E N V I1 RO0N M E-NT D E P1 A. R T M 'E N 'T S.OCIA'L ASSESSMENT SERIES Paper No. 043 Social Assessmen't in World Bank and GEF- Funded Biodivers'ity Conservattion Pro'jects. Case Studies from nda, Ecuador, and Ghana Maria Concepcion J. Cruz Shelton H. Davis February 1997 `77 ~~Environmentall 5ustainable Deve'lopment The World Ba'nk JESD Enviroinment ~Department P apers Social A's'sessment Series 017 Azerbaijan: Baku Water Supply EC31V & EMTEN. Rehabilitation Pr6ject, 023 Beneficiar~~~~y Assessment.: Lawrece F. Salinen AnApproach Descri ebed 024 Pa~~~~~rticipatory Poverty Assessm'ent: Lwec .Sle Incorporating Poor People.'s Perspective into -Pverty A-ssessment Work" 043 Social Assessment in World Bank and MaraCnecnJ.Cu GEF-Funded Biodiversit-y Conserv'ation Shelton H. Davis Projects 000 Social Assessment and Participation: Susan Jacdbs. Methods and* T-ools Copies are available from the World Bank's Environment Department, Social Policy & .Resetement Division. L ~ Social Policy and Resettlement Division Social Assessment in World Bank and GEF- Funded Biodiversity Conservation Projects Case Studies from India, Ecuador, and Ghana Maria Concepcion J. Cruz Shelton H. Davis February 1997 The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Directors or the countries they represent. Abbreviations DW Ghana Department of Wildlife ENVGC Environment Department Global Coordination Division ENVSP Environment Department Social Policy and Resettlement Division GEF Global Environment Facility GOI Government of India IDA International Development Association llPA Indian Institute of Public Administration INEFAN Ecuadorean Institute of Forestry, Natural Areas and Wildlife IUCN World Conservation Union LSMC Local Site Management Committee (Ghana) MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forests (India) NGO Non-governmental Organization NSPA National System of Protected Areas (Ecuador) NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product OD Operational Directive PA Protected Areas PAMIA Protected Areas Mutual Interaction Assessment PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal RCC Regional Coordination Committee RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds SA Social Assessment SAR Staff Appraisal Report SPWD Society for the Promotion of Wetlands Development TNC The Nature Conservancy USAID United States Agency for International Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme WSG Wildlife Society of Ghana Contents Acknowledgments iii Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 5 The Structured Learting Study Outline of the Report 2. The India, Ecuador, and Ghana C ase Studies 8 India Ecodevelopment Project Ecuador Biodiversity Protection Project Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management Project 3. The Social Assessment Process 24 Institutional and Financial Arrangements Methods and Tools Linkage to Project Design and Concept 4. Social Assessment Findings 28 Human Demography and Social D:iversity Cultural Dimensions of Conservation Planning Institutional Mechanisms for Stakeholder Participation Capacity Strengthening and Conflict Management 5. Recommendations for Improving Project Performance 33 Social Assessment as Adaptive Management Training and Capacity Strengthening Process Documentation 6. Summary 36 References 37 TABLES 1 Area, Estimated Population and Indicative Density in the India Ecodevelopment Project 2 Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, and Known Tribal Groups in the India Ecodevelopment Project 3 Distribution of Tribal Groups in the India Ecodevelopment Project 4 Land Area, Estimated Population, and Indicative Density in the Ecuador Biodiversity Protection Project 5 Indigenous Peoples in Selected Protected Areas, Ecuador Biodiversity Protection Project 6 Demographic Profile of Communities in the Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management Project 7 Ethnic and Cultural Characteristics of Selected Sites in the Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management Project BOXES 1 Social Assessment and Participation in Biodiversity Conservation Projects 2 Total Costs, Executing Agencies, Collaborating Organizations, and Status of the India, Ecuador, and Ghana Projects 3 Social Assessment in the Three Case Studies 4 Linkage of SAs with Project Concept and SA Methods and Tools MAPS 1 India Ecodevelopment Project 2 Ecuador Biodiversity Protection Project 3 Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management Project ii Acknowledgments versity of Ghana-Legon. We are grateful to the many individuals and insti- The Task Managers of the three projects, Jessica tutions who helped us design and conduct this Mott (SA2AG), Cesar Plaza (LATEN) and Robert study. We especially thank the country executing Epworth (Resident Mission, Ghana) provided in- agencies, NGOs and other local groups in the three valuable support and intellectual guidance. Other case study countries (India, Ecuador and Ghama) colleagues at the Bank and GEF have provided help- for the time and information they provided during ful comrments: Maria Aycrigg, Emmanuel Asibey, our field visits. In particular, we would like to thiank Robin Broadfield, Gabriel CampbelL Cynthia Cook, the following: in India, Mr. Ann Ghosh and the Ken Creighton, Cyprian Fisiy, Ian Hill, Kristine staff of Project Tiger, Ministry of Environment and Ivarsdotter, Sue Jacobs, Malcolm Jansen, Narpat Forest (MOEF), Mr. Shekhar Singh, Ms. Vasuniathi Jodha, Kathy MacKinnon, Kathryn McPhail, Pa- Sankaran and others at the Indian Institute of Pub- tience Mensah, Miranda Munro, Francisco Pichon, lic Administration (IIPA), Mr. Arvind Khare Mario Ramos, June Taboroff, Gordon Temple, and (SPWD), Mr. Thomas Matthew (WWF-India), and Jorge Uquillas. other NGOs and the numerous park officials in the sevenproject sites; in Ecuador, Mr. Jorge Barba and The study was carried out under the general direc- the staff of the Ecuadorean Institute of Fores,try, tion of Gloria Davis (ENVSP) and Ken Newcombe Natural Areas and Wildlife (INEFAN); and in (ENVGC). Cristy Tumale deserves special mention Ghana, Mr. Punguse and Mr. Ofori-FrimporLg of for her excellent skills in formatting and preparing the Department of Game and Wildlife, Ms. Yaa the report. Puneet Kishor assisted in the produc- Ntiamo-Baidu, Mr. J.A. Dadson and others from tionof Map 1 on the India Ecodevelopment Project the Wildlife Society of Ghana (WSG) and the Uni- sites. . . Executive Summary During the past decade, conservationists and relevant across regions and types of biodiversity development practitioners have come to recog- projects. nize the positive role of people's participationin biodiversity conservation planning. However, an The India, Ecuador, and Ghana important question relates to how this can be Case Studies achieved: What concepts, methods and strategies exist for incorporating local people into the The three cases studies were chosen to field test biodiversity conservation and protected area the Bank/ GEF SA Guidelines. These case studies management process? One such method is Social reflect diversityin geographic representation, the Assessment (SA), a technique developedby nature of ecosystems, and social pressures on social scientists to understand the social factors PAs. One of the case studies, the India Ecodevel- which impinge upon and determine develop- opment Project, covers seven critical areas. The ment interventions and increase the participa- Gir National Park contains the last remaining tion of local stakeholders. wild population of the world's Asiatic lions, and In March 1994, the World Bank and the Global the other six support population of tigers. Environment Facility (GEF) issued a Good A second case study, the Ecuador Biodiversity Practice Note, Incorporating Social Assessmenit and Protection Project, includes 15 conservation units Participation into Biodiversity Conservation F'rojects. of global importance. Two of the project areas This Note emphasizes the complimentarity (Galapagos and Sangay) have been designated between SA and stakeholder participation. as World Heritage sites, and Galapagos and the Although it is intended primarily for Bank/ GEF Yasuni National Parks are recognized Biosphere Task Managers, it is also being used by govern- Reserves. The ecological significance of these ment executing agencies and non-governmental sites in reflected in the fact that just two kilome- organizations (NGOs) for purposes of conserva- ters of lowland rainforest in Ecuador contain tion planning. over 1,200 species of plants from 136 families, as Some months after releasing the Note, the well as high levels of endemism. Environment Department's Social Policy and The third case, the Ghana Coastal Wetlands Resettlement (ENVSP) and Global Environment Management Project, covers five of the country's Coordination (ENVGC) Divisions began a most important coastal and wetland sites. These Structured Learning Study of the application of sites form a network of resting and feeding SAs in three Bank/ GEF financed biodiversity grounds for hundreds of thousands of migratory projects. Although the study did not examine the and resident waterbirds along the West African entire Bank/GEF biodiversity portfolio, it did Atlantic coast. Together, they represent over 80 analyze the use of SAs in three areas of the world percent of the migratory waterbirds of Ghana, (India, Ecuador, and Ghana) and lookedatkey most of which are of intemational significance social and participation issues which are under the Ramsar Convention. Social Assessment Series SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects There is a great variety of types and degrees of These fadors are often overlooked when only social pressures on the protected areas (PAs) in financial, technical, or administrative aspects are these countries. The number of people (induding taken into account in project design. significant numbers of tribal people) dependent upon resources from these sites for their liveli- The study also indicates that project design and hood and culture is relatively large in India. The performance could be significantly improved population pressures in the Ghana project, with through: (a) greater recognition of the changing the exception of the two wetlands closest to the human demography and social diversity of the national capital Accra, are much lower than in populations dependent upon PA resources; (b) India but the threats from human migration are more incorporation of cultural factors into more serious due to increasing movements of conservation planning; (c) careful design of farmers and fishermen into the coastal towns. institutional mechanisms for effective stake- holder participation; and (d) development of In contrast, the PAs in Ecuador (with the excep- project approaches which emphasize capacity tion of Galapagos) contain relatively low popula- strengthening ancd conflict management. tion densities. However, many of these sites are occupied by resident indigenous populations Specific Social Issues and Concerns and are continuously under threat from outside migrants and commercial users, including Three social issues stand out from the Structured peasant colonists, placer miners, timber extrac- Learning exercise as being worthy of more tors, and petroleum companies. attention on the part of the Bank/GEF and Project Executing Agencies. One is the key role of General Findings human demography and social diversity in successful biodiversity conservation and PA The results of the study show that for SAs to be management activities. relevant to project design, they need to do three things. First, they must be country-driven; that is, ARL three of the countries studied have large and their ownership must be by the project executing growing populations who are dependent upon agencies and local stakeholders. Second, they PA resources for their liveLihoods or exploit them must be integrated into the project cycle; reflecting a for commercial purposes. However, SA contrac- process that starts early and continues through- tors find it difficult to measure population out the life of the project. And third, they must pressure, especially when there are incompat- provide project relevant recommendations on how to ibilities between official census units and adapt project design to highly dynamic, and ecological boundaries. There is also a related sometimes unpredictable, social situations. issue of the diversity of population groups, including indigenous and tribal peoples, While each country and project has its unique women, children and youth, and powerfuL characteristics, there are some generic findings economic or commercial interests - all of whom that have emerged from the SAs. On the most have differential effects on resource use and will general level, the SAs indicate the need for demand site and group-specific management project Task Managers, Executing Agencies and interventions. the Bank/GEF to recognize the dynamic social circumstances in which biodiversity conserva- Secondly, more attention needs tobe given to the tion projects are being developed. The success of cultural dimensions of conservation planning. In biodiversity conservation projects, like other all three of the cases studied, for example, there is development interventions, depends upon a a need to darify the relations between national thorough understanding and careful consider- conservation laws and ancestral or customary ation of social, political, and cultural factors. property rights. Without clarification of these 2 Environment Department Papers Excutive Summary rights, problems over land tenure and resouirce In all three cases, the SAs indicate that much access by traditional user communities and more attention will need to focus during imple- groups will continue to occur. mentation upon regional and local capacity strengthening and training, especially in such In all three cases, there are also large and still vital areas as project management, conflict untapped areas where traditional knowledge resolution and dispute settlement. Monitoring systems and institutions can be incorporated and evaluation activities will need to assess into the conservation planning process. In whether these more participatory and decentral- Ghana, for instance, there are still important ized institutional arrangements have greater ceremonies organized by traditional village success in conserving threatened biological leaders for purposes of fish and wildlife mamage- resources than the centralized and custodial PA ment. These cultural practices need to be more management forms of the past. systematically understood, as well as incorpo- rated into PA management practices and local Additional Lessons and environmental education and awareness Recommendations programs. Along with the above, several other operational Thirdly, greater attention, especially during the lessons and recommendations resulted from the implementation stage of projects, needs to I ocus Structured Learning exercise. One lesson, upon the social acceptability and viability of already mentioned, is the need to view SA and various innovative institutional structures stakeholder