46082 Water and Sanitation Program 99­00 Report Contents 3Foreword 5 Chapter 1: Meeting the Challenge of the New Millennium 5 The Present Challenge 6 Extending Partnerships 11 Chapter 2: Global Learning Agenda 11 Rural and Small Towns Water and Sanitation 13 The Urban Agenda 15 Chapter 3: Regional Highlights 16 South Asia 19 East Asia and the Pacific 21 West and Central Africa 23 East and Southern Africa 26 Andean Region 28 Chapter 4: Program Financing 31 Rapport French Translation 63 Informe Spanish Translation 98 Publications 100Staff 102Contacts and Credits WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM Mongolia WASHINGTON D.C. DELHI Pakistan Mali Niger Nepal Lao People's Republic ABIDJAN India Eritrea Bangladesh Vietnam Cambodia Nigeria Ethiopia Philippines NAIROBI Sri lanka Cote d`Ivoire Uganda JAKARTA Ecuador Ghana Rwanda Kenya Benin Peru Burkina Faso Tanzania LIMA Malawi Zambia Indonesia Bolivia Zimbabwe Mozambique South Asia East Asia and the Pacific West and Central Africa East and Southern Africa Andean Region Regional Office 2 Foreword Water is life. Nowhere is this clearer The Program has been a forerunner than in developing countries, where an of a growing list of partnership estimated 10,000 people die every programs managed by the World day from diseases related to water and Bank. Its well-established global sanitation diseases. Lack of access to network, strong tradition of client water and sanitation means poor responsiveness, and continuous open health, malnutrition for children, and dialogue with World Bank clients in reduced life expectancy. It means that developing countries provide a model fewer children attend school, less time for development practice. for income-generating activities, and The World Bank is proud to increased drudgery for millions of continue hosting the Water and women who spend their day collecting Sanitation Program. The Program is water from long distances. Because anchored in the Infrastructure access to clean water is so vital to Department, permitting a mutually survival for the poor, many national beneficial engagement with the Water governments are making water and and Sanitation Division and Bank-wide sanitation development a vital thematic groups. The planned evolution component of their strategies for of the Program's governance in the reducing poverty. coming months will increase The Water and Sanitation Program opportunities for key Program partners has provided advice on investments to guide its strategic direction. I look and policies to its partners and clients forward to my personal engagement in developing countries for more than with this process as we jointly face the 21 years. Much of its early work, such critical challenge of water and as that on low-cost technologies, sanitation provision for the poor in the demand-responsiveness, strategic new millennium. sanitation planning, and participatory hygiene have now become standard approaches in the sector. Drawing from its field network in over 30 countries, the Program is continuing to explore new frontiers of knowledge. For example, it is identifying and testing private sector partnerships that provide Nemat T. Shafik services to the poor and helping its Vice President, Private Sector partners gain access to current sector Development and Infrastructure practices. The World Bank 3 4 CHAPTER 1: MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM Chapter 1 Meeting the Challenge of the New Millennium When the international community endorsed approaches. Many of launched the International Drinking the ideas that the Water and Water Supply and Sanitation Sanitation Program (WSP) has Decade over 20 years ago, it sought been privileged to work on for to address the gulf between the more than two decades are now served and unserved in the common practice. Recent meetings developing world. At the turn of of the international community, the millennium, over one billion such as the World Water Forum in people still lack access to safe The Hague in March 2000, have drinking water and two to three demonstrated a great unity of billion lack access to safe sanitation. vision on the path forward. What has been achieved and where are we headed? The Present Challenge While overall improvement in But as we embark on a new coverage remains far short of millennium, there remains much to be national and global hopes, the done. Despite decades of international sector has made significant effort and at a time of unprecedented progress in some important areas wealth for many countries, an estimated over the past two decades. Recent 10,000 people in developing countries coverage indicators point to die every day from water and excreta- distinct improvements in some related diseases. Thousands more suffer Asian and Latin American countries debilitating illnesses. The tragedy is in particular. More than 2.4 billion that these deaths and illnesses are people worldwide have also entirely preventable through sustained received better water services and access to safe water and sanitation. 600 million improved sanitation. The sanitary revolution that transformed Communities have a greater lives and life expectancy in Europe in choice in service levels, made the 17th and 18th centuries proved possible by the array of technical that tremendous gains are possible. options now available. There is a The water and sanitation sector in new recognition of the power of developing countries remains character- the market to serve the poor. istically dysfunctional. Water may be Increased attention to the the "commodity of the 21st century," world's water and sanitation crisis but it is not one whose supply in the also created a community of developing world is immediately sector specialists. These specialists attracting investors. Fiscal policies in have learned a great deal about developing countries are unattractive, what works and what strategies the political climate is volatile and can put into practice many of the uncertain, lack of tenure limits investment 5 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM Helping our clients to help their clients Funding partners Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) Supporting client: Donors Belgium Agency for Development (WSP donors) Cooperation Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Danish Agency for International Water and Development (Danida) Sanitation Department for International Development Program (DFID), United Kingdom German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Directorate General for International Cooperation, The Netherlands Central government, municipal agencies, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Italy Ministry of Finance, Japan Direct client: local governments, NGOs, community organizations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Luxembourg (front line actors) private water and sanitation service providers, external support agencies Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway Swedish International Development Cooperation (Sida) Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) United Nations Development Programme Ultimate client: Poor communities in rural and peri-urban areas (UNDP) (target group) World Bank for residents, and inflexible government regional offices in South Asia, East specialists, track record of quality service standards reduce affordable Asia and the Pacific, West and Central staffing, and ability to respond to the choices and create barriers to entry for Africa, East and Southern Africa, and changing demands of its clients. It other service providers. the Andean Region. operates in more than 30 countries, A great deal of the $30 billion of Over the past two decades, the assisting local partners to overcome water investment in developing countries WSP has demonstrated success in obstacles and to identify innovative each year is used ineffectively. In most helping its clients to improve access to solutions to problems of service provision urban systems, unaccounted-for-water water and sanitation services for in poor communities. The Program's can be as much as 50 percent. From millions of poor people in rural and partnership approach encourages Cape Town to Cairo, broken piped urban communities (see box). It has led lessons to be shared across agency, schemes--not maintained or unaffordable or supported many of the advances country, and regional boundaries and for users--litter the countryside. The made in the sector in recent years, and creates a momentum for global human cost of inadequate sanitation is actively contributed to the growing learning on critical themes. even higher than for water, as feces understanding of how to translate the The Program works as a respected, are the origin of so many infectious guiding principles agreed on at major independent source of knowledge, diseases. Ineffective disposal of human international conferences in Dublin and advice, and support, playing the role waste imposes a huge toll on society Rio de Janeiro into improved policies of an "honest broker" and supporting through pollution of public areas, and programs. The challenge now is policy makers and national and regional rivers, and land. how to scale up successful approaches, coordinating efforts. Its position within continue targeted learning efforts, and the World Bank--one of the largest WSP Overview support reforms that will ensure the investors in water and sanitation in The WSP is an international partnership adoption and replication of sustainable developing countries--increases access of the world's leading development investments. This report covers the to national policy makers and creates agencies concerned with water and Program's achievements from July 1, important opportunities for learning. sanitation services for the poor. Its 1999, to June 30, 2000 (FY00). mission is to alleviate poverty by Extending Partnerships helping the poor gain sustained access WSP's Comparative Advantage Formerly known as the UNDP­World to improved water and sanitation The Program's comparative advantage Bank Water and Sanitation Program services. It is managed through a head derives from its strong field presence, from its origins as parallel free-standing office in Washington, D.C., and five well-established network of sector UNDP projects executed by the World 6 CHAPTER 1: MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM Organogram Nemat T. Shafik Vice President Infrastructure and Private Sector Development and Network Head Finance, Private Sector Development Infrastructure Department Business Strategy Budget and Finance Knowledge and Partnerships Urban Water and Disaster Energy Transport ESMAP Development Sanitation Facility Cities WSP Alliance Bank, the WSP has evolved into a sector. It now collaborates with more through the end of the year to lead the mature, broad-based partnership. On than 120 NGOs and recently developed Program during this transition. In one hand, it has retained the consistent a joint research initiative with several January 2000 a new program financial support of a dozen of the private water companies on poverty manager assumed responsibility and world's foremost international alleviation and strategies for private now heads an invigorated management development agencies (see box) and sector participation. team composed of regional team on the other, it collaborates in the field leaders, global thematic leaders, and a with many of the most productive or Strengthening WSP Governance chief financial officer. The young, influential public, private, and non- and Management energetic team exhibits a broad range governmental agencies in the sector. The WSP is administered by the World of skills. Half of the management team The WSP is an associate program Bank and reports to the Water and are women. of the Global Water Partnership (GWP), Sanitation Division within the Finance, endorsed by the GWP's Technical Private Sector, and Infrastructure Vice Responding to External Reviews Advisory Committee. Within the GWP, Presidency (see figure). The WSP is In September 1999 the WSP presented the Program plays a leadership role in among the World Bank's longest to its financial partners an action plan water and sanitation within a framework standing external partnerships. Its outlining its response to external of integrated water resource manage- governance structure involves global, regional reviews carried out in ment. The WSP remains a longstanding regional, and country-level advisory 1998­99. Progress to date on the strategic partner of the Water Supply committees. At a meeting in April action plan has included: and Sanitation Collaborative Council 2000, changes