DRAFT ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) Zimbabwe Idai Recovery Project (ZIRP) 15th July 2019 ii Table of Contents Table of Contents................................................................................................................................................... ii Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................................................. v Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. vi 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Project Description ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Project Components .......................................................................................................................................3 2.2 Project Beneficiaries.......................................................................................................................................4 2.3 Purpose of the ESMF ......................................................................................................................................5 2.4 Project Management Structure .....................................................................................................................5 2.5 Contractors and Implementing Partners .......................................................................................................9 3 Policy and Legal Framework ......................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Regulatory and Policy Framework ...............................................................................................................10 3.1.1 Environmental Management ...............................................................................................................10 3.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Policy Guidelines, (1997) .............................................................10 3.1.3 Environmental Management (EIA and Ecosystems Protection) Regulations, 2007 ............................10 3.1.4 Parks and Wildlife Act 20:14 ................................................................................................................11 3.1.5 National Monuments and Museums Act 25:01 ...................................................................................11 3.1.6 Water Act 20:24 ...................................................................................................................................11 3.2 International Agreements and Treaties signed by the Government of Zimbabwe ......................................12 3.2 World Bank’s Environmental and Social Risk Classification .........................................................................13 3.2.1 Component II Risk Classification-Moderate Risk .................................................................................13 3.3 Comparison between ESF objectives and national requirements ................................................................14 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................ 24 4.1 Project Locations..........................................................................................................................................24 4.2 Biophysical Environment ..............................................................................................................................24 4.3 Socio-Economic Environment .......................................................................................................................27 5 Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................. 34 5.1 Beneficial Impacts ........................................................................................................................................34 5.2 Adverse Impacts ...........................................................................................................................................35 iii 5.2.1 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................................35 5.2.2 Noise and Vibration .............................................................................................................................36 5.2.3 Impacts on Flora and Fauna .................................................................................................................36 5.2.4 Site Related Oil Spills ...........................................................................................................................37 5.2.5 Soil Erosion ..........................................................................................................................................38 5.2.6 General Construction Waste Impacts ..................................................................................................38 5.2.7 Hazardous Health Care Waste Impacts ...............................................................................................39 5.2.8 Veterinary Hazardous Health Care Waste Impacts ..............................................................................39 5.2.9 Electronic Wastes Impacts ...................................................................................................................40 5.2.10 Pesticide Contamination ......................................................................................................................40 5.2.11 Invasive Tree Species ...........................................................................................................................40 5.2.12 Community Health and Safety Risks ....................................................................................................40 5.2.13 Odour from Communal WASH Facilities ..............................................................................................41 5.2.14 Water Contamination from Communal WASH Facilities .....................................................................41 5.2.15 Disease Spread from Communal WASH Facilities ................................................................................42 5.2.16 Hazards ................................................................................................................................................42 5.2.17 Pest Outbreak ......................................................................................................................................42 5.2.18 Labour Influx ........................................................................................................................................42 5.2.19 HIV & AIDS Impacts ..............................................................................................................................43 5.2.20 Gender Equity, Sexual Harassment ......................................................................................................43 6 REVIEW, COORDINATION & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ............................................................... 65 6.1 Screening Process and Impact Assessments ................................................................................................65 6.2 Zimbabwe’s ESIA Process .............................................................................................................................66 6.3 Activities to be Screened Out .......................................................................................................................72 6.4 World Bank Approval of ESMPs .............................................................................................................72 6.5 ESMF Disclosure ......................................................................................................................................72 7 Monitoring Plan ........................................................................................................................................... 73 7.1. Regular Monitoring and Inspection for Compliance ....................................................................................73 7.2. Quarterly Monitoring and Reporting .........................................................................................................104 7.3. Emergency Reporting .................................................................................................................................104 7.4. Roles and Responsibilities ..........................................................................................................................105 8 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) ....................................................................................................... 106 8.1 Assess and Clarify.......................................................................................................................................106 8.2 Report ........................................................................................................................................................106 8.3 Acknowledge and Follow-Up .....................................................................................................................107 iv 8.4 Verify, Investigate and Act .........................................................................................................................108 8.5 Monitor and Evaluate and Feedback .........................................................................................................108 8.6 Information Disclosure and Consultations .................................................................................................108 8.7 GBV and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) ...........................................................................................108 8.8 WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS) .......................................................................................................109 9 Capacity Development and Training Schedule............................................................................................ 110 10 Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates ........................................................................................ 113 11 References ............................................................................................................................................. 115 Annex 1. Archaeological Chance Find Procedure ........................................................................................... 117 Annex 2. Voluntary Land Readjustment Guidelines ....................................................................................... 118 Annex 3. Land Readjustment Consent Form / Land Use Agreement .............................................................. 120 Annex 4. Previous Stakeholder Engagement Activities .................................................................................. 121 Annex 5. Permits, Consents and authorizations from relevant authorities .................................................... 122 Annex 6. TOR Gender-Based Violence, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, and Child Protection Assessment .... 123 Annex 7. Procedures for Managing Contractors ............................................................................................ 127 Annex 8. Labor Management Procedures - Outline ....................................................................................... 128 Annex 9. UNOPS Form EM03 Social and Environmental Screening Report .................................................... 131 Annex 10. UNOPS Environmental and Social Risks and Opportunities form EM 04 ...................................... 138 Annex 11. Environmental and Social Management Plan (UNOPS form EM 01) ............................................ 139 Annex 12. Quarterly and Annual Reporting Template ................................................................................. 149 ANNEX 13: UNOPS’ Form HSE09 - Incident Report Form. ................................................................................... 156 ANNEX 14: Pest Management Framework ......................................................................................................... 158 ANNEX 15: Key Issues to be considered in TOR for site-specific ESIAs (Solid Water and Sanitation, Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage, Solid Waste) ................................................................................................................ 160 v Abbreviations and Acronyms CPU Civil Protection Unit CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CESMP Contractor’s Environmental and Social Management Plan EA Environmental Assessment EMA Environmental Management Agency ESHS Environmental, Social, Health and Safety ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan C-ESMP Construction Environmental and Social Management Plan ESF Environmental and Social Framework ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment GBV Gender-Based Violence GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GoZ Government of Zimbabwe GDP Gross Domestic Product IDA International Development Association IVA Independent Verification Agent LMP Labor Management Plan M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NGO Non-Governmental Organization OHP Occupational Health Safety Plan PDO Project Development Objective POM Project Operation Manual PIU Project Implementation Unit PSEA Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ZIRP Zimbabwe Idai Recovery Project vi Executive Summary For three days in March 2019, Cyclone Idai hit the eastern parts of Zimbabwe and devastated approximately 50,000 households or approximately 270,000 people. Idai brought heavy rains, causing flash floods and landslides, and damaged infrastructure, properties, schools, hospitals, farmlands and private houses and destroyed livelihoods. Hundreds of people were killed with approximately 344 missing 1, predominantly in the most affected districts of Chimanimani and Chipinge. Coping capacities to a shock such as a cyclone are very low and could have serious and lasting adverse socio-economic implications. The cyclone-affected areas where Region I (very productive, with abundant rain), and Region V (dry). Region V was already dealing with a drought when the cyclone hit, and many of the crops and livestock that had survived the drought succumbed to the cyclone. 2 Description of the Project The World Bank Idai Recovery Project is a four-year response to the devastation left by the cyclone, specifically to support livelihood recovery in worst affected areas. UNOPS has been designated as direct fund recipient and implementer, with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Fo od and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), and World Food Programme (WFP) as sub-component technical lead agencies (herein referred to as Technical Leads). The Project Development Objective is to address the early and medium-term resilient disaster recovery needs of cyclone-affected peoples. The project will take a multi-sectoral approach, which utilizes an integrated and holistic strategy by combining interventions across sectors, requiring active coordination and planning across organizations and components. Drawing on the consultative group, the ZIRP will sequence and integrate activities across UN and external partners, assuring coordinated and complementary investments, including the use of a central targeting mechanism. The ZIRP components details and anticipated activities are as follows: The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to “address the early and medium-term resilient disaster recovery needs of cyclone-affected people.� This objective will be achieved through: (a) a surge of high-impact, immediate interventions for enhancing the coping capacity of the affected communities while humanitarian operations continue in tandem through other partners; (b) activities that transition toward medium-term recovery such as restoration of productive capacities of the communities and rehabilitation of critical community infrastructure across multiple sectors; and (c) interventions to reduce community hazard risk vulnerability through community level structural and non-structural mitigation. Project Components are as follows: Component 1: Providing Immediate Support for Cyclone Recovery : This component will provide immediate and integrated livelihoods and healthcare solutions to cyclone-affected people, including sub components such as: (a) Restoring livelihoods through conditional cash transfers to provide food assistance and through unconditional cash transfers for most vulnerable groups; (b) Restoring agricultural crop and livestock production, including distribution of agricultural inputs for small farmer households, and the re-stocking and treatment of livestock and poultry, and; (c) Accelerating the revitalization of basic health services, including the provision of a basic package of health services and referral pathways related to Gender-Based Violence (GBV)/Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA), and child protection measures. All activities under this component will specifically target women and female-headed households. 