participation as ongoing processes created for conservation purposes. In each of the throughout the project cycle rather than as three countries, different institutional arrange- activities solely carried out during preparation. ments have been proposed or created to enhance For this reason, it is recommended that SAs stakeholder participation in PA management. In should be consistently applied throughout Ghana, for instance, the executing agency ]has project design and implementation; induding if organized Local Site Management Comrnittees necessary, using SAs during project execution to (LSMCs) for the purpose of planning and reformulate institutional arrangements, project implementing village PA activities. activities, and perhaps even in some cases, entire In Ecuador, the new law establishing the project concepts. Ecuadorean Institute of Forestry, Natural Areas, A second recommendation is that the Bank and and Wildlife (INEFAN) calls for a more decen- GEF need to focus more attention on improving tralized management structure and gives mrLore Task Manager and Project Executing Agency financial and administrative autonomy to skills in the area of SA and stakeholder partici- regional and local park officials. It also estab- pation. Bank/GEF financed biodiversity projects lishes the basis for the setting up of Regional are "living laboratories" for understanding Coordinating Committees (RCCs) which are human and environment interactions. By multisectoral coordinating bodies that are capturing these experiences, even as they are responsible for PA site planning. occurring, through SA techniques, a rich body of information is being developed which can be Simrilarly, in India, the state governments used for purposes of training and capacity through their existing PA authorities are to be building. Such training needs to take place on responsible for project implementation. The PA several levels and among numerous constituen- authorities will develop partnerships with or cies. These include Bank/GEF decisionmakers, encourage NGOs to implement project activities Task Managers, biodiversity and social special- through village ecodevelopment microplanning ists, counterparts in executing agencies and exercises. NGOs, and local authorities. Social Assessment Series 3 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects Lastly, the Bank/GEF should devote more of popular media (e.g., simple publications, attention to documenting and analyzing the vernacular translations, drama, video, illustra- decision making process in biodiversity projects. tions). With some exceptions, most reports on these projects contain only limited documentation on Such a pro-active approach to project documen- how decisions are made, who makes them, and tation and dissemination would help the Bank/ what their implications are for project design or GEF and its in-country counterparts to avoid performance. These projects would benefit some of the public rmisunderstandings which greatly from more systematic use of such socio- often surround biodiversity conservation projects logical recording techniques as process docu- in remote areas. It would also further public mentation, including participatory rural apprais- understanding of the wider social and environ- als (PRAs), beneficiary assessments, and the use mental goals of the GEF. 4 Environment Department Papers 1. Introduction Over the past decade, conservationists and governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in development practitioners have come to recog- conservation and development planning (see nize the critical role that local people and Box 1). communities can play in biodiversity conserva- tion. From an early period, when local residents Box 1 were seen as the main culprits in the destruction Social Assessment and Participation of natural resources, a new vision has emerged of in Biodiversity Conservation Projects people as partners in conservation and sustain- able development. While the general premise is Social Assessment (SA) and stakeholder now agreed, the more fundamental questicin participation contribute to the design and relates to how this can be achieved: What implementation of biodiversity conservation concepts, methods and strategies exist for projects by: incorporating local people into the biodiversity * identfyingstakeholders; conservation and protected area management . describing activities which threaten process (Wells, Brandon and Hannah, 1992; biodiversity; Davis, 1993)? * defining potential conflicts among stake- Since the 1980s, the World Bank has been holders; actively involved in issues relating to wildlands facltating stakeholder participation; and and biodiversity conservation (see Goodland * deterning appropriate isttutona and Ledec 1988). The Bank has also developed arrangements. policies to address the needs of indigenous peoples (see World Bank, 1991) and minimize Outputs of SAsiclude: the adverse social and cultural impacts of * strategies for stakeholder participation; involuntary resettlement (see World Bank, 1990). * strategies for project delivery; and Social analysis and public consultation are also * mitigation plans. incorporated into the Bank's Environment Assessment procedures (see World Bank, 1.991). Source: World Bank Environment Depart- ment. Incorporating Social Assessment and More recently, the Bank through its affiliation Participation into Biodiversity Conserva- with the Global Environment Facility (GEF), tion Projects. Washington D.C., World issued a Good Practice Note on Incorporating Bank, 1994 Social Assessment and Participation into Biodiversity Conservation Projects (World Bank, Environment Department, 1994). The guidelines provided in The Bank/GEF Note emphasizes the compli- this Note are intended primarily for Bank/ GEF mentarity between social assessment (SA) and Task Managers (TMs) preparing projects to be stakeholder participation In most cases, both are financed by the Bank and GEF, but they also are needed to achieve biodiversity conservation. SA being used by government agencies and non- information is collected through consultation Social Assessment Series 5 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects and more systematic assessment of the social, The purpose of the structured learning study cultural, and institutional factors which affect was to look at lessons from the field on the use of project design and implementation. When project various SA and participation techniques in beneficiaries or stakeholders engage actively in Bankk/GEF financed biodiversity conservation data collection and project design, their partici- projects.' The early phase of the study proved pation can lead to more informed decisions, helpful in identifying key social and participa- greater ownership, and accountability. In this tion issues (e.g., population pressures, social sense, stakeholder participation increases diversity, ill-defined property rights, complexity awareness and improves the quality of informa- of stakeholder participation) that were later tion used for decision making. It also strengthens incorporated in the Bank/GEF Good Practice the commitment of stakeholders to the achieve- Note. Once the Note was produced, the study ment of project goals and increases the capacity focused upon the application of SA and partici- of stakeholders to represent their interests and pation in the design and implementation of a take the responsibility for outcomes. sample of projects in India, Ecuador, and Ghana. Despite its perceived promise and growing Together with Project Task Managers and acceptance, the experiences of using SA for ENVGC, two anthropologists from ENVSP biodiversity conservation have been limited. Yet, selected the three cases based upon a desire for donor agencies, governments, and NGOs need to geographical and ecosystem representation. learn from these experiences given the complex- Selection was also based on the willingness of ity of human and resource interactions and the the Task Manager and the project executing urgency of adopting effective measures to agency to undertake the study. address conservation requirements, as well as socialneeds. Although these projects are at a relatively early stage of design and implementation, one of the The Structured Learning Study central lessons learned from the application of the guidelines is the need to incorporate SA as an In early 1994, the Environment Department's ongoing process, rather than as a one-time activity Social Policy and Resettlement Division during project preparation. This idea of SA as a (ENVSP), with support from the Global Environ- continuous process throughout the project cycle, ment Coordination Division (ENVGC) and the from preparation through appraisal and imple- GEF, began a structured learning study of mentation, is recognized in the guidelines, but experiences in the application of SA and stake- has only recently been internalized by some holder participation in three biodiversity conser- Bank/GEF Project Task Managers and executing vation projects. Although the study did not agencies. examine the entire Bank/GEFbiodiversity portfolio, it did analyze the use of SA in three This approach to SA is more in-keeping with areas of the world and looked at key social and contemporary notions of adaptive management participation issues which are relevant across and process-oriented development thinking than regions and types of biodiversity conservation it is with conventional ideas about blue-print projects. The three cases are the India planning and implementation (Geisler, 1993; see Ecodevelopment, Ecuador Biodiversity Protec- also, Picciotto and Weaving, 1994). As noted by tion, and Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management Geisler, such as acdaptive management approach projects. These projects attempt to integrate can be applied to the use of SAs in conservation biodiversity protection with the needs and and PAs managemtent. The important character- livelihoods of communities in and around istics of such an approach are its focus upon the protected areas (PAs). specific contexts in which conservation activities occur, and the dynamic or process-oriented 6 ]Environment Department Papers Introduction nature of human and natural resource interac- tional and financial arrangements for conduct- tions. "The challenge for resource managers ing the SAs, the various methods and tools used worldwide," Geisler writes, "is no longer to in the SAs, and how the SA findings were protect nature en vacuo, but in the context of operationally incorporated into the overall multifaceted development objectives... This project design and concept. requires a balance between predicting the known and adapting management to the uncertain and After this, the report describes the key findings of unknown in the natural world."2 the SAs and their relevance to the design and implementation of the projects (Section 4). This The structured learning study also indicated that section includes a discussion of such issues as for SAs to be relevant to project design and the changing human demography and social implementation and sustain stakeholder partici- diversity of PAs, the cultural dimensions of pation, they need to do three things. First, they conservation planning, institutional mecha- must be country-driven, i.e., their ownership nisms which are necessary for effective stake- must be by the project executing agencies and holder participation, and ways of approaching local stakeholders. Second, they must reflect a capacity building and conflict resolution. process that starts early and continues through- out the life of the project. And, third, they must The report condudes with a set of recommenda- have the capacity to adapt to highly dynanuc, tions for improving Bank/GEF project perfor- and sometimes unpredictable, situations mance through the more systematic incorpora- whereby plans are redesigned to respond to tion and operationalization of SAs and partici- unforeseen changes and conflicts as the project is pation (Section 5). These recommendations beingimplemented. include more focus on the use of SAs throughout the project cycle, induding in the important Outline of the Report stages of implementation and monitoring and adaptation. They also highlight the need for The following report develops this adaptive more formal training of Bank/GEF staff and management approach to SA and biodiversity project executing agencies in the conduct of SAs, conservation in greater detail. It opens with a the sustaining of stakeholder participation, and summary of the salient environmental and in the documentation of the adaptive manage- project design features and key social issues in ment process. Finally, Section 6 provides a each of the three case studies (Section 2). It then summary of the study's findings and turns to a discussion of the SA process itself recommendations. (Section 3). This section deals with the institu- Social Assessment Series 7 2. The India, Ecuador, and Ghana Case Studies As mentioned previously, three country case are expected to benefit or be affected by the studies were chosen to field test the Bank/GEF project; or an average of about 62 people per sq. Social Assessment guidelines (see Box 2). These km. of the PA. On the other hand, the population country cases reflect diversity in geographic pressures in the Ghana project, with the excep- representation, the nature of ecosystems, and the tion of the two wetlands cLosest to the nationaL social pressures on PAs. There is one country capital Accra, are nnuch lower than in India but case study each from Latin America (Ecuador), the threats from human migration are more South Asia (India), and West Africa (Ghana). serious due to incrEasing movements of farmers The projects from India and Ecuador are gener- and fishermen into the coastal towns. ally in terrestrial ecosystems, although included in the latter project is the world-famous marine In contrast, the PAs in Ecuador - again with the site, the Galapagos Islands. exception of Galapagos which has growing human settlements on three of the archipelago's The India project covers seven globally signifi- islands - contain low population densities. cant areas. One site, Gir National Park, contains However, many of these sites are continuously the world's last remaining wild population of under threat from outside migrants and commer- Asiatic lions. The India government uses the cial users (e.g., colonists, miners, petroleum tiger as a symbol of national heritage and six of companies, forestry concessionaires, hunters, the seven sites are national tiger reserves. etc.). The issues regarding property rights of Ecuador has established a National System of indigenous peoples are much more complex and Protected Areas (NSPA) which includes 15 critical in Ecuador, although there are large conservation units of global importance. Two of concentrations of "scheduled tribes" and the project areas have been designated as World "scheduled castes" in the India sites and Heritage Sites (Galapagos and Sangay) and traditional ethnic communities in Ghana. another two (Galapagos and Yasuni) as Bio- sphere