were proposed to and contributed to the development of strengthen the World Bank's support for · Strengthening the strategic and the World Water Council's Vision 21 the WSP and to bring its governance thematic focus. The Program has presented in The Hague in March 2000. into line with other Bank-managed incorporated a Logical Framework As governments decentralize, the external partnership programs. A WSP Analysis into its planning processes, importance of working with local charter is envisaged to create a WSP annual work plans, and three-year partners outside the government continues Council that will oversee Program business plans. These changes will help to grow. The Program has responded to activities and guide strategic decisions. the Program concentrate on areas in this trend by strengthening its partnerships In early 1999 the Program set out which it has a comparative advantage. in the field with non-governmental to revitalize its management team. A They have already resulted in greater organizations (NGOs) and the private program manager was appointed transparency, better quality control, 7 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM Strategic results framework and thematic focus The poor gain sustained access Mission: to improved water and sanitation services Practical adoption of new and more effective Development approaches and the implementation of the objective: Dublin/Rio principles in institutional and policy reforms and large-scale investments Policy, strategies, Innovative Investment Outputs: and institutional reform water and support services advisory services sanitation solutions Pilot and Investment Knowledge Sector Products: Policy support demonstration support sharing networking projects Strategic Results Framework Thematic Focus The WSP mission is to alleviate poverty more effective approaches and the In order to sharpen its focus, the Program by helping the poor gain sustained practical implementation of the has organized its activities into two access to improved water and Dublin/Rio principles in institutional broad thematic areas. The first focuses sanitation services. All activities are reforms, policy reforms, and large- on issues relating to rural and small measured against this overarching scale investments. It achieves this goal towns, and the second on issues goal, and poverty alleviation is one of by focusing on three mutually relating to urban areas. The the key criteria in project selection. supportive outputs: Program's work on cross-cutting issues The Program operates according to such as gender, hygiene, and a strategic results framework (see · Policy, strategy, and institutional integrated water resource management figure) based on the following logic. reform advisory services is also organized into these themes. The Program assists its direct clients-- A global thematic leader coordinates central governments, municipal · Innovative solutions to water supply the activities for both thematic areas. The agencies, local authorities, NGOs, and sanitation problems thematic leaders are part of the Program community organizations, private management team and are supported by service providers, and external support · Strategically selected investment a network of WSP staff and other agencies--in helping the poor gain support services. professionals. The thematic leaders take sustained access to improved water responsibility not only for country and sanitation services. The poor are All these outputs are derived from five activities, but also for selected global the Program's ultimate clients and also types of WSP products: policy support, learning products. While the Program's the beneficiaries of its work. support to investment projects, pilot and global learning covers a range of issues, The Program's development demonstration projects, sector networking, each country program focuses on a much objective is to impact its direct clients and knowledge sharing (learning events, narrower set of issues aligned with the through the adoption of new and case studies, and field notes). critical sector challenges of that country. 8 CHAPTER 1: MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM and more strategic selection of A new communications plan is being countries and activities. The inclusion of implemented to build the Program's thematic leaders in the management global communications capacity, team has considerably sharpened the increase management's focus on Program's focus. communications, and promote good practices in knowledge production and · Redesigning planning, tracking, dissemination. The plan also includes a and reporting systems and wider variety of media and increases improving financial management. impact on both internal and external The Program has made strides in target audiences. redesigning its system of financial tracking and reporting. It has adopted Enhancing Impact a new project-based tracking system The Program's influence on the lending that will provide the basis for improved operations of the World Bank and task management and stronger analytic other partners has been extensive, as accounting and reporting. the ideas it has developed have become mainstream in many investment · Renewing vision and projects. This is most evident in the organizational structure. The rural water supply and sanitation Program is focusing its attention and (RWSS) sector, where the Program has resources on the most critical countries had a direct or indirect influence on and regions of its operation. It is almost all the current freestanding building partnerships with a broader projects financed by the World Bank. range of stakeholders and developing Independent evaluations have estimated alliances with the leading international the scale of this influence in billions of agencies and sources of knowledge in dollars and tens of millions of the sector. Limiting further overall beneficiaries. As the WSP expands its growth, the Program's management is involvement in urban slums and small seeking to reduce fixed costs and towns, its capacity to influence policies increase flexibility to enable the WSP and investment decisions in these areas to reduce risk and better respond to is also expected to grow. opportunities and new client demands. The WSP's new emphasis on knowledge generation has resulted in · Strengthening program the production of over 100 country- governance and rationalizing specific studies, case studies and field relations with World Bank notes during the past year (see operations. The Program has begun publications list). During the same to alter its governance structure to period, the WSP website--which offers provide the basis for a clearer and a wide range of resources, tools, and more consistent relationship with all its information on the Program's latest financial partners. Memoranda of activities--saw monthly increases in understanding with selected World use. The website now records over Bank regional operations departments 150,000 visits and downloads per have built confidence in WSP­World month. ACCESS, the Program's Bank relationships. Non-strategic electronic newsletter published to inform World Bank management tasks have partners and clients of progress, has been reduced. The Program has also 2,600 regular subscribers. expanded its support for a larger number of partners and investors in the sector. · Improving dissemination of learning and marketing. The Program completed a communications audit as a basis for improving its dissemination and marketing strategies. 9 CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL LEARNING AGENDA Chapter 2 Global Learning Agenda The WSP is the original model Over the years, the WSP has to scale approaches previously proven on which we are building the generated, validated, and only in project settings. In Bangladesh Associate Programmes of the disseminated solutions to water it hosted a regional meeting to explore Global Water Partnership. In the and sanitation problems for the methods and opportunities for rural "Water for People" subsector, the poor. At times its work has been benchmarking of water supply programs. WSP provides consistently high- groundbreaking and has influenced In Africa the Program analyzed quality strategic assistance, offers the next generation of water and experiences with alternative financing a range of services--including sanitation investments. The Program approaches in rural water supply policy dialogue, synthesized continues to pursue new knowledge service delivery. specialist information, investment as its field staff document and support, and capacity building-- disseminate lessons from Small Towns Management and has global reach. experience in slums and villages Models in different regional settings. The small towns theme has been a Torkil Jonch-Clausen, The Program's global agenda recent addition to the Program's Global Water Partnership is divided into two thematic thematic focus. It developed because Technical Advisory Committee chair groups: rural and small towns, of the growing numbers of small towns and urban. In FY00 the Program with inadequate water supply completed several global studies services. Systems in medium-size that had been commissioned in towns are generally in poor working previous years and set forth an condition, and managing them is often ambitious new learning agenda. complex because they are typically Two-thirds of WSP products in too large for community management WSP products FY00 FY00 were knowledge-generating approaches and too small to be of (percentage of total) activities, including learning interest to utilities. events, case studies, field notes, The objective of the Program's Pilot Policy support and pilot projects (see figure). work on small towns is to identify and projects 12% Sector 6% analyze successful management Learning networking events Rural and Small Towns Water models. It is conducting an analysis 10% 16% and Sanitation of good practices and service delivery The Program's learning in rural and arrangements in Colombia, Mauritania, small towns focuses on identifying the Philippines, and Vietnam and is strategies for scaling up services in producing tools to help project rural areas and implementing demand- planners design policies for small responsive approaches. Regional and town services. These tools will be Field Case country initiatives dominated the tailored to different management notes Investment studies learning agenda this past year. For models, such as contracting of private 23% support 21% example, the Program has helped the operators by autonomous water and 12% Government of India implement a sanitation boards and management by massive nationwide pilot project, taking semi-autonomous municipal utilities. 11 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM Community Contracting aims to identify factors that contribute was developed to conduct the global An ongoing global study of community to successful private sector supply assessments has emerged as a major contracting analyzes cases in which chains--and as a result enhance and valuable product. The MPA is responsibility for procurement has sustainability. proving to be an instrument for project devolved from the government to the managers and user communities community level. The study draws from Participatory Learning and themselves to both monitor the experiences in Peru, Bangladesh, Action (PLA) sustainability and effective use of Pakistan, India, and Kenya and is In 1997 the Program launched the services and jointly decide actions to developing a set of guidelines to help Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) enhance the sustainability and equity determine the contexts in which initiative in partnership with the of project interventions. procurement by communities is feasible International Water and Sanitation and desirable. It will also provide Centre (IRC). The PLA initiative seeks Multi-village Systems specific tools to put the approach into answers to a series of questions related Increased groundwater scarcity and practice, including examples of to gender, poverty, and sustainability. the aggregation of people in rural contracting modalities and instruments. What makes water and sanitation areas has forced many communities to services sustainable? Do gender and consider water systems that serve Supply Chains poverty issues have links with demand several villages. Institutional Supply chains relate to all of the and sustainability? How can learning arrangements for these multi-village activities associated with the flow of about these issues best be utilized to systems are more complex than for goods and services from their