1 Report provided by the Provincial Civil Protection Committee in Mutare 2 UNDP 2019 vii This component will also finance project management and overheads costs for the above activities, such as needs and beneficiary assessments, quality assurances of livelihood supports, etc. Component 2: Enabling Medium-term Cyclone Recovery and Resilience-building: This component will support the rehabilitation of critical community infrastructure, such as water and sanitation systems, irrigation networks, community schools, and community roads, as well as community level structural risk reduction and mitigation efforts, such as slope protection and environmental rehabilitation. This component will also finance project management and overhead costs for the above activities, such as needs and beneficiary assessments, preparation of technical designs, technical quality control assurance, etc. Component 3: Providing Project Management and Technical Assistance: This component will provide UNOPS Project Management support, for overall coordination and oversight functions and for centralized project services, across all components, such as monitoring and evaluation (M&E), managing and monitoring environmental and social performance, technical quality assurance, grievance redressal, GBV/SEA and referral and protection systems, and for engaging Independent Verification Agents (IVA) for beneficiary verification, technical quality assurances, project results validation; and Technical Assistance (TA) for a range of activities to be progressively determined on a needs basis, to facilitate strengthened implementation. These could include, but are not necessarily restricted to: (a) social assessment; (b) supporting community risk assessments, monitoring and preparedness planning; (c) supporting community infrastructure damage assessments; (d) setting up the ZIRP Management information system (MIS); (e) developing health information and epidemic surveillance systems; (f) strengthening project strategic communications, media relations and citizen engagement; (g) building the capacity of the Project’s environmental and social staff. Component 4: Unallocated Fund: To allow flexibility and adaptability during implementation, the Project envisions an unallocated US$3 million to be distributed midterm based on a set of agreed criteria such as performance of the various components, varying levels of support from other development partners, and associated financing gaps in the various components. Such allocation shall be decided by World Bank Management, based on recommendations from Task Team Leaders and in consultation with the Consultative Group being set up under the Project. Project Duration: The financing instrument of the proposed Project is a grant-based Investment Project Financing, with a proposed operational life of 48 months. It will be financed through the IDA CRW Grant to UNOPS, as a recipient of the proposed Project. While the Project’s immediate support activities are likely to take 9-12 months to complete, an overall 4-year project duration is proposed: (a) to allow the completion of community infrastructure schemes to building-back-better standards; and (b) for making the affected communities safer from future hazard risks through structural risk reduction interventions at the community level. Purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) was selected as the most appropriate environmental and social instrument for assessing, managing and monitoring environmental and social risks and impacts of the Project, given that the full nature, scope and geographical locations of the sub-projects were not exactly known at the time of preparing the ESMF. The ESMF establishes screening processes and tools to be directly implemented by UNOPS, Technical Leads and contractors in assessing the risks and impacts of sub-projects. This will facilitate the recommendation of appropriate mitigation and monitoring measures for each sub-component and/or activity. viii The main purpose of this ESMF3 is therefore to establish procedures and methodologies for environmental and social assessments, review, approval and implementation of investments to be financed under the Project, as the nature, scope and locations of activities become known during the implementation of the Project. The ESMF describes the appropriate roles and responsibilities of UNOPS, Technical Leads, contractors and other stakeholders, and outlines the reporting procedures on social and environmental issues. It describes the managing and monitoring processes of environmental and social concerns related to the project investments. It further determines the training, capacity building and technical assistance required for UNOPS and Technical Leads to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF; and provides practical information resources for implementing the ESMF. It also lays out the Project’s staffing and institutional arrangements clarifying the relations between UNOPS a s the key implementer, the World Bank, and the Technical leads, including their roles and responsibilities in view of the implementation of the ESMF. Identified Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Based on initial scoping, the potential environmental risks and impacts of the Project are anticipated to be moderate, given that most of the interventions involve rehabilitation of existing community infrastructure. No new habitats or new ecosystems will be covered by infrastructure rehabilitation. Minor environmental risks will likely be generated from activities associated with supplementary feeding and animal vaccinations, and their possible negative impacts on natural vegetation or existing agricultural produce. The reconstruction of storm drains and other water structures will likely impact rivers or lead to the degradation of soils. Gulleys and irrigated land will need to be investigated in terms of the efficiency of water use, and it needs to be ensured that actual practices in construction do not result in additional challenges. A forward-looking perspective will consider the life cycle of the new interventions and ensure that they are energy efficient and sustainable. A broader perspective needs to consider the overall environmental context of the Eastern Highlands as a baseline and consider specific issues regarding waterways to prevent landslides and the blocking off of natural waterways. Furthermore, there is a risk that the removal of debris affects the new location in terms of aesthetics or safety of the community. There are further risks around waste management in medical mobile facilities. Based on initial scoping, the social risk is anticipated to be moderate. The potential adverse risks and impacts on human populations and environment are not likely to be significant as the project activities are site-specific, without likelihood of impacts beyond the actual footprint of the project. Specific project activities are expected to have substantive positive impacts on beneficiary communities and not expected to have irreversible social risks related to land, community health and safety, or cultural heritage. The potential risks and impacts are related to i) inclusion and management of community expectations and relationships; ii) labor conditions and potential minor labor influx; iii) minor impacts on community health and safety (e.g. road safety, water borne diseases, etc.) and iv) gender-based violence (GBV) and sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA). The risk rating and project design also takes into consideration contextual factors such as the complex context of the post-emergency operation and aggravated vulnerabilities of intended beneficiary populations, including food insecurity, loss of life, community cohesion and displacement caused by the cyclone. 3 The ESMF sets out the principles, rules, guidelines and procedures to assess the environmental and social risks and impacts. It contains measures and plans to reduce, mitigate and/or offset adverse risks and impacts, provisions for estimating and budgeting the costs of such measures, and information on the agency or agencies responsible for addressing project risks and impacts, including on its capacity to manage environmental and social risks and impacts: (ESS1). ix Legal and Policy Framework The ESMF is guided by the relevant laws and policies of Zimbabwe, including the Environmental Impact Assessment Policy (1997), which lays out the requirement for stakeholder consultations among other issues; the Environment Management Act (CAP 20:70) of 2020, which defines the environmental management principles of the country; the Statutory Instrument 6 of 2007 on Water Pollution, Control and Waste Management; the Statutory Instrument 7 or 2007 on the Protection of Eco Systems; the Statutory Instrument 12 of 2007 on Hazardous Substances, Pesticides and Toxic Regulations; the Public Health Act (CAP 15:09) of 1996 that is applicable to WASH services; the Factories and Works Act (CAP 14:08) of 1996, which aims to reduce occupational accidents; the Water Act (CAP 20:24), which regulates water usage; the Land Acquisition (Disposal or Rural Land) Regulations from 1999 regulating land transfers; the National Museums and Monuments Act (CAP 25:11), regulating chance finds processes; and the Rural District Councils Act (29:13), defining the powers of the Rural District Councils. World Bank’s Environmental and Social Standards Furthermore, the ESMF complies with the World Bank Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) under the new Environmental and Social Framework (ESF), the World Bank Group (WBG) Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, and thematic/sectoral WBG EHS Guidelines. The ESS relevant for the Project are: • ESS 1 (Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts) as it sets out the borrower’s responsibility for assessing, managing and monitoring ES risks and impacts throughout the Project’s life cycle; • ESS 2 (Labor and Working Conditions) sets out the labor and working conditions, which the borrower is obliged to comply with through the development and implementation of labor management procedures, and which is relevant as the Project will employ community and contracted workers; • ESS 3 (Resource Efficiency and Pollution and Management) sets out requirements in regards to addressing resource efficiency and pollution prevention and management with the objective to promote sustainable use of resources. It is applicable, as the Project needs to ensure appropriate waste management in some of the activities, and should aim for resource efficiency in the restoration of communal infrastructure; • ESS 4 (Community Health and Safety) addresses the health, safety and security risks and impacts on project- affected communities, with the objectives to avoid adverse impacts on health and safety of community members. Although the Project aims to improve the lives of previously affected communities, it needs to be ensured that Project activities do not pose any unintended negative consequences on communities; • ESS 5 (Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement), aims to avoid involuntary resettlement, forced eviction, and aims to mitigate unavoidable adverse social and economic impacts from land acquisition or restrictions on land use. While the project activities are not expected to require land acquisition, restrictions on land use or involuntary resettlement. The ESMF will outline screening procedures and voluntary approaches to this effect; • ESS 6 (Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources) aims to protect and conserve biodiversity and habitats, promotes sustainable management of living natural resources, and supports livelihoods of local communities. The Project will implement activity-specific screening procedures for biodiversity risks and impacts likely to occur from the activity; • ESS 8 (Cultural Heritage) aims to protect cultural heritage from the adverse impacts of project activities and support preservation, as well as promoted equitable sharing of benefits from the use of cultural heritage. x No major affection of any cultural heritage sites is anticipated under the Project; however, the Project may have to handle chance cultural findings, following Chance Find Procedures; • ESS 10 (Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure) recognizes the importance of open and transparent engagement vis-à-vis project stakeholders and ensures an inclusive process is conducted throughout the lifecycle of the Project. This process has already commenced through the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), laying out all the different types of stakeholders, timings and modes of communication and consultation. Institutional Roles and Responsibilities for Implementing the ESMF UNOPS is the proposed borrower, project implementer and Technical Lead for several sub-components. It will recruit and staff the PIU, based in Harare and undertake project management activities. As a Technical Lead, UNOPS will also maintain an office in Mutare, staffed to implement the respective sub-components under UNOPS’ technical lead, under the lead of a Project Manager for Infrastructure. Given the overall responsibility of the PIU for the ZIRP, an Environmental Specialist and a Social Specialist, based in the PIU, will oversee the implementation and monitoring of the ESMF. Both will operate under the responsibility of the PIU Project Manager for Infrastructure. Their main task will be to implement and monitor the ESMF, including the monitoring of the implementation of the SEP, LMP, GBV Action Plan, and the implementation of the Project GRM project-wide. The PIU Environmental and Social staff will oversee the implementation of the monitoring plan. They will receive monthly updates from Technical Leads and the UNOPS Mutare Office. At least every two weeks they will further conduct field supervision visits to Technical Leads’ implementation sites as well as the sites of UNOPS sub - component activities. The team will further receive all screening results of site-specific activities, site-specific ESIAs and their associated ESMPs, will review them for compliance against the ESMF, and approve them prior to the commencement of activities by Technical Leads. It will then monitor the implementation of the ESMPs by Technical Leads. Other Technical Leads will be responsible for direct implementation of their sub-components, including all screening activities, development and implementation of ESMPs, ensuring compliance to the approved ESMPs and the ESMF. Procedures for Screening and Site-Specific ESIAs and ESMPs UNOPS will provide oversight of all Technical Leads on relevant screening processes. The Technical Leads are responsible for the screening of all their respective activities. The screening should be based on a site- or project- specific Social and Environmental Screening Process and Report (based on UNOPS Form EM03 Social and Environmental Screening Report (see ANNEX 12)) or on other appropriate tools by Technical Leads, if they are compatible with the UNOPS Form EM03. In such cases, UNOPS will assess the tool prior to the screening process and determine its reliance. The outcome of the screening will determine whether a) the activity is high risk and will be screened out (see below for a negative activity list), b) site-specific ESMPs are required (based on partial site-specific ESIAs – see ANNEX 16 for generic ESIA TOR). The Screening report will further help to determine which ESF standards are applicable and which steps need to be taken and which provisions or procedures apply, as laid out in the ESMF. All sub-projects will be screened for environmental and social risk and impact by applying the UNOPS screening tool. The risk classification will be based on the following: xi List A: minimal or no adverse environmental or social risk and/or impact is expected from activities that include communication and translation, small training and workshops, management of funds and grant, and management of social protection activities. List B: Moderate adverse environmental or social risks and / or impacts are expected from projects that include small and medium scaled infrastructure (e.g. rural roads, schools, hospitals, housing, buildings, etc…), energy for small - scale development, water supply and sanitation, waste management, agriculture and irrigation, support and advice. List C: High adverse environmental and social risk and/or impacts. Any activities that would be categorized as High Risk will be screened out (see a negative list under 6.3). In the event that Technical Leads need to implement full or partial site- or activity-specific ESIAs and develop site- specific ESMPs, the costs are budgeted for in the budgets of the respective Technical Leads. At this point, known activities and likely screening results are as follows (based on UNOPS Environmental and Social Screening Process). No activities with high adverse environmental or social risks and impacts are anticipated. The screening tool will be updated to be aligned with the WB ESF Environmental and Social Standards (ESS). xii Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) MITIGATION MEASURES AND ESTIMATED COSTS Type of activity E&S Risks and Impact Mitigation Measures Costs in USD (as part of the Responsible Lead Technical Leads’ budget)4 Sub-Component1.1: Restoring Livelihoods and Providing food and cash assistance for the most vulnerable Providing cash Delayed payment leading to complaints Timely payment; Communication / awareness 0 WFP assistance and conflict campaign of payment mechanisms (planning); Submission of reports to Money Transfer Agent, Implementing Agency and World Bank Utilization of money earned from the Implement GBV Action Plan (see Annex 6 for TOR) 20,000 project, time women may spend outside of HH away from their usual duties can lead to domestic conflict Removal of debris, Removal of debris affects new location Implement and monitor waste management 30,000 desilting of aesthetically or poses a safety risk for the procedures based on World Bank Group weirs/dams, light community at the new location. Environmental, Health, and Safety General reinforcement of Guidelines5 river banks Soil Erosion during desilting of weirs/dams Implement soil control measures as described in See above and reinforcement of river banks mitigation measures above. Noise Pollution during desilting of Implement noise control measures as described in See above weirs/dams and reinforcement of river mitigation measures above. banks See above 4 These costs have been calculated based on estimates of costs of trainings or awareness raising sessions (travel, hire of experts, provision of location), costs of materials required (safety equipment, awareness and information materials, etc…). The detailed budget for the ESMP implementation will be provided in the site specific ESMPs. 5 World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines, April 30, 2007, accessed at: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B- %2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES xiii Air Pollution during desilting of weirs/dams Implement air pollution control measures as and reinforcement of river banks described in mitigation measures above. 