Reserves. Finally, the Ghana project The following descriptions of each of the case protects aquatic or wetlands ecosystems which studies highlight these differences. The compari- are of international significance under the sons are rich and compelling, each depicting Ramsar Convention. These areas are migratory historical, political, and social contexts which routes in the East Atlantic Flyway for hundreds define the nature of human and environment of thousands of the world's major bird species. interactions. In fact, even within each country and PA, there is a wide diversity in social and Among the three cases, there are a variety of envirornental conditions. types and degrees of social pressures on PA resources. The number of people dependent India Ecodevelopment Project upon resources for livelihood and culture is relatively large in India. It is estimated that there The India Ecodevelopment Project covers seven are more than 415,000 people around the seven of the 75 national parks and 421 sanctuaries in India PAs and in the surrounding villages who the country. The combined area of the seven sites 8 Envrironment Department Papers The India, Ecuador, & Ghana Case Studies Box 2: Total Cost, Executing Agencies, Collaborating Organizations, and Status of the India, Ecuador, and Ghana Projects Total and Executing Project GEF Share Agency or Co11aborating Status of Cost Agencies Organizations (US$mi1lion) India 67.0 Ministry of State Forest Depts.; Approved into Work Program by the GEF Eco- 20.0 Env. and Wildlife Inst. of Council May 1995, appraisal report com- Development Forestry India (WWF-India); pleted in August 1996; Bank approval in (MOEF) state & local NGOs. September 1996. Ecuador 8.8 Ecuadorean Darwin Foundation Pilot social assessments and community Biodiversity 7.2 Institute of Corporcacion participation (including indigenous peoples) Protection Forestry, Latinoamericana is proceeding in selected areas. Several Natural Areas para el Desarollo; contracts were signed, many with NGOs, for and Wildlife Fundacion Natura; preparing studies on, inter alia, establishment (INEFAN) and other NGOs of fees and tariffs for nature tourism, national policy for biodiversity protection and management of the PA systerm, and land tenure and socioeconomic conditions in PA buffer zones. 1995 work program empha- sizes training, including conflict resolution, for park manages and staff. Training will be held jointly with the GEF Biodiversity projects in Bolivia and Peru to promote sharing experiences and lessons. INEFAN is exploring establishing a trust fund to cover long-term recurrent costs. Ghana 8.3 Ministry of Wildlife Society of Boundaries of 3 of the 5 project sites were Coastal 7.2 Lands and Ghana (WSG); surveyed and demarcation is to occur this Wetlands Natural Res. Royal Society for year. At 3 sites, baseline resource studies Management Dept. of Game the Protection of were completed and monitoring of biophysi- and Wildlife Birds (RSPB) cal and socio-economic indicators is begin- (DGW) ning. Ghana Wildlife Service hired and trained 8 conservation education staff, and posted education officers in 4 areas. Site management committees are active in all areas. Project staff and local communities are cooperating in the design of management plans and community projects to compensate for consequent behavioral changes. Slow release of government funds is delaying community civil works, but site preparation is underway for the wastewater treatment plant with an ocean outlet at Sakumo Lagoon. a/ Source: Global Environment Facility, Quar,lerly Operational Report, Washington, DC, July 1996. b/ The Staff Appraisal Report, August 1995, Annex 4 lists the NGOs involved throughout project preparation. The national coordinating NGO is the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA). Social Assessment Series 9 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects Map 1: India Ecodevelopment Project (Showing Eight Project Sites) IBRD 28626 70° 75° 80° 850 90° - 30 300 Ranthambore °Buxa 0 - 25° 250 :Palamauf 0Pench s ., A.,¢ &, oPenCh ~~~~~~ SimilipalO - A t $ . Gir < ImIIpa0 20 - - 200 /~~~~~~~~~~~~ v Nagarh0le Peri 1ar 0-. 0 0- 500 KILOMETERS Th w;i Sbv7 UM*esg ~iof The wowl Bank. Thebondnes f,dAm'ionationtvwnd ayoen roinsoi smap&ply~otbep of The W*MBnGoopay MARCH 1997 10 Ernvironment Department Papers The India, Ecuador, & Ghana Case Studies is 6,714 square kiLometers or about 4 to 5 percent be done jointly by park officials and local of the total area of the country's designated parks viDLagers through microplanning exercises. These and sanctuaries (see Map 1). The biodiversity exercises engage various local groups in the values of these sites incLude over seven biogeo- design and implementation of conservation and graphic zones and an average of six different livelihood activities. Local participation will also forms of major vegetation. be promoted through the use of topical PRAs and consultations for viDlage ecodevelopment The gazetted and proposed core and periphleries microplanning and the design of a PA Mutual of the sites contain diverse vegetation including Interaction Assessment (PAMIA). tropical moist, dry deciduous, semi-evergreen forests, montane grasslands, and man-madLe Fifty three percent of the project's funding wiDl go wetlands inside tropical dry and dry deciduous to microplanning and financing of forests. Biodiversity values in these areas are ecodevelopment activities identified in each high, containing some of the world's most site's microplan. About 20 percent is allocated to endangered species, such as the previously improving PA management and increasing mentioned Asiatic lion, tigers, and other large capacity of local people to assist in management predators. The PAs are also characterizedby activities and decisions. Technical and socio- very high diversity and endemism in plants, economic studies that wiDL evaluate performance vertebrates and invertebrates. and analyze social issues as they arise wiDL be done through research and education and The key feature of the India project is the adop- awareness programs (72 percent). The remainder tion by the government of an ecodevelopment of the budget is earmarked for preparation of approach to biodiversity conservation. This future biodiversity projects and to ensure approach emphasizes the mutual interactions of effective administration and financial people and natural resources so that biodiversity management. is preserved at the same time that social needs and livelihood requirements are addressed. The key social issues identified in the SAs are: (a) Ecodevelopment is carried out in two ways. social diversity and competing needs of people First, there is an effort to improve PA manage- in and around the PAs; (b) pressures from the ment through increased consultation and surrounding villages due to a history of in- collaboration among government agencies, migration; (c) iDl-defined property and use rights national and local NGOs, and local groups; and, to resources in and around the PAs; (d) impacts second, to implement reciprocal commitments of changes in resource access on women's that provide investment funds for alternative livelihood; and, (e) growing competition and livelihoods and resource uses and specify conflicts over use of PA resources. measurable actions by local people to engage in conservation. There are significant numbers and diverse groupings of people in and around the PAs. To implement the ecodevelopment approach, the However, it is difficult to estimate the exact project has proposed a process-oriented ard number of people exerting pressures on the PA adaptive strategy rather than a set of program given the nature and mobility of populations and components or activities. Throughout project the limited reliability of census information. preparation, findings from SAs, which included There are few recorded human settlements inside ethnographies, secondary information, scientific the PAs because of the long history of protection surveys, and participatory rural appraisals in these areas (e.g., the parks and reserves were (PRAs) were incorporated into the design of established many years prior to human migra- project activities. tion and occupation). Thus, the population figures presented in Table 1 are merely indicative According to the Staff Appraisal Report (SAR, of population pressure and density or carrying March 1996), strategic and yearly planning will capacity. Social Assessment Series 11 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects Table 1: Area, Estimated Population and Indicative Density in the India Ecodevelopment Project Protected Area (PA) Area Esimated Indicative Buxa Tiger Reserve 761 36,000 na (47) 315 15,600 20 0 0 Gir National Park and Sanctuary 1,412 72,000 na (51) 258 7,100 5 0 0 Nagarhole National Park 643 77,000 na (120) 192 7,100 11 0 0 Palamau Tiger Reserve 1,026 74,000 na (72) 213 39,000 38 630 3 Pench Tiger Reserve 758 50,000 na (66) 293 0 0 0 0 Periyar Tiger Reserve 777 50,000 na (290) 350 3,900 5 0 0 Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve 1,335 56,000 na (42) 393 4,300 3 1,210 3 All Sites 6,714 415,000 na(62) 2,014 77,000 11 1,840 1 Source: World Bank, Staff Appraisal Report: India Ecodevelopment Project, Table 2, Annex 6, p. 80 (August 1996). a/ The project area comprises land within a two-kilometer radius of the PA. However, sq.km.) is not available for all sites. The first line gives total area of PA (either tiger reserve or in cases of Gir and Nagarhole, the notified national park) including both core and other areas. The second line indicates area of core (in cases of Gir and Nagarhole, the core is defined in accordance with past management practice rather than current official designa- tion of entire PA as National Park which legally treats entire PA as core). b/ First number includes all project beneficiaries (some but not always all of the people living within 2 km of the PA boundary). Second number indicates people living within the PA, many of whom live outside the core conserva- tion areas, in enclaves and other parts of tiger reserves where human settlement is allowed. Third number gives number of people who live in core area, as defined in preceding footnote. c/ First line shows that persons per sq. km. in total project area is not available. Number in parenthesis indicates relative pop. pressures with ratio of people living within 2 km radius to total airea of PA. Second line shows number of persons per sq. km. in total PA. Third line shows persons per sq. km. in core. 12 Environment Department Papers The India, Ecuador, & Ghana Case Studies Table 2: Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, and Known Tlibal Groups in the India Ecodevelopment Project Protected Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Total Tribes bi Area Indigenous Pastoralists a/ Castes and Castes Buxa 15,700 13,000 28,700 43% 36% 79% 7% 26% Gir 2,800 7,500 10,300 4% 10% 14% 19% 7% Nagarhole 19,200 7,700 26,900 25% 10% 35% 3% 27% Palamau 55,600 11,000 66,600 76% 15% 81% 9% 15% Pench 23,000 4,000 27,000 46% 8% 54% 28% 15% Periyar 12,500 12,500 25,000 25% 25% 70% 1% 11% Ranthambhore 32,000 7,300 39,300 57% 13% 45% 15% 18% Sources: World Bank, Staff Appraisal Report: India Ecodevelopment Project, Table 2, Annex 18, p. 260 (August 1996); based on GOI and State Preparation Documents from 1981 and 1991 Census; all figures are preliminary estimates. For all columns, the first number refers to total population as reported in the 1981 and 1991 census and state preparation documents. The second and third lines are percent of project participants and the state, respecthvely. All figures are estimates. The first number is the estimated total number of scheduled tribes and scheduled casts and the second number is the percent of pToject participants. Social Assessment Series 13 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects Table 3: Distribution of lTibal Groups in the India EcodevelopinentProject Site Tribal Groups Livelihood Strategies Settlement Inside Outside Buxa Mech Inside PA - Cultivation, Forestry works, Cattle rearing Inside PA - 1,240 Outside PA - Cultivation, Cattle rearing Forest Villages, 4,350 Rava Inside PA - Cultivation, Forestry works, Cattle Fixed Demand 2,620 rearing, NTFP collection, fishing Hioldings Outside PA - Cultivation, Cattle rearing, weaving 2,250 Garo Inside PA - Cultivation, Forestry works, Cattle rearing Outside PA - 280 Outside PA - Cultivation, Cattle rearing, Cane and Revenue 450 bamboo handicrafts Villages Santal Inside PA - Cultivation, Forestry works, Cattle rearing 450 Outside PA - Cultivation, Cattle rearing 1,350 Oraon Inside PA - Cultivation, Forestry works, Cattle rearing, NTFP collection 680 Outside PA - Cultivation, Cattle rearing 900 Bhutia Inside PA - Cultivation, Forestry works, Cattle 1,110 rearing, Orange orchards, pig-rearing Total 6,380 9,300 Gir Siddis Inside PA - Cultivation, Forestry works Forest Village 240 none Maldharis Inside PA - Cultivation, Cattle rearing Settlements w/ 2,540 none Outside PA - Cultivation, Cattle rearing grazing rights Revenue Total Settlements 2,780 Nagar- Jenu Kurba Inside PA - Wage labor, NTFP collection, cultivation, Iinside PA - hole Betta Kurba forestry works lTribal Hakki-Pikki Settlements Yeravas Total 7,000 12,200 Palamau Oraon Inside PA - Cultivation, foTestry woTks, migratory lIside PA - Munda labor, sale of firewood Forest Villages 630 Kherwar Outside PA - Cultivation, wage labor (in intended Chero Korwa NP), Revenue 27,500 24,700 endaves Kisan, Lahar, Occupations as above Outside PA - 1,480 1,300 Asur, Birjia, Revenue Vill. Birhor, Parahiya Total As above. 