source to benefit the poor? The PLA initiative has single-village ones. The Program has the end-users--in other words, from produced empirical evidence showing initiated a series of case studies to manufacturers to importers, service that more demand-responsive, gender- investigate key elements and good providers, distributors, and customers. sensitive, and poverty-sensitive practices for multi-village systems In the rural water supply and sanitation approaches increase service around the world. Two types of sector, schemes often fail because of a sustainability. It has also produced a management models have been lack of spare parts and inadequate field-tested instrument for institutional identified: water user associations such operation, management, and and policy reform. The results are as those in Colombia and Peru and maintenance capabilities. The Program based on participatory assessments water utilities such as those in Côte has advanced a global study that carried out in 15 countries in 1998­99 d'Ivoire. The next phase of this initiative explores cases of effective supply (see box). The Methodology for is to develop further the management chains. The first phase of the study Participatory Assessments (MPA) that models and best practice tools. Global Synthesis of the Participatory Learning and Action Initiative Under the PLA initiative participatory assessments tation. Projects that conferred such control on were conducted in 15 countries and 88 communities users during implementation led to sustainability, that had managed their water systems for three provided control was transferred not only to the or more years. The major finding was that village chief but also to both men and women demand-responsive and gender- and poverty- from all major potential user groups. sensitive approaches are associated significantly with services that are better sustained and more · Services were better sustained when they were effectively used. Other findings are outlined below: operated and managed with the women and poorer households having a say in management · The more demand-responsive the project, the decisions, and when maintenance responsibilities better the services are sustained. Projects functioned were equitably shared between men and women, better over time when they initially offered more and the poor and non-poor in the community. choices in technology, service level, and manage- ment and financing systems to women as well as · Agency policies, objectives, planning and men, and to the poor as well as the non-poor. monitoring systems, management, staff composition, skill sets, and teamwork all affected · Services were better sustained when project outcomes. The more these were explicitly communities participated in establishing them-- responsive to and supportive of user demands, not just by contributing, but also by exercising gender, and poverty concerns, the better the real influence and control over project implemen- results on the ground. 12 CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL LEARNING AGENDA Rope Pump Technology Transfer services. To solve this growing crisis in Partnership Arrangements Based on a centuries-old design and cities and towns around the world, During the year many regions focused refined during the 1980s and 1990s, innovation and learning are urgently on ways to scale up community-level the Nicaraguan rope pump has needed at four levels: initiatives into citywide programs. In the stimulated widespread interest Philippines a community initiative to throughout Central America for its low · At the household and community deliver effective, locally appropriate cost, efficiency, durability, and low level, there is a need to understand sanitation services to informal maintenance needs. Used at either processes of decision making, the communities in Malang was translated community or family level, the pump potential of different approaches to into a large-scale program. In Nairobi competes handsomely with the more decentralize management of services, the Program is contributing lessons from expensive Afridev and India Mark II and the effectiveness of different types its work in Kibera to the debate over pumps at groundwater depths of up to of intermediary services in driving how the Nairobi City Council should 50 meters. The Program has been reform and securing sustained services. serve all its customers. In India learning working with the Swiss Agency for from Ahmedabad has been transferred Development Cooperation, which first · At the utility and local government to a wider debate about urban reform spotted the potential for this "South- level, there is a need to find ways to in Hyderabad, and could potentially South" technology transfer, as well as stimulate and interact with community- lead to a radical restructuring of urban Nicaraguan manufacturers and level initiatives and the informal sector. service delivery in the city. consumers in Ghana to encourage the transfer of this technology. · At the state or national In FY00 the Program also completed government level, there is a need to fieldwork that explored the potential for The Urban Agenda seek ways to create incentives to make strategic sanitation planning in India In the last two years, the WSP has serving the poor not only a priority but and parts of Africa. A joint research significantly increased the intensity also achievable, supported by adequate program with DFID resulted in a new and scope of its urban work. In doing financial and human resources. manual for improved municipal so it is responding to demands from planning. Practical tools for capacity its clients and partners, who are · At the international level, there is building now under development could grappling with how to meet the a need to put water and especially support wider city restructuring efforts. rapidly growing needs of the urban sanitation services for the poor at the The research program also initiated a poor and how to provide accessible top of what is already a very full study of governance in public water and affordable water and sanitation developmental and political agenda. agencies in South Asia. Study of Independent Providers in African Cities In many African cities a large segment of the The goal is to increase the involvement of population does not have access to drinking independent providers as partners with formal water or proper sanitation services. Families living utilities, in order to improve the supply of water on the outskirts of the cities are most dramatically and sanitation services to low-income and affected. They are served not by the city water informal settlements. agency or utility, but by small operators who As part of this program, the WSP joined with perform the most basic public services: delivering the research department of Hydroconseil and the water and removing sanitation wastes. Mostly IRC to carry out studies in 10 large African cities. unregulated and untaxed, these operators belong The countries covered in the study were Benin, to the non-formal sector of the economy. In Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, contrast to many public or multinational Mauritania, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda. companies, these entrepreneurs must win their The study has yielded a wealth of new customers' loyalty and be ready to innovate to information on independent providers and their stay in business in a competitive market. critical role in delivering services to the urban In 1998 the Program launched a three-year poor. It calls for recognition and regularization of program to collect information about the role of the roles and activities of independent providers independent providers in water and sanitation and better coordination with citywide operators to service delivery in order to understand who they meet the demands of the urban poor. are, what range of services they offer, and what key elements make their operations successful. 13 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM Private Sector Participation in Nairobi. The WUP endorsed the The Program has launched a major Program's research findings and research effort that explores agreed to promote new approaches arrangements that involve the private among utilities. sector to improve service delivery for the poor. In South Asia this initiative Urban Environmental focuses on utility reform as well as the Sanitation Network wider national reform agenda. The The Program has completed a resource Program is also increasingly involved in guide and a study on gaps in knowledge operational work on private sector about urban environmental sanitation, participation in Bolivia, Nepal, and and designed an information-sharing South Africa, as well as in other African network called UESNet. To widen the and East Asian countries. The Program network's outreach, the Program has is drawing heavily on its experience extended it to include partnerships with in El Alto, Bolivia, where it partners the GWP, the World Health with a private concessionaire to deliver Organization (WHO), the United improved services to the poor. Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the Water Supply and Hygiene Education and Sanitation Collaborative Council Microfinance (WSSCC). Now known as the This year the Program continued to Sanitation Connection, this initiative promote the delivery of hygiene will be launched at the Fifth WSSCC education and microfinance services in Forum in November 2000, and will urban areas. These ancillary services provide access to a wide range of have proved vital to the success of information on all aspects of sanitation. water and sanitation investments in The Program will also run an cities and towns. In particular, the information help desk linked to the Program has piloted the Participatory Sanitation Connection to ensure that Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation the service remains responsive to (PHAST) methodology in urban areas of clients' needs. East Africa, and actively participated in the national policy debate on scaling up microfinance programs for infrastructure in India. Both these initiatives will be translated into global learning programs in the coming year. Small-Scale Independent Providers The Program has long recognized the important role of the private sector in reaching otherwise unserved poor consumers. In Latin America recent learning efforts have focused on policy interventions to improve the effectiveness of the private sector. In Africa the Program has worked in partnership with the Water Utilities Partnership (WUP) to learn more about how small- scale operators function in a number of African cities and how utilities can respond to their potential. The Program published a 10-country study on the topic (see box) and sponsored an international workshop in June 2000 14 Chapter 3 Regional Highlights WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM REGIONAL OFFICE: DELHI, INDIA FOCUS COUNTRIES: BANGLADESH INDIA NEPAL PAKISTAN SRI LANKA South Asia Mahila Housing SEWA Trust's Thematic Highlights learning. The tool is being used in the partnership with the Water and Community Infrastructure Project to Sanitation Program has been very Rural Water and Sanitation generate knowledge about effective valuable. Through MHT poor More than two-thirds of South Asia's principles for community-based service women members of SEWA express 1.3 billion people live in rural areas delivery through a public sector institution. their difficulties related to housing and small towns. Despite significant Other highlights of the region and infrastructure, while WSP has investment in these areas during recent include a monitoring and benchmarking provided the forum to take these decades, millions of poor people still workshop in Bangkok and a series of issues to the national and do not have access to sustainable publications entitled Small Private international level. This has water and sanitation services. The Initiatives. In India a unique women's resulted in real policy changes Program strategy in the region is based meeting known as a mela brought that have directly improved the on the view that major reform in the together more than 50 women masons lives of these women. sector requires leadership of national and handpump mechanics from across and local governments and the support the country. It provided female Renana Jhabvala, Executive Trustee of other key stakeholders. The Program entrepreneurs with an opportunity to Mahila Housing SEWA Trust works closely with a wide range of share experiences and identify factors partners to achieve this goal. that have led to the success or failure