20,000 Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers Occupational Health and Safety risks during desilting of weirs/dams and reinforcement See above of river banks Implement water pollution control measures as described in mitigation measures above. Water contamination from oil spills during desilting of weirs/dams and reinforcement of river banks. Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community 20,000 and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Rehabilitation of Soil Erosion during construction of feeder Implement soil control measures as described in See above feeder roads, light roads and upstream watershed mitigation measures above. upstream rehabilitation watershed rehabilitation Noise Pollution during construction of Implement noise control measures as described in See above through slope feeder roads and upstream watershed mitigation measures above protection rehabilitation Air Pollution during construction of feeder Implement air pollution control measures as See above roads and upstream watershed described in mitigation measures above rehabilitation Occupational Health and Safety during Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above construction of feeder roads and upstream watershed rehabilitation Water contamination from oil spills during Implement water pollution control measures as See above construction of feeder roads and upstream described in mitigation measures above watershed rehabilitation Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during construction of feeder disturbance of flora and fauna as described in mitigation measures above xiv roads and upstream watershed rehabilitation Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety e.g. Sensitization of communities: Cordoning 0 construction traffic accidents; dust construction sites; implementing traffic pollution; noise pollution etc. management plan Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion during construction and Implement soil control measures as described in See above creation of check- rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds mitigation measures above. dams, stone bunds, and terraces biological measures (trees and grasses), Noise Pollution during construction and Implement noise control measures as described in See above terracing rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds mitigation measures above and terraces Air Pollution during construction and Implement air pollution control measures as See above rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds described in mitigation measures above and terraces Occupational Health and Safety during Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above construction and rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds and terraces Water contamination from oil during Implement water pollution control measures as See above construction and rehabilitation of check described in mitigation measures above dams, stone bunds and terraces Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) during construction and xv rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds Implement measures to protect against and terraces disturbance of flora and fauna as described in mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Community Health and Safety e.g. Sensitization of communities: Cordoning 10,000 construction traffic accidents; dust construction sites; implementing traffic pollution; noise pollution etc. management plan Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Dry fencing and live Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above fencing for community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community controlled grazing and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all and relevant area occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards closures Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) See above measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Grievances over communal or private land Identify required land readjustment through use community processes; 0 Implement process for voluntary land agreements 0 (see ANNEX 2 and 3); Refer to general GRM Tree nurseries Invasive species problem/proliferation Ensure selection of local/native species only 0 During asset design, ensure proper choice of Increased water demand depending on species and avoid invasive species. Use native species chosen species only. xvi Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) See above measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Grievances over communal or private land Identify required land readjustment through 0 use community processes; Implement process for voluntary land agreements 0 (see ANNEX 2 and 3); Refer to general GRM) Sub-Component 1.2: Restoring Agricultural Crop and Livestock Production Supporting farmers Improper use of crop chemicals leading to Conduct trainings on safe use of chemicals 20,000 FAO with crop inputs environmental contamination. including pesticide risk reduction and Integrated (maize, sorghum Pest Management (IPM) and cowpeas); Use of pesticides and Chemical use poses health risks to both Awareness raising and training of farmers on See above fertilizers users and consumers due to non- importance of following withdrawal periods observance of withdrawal periods Indiscriminate storage of fertilizers, Training of farmers on safe and proper storage of See above chemicals and food fertilizers, chemicals and food Establishment of Disharmony arising from disruption of Train farmers on livestock husbandry and conflict 20,000 community social fabric due to some farmers getting a resolution for community leadership gardens piece of land in the community gardens Implement proper community participatory consultation process before selection of beneficiaries Restocking poultry, Deforestation due to timber poles Train farmers on Sustainable Forest Management 20,000 sheep and goats extraction to construct pens and harvesting xvii Train farmers on establishment of woodlots and agroforestry for multi-purpose trees Distribution of Poor storage and handling of stock feed Training of farmers and awareness raising on 20,000 stock feed might result in stack burn likely cause fire proper handling of stock feed hazards Vaccination and Increased concentration of livestock Train farmers in conservation measures around 20,000 deworming of numbers at handling sites (e.g. dip tanks) handling sites to avoid excessive livestock may lead to excessive land/soil/vegetation land/soil/vegetation disturbances disturbances Public health concerns from meat products Train farmers and veterinary attendants and raise See above if farmers ignore recommended withdrawal awareness on veterinary drug procedures periods after administering veterinary drugs Potential occupational hazards to the Train farmers and technicians and raise awareness See above farmers and technicians handling the on safe handling of drugs and animals veterinary drugs and animals Impacts associated with veterinary health Develop and implement veterinary health care See above care waste management and disposal waste management plan (water pollution, soil pollution, impacts on faunal species) etc. Rehabilitation of Negative effect of acaricides to the Train farmers in use of recommended eco-friendly See above dip-tanks ecosystem (e.g. beneficial insects) acaricides Sub-Component 1.3: Accelerating the revitalization of basic health service provision Mobile clinics Health Care Waste risks leading to Implement and monitor health care waste 30,000 WHO contamination through medical waste that management procedures based on WBG is not properly disposed (infections, Environmental, Health, and Safety General pollution/contamination of the Guidelines, including training of health care environment – air, land, water physical workers and auxiliary staff on how to safely injuries, effect on domestic animals) handle health care waste. xviii Provide adequate and appropriate protective clothing; use appropriate types of polythene bags and containers for waste; appropriate storage of health care waste until end of day; treat health care waste appropriately at central, provincial hospitals, etc.…). Rehabilitation of Soil Erosion during Implement soil control measures as described in See above community health construction/rehabilitation of health posts mitigation measures above. posts (provision of power supply, Noise Pollution during Implement noise control measures as described in See above provision of water construction/rehabilitation of health posts mitigation measures above supply including borehole drilling, expansion of Air Pollution during Implement air pollution control measures as See above mother’s waiting construction/rehabilitation of health posts described in mitigation measures above homes, provision of energy sources). Occupational Health and Safety during Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above construction/rehabilitation of health posts Health Care Waste risks leading to Implement and monitor health care waste See above contamination through medical waste that management procedures based on WBG is not properly disposed (infections, Environmental, Health, and Safety General pollution/contamination of the Guidelines, including training of health care environment – air, land, water physical workers and auxiliary staff on how to safely injuries, effect on domestic animals) handle health care waste. Provide adequate and appropriate protective See above clothing; use appropriate types of polythene bags and containers for waste; appropriate storage of health care waste until end of day; treat health care waste appropriately at central, provincial hospitals, etc.…). xix Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 UNOPS (Mutare community don’t comply with WB and (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community Office) Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Component 2.1: Rehabilitating communal WASH services New water points Soil Erosion during construction of piped Implement soil control measures as described in 30,000 UNICEF (piped water water schemes mitigation measures above. schemes including solar pumps) Noise Pollution during construction of Implement noise control measures as described in See above piped water schemes mitigation measures above Air Pollution during construction of piped Implement air pollution control measures as See above water schemes described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks - Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during construction of piped water schemes Implement water pollution control measures as See above Water contamination from oil during described in mitigation measures above construction and rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds and terraces Implement measures to protect against See above Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial disturbance of flora and fauna as described in and aquatic) during construction of piped mitigation measures above water schemes Develop and implement electronic waste See above Electronic wastes from solar pumps (panels management plan for solar pumps and batteries) xx Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers and contractual workers, including initial – including occupational health and safety training for all community and contracted risks workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Community Health and Safety e.g. spread Sensitization on preventing common diseases 0 of diseases, including SGBV in relation to (planning) like cholera worker influx into communities Implementation of GBV Action Plan Rehabilitation of Soil Erosion during rehabilitation of Implement soil control measures as described in See above boreholes, springs boreholes, springs and deep -water wells mitigation measures above. and deep-water wells Noise Pollution during rehabilitation of Implement noise control measures as described in See above boreholes, springs and deep -water wells mitigation measures above Air Pollution during rehabilitation of Implement air pollution control measures as See above boreholes, springs and deep -water wells described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks - Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during rehabilitation of boreholes, springs and deep -water wells Water contamination from oil spills during Implement water pollution control measures as See above rehabilitation of boreholes, springs and described in mitigation measures above deep -water wells Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during rehabilitation of disturbance of flora and fauna as described in boreholes, springs and deep -water wells mitigation measures above xxi Develop and implement electronic waste See above management plan for solar pumps Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers and contractual workers, including initial – including occupational health and safety training for all community and contracted risks workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response 0 Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 10,000 Community Health and Safety e.g. spread Sensitization on preventing common diseases of diseases, including SGBV in relation to (planning) like cholera worker influx into communities Implementation of GBV Action Plan Construction of Soil Erosion during construction of toilets, Implement soil control measures as described in See above toilets, latrines and latrines and handwashing facilities mitigation measures above. hand-washing facilities Noise Pollution during construction of Implement noise control measures as described in See above toilets, latrines and handwashing facilities mitigation measures above Air Pollution during construction of toilets, Implement air pollution control measures as See above latrines and handwashing facilities described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks - Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during construction of toilets, latrines and handwashing facilities Water contamination from oil spills during Implement water pollution control measures as See above construction of toilets, latrines and described in mitigation measures above handwashing facilities xxii Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial) Implement measures to protect against See above during construction of toilets, latrines and disturbance of flora and fauna as described in handwashing facilities mitigation measures above The pit latrines and septic tanks if not well Ensure proper siting of septic tanks and pit See above sited and maintained will be a source of foul latrines in accordance with the MOH guidelines smell that will affect those within the area. for siting and construction of pit latrines Faecal matter may lead to underground Ensure proper maintenance of sanitation facilities See above water contamination if the water table is including cleaning and hygiene training high or in the case of pit latrines, when Provide hand washing facilities and water in all there is an overflow due to heavy rains. the sanitation infrastructures Contamination of water may lead to outbreak of diseases e.g. cholera, See above dysentery, typhoid, diarrhoea etc. Pit latrines can also be breeding grounds for Ensure proper cleaning of toilets See above flies and mosquitoes which are disease vectors. Super structures if poorly constructed and Ensure super structures are well constructed designed could lead to hazards including including the slab with the required strength See above falling into the pit if the super structure floor/slab gives ways. This can lead to injury or loss of life. Common pests attracted to dirty Ensure and provide training on cleaning of toilets environment are rats, cockroaches, flies. Use biopesticides to manage pests See above These animals are also disease vectors. They transport germs from the toilet to nearby human settlement. Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers and contractual workers, including initial – including occupational health and safety training for all community and contracted risks workers on LMPs, H&S standards xxiii Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety e.g. spread Sensitization on preventing common diseases See above of diseases, including SGBV in relation to (planning) like cholera worker influx into communities Implementation of GBV Action Plan Component 2.2.: Restoring communal irrigation schemes in support of agrarian livelihoods: Reconstruction of Soil Erosion during reconstruction of storm Implement soil control measures as described in 30,000 FAO storm drains drains mitigation measures above. Noise Pollution during reconstruction of Implement noise control measures as described in See above storm drains mitigation measures above Air Pollution during reconstruction of storm Implement air pollution control measures as See above drains described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks - Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during reconstruction of storm drains Water contamination from oil spills during Implement water pollution control measures as See above reconstruction of storm drains described in mitigation measures above Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during reconstruction of storm disturbance of flora and fauna as described in drains. mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers occupational health and safety risks xxiv Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards 0 Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Contours, Terraces Soil Erosion during establishment of Implement soil control measures as described in See above contours and terraces mitigation measures above. Occupational Health and Safety risks - during establishment of contours and Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above terraces Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) during establishment of Implement measures to protect against See above contours and terraces disturbance of flora and fauna as described in mitigation measures above. Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers – including occupational health and safety risks Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 xxv Waterways and Soil Erosion during construction of water Implement soil control measures as described in See above water diversion ways and water diversion structures mitigation measures above. structures Noise Pollution during construction of Implement noise control measures as described in See above water ways and water diversion structures mitigation measures above Air Pollution during construction of water Implement air pollution control measures as See above ways and water diversion structures described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks – Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during construction of water ways and water diversion structures Water contamination from oil spills during Implement water pollution control measures as See above construction of water ways and water described in mitigation measures above diversion structures Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during construction of water disturbance of flora and fauna as described in ways and water diversion structures mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers – including occupational health and safety risks Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards xxvi Reclamation of Soil Erosion during construction of gabions Implement soil control measures as described in See above gullies by mitigation measures above. constructing Occupational Health and Safety risks – gabions during construction of gabions Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above Water contamination during construction Implement water pollution control measures as See above of gabions described in mitigation measures above Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during construction of gabions disturbance of flora and fauna as described in mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers – including occupational health and safety risks Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Desilting of weirs Soil Erosion during desilting of weirs Implement soil control measures as described in 30,000 UNOPS Mutare Field mitigation measures above. Office Noise Pollution during desilting of weirs Implement noise control measures as described in See above Air Pollution during desilting of weirs mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks – Implement air pollution control measures as See above during desilting of weirs described in mitigation measures above Water contamination from oil spills during Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above desilting of weirs Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement water pollution control measures as See above and aquatic) during desilting of weirs described in mitigation measures above xxvii Implement measures to protect against See above disturbance of flora and fauna as described in mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers occupational health and safety risks Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Revitalization of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above irrigated land community and don’t comply with WB and (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community Zimbabwe legislation – including workers occupational health and safety risks Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Soil Erosion during revitalization of irrigated Implement soil control measures as described in See above land mitigation measures above. Occupational Health and Safety risks – Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during revitalization of irrigated land Water contamination during revitalization Implement water pollution control measures as See above of irrigated land described in mitigation measures above Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during revitalization of disturbance of flora and fauna as described in irrigated land. mitigation measures above See above xxviii Water and soil contamination from use of Prepare and implement Integrated Pest pesticides during revitalization of irrigated Management Plan 0 land Sub-Component 2.3: Rehabilitating damaged community schools Rehabilitation of Soil erosion during Implement soil control measures as described in See above UNOPS Mutare Field facilities construction/rehabilitation of schools mitigation measures above. Office Noise pollution during Implement noise control measures as described in See above construction/rehabilitation of schools mitigation measures above Air during construction/rehabilitation of Implement air pollution control measures as See above schools described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks – Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during construction/rehabilitation of schools Implement water pollution control measures as See above Water contamination from oil spills during described in mitigation measures above construction of during construction/rehabilitation of schools Implement measures to protect against See above Disturbance of flora and fauna during disturbance of flora and fauna as described in construction/rehabilitation of schools mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers and contractual workers, including initial – including occupational health and safety training for all community and contracted risks workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response xxix Community Health and Safety, e.g. spread Sensitization on preventing common diseases 10,000 of diseases, including SGBV in relation to (planning) like cholera worker influx into communities Implement GBV Action Plan (See Annex 6 for TOR) 0 Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) Sub-Component 2.4: Rehabilitating communal infrastructure and providing community risk mitigation solutions Labor intensive work to support early recovery – community infrastructure (community workers, heavy equipment may be required to supplement work) Vegetation Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 UNOPS Mutare Field clearing and grass community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community Office and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all cutting along occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards roads Overall Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) Responsibility: measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, UNOPS PIU and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Clearing side Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) drains and culvert community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community See above inlets/outlets and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Excavation of new Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above drainage paths community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, xxx and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Earth filling of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above embankment and community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community pavement repairs and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Earthworks such Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above as irrigation canal community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community excavations and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Installation of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above cross drainage community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community structures, lining and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards of side drains Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response xxxi Earthworks Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Protection works Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Construction of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above retaining walls and community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community gabion baskets and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Concrete works Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above and building community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community repairs and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards xxxii Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Grievances over communal or private land Identify required land readjustment through use community processes; Implement process for voluntary land agreements (see ANNEX 2 and 3); Refer to general GRM Community Health and Safety, e.g. spread Sensitization on preventing common diseases of diseases, including SGBV in relation to (planning) like cholera worker influx into communities Implement GBV Action Plan (See Annex 6 for TOR) Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) xxxiii Public Consultations and Disclosure: Project stage Topic of Suggested Method Timetable location Target stakeholders Responsibilities consultation (will be refined by and dates implementer) Project Design Overall Project Meetings, email 17.5-10.6.2019 Project Consultative Committee UNOPS Team and Technical Leads activities Consultative 13.5.-22.5.2019 Directly and Indirectly Affected Parties WB and UNOPS Team community meetings Consultative 13.5.-31.5.2019 Interested Parties and Parties with Influence WB and UNOPS Team meetings Project Cash transfers Community meetings, Wards selected for Community members that will receive cash transfers PIU Fund Manager / WFP Implementation SMS, social media, cash transfers / with focus on women and vulnerable groups FGDs Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Meetings / FGDs Prior to CPU at District and Ward level / Ward Councilor and commencement and Village Chief throughout Project cycle Food/cash for Community meetings, Wards selected for Ward members from which target groups for food PIU Fund Manager / WFP Work SMS, social media, cash transfers for labor will be selected / with focus on women and FGD vulnerable groups Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Meetings / FGDs Districts/Wards CPU at District and Ward level / Ward Councilor and selected Village Chief xxxiv Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Support to Community meetings, Wards selected for Communities from which small farmer households PIU Fund Manager / FAO small farmers SMS, social media, support are selected FGD, surveys Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Meetings Districts / Wards CPU agricultural committee at District and Ward level selected / Ward Councilor and Village Chief Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Livestock Community meetings, Wards selected for Communities from which recipient households of restoration SMS, social media, support livestock restoration activities will be selected FGD, surveys Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Meetings Districts / Wards CPU Environment and Ecology / Agriculture selected for support Committees at District and Ward levels / Ward Councilors and Village Chiefs Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Health services Community meetings, Wards in all 9 Communities in all 9 Districts / with particular focus PIU Fund Manager / WHO SMS, social media, Districts on women and vulnerable groups FGD, surveys Prior to commencement xxxv meetings Wards in all 9 CPU Health committees at District and Ward level / Districts Ward Councilors and Village Chiefs Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Rehabilitation Community meetings, Wards of all selected Community members in communities selected for PIU Fund Manager / UNICEF of WASH SMS, social media, communities rehabilitation services FGD, surveys Prior to commencement meetings Districts/Wards of CPU Water and Sanitation Committees at District and selected Ward Level / Ward Councilors and Village Chiefs communities Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Restoration of Community meetings, Wards selected Communities selected for restoration PIU Fund Manager irrigation SMS, social media, schemes FGD, surveys Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle meetings Districts / Wards CPU Water and Sanitation Committees at District and selected Ward level / Ward Councilors and Village Chiefs Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Rehabilitation Community meetings, Wards selected Communities selected PIU Fund Manager of risk mitigation Prior to infrastructure commencement and xxxvi throughout Project cycle meetings Districts / Wards CPU s at District and Ward level selected Prior to commencement and throughout Project cycle Sub-Project Community meetings, During drafting and Communities selected for sub-project PIU Lead and respective technical Specific ESMPs FGDs throughout life cycle implementation leads of sub-project 1 1 Introduction After two decades of economic decline in Zimbabwe, poverty and food insecurity levels are high, particularly in rural areas. In 2017, about 70.9 percent of Zimbabweans (down only slightly from 72.3 percent in 2011/12) fell below the national Total Consumption Poverty Line (TCPL), and 29.3 percent (worryingly much higher than the 22.5 percent in 2011/12) below the Food Poverty Line (FPL).6 In 2017, Zimbabwe’s per capita Gross National Income of US$1,170 fell below the Southern African Development Community (SADC) median. 7 Between 2014 and 2018, the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth averaged 2.7 percent, which is only marginally above population growth and insufficient to improve average per capita income. In 2019, the economy is heading into a recession because of severe drought, deepening shortages of fuel and foreign currency, and fast accelerating inflation. By end 2017, about 29 percent of the population was living under the extreme poverty line (US$1.9 a day), or 4.6 million people, of which 4.1 million are in rural areas. This is roughly double the 2012 figures and in 2019, the number of people in poverty is expected to increase. Recent economic and political events in late 2018/early 2019 may have led to further impoverishment of the population. Notably, rapid food inflation may have significantly increased the proportion of food insecure people in total population during the last lean season. Due to recurrent droughts, seasonal food insecurity is also a major challenge. According to the ZimVAC 2018 Rural Livelihoods Assessment8, the number of severely food insecure people was expected to increase from about 567,000 people between April and June 2018 to 2.4 million between July 2018 and March 2019, translating to 28 percent of the rural population. The country receives substantial humanitarian food aid during most recession years with an estimated half a million chronically poor people requiring year-round assistance to meet their food needs. Climate shocks are compounding the economic crisis in Zimbabwe. On average, southern Zimbabwe (300 –500 mm/year) receives less rainfall than the northern (700–1000 mm/year) and eastern (above 1000 mm/year) parts of the country. Tropical cyclones are an important feature of Zimbabwe’s rainfall season with the tropical cyclone season stretching from December to March. Depending on their proximity and relative position, tropical cyclones may induce an extended dry spell or give widespread and heavy rainfall within a very short space of time. Zimbabwe’s rural poor, heavily reliant on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods and food consumption, have been most impacted. The key sectors to boosting Zimbabwe’s economy – including agriculture, water, energy, forestry, tourism, and industry, among others – are also susceptible to abrupt climate variability. Multi-model ensemble projects that northern and eastern parts of Zimbabwe are likely to experience above normal precipitation in the coming decades. Climate change is likely to adversely impact Zimbabwe’s key economic sectors as well as its livelihoods. With climatic variability increasing, natural disasters are likely to occur more frequently and have the potential to hit the most vulnerable parts of the population, the poor, in a disproportionate way due to their hazard exposure and relatively weak coping mechanisms. Cyclone Idai hit the eastern parts of Zimbabwe from 15th March 2019 to 17th March 2019. It affected ca. 50,000 households or 270,000 people. It brought along heavy rain, which caused flash floods and landslides, and damaged infrastructure, property, schools, hospitals, farmlands and private houses as well as eradicated people’s livelihoods. 341 people were killed and 344 are still missing9, especially in the most affected districts of Chimanimani and Chipinge. Under the circumstances described above, the region already suffered from high levels of poverty, food insecurity and vulnerability. Coping capacities to a shock such as a cyclone were low and could have serious and lasting adverse socio-economic implications. The cyclone-affected areas were a combination of Region I (very 6 Government of Zimbabwe, ZIMSTATS, Zimbabwe Smallholder Agricultural Productivity. Survey 2017 Report, March 2019 7 World Bank’s World Development Indicators. 8 Government of Zimbabwe, ZimVAC, Rural Livelihoods Assessment, 2018 9 Status Report provided by the Provincial Civil Protection Committee in Mutare in May 2019. 2 productive, with abundant rain), and Region V (dry) regions. Region V was already dealing with a drought when the cyclone happened, and many of the crops and livestock that had survived the drought, succumbed to the cyclone.10 The World Bank Zimbabwe Idai Recovery Project (ZIRP) is a 3-year response to the devastation of the cyclone to support livelihood recovery in the worst affected areas, with UNOPS as the borrower and as an implementer (technical lead for sub-components), and with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Foo d and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Food Programme (WFP) as technical leads for subcomponents. The project will take a multi-sectoral approach, which provides an integrated and holistic strategy by combining interventions across sectors, requiring active coordination and planning across organizations and components. Drawing on the consultative group, consisting of the World Bank, UN agencies, NGOs, relevant Government agencies and UNOPS, the ZIRP will sequence and integrate activities across UN and external partners, assuring coordinated and complementary investments, including the use of a central targeting mechanism. 