29,600 26,000 Pench Gond Outside PA - Cultivation, Cattle rearing, wage labor, Revenue forestry works Villages 23,000 Periyar Mannan Inside PA - Fishing, cultivation, NTFP collection, Inside PA - wage labor Tribal 806 Palliyan Inside PA - Firewood collection, NTFP collection, Settlements 379 cultivation Urali Inside PA - Cash crops, cultivation, firewood 174 collection, wage labor Mala Arayan Inside PA - Cash crops, cultivation, NTFP collection 620 Outside PA - Cultivation,cash crops Malaipan- Inside PA - NTFP collection 37 daran Outside PA - NTFP collection Total 2,016 10,500 Rantham- Meena Outside PA - Cultivation Outside PA - 18,000 bhore Inside/Outside PA - Pastoralisms, some agriculture Revenue 1,000 13,000 Villages Total 1,000 31,000 TOTAL 48.777 112,000 Source: World Bank, Staff Appraisal Report. India Ecodevelopment Project, Table 3, Annex 18, p. 261 (August 1996) 14 Environment Department Papers The India, Ecuador, & Ghana Case Studies The estimated density of eleven persons per PAs, will decrease the intensity of these activi- square kilometer of PA is equivalent to the ties in lands customarily assigned for women's average density for biodiversity sites of equal use, and lead to income and productivity losses. size in other countries (e.g., the average popula- tion density in ten PAs in the Philippines is 11.3 Women comprise 62 percent of all respondents persons per square kilometer). However, there in the PAs, but among key informants, which are population pressures outside the PA boiLnd- include village leaders, elders, and opinion aries, mainly from people residing in villages makers, only 34 percent are women. There are along the periphery but who engage in liveli- also differences in how men and women view hood activities inside the PA (e.g., fuelwood their situation - women tend to rank themselves cutting, collection of plants and other tree as being poorer and more disadvantaged com- products, hunting). This "area of influence" pared to men. Social mapping indicates that a along the periphery contains other land use primary burden of women is the longer distances classifications, such as grazing lands, fores L traveled for fuelwood collection and marketing. reserves, enclaves, hamlets, fixed demand holdings, revenue lands, and others. The in dica- There are several documented cases of conflicts tive population density, expressed as a ratio within the PAs between individuals and among between the number of people within the two user groups over the management of resources. kilometer radius surrounding the PA boundary For example, PRA ranking techniques indicate and the area of the PA is about 62 persons per that in five of the seven sites the major problem is square kilometer, which is much less than the the inability to resolve conflicts on the part of average figure for rural India. park authorities, village leaders, and local groups or customary leaders. There are significant numbers of scheduled tribes and castes in each of the PAs (see Table 2). There Ecuador Biodiversity Protection Project are 29 different ethnic groups representing close to 75 percent of the project's entire population Despite its relatively small size, Ecuador is a and an average of about one-fourth of state tribal country which has a great variety of habitats, populations. The project recognizes these diverse ranging from arid islands to high altitude peaks social groups especially in the design of SAs and to tropical lowland rainforests. This diverse participation strategies. In addition, the project assemblage of natural habitats contains one of develops outreach activities which are sens:itive the most varied biodiversity profiles in Latin to language, native perceptions, and ancestral America and the world. Just two square kilome- rights issues.3 ters of lowland rainforest in Ecuador contain over 1,200 species of plants from 136 families, as There are some tribals inside the core areas but at well as high levels of endemism. This richness of very low densities (about one person per sq km). plant life is matched by an equal variety of As shown in Table 3, there is some documienta- animals and birds, some of which are locally tion of tribals inside the PAs by ethnic group. In endangered; e.g., the Crested guan, the Andean fact, separate PRAs have been made in the tribal brocket deer, and Giant Tortoise of Galapagos. It villages to ensure that their needs and interests was, in fact, observations of the effect of geo- are incorporated into the project's design. graphical isolation on differentiation of finches in the remote desert islands of the Galapagos The PRA results also indicate that women that led Charles Darwin to his theory of evolu- undertake more than 90 percent of fuelwood tion by natural selection - the mechanism collection, over 83 percent of agricultural pro- underlying global biodiversity duce processing and marketing, and a signfi- cant portion of subsistence agriculture. Project To protect this vast biological heritage, the interventions, including demarcation of lands as Government of Ecuador has established a Social Assessment Series 15 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects National System of Protected Areas which training of park staff and administrators, includes 15 globally important conservation preparation of management plans, conducting of units (see Map 2). Fourteen of these units are in feasibility studies for ecotourism and other the continental territory of Ecuador, while the revenue-generating activities, and monitoring Galapagos Islands lie 1,000 km. off the Pacific and evaluation. Another 33 percent of the Coast. These conservation units represent a budget is earmarked for civil works and other variety of types of protected areas from National infrastructure for the eight PAs, induding border Parks and Ecological Reserves to National demarcation, visiltor trails and information Recreation Areas, and range in size from 1,000 to centers. Legal and regulatory studies and more than 70,000 square kilometers. The reforms are allocated 6 percent of the budget; Galapagos National Park is Ecuador's largest and, the remainder of the budget is for outreach PA and is the second largest marine reserve in activities. From a social point of view, the latter the world. But, there are also several large budget categories are perhaps most important as continental PAs, including the Yasuni National they provide funcds for training local park staff Park in the Amazon basin and the Cotacachi- and NGOs on conflict resolution and for the Cayapas Reserve, which is one of the ten formation of Regional Coordinating Committees biodiversity "hot spots" in the world. (RCCs) to design and implement the PA Manage- ment Plans. In 1992, the government created the Ecuadorean Institute of Forestry, Natural Areas and Wildlife Previous to the preparation of this GEF project, (INEFAN) to manage the PA system and the Fundacion Natura ( one of the oldest and most country's natural forest and remaining wildlife. respected envirormental NGOs in Latin It also began a strategic situational planning America) conducted a series of studies of human process, the purpose of which is to improve the population and socio-economic activities in the management of the PA system, including the PAs and their areas of influence. There are also Galapagos National Park. A central feature of other Ecuadorean NGOs involved in site specific INEFAN is its financial autonomy which enables studies and local-level development activities it to retain revenues from park fees, tariffs on related to the PAs. For example, Fundacion logging operations, and fines for misuse of Maquipucuna has been active in the Podocarpus resources. INEFAN's newly decentralized National Park and Project Subir (a USAID- administrative structure also enables it to relate financed consortium of Ecuadorean conservation more closely with provincial and municipal NGOs) is active in the Cotacachi-Cayapas and authorities, NGOs and other local groups, along Cayambe-Coca reserves. with other national agencies. As noted in Table 4, demographic pressures The Bank/ GEF funded Biodiversity Protection within the eight P As supported by the GEF- project, which became effective in 1994, provides funded project are not as great as in India, except support to INEFAN to strengthen the institu- for the Galapagos and Machalilla sites. How- tional capacity and overall policy and legal ever, there are some significant features of the framework for implementing the NSPA. It also demographic profile in the Ecuadorean PAs provides INEFAN with funds for implementing which underscore the need to take human and supporting investments in Galapagos and seven social factors into account in project design. continental PAs (Cotacachi-Cayapas, Cayambe- Coca, Yasuni, Sangay, Podocarpus, Machalilla, First, even though they are relatively small in and Antisana). number, there are indigenous communities in at least four of the seven continental reserves (see More than 40 percent of the project budget of Table 5). Some of these indigenous groups, such US$8.7 million goes to institutional strengthen- as the Huaorani in the Yasuni Park and the ing of INEFAN. This part of the budget indudes Cofanes in the Cayambe-Coca Reserve, have only 16 Environment Department Papers The India, Ecuador, & Ghana Case Stuldies Ma-p 2: Ecuador Biodiversit Protection Project (National System of Protected Areas) IBRD 28627 000-0- I St900000000000 CE000004000S 000400000000 ;gl00iS00k Oc L?O ¢ , j) E < g 0ii0000 00X)004ttf 0/ PORTOYIEO Velosot ISorgO\ueeed B.GR,¢|a..E, ¢/; : cvi ; 0x .-M A N A Y .3B I TIANAO #60;gtX;000i;W000410 i$i00000 ci¢fi e4e¢Rf3tuoouzt 8 CAL-GE IDIEST tt tf $: tl=tl=t : yt ) O R R O> ,< ; NATURAL REERVE AREA SYSTE gi4Xi;04i004IEJI V.1-.,'j6.,,._ * /08 d o. oo g; g g 003 os A Pii i i000 rS CcsoOO+OX0; g 0ti00'p 9 g#e4OEA .33. di A OMNTE g~~~~~~. PLos /<* w t MI RA O 5 0 5 0 l g t E0X e,Sf SiUiRLZ 0 J --PRVICIBUNARE KIO EES 00dtf.000 ti lEi;lEi g S ij 0|g:000i ; 3x A GUAYAGgit ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~fAC CH997CA Social Assessment Senes 17 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects Table 4: Land Area, Estimated Population, and Indicative Density in the Ecuador Biodiversity Protection Projeict Villages Est Plopulation Indicative Density in Protected Area (PA) PA (sq kin) Inside PA Inside PA PA (persons/sq km) Antisana Biological Reserve 120.0 6 none Galapagos National Park - 3 11,000 Sangay National Park 517.7 8 2,200 4.3 Machalila National Park 55.0 6 5,995 109.0 Yasuni National Park 982.3 9 670 0.7 Podocarpus National Park 146.0 - 637 4.4 Cotachachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve 204.4 19 127 0.6 Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve 403.1 23 5,650 14.0 Sources: V Censo de Poblacion, 1990; Fundacion Natura, Acciones de desarollo en zonas de influencia de areas protegidas, Quito, Ecuador, 1991; Annex No. 7. recently had contacts with outsiders, as a result activities by small-scale miners, state and foreign of the discovery and exploitation of oil in Eastern petroleum companies, and timber concessions. Ecuador. Other groups, such as the Chachi, are Although their combined demographic impacts in the area of influence of one of the major are minimal, the environmental effects of such forestry frontiers in the Province of Esmeraldas activities are substantial. Furthermore, their along the Pacific Coast. While others, such as the presence both in ,and around the PAs reflects the Quichua and Shuar, are lowland groups who general lack of inter-sectoral coordination, land have recently taken up commercial cattle raising use planning, and environmental impact assess- or coffee growing. The government has recog- ment in Ecuador. nized the traditional land claims of almost all of the indigenous groups, but there are still some The active environmental movement in Ecuador outstanding issues, including conflicts between has brought these issues to the attention of indigenous communities and migrant settlers national policy makers and agencies such as and with government agencies who control INEFAN. However, their focus on protecting contiguous forestry or biological reserves. such large areas for purposes of conservation have also created conflicts with provincial and Second, almost all of the PAs are experiencing local authorities whose main interest is in pressures from migrant populations either inside promoting regional economic development. the PAs or in their peripheries. There is a very Hence, INEFAN and other sectoral agencies need dynamic migratory picture in Ecuador, resulting to balance the needs and interests of a strong from poverty and land scarcity in the Andean conservation movement with the development regions and along the Pacific Coast. As a result, interests of local and regional governments. migrants are continually seeking new economic opportunities, in such places as the offshore INEFAN, with support from the GEF, has islands, the coastal forest areas and the Amazon attempted to respond to these issues through the basin. This places an enormous pressure on the setting up of Regional Coordinating Committees existing PAs, as witnessed by recent conflicts (RCCs) which are comprised of representatives of with migrants in such areas as Galapagos, local communities, NGOs and private firms, Podocarpus and Yasuni. provincial governments, other sectoral agencies and INEFAN's regional district staff. Part of the Lastly, there are a number of threats to the institutional and capacity building activities integrity of the PAs resulting from economic being financed under the GEF focus upon the 18 Environment Department Papers The India, Ecuador, & Ghana Case Studies establishment of these decentralized decision- The project covers five of the country's most making committees and the training of their important coastal wetland areas of international participants in conflict resolution and joint significance. These areas lie along the deltas and management. The SAs being carried out with estuaries of the Volta and Densu rivers and GEF funds will attempt to provide data to lands surrounding three brackish water lagoons INEFAN and participating NGOs for the forma- (see Map 3). Collectively, these sites form a tion of the RCCs and their followup PA planning network of resting and feeding grounds for more activities. than 70 species of migratory and resident waterbirds. They represent the fourth largest Ghana Coastal Wetlands known concentration of migratory waders and Management Project shorebirds along the West African Atlantic coast and over 80 percent of the migratory waterbirds Like the Ecuador project, the Ghana Coastal in Ghana. The coastal areas and wetlands also Wetlands Management Project (GCWMP) is now regularly harbor hundreds of thousands of the under implementation, having become effective world's most important East Atlantic Flyway during the GEF pilot phase in September, 1993. migratory bird population as specified in the The executing agency is the Department of Ramsar Convention. Wildlife (DW) which administers the US$7.2 million project. A national coordinating NGO, The five areas included in the project are: (1) the Wildlife Society of Ghana (WSG), and Local Muni-Pomadze, covering lands along the Muni Site Management Committees (LSMCs) in each of Lagoon; (2) Songor, icluding surrounding areas the five sites help in environmental awareness in the Volta River and Songor Lagoon; (3) Anlo- and village livelihood activities. Keta, at the Keta Lagoon area and the eastern bank of the Volta Estuary and coastal wetlands Table 5: Indigenous Peoples in Selected Protected Areas Ecuador Biodiversity Protection Project Known Estimated ProtectedArea Indigenous lPopulation Description Peoples InsidePA Sangay Comunidade de 400 Documented land conflicts with migrant settlers and Atillo hacienda owners in the villages of Santa Rosa, Guardualo, Cuyuyne, and Callibrillas Cayambe Coca Cofan, Quichua-Quijo 802 Mostly engaged in fuelwood collection and small Quichua Oyacachi scale wood cutting Chuscuyacu Cotacachi-Cayapas Chachi Quichua 175 15,000 hectares established as indigenous reserve by government in 1975, but large portion lies inside the boundaries of the PA (in the altiplano zone) Yasuni Huaorani 670 600,000 hectares given to indigenous groups in 1990, but 135,000 hectares located inside the PA; Huaorani and Shuar groups settled along banks of Yasuni and Tiputini Rivers; Quichua in the Napo River area. Sources: World Bank and Global Environment Facility, Republic of Ecuador Biodiversity Protection Project Document, May 1994; Fundacion Natura, Acciones de desarollo en zonas de influencia de areas protegidas, Quito, Ecuador, 1991. Social Assessment Series 19 Map 3: Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management Area Project Sites -~~~ PROPOSED IP3TiE U'55 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kl PROPOSED ANLO-KETA SITE Id' PROPOSED SAKUMO SITE PROPOSED SONGOR SITE RAMSAN TASE ~~''-~~~~~. ,' N / ~~~~~~~~~~~ o ,j Hmapn "I~~~~~~Ij : ~ , -MAMIN SITE BOUNDARY TG wo+< oAm;ohIio <\ ( \- J , KILOMETERS KILOMETERS H _ iAAROADS bObal.ah 0nr9 'v... MAR Ak,, T. L..