In Pakistan the Program led the of RWSS programs. The Government of India has policy debate in the sector through the embarked on an ambitious program Social Action Program Project. The Small Towns Water and to pilot reforms in the rural water project acts as an umbrella for all donor Sanitation supply and sanitation sector in 58 investments in the sector. The Program In Pakistan the Program drew attention districts across the country. The also provided investment support to the to the growing importance of small Water and Sanitation Program­ World Bank-funded RWSS project in towns. Initial discussions with provincial South Asia has been our partner Pakistan and the Sindh Pilot Project. In governments have resulted in an in the implementation of the sector India the Program sponsored the agreement to identify priority issues for reform agenda. We look forward Cochin Workshop (see box), which small towns. This work will lay the to their continued support. helped lead to political endorsement foundation for strategic planning in the for the government's ambitious reform future. In Andhra Pradesh, India, the Mr. S. K. Tripathi program. The Government of India has Program contributed to a pilot project Secretary, Department of Drinking Water Supply, now allocated US$315 million for 58 that sets up an efficient solid waste Government of India district pilot projects to be implemented management system in partnership with throughout the country. In Bangladesh an NGO. the Program focused on arsenic mitigation and developed new Urban Water and Sanitation approaches to community contracting The Program's urban portfolio gained and service delivery. In Pakistan it attention in FY00. At the municipal developed and refined a "process level, practical experience and monitoring" tool for organizational research on medium-sized towns in 16 CHAPTER 3: REGIONAL HIGHLIGHTS Pakistan and India has resulted in new Partnerships, Staffing, and government strategy for service tools and guidelines to assist officials in Management delivery to the poor.Throughout the financing and urban environmental In South Asia the Program works year the Program maintained sanitation. In response to demand from through partnerships with a wide important partnerships with funding municipal partners, the Program is range of agencies. It is spearheading agencies--including DFID, SDC, developing tools and training modules a research initiative on private sector UNICEF, Danida and UNDP--and on a variety of topics, including participation and the poor in the forged a new partnership with microfinance, participatory approaches, urban water sector. The first AusAID. Although FY00 was a year of solid waste management, and service partnership agreement of the initiative management transition for South Asia, delivery mechanisms for the poor. has been signed between Suez the Program strengthened its capacity At the policy level the Program has Lyonnaise des Eaux and the Program by adding new urban, rural, and begun to focus on the issue of private in the context of an applied research institutional specialists to its staff. The sector participation and the poor and program with several private water leadership of the Program's Global is directly supporting cities that are companies. In Pakistan the Program Urban Thematic Group is also based pursuing reform in this area. For has established a partnership with a in South Asia. example, in Kathmandu, Nepal, the development consulting firm for an Program has assisted the government in urban research program. It has also devising private sector partnership worked with the World Bank to strategies that serve the poor. Similarly, organize workshops to help shape in Pakistan the Program has begun an analysis of financial and service delivery issues in medium-size municipalities. The Cochin Declaration: Politicians for Reform in India Across the region the Program has taken the lead in synthesizing lessons In December 1999 the first State Water Ministers' Workshop on and disseminating them to its partners, rural water supply policy in India was held in Cochin, India. The civil society networks, and government workshop was jointly organized by the WSP and the Government of Kerala, with support from the World Bank Institute (WBI) and organizations. This activity has included the Government of India. It resulted in two remarkable roundtables with the government and achievements. First, it built consensus at an unprecedented political external support agencies in Pakistan level on ways to accelerate reform in India. Second, it culminated and the Urban Think Tank in India. In in the endorsement of the Cochin Declaration, which sets out key Bangladesh the Program provides reform principles and strategic actions to implement them. technical assistance to a local NGO The objectives of the workshop were to: implementing a solid waste · Foster a dialogue on policy reforms in the RWSS sector. management project in partnership · Understand political perspectives and build consensus on the with the Khulna City Corporation. main issues in the sector. · Raise the profile of the sector among national and state Sector Reform government officials. · Alert participants to the reasons for policy reform and the The Program's sector reform activities consequences of not performing. cut across all thematic areas--rural, The workshop included discussions of global best practices and small town, and urban. Highlights of ways to replicate successful approaches throughout the country. the year included a workshop in Participants proposed ways to involve communities and women in Cochin, India, that helped generate decisionmaking and project implementation. The workshop also political will for the reform process. In promoted cost sharing and decentralization of decisions to village Pakistan the Program has also been water committees and local Panchayati Raj institutions. actively involved in the debate over decentralization. In Bangladesh it has Building Consensus assisted the government in implementing the newly approved The workshop in Cochin built consensus among different stakeholder groups by identifying the differences between National Drinking Water Policy. As the perceptions and realities in the sector. Beginning with coverage chair of the sector and donor levels, the workshop made significant progress by building a coordination groups, the Program is in better understanding of the state of the rural water sector in India a unique position to exchange ideas and helping participants learn from the most innovative ideas. with and influence the activities of Building such consensus was considered the first step in the many important stakeholders. reform process and a prerequisite to developing an action plan. 17 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM 18 CHAPTER 3: REGIONAL HIGHLIGHTS REGIONAL OFFICE: JAKARTA, INDONESIA FOCUS COUNTRIES: CAMBODIA INDONESIA LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MONGOLIA THE PHILIPPINES VIETNAM East Asia and the Pacific We look to the Water and Thematic Highlights significantly associated with services Sanitation Program­East Asia and that are more sustainable and more the Pacific to enrich our debates Rural Water and Sanitation effectively used. The Methodology for with analysis and lessons from Despite the rapid urbanization of Participatory Assessments (MPA) has global experience. The WSP can recent decades, the vast majority of emerged as a comprehensive be drawn upon as a clearing people in the developing countries of management tool for monitoring project house for best practices in the East Asia still live in rural areas. During sustainability and mainstreaming water and sanitation sector. FY00 the Program's regional team gender and poverty issues. played a key role in policy reform in its Staff from the East Asia regional Ir. Sujana Royat partner countries and helped put office also took lead roles in the Director, Bureau for Human Settlements demand-responsive approaches into Program's hygiene and sanitation and Urban Development, practice in Cambodia, Indonesia, the initiatives this year (see box). They Government of Indonesia Lao PDR, Mongolia, the Philippines, prepared a number of case studies and Vietnam. In each of these countries from Indonesia and the Lao PDR and the Program has taken a flexible, long- actively participated in the World Bank term approach to ensure that national Water and Sanitation Forum held in stakeholders gain ownership and Washington, D.C., in April 2000. implement the policies promoted. For example, the Sida-supported Policy and Urban Water and Sanitation Capacity-Building Project in Cambodia Although the region's urban population sponsored a series of stakeholder is still relatively small, it is growing at consultations and workshops to elucidate a rapid pace. East Asia lags behind and crystallize national and local views other regions in the collection, treatment, on key water and sanitation policy and disposal of wastewater. For example, issues as a basis for reform. This process, in the Philippines only 3 percent of the launched in 1999, will extend over two total investment in the sector over the and a half years. past 30 years went to sanitation, The regional team in East Asia has compared with 97 percent to water also led the Program's global work on supply. Other countries show the same gender and equity through the level of performance--for example, Participatory Learning and Action Indonesia has rudimentary sewerage Initiative (PLA). In 1999 participatory systems in only seven cities. assessments were completed in 18 The Program has laid the groundwork projects in 15 countries to investigate for more research in this area with the links between demand, gender, poverty, following initiatives: and sustainability. The global synthesis of the findings provide empirical evidence · In Indonesia the AusAID-funded that gender- and poverty-sensitive and Sanitation by Communities Project demand-responsive approaches are (SANIMAS) will demonstrate the 19 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM application of community-managed water and sanitation sector. The Partnerships, Staffing, and systems in the broader context of urban Program has also assisted in the design Management environmental sanitation planning. of a World Bank-financed project in the Strong partnerships help the Program Philippines that aims to provide leverage the impact of its activities. The · In the Philippines the Water and Sani- sustainable services in small towns. Program has forged linkages not only tation Performance Enhancement Project with national and local governments, (WPEP) will explore issues resulting Sector Reform but also with donors, NGOs, and to a from the lack of interest in sanitation. The Program's portfolio in the region is lesser extent, the private sector. It geared toward sector reform. The collaborates with AusAID, convening · In Vietnam the Program has been Program is engaged in policy reform annual meetings to exchange learning executing a project on capacity-building activities in Cambodia, Indonesia, the as well as review progress on its projects. for the water and sanitation sector, Lao PDR and Mongolia. In addition, it In early 2000 Program staff visited financed by the SDC, that provides recently started an applied research Canberra, Australia, to demonstrate the training for managers and operators of program in the Philippines to help methodology for participatory assessment water supply and sanitation utilities. refine policies to improve the that is central to much of their work The Program has also supported the performance of the water supply and funded by AusAID. In Jakarta the design and supervision of World Bank- sanitation sector. Program has established new linkages financed sanitation projects in Ho Chi All of these activities seek to with a major water concessionaire, PT Minh City and three other urban centers. maintain national leadership throughout Thames Pam Jaya, to explore modalities the reform process. Such a process for providing safe water to the poor Small Towns Water and may be more time consuming than a through privatized services. Sanitation consultant-led or schedule-driven The Program has fostered a Water and sanitation in small towns approach, but leads to substantial regional dialogue on key issues in the has become an increasingly important benefits in terms of national stakeholder sector. For example, in October 1999 issue for policy makers in the region. ownership and policy effectiveness. In the Sida-financed Greater Mekong During FY00 the Program began a set Indonesia the Water and Sanitation Regional