zimbabwe: Reconstruction Fund 5.0 Total Amount 44.0 80 Note 4: Program Management Disbursement The cost of the SPF program management for the year 2016 were in the amount of $368,891. This cost was fully covered by investment income, i.e. donor contributions were used for operational activities only. Compared to the previous year, the cost of the SPF program management were reduced by a half thanks to efficiency gains, economies of scale, and the internal consolidation of the FCV trust fund team. The following table provides details of expenses by SPF Secretariat for program management. Cumulative Expense Categories (in $) 2016 2015 2009-2014 Disbursement Staff costs 304,502.00 458,745.00 3,532,587.00 4,295,834.00 Consultant fees 30,760.00 184,174.00 595,710.00 810,644.00 Travel expenses 26,204.00 43,810.00 504,293.00 574,307.00 Other expenses 5,409.17 43,012.31 42,332.91 90,754.39 TOTAL 368,891.17 731,756.31 4,674,922.91 5,775,570.39 Staff costs includes salaries and benefits for SPF Secretariat’s staff. Other expenses includes overhead expenses, contractual services, e.g. editing, graphic design, translation, publishing and printing, representation and hospitality. Note 5 - Administration Disbursement The World Bank administration fee covers indirect costs related to corporate services provided in support of operational work. Indirect costs include the cost of institution-wide services such as human resources, information technologies, office space services, etc. The World Bank administration fee is not specific to the SPF but applies to all trust funds administered by the World Bank. Note 6 - Refund to Donor Refund to The Netherlands in the amount of $1,337,870, was made during the year 2014 following the Donor’s early exit. The refund amount was based on pro-rated share of the uncommitted balance of the fund at the time of exit. Note 7 - Committed Funds Commitments in the amount of $43,698,399 are outstanding as of December 31, 2016. These are the remaining balances (funds committed but not disbursed yet) of the grants that the SPF has approved to program management and operational activities, i.e. active grants. Note 8 - Fund Balance Fund balance in the amount of $16,646,703 are outstanding as of December 31, 2016, which can be used to finance new operational activities and program management. Note 9 – Pipeline of Operational Activities The estimated pipeline of operational activities for the first quarter of year 2017 amounts to $10,500,000. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 81 ANNEX 2: LIST OF SPF ACTIVE PROJECTS Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Start Date Project Development Objective (Million) Africa: Afrobarometer September To fill gaps in the ability to measure progress $3.21 Governance Perception 2013 on peacebuilding and statebuilding in FCS Surveys: Peacebuilding while enhancing the institutional capacity of and Statebuilding Afrobarometer Network to produce publicly available survey information on countries of interest in Africa. Africa: Pastoralism and March To enhance monitoring and evaluation $2.5 Stability in the Sahel and 2016 systems and knowledge on the link between Horn of Africa (PASSHA) pastoralist development and stability for regional organizations and programs. Africa: Ebola Response - January To analyze health system strengthening $0.15 Liberia, Gunea, and 2016 efforts in past pandemic countries. Sierra Leone Africa: Learning from Sexual May 2015 To assess the impact and potential for scaling $1.00 and Gender-Based Violence up of the Engaging Men for Accountable Prevention Pilot Practice program, an innovative tool to prevent sexual and gender-based violence (GBV), implemented under the SPF-funded DRC: Prevention and Mitigation of GBV in North and South Kivu Project. Central African Republic: April To reconnect the population of Northeast $4.95 Local Connectivity Emergency 2016 CAR to urban centers and local markets by Project rehabilitating the Kaga-Bandoro – Mbrès – Bamingui –` Ndélé road. AFRICA Democratic Republic Of December To pilot innovative tools to improve provision $4.00 Congo: Prevention and 2014 of GBV prevention and treatment services in Mitigation of Sexual and North and South Kivu. Gender-Based Violence in North and South Kivu Guinea: Public Sector July To foster government’s leadership $2.05 Governance and 2013 and strategic capacity to help plan Accountability Project and coordinate reforms across various ministries, while engaging in an ongoing dialogue with civil society. Liberia: Medium and Small August To support the development of a framework $4.85 Enterprises and Rural Finance 2016 to provide MSMEs finance on sustainable Post Ebola Reconstruction terms, enhance the capacity of local private sector financial institutions to lend profitably to MSMEs and objectively measure outcomes. Somalia: Towage Services in October To support the development of the Berbera $4.90 Berbera Port 2015 Port by improving, towage capacity and reliability of towage services. Somalia: Water for December To improve the pastoral and $1.00 Agropastoral Livelihoods Pilot 2015 agro-pastoral communities access to and management of small-scale water sources and to enhance the capacity of the government to implement small-scale water interventions in targeted arid lands of Puntland. 82 Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Start Date Project Development Objective (Million) Somalia: Somaliland Water for December To improve the pastoral and agro-pastoral $1.00 Agro-pastoral Livelihoods Pilot 2015 communities access to, and management of, small-scale water sources and to enhance the capacity of the government to implement small-scale water interventions in targeted arid lands of Somaliland. South Sudan: Health January To strengthen innovation; and build $0.15 Innovation and Resilience 2016 resilience in health for increased confidence in nation building in; i) understanding barriers to reproductive, maternal and child health services; ii) Identifying innovative and sustainable solutions for pharmaceutical systems and; iii) strengthening monitoring for Performance Based Financing. South Sudan: Strengthening August To support Southern Sudan’s near-term $3.26 AFRICA Core Functions for Managing 2013 transition to the post-comprehensive Resource Dependence peace agreement era. Sudan: Peacebuilding for February To reduce resource-related conflict along $4.99 Development Project Phase 2 2014 target livestock migration routes by improving livelihood opportunities and access to related infrastructures. Sudan: Sustainable November To strengthen the capacity of local $4.59 Livelihoods for Displaced and 2016 stakeholders including state authorities, Vulnerable Communities in displaced persons, and vulnerable host Eastern Sudan: Phase 2 communities, to plan and implement improved livelihoods and natural resource