& KaIUi~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~anso0 A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ 0 15 . . S'Y r' "o> ~ I Kaka~nanliaOV KILOMERS A ---RAMSARSUPEORTZONEGOUNDARY005' V A~~~~XtVfG*t,0 _ *E*99 oe . - , 30t, , OU *t3K5'E ' t r Af WFUli\. " Zr 6nal,/ . ;anSaa0 s Lagoon SON Ainf\lia "wm50 /5' 6'- AAoXtt 9; VV" g i - h V ' .I. B. . I . , 4 . ,a. '.. A F d ' ' A - J A R I E S . M '> I A,j ,g ,7jigangt nt /, $> ,. .. a I.I 03 rt oI'Aaot _ .i."FLOOD RAIN K a F - MAIN ROADS . . . A-,mb 40 RPSD MUNI SITE KaaialaPOOE ES ET IE 1'D.U0O 'D0 Y 30I / ~~~~~.MTRADTIDONAL HUNGSTING AREA 06li - ASAR SITE LANNS USE MAANAGEMENT AUREA .5a40 n SUPPFORTab bri >SETTLEMENTS BON~ UNDRTY TG a'da CORE DONE / AnaadaONRUNR' naa RAMRSA SITE N ROAD " *-WLE~~MIN ROADS I. anp.,' dA..4 Ri KI~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~LOMETERS Lm TENKU LC G.a Ona aDT4Ar Aiaan yFOREST REEVE. N,laKIai, 5'24' %~T24 \ ' N- Prpannd S.-arS 'ZONE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' K 1 Kas,a T.Nb~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ s~53's n,. Obwl kp.h. ~ ~ ~ ~ IGHANA __________________________________________ j 5'35N * Earlianar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A. ~~ COASTALW T WETLANDSIGE 1'~~D IN OF04~GafdliTeo * Pn30.dAam R.MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, EURKINA rNGE( PROPOSED FASO STE ROA IDS IS~~~~~~~\ENIN/ Z ,MnlEAaaIa * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NATIO NALCAPITALS ~F INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ; H tht%YV4mlic IpUInfhW48BL ./ Tlaiad Gulf of Guinea ~~soos(a~ ,$jr,BNROF, Co"WiROTEftoop F ola OyoBfw topFrfB AI rn hW *P< oftR poal of Tb.v w4dobra.ow D . Al- OR~b.fK#O!OT~ PIOENNSanl#E2 ,-D Gaff of Gai, OD. The India, Ecuador, & Ghana Case Studies between the Volta River and the lands bordEring Population densities are high in the total project the neighboring country of Togo; (4) Sakumo, management area, which includes the core and along the eastern margin of the Sakumo Lagoon; buffer sites (see Table 6). Except for the Sakwmo and (5) Densu Delta, along the Densu River Delta site, which has a large urban population, the and the coastal floodplains below the Weija average population density is about 300 persons Dam. per sq km. This figure is much larger than other coastal towns in West Africa (which is just 34 The project provides funding for site improve- persons per sq km). The population density ment and management, including PA manage- levels in other project sites (e.g., Sakumo and ment and infrastructure (50 percent of costs); Densu Delta) are even higher than the national community development, which covers village average of 604 persons per sq km. When popula- livelihood activities (18 percent of costs); re- tion density is estimated over the core area, these search and monitoring, including follow-up numbers become critical relative to regional and socio-economic surveys and inventories (19 national indices. As indicated in the table, the percent of costs); and public awareness, which is Sakumo site has the highest population density a key feature of the project involving viUage and inside the core or sanctuary at 100,000 persons national environmental education programs (13 per sq km. percent of costs). As in the India and Ecuador cases, there are The performance and eventual success of the diverse ethnic groupings inside PA boundaries. project wil rest heavily on the effectiveness of the As shown in Table 7, there are an average of LSMC, which is the institutional set-up for three ethnic groups per site with varying deci- sustaining local participation. It is through the sion making, conflict resolution, and livelihood LSMC that the views and needs of local people practices. Continuing knowledge of these ethnic are systematically incorporated into the project's differences, and the sources of conflicts within plans. Careful selection of the members of the and between ethnic groups, is important in LSMCs will ensure that there is representation of deciding which conflicts are best resolved by al stakeholder groups, including district traditional lines of authority (e.g., village chief- government authorities, inter-agency officials, tains) or by district or local government authori- local NGOs and livelihood groups, and tradi- ties. tional leaders. Access to land and other resources is embodied The major outputs of the LSMCs are the Site in a complex system of legal, contractual, and Management Plans. These plans will define the customary arrangements. Customary practices conservation and maintenance activities for the govern the productive use of resources and project sites as well as the strategies for sustain- livelihoods and define land tenure. Among the ing the participation of local resource users in Ga-Adangbe in the Lake Volta area, for example, carrying out these activities. Assistance in land tenure is determined by religious practices formulating the plans is being provided by WVSG associated with lagoon spirits who are believed and the University of Ghana-Legon, (e.g., to influence fish stock and seasonality of fishing. Development Options Study and technical Under this system, there is no clear-cut market surveys). for land, and according to oral tradition, rights to land are acquired by conquest or by the principle These studies have identified the key social and of original occupancy. participation issues to be: (a) population pres- sures on resources; (b) ethnic conflicts; (b) In the other sites, property belongs to the commu- changes in access, tenure and property righits; nity and families or lineages only possess and, (d) declining influence of traditional usufructuary rights. Women are given separate authorities. rights to land ownership through inheritance. Social Assessment Series 21 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects The situation, however, is quite complex. For conflicts, and governing livelihood decisions. example, among the Akans in the Muni- The common reasons are population encroach- Pomadze and Songor sites, paramount title to ments contributing to social diversity, impacts of land is vested in the village's stool or oman. commercializationI on people's lifestyles and However, in reality, the amount of land and the values, and the growing dominance of district extent of control over uses of the land depend government authorities. These highly dynamic upon the mode of acquisition of the tribe and social factors will play a decisive role in the whether customary rules allow women to inherit orgarnzation and functioning of the LSMCs and property. the capacity of the government implementing agencies and NGC)s to mobilize local leadership Throughout most of the project area, there is a and community support for the wider conserva- declining influence of traditional authorities in tion objectives of the project. defining property and use rights, resolving Table 6. Demographic Profile of Communities in the Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management Project Annual Indicative Indicative Indicative Project Estimated Growth Rate Population Populatiton Population Site Population al (percent) b/ Density in Density in Density in Project Area cl Lagoon Area Core Area Muni- 39,000 2.1 90 sq km 3.0 sq km 1.5 sq km Pomadze 433 persons/sq km 13,000 persons/sq km 26,000 persons/sq km Songor 35,000 1.6 330 sq km 115 sq km 5.0 sq km 106 persons/sq km 304 persons/sq km 7,000 persons/sq km Sakumo 100,000 4.2 35 sq km 3.0 sq km 1.0 sq km 650,000 d/ 2,857 persons/sq km 33,330 persons/sq km 100,000 persons/sq km Densu 25,000 7.9 70 sq km 20 sq km 3.5 sq km Delta >700,000 e/ 357 persons/sq km 1,250 persons/sq km 7,1443 persons/sq km i Population estimates based on 1984 census data; figures in the Muni-Pomadze, Sakumo, and Densu Delta sites adjusted to current year based on estimates by University of Ghana-Legon (see J.A. Dadson, Socio-Economic Conditions of Local Communities Within the Sakumo, Densu Delta and Muni-Pomadze Ramsar Sites, Proceedings of the National Seminar on Coastal Wetlands, 1995); figures based on definition of coastal zone as 60 km. inland from the seacoast and 60 km. surrounding the lagoon (see Deichmann 1994). b/ Annual population growth rates based on Census data from 1964 to 1984; estirnate for Densu Delta site taken from J.A. Dadson (1995), op cit. c/ All figures for area of coastal wetlands taken from the Staff Appraisal Report (1993); management refers to the core and buffer zone induded in the project; population figures are taken only for the 60 km radius in the lagoon area and 60 km inland from the seacoast; core or sanctuary refers to area under protection. Note that not all project population engage in livelihood activities inside the lagoon or core. dl The lower population figure represents project site population; the larger number covers the entire area of influ- ence, including the Accra-Tema townships. ' The larger population estimate covers the Accra area but this figure is not used in computing population density since not all of the urban population actually use or depend upon resources in the coastal wetlands area. 22 Environment Department Papers The India, Ecuador, & Ghana Case Studies Table 7. Ethnic and CuLltural Characteristics of Selected Sites in the Ghana Coaslal Wetlands Management Project Project Major Ethnic No cf Districts/ Cultural Practices Affecting Sites Groups Villages Project Implementation Muni- Ga, Akan, 2 districts yearly tourist attraction is the Aboakyir festival Pomadze Efutu, Awutu appioximately of the Efutus (thousands of tourists each year); Senya 25 villages ethnic conflicts and fighting separating the two districts; chieftaincy leadership not clear in Awutu-Efutu-Senya areas Songor Ga, Akan, 1 district ethnic diversity complex due to influx of migrants from approximately migrants; poblems with seasonal migrants Togo and North 40 villages from Togo and neighboring countries Ghana (Ewe) Sakumono Ga, Adangme 1 district overpopulation and diverse groups in Sakumono Ewe migrants 21 villages and Ashiaman areas affecting resources; most of Sakumo lagoon privately owned; religious leader with strong influence on fishermen but also strong role of Paramount Chief Densu Ga, Ewe 1 district; population encroachment highest in the Accra- approximately Tema area; customary practices define fishing 18 villages and farming days; strong role of Paramount chief Social Assessment Series 23 3. The Social Assessment Process To understand the importance of the SA exer- institutional arrangements which were put in cises to the overaDl design and implementation of place to carry out the SAs. First, in all three cases, the three projects, it is necessary to take a more the idea of using, SA as a tool for identifying detailed look at the process of SA production (see social issues and increasing stakeholder partici- Box 3). While there are differences in the ways in pation has been country-driven. While the Bank which the SAs are carried out in each of the provided the implementing agencies with copies countries, there are also some elements which of the draft SA Good Practice Note, they them- define the more generic SA process. These selves are committed to the idea that the use of include adequate institutional and financial SA and participation is vital for project success. arrangements, the choice of sociological field In Ecuador, for example, the head of INEFAN methods and participatory tools, and the linkage has institutionalized the SA process by hiring a of the SA findings to the overall project design full-time anthropologist to work in the GEF and concept. Project Coordinating Unit. In India, the MOEF assigned the Indian Institute of Public Adminis- Institutional & Financial Arrangements tration (IIPA) to coordinate all SA activities. In Ghana, the Wilclife Society of Ghana (WSG) Several points are important to make about the served as the national coordinating NGO for Box 3: Social Assessment in the Three Case Studies SA Contractor SA Funding Duration Methods, Tools, Approaches Project or Contractors Sources of SAs Used in SAs India Indian Institute of Preinvestment Two years Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRAs); Public Adm. (IIPA), Facility of UNDP site surveys; joint PRA teams of state national coordinating forestry and park officials and local NGO NCGOs; National NGOs conducted PRA training; national workshops on PRA results prior to project design. Ecuador NGO Coordinating Various funding NA Socioeconomic surveys done by five Committee created agencies financed NGOs, including PRAs, site surveys, by INEFAN socioeconomic meLpping, consultations; ongoing SAs surveys (USAID, financed through project funds. IUCN, TNC, etc.) Ghana Wildlife Society of Project Preparation One year Bird and habitat surveys done jointly by Ghana (WSG) and Funds (Bank); bird NGOs through village participation in University of Ghana- surveys funded by bird counting and siting; extensive use Legon Royal Society for of historical photographs and mapping; Protection of Birds socioeconomic surveys using key (RSPB) informant interviews, direct observ- ations, analysis of ethnographies. 