Program co-sponsored a of case studies that will be completed Policy Formulation and Action Planning regional workshop in the Lao PDR for over the next year. In Indonesia, the Project (WASPOLA) funded by AusAID sector planners from Cambodia, China, Philippines, and Vietnam, these case has supported a series of internal Indonesia, the Lao PDR, Mongolia, and studies will identify successful manage- workshops led by a core working Vietnam. The Program also co-hosted ment models for the provision of water group and involving a range of an inter-regional workshop in and sanitation services in small towns. stakeholders. These workshops led to a December 1999 in Bangkok, where In the Philippines a preliminary study draft rural policy framework, with representatives from international found no less than nine different which policy makers and implem-enters organizations discussed best practices management models operating in the strongly identify. in the sector. Sanitation Initiatives in East Asia Sanitation is the least understood segment of the to change hygiene behavior, performance indicators water and sanitation sector globally. Sanitation are typically defined in terms of the number of problems are particularly acute in East Asia, constructed facilities, assuming that a facility will where they are fueled by rapid urbanization and always be used effectively. Experience has shown, burgeoning megacities. Effective strategies to however, that it is necessary to target underlying address sanitation issues are not well known and sanitation and hygiene behavior and facility use do not command adequate attention. To address as well. this growing crisis, the Program has launched a The next phase of the initiative will be to apply series of learning and pilot initiatives, focusing on lessons to new projects. Initially sanitation factors that have led to good hygiene and innovations will be applied in self-selected poor sanitation practices. urban neighborhoods in Indonesia through the These studies have generated a series of SANIMAS Project. Later they will be applied on a important lessons, including the following: larger scale in Indonesia under the Second WSSLIC · Sanitation projects need longer time frames and Project, and in the Lao PDR under the Provincial different planning and implementation procedures Infrastructure Project. The WSP's work has than those appropriate for water projects. resulted so far in four field notes (see publications · Although sanitation interventions often attempt list in annex). 20 CHAPTER 3: REGIONAL HIGHLIGHTS REGIONAL OFFICE: ABIDJAN, CÔTE D'IVOIRE FOCUS COUNTRIES: BENIN BURKINA FASO CÔTE D'IVOIRE GHANA MALI NIGER NIGERIA West and Central Africa Thematic Highlights models for maintenance, financing, and institutional development. In addition, the Rural Water and Sanitation Program completed a study in Benin In West and Central Africa the Program and Ghana on management of water continues to play a major role in policy supply systems. The work helped launch support and reform of the rural water a dialogue with stakeholders at the and sanitation sector. During the past regional level and develop a concise year it focused on strategy formulation, road map for service improvements in decentralization, demand-responsive small towns. Work will continue on approaches, cost recovery, and operations, maintenance, and monitoring. technology transfers. In Mali and Ghana, the WSP was primarily involved Urban Water and Sanitation in project preparation, and in Benin, in Rapid urbanization makes urban water implementation support. and sanitation a growing problem in the Governments in the region are region. Although in the past the slowly incorporating these core elements Program's work in this area focused on into their investment programs. Notable policy reform, it has started to include examples include preparation of the support to pilots and major investment water and sanitation strategy in Mali. programs. In Niger and Senegal the The Program has also promoted the Program worked in urban environmental transfer of rope pump technology from water and sanitation. In Côte d'Ivoire it Nicaragua to Ghana. The technology conducted a study on water and is particularly suitable for low-income sanitation provision for the urban poor, communities because the rope pump is assessing the impact of social conditions easy to maintain and affordable and in service delivery. The Program can be manufactured locally. Current continues to use its strategic presence plans in the region also include to document interesting lessons and documentation of experiences with best practices that could be used not private supply chains in Ghana. only regionally but also globally. During the year the Program held Small Towns Water and the first Regional African Conference on Sanitation small-scale independent providers (SSIPs) The Program drew attention to the of water and sanitation in Bamako, Mali growing issue of small towns water and (see box). In partnership with the Water sanitation in the region through Utilities Partnership, the Program international study tours to Ghana and developed methodologies for a series Mauritania. The Program prepared the of five case studies in the region to shed methodology for the study tours and light on the role and importance of inde- reviewed approaches and management pendent providers in towns and cities. 21 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM Partnerships, Staffing, and After a review of the Program by capacity building, and monitoring and Management Danida, the regional group developed evaluation of investment projects. The Program prides itself on fostering a restructuring plan for its administrative Mainstreaming gender issues, hygiene partnerships that leverage skills, and professional staff. A key element of promotion, and social marketing is a knowledge, and resources. It maintains the plan is to place staff at the country constant challenge in the immediate partnerships with government and level to improve coordination with future and long term. private and community-based partner organizations. This plan is now organizations to jointly disseminate being executed. reports and conduct workshops and Increasing population growth and seminars. Partnerships have grown new investments in the sector have over the years with the International created a new set of challenges in the Training Networks, including TREND in region. Although the problems Ghana and CREPA in Burkina Faso. themselves are not new, amid scarce Partnerships with other regional resources and weak governance they programs and technical institutions, such often reappear in different contexts, as Programme Solidarité Eau (PS-Eau), forcing institutions to find new ways to Municipal Development Program (PDM), tackle them. There are increasing and Ecole Inter Etats d'Ingénieurs de demands for support from the WSP in l'Equipement Rural (EIER), have also coordination, information become better established. dissemination, technology transfers, Regional African Conference on Small-Scale Independent Providers In September 1999 the WSP and the World Bank Institute (WBI) organized the first Regional Africa Conference of small-scale independent providers (SSIPs) in water and sanitation in Bamako, Mali. The conference was the second of its kind sponsored by the Program; the first, focusing on Latin America, was held in February 1999 in Colombia. SSIPs operate and provide services to large numbers of people in many cities, towns, and rural areas. They provide 60 to 80 percent of the population with water services and 90 percent with sanitation services. Case studies in seven West African countries document these experiences and define strategies to strengthen the role of the local private sector. The conference was attended by 86 participants, including private operators and representatives of public and private utilities, local and national governments, bilateral and multilateral donors, and other support organizations. Country delegations came from Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal. The conference highlighted the following findings: · The omnipresence of the SSIPs in many cities, their high degree of dynamism, and their ability to offer a wide range of service levels to consumers · The absence of legal recognition and appropriate regulation to allow SSIPs to function efficiently · The need for increased collaboration between the formal and informal sectors · The need for better guidelines and regulations on water quality, waste disposal, and protection of sanitation workers. Next steps include dissemination of lessons and increased collaboration with existing networks. At the regional level the Program will organize country meetings and provide support to SSIPs in setting up regional networks. The work is financially supported by GTZ. 22 CHAPTER 3: REGIONAL HIGHLIGHTS REGIONAL OFFICE: NAIROBI, KENYA FOCUS COUNTRIES: ERITREA ETHIOPIA KENYA MALAWI MOZAMBIQUE RWANDA TANZANIA UGANDA ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE East and Southern Africa Drawing on global best Thematic Highlights workshops. In Eritrea, Ethiopia, practices, the WSP has provided Mozambique, Malawi, and Zimbabwe, invaluable support to the reform Rural and Small Towns Water it has supported implementation by process in Tanzania through and Sanitation assisting project management teams provision of advisory services and Community-based water and sanitation and making technical contributions to technical support to develop a new can provide a valuable entry point for project supervision. In Uganda the rural water policy and innovative improving the living conditions of the Program directs support toward approaches in the sector. poor. In East and Southern Africa the management and oversight Program helps its country clients arrangements in the post-investment Gabriel Lwakabare, Project Coordinator, develop coherent strategies, institutional phase of the small town water and RWSSP, Ministry of Water, Tanzania. reforms, and programs that respond to sanitation project. community demands and build private sector capacity. In Ethiopia, for example, Urban Water and Sanitation WSP is currently providing the Program directed its policy support Urban water and sanitation is a growing crucial assistance in preparing a toward operation and maintenance concern in East and Southern Africa. national water supply and strategies for decentralized services. Urbanization is taking place through sanitation investment strategy and Specific products included situation the rapid expansion of informal and implementing demonstration analyses, regional workshops, and peri-urban settlements that in large projects that can be replicated in policy statements in two regions. In cities like Nairobi already shelter more other districts. Uganda the Program helped develop than half the population. Despite this the sectoral response to the country's trend, central governments, municipal Yohannes Gebremedhin, far-reaching decentralization program. agencies, and private utilities have Head of Water Supply and Sewerage Department, In Kenya studies on financing and failed to provide adequate water and Ministry of Water Resources, Ethiopia private sector participation provide the sanitation services to the urban poor. basis for sector reform. The Program is During the past year the Program working closely with Sida, UNICEF, developed replicable models to extend and WHO and supporting the water and environmental sanitation sanitation task force. In Zambia the services to informal settlements. Under Program supported preparation of the framework of the Water Utility strategies for water and sanitation Partnership, the Program led activities services in peri-urban settlements and and cases studies on this issue in Dar rural communities. Es Salaam, Tanzania; Lusaka, The WSP supports investments in Zambia; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and the sector through work on both project Blantyre, Malawi. Country-level preparation and implementation. workshops also highlighted the central Specifically, in Tanzania, Rwanda, and role of utilities and the need for Malawi it has supported project partnerships with small-scale preparation through district assessments, independent providers and community- logical framework analyses, and based organizations. In Zambia these 23 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM efforts were catalytic in mobilizing linked gender to project effectiveness in Mozambique and Malawi, the communities and setting the stage for and sustainability. Their results are European Union in Ethiopia, Sida in policy