10 UNDP, Rapid Assessment of the Socio-Economic Impact of Cyclone Idai on Zimbabwe, Draft Report, April 2019. 3 2 Project Description The sectors proposed under the Project are based on the hierarchy and proportionality of needs established under the Rapid Impact and Needs Assessment (RINA). There are two broad components proposed under the Project: (i) immediate recovery and livelihood support to rural and displaced populations including the provision of food and nutrition, healthcare and disease control in the early recovery period, and; (ii) restoration of community infrastructure, social services and risk reduction infrastructure. No public infrastructure will be supported under the Project. Furthermore, the Project will fully embrace build-back-smarter standards, assuring that all assets and services are designed to assure right-sizing, right-siting, structural improvements, improved quality control and service delivery regulation, strengthened operation and maintenance standards, and climate resilience. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to “address the immediate needs of the cyclone-affected people and support resilient disaster recovery�. This objective will be achieved through: (a) a surge of high-impact, immediate interventions for enhancing the coping capacities of affected communities while humanitarian operations continue in tandem through other partners; (b) activities that transition toward medium-term recovery such as restoration of productive capacities of the communities and rehabilitation of critical community infrastructure across multiple sectors; and (c) interventions to reduce community hazard risk vulnerability through community level structural and non-structural mitigation. PDO Level Indicators: ➢ Number of People benefiting from conditional and unconditional cash transfers for food ➢ Number of Households benefiting from provision of agricultural Inputs and livestock support ➢ Number of People benefiting from rehabilitated community infrastructure and risk reduction interventions 2.1 Project Components Component 1: Providing Immediate Support for Cyclone Recovery: This component will provide immediate and integrated livelihoods and healthcare solutions to cyclone-affected people, including sub components such as: (a) Restoring livelihoods through conditional cash transfers to provide food assistance and through unconditional cash transfers for most vulnerable groups; (b) Restoring agricultural crop and livestock production, including distribution of agricultural inputs for small farmer households, and the re-stocking and treatment of livestock and poultry, and; (c) Accelerating the revitalization of basic health services, including the provision of a basic package of health services and referral pathways related to Gender-Based Violence (GBV)/Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA), and child protection measures. All activities under this component will specifically target women and female-headed households. This component will also finance project management and overheads costs for the above activities, such as needs and beneficiary assessments, quality assurances of livelihood supports, etc. Component 2: Enabling Medium-term Cyclone Recovery and Resilience-building: This component will support the rehabilitation of critical community infrastructure, such as water and sanitation systems, irrigation networks, community schools, and community roads, as well as community level structural risk reduction and mitigation efforts, such as slope protection and environmental rehabilitation. This component will also finance project management and overhead costs for the above activities, such as needs and beneficiary assessments, preparation of technical designs, technical quality control assurance, etc. 4 Component 3: Providing Project Management and Technical Assistance: This component will provide UNOPS Project Management support, for overall coordination and oversight functions and for centralized project services, across all components, such as monitoring and evaluation (M&E), managing and monitoring environmental and social performance, technical quality assurance, grievance redressal, GBV/SEA and referral and protection systems, and for engaging Independent Verification Agents (IVA) for beneficiary verification, technical quality assurances, project results validation; and Technical Assistance (TA) for a range of activities to be progressively determined on a needs basis, to facilitate strengthened implementation. These could include, but are not necessarily restricted to: (a) social assessment; (b) supporting community risk assessments, monitoring and preparedness planning; (c) supporting community infrastructure damage assessments; (d) setting up the ZIRP Management information system (MIS); (e) developing health information and epidemic surveillance systems; (f) strengthening project strategic communications, media relations and citizen engagement; (g) building the capacity of the Project’s environmental and social staff. Component 4: Unallocated Fund: To allow flexibility and adaptability during implementation, the Project envisions an unallocated US$3 million to be distributed midterm based on a set of agreed criteria such as performance of the various components, varying levels of support from other development partners, and associated financing gaps in the various components. Such allocation shall be decided by World Bank Management, based on recommendations from Task Team Leaders and in consultation with the Consultative Group being set up under the Project. 2.2 Project Beneficiaries Direct beneficiaries of the Project are communities affected by Cyclone Idai in Zimbabwe’s 9 districts. The Project generally attempts to target a majority of the 270,000 people affected directly or indirectly by the cyclone. Project beneficiaries are in the following districts: Chimanimani, Chipinge, Buhera, Mutare urban, Mutare rural, Bikita, Gutu, Mutasa, and Chikomba. Working with partners and other resources, UNOPS will establish targeting principles that the different sub-components will adhere to. A working group will be established where standard procedures and tools will be developed, reviewed, and lessons shared. Specific targeting will then be developed for each sub- component. Targeting will be done at two levels, geographic and household. Beneficiary selection will use both geographic and community-based approaches, prioritizing vulnerable groups and drawing on the SCOPE database and UN Inter-Agency Joint Verification Assessment (May 2019) and based on the minimum food expenditure basket. A database on potential beneficiary targets will be developed by WFP to identify targeted beneficiaries in line with centralized project-specific targeting and information management systems. ZIRP seeks to exclusively benefit highly vulnerable groups, as the cyclone has had a disproportionate impact on women, girls, children, elderly, and disabled people. Consultations will be carried out with vulnerable groups to identify and address their unique needs, including the use of sex-disaggregated surveys and focus groups, and vulnerability-based selection criteria to prioritize their inclusion as project beneficiaries. Therefore, project investments are anticipated to provide proportionally higher benefits to vulnerable groups (e.g., cash-for-work, food inputs, etc.) in most if not all purported activities. Specific geographic locations would be drawn from the cyclone affected districts. A targeting framework developed by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will aim to support sub-components with an objective method to rank priority areas for interventions in the different districts. Specific indicators to be assessed at the different levels (district, ward, and village) as part of the geographic targeting would include impact of the cyclone, poverty rate, concentration of poor people, food insecurity, number of IDPs, presence of other partners, and lack of operating constraints. A project-targeting weighted index would be developed but with different project teams given the flexibility to assign different weights to indicators that are of particular importance to their interventions. 5 Community-based targeting will be used to select eligible households in each of the selected wards and villages. Communities will be selected on levels of cyclone impact, vulnerability, poverty, and food insecurity, informed by a vulnerability assessment and mapping, in collaboration with local authorities and WFP, where feasible. To prevent duplication of efforts and expedite implementation, the PIU will use existing data where possible. Where this is not available or not appropriate for the Project’s use, enumerators will be selected from the community and trained on the household targeting criteria and household mapping undertaken to identify potential beneficiaries. The first list of eligible households will be validated through community consultations, and a final list of new households drawn up for biometric registration. Flexibility in the criteria will be maintained to facilitate responsiveness to changing dynamics on the ground based on on-going assessments (e.g., an influx of IDPs may require the Project to prioritize this group). Grievances related to inclusion/exclusion of beneficiaries and any other issues related to the targeting process will be addressed through the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). Engaging and coordinating with community beneficiaries. Special efforts will also be given to mitigating risks of targeting and strengthening local level cohesion and social unity through greater interaction and dialogue among diverse ethnicities in a community. This will be done through targeted social messaging, facilitated dialogue, community discussions on key social issues, and other related efforts identified on the ground, as appropriate. Efforts will also be made to detailing messages and actions to mitigate risks of targeting, which, if not undertaken properly in a conflict-sensitive manner, can escalate tensions among targeted and non-targeted households and result in conflict. The GRM, would be used to ensure that these dynamics are reported, actioned, and monitored in a timely and rigorous manner. To that end and to guide this effort, communication and social messaging materials will be developed, as part of the Community Engagement and Capacity Building Plan. 2.3 Purpose of the ESMF This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) was selected as the environmental and social instrument for assessing, managing and monitoring environmental and social impacts of the Project given that the full nature, scope and geographical locations were not exactly known at the time of preparing the ESMF. The ESMF establishes the screening processes and tools to be directly implemented by UNOPS, Technical Leads and contractors in assessing the risks and impacts of the sub-projects. This will facilitate the recommendation of appropriate mitigation and monitoring measures for each subcomponent and/or activity. The main purpose of this ESMF is, therefore, to establish procedures and methodologies for environmental and social assessments, review, approval and implementation of investments to be financed under the Project, as the nature, scope and locations of activities become known during the implementation of the Project. The ESMF describes the appropriate roles and responsibilities of UNOPS, Technical Leads, contractors and other stakeholders, and outlines the reporting procedures on social and environmental issues. It describes the managing and monitoring processes of environmental and social concerns related to the project investments. It further determines the training, capacity building and technical assistance required for UNOPS and the Technical Leads to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF; and provides practical information resources for implementing the ESMF. It also establishes the Project’s staffing and institutional arrangements clarifying the relations between UNOPS and the key implementer, the World Bank, and the Technical leads, including their roles and responsibilities in view of the implementation of the ESMF. 2.4 Project Management Structure Given that the proposed Project is funded through an IDA-CRW exceptional allocation, it will be implemented 6 through IDA grant provision directly to a selected UN Agency. In the case of this Project, it is proposed that UNOPS be designated as the Direct Recipient of the IDA Grant. Under the proposed arrangements, the World Bank will sign a Financing Agreement with UNOPS who will act both as the IDA Grant recipient and the project implementation unit (PIU) (see above). The proposed implementation arrangement is mirrored after traditional Bank-financed multi- sector operations that involve more than one line-ministry and require coordination amongst the implementing partners and a single coordinating PIU responsible for the overall project management and procurement. The UNOPS Project management structure is divided into the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) based in Harare, and the UNOPS Management Office for Infrastructure, based in Mutare. While the PIU oversees and manages the entire Project, including Technical Leads and other partners, the Management Office for Infrastructure undertakes direct implementation of UNOPS-led sub-components. The environmental and social issues of the ZIRP will be addressed by the following staff: a) the Environmental Specialist, b) the Social Specialist – both located in the PIU, b) the Health & Safety and Environmental Officer at the UNOPS Mutare Office, d) 3 Community Liaison Officer at the UNOPS Mutare Office, and e) respective environmental and social staff from the Technical Leads. Given the overall responsibility of the PIU for the ZIRP, the Environmental Specialist and the Social Specialist, embedded in the PIU, oversee the implementation of the ESMF. The Environmental Specialist has responsibility of all environmental and social issues. He or she reports directly to the PIU Fund Manager. Their main task is the monitoring of this ESMF, including the monitoring of the implementation of the SEP, LMP, GBV Action Plan, and the implementation of the GRM project-wide. They will oversee the implementation of the monitoring plan. They will receive monthly updates from Technical Leads and the UNOPS Mutare Office. They will further conduct field supervision visits to Technical Leads’ implementation sites as well as th e sites of UNOPS sub-component activities at least every two weeks. To ensure a smooth and effective implementation of the GRM, as well as the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), the PIU Environmental and Social staff will work closely with the three Community Liaison Officers, which are embedded in the UNOPS Infrastructure Management Office in Mutare. The PIU Environmental and Social staff will work directly with a Health & Safety and Environmental Officer, embedded in the UNOPS Infrastructure Management Office in Mutare. The Health & Safety and Environmental Officer will cover social issues, including labor management procedures, and issues related to the GBV Action Plan. Land donations or involuntary land acquisition in the event where land cannot be acquired voluntarily will be overseen by the Social Specialist at the PIU, supported by consultant specialists. These tasks will be captured in the staff’s ToR. The presence of a Health & Safety and Environmental Officer in the Mutare Office will ensure that environmental and social issues are adhered to on the ground on a daily basis. Furthermore, the Health & Safety and Environmental Officer will be responsible for the development and implementation of site-specific ESIAs and/or ESMPs; the implementation of the SEP, LMP and GRM - for all sub-component activities directly implemented by UNOPS. The Office will thereby engage support from internally in UNOPS to draw on expertise from UNOPS’ Health, Safety and Environmental Team at HQ, or hire external consultants to avoid bottlenecks. The Environmental Specialist and the Social Specialist in the PIU in Harare will both be a UNOPS ICS 10 local staff with an advanced university degree and at least 5-7 years of progressive experience in environmental / social issues, including public works, community infrastructure and social development. An assessment of E&S capacities of Technical Leads is currently underway, and it will be ensure that Technical Leads have appropriate capacity to implement the ESMF. To ensure a smooth and effective implementation of the GRM, and Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), the PIU Environmental and Safety staff will work closely with the three Community Liaison Officers, who will be embedded 7 in the UNOPS Office in Mutare. The three Community Liaison Officers will work closely with various stakeholders (affected communities and interest parties) as well as with the GRM at various project /sub project locations. 