24 Environrent Department Papers The SA Process design and monitoring of the SAs in the five surveys later became the basis for the design of project sites. social and economic studies carried out by the University of Ghana-Legon and financed by Second, NGOs are being used in all three project funds. countries to design and carry out the SAs, and as intermediaries between government agencies Lastly, the role of the Bank was mainly as and local groups. As a result of their early role in facilitator of the SA process. The Bank assisted in project preparation, these NGOs have become drafting the Terms-of-Reference (TORs) for the active partners in both the decision-making and SAs, identifying and interviewing potential SA implementing aspects of these projects. Many of contractors, and in financing certain aspects of them have staffs which are competent and the SAs. In no case did the Bank take a lead role experienced in both the technical aspects of in the conduct of the SAs. However, it did share conservation planning and the social dimen- its experience in designing generic SA guidelines sions of community diagnosis, mobilization, amd and working on SAs in other countries. development. Methods and Tools In the case of India, the IIPA purposely involved state forestry officials in the training and condLuct The SA methods and tools used by the NGOs of Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRAs) and varied among the countries and according to site engaged these officials in a joint government and specific characteristics and needs. The primary NGO diagnosis of key conservation and social SA tool being used in India is PRA, which is a issues. In Ecuador, national level NGOs, such as well developed methodology that is widely used Fundacion Natura and Fundacion Maquipucuna are in that country. India has a wealth of expertise in working with provincial affiliates and NGOs, as PRA and, in contrast to other countries, it exists well as with INEFAN park staff, to conduct SAs, at both the national and local levels. There is follow-up training courses, and PA planning also a strong commitment among Indian NGOs activities. In fact, INEFAN has organized a to transmit their knowledge of PRA methods to broad-based NGO committee which meets counterpart government officials and ensure that regularly to assist it in decision making and local communities are actively involved in both planning for various aspects of project imple- data gathering and analysis. Hence, in the mentation. preparation of the India Ecodevelopment Project, there were numerous training, design and post- Third, several types of funding arrangements PRA workshops held with NGOs, government have been established to finance the SA process. officials, and community representatives. In India, preparation stage SAs were financed through the GEF and United Nations Develop- In Ecuador, pre-project social surveys conducted ment Programme (UNDP) Preinvestment Facility. by NGOs were based on census data, interviews In Ecuador, existing social surveys, financed by with sectoral ministries and provincial authori- the United States Agency for International ties, and brief visits to a sample of PA sites and Development (USAID), the Nature Conservancy surrounding communities. INEFAN also (TNC), World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and other sponsored a workshop during project prepara- international donors or NGOs, provided the tion to discuss with NGOs and other stakehold- initial baseline information for SAs to be con- ers several of the key social issues (e.g., land ducted during project implementation; the latter tenure, livelihood alternatives, etc.) which are being financed under the project budget. needed to be incorporated into the project design. While, in Ghana, initial demographic surveys The Bank has recommended that TORs for SAs to were financed and conducted by the Royal be conducted during project implementation Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) in indude opinion or attitude surveys of the collaboration with a local NGO, the WSG. These various stakeholders who are to participate in Social Assessment Series 25 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects the RCCs. It has also proposed that there be more Executing Agencies and participating NGOs detailed cultural resource surveys of those PAs early in the SA process. which contain indigenous populations (Sangay, Cayambe-Coca, Cotopaxi-Cayapas and Yasuni) In the India case, IIPA used two methods for or important cultural and historical sites ensuring such linkage between the SA findings (Machalilla). and the project design. One was through the conduct of joint PRAs and microplanning among In Ghana, NGOs conducted demographic the government, NGOs, and the local communi- surveys of human and bird populations which ties. The other method was through consultative later became the basis for the design of modified workshops at the national level where social social and economic surveys by the University of issues such as land tenure reform or alternative Ghana-Legon. These surveys focused on a smal livelihood strategies were discussed by a broad sample of households in the five sites and their range of stakeholders. Out of the local findings provided an initial profile of the income, microplanning exercises and the national cultural practices, key stakeholders, and social consultative workshops, a series of ecodeve- problems of the affected communities. The Bank lopment management interventions emerged. has proposed that PRAs be used in the follow-up Development Options Study, including an For Ecuador, the primary objective is to use SAs assessment of the traditional cultural and to develop effective RCCs which can deal both political decision making systems. with historic conflicts among stakeholders (local communities, NGOs, provincial authorities, Linkage to Project Design and Concept sectoral agencies, state and private companies, etc.) and lead to t]he design of PA management In all three countries, it was necessary to link the plans which are sensitive to multiple stakeholder SA findings with the central project concept and needs. The findings of the SAs wil be incorpo- the design of participation strategies and rated into training courses on conflict manage- activities. Such linkage is consistent with the ment, as weUl as social programs included in the overall philosophy of the Bank/GEF SA Good PA management plans. Practice Note and was transmitted to the Project Box 4 Linkage of SAs with Project Concept and SA Methods and Tools Project Concept for Approaches to Linking Project Linking Social and SA Findings to SA Methods and Tools Conservation Objectives ProjectDesign India Ecodevelopment Village microplanning Topical PRAs Approach National Consultative PAMIA (PA Mutual Workshops Interaction Assessment) Ecuador Regional Coordinating National Coordinating Socioeconomic Surveys Committees (RCCs); Meetings Opinion and Attitude Conflict Management Training in Conflict Surveys Management Ghana Local Site Management Local Site Planning Socioeconomic Surveys Committees (LSMCs) Environmental Needs Assessment Awareness 26 Environment Department Papers The SA Process In the case of Ghana, researchers from the ing social issues earlier identified in the social University of Ghana-Legon are presenting the surveys. results from the social surveys to members of the LSMCs, which are the planning committees that Box 4 summarizes the different approaches to identify project activities to be financed through incorporating SA findings into project design. the village development fund. In addition, the Each of these approaches is consistent with the WSG community officers, who are based in the basic project concept for achieving biodiversity project sites, are conducting follow-up surveys protection as well as addressing social needs. In and meetings with stakeholder groups to gather this sense, the SAs are integral parts of project more information and solicit their views regard- design and implementation rather than stand- alone studies or academic exercises. Social Assessment Series 27 4. The Social Assessment Findings While each country and project has its unique design of biodiversity conservation efforts, characteristics, there are some generic findings especially in areas which are changing as a which have emerged from the SAs to date. These result of population movements. All three of the findings provide insights into how to operation- countries have large and growing populations ally improve the management of Bank/GEF around the peripheries of PAs. Many of these biodiversity conservation projects. surrounding populations are dependent upon PA resources for their livelihoods or exploit them On the most general level, the SAs indicate the for commercial purposes (e.g., small-scale miners need for project managers, executing agencies, in Ecuador, seasonal migrant fishermen in and the Bank/GEF to recognize the dynamic Ghana, commercial hunters in India). social circumstances in which biodiversity conservationprojects are being developed. The However, SA contractors find it difficult to interaction between human populations and measure population pressures for at least two their natural surroundings are so fluid, chang- reasons. First, it is very difficult to use popula- ing, and unpredictable in all three of the coun- tion census data because of the incompatibility tries that it is necessary to assume an adaptive between census units and ecological boundaries. management approach to project design and Because of this factor, SA teams are forced to implementation. From this perspective, SA is a conduct separate household censuses inside the continuous process of gathering social informa- PAs. These censuses are quite costly and time tion and adapting it to the project concept, rather consuming, especially when PAs cover difficult than a single exercise done during project terrain and large areas. Furthermore, most of the preparation. SA teams are not trained to conduct such detailed household censuses. SA also provides an excellent tool for adapting project concepts and activities to specific na- Second, there is a problem in defining the tional, regional and local contexts. Such context- geographical extent or range of population ualization is particularly important because the pressures on the P'As. For example, the so-called success of biodiversity conservation projects, like PA "buffer zones" or "peripheries" are usually other development interventions, depend upon defined in terms of arbitrary "areas of human careful consideration of political and cultural influence." SA teams and project authorities factors. These factors are often overlooked when seldom assess the true population pressure on only financial, technical or administrative PA resources in terms of seasonal movements of aspects are taken into account in project design. people into the PA for livelihood (e.g., hunting, grazing, fuelwood, and medicinal plant collec- Human Demography and Social tion). Nor have SA teams analyzed the extent of Diversity long-distance or regional migrationpatterns over longer time periods, and their impacts on Human demography is one of the major and population pressures within both the "buffer most complex factors which influences the zones' and the PAs. 28 Environment Department Papers The SA Findings The complexities of these demographic issues are relocation of people who have traditionally compounded by the great ethnic, and socio- resided within or occupied PAs. Knowing more economic diversity of the population groupings. about the ecosystems and the range of human As mentioned in Section 2, all of the countries influences on resources can provide viable have PAs with indigenous or tribal populations options such as redefining PA and "core conser- in and around the officially demarcated sites. In vation area" boundaries, and allowing certain fact, even within many of the PAs, there are often types of Livelihood or harvesting activities within more than two ethnic groups, thus creating inter- the PAs. For example, in Ghana, park managers ethnic rivalries and competition for resources. permit small-scale fishing inside the lagoons These same PAs may also have different strata of during certain months of the year; and, in places the regional population (e.g., subsistence and such as the Yasuni Park in Ecuador, the commercial farmers in India, smaRl and large.- Huaorani are allowed to continue to engage in scale fishermen in Ghana, small placer minelrs their traditional hunting, fishing, and gathering and large petroleum companies in Ecuador, etc.). activities. Hence, the level of resource extraction and pressure on PAs depends not only on the size of Cultural Dimensions of Conservation the resident and migrant population, but also Pl their ethnic affiliation and socio-economic status. annng In addition, women are usually engaged in Given the great ethnic and cultural diversity of fuelwood gathering, subsistence agriculture amd PA populations in all three countries, it is hardly gardening, marketing of produce (including fish) surprising that the SAs indicated a need for more and gathering of non-timber forest products. sensitivity to the cultural dimensions of conser- Often women conduct these activities with vation planning. For example, with so many children and youth, all of whom have differential local groups having claims to land and re- effects on resource use. Stated simply, the sources, most biodiversity conservation projects population profile as it relates to resource and need to clarify the relations between national environmental pressures on PAs is determined laws and ancestral or customary property rights. by numerous factors, of both a lemographic and Often the legal basis for setting PA boundaries conflicts with traditional or historical land These observations have relevance for the design claims. This is particularly clear in Ghana where of PAs, especially in terns of zoning and lanct the establishment of PA boundaries overlaps use planning. Ideally, PA boundaries should be with the etbnic territories controlled by rival determined by ecological criteria, such as the chieftains; and in Ecuador where indigenous extent of habitat or ecosystem necessary for the peoples have formed regional and national survival of keystone plant or animal species. At organizations to defend their ancestral lands. the same time, ecosystems are continuously The initial social surveys and SAs in these changing as a result of human uses. Therefore, countries demonstrate the vital inportance of both ecological and human influences need to be recognizing land and resource claims in the taken into account in the delineation of PA design of PAs, not only as a strategy for mobiliz- boundaries and the establishment of "buffer ing local populations for purposes of conserva- zones." However, in the majority of the cases tion but also as a means for avoiding conflicts. under study, PA boundaries appear to have been Once their rights are recognized, these local established without adequate consideration of indigenours populations can be more easily these two inter-related factors.inieospultnscnbmreaiy convinced to participate in conservation and These observations have particular relevance for sustainable development. Local indigenous such controversial issues as the involuntary populations often possess sophisticated knowl- Social Assessment Series 29 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects edge of the environment which can be induded tion. The SAs provide an opportunity for design- in PA management. In Ghana, for instance, local ing socially and culturally acceptable participa- chiefs and religious leaders have traditionally tion strategies and activities. In Ghana, the social defined the rules for fish harvesting; e.g., the and economic suLrveys showed that regional days when fishing is allowed, the size of fish chieftains and religious leaders need to be nets, and who can fish in certain areas. In included in LSMCs, if these are to become Ecuador and India, indigenous or tribal popula- effective instrumrents of environmental education tions have also demonstrated their knowledge of programs. In Ecuador, the design of a Cultural the environment, including the possession of Resource Survey for the Machalilla National sophisticated systems of agro-forestry (e.g., Park will provide new impetus for the local polycuttural gardens in India, the chacra horticul- control of an archaeological and historical tural system in Ecuador); knowledge of useful museum. And, in India, PRAs have already plants and medicines; areas which are sacred or discovered