reform in peri-urban areas. being used to mainstream gender Kenya, the SDC in Mozambique, and Support to pilot and demonstration issues at the country level in sector Danida in Uganda. Since June 1999 projects is the mainstay of the strategies, implementation manuals, the WSP has hosted the interim Program's urban environmental and monitoring and evaluation systems. secretariat of the Africa Water Resource sanitation work. The Program has In the small towns sector, a study tour Management Forum, which intensifies moved from preparation to to Ghana organized by the Program's the exchange of knowledge among implementation in many projects, such regional team set the stage for further water sector professionals throughout as the European Union-funded pilot work in Ethiopia, Malawi, Tanzania, the continent. project in Addis Ababa and the and Uganda. The Program has strengthened its secondary towns project in Tigray in Regional work on sanitation and planning and management systems and Ethiopia. The Program also helped hygiene focused primarily on promoting now uses a logical framework approach prepare the community component of the PHAST methodology through support to improve monitoring of product delivery the Dar Es Salaam water supply project to country-level teams in Ethiopia, Kenya, and dissemination. These changes are in Tanzania and the Kibera project in and Tanzania. The proposal for a in line with the recommendations of the Nairobi, Kenya. In Rwanda it has regional support network was endorsed Sida-led multidonor joint evaluation of focused on cost recovery, solid waste by the GWP's Southern Africa Technical March 1999. management in Kigali, and the Advisory Committee and will be interface between community initiatives broadened to include social marketing. and formal privately operated removal In line with the March 1999 and dumping. recommendation of the Regional Advisory Committee, the Program paid Sector Reform particular attention to the linkages The Program works closely with key between global/regional initiatives and stakeholders in partner countries to country programs. For example, a case achieve sector reform. There is now study in Tanzania on supply chains was broad agreement on the guiding adapted to feed into the preparation of principles to meet Africa's water and a World Bank-funded RWSS project. sanitation challenge and the importance of sound policies and institutional Partnerships, Staffing, and frameworks. These principles were Management stated in the Africa Statement and Plan Through a proposed support network of Action developed in Abidjan, Côte for hygiene and sanitation, the Program d'Ivoire, in November 1998 and by has begun collaborating with the GWP. the GWP's Southern Africa Technical It has also continued to strengthen its Advisory Committee in December 1999. partnership with the International Training Network centers, including Regional and Country Learning NETWAS in Nairobi, Kenya, and Working groups and sector forums IWSD in Harare, Zimbabwe. Both of have been the main vehicles for these institutions have been deeply strengthening in-country knowledge. involved in regional activities related to The high point of regional activities gender and hygiene in particular. The was the December 1999 Mpumalanga Program has also established important workshop in South Africa on financing links with regional professional of community water and sanitation associations, such as the Union of (see box). Sector practitioners, SSIPs, African Water Suppliers and the and informal sector advocates also met International Water Association. in Nairobi in June 2000 to review the The Program's regional office regional synthesis of surveys on the maintains close partnerships with the role of SSIPs in urban markets. operational units of the Africa Region Another highlight of the year of the World Bank as well as with included the gender assessments bilateral donors through joint carried out in Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, involvement in country-level activities. and South Africa. These assessments In particular, it works closely with CIDA 24 CHAPTER 3: REGIONAL HIGHLIGHTS Financing Community Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Africa Heavy dependence on public funding and unclear NGOs, and communities. Participants made financing policies characterize sector investments recommendations on: in East and Southern Africa. To address this issue, · Factors that influence the design of effective the Program organized a Regional Workshop on financial mechanisms Financing Community Water Supply and · Management of funds for community water Sanitation in Mpumalanga, South Africa, in supply and sanitation December 1999. The workshop brought together · Conditions to attract private sector finance, more than 130 practitioners from 17 countries especially microfinance and was carried out in partnership with the · Partnership arrangements with clearly defined Mvula Trust, DFID, UNICEF and the Department of roles for all actors Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). It represented · Key messages necessary to achieve reform. the fifth in a series of regional workshops on The workshop culminated in the Mpumalanga RWSS organized by the Program since 1994. Statement, which provides an assessment of The workshop showcased best practices in critical issues for implementing demand- setting up and managing financial mechanisms responsive approaches and a guide for the and mobilizing resources from the private sector, regional learning and policy agenda. 25 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM REGIONAL OFFICE: LIMA, PERU FOCUS COUNTRIES: BOLIVIA ECUADOR PERU Andean Region CARE Peru considers the WSP Thematic Highlights and evaluating the performance of the to be one of its most important government institutions that are partners in the development and Rural Water and Sanitation participating in project implementation. execution of initiatives in the The Program's Andean office is active The evaluation will be used in the sector, initiatives that will improve in the three poorest countries of South preparation of a new country project the quality of life for millions of America: Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. (PROAGUAS), which involves a poor Peruvians. Only a quarter of the rural population municipal consortium and creative in Bolivia and Peru and less than half financing and management Luis Tam, Health Sector Manager in Ecuador have access to safe water. mechanisms to reach the most CARE Peru Less than 35 percent have access to dispersed rural communities. sanitation in all of the three countries. During the past year the WSP has Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation provided assistance to governments In Bolivia the Program has developed in formulating and implementing a highly successful pilot project in the policies and strategies. It has peri-urban area of El Alto (see box). disseminated lessons from community- The project is internationally based projects and supported pilot recognized for its innovative public- projects with demand-responsive private partnership model, its use of models for rural areas. condominial technology, and its high In Peru the Program is assisting in the degree of community participation. preparation of the national rural water The new partnership model of shared and sanitation project (PRONASAR) management between the Program and promoting demand-responsiveness, and the private concessionaire, Aguas decentralization, health, and hygiene del Illimani, has been recognized by in order to improve project sustainability. all important stakeholders. It has also been a major facilitator of The Program is working to the RWSS sector coordination group, disseminate the condominial which brings together key actors from technology and methodology of the the private and public sectors. The project. In June 2000, the regional group is important in promoting office held an International concerted action and knowledge Condominial Workshop for more than exchange within the sector. Finally, the 80 participants from over 20 Program has assisted the Government countries. The outcome of the of Peru with the preparation of the workshop has been very successful, National Strategy for Rural Water with many participants now Supply and Sanitation. incorporating the condominial In Bolivia the Program is providing technology into other projects around support to the national rural water the world. The Program has also and sanitation project, (PROSABAR), developed an interactive website with 26 CHAPTER 3: REGIONAL HIGHLIGHTS the aim of supporting further work on Sector Reform Partnerships, Staffing the topic. In all three focus countries, the Andean and Management In Peru the WSP is increasing its regional office contributes to policy Partnerships are essential to the participation in peri-urban areas. It is design and legal reform in the sector. Program's work in the Andean Region establishing sectoral networks in order During the past two years, the and its ability to maximize impact on to exchange knowledge and replicate achievements have been particularly the sector. A formal sector coordination models that have been successful in remarkable in Peru, where the Program group launched by the Program in other countries. worked in close collaboration with 1998 meets regularly in Peru. The national authorities and sector actors network operates in partnership with Small Towns Water and to lead the preparation of a national public and private actors and has Sanitation strategy for RWSS. It has also important influence on the development In Colombia the Program has contributed contributed to the recently issued of national sector policies. to global learning on small towns by water and sanitation law, which is a Throughout the region the Program documenting successful management major step forward in developing and is widening its partnerships with models. In Peru a first study has been modernizing the sector. The law national and international NGOs such carried out in Sicuani, a town of addresses such key issues as private as CARE, and with projects launched 31,000 inhabitants, to identify some sector participation, service sustaina- by other bilateral donors such as GTZ. of the problems that affect service bility, and the role of local governments The Program also maintains close ties sustainability. The Program also in the provision of services. with Sida and the SDC and collaborates collaborates with the Spanish NGO, In Bolivia the Program is with the Netherlands to increase its Centro de Estudios y Solidaridad con supporting the government in impact in the region. América Latina (CESAL) on the design reviewing a 10-year strategy for the of a pilot project that will validate a sector as a whole. In connection with new service management model in the the El Alto Pilot Project, the Program small town of Talavera. A study is also has proposed a new set of technical underway to provide Peruvian standards that will be adopted by the authorities with detailed information Bolivian government for the use of about water and sanitation services in condominial water supply and small towns throughout the country. sanitation systems nationwide. Aguas del Illimani in El Alto: A Private Concessionaire Serves the Poor A major hurdle for providing water and sanitation wastewater. Since then the technology has been services in peri-urban areas is the high cost of used in many cities throughout Brazil and has conventional water and sewer networks. Utilities become an important component of the large- may be unable or unwilling to extend a network scale investment project (PROSANEAR). The water if they do not expect to recover the investment utility of the capital, Brasilia, started to build costs. Finding new ways to reduce the cost of condominial sewerage systems in the early 1990s access to improved water and sanitation services and now serves more than 50 percent of the city's is therefore critical. population with this technology. In Bolivia, when the private water and sanitation utility Aguas del Illimani was awarded Condominial Systems Reduce Costs a 30-year contract to sell water and sanitation services and to extend the infrastructure in La Condominial technology provides a wastewater Paz and El Alto, the Program approached it with collecting network at a cost of approximately 50 a proposal for a pilot project. The pilot has percent less than conventional sewerage helped prove the benefits of an alternative low- connections. Condominial systems reduce the cost cost sewerage technology--known as of in-house connections by using narrower and condominial technology--as well as develop new fewer pipes and by burying the pipes in institutional relationships between the private shallower trenches. concessionaire and its customers in poor peri- This technology has made it possible for Aguas urban areas. del Illimani to meet the coverage goals and cost Condominial technology emerged in the margins set in the concession agreement for low- 1980s in Brazil as a result of the unplanned income peri-urban areas--and to keep within its efforts of a group of neighbors to collect own economically adequate margins. 