management practices. Sudan: Budgeting Capacity September To improve the recipient’s pro-poor spending $5.00 Strengthening Project 2014 budgeting and monitoring, strengthen state own revenue budget credibility and increase budget transparency. Papua New Guinea: Rural March To develop a community-driven $1.80 Service Delivery and Local 2015 development model to improve access to, Governance and the quality of, basic services in rural communities, which is scaled-up by government. Papua New Guinea: April To develop and improve mechanisms to $2.63 Addressing Family and 2016 provide better quality of care for survivors Sexual Violence in of family and sexual violence (FSV) in select EAP Extractive Industry Areas extractive industries areas, and to develop collaborative public-private approaches that aim to change norms around FSV and support survivors of FSV within the extractives sector. Papua New Guinea: March To reduce instances of GBV in Extractive $4.92 Addressing Family and 2011 Industry communities through prevention Sexual Violence in and awareness activities. Extractive Industry Areas SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 83 Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Start Date Project Development Objective (Million) Philippines: Health February To develop new operational tools in order to $0.15 Knowledge Support 2016 assess service delivery constraints in active conflicts (Mindanao). Solomon Islands: Rapid April To assist targeted vulnerable urban $3.22 Employment Project 2010 populations to (i) increase their incomes through the provision of short term employment; (ii) improve their knowledge, experience and basic employment skills that are valued in the workplace and society; and (iii) improve their access to services and EAP markets through repaired, more climate resilient roads and access infrastructure. Thailand: Expanding September To contribute to confidence-building $4.20 Community Approaches 2013 between communities and sub-district in Conflict Situations authorities in southern Thailand through Southernmost Provinces participatory local development approaches in six sub-districts, and through capacity building of selected local government officials as well as selected civil society networks and organizations. Georgia: Strengthening October To build knowledge and institutional $0.48 Capacity for Prevention 2015 capacity to address sexual and and Response to Sexual gender-based violence, with a special and Gender-Based Violence focus on IDP populations. Kyrgyz Republic: Social February To pilot new programmatic initiatives to $2.00 Cohesion through 2014 enhance social cohesion within an existing Community-Based community development project and Development concurrently develop a rigorous evidence- driven framework to measure social cohesion outcomes in the context of a community- based development approach. Kyrgyz Republic: Building March To enhance participatory decision-making $1.40 Capacity for Effective Local 2015 and accountability in selected villages with ECA Governance respect to local government planning and budgeting, service delivery, and investments. Kosovo: Youth Development January To promote social cohesion though inter- $2.00 Project Additional Financing 2015 ethnic collaboration among youth, especially from marginalized and vulnerable groups; and to improve economic opportunities for young people and sustainable access to youth services in Kosovo. Ukraine: Conflict Response May To build the capacity of the Ministry of $3.70 and Recovery Pilot and 2016 Temporarily Occupied Territories to address Capacity Building the development impacts of the conflict. This will be done through capacity building, knowledge generation and pilot recovery and peacebuilding activities. 84 Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Start Date Project Development Objective (Million) Central America: Youth January To develop measurement tools for the $0.30 Employment and Crime and 2016 generation of evidence on the role of Violence in Central America - building soft skills as complements to Measuring Soft Skills, Mental more traditional labor market training Health, Crime, and Violence and insertion interventions in high violence settings. Guatemala: SPF Municipal March To improve citizen security in Central $1.00 Citizen Security 2015 America’s Northern Triangle (El Salvador - Guatemala - Honduras) by strengthening national/local capacity to implement LAC evidence-based interventions to address risk- factors for crime and violence. El Salvador: Municipal November To contribute to improve citizen security $1.00 Citizen Security 2014 in Central America’s Northern Triangle (El Salvador - Guatemala - Honduras) by strengthening national/local capacity to implement evidence-based interventions to address risk-factors for crime and violence. Honduras: Regional Program April To contribute to improve citizen security $1.50 for Municipal Citizen Security 2014 in Central America’s northern triangle by strengthening national/local capacity. Iraq: Action Plan to Mitigate January To support the government in developing $0.50 Power Cuts in the Kurdistan 2016 an emergency action plan to address power Regional Governorate of (KRG) outages in Kurdistan, to build consensus among stakeholders to implement short term measures, and to identify reforms required to achieve reliable and affordable electricity services in the longer term. Jordan: Enhancing Delivery June To increase access to justice sector services $2.55 of Judicial Services to Poor 2016 for poor Jordanians, particularly women, and Jordanians and Refugees in refugees in host communities. This will Host Communities be achieved through innovative service delivery reforms. Lebanon: The National February To increase youth civic engagement $2.00 Volunteer Service Program 2013 which in the medium term will contribute to improved social cohesion across communities and regions by: (i) expanding youth volunteerism and particularly in communities other than the communities MENA from which the volunteers come; and (ii) improving the employability of youth through enhanced (soft) skills. Lebanon: The Role of Financial December To manage the crisis and promote $0.55 Services to Manage the Syrian 2016 microeconomic opportunity amongst Refugee Crisis vulnerable communities and refugees. Libya: Transitional Assistance December To support the Libyan transition process $3.00 2011 through the provision of appropriate technical assistance and socio-economic analysis on development priorities. Syria: Damage and February To develop a rapid assessment tool $0.15 Needs Assessment in 2016 to measure the cost of conflict in the the Health Sector health sector. West Bank and Gaza: August To improve, through a pilot project, the $3.65 Water Supply and 2012 delivery of water and the planning of Sanitation Improvements wastewater services in conflict-affected for West Bethlehem Villages rural communities that are marginalized due to mobility restrictions in West Bethlehem region. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 85 Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Start Date Project Development Objective (Million) West Bank and Gaza: January To promote job creation and income $3.32 Masar Ibrahim/ Abraham 2014 generation for marginalized rural Path: Economic Development communities along the Abraham Path across Fragile Communities in the West Bank, with a particular focus on women and youth, and to capture MENA lessons from piloting job creation through experiential tourism that could be applied in other FCS settings. West Bank and Gaza: February To develop innovative approaches to improve $0.40 Health Sector Global 2016 for emergency care in active conflicts. Knowledge Support Nepal: Integrated Platform May To raise awareness about, and improve $2.00 for Gender-Based Violence 2016 response to, gender-based violence (GBV) in Prevention and Response Nepal and improve the quality and reach of services for GBV survivors through a helpline, promoting greater awareness among key stakeholders and strengthening the capacity SAR of National Women Commission. Sri Lanka: Strategic Social December To assist the government of Sri Lanka $0.10 Assessment of the Conflict 2016 to understand the post-conflict social Affected North and East and economic realities of the Northern and Eastern Provinces with a view to inform possible operational engagement for the area. Global: Reducing Conflicts February To generate operational insights on the $0.26 through Extractive Industry 2016 link between improved access to and Disclosure understanding of information, particularly contract data, and mitigation of conflict in fragile situations in resource rich settings in order to inform future World Bank Group project design and client approaches. GLOBAL Global: RPBA Support Facility January To support the establishment and use of $1.00 2017 Recovery and Peacebuilding Assessments (RPBA) and frameworks in selected countries emerging from countries. RPBAs would bring client governments, partner institutions, and World Bank HQ and Country Offices together to forge a more targeted and coordinated response to FCV challenges. 86 ANNEX 3: LIST OF SPF COMPLETED PROJECTS Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Central African Republic: October The number of households benefiting from $2.25 Safe and Reliable Public 2016 this program was 20,000. The roll out of the Electricity Project prepaid meters has increased with more than 2,600 meters installed out of the 5,500 target. The delivery of cables, transformers and accessories is completed. Côte d’Ivoire: Support for December The total investment generated around $2.50 Young Entrepreneurs and 2013 $1.2 million and the total turnover is more Urban Job Creation than $7.8 million. At the closing date, there are about 532 permanent jobs created. 35 enterprises managed to mobilize $870,000 of financing through: lending from credit supplier; leasing subsidy/grant/ prize. In addition, a network (Réseau des Entrepreneurs Actifs) has been established (in September 2010) in order to develop purchase/sale and outsourcing links among active firms. Côte d’Ivoire: Strengthening December The creation of the neutral space for $1.40 communication and 2013 state-society dialogue was effective and transparency for could be replicated throughout Côte’d governance reform Ivoire on other pressing issues. The radio show “Synergie et Gouvernance” played AFRICA an important role in enabling the Ivoirian people to engage directly with state officials and receive answers to their queries on the new governmental reforms. The provision of technical equipment to the radios enabled a number of radios to operate. The government structures and civil society have become conscious about the need and importance of communicating government reforms. Côte d’Ivoire: Protection November The findings of the research project illustrate $2.04 from gender-based 2012 that the addition of Gender Dialogue Groups violence (GDGs) to economic empowerment activities reduced violence against women. The qualitative findings suggest that GDGs were an acceptable approach to engaging men and women to improving shared decision- making, communication, mutual respect, and gender norms, while simultaneously offering economic benefits to the woman and her household. Taken together, data from this evaluation indicate that the addition of the gender dialogue groups to savings program have the potential to yield reductions in intimate partner violence against women. 88 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Côte d’Ivoire: Evaluation March The was an increase in the average number $0.31 of Gender-Based Violence 2013 of survivors assisted to about 286% ( from Program in Côte d’Ivoire Status 39 assisted survivors to 110 per month). This phenomenal increase is due to the implementing agency’s success in strengthening government Social Centers, local NGOs and medical staff, as well as in setting up a referral system that starts at the community level and accompanies survivors all the way through legal proceedings should they choose to press charges. In addition, intermediate results obtained through prevention efforts have been considerable. These include, on the one hand, large numbers of people reached with prevention activities and on the other hand, measures of the effectiveness of such activities. Democratic Republic January The intervention supported social service $4.67 of Congo: Community 2016 delivery to raise human development Recovery and indicators; and address the development Resilience Project deficits contributing to fragility and conflicts in DRC’s eastern provinces. The total number of direct project beneficiaries was estimated at 81,490. The vast majority are beneficiaries AFRICA of the CDD-type component, which financed the construction of 31 community infrastructures and made it possible to test and refine mechanisms to ensure community participation, help communities prevent and manage conflict, and involve provincial authorities. Democratic Republic of September The key achievements include support for 24 $2.02 Congo: Addressing Gender- 2012 operational or analytical initiatives, extensive Based Violence in South Kivu technical assistance and support across operations managed by the World Bank, 8 pilot interventions the majority of which included accompanying impact evaluations and development of at least 37 good practice knowledge products. Guinea: Public Sector August The program provided strategic support to $0.12 Governance and 2016 two structures in the Ministry of Civil Service Accountability Project and Modernization of Public Administration, and Ministry of Economy and Finance: Public Administration Reform Program and Technical Unit for Monitoring of PFM. Guinea-Bissau: Extractive July This project was stopped due to the coup $2.08 Industries Sectors Technical 2016 in the country and the request for extension Assistance was refused. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 89 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Guinea-Bissau: Support to September The key achievements of the project $2.04 National Health Development 2012 included: (i) successful implementation of Plan - Phase II the integrated supervision to all facilities in the three target regions; (ii) completion of the construction and rehabilitation of the regional medicines warehouses; (iii) procurement and distribution of essential medicines; (iv) completion of the construction of four new classrooms for the National School of Public Health; and (v) training and allocation of health staff in the target regions. The project also supported the revision of training curricula for midwives, radiology technicians and some medical equipment. Guinea-Bissau: Economic June The project has supported the completion $1.13 Governance Support Project 2012 of a critical mass of reforms in Public Financial Management (PFM) systems that implemented since 2009. These reforms have contributed to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of public expenditure management. These reforms also paved the way to the achievement of the High Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Completion Point in December 2010. Guinea-Bissau: Participatory June In 2013, 120 Community Development Plans $5.00 Rural Development SPF 2015 (CDPs) had been finalized (so that the end- of-Project target to complete 120 CDPs by end-2014 had already been completed) and AFRICA 96 community-based micro-projects had been initiated and 77 have been completed (versus an end-of-Projects target of 120 micro-projects) directly benefiting over 30,000 people, of whom 50 percent are women. Liberia: Strengthening March The setting up of the Diaspora Affairs Unit, $1.63 Governance - Civil 2016 the consultations with Diaspora and the Service Reforms development of a website and other social media serves as a medium for reaching out to Liberians living outside the country. This made significant contributions to attracting Liberians to the development needs of the country and also improve upon indigenous investment and hence strengthen the economy of the country. Liberia: Strengthening March The project’s major outcomes establish $1.23 Governance - Improving 2016 ‘fit-for-purpose’ financial management Access to Justice and information systems was established and Enhancing Accountability used for end-to-end business processes with inbuilt budget controls and hierarchical authorization with clear user guides. The SFMIS coverage, functionality, and External Assistance Fiduciary Section (EAFS), setup as part of Accountant General’s Department structure to manage donor-funded projects as part of using and strengthening country systems. More transparent – from one-page annual reports to full publication of approved budget, in-year budget out-turn reports, and timely annual financial statements posted on Ministry of Finance website. 90 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Liberia: Land Sector Reforms: March The project has facilitated the carrying $2.98 Rehabilitation and Reform 2014 out of studies to inform the policy and of Land Rights Registration legal reforms process; the rebuilding and Project improving of the deed registration system so that records are restored and ordered and can be tracked; the building of the institutional and technical capacity for a modern land registration system; the creation of the capacity for cadastre and land information system which can be used for developing and implementing a land management system. Nigeria: Niger Delta September The Initiative has created a parent $0.60 Community Foundations 2012 Community Foundation (the Rivers State Initiative Community Foundation) to serve as a conflict-sensitive grant making body to smaller community-based development organizations. The outcome has the potential of being sustainable as it will continue mobilizing resources for development from private donors (through small and medium donations), private sector, government and state level development partners. While the grant made every effort to ensure that resources were managed with transparency and responsibility, the implementation of the grant was affected by conflict of interests and lack of transparency. AFRICA Senegal: Community September Two community radios were funded in $2.55 Peacebuilding Initiatives 2015 Oulampane and Kafountine. The training, in Casamance communication and sensitization programs reached 6,162 people of which 69% were men, 31% were women and 18% were young men and women. Local NGOs have had the opportunity of building their own capacity and knowledge with the assistance of the in mastering the tools of monitoring conflict dynamics, using conflict filters, participatory community dialogues, and rebuilding trust among communities. More importantly, they have strengthened state-civil society relationships, particularly with local governments. Somalia: Drought June The project contributed to the early recovery $3.97 Management and Livelihood 2013 of food production systems and increased Protection Project - access to markets. Significantly improved (partnership with the Global food security conditions as a result of an Facility for Disaster Risk injection of cash into vulnerable households. Reduction (GFDRR) and Increased water storage capacity to 163,232 executed by the Food and m3 and opened an additional 1,546 ha of Agriculture Organization of land for irrigation. The total production the UN (FAO)) from the inputs distributed was enough to cover cereal requirements for approximately 1.7 years for beneficiary households. Vaccinated over 8.6 million goats and sheep; administered vaccines to goats belonging to 2 470 households; and treated a total of 12 911 small ruminants, camels and cattle against parasites and infectious diseases. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 91 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Somalia: Support to March Phase I laid the ground for Phase II, $2.00 the Information and 2016 to be financed through MPF funding. Communication Achievements include: (i) the establishment Technologies Sector of baseline telecom market indicator and training provided for the collection of ICT indicators; (ii) the completion of a number of studies providing advice on the financial contribution of the sector to the Treasury, regulatory approaches, critique of the Communications Act, Telecom market etc. Somalia: Public Financial March The project laid the PFM foundations to $4.50 Management Capacity 2016 establish track record for future projects/ Strengthening Project programs. The strengthened controls, especially for payroll, has provided the assurance framework for the Recurrent Cost and Reform Financing (RCRF) project. The Public Financial Management Education and Training program has contributed to building a critical mass of PFM professionals with a good mix of skills to perform a broad range of PFM tasks with additional built in sustainability arrangement for the qualification to be part of the civil service scheme of service for the PFM job family to create a cohort of competent PFM practitioners. Somalia: Additional Financing October The program contributed to strengthening $2.04 for the Somalia Knowledge 2015 key economic institutions: (i) SKOPE provided for Operations and Political key information to administrations, such Economy (SKOPE) as GDP, poverty, and inflation rates to AFRICA Somaliland. (ii) The Financial Diagnosis study informed Bank about depth of fiduciary risks. (iii) Somalia Statistical assessment report formed a High Level Task Force on Statistics, a forum of development partners to coordinate statistical works (including capacity building) in Somalia to produce key statistics. (iv) Increasing capacity of government for strategic planning in particular through support to the Ministry of Finance to enable critical economic recovery issues to be identified and articulated. Somalia: Knowledge for April SKOPE facilitated Somalia to take first steps $1.93 Operations and Political 2014 of debt reconciliation with International Economy Program (SKOPE) Financial Institution. The results were presented in Somalia conference which initiated a Technical Working Group (TWG) to oversee Somalia’s progress to develop an Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. WB is a member of this working group. Somalia: Extended Program of June The project has contributed to the expanded $0.50 Immunization (EPI) 2012 coverage of immunization among children under 1 year of age, up to 40%. This project supported the implementation of EPI program through reaching the majority of children and women of child bearing age in Somalia with basic vaccinations in order to prevent illness and death and to promote their well-being, thus contributing to the broader peace-building and state- building goals. This project has contributed to expanding the coverage of vaccination among children and women of bearing age. 92 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Somalia: Emergency Livestock December The project has helped increased livestock $0.90 Disease Surveillance control 2010 health and production, and thus pastoralist Promoting Competitive Meat livelihoods, through provision of quality Industry animal health inputs and services by enabling established mobile veterinary teams and members of the Somali veterinary professionals associations with backing from the Ministry of Livestock Forest and Range (MLFR), who are private practitioners representing the local investors and qualified professional animal health service providers, to offer preventive and curative services aimed at enhancing animals’ body condition and reducing mortality. Sudan: Sustainable March The project made a significant contribution $2.78 Livelihoods for Displaced 2016 to strengthening local capacities, first by and Vulnerable Communities engaging local stakeholders in project in Eastern Sudan execution and fostering learning-by-doing, and second by investing on training and capacity building activities targeted to the identified needs of the stakeholders. The project reached 279 women beneficiaries, which exceeded the targeted 225. It also successfully established mechanisms between the local authorities and communities that can be continued and AFRICA replicated. The Project found that about 78% admitted that their income is sufficient for both food and non-food items, compared to 19% claiming it covers food only and the remaining 2% claim to still experience income deficit. Sudan: Peacebuilding for September The project achieved strong results in $3.74 Development in Sudan Project 2012 promoting peaceful coexistence by particularly tackling livelihoods-related causes of conflict. It demarcated 7 migration routes spanning 875 kilometers, and provided 40 water points along these routes. Closely linked to the stock routes, 12 multi-purpose development centers were constructed, equipped and furnished. These centers targeted 1,188 women, youth and IDPs and availed training, tools and resources for income generating activities, including cheese-making; animal traction; community animal health work; seedling cultivation and food preservation. Togo: Private Sector September The program helped reduce the days of $1.09 Revitalization 2015 processing of formalization of enterprises, improving the rank of Togo in the standings of the Group of the World Bank’s “Doing Business” ranking. The grant provided capacity building and also contributed to the Togo Private Sector Development Project. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 93 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Zimbabwe: Agricultural September The project provided a cost effective $4.78 Inputs Project 2011 means to get fertilizer to needy farmers, allowing most to increase their production, productivity and food security. Key spillovers included the strengthening of a major domestic fertilizer company, the development of commercial markets for fertilizer and the re-capitalization (albeit on a small scale) of village based rural traders. The voucher program was innovative and encouraged wider experimentation with more market friendly input distribution programs. AFRICA Zimbabwe: Beitbridge December The project interventions have significantly $2.64 Emergency Water Supply 2012 improved the efficiency of water treatment and Sanitation Project systems. In terms of indicator results for number of piped household water connections that are benefiting from rehabilitation works undertaken by the project was 4,117 households compared to the set target value of 4,400 household. In this case, the set target was not achieved. However, the indicator results for number of new meter installed at project closure reached 392 exceeding the target value of 360. In terms of volume of waste water/ sewage collected that is treated at least secondary level, the results achieved was 1,161 m3 per day against the target value of 2,500 m3 per day. Philippines: Encouraging September The program helped to establish the $2.55 More Resilient Communities in 2014 Bangsamoro Conflict Monitoring System. Conflict-Affected Areas It took longer than expected to make the system fully operational, but it generated regular data and reporting that is being picked up extensively by the media and agencies supporting peace and