how some tribal groups depend taboo for human use; and, the setting down of heavily on PA resources only in times of drought. social rules for controlling resource overuse. Such knowledge will help in determining the timing of conservation interventions and pos- The sustainability of these indigenous systems of sible alternative livelihood activities. land and resource management is evidenced by the large number of archaeological and religious Institutional Mechanisms for Stake- sites which exist in the PAs in all of these holder Participation countries. Archaeological investigations in the Machalihla National Park, along the Pacific Coast of Ecuador, indicate that this region has Just as tradi tional cultural forms need to be taken been continuously occupied for centuries. into account in PA management, there is also the Similarly, in India, the Periyar Tiger Reserve has need to create neaw institutions for purposes of numerous small shrines and a sacred temple conservation and development. Past approaches which date back centuries and still attracts about to PA institutional design have been top-down, 30 million religious pilgrims each year. While, in centralized, and hierarchical. Typically, park Ghana, the Muni Lagoon site attracts thousands staffs lack autonomy from centralforestry, of tourists each year for the Aboakyir Festival - wildlife, and environmental agencies. Park a cultural ceremony that involves the capture of managers are acsountable to regional and bushbuck in "sacred hunting grounds." national superiors, and have relatively little institutional freedom to relate in more than a The cultural importance of these sites provides a personalistic fas:hion with local governments or good opportunity for environmental education surrounding comlmunities. In fact, they usually and awareness. By highlighting the cultural and serve as police or custodians, guarding PA religious (as well as ecological) significance of resources against outside poachers or intruders. these sites, park managers have a much better chance of mobilizing local support for conserva- In many countries, this custodial or policing tion activities. Combining cultural and ecologi- approach has its limitatons. In a world where cal preservation also provides new opportunities human populations are growing and depend for local income generation through increased upon fragile ecosgystems for their survival, a tourism, craft production and sale, and the purely custodial or policing approach to conser- employment of local residents in park manage- vation planning and management often leads to emplyincuding archaeological site restoration increased social conflict between governments ment, maingearceologiousitempes. and local user populations. Thus, a new conser- and the maintenance of religious temples. vation ethic has emerged which looks toward Sensitivity to culture and language diversity is institutional formns of PA management which are fundamental to authentic community participa- more broad-based and participatory. The 30 Environment Department Papers The SA Findings purpose of this new ethic is not to negate state microplanning ecodevelopment exercises carried responsibility to protect valuable national and out jointly by park authorities, local NGOs, and global resources, but rather to ensure that there is representatives from affected communities. a more equal playing field and shared opporlu- These exercises are based upon periodic consul- nities among various stakeholders. It also strives tations with various stakeholder groups, includ- to create types of institutions which provide the ing the use of topical PRAs as a mechanism for conditions for joint action and consensus, incorporating local needs and preferences into without negating the differing interests among annual microplans. the stakeholders. Within each project context, the SAs serve to In each of the three countries, different institL- identify stakeholders, assess their needs and tional arrangements have been proposed or preferences, and provide recommendations for created to enhance stakeholder participation in improving institutional effectiveness and PA management. For example, in Ghana, the sustaining broad-based participation. The use of executing agency organized LSMCs or local ranking and sorting techniques in PRAs in India committees in each site for the purpose of showed who were the key stakeholders in local planning and implementing PA activities. These viUlages and who controlled the harvesting and committees are composed of park managers, marketing of PA resources. This information district authorities and representatives from was later used in identifying which persons village and regional chieftains, the women's should be consulted in the ecodevelopment association, and fishermen and farmer groups. microplanning exercises. A WSG Community Officer surveys opinions of local residents and conducts regular meetings In Ecuador, the initial surveys of PAs conducted with villagers and local groups. The findings by NGOs indicated the lack of coordination from these local surveys and meetings assist the among the various sectoral agencies working in LSMCs in their site planning activities. the same region or province, as well as outstand- ing conflicts between park authorities and In Ecuador, the new law establishing INEFAN resident and migrant populations. As a result of also called for a more decentralized management the information contained in these surveys, it structure, including the giving of more financial was decided to base the initial activities of the and administrative autonomy to regional and RCCs on conflict management. local park officials. It also established the basis for setting up RCCs which are the multisectoral The social surveys in Ghana demonstrated the coordinating bodies to be comprised of park need to include traditional chiefs and religious managers, representatives of other sectoral leaders, as weUl as district authorities, in the agencies, NGOs and indigenous peoples organi- LSMCs. Furthermore, they indicated the impor- zations, provincial and local government tance of carefully designing institutional struc- authorities, and affected communities and tures so that they would not exacerbate the private groups. The purpose of the RCCs is to rivalries between traditional chiefs and ethnic provide a formal mechanism for a variety of groups. stakeholders to participate in the preparatioin of PA management plarns. While Ghana is further ahead in creating these new institutional structures for participation in Similarly, in India, the state governments PA management and decision-making, the ultimate test in aUl three countries will be to through their existing PA a-uthorities or newly design programs and mobilize resources for created PA societies will be responsible for dervatims and m e resources All project implementation. The PA authorities wiU conservation and development activities. All develop partnerships with or encourage NGOs three projects envision alternative livelihood and to implement project activities. There will also be social infrastructure activities. In addition, the Social Assessment Series 31 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects India and Ghana projects allocate separate For example, WSG has designed several innova- financial resources for the establishment of tive training programs, including one that uses village livelihood or social development funds. drama to depict the power of traditional deities SAs in Ghana were vital in determining who will in controlling natural resource use. While, in be eligible to receive resources from these funds, Ecuador, it has become clear that several NGOs what types of activities will be funded, and how involved in the project desire additional training the use of such funds will be monitored. For in fund-raising, project management and conser- example, based upon the village meetings in the vation planning. Songor lagoon site conducted by the WSG Community Office, the LSMC for that site The second factor is the need to deal with decided to provide funds to eight local coopera- conflicts which inevitably will occur in the tive associations involved in recreational, course of projecit implementation. Of the three fishing, and beach resort tourism. projects, only the one in Ecuador has explicitly placed an emphasis on conflict management in Capacity Strengthening and Conflict its project concept. This project allocates funds, Management under its training component, to increase the capacity of INEFAN and participating NGOs to In all three projects, it is clear that understanding engage in conflict management and dispute demographic trends, cultural patterns, and settlement. In fact, the Ecuador project is unique institutional arrangements is not sufficient to in the Bank/GE]F biodiversity portfolio in sustain stakeholder participation and ensure recognizing the ilmportance of developing effective PA management. The SAs indicate that conflict management skills as an integral part of two other essential factors are needed for suc- the PA management process. cessful project imnplementation. At the same time, there are countries such as The first of these factors is the incorporation into Ghana where because of the persistence of projects of systematic capacity strengthening. traditional authorities there are already existing All of the projects have training and capacity systems of customary dispute settlement. One of building components. SAs canbe used to design the major lessons which canbe learned from the these training programs based upon assessments Ghana project is that it is possible to make use of of existing leadership and management skills traditional authorities for purposes of resolving and local needs. They can also serve as tools for competing resource uses and land daims within incorporating traditional knowledge on environ- the structure of a legally designated PA. ment and conservation into training programs. 32 Environrment Department Papers 5. Recommendations for Improving Project Performance While this report has only looked at a very In other words, what we are arguing is that SA limited number of cases where SA has been used - just like stakeholder participation - must not in the preparation and implementation of Bank/ be an epidosic event at the preparation stage of a GEF financed biodiversity projects, it does project. To the contrary, it is best conceived as a provide some important lessons and recommen- dynamic instrument or tool in adaptive manage- dations for improving Bank and Executing ment. Such an approach would enable Bank Agency performance in this area. In fact, the Task Managers, Executing Agencies, NGOs, and entire effort was looked at as "structured learn- affected populations to continuously examine ing," which could provide insights for using SA the effects that social factors are having on the to increase the effectiveness of projects. The evolution of projects. It would also encourage remainder of this report describes three of the more self-conscious analysis of the roles which more important lessons and recommendatiors different actors are playing in the implementa- learned from the study. tion of projects, as well as providing insights for changing project designs and interventions at Social Assessment as Adaptive mid-stream. Adaptive management approaches, Management which rely heavily on information inputs as a source of innovation, have been successfully As mentioned in the Introduction, one of the used in industry and other sectors and certainly major lessons learned from the comparison olE the would be useful to apply in such dynamic and three case studies is the need to view SA and complex areas as biodiversity conservation. stakeholder participation as ongoing processes Actualy, the three case studies presented in this rather than as activities only performed durintg Actuallvide excase stunities ing project preparation. To be genuinely effective, report provide excellent opportunities for looking both SA and stakeholder participation need to be at SA as an adaptive managemert instrument. continuous processes which occur throughout All three projects have used either standard the project cycle from initial identification andd social survey, PRA, or other SA techniques preparation through implementation and duringproject preparation, and at least in two evaluation. This dynamic view of the project projects (Ghana and Ecuador) continue to use cycle is consistent with recent findings and SAs throughout project implementation. In recommendations of the Wapenhans Report, the addition, the Ghana project plans to use joint Bankwide Learning Group on Participation, the government and NGO SA tearns for monitoring Participation Sourcebook, and views on stake- and evaluation. It is interesting that some of the holder participation in the Bank's project cycle SA findings in Ghana have already led to as presented in Picciotto (1992). Less attention, changes in the composition of the LSMCs; and, however, has focused upon the role which SA in the Ecuador case, we can expect that SA might play as a tool for ensuring that genuine findings will play an important role in determin- stakeholder participation takes place throughout ing the composition and activities of the RCCs. the project cycle. Social Assessment Series 33 SA in WB/GEF Biodiversity Projects Thus, the major recommendation resulting from Such case materials can be presented in various the structured learning study is that SA needs to formats. For example, the innovative use of be looked at as a continuous process, one which videos, role playing, and drama may be just as takes place not only at project preparation but effective as written reports or dissemination throughout the project cycle. This is especially notes in conveying the experiences and lessons true during project implementation where SA learned from these biodiversity projects. can play an important role in the reformulation of institutional arrangements, project activities On another level, the Bank/ GEF may need to and, perhaps even in some cases, entire project provide Task Managers and their counterparts concepts and design. with specialized training in interpreting SA results and translating them into project design. Training and Capacity Strengthening It is not necessary that all Bank Task Managers know how to be able to design and conduct Like all new approaches, there is a need to PRAs, social surveys, beneficiary assessments, initiate new perspectives, build capacity, and and the like. However, they should be knowl- improve skills in the area of SA and stakeholder edgeable about the philosophy and potentials of participation. Such training and capacity each of these tools, as well as be able to dialogue strengthening needs to take place on several with SA specialists or agencies, such as NGOs. levels and among numerous constituencies. And, where the opportunity does arise, Bank These include the Bank and GEF decision- Task Managers and their counterparts may wish makers, project Task Managers, biodiversity and to be provided with "hands-on" experiences in social