27 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM Chapter 4 Program Financing The Program's comparative In FY00 the WSP had a diversified of total Program expenditures. Nearly strength ... includes its sector base of financial support appropriate 75 percent of overall Program focus, its global network, its to its decentralized structure and the expenditures are on staff, consultants, regional and country presence, its wide range of its national, regional, and travel; this amount is characteristic professional credibility in the sector, and global activities (see figure on of an initiative providing advisory and its ability to be responsive to donor contributions). The UNDP and services rather than of a project its collaborating partners. the World Bank, the Program's two implementation agency. founding partners, continue to support The remaining funding gaps for the Danida Review of Support to the Water and the Program. However, over the years current financing cycle 2000­02 are Sanitation Program­South Asia, July 1999 the financial support of bilateral donors being filled. Although these gaps are has steadily increased in importance, expected to be fully covered, the reaching nearly 80 percent of total delays inherent in the funding process DFID India particularly values funding in the past two years (see table are straining the Program's limited the relationships developed by on disbursements). During 1998­2000, reserves. An urgent objective of the WSP with influential actors in the five major donors--Denmark, the Program's financial strategy is to sector. These relationships Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and smooth out the financing flow by contribute to the effective and Switzerland--supported the global staggering major donor contributions timely dissemination of relevant aspects of the Program across various over the next three years. information, lessons, and best regions and activities, while the A focus on financial planning and practice. contributions of Australia, Belgium, management in combination with the Britain, Canada, and Luxembourg had increased capacity of the systems DFID India a primarily regional focus. environment at the World Bank have The Program continued to grow resulted in greater financial discipline throughout 1999, reaching an estimated and more in-depth reporting. The US$16 million in disbursements (see annual budgets were continuously figure on program expenditures). In tracked during FY00 and adjusted at FY00 disbursements are expected to midterm. The Program adopted a new be slightly lower, and to reach overhead policy, which fosters greater approximately US$15.5 million. In transparency and accountability. Based FY00 three regions were responsible on financial data obtained in FY00, a for the largest shares of expenditures: detailed financial strategy was Africa (30 percent), South Asia (22 developed for the Program as a whole percent), and East Asia and the Pacific and for each region separately. The (17 percent). The shares of the Andean strategy includes cost and overhead Region (10 percent) and Global reduction targets, which will be Projects (13 percent) were more modest implemented over the next two years. (see figure on expenditures by region). In FY00 the Program introduced a Global program management and project-based financial planning, administration accounted for 8 percent tracking, and reporting system. In the 28 CHAPTER 4: PROGRAM FINANCING Total program expenditures: 1992­2000 US$000 16,000 15,162 16,080 15,314 13,045 12,600 11,970 12,000 11,107 10,314 8,000 7,764 4,000 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (Estimated) (Estimated) (Projected) Donor's share of disbursements US$000 January 1, July 1, July 1, 1998 to 1998 to 1999 to 2.5 Bilateral 6 year June 30, June 30, June 30, year Agencies 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 total% 1998 1999 2000 total% Australia 11 2 30 11 - - 0 52 988 714 5 Belgium - - - - - 312 0 299 206 587 3 Canada 92 931 29 - - 95 2 133 748 1,068 6 Denmark 326 686 393 399 373 1,397 5 764 1,925 830 10 Finland - 111 134 - - - 0 - - - 0 France - - 35 80 - - 0 - - - 0 Germany 66 - - 44 - - 0 - - - 0 Ireland - - 87 26 - - 0 - - - 0 Italy - - 42 231 89 - 1 - 4 294 1 Japan - 343 1,111 1,402 132 - 4 36 104 3 0 Luxembourg - 122 267 235 168 88 1 266 436 331 3 The Netherlands 2,062 1,519 653 302 500 1,271 9 248 1,593 977 8 Norway 1,348 1,474 972 1,554 1,441 1,228 12 629 1,404 1,618 10 Sweden - 202 329 880 1,196 1,041 5 492 2,041 1,661 12 Switzerland 953 904 1,175 1,107 1,054 2,143 11 860 1,384 2,215 13 United Kingdom 193 180 - 151 60 - 1 - 79 1,178 4 Subtotal, Bilateral 5,051 6,474 5,257 6,422 5,013 7,575 52 3,779 10,912 11,477 75 UNDP 9,050 5,146 5,357 3,738 1,903 2,096 39 1,548 1,000 1,045 10 World Bank 1,061 1,425 1,356 947 848 642 9 999 1,167 1,194 10 Programme Management Fees (*) 377 869 662 5 Grand Total 15,162 13,045 11,970 11,107 7,764 10,313 100 6,703 13,948 14,379 100 * Program management fees are financed by all program donors. That data series is not available prior to January 1998. 29 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM first year of implementation, the new Expenditures by region system tracked over 80 percent of total expenditures against 66 projects. The project-driven financial reporting system is being further improved for FY01. The expenditures are now tracked Global against 87 projects and in three 21% thematic areas: urban, small towns, Africa 30% and rural. The new data stream will become available starting with FY01. All Program donors can now expect to receive, in addition to the Program-wide overview contained in the annual report, a detailed report at Andean the end of the fiscal year on all their Region 10% trust funds. Trust fund completion reports will continue to be provided after the closing of each trust fund. East Asia South Asia and the Pacific 22% 17% Donor contributions Global Australia 4.97% World Bank 4.61% Belgium 8.31% 4.08% Canada 7.43% UNDP 7.27% Denmark 5.77% Italy United 2.04% Kingdom Japan 8.19 % 0.02% Switzerland Luxembourg 15.36% Norway 2.30% 11.26% Sweden The Netherlands 11.59% 6.79% 30 Publications Staff Contacts and credits Publications Personnel Contacts et remerciements Publicaciones Personal Contactos y créditos WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM Publications/Publications/ Publicaciones* Global Improving Periurban Water and Sanitation East and Southern Africa 98­99 Report Services: Early Lessons from the El Alto Amhara Operations and Maintenance Study Methodology for Participatory Assessments, Pilot Project, Alain Mathys and Kristin and Workshop Rekha Dayal, Christine van Wijk, and Komives. Des Communautées Saines (video). Nilanjana Mukherjee. Juntas Administradoras de Servicios de Community Water and Sanitation Project Supply Chains: A Global Initiative. Saneamiento, Directiva sobre (COMWASH) Identification Organización y Funcionamiento. Workshop. Andean Region Lecciones Aprendidas, Programa de Agua y l'Eau Potable en Milieu Rural au Rwanda: El Agua en la Cultura Andina. Saneamiento­Región Andina, Ministerio Revue de la Capacité des Régies Boletín Agua Nos. 2­5, Comité Sectorial de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Associatives. de Agua y Saneamiento. Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Financing Community Water Supply Compendio de Tecnologías Apropiadas, Vivienda. and Sanitation. Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería Leciones Aprendidas, Proyectos de Agua y Healthy Communities (Portuguese version). Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente Saneamiento Rural. Independent Water and Sanitation Providers (CEPIS), Organización Mundial de la Modelos de Implementación, Proyectos de in African Cities: Full Report of a Ten- Salud/Organización Panamericana Agua y Saneamiento Rural, Natalie Country Study, Bernard Collignon and (OMS/OPS) de la Salud y Programa de Vesco y Oscar Castillo. Marc Vezina. Agua y Saneamiento­Región Andina. Propuesta de Normas de Diseño para Kibera Technical Option for Sanitation. Decentralización, Gobierno Local y Infrastructura de Servicios de Agua y Kigali Sanitation Planning Workshop, Vol. I. Saneamiento Básico Rural: Estudio de Saneamiento en el Area Rural, Lima, Kigali Sanitation Planning Workshop, Vol. II. Caso en Ecuador. Programa de Agua y Saneamiento­ Linking Sustainability with Demand Diagnóstico Rápido y Participativo de los Región Andina, y Ministerio de la Responsiveness, Community Participation, Servicios de Agua y Saneamiento Presidencia, Perú. Gender, and Poverty Sensitivity. Rurales, Alain Mathys y Shirley Claure. Seminario-Taller: Mejoramiento de la MIS for Community-Based Environmental Estudio Costos en Proyectos Rurales que Sostenibilidad en los Proyectos de Agua Sanitation in Addis Ababa. Proveen Agua en la Región Andina. y Saneamiento en el Area Rural. M&E Capacity Building Workshop, Experiencias con Algunos Modelos de Los Servicos de Agua y Saneamiento en la including manual. Gestión Municipal, Proyectos de Agua y Selva: El Caso de ITDG en San Martín. Small-Scale Independent Providers Water Saneamiento Rural, Superintendencia Taller Condominial Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Sanitation to the Urban Poor: A Nacional de Servicios de Saneamiento International Finance Corporation, Case of Dar es Salaam. (SUNASS), Programa de Agua y Superintendencia de Saneamiento Small-Scale Independent Providers of Water Saneamiento­Región Andina, Lima, Perú. Básico de Bolivia y Programa de Agua and Sanitation to the Urban Poor: A Guía de Tecnologías Apropiadas, Centro y Saneamiento­Región Andina. Case of Kampala. Panamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Tecnologías Apropiadas: Diseño y Small-Scale Independent Providers of Water Ciencias del Ambiente (CEPIS), Organ- Construcción de Tanques de and Sanitation to the Urban Poor: A ización Mundial de la Salud/Organiza- Ferrocemento. Case of Mombasa. ción Panamericana (OMS/OPS) de la La Iniciativa Periurbana de Agua y Small-Scale Independent Providers of Water Salud y Programa de Agua y Saneamiento: Focus y Equipo del and Sanitation to the Urban Poor: A Saneamiento­Región Andina. Proyecto Piloto El Alto (video). Case of Nairobi. 