development in Mindanao. Clients recognized (including in the mid-term review) that the most useful aspect of the SPF program was its flexibility and responsiveness. Acting in response to demand allowed the Bank team to establish itself as a first port of call for government when seeking advice on issues related to conflict, security and development. Inevitably given the volume of outputs produced, not all hit the mark and were able to produce EAP major policy or program impacts. Solomon Islands: Rapid December The project has exceed all of its targets $0.15 Employment Project 2016 with respect to increasing beneficiaries’ incomes through the provision of short- term employment; improving their knowledge, experience and employment skills; and improving access to services through repaired infrastructure. Increased incomes. As of June 30, 2016, the project had generated over 688,000 labor days (95% of the revised target), provided short- term employment to over 12,600 people in Honiara, and transferred a total of $2.9 million in wages. The project has trained almost 12,000 people and is effectively reaching vulnerable groups in Honiara, in particularly youth and women. 94 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Solomon Islands: Mining June The program has supported a dialogue on $0.44 Sector Technical Assistance 2012 the future of the mining sector (which played Project: Phase 1 a role in the previous conflict), by addressing landowner concerns, and by proposing a new legal and regulatory framework. The grant produced the key outputs: (i) review of the mineral policy, legislation, and regulatory setting. (ii) review of the institutional capacity and institutional structure of Ministry of Mines, Energy and Rural Electrification (MMERE); 160 kilowatts (iii) installation of a 160 generator to assure back-up power at MMERE during outages. EAP Thailand: Piloting April The program supported innovative/creative $2.43 Community Approaches 2013 ideas aiming to bring about interaction and in Conflict Situations in better understanding among diverse groups Southern Thailand such as Muslim and Buddhist students, and to bring about peace at the community level. In addition, the project has provided support to formulate four networks of civil society in the south: Civil Society Council for the Southernmost Provinces, Women’s network, Youth’s network and the Natural Resources network. These networks comprise of organizations working with the same theme or interest. Europe and Central Asia: December Five Kosovo government structures benefited $0.33 Strengthening Monitoring 2011 from capacity building related to youth, 18 in and Evaluation for Youth the North Caucasus, 15 in Tajikistan and one Development Projects in in Georgia. Four new youth initiatives have Conflict Affected Countries been designed, building on the experiences in ECA from this activity, in Kosovo, Armenia, Georgia and North Caucasus. A common results framework based on the common indicators developed for this activity have been integrated in the new youth project result frameworks. Armenia: Promoting March The awareness of the institutions engaged $0.47 Youth Inclusion 2016 in youth employment problems was raised with regard to programs and initiations implemented by the state and other interested institutions of the sector; five recommendation packages were discussed ECA and developed with participation of the interested parties aimed at the solution of the problems of youth employment sector; arrangements were made on regularly organizing seminar discussions in Marzes aimed at the solution of the youth employment problems; the participants 23 expressed willingness to develop joint action plans with clear distribution of roles in order to realize the recommendations directed towards the problem solution. Georgia: Youth Inclusion May The grant supported the Ministry of Sports $0.50 2014 and Youth Affairs in providing sub-grants to NGOs and municipalities to increase youth participation in demand-side governance, social accountability and civic engagement at the municipal level. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 95 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Georgia: IDP Community December The project increased opportunities for $2.07 Development Project 2012 IDPs in target communities to participate in community development activities. In 40 targeted communities a participatory process was undertaken to allow community members to collectively identify and prioritize their development needs. The project increased access for IDPs in target communities to basic infrastructure, services and livelihood opportunities. 47 infrastructure and service micro-projects were completed, all of which addressed development needs. Beneficiaries reported that 85% of micro-projects resulted in improvements in living conditions against community defined indicators of success. Kosovo: Second Youth June The project was considered a blueprint $1.98 Development Project 2014 strategy to decrease youth unemployment. The project implementation and lessons learned provide improved understanding of this challenge and offer an effective response to the challenge of youth idleness in Kosovo and provided support for inclusion of socially marginalized groups through meaningful entrepreneurship and business development activities targeting multi-ethnic groups. The ECA project has achieved an 80% apprentice placement rate for youth that received vocational training, creating 457 new jobs, and also supporting the establishment of 139 new businesses. The average beneficiary increased their net income by 20% about per month, a nearly Euros 70 increase over the starting average monthly income of Euros 349. Kosovo: Social Inclusion and March The project contributed to improved welfare $4.82 Local Development (SILED) 2014 by providing water supply and sewage network rehabilitation, restoring schools and health clinics, community centers, irrigation system, roads, river banks, overpasses, etc. Moreover, the impact the project impacted marginalized communities by re-engage them in productive activities. SILED facilitated this through both employment- generating community infrastructure activities e.g. roads improvement, and direct support to small and medium enterprises which contributed to increasing revenues through improved productivity, time efficiency and opportunities for business expansion. Central America: Regional October The grant has helped created a global $0.90 Citizen Security Knowledge 2015 knowledge platform that extends the reach Network of this project beyond the Northern Triangle (El Salvador - Guatemala - Honduras) to a global arena. The global knowledge platform has been integrated into the World Bank’s global architecture for violence LAC prevention and is a key tool for increasing capacity building, data quality, stakeholder engagement, dissemination of evidence, rating of quality of evidence, and most importantly,strengthening of a global pool of professional, practitioners, and policy makers, interested in preventing youth violence. 