8 9 2.5 Contractors and Implementing Partners The PIU will manage the engagement and contracting of UN agencies, INGOs, NGOs, and private sector providers under Alternative Procurement Arrangements (APA). Localized and context-specific activities will be implemented through INGOs and NGOs.11 UNOPS will also contract INGOs and/or NGOs to support specific project activities. Primarily INGOs/NGOs will be engaged on specific competencies, such as citizen engagement and community mobilization, where the UN agencies may not have a comparative advantage or presence on the ground. UNOPS’ responsibilities include the coordination and monitoring of compliance with the ESMF requirements across Project components and agreements (contracts) with the providers of goods, works, and services. Each UN Lead Technical Agency for the various components and activities will enter into a “UN Agency to UN Agency Agreement� with UNOPS. The “UN Agency to UN Agency Agreement� template includes specific requirements related to social and environmental safety and due diligence, as defined in this ESMF. Environmental and social requirements will be included in all relevant procurement and contracting process. UN Agency to UN Agency agreements, bidding documents for potential civil works, as well as procurement processes and contracts or subcontracts with INGOs, NGOs and private sector providers will specify these requirements. Codes of Conduct will be required from UN technical leads, other contractors and subcontractors and their staff. Technical leads, contractors and subcontractors will further be responsible for the development and implementation of detailed ESIAs and/or ESMP, contractor ESMPs related to their sub-component specific activities. These have to be costed, with adequate budget allocations to mitigate environmental and social risks. They will further be responsible for the implementation of all other relevant aspects of this ESMF, including implementation of the SEP, LMP, and GRM and be contractually obliged to develop their own GRM to specifically address concerns of their employees. 11UNOPS has experience of working with INGOs such as Save the Children, Oxfam, MSF and Mercy Corp through a sub-contracting type of arrangements. 10 3 Policy and Legal Framework In this chapter, relevant Zimbabwe regulations and policies are assessed that guide the environmental and social assessment for the ZIRP activities, as well as relevant World Bank Environmental and Social Standards and international conventions. The objective is to ensure that project activities and implementation processes are consistent with local laws and policies and World Bank Standards, and to point out possible gaps in local legislation in view of full compliance with World Bank standards. 3.1 Regulatory and Policy Framework 3.1.1 Environmental Management The Environmental Management Act, Chapter 20:2 and the accompanying Regulations and the Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1997 form the legislative and policy framework guidelines for environmental management in Zimbabwe. The Environmental Management Act (EMA), 2002 forms the basis for all Environmental Management in Zimbabwe. The Act repeals the Natural Resources Act, Chapter 20:13, the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, Chapter 20:03, the Hazardous and Articles Act, Chapter 15:05 and the Noxious Weeds Act. The Act translates the Environmental Policy Guidelines proposed in 1997 into a legally binding requirement for all specified developments under Part XI, section 97 and listed in the First Schedule, of the EMA. These include tourism developments. Failure to undertake an EIA for specified developments becomes an offence. The proponent becomes liable to pay a penalty or face 5 years imprisonment (Part XI, section 97, EMA, chapter. 20.27). This EIA is in fulfillment of section 97 of the Act. Section 106 of EMA (1) provides for the Environmental Management Agency to carry out periodic environmental audits on any projects for the purpose of ensuring that their implementation complies with the requirements of the Act. Section 107 (1) states that “every developer shall take all reasonable measures to prevent or if prevention is not practicable to mitigate any undesirable effects on the environment that may arise from the implementation of his project� – To this end, this EIA report contains an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan aimed at mitigating and managing potential environmental and social impacts resulting from the proposed development. The Zimbabwe Environmental Management Act (13/2002, 5/2004, 6/2005) requires environmental impact assessments for specific types of Projects (97). Assessment proposals need to lay out the methodology for the assessment. The assessment results are submitted to the Director-General of the Environment Management Board may consult any authority, organization, community, agency or person that he considers may have an interest in the Project (100 (2)(c)). 3.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Policy Guidelines, (1997) The purpose of these guidelines is to ensure that environmental consequences of any development proposals (mining, housing, industry etc.) are understood and adequately considered in the planning process of the project. The guidelines provide check lists to be considered during project development. 3.1.3 Environmental Management (EIA and Ecosystems Protection) Regulations, 2007 These regulations stipulate regulations for ecosystems protection, conditions for clay and sand extraction and lays out conditions for the submission and review of environmental impact prospectus and reports. Part III, states the period for review of a prospectus to be 20 working days, and 60 working days for an EIA report. According to Part III (4) the developer should carry out wide consultations with stakeholders, and the Director General has a right to verify whether full stakeholder participation was undertaken. Part II 3 (1) states that a permit is required for the extraction of clay and sand deposits for commercial purposes. Application for the permit is made to the Agency. The Agency considers each application with the local authority and a local inspector and ensure that the applicant together with the local authority develop a detailed excavation and environmental rehabilitation plan. Failure to 11 adhere to these regulations may result in a fine or imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years. Once issued, a permit for extraction is valid for a period of one year and is not transferable. The proposed contractor to obtain permits through the EMA for the extraction of clay and sand deposits for construction, and the extraction of gravel for the roads in accordance with requirements of these regulations. With regard to fire, any land user, owner or designated authority is required to put in place appropriate fire prevention measures on their land/premises. The regulations also prohibit (a) the deliberate lighting of fire that cannot be extinguished and causes damage to the environment, property or life and (b) the lighting of fire outside residential or commercial premises during 31 July to 31 October of each year. 3.1.4 Parks and Wildlife Act 20:14 The Parks and Wild Life Act should be read in conjunction to the Environmental Management Act, Part XII that advocates for the protection and conservation of the natural environment. The Parks and Wildlife Act, aims to establish (1) areas of wildlife conservation through the establishment of national parks, sanctuaries, safari areas and recreational parks, (2) areas of natural flora, natural landscape and scenery through the establishment of botanical reserves, gardens etc. The sixth and seventh schedules of the Parks and Wildlife Act highlight specially protected animals, and specially protected indigenous plants respectively. 3.1.5 National Monuments and Museums Act 25:01 The National Museums and Monuments Act Chapter 25:01 protects all areas of historical, architectural, archaeological and paleontological value predating 1890 and any other site so specified by the Executive Director of National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe (NMMZ). Such sites cannot be altered, excavated or damaged and material on them cannot be removed without the written consent of the Executive Director of the NMMZ. The recent SI updates the Act and reiterates the importance of these same principles in the context of any Impact Assessment. Several clauses of the National Museums and Monuments Act are of particular relevance to this project: • Article 21 makes it mandatory for the immediate reporting of any “discovery of ancient monument or relic� to the NMMZ indicating location, description, and details of the discoverer and landowner/user thereof. Contravention is a proscribed offence. • Article 24 specifies that excavation or alteration of any site of archaeological, cultural, historical and paleontological presence cannot be undertaken without the prior written consent of the Executive Director NMMZ. In addition, no artifacts or specimens from such sites may be removed from their original contexts without such permission. Only approved persons are entitled to undertake such work as directed by the Executive Director of the NMMZ. Contravention of any of these requirements is an offense. All human actions have left behind material expressions that reflect their maker’s cultural and social values. These are the artifacts, features and other remains that are studied by archaeologists. It is important to stress that it is not just the artifacts themselves that are significant; rather it is the wider contexts within which they are discovered which provides archaeologists the basis of their interpretation. Any inadvertent damage to such associations would deprive us of our ability to understand the past. NMMZ and EMA now insist that heritage research is included in all impact management procedures. Only academics with a background in this research and approved by NMMZ are allowed to undertake the work. 3.1.6 Water Act 20:24 Under this Act discharging or disposing of effluent into public streams or any other surface water or ground water either directly or indirectly through seepage becomes an offence. This act also removes the onus for pollution control from the Government to the polluter. It introduces the ‘Polluter Pays Principle’ where the responsibility for pollution control and detection lies with the polluter. Under the new system a polluter has to apply for a permit to pollute. Part IV, section 32 states that any person wishing to abstract water for any purpose other than primary purposes should do so under a permit, issued through ZINWA. The Act does not specify the use of water for the generation of hydroelectric power. 12 The Water Act designates Catchment Areas to be administered by Catchment Council, an elected body of stakeholders that has been created through Statutory Instrument 209 of 2000, to control and administer water affairs in the catchment. Each Catchment Area is subdivided into sub catchments, to provide for water management by an elected sub catchment council within a more localized river subsystem. The Pungwe Sub catchment in Zimbabwe falls within the jurisdiction of the Save Catchment. The principal functions of the Catchment Council are: • To prepare a Catchment Outline Plan (COP) for its river system. • To determine and grant water use permits. • To regulate and supervise the exercise of rights to the use of water. • To ensure proper compliance with the Act and to supervise sub catchment councils (SCC). The SCC regulates and supervises the rights to water within the area for which it was established. 3.2 International Agreements and Treaties signed by the Government of Zimbabwe The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The primary purpose of the Convention is to establish methods to minimize global warming and in particular the emission of greenhouse gases. The Convention was adopted in 1992 and came into force in 1994. Zimbabwe signed and ratified the Convention in 1993. The main authority for the implementation is the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The primary purpose of the Convention is to establish methods to minimize global warming and, in particular, the emission of greenhouse gases. Zimbabwe signed and ratified the Convention in 1995. Main authority responsible for the implementation is the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate. Convention on International Trade Against Endangered Species (CITES): The convention aims to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The Government of Zimbabwe signed and ratified the Convention in 1981. The national CITES authority, responsible for the Convention is the Parks and Wildlife Management Authority. Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer: The Vienna Convention was an intergovernmental negotiation for an international agreement to phase out ozone depleting substance in March 1985. It ended in the adoption of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. The Convention encourages intergovernmental cooperation on research, systematic observation of the ozone layer, monitoring of CFC production, and the exchange of information. The Government of Zimbabwe signed the convention in 1992. The Ramsar Convention for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Wetlands: The Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific and recreational value. The Convention entered into force in Zimbabwe in 2013, and has currently 7 sites designated as wetlands. Convention on the Rights of the Child: The Convention on the Rights of the Child from 1989 is the most comprehensive compilation of international legal standards for the protection of the human rights of children. It acknowledges children as individuals with rights and responsibilities according to their age and development, as well as members of a family or community. This includes non-discrimination, the best interest of the child, the right to life, survival and development and the right to participation. Zimbabwe signed and ratified the Convention in 1990. Constitution of the International Labor Organization: The constitutional principle is that universal and lasting peace can be established if it is based on social justice. The ILO has generated such hallmarks of industrial society 13 as the eight-hour work day, maternity protection, child labor laws, and a range of other principles. Zimbabwe is an ILO member since 1980, and has ratified the ILO Conventions. Out of 26 Conventions and 1 Protocol, 25 are in force and 1 has been denounced. Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women. CEDAW places explicit obligations on states to protect women and girls from sexual exploitation and abuse. Zimbabwe ratified the Convention in 1991 3.2 World Bank’s Environmental and Social Risk Classification The Bank will classify all projects (including projects involving Financial Intermediaries (FIs)) into one of four classifications: High Risk, Substantial Risk, Moderate Risk or Low Risk. In determining the appropriate risk classification, the Bank will take into account relevant issues, such as the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project; the nature and magnitude of the potential environmental and social risks and impacts; and the capacity and commitment of the Borrower (including any other entity responsible for the implementation of the project) to manage the environmental and social risks and impacts in a manner consistent with the ESSs. Other areas of risk may also be relevant to the delivery of environmental and social mitigation measures and outcomes, depending on the specific project and the context in which it is being developed. 3.2.1 Component II Risk Classification-Moderate Risk The component I and II of this project is classified as Moderate Risk. Specifically, due to the fact that: (i) The potential adverse risks and impacts on human populations and/or the environment are not likely to be significant. This is because the project is not complex and/or large, does not involve activities that have a high potential for harming people or the environment, and is located away from environmentally or socially sensitive areas. As such, the potential risks and impacts and issues are likely to have the following characteristics: • predictable and expected to be temporary and/or reversible • low in magnitude • site-specific, without likelihood of impacts beyond the actual footprint of the project • low probability of serious adverse effects to human health and/or the environment (e.g. do not involve use or disposal of toxic materials, routine safety precautions are expected to be sufficient to prevent accidents, etc.) (ii) Risks and impacts can be easily mitigated in a predictable manner 14 3.3 Comparison between ESF objectives and national requirements ESF Objectives National Laws and Requirements Gaps Recommended Actions ESS 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Objectives of ESS 1 are: Environment Management Act (CAP 20:27) No significant gaps between Scoping of key environmental and social OF 2022012 The Act defines the ESS 1 and national laws risks and impacts of the Project has been To identify, evaluate and manage the environment and social risks and Environmental Management Agency (with undertaken and appropriate mitigation impacts of the project in a manner consistent with the ESSs. the participation of all stakeholders) as the measures identified, as laid out in this responsible agency for the implementation ESMF. To adopt a mitigation hierarchy approach to: of the Act. It further defines the (a) Anticipate and avoid risks and impacts; environmental management principles for The ESCP is already prepared and has been (b) Where avoidance is not possible, minimize or reduce risks and the country, including the consideration of disclosed on 4 June 2019. impacts to acceptable levels; people and their needs. It sets out (c) Once risks and impacts have been minimized or reduced, mitigate; environmental standards that should be This ESMF aims to address the biophysical and complied with, including waste and socio-economic issues associated with (d) Where significant residual impacts remain, compensate for or offset management and hazardous substances the Project and utilized broad stakeholder them, where technically and financially feasible. management. consultation in the preparation of the Project, and follows the implementation of To adopt differentiated measures so that adverse impacts do not fall the SEP. ZIRP further promotes sustainable disproportionately on the disadvantaged or vulnerable, and they are not development and prescribes the disadvantaged in sharing development benefits and opportunities requirement of activity-specific ESMPs, resulting from the project. where applicable. To utilize national environmental and social institutions, systems, laws, This Project will apply waste management regulations and procedures in the assessment, development and guidelines in all relevant activities. implementation of projects, whenever appropriate. Environmental Impact Assessment Policy Forestry concerns are (1997) The Policy guides the defined as conversion of Site-specific ESIAs will be conducted prior To promote improved environmental and social performance, in ways implementation of environmental impact forest land to other use, to the implementation of activities. which recognize and enhance Borrower capacity. assessments and was designed to attract while the ZIRP will environmentally responsible investment implement reforestation Water supply systems will only be and development in Zimbabwe; maintaining only. rehabilitated. These types of activities will the long-term ability of natural resources to be based on a screening process, as well as support human, plant and animal life; avoid Drainage and irrigation ESIAs and ESMPs, where applicable. The irreversible environmental damage and systems will only be ESMF will be compliant with the Act. minimize such environmental damage 12 The Act has the following Statutory Instruments (S.I) subsidiary to it: S.I 6 of 2007; S.I 7 0f 2007. 