98 Sustainability: Productive Use of Water, Community-Based Approaches Utilized Municipal Management Series: Issue 2: Kabuku Water Project (video). in UNICEF's Water and Sanitation Costing Basic Services for the Urban Water and Sanitation Services to the Urban Program, Nilanjana Mukherjee. Poor, Shehr Ki Duniya. Poor: Small Service Providers Make a User's Manual on Informed Choice for Rural New Approaches to Promoting Sanitation in Big Difference. Sanitation, National Water Supply and Rural Bangladesh. Environmental Health Programme Pipe, Pole and Politician: Positive Politics in West and Central Africa (Naam Sa'at), Water and Sanitation Azad Jammu and Kashmir Water Study. L'Experience PADEAR au Bénin des Latrines Program­East Asia and the Pacific, and Politicians for Reform: Proceedings of the Familiales Non-subventionnées: Le UNICEF, Lao, PDR. State Water Ministers Workshop on Marketing Social et la Promotion de User's Manual on Informed Choice for Rural Rural Water Supply Policy Reforms Petit Secteur Privé. Water Supply, National Water Supply in India. The Experience of Non-subsidized Household and Environmental Health Programme Private Sector Participation in Provision of Latrines through Social Marketing and (Naam Sa'at), Water and Sanitation Water and Sanitation Services to the the Promotion of the Small-Scale Private Program­East Asia and the Pacific, and Urban Poor. Nagari, The Urban Sector: The Case of the PADEAR UNICEF, Lao, PDR. Think Tank 9, October 29­30, 1999, Program in Benin. Chennai. Gestión Communautaire des Mini-Reseaux South Asia Process Monitoring for Improving d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable. Ahmedabad Parivartan. Sustainability: A Manual for Project Posibilidades y Límites de los Proveedores Community Initiatives in Operation and Managers and Staff. Privados de Agua: los Operadores Maintenance of Urban Services Small Private Initiatives (SPI) in the Water Independientes en el Africa Francófona, Community Partnership in Operation and Sanitation Sector (India) 1: Bernard Collignon. and Maintenance: Public Sector Water Privatizing the Operation and Corporation Leases Out O&M to Users, Maintenance of Urban Water Supply, East Asia and the Pacific Meerut, India. Ajmer, India. Environmental Sanitation (WES) Program Credit Connections: Meeting the Small Private Initiatives (SPI) in the Water in Indonesia. Infrastructure Needs of the Informal Sector and Sanitation Sector (India) 2: Evaluation of the Community­Managed through Microfinance in Urban India. Sustainable Community Management of Activities Component of the AusAID- Empowerment through Entrepreneurship in a Multi-village Water Supply Scheme in Supported NTB ESWS Project. Water and Sanitation: Women's Mela Kolhapur, India. Glossary of Water Supply and Sanitation at Chitrakoot, India. Small Private Initiatives (SPI) in the Water and Technical Terms (English­Lao), National First Annual Retreat of the India Country Sanitation Sector (India) 3: Profits from Water Supply and Environmental Health Team, Cochin, July 26­27, 1999. Waste: An NGO-led Initiative for Solid Programme and Water and Sanitation Flow and Utilization of Urban Poverty Funds, Waste Management in Lucknow. India. Program­East Asia and the Pacific. Nagari, The Urban Think Tank 10, Small Private Initiatives (SPI) in the Water Good for Business: Women Are Better February 25, 2000, Hyderabad. and Sanitation Sector (India) 4: Customers of Urban Water Supply Decentralized RWSS Management: Gram Villagers Treat Water As An Economic Services. Panchayats vs Village Water and Good, Olavanna, India. Information Kits for Community Dialogue on Sanitation Committees. Jal Manthan: The Challenge of Gangtok. Nagari, The RWSS, National Water Supply and Rural Think Tank 2, July 28, 1999. Urban Think Tank 11, June 17­18, Environmental Health Program (Naam Jalvaani: Vol. II No. 3, July­Sept. 1999. 2000, Gangtok. Sa'at), Water and Sanitation Program­ Jalvaani: Vol. II No. 4, Oct.­Dec. 1999. Water for India's Poor: Who Pays the Price East Asia and the Pacific, and UNICEF, Jalvaani: Vol. III No. 1, Jan.­March 2000. for Broken Promises? Lao, PDR. Jalvaani: Vol. III No. 2, April­June 2000. Is It Selling Toilets? No, a Lifestyle, Marasta: A Process Monitoring Newslink. Nilanjana Mukherjee and Ratna I, Marketing Sanitation in Rural India. Josodipoero. Municipal Management and Finance in Manual on the 12-Step Approach in Southern Punjab: Vol.1: A comparative Participatory Planning and Study of Four Municipalities/ Vol.2: City Implementation. Part A: Participatory Reports of Four Municipalities. Planning Steps. Municipal Management Series: Case study Myth vs. Reality, Sean Foley, Anton of four medium sized cities in southern Soedjarwo, and Richard Pollard. Punjab, Shehr Ki Duniya. Of the People, by the People, for the Municipal Management Series: Issue 1: *Publications may be requested free of People: Community-Based Sewer Octroi in Four Municipal Councils of charge through our website (www.wsp.org) Systems in Malang, Indonesia Study of Southern Punjab, Shehr Ki Duniya. or by sending an email to info@wsp.org. 99 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM Staff/Personnel/Personal South Asia Areng, Enak - Messenger Imang, Junaedi - Driver/Messenger Delhi, India Chowdhury, Dilara - Team Assistant Josodipoero, Ratna Indrawati - Hygiene Cross, Piers - Regional Team Leader Haider, Iftekher - Project Officer Educator (transferred to HQ in January 2000). Jehan, Hasin - Technology Specialist (ITN) Lambertus, Alfred - Rural Water Supply and Iyer, Parameswaran - Country Team Leader Khan, Abul Fayez - Team Assistant Sanitation Specialist (India)/Regional Team Leader (acting) Mohsin, Mohammad - Community Mamuaya, Jenny - Budget/Personnel Arora, Madhur - Team Assistant Development Specialist (ITN) Assistant Bannerji, Shantana - Team Assistant Rashid, Haroon Ur - Country Officer Mukherjee, Nilanjana - Regional Brocklehurst, Clarissa - Urban Sanitation Shahjahan, Md. - Driver Community Development/Hygiene Specialist Shamsuddin, Abu Jafar - Rural Specialist Education Specialist Chitkara, Poonam - Team Assistant Mutter, Clara - Secretary Divyadass, John - Senior Driver Pakistan Pollard, Richard - Country Program D'Souza, Anita - Office Administrator Arshad, Raja Rehan - Country Team Leader Manager/Indonesia Evans, Barbara E. - Regional Urban Specialist (Pakistan) Environmental Sanitation Specialist Fanthome, Fiona - Operations Officer Akbar, Mohammad - Assistant Process Priyono, Pengky - Secretary Khurana, Nipun - Financial Consultant Monitoring Field Officer Santoso, Metty - Regional Office Manager Malhotra, Sunita - Information Resources Ansar, Farrukh - Administrative Assistant Suwanto - Driver/Messenger Coordinator Asad, Rahat - Team Assistant Tuli, Priya - Regional Communications Mehra, Vandana - Communications Officer Azfar, Sara Fatima - Urban Environmental Specialist Minnatullah, K.M. - Senior Program Officer Sanitation Specialist Moulik, Soma Ghosh - Consultant Farman, Mohammed - Driver Lao PDR Pathak, Pushpa - Urban Specialist Hosain, Mehreen - Community Development Seager, Michael - Country Program Paul, Harminder - Team Assistant Specialist Manager/Lao PDR and Cambodia Prakash, John - Team Assistant Javaya, Allah - Country Officer Lahiri, Santanu - Rural Water Supply and Prashad, Triveni - Messenger Khan, Fawad Md. - Institutional Sanitation Specialist Prunier, Gabriela - Consultant Development Specialist Phanauvong, Sisavanh - Team Assistant Raman, S.V. - Administrative Officer Samina, Tayyaba - Process Monitoring Sosourivong, Phommachanh - Singh, Satyajit - Rural Specialist Field Officer Driver/General Assistant Upadhyay, Rajesh K. - Senior Messenger Webster, Michael - Rural Development East Asia and the Pacific Philippines Specialist Jakarta, Indonesia Jacob, Karen J.H. - Country Coordinator van den Berg, Caroline - Regional Team Andrews, Charles - UES Specialist Bangladesh Leader Salle-Sison, Thelma - Administrative Kabir, Babar, N - Country Team Leader Ali, Muhammad - Driver/Messenger Assistant (Bangladesh) Arifin, Sasya - Administrative Assistant Ahmed, Shafiul Azam - Consultant Dewi, Herlina P. - Team Assistant West and Central Africa Ashan, Tanveer - Urban Specialist Giman, Abrosius - Driver/Messenger Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Akhtaruzzaman, Md. - Project Coordinator Hopkins, Richard - Water and Sanitation Manou-Savina, Annie - Regional Team & Training Specialist (ITN) Specialist Leader 100 Akari, Peter - Community Water and Mbuvi, Japeth - Operations Analyst (Urban Headquarters Sanitation Specialist Management) Cross, Piers - Program Manager Angbo, Lucien - Water Utility and Private Monteiro, Oscar - Country Sector Advisor, (as of January 2000) Sector Specialist Mozambique Dongier, Philippe - Program Manager Cole, Eric - Urban Environment and Muluneh, Belete - Country Sector Advisor, (acting) Sanitation Specialist Ethiopia Bergstrom, Marianne - Consultant for Debomy, Sylvie - Urban Environment Musumba, Brazille - Communications Officer Partnerships Specialist Mwangi, Terry - Documentation Assistant Cardosi, Jason - Water Help Desk Diaby, Massandjé - Team Assistant Njunge, Christine - Budget Analyst Grudzinska, Agnieszka - Financial Katélé-N'Cho, Hélène - Team Assistant Sendama, Antoine - Country Sector Advisor, Specialist Koffi, Pascal - Driver Rwanda Kim, Hywon Cha - Knowledge Ligan, Evelyne - Team Assistant Thande, Nyambura - Financial Management Analyst N'Gatoueu, Peula Etienne - Clerk Management Assistant Mundarain, Germán - Financial Analyst Siby, Anne-Marie - Administrative Assistant Wachuga, Jane - Senior Messenger Munger, Francois - Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist East and Southern Africa Andean Region Oyo, Anthony - Water and Sanitation Nairobi, Kenya Lima, Peru Engineer Doyen, Jean - Regional Team Leader Arevalo, Carmen - Regional Team Leader Razafimanalina, Isabelle - Team Assistant Chimwemwe, Chikusa - Country Sector Castillo, Oscar - Institution Specialist Reiff, Suzanne - Gender and Environmental Advisor, Malawi Petersen, Ann-Katrin - Program Assistant Hygiene Specialist Gicheru, Njeri - Information and Ubillus, Cecilia - Program Assistant Ryman, Nilse - Operations Analyst Communications Assistant Velasco, Patricia - Team Assistant Solo, Tova - Urban Sanitation Specialist Gichuri, Wambui - WSS Sector Economist Vera, Rafael - Consultant Tran, Kim Thi - Budget Analyst Kariuki Mwiraria, Mukami - Urban Development Specialist Bolivia * Program staff as of June 2000. Kiambi, Sarah - Team Assistant, Workshops, Arratia, Adalid - Water and Sanitation StudyTours Specialist Kihara, Keziah - Office Administrator Chung, Laureen - Consultant Kimiti, John - Driver Condori, Adolfo - Driver/Messenger Klop, Piet - Community Water Resource Escobar, Jenny - Adminstrative Secretary Management Specialist Inchauste, Fernando - Technical Expert Lidonde Mulama, Rose - Community Lobo, Luiz - Urban Environmental Specialist Development Specialist Martinez, Adela - Consultant Lium, Tore - Senior Water and Sanitation Nueva, Alfonso - Inst. Strengthening Specialist Sector Planner Quiton, Mery - Social Coordinator Maseka Chimwanga - Country Sector Advisor, Zambia Ecuador Makokha, Andrew - Water and Sanitation Elena de Ruiz, Lourdes - Principal Technical Sector Planner Advisor 101 WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM Contacts/Contacts/ Contactos For further information please contact: Or one of the regional offices: Headquarters Andean Region (WSP-AND) East Asia and the Pacific Water and Sanitation Program Water and Sanitation Program (WSP-EAP) Water Supply and Sanitation Division Banco Mundial World Bank World Bank Mision Residente del Perú P.O. Box 1324/JKT 1818 H Street, N.W. Avenida Pardo y Aliaga # 640, Of. 503 Jakarta 12940, Indonesia Washington, D.C. 20433 San Isidro Phone (62-21) 5299-3003 Phone +1 (202) 473-9785 Lima, Perú Fax (62-21) 5299-3004 Fax +1 (202) 522-3313, 522-3228 Phone (51-1) 222-5277, 422-8132 Email wspeap@worldbank.org E-mail info@wsp.org Fax (51-1) 222-2877 Website http://www.wsp.org Email wspandean@worldbank.org South Asia (WSP-SA) World Bank Africa (WSP-AF) P.O. Box 416 World Bank New Delhi 110 003 P.O. Box 30577 India Nairobi, Kenya Phone (91-11) 469-0488, 469-0489, Phone (254-2) 260300, 260400 Fax (91-11) 462-8250, 461-9393 Fax (254-2) 260386 Email wspsa@worldbank.org Email wspaf@worldbank.org West and Central Africa Office World Bank 01 B.P. 1850 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire Phone (225) 44 22 27 Fax (225) 48 66 00, 44 16 87 Email wspaf@worldbank.org 102 Credits/Remerciements/ Créditos Photographs Information for this report was provided by Page 4 - Jorgen Schytte/Still Pictures. Program staff in each regional office and Page 10 - Crispin Hughes/Panos Pictures. headquarters: Page 18 - Ron Giling/Still Pictures. Page 21 - Mark Edwards/Still Pictures. Managing Editor: Hywon Cha Kim Page 22 top - Jorgen Schytte/Still Pictures. Associate Editor: Alexandra L. Gross Page 22 bottom - Glen Christian/Still Pictures. Page 25 - Jorgen Schytte/Still Pictures. Graphic Design: Grundy & Northedge Page 33 - Mikkel Ostergaard/Panos Pictures. Page 34 - Kwandee-Unep/Still Pictures. 2001 International Bank for Reconstruction and Page 41 - Mark Edwards/Still Pictures. Development/The World Bank Page 48 - Heine Pedersen/Still Pictures. 1818 H Street, N.W. Page 51 - Jimmy Holmes/Panos Pictures. Washington, D.C. 20433 Page 52 - Mark Edwards/Still Pictures. USA Page 55 - Giacomo Pirozzi/Panos Pictures. Manufactured in the United States of America Page 58 - Annie Bungeroth/Panos Pictires. February 2001 Page 65 - Heldur Netocny/Panos Pictures. Page 66 - Giacomo Pirozzi/Panos Pictures. This report has been prepared and published Page 72 - Ron Giling/Still Pictures. by the Water and Sanitation Program. Copies Page 78 - Shehzad Noorani/Still Pictures. of the report are available from the Program Page 81 - Jorgen Schytte/Still Pictures. headquarters in Washington, D.C. or on the Page 83 - Julio Etchart/Panos Pictures. WSP website (http://www.wsp.org). Material Page 85 - Jorgen Schytte/Still Pictures. may be quoted with proper attribution. Page 89 - Giacomo Pirozzi/Panos Pictures. Page 90 - John Maier/Still Pictures. The map appearing in this document is for the Page 92 - John Maier/Still Pictures. convenience of readers. The denominations used and the boundaries shown do not imply any judgement on the legal status of any territory or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Printed on 100% recycled paper. 103