specialists, counterparts in Project Execut- conducting SAs. ing Agencies and NGOs, and local authorities. What we are suggesting here is not only the need At the same time, it is important that the Bank to contract social scientists to do SAs, but also and GEF suppor t on-going training of social the need to develop a particular perspective and scientists in both the Bank and in-country on the set of tools for understanding the relationship philosophy and methodology of SA and stake- between people and biodiversity among all major holder participation, especially within a natural stakeholders in the PA management process. resource management and biodiversity conserva- tion context. Capacity strengthening at this level Such a perspective can be best imparted through may take place through cross-site visits, profes- the sharing of lessons and experiences of "living sional exchanges of experience, and attendance cases." Bank/GEF-financed biodiversity projects at national and international conferences, as are excellent laboratories for understanding well as in short-term training courses and human and environment interactions. By workshops. capturing and documenting these experiences as they are occurring, through SA techniques, a rich Lastly, the Bank/GEF needs to develop a strategy body of information is being developed which for strengthening the capacity of in-country can be used for purposes of training and capac- institutions to deal with social issues as they ity building in such areas of social analysis, relate to biodiversity conservation. These stakeholder participation, and institutional include training in such basic skills as cultural design. analysis and PRAs, beneficiary assessment, gender analysis, social communication, appro- Therefore, a second recommendation of this priate technology, labor mobilization and micro- report is that the Bank/GEF should develop a set finance. Of particular importance for biodiversity of case materials of ongoing and completed projects is skills training in methods of conflict biodiversity projects for training courses for both management, negotiation, and dispute resolu- Bank Task Managers and their in-country tion. Interestingly, only one of the three case counterparts, including NGOs and local groups. studies (Ecuador) provides separate funding for 34 Environment Department Papers Recommendations for Improving Project Performance training in conflict management and negotia- project officers and village authorities. Benefi- tions. While the other two projects mention ciary assessment and PRA techniques, such as conflict resolution, there are no training programs focus group meetings, gender roles (e.g., women recommended or financed for such purposes. in project decisionmaking), and life histories are also important tools for documenting the Process Documentation decisionmaking process. Finally, in order for Bank/GEF Project Task An essential feature of process documentation is Managers and Executing Agencies to learn from transparency. Records of project decisions and past experiences, there needs to be much more descriptions of project activities and outcomes attention paid to documenting and analyzing the need to be available in a timely and accessible decision-making process in biodiversity cons er- manner to the public, and especially to affected vation projects. With some exceptions, most groups of people. For example, key decisions reports on current Bank/GEF funded biodive!rsity regarding policies or rules on the use of PA projects do not contain adequate documentation resources should be translated and comnmuni- on how decisions were made, who made them, cated to local groups through various media (e.g., and what their implications were for project vernacular publications, radio broadcasts, design or performance. This study indicates that videos, illustrations). the performance of these projects would benefit from more systematic use of sociological reco:rd- There is also the need to systematically incorpo- ing techniques, such as process documentation rate lessons learned from the decisionmaking methods developed for irrigation and other rural processes into project design or modifications. development projects. For example, the WSG community officers in the Ghana case study write monthly reports which Process documentation would include: (a) are reviewed by the WSG coordinator and descriptions of major developments or stages in government officials. The recommendations from the project; (b) recording of key decisions macle at these reports are then incorporated into each various stages, incluuding those relating to social site's village development plan. Similarly, the issues and their resolution; and (c) contextual India Ecodevelopment Project proposes docu- analysis of the process by which such decisions mentation of PRA findings so these can be were made, including the changing nature of systematically included in the semi-annual social and political relationships and the dynam- village microplanning reports. ics of inter-institutional coordination. The Bank/GEF can play a role in improving The recording of key decisions throughout the project documentation through informing and project cycle should include descriptions of training its Task Managers and Executing information dissemination and consultation Agency counterparts in the philosophy behind activities. Such descriptions would cover the type and methods used in process documentation. It of these activities, the stakeholders involved, and can also set minimalrequirements for the types their purposes and outcomes. It also considers the of sociological information which should be manner in which the decisions are carried out. included in official documents (such as Project Information Documents or Staff Appraisal Because decisionmaking occurs throughout ftfe Reports), as well as supervision iand other project cycle, the most useful documentation tools evaluation reports. Such a pro-active approach have been diaries of viUage-based community to information gathering and dissemination workers, minutes or proceedings of management would enable the Bank/GEF and its in-country or coordination committee meetings, activity counterparts to avoid some of the public misun- histories (e.g., oral presentations recorded in derstandings which have often fueled the video or tape) or testimonies of the biodiversity debates surrounding the nature and degree of stakeholder participation in projects. Social Assessment Series 35 6. Summary This study has demonstrated that SA, as out- by the Project Executing Agencies and local lined in the March 1994 Bank/GEF Good stakeholders. Second, they must reflect a process Practice Note, is already playing a significant that starts early and continues throughout the role in the improvement of project design and project. And, third, the SAs must provide in- implementation performance of a select group of sights and information about the social forces biodiversity conservation projects. While these creating highly dynamic and sometimes unpre- projects are still at an early stage of execution dictable situations. The SAs also need to provide and there has been no controlled comparison operationally relevant recommendations - such with projects which do not use SA, it is dear that as new types of institutional arrangements - for some things have already been learned which redesigning projects to adapt to changing could be determinate social factors in the success circumstances. or failure of these projects. While the study has only looked at three cases The SA findings from the three case studies where SA has been used in the preparation and indicate that some of the key factors for improv- implementation of biodiversity conservation ing project performance are: projects, it does provide some recommendations for improving Bank/GEF and Executing Agency a recogmnton and response to the changing performance. One of these recommendations is human demography and social diversity of the need to view SA and stakeholder participa- populations who reside within, live nearby, tion as ongoing processes rather than as activi- or use the resources of PAs; ties only done during project preparation. * incorporating elements of local culture into conservation plarning; Another recomlmendation is that the Bank/GEF should develop a set of case materials on the * careful design of institutional mechanisms social aspects and evolution of ongoing and for effective stakeholder participation; and, completed biodiversity projects for training courses for both Bank Task Managers and their * building into projects capacity for commu- in-country couxnterparts. A third recommenda- nity management of conservation activities, tion is the need to strengthen the Bank/GEF and as well as methods for resolving conflicts Executing Agency capacity for process documen- over resources between different stakehold- tation, not only for what it might teach in terms ers. of project decisioonmaking but also for its utility in furthering public understanding of the social The study also demonstrates that to be effective, and environmental goals of the Bank/GEF. SAs need to do three things. First, they must be country-driven; that is, their ownership must be 36 Environment Department Papers Notes I Data gathering for the structured learning exercise consisted of reviews of project docu- ments, field visits to project sites, and rapid appraisal. As much as possible, there were site visits and consultations with representatives of local vilages. Data gathering also focused on some of the issues raised by studies done by im- country NGOs and research institutes - the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) in India; Fundacion Natura and Project SUBI[R in Ecuador; and the Wildlife Society of Ghana (WSG) and the University of Ghana-Legon in Ghana. 2 Charles C. Geisler, Adapting Social Impact Assessment to Protected Area Development, in Shelton H. Davis (ed.), The Social Challenge of Biodiversity Conservation, (Washington D.C., The Global Environment Facility, 1993), p. 31. 3 The Staff Appraisal Report (August 1996) contains separate annexes on social assessment (Annex 18) and village ecodevelopment (Annex 8). Social Assessment Series 37 References Dadson, J.A., 1995. Socio-economic Conditions of Wells, Michael, ]Katrina Brandon and Lee Local Communities Within the Sakumo, Densu Hannah, 1992. Pleople and Parks: Linking Protected Delta and Muni-Pomadze Ramsar Sites. Area Management with Local Communities. Wash- Proceedings of the National Seminar on ington, D.C.: World Bank, World Wildlife Fund- Coastal Wetlands, Accra. U.S. and U.S. Agency for International Develop- ment. Davis, Shelton H. (ed.), 1993. The Social Challenge of Biodiversity Conservation. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1990. Operational Directive 4.30: World Bank, The Global Environment Facility, Involuntary Resettlement. Washington, D.C. Working Paper Number 1. World Bank, 1991. Operational Directive 4.20: Fundacion Natura, 1991. Acciones de Desarollo en Indigenous Peoples. Washington, D.C. Zonas de Influencia de Areas Protegidas. Quito, Ecuador. World Bank, 1991. Operational Directive 4.01: Environmental Assessment. Washington, D.C. Geisler, Charles C., 1993. "Adapting Social Impact Assessment to Protected Area Develop- World Bank, Environment Department, 1994. ment," In S.H. Davis (ed.), The Social Challenge of Incorporating Social Assessment and Participation Biodiversity Conservation, p. 2543. into Biodiversity Conservation Projects. Washing- ton, D.C. Global Environnment Facility, 1995. Quarterly Operational Report, Washington, DC. World Bank, Environment Department, 1995. World Bank Participation Sourcebook. Washington, Goodland, Robert and George Ledec, 1988. D.C. Wildlands: Their Protection and Management in Economic Development. Washington, D.C.: World World Bank, Global Environment Facility, 1993. Bank. Ghana: Coastal WAetlands Management Project. Washington, D.C. Picciotto, Robert and Rachel Weaving, 1994. "A New Project Cycle for the World Bank," Finance World Bank, Global Environment Facility, 1994. and Development, 31(4): 42-44. Republic of Ecuador: Biodiversity Protection Project. Washington, D.C. Republica de Ecuador, 1990. V Censo de Poblacion. Quito, Ecuador. World Bank, South Asia Department II, Agricul- ture and Water Division, 1996. StaffAppraisal Report: India Ecodevelopment Project. Washington, D.C. 38 Environment Department Papers K Environment Department K The World Bank 1818 [I Street, NW. Washington, DC: '20433 3, '3 2024733641 2O24770565F 3, '3 3, 3 3,3, *3,.4--3,3,3,3,43,3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,33,3,3 3,3,3,3,3,33,3,3,3,3, >*3,3,33 3,3,3,333, 3,3,3,33,3,3,3,3, 33, p33,3 44 333, 3,3,3, 3, 3,333333333 3,33,333,33 33 3 3, '3 3 K 33333,3;3,34:3'3 3, 3,3, 3,3,3 3 3,3,3 3, '3 3, 3,33 3,3, 3,3,3 3,33,3,3, 3, 3, 3, 3 3,3, 3,3,3,333, 3, 3, 333, 3 3, 3,43,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3 3,3, 333,33,3, 3, 3, 3 '3 3 3 3, 3 3 3,3 '3 3,3,33, 3, 3,333,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3, 3,3 3, 3,33, 3,3, 3,33,3, 3,3, 3, 3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,33,3,3,3,3, 33, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3 3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3 3, 3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3 3,3,3, 3,3, 3 3,3,3,3 3,3,'3'333,33,3,3,3,'3 3, 3 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3 3,3 '33,3,3, '3333333, 3,3,333 3,3 3 3,3 3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,333,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3, 3, 3, 3,3,333,3,3,3,33, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3, '3 3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3> 3,3, 3, 3,3, 33,3,3, 3, 3, '3 '33,3,3,3,3,3,3, 33,3,3,3,33,3, 3, 3, 33,3, 3,3,3,333, 3, 3, 3, 3,3, 3,3,3,3, 3, 3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3, 3, 333,3,3,3,3,3,3, 333, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3,3,3, 33,3,3,3,33,3,3,3, 3, 3, '3333,3,33'33,3,3,3,33,3, 3, 3, 3,3,3,3, 3 3,3,3,3,33 3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3,3,3, 3, 3 3,3 333 3333,3,3,3, 3, '3 3, 3333, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 33,3,3,3,3,333,3,>3, 3, 33,3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3 3 3, 3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3, '3 3,3,3,4 3, '3 3, 33, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,3,3,3 3,3, '3 3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,333,3,3333,3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3,3, 3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3,'3 3, 3,3, 3,3,3,3, 3,3,3,3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,3, 3, 3, 3, 3'333333,3,'33,3,3, 3,> 3,3,3, 3,3, 3, 3, '33,'3 3,3, 3, ori 100% post-consumer recycled paper 3, '3>333,3,3,3, 3, 3 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,3, Printed 3,3,3,333,3,3,3,3,3, 33333333,333333, 33,3,3,3,3333,3,3,3, 3, 33,3,3,3,3,333,3,3333,3,3,33,3,3,3,3,3 3,3, 33,3,3, #'3'3 '33,3, 333 '3 33 3,3333,3,3,3,3,3,3,333,3,3, 3,3, 3, 3, 3, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,333 3,