96 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Latin America: Dialogue Series February The conference was a great opportunity $0.19 on Citizen Security in LAC 2016 to engage in a broader debate on the importance of having rigorous scientific evidence in designing solutions to this complex challenge facing Latin America and the Caribbean and its applicability in diverse contexts. For this it is necessary to facilitate the access of the decision makers to the available evidence, as well as to generate conditions for the implementation and adaptation of the same in very different institutional contexts. Raising awareness among decision makers, practitioners, and communities about the value of evidence- based prevention programs will enable sustainability and continuous improvement. Colombia: Protection of Land December The grant supported the design of a special $5.84 and Patrimony of Internally 2014 procedure for displaced ethnic minorities, Displaced Persons - Phase III the medida cautelar, which allowed them to request protection of their land from any activity that would affect their territory (for instance mining concessions) until the land tenure situation was clarified. Through this process, 10 protection decisions (as separate from restitution) have been obtained covering an area of 434,300 ha and approximately 10,967 families. Even though the target for titling was not fully achieved, due, in part to the priority given to restitution after 2012, the titling experience was the basis for the design of restitution process. LAC Colombia: Evaluation and September The grant evaluated a project which $0.03 Knowledge Capture of the 2013 responded to 96,912 requests for protection Colombia Protection of Land of land assets from IDPs, conferred 1,194 and Patrimony of Internally titles to occupants, provided important Displaced Persons (IDPs) contributions to the regulation of the restitution chapter of the Restitution Law and supported the design of decrees about land restitution to ethnic minorities. Since 2012 the grant has supported the organization of processes for land restitution. A total of 25,406 of the requests have been processed because they fulfill safety requirements, of which, and 1,852 cases have been decided. Regarding ethnic minorities, 19 cases have started the judicial process, of which one is already resolved. Haiti: Rural Water and November The project successfully strengthened the $4.63 Sanitation Project 2013 key actors in delivering sustainable water services to rural populations, including in project management, financial management technical operations and maintenance, community relations, chlorination and social mobilization. These have had their challenges over the life of the project, but the new piped water scheme management model piloted under the Project now seems to be well established. This model was successfully implemented in 9 communities who have signed a contract with an operator and a model based on a management committee was put in place in 6 smaller communities. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 97 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Middle East And North Africa: December The conference aimed at providing an initial $0.26 Regional Perspectives on Iraqi 2011 forum for the establishment of a network Displacement of individuals, agencies and organizations in the region who may be able to take measures to address the many challenges posed by the Iraqi displacement situation. Any comprehensive regional initiative in favor of displaced Iraqis will need to meet the following requirements: simultaneously drawing on a range of durable solutions; cooperative in terms of involving additional burden- or responsibility-sharing between Iraq and countries of the region and third countries acting as donors or resettlement countries; and collaborative in terms of working across UN agencies and with international and national NGOs. It nevertheless also needs to be flexible enough to provide each state with technical support to develop its own priorities and plans. Iraq: Iraq Consultative December The program helped to equip all those $4.96 Service Delivery 2011 expected to be directly engaged in planning, project selection and proposal writing with the appropriate knowledge and tools to carry MENA out these processes. It sets the foundation for the government to eventually take on a leadership role in the community grants program for local development and to attract additional donors for a possible third phase of programming. Iraq: Consultative Service February This was an 18-month follow-on activity to $4.79 Delivery Program Project 2014 the first phase of consultative community Phase 2 development programming, the Consultative Service Delivery Initiative (CSDI).This second phase expands the CSDI approach to additional provinces including Erbil, Dahuk, Ninewa and Diyala. Jordan: Mitigating the September The assessment concluded that the project $0.30 Socio- Economic Impact of 2013 highlighted the often controversial issues Syrian Displacement (Impact and dilemmas that host governments Assessment Jordan) are faced with when trying to address displacement and its impact. The Government took a very firm line on what the impact was and how it wanted the international community to help. Secondly, attempting to assess the positive impacts of displacement can be met with significant resistance by host governments, as these evaluations are often used for resource mobilization. 98 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Jordan: Mitigating the Socio- July The knowledge obtained through this $0.90 economic Impact of Syrian 2014 project informed the Country Assistance Displacement Strategy progress report as well as subsequent Bank programming, including a $150 million IBRD loan and a $53 million multi-donor grant. The project supporting the host communities in Jordan was one of the first of its kinds (support had almost exclusively gone to refugees at the time of implementation). Its success leveraged additional funding from the Canadian government, initially funds redirected to the Jordan Emergency Services and Social Resilience Project and then additional funds directly to Save the Children to continue their livelihoods efforts started under this project. Jordan: Delivering Legal Aid March Since 2012, the Justice Center for Legal $1.83 Services to Displaced Iraqis, 2016 Aid, a non-profit, has provided 3,080 Palestinians, and representations to 632 Syrians, 506 Poor Jordanians Palestinians, and 48 Iraqis; and 5,153 legal consultations to 1,452 Syrians, 1,123 Palestinians, and 154 Iraqis. The project established a pro-bono network of 38 pro- MENA bono lawyers. Lebanon: Mitigating the January The project placed technical advisors to the $0.89 Socio-economic Impact of 2015 Ministry of Education and Higher Education Syrian Displacement (Save the (MEHE) to provide additional technical Children Lebanon) personnel for process support and in their strategic planning, including in the areas of education in emergencies, child protection, health education, physical infrastructure, and information and communications. Other activities which were also implemented in partnership with Save the Children include: (i) supporting MEHE's internal planning to develop and finalize strategies, and operational work plans; (ii) developing emergency response plans for the current crisis, building capacity of staff working on the crisis in project cycle management for emergency response and emergency preparedness in education; (iii) providing practical training to staff from affected municipalities and from Ministry of Social Affairs/Social Development Centers to build emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction capacities, implemented through a contract with the Danish Refugee Council. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 99 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Lebanon: Recovery and December The proportion of beneficiaries who $0.09 Reconstruction of the Nahr 2010 perceived an improvement in job skills as el-Bared Palestinian Refugee a result of the training acquired through Camp and Conflict Affected sub-projects was 54%. This fell short of areas of North Lebanon the target of 60%. 75% of beneficiaries indicated that “work experience” was the biggest reason for an improvement in their MENA job skills. The proportion of beneficiaries who perceived that training responded to job skills development needs was 72%. This surpassed the target of 60%. In addition, 13% of beneficiaries (of the 1,360 surveyed within a year of exiting the project) had found employment outside the workfare program within six months. Asia: Opportunities and June The project successfully deepened $1.77 Challenges for Aid Delivery 2013 knowledge on the role of development in Subnational Conflict assistance in three subnational conflicts Areas (East and South Asia in Asia, and enhanced awareness in these Countries) countries as well as among development agencies engaged in providing development assistance in subnational country contexts, of the key issues to be considered in developing and assessing their strategies and projects. South Asia: Restoring and March The research findings offer three key lessons $0.35 Rebuilding Livelihoods 2016 regarding the use of the CDD approach through CDD approaches to rebuild and restore livelihoods: (i) it in Conflict Settings is important to ask whether CDD is the most suitable approach for restoring and rebuilding livelihood in FCS, (ii) consider SAR whether the communities in question are in the best position to assess livelihoods options, and (iii) there is a trade-off between community cohesion and livelihoods support for the poorest. Nepal: Program for September The Program was jointly launched by the $3.71 Accountability in 2014 World Bank and the government in order Nepal (PRAN) to strengthen governance and social accountability (SAc) practices by enhancing the capacities of Nepali civil society organizations (CSOs) in using SAc tools and approaches. Through these initiatives, the program assisted Nepali citizens to have a greater voice in decision-making on PFM issues (particularly local budget planning, allocation and expenditure), Municipal Good Governance and Local Service Delivery. 100 Completion Grant Amount Region Country and Project Title Project Results Date (Million) Global: Impact Evaluation in March The grant supported the organization $0.35 FCS – Towards a New Science 2016 of an impact evaluation workshop in of Delivery Lisbon, Portugal. The grant supported the production of ‘white papers’ one for each of these areas, which summarize the current body of evidence and policy implications and highlight future research directions. in addition, the grant supported a number of dissemination and learning events, including a joint World Bank-Households in Conflict Network Conference titled “the micro-foundations of conflict and violence: economic analysis and impact evaluation”, panel discussions in the 2015 and 2016 Fragility Forum, as well as workshops and presentations at academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Global: Knowledge Exchange December The grant allowed for the provision of $0.30 and Support for CDD Projects 2015 effective support to CDD projects in FCS in FCS through successful completion of the following activities: (a) Africa CDD-FCS conference held in Nairobi in May 2015 (which included task teams and government GLOBAL counterparts from 14 countries and CDD operations working in fragile contexts); (b) Just in time technical assistance provided in response to demand from four CDD-FCS countries and teams in the Africa region. Global: Assessment of May The report reviewed good practice and $0.17 lessons learned on livelihood 2016 lessons learned in improving the livelihood rehabilitation for refugees status of displaced persons. One major and internally displaced results was that the quality of monitoring people (IDPs) and evaluation under livelihood support projects has not been strong enough. Therefore the piece was re-focused on suggesting a possible way forward to redress this gap in Bank business and to improve the quality of monitoring and evaluation under livelihood support projects. The piece includes suggestions for how to give stronger articulation of expected project outcomes and contains illustrative indicators, which contribute towards the better measurement of the achievement of those outcomes. This groundwork was invaluable to further advance the agenda within the World Bank towards both displacement specific and displacement sensitive livelihood programming. SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 101 DISCLAIMER, RIGHTS, PERMISSIONS, PHOTO CREDITS © 2017 The World Bank Group All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER This paper has not undergone the review accorded to official World Bank publications. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. 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 Web address: www.worldbank.org/spf 102 SPF Annual Report 2016: Pushing the frontiers of development | 103 The State and Peacebuilding Fund (SPF) is a global fund to finance critical development operations and analysis in situations of fragility, conflict, and violence. The SPF is kindly supported by Australia, Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, The United Kingdom, as well as IBRD. 104