15 where it cannot be avoided; conserving rehabilitated with no new Interventions are based on rehabilitation broad diversity of plants, animals and systems being constructed. of existing community infrastructure with ecosystems and the natural processes that no new habitats or new ecosystems they rely on; conserving the social, historical There are no gaps between envisioned, which means that no EIA is and cultural values of people and their the EMA and World Bank compulsory prior to Project appraisal. Any communities; meeting the basic needs of procedures in the screening other types of activities will be screened people affected or likely to be affected by process. out. development proposals, including food, water, shelter; health and sanitation. According to screening outcomes, some sub-component activities will require an The first schedule of the Act stipulates the activity-specific ESIA and/or ESMP. activities that are prescribed for full environmental impact assessments (EIA). This includes the drainage and irrigation, forestry and water supply. ESS 2: Labour and Working Conditions The Objectives of ESs 2 are: Factories and Works Act (CAP 14:08) OF There are gaps between The Project includes low-scale 1996 (S.I 168 of 2004) The Act aims at national legislation and ESS construction work, including in rebuilding To promote safety and health at work. reducing occupational accidents, by 2. National legislation only community infrastructure and irrigation prescribing a comprehensive safety and applies for formal sector systems. To promote the fair treatment, non-discrimination and equal opportunity health management system is required at all workers, who are engaged of project workers. work places. with contracts. Sub-component activities will employ community workers and contracted To protect project workers, including vulnerable workers such as women, workers. Labour Relations Act (1984). Sets out While a minimum wages Act persons with disabilities, children (of working age, in accordance with this freedom of association, collective is in place, there is lack of ESS) and migrant workers, contracted workers, community workers and Both groups will be subject to the Project bargaining and industrial relations. Labour enforcement of the Act.13 primary supply workers, as appropriate. LMP, GRM and will apply the World Bank Relations (Specification of Minimum Wages) Notice from 1996 sets out minimum wages There have been bans on Group Environment, Health and Safety To prevent the use of all forms of forced labor and child labor . Guidelines. These are all in compliance protests, and limitations to the ability to organize.14 with ESS 2. To support the principles of freedom of association and collective bargaining of project workers in a manner consistent with national law. The Project will adhere to minimum wages. To provide project workers with accessible means to raise workplace concerns. 13 ILO, Complaint (article 26) – 2010 – ZIMBABWE – CO87, CO98, accessed at: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:50012:0::NO::P50012_COMPLAINT_PROCEDURE_ID,P50012_LANG_CODE:2508373,en 14 Ibid 16 The Project will provide GRM for community and contracted workers ESS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management The Objectives of ESS 3 are: Environment Management Act (CAP 20:27) There are no significant gaps The Project aims for resource efficiency in OF 2022015 The Act defines the between ESS 3 and national the restoration of communal To promote the sustainable use of resources, including energy, water and Environmental Management Agency (with laws infrastructure. It will therefore improve raw materials. the participation of all stakeholders) as the the previous conditions. responsible agency for the implementation To avoid or minimize adverse impacts on human health and the of the Act. It further defines the environment by avoiding or minimizing pollution from project activities. environmental management principles for the country, including the consideration of To avoid or minimize project-related emissions of short and long-lived people and their needs. It sets out climate pollutants. environmental standards that should be complied with, including waste To avoid or minimize generation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. management and hazardous substances management. To minimize and manage the risks and impacts associated with pesticide use. Another area defined for EIAs is water supply, including where water is drawn from rivers or reservoirs. Statutory Instrument 6 OF 2007 (water There are no significant gaps The Project will ensure appropriate waste pollution control and waste management. between ESS 3 and national management in some of the activities The instrument defines the EMA water laws pollution control and waste management It is anticipated that the ZIRP will generate objectives. medical waste and will undertake removal of debris. Therefore, the project will utilize World Bank Group guidelines on waste management in order to be fully compliant with this statutory instrument. Statutory Instrument 12 of 2007 (Hazardous While the Instrument The Project will develop and implement Substances, Pesticides and Toxic Substances focuses on formal measures and procedures for managing Regulations) This statutory instrument employers, ESS 3 – in line 15 The Act has the following Statutory Instruments (S.I) subsidiary to it: S.I 6 of 2007; S.I 7 0f 2007. 17 provides the mandatory conditions with ESS 2- includes all waste and hazardous materials during employers must adhere to in the handling of workers (also community demolition, construction and disposal. hazardous substances in the workplace, workers) conditions for transporting hazardous Contractors will prepare a waste substances and procedures to be followed management plan as part of the CESMP. when there is an accidental spillage of the substance. In addition, any person whose This is relevant for ZIRP sub-component substances affect the environment are activities that handle medical waste and liable to pay for the cost of restoring the animal vaccinations. The Project will environment. strictly adhere to World Bank Group Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines to ensure full compliance with the law. All guidelines will apply for community workers and contracted workers Water Act (CAP 20:24) The Water Act There are no significant gaps Water supply systems will only be provides for the development and use of between ESS 3 and national rehabilitated. These types of activities will water resources of Zimbabwe, grants of laws be based on a screening process, as well as permits for the use of water, control of use ESIAs and ESMPs, where applicable. of water when water is in short supply, Activities will be compliant with the Act protection of the environment and the and with ESS 3. prevention and control of water pollution and for the matters incidental to or connected with the foregoing. National Water Policy (2013). The Policy There are no significant gaps This Policy is relevant as communal water aims to ensure the availability of good between ESS 3 and national infrastructure will be rehabilitated. All quality and affordable water in adequate laws. activities will support the Policy and will be quantity for all at all times. It lays out a in line with it, as well as with ESS 3. recovery phase with five main objectives (arrest the continued deterioration; develop fast-track strategies; re-establish confidence of users; clarify institutional functions). The Zimbabwe National Sanitation and There are no significant gaps This Policy is relevant, as one sub- Hygiene Policy (2017). The Policy sets out between ESS 3 and national component of ZIRP is entirely dedicated to safe or hygienic separation of human laws. WASH activities. Activities will comply with excreta and other waste from human the Policy, and with ESS 3. contact. It covers processes and behaviors for establishing and managing domestic and 18 workplace and public facilities necessary for waste or excreta containment, collection, treatment and disposal ESS 4: Community Health and Safety The Objectives of ESS 4 are: Statutory Instrument 6 OF 2007 (water ESS 4 also considers worker Although the Project aims to improve the pollution control and waste management. conduct. lives of previously affected communities, it To anticipate and avoid adverse impacts on the health and safety of The instrument defines the EMA water needs to be ensured that Project activities project-affected communities during the project life-cycle from both pollution control and waste management do not pose any unintended negative routine and non-routine circumstances. objectives. consequences on communities, for example through increased GBV incidents. To promote quality and safety, and considerations relating to climate A dedicated GBV action plan will be change, in the design and construction of infrastructure, including dams. developed. To avoid or minimize community exposure to project-related traffic and It is anticipated that the ZIRP will generate road safety risks, diseases and hazardous materials. medical waste and will undertake removal of debris. Therefore, the project will utilize To have in place effective measures to address emergency events. WBG guidelines on waste management in order to be fully compliant with this To ensure that the safeguarding of personnel and property is carried out statutory instrument. in a manner that avoids or minimizes risks to the project-affected communities. Several measures will be undertaken by the ZIRP, including contractors will develop road safety management plan and a Health and Safety Plan as part of the CESMP to address the impacts on local communities of moving construction equipment; measures and actions developed to assess and manage specific risks and impacts outlined in the ESMF and subsequent ESMPs. Statutory Instrument 12 of 2007 (Hazardous While the Instrument ZIRP sub-component activities handle Substances, Pesticides and Toxic Substances focuses on formal medical waste and animal vaccinations. Regulations) This statutory instrument employers, ESS 4 – in line The Project will strictly adhere to World provides the mandatory conditions with ESS 2- includes all Bank Group Environment, Health and employers must adhere to in the handling of workers (also community Safety Guidelines to ensure full hazardous substances in the workplace, workers) compliance with the law – for both, conditions for transporting hazardous community and contract workers substances and procedures to be followed when there is an accidental spillage of the 19 substance. In addition, any person whose substances affect the environment are liable to pay for the cost of restoring the environment. Public Health Act (CAP 15:09) OF 1996 (S.I There are no significant gaps This act is applicable to the sub- 639 of 1972.) The Act recognizes the role between ESS 4 and national component activities that re-establish played by local authorities in provision of laws WASH services. The act requires that the water and sanitation services. Local contractors’ camps be established with authorities thereby have to adhere to water supply and sanitation for the specified standards on drinking water and employees. This can also be achieved by sanitation services. Zimbabwe uses WHO setting up contractors’ camps within standards on drinking water, which are already developed areas to avoid the need enforced by the Ministry of Health and Child for own water supply and sanitation welfare. requirements. ESS 5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement The Objectives of ESS 5 are: Land Acquisition (Disposal of Rural Land) There are significant gaps in The legislation does affect the Regulations 1999: Subject to these due process issues related to implementation of the project since there To avoid involuntary resettlement or, when unavoidable, minimize regulations, the owner of any rural land, land acquisition in is no potential for resettlement. Where involuntary resettlement by exploring project design alternatives. other than the State, a local authority or a Zimbabwe. The Government land is donated by private owners, for statutory body, shall not sell the land unless can forcibly remove people example for reforestation activities, a land To avoid forced eviction. he has offered to sell it to the Minister and— from streambanks, forests. donation agreement process is (1) If the owner of any rural land which was These are areas included in implemented To mitigate unavoidable adverse social and economic impacts from land the subject of an offer in terms of section 3 the Project areas. It thereby acquisition or restrictions on land use by: (a) providing timely rejects a price proposed by the Minister in does not have to follow due Any activities that require resettlement of compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost and (b) assisting terms of subsection (4) of section 5, the process related to livelihood people will be screened out., and all displaced persons in their efforts to improve, or at least restore, their Minister shall, within ninety days after being protection in ESS 5. livelihoods will be protected in accordance livelihoods and living standards, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels notified of the rejection, commence to ESS 5. or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, negotiations with the owner in regard to the whichever is higher. price to be paid by the President for the rural land concerned. To improve living conditions of poor or vulnerable persons who are (2) If negotiations referred to in subsection physically displaced, through provision of adequate housing, access to (1) conclude without an agreement being services and facilities, and security of tenure. reached on the price to be paid for the rural land concerned, the Minister shall, within To conceive and execute resettlement activities as sustainable forty-five days after the conclusion of the development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to negotiations- issue the owner of the land enable displaced persons to benefit directly from the project, as the with a certificate of no present interest; or nature of the project may warrant. notify the owner, in writing, that it is intended to acquire the land compulsorily in 20 terms of this Act; or to resume ownership of To ensure that resettlement activities are planned and implemented with the land in terms of any condition in the appropriate disclosure of information, meaningful consultation, and the land’s title deed. informed participation of those affected. Negotiations shall be deemed to have concluded without agreement for the purposes of subsection (2) if no agreement is reached on the price payable for the rural land concerned within fourteen days from the commencement of the negotiations. ESS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources The Objectives of ESS 6 are: Statutory Instrument 6 of 2007 (water There are no significant gaps It is anticipated that the ZIRP will generate pollution control and waste management. between ESS 6 and national medical waste and will undertake removal To protect and conserve biodiversity and habitats. The instrument defines the EMA water laws of debris. Therefore, the project will utilize To apply the mitigation hierarchy4 and the precautionary approach in the pollution control and waste management World Bank Group guidelines on waste design and implementation of projects that could have an impact on objectives. management in order to be fully compliant biodiversity. with this statutory instrument. Statutory Instrument 7 of 2007 (protection There are no significant gaps The Project will comply with the Statutory To promote the sustainable management of living natural resources. of eco systems) This Statutory Instrument between ESS 6 and national Instrument when developing ToR and compels all EIA consultants to be corporate, laws deployment of qualified consultants for To support livelihoods of local communities, including Indigenous Peoples, multi-skilled and registered with EMA and EIAs. The monitoring requirements of the and inclusive economic development, through the adoption of practices deliver a certain quality of work, defined in regulation will be articulated in the that integrate conservation needs and development priorities. the regulation. monitoring and evaluation chapter of the ESMF. The Project will implement activity-specific screening procedures for biodiversity risks and impacts likely to occur from the activity. ESS 7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically underserved Traditional Local Communities The Objectives of ESS 7 are: To ensure that the development process fosters full respect for the human rights, dignity, aspirations, identity, culture, and natural resource-based livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities. To avoid adverse impacts of projects on Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities, or when 21 avoidance is not possible, to minimize, mitigate and/or compensate for such impacts. To promote sustainable development benefits and opportunities for Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities in a manner that is accessible, culturally appropriate and inclusive. To improve project design and promote local support by establishing and maintaining an ongoing relationship based on meaningful consultation with the Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities affected by a project throughout the project’s life-cycle. To obtain the Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) of affected Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities in the three circumstances described in this ESS. To recognize, respect and preserve the culture, knowledge, and practices of Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities, and to provide them with an opportunity to adapt to changing conditions in a manner and in a timeframe acceptable to them. ESS 8: Cultural Heritage The Objectives of ESS 8 are: National Museums and Monuments Act There are no significant gaps No major affection of any cultural heritage (CAP 25:11): The Act protects all areas of between ESS 8 and national sites is anticipated under the Project; To protect cultural heritage from the adverse impacts of project activities archaeological, historical, architectural, laws however, the Project may have to handle and support its preservation. geological and paleontological value or chance cultural findings, following Chance scientific interest. Such sites cannot be Find Procedures. To address cultural heritage as an integral aspect of sustainable altered, excavated or damaged and material development. on them cannot be removed without the written consent of the Executive Director of To promote meaningful consultation with stakeholders regarding cultural the National Museums and Monuments of heritage. Zimbabwe. The law requires that any monument or relic discovered must be To promote the equitable sharing of benefits from the use of cultural reported in writing to the Executive Director heritage. of the National Museums and Monuments 22 of Zimbabwe by the discoverer and the owner of the land on which it is found. ESS 9: Financial Intermediaries The Objectives of ESS 9 are: n/a n/a n/a To set out how the FI will assess and manage environmental and social risks and impacts associated with the subprojects it finances. To promote good environmental and social management practices in the subprojects the FI finances. To promote good environmental and sound human resources management within the FI. ESS 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure The Objectives of ESS 10 are: Access to Information and Protection of While the Act spells out right The Project commits to recognize the right Privacy Act (2002). The Act sets out that to information held by public to information, even where held by the To establish a systematic approach to stakeholder engagement that will members of the public have a right to access bodies, the ESS recognizes borrower. help Borrowers identify stakeholders and build and maintain a information held by public bodies. the importance of open and constructive relationship with them, in particular project-affected parties. transparent engagement vis- This process has already commenced à-vis project stakeholders by through the Stakeholder Engagement Plan To assess the level of stakeholder interest and support for the project and the borrower (SEP), laying out all the different types of to enable stakeholders’ views to be taken into account in project design stakeholders, timings and modes of and environmental and social performance. communication and consultation. The Plan To promote and provide means for effective and inclusive engagement further includes Project Grievance Redress with project-affected parties throughout the project life-cycle on issues Mechanisms. The Plan has been disclosed that could potentially affect them. on 4 June 2019. Rural District Councils Act (29:13), The Rural There are no significant gaps The SEP has defined members of the rural To ensure that appropriate project information on environmental and District Council has a variety of powers, between ESS 10 and national district councils as stakeholders in the social risks and impacts is disclosed to stakeholders in a timely, including the conservation of natural laws Project, and has defined their involvement understandable, accessible and appropriate manner and format. resources, control of bush, animal diseases, in the Project. sewerage works, pollution, and effluent or To provide project-affected parties with accessible and inclusive means to refuse selection, collection and disposal etc. raise issues and grievances, and allow Borrowers to respond to and It is also the Development and Planning manage such grievances. authority within its jurisdiction. As development and planning authority, it is expected to be aware and guide all development activities carried out by 23 governmental and non-governmental organizations and the private sector within their jurisdiction. Any development should therefore be carried out within the provisions of the council’s priorities and approved development plans to allow for coordinated and collective approach to development. ZIRP and any appointed contractor will thus have to ensure that they comply with council laws, all implementing partners will work closely with the Rural District Councils in the sub-component activities. 24 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Project Locations Project beneficiaries and sub-component sites are spread across three Provinces: Manicaland, Masvingo and Mashonaland East, and nine districts therein: Chimanimani, Chipinge, Buhera, Mutare urban, Mutare rural, Bikita, Gutu, Mutasa, and Chikomba. A targeting framework developed by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will support sub-components through an objective method for ranking priority intervention areas in the different districts.16 4.2 Biophysical Environment Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in Southern Africa and has a total surface area of 391 000 km2. About 75% of the country is semi-arid, with low and sporadic rainfall, which makes it prone to unpredictable droughts. Land use varies from intensive cropping to extensive cattle ranching, subsistence and small-scale agriculture, wildlife production, and mineral extraction. Approximately 60% of the country’s 12.9 million people live in rural areas. It is nested within four major river systems, namely Zambesi in the north, Limpopo in the south, Save in the southeast, and Shashe in the southwest. About 49% of the total land area is under forests and woodlands while 27% is cultivated. The former contains a wide range of fauna and flora that includes 4,440 species of plants, 270 mammals, and 532 bird species. Biodiversity is found in all the country’s land categories -namely state, communal and private lands. 16 Most Technical Leads for not have a long-term presence in the locations but are utilizing immediate emergency funds to operate there. 25 The country’s ecosystems are formally protected under six categories of protected areas as follows: 11 nation al parks, 6 gazetted forests, 14 botanical reserves, 3 botanical gardens, 16 safari areas and 15 recreational parks and sanctuaries. National parks and gazette forests constitute 13% and 3% of the country’s land area respectively. Zimbabwe is globally renowned for its past visionary approach to natural resource management. It was the first African country to develop a noticeable alternative approach to the management of natural resources outside protected areas in 1975. This results in a proliferation of private game reserves and conservancies that occupied 10% of the country by 2000. The country has the second largest elephant population and third largest rhino her in Southern Africa (excluding South Africa). Furthermore, the country holds significant tracts of the African teak (Baikiaea pluriiuga). The country is mostly savannah, although the moist and mountainous eastern highlands support areas of tropical evergreen and hardwood forests. Trees found in these Eastern Highlands include teak, mahogany, enormous specimens of strangling fig, forest newtonia, big leaf, white stinkwood, chirinda stinkwood, knobthorn and many others. In the low-lying part of the country fever trees, mopane, combretum and baobads abound. Much if the country is covered by miombo woodland, dominated by bracgystegia species and other. Among the numerous flowers and shrubs are hibiscus, flame lily, snake lily, spider lily, leonotus, cassia, tree wisteria and dombeya. There are around 350 species of mammals that can be found in Zimbabwe. There are also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species. The Project area is particularly dominated by the Chimanimani Mountains, an area of high plant diversity and endemism. The mountains have been widely recognized as an important area for plan biodiversity.17 However, the forested eastern foot slopes of the mountains have been impacted by clearance for agriculture, frequent fires and subsequent invasion by the introduced shrub Vernonanthura. 18 Environmental issues. Large parts of Zimbabwe were once covered by forests with abundant wildlife. Deforestation and poaching have reduced the amount of wildlife. Woodland degradation and deforestation, due to population growth, urban expansion and lack of fuel, are major concerns and have led to erosion and land degradation, which diminish the amount of fertile soil. Local farmers have also been criticized by environmentalists for burning off vegetation to heat their tobacco barns. Over-reliance on wood energy. Biomass, mainly in the form of wood, accounts for most of the primary energy needs of Zimbabweans. It provides 61% of the total energy supply. Firewood is the main source of energy for heating and cooking with an annual household consumption of 4.2 tons. Deforestation is also increasing due to the rise in tobacco farmers who clear forestland for planting and use wood for curing. Illegal wildlife trade. In 2008, the country had 744 rhinos of which 144 were poached. Corresponding figures for 2012 were 710 and 93 respectively. Although the exact number of elephants in the country is unknown, the species is not considered threatened compared to other African countries. With the third and fifth largest elephant and rhino population in the world respectively, it is not surprising that Zimbabwe finds itself at the center of international ivory and rhino horn trafficking by sophisticated and well-resourced poaching syndicates and networks. Climate change. Zimbabwe is dealing with significant climate change. Global Climate Models (GCM) indicate that most of Southern Africa, including Zimbabwe, is likely to experience higher temperatures (2-40C higher than the 1961-1990 baseline) in the coming decades, but the picture for rainfall is less clear. While average annual rainfall appears to have changed little over the last 50 years, adverse weather conditions have been increasing with droughts and floods having become more frequent and severe and the onset of the rains less dependable. Zimbabwe ranks 9 17 KEW, IIAM, Fundacao Micaia, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Arex, Chimanimani Mountains: Botany and Conservation, 2016, p.6 18 KEW, IIAM, Fundacao Micaia, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Arex, 2016, p.7 26 out of 16 countries on the Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI) 19. Climate models predict that Zimbabwe’s climate will be warmer than the 1961-1990 baseline with warming rates of 0.5-2OC by 2030.20 The climate change predictions for Zimbabwe are that the country will become hotter and drier, with an increase in violent storms. Floods are thereby the most frequent and dangerous hazard for the country, mostly hitting the northern and southeastern lowlands (along the path of cyclones). The El Nino phenomenon has had ample impacts in the past, an estimated 4.1 million people in Zimbabwe experienced food insecurity in 2016 due to the phenomenon. 21 The Project areas are part of Region I, which is classified as being very productive with abundant rainfall, and Region V, which consists of drylands. The parts under Region V were already affected by a severe drought prior to the cyclone. Specifically, in the Project areas, the significant amount of rainfall impacts the fragile ecosystem (steep slopes cleared of vegetation for subsistence and cash crops).22 Cyclone Impacts. In the recent disaster, Chimanimani and Chipinge Districts were most severely hit by the cyclone. They are part of the climatic region I, which receive heavy rainfalls generally. 23 This makes these areas usually prone to floods. Especially Rusitu Valley and Ngangu were among the hardest hit areas. Ca. 54,000 households were hit by the floods and landslides in Chimanimani and Chipinge, causing a wide array of destruction and costing human lives. In the cause of the cyclone, landslides occurred in the areas with shallow solid profiles overlaying rock. The increased amounts of water triggered soil movement and reduced traction between the soil mass and the rock surface beneath resulting in mud slides and huge deposits of sand and silt on confluences of rivers. Sedimentary rocks were exposed.24 According to the post-disaster assessment conducted by UNDP, the deep cut slopes and landform contributed to rock and debris rolling down the slopes, causing significant destruction of anything in their path. Given the significant amount of rainfall on the steep slopes, excessive overland flow carried a lot of debris as a result. This caused river banks to burst, especially in the areas of the floodplains of Nyahode-Rusitu Rivers to the east and Biriri Umvumvu Rivers to the west.25 The massive rockfalls were thereby, despite some early warning, not anticipated. People, who had moved to higher grounds, on the basis of early warning messages, were the first to be hit by rockfalls coming down from the mountains. In the meantime, the valleys were flooded. 26 Mining in the Eastern Highlands. Despite being a protected area, Chimanimani Mountains have been invaded by many thousands of illegal small-scale miners, who dug into stream beds looking for alluvial gold; nearly all on the Mozambique side. Conservationists express fears over the possible impacts of these miners on the flora, vegetation and wildlife27. Gold mining, diamond and coal mining has ample effects on the water ecosystem, as well as on the populations of larger mammals in the region. 28 The illegal mining activities in Manicaland have caused the contamination of water sources and have partly been responsible for the destruction of vital ecosystems through the use of mercury. Mercury and ferro-silicon- contaminated water has created health hazards to humans and animals (waterborne and skin diseases). This has already, pre-cyclone, caused significant degradation of the area. This is in addition to the fact that it has caused the 19 Maplecroft, Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2018, accessed at https://www.maplecroft.com/solutions/environment-climate-change/ 20 UNDP Human Development Report, 2017 21 UNDP Human Development Report, 2017 22 UNDP Rapid Assessment of the Socio-Economic Impact of Cyclone Idai on Zimbabwe, April 2019, p. 69-70 23 UNDP, 2019, p. 8 24 UNDP, 2019, p. 8. 25 UNDP 2019, p. 69-70 26 UNDP 2019, p. 8 27 KEW, IIAM, Fundacao Micaia, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Arex, 2016, p.5 28 KEW, IIAM, Fundacao Micaia, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Arex, 2016, p.7 27 change of agricultural land use. The artificial diversion of water, required for the mining activities, has caused the erosion of mountainsides. Furthermore, surface mining is an extreme land use practice, as it causes significant environmental damage, and significantly affects agricultural practices. The environmental degradation has, in particular, affected the usage of water in the area. Issues such as excavations, unsuitable land use for agriculture, illegal settlements and mining activities expose people to significant risks.29 4.3 Socio-Economic Environment30 Zimbabwe Economic Outlook and Macroeconomic performance. The economy performed better than expected in 2018, expanding by an estimated 3.5%, driven by agriculture, supported by relatively peaceful elections. Cash shortages and the three-tier pricing system coupled with foreign exchange shortages continued to constrain the goods and factor markets. The fiscal deficit was an estimated 10.7% of GDP in 2018, compared with 12.5% of GDP in 2017, financed mainly through domestic borrowing. In 2018, the government proposed addressing the unsustainable budget deficit with strong fiscal consolidation measures. The fiscal deficit was driven mainly by election- related spending, civil servant salary increases, and transfers to the agricultural sector. Total external debt was an estimated 45.3% of GDP in 2018, down from 53.8% in 2017. The current account deficit was an estimated 3.7% of GDP in 2018, with merchandise imports continuing to exceed exports, putting pressure on the supply of urgently needed foreign exchange and making it critical to diversify exports. The country’s protracted fiscal imbalances have constrained development expenditure and social service provision, undermining poverty reduction efforts. Unemployment pressures have been mounting as employment opportunities continue to dwindle.31 When the country was hit by cyclone Idai in March 2019, it was already grappling with serious socio-economic challenges. Economic growth has declined over the past few years and the International Monetary Fund (IMF estimates economic growth in 2018 at 3.6%, with the expectation of growth of -5.2% in 2019.32 Individual poverty was at 70% at the national level and at 86% in the rural areas. Manicaland Province, as one of the hardest hit areas under the cyclone, has had consistent poverty rates of 70% of people living under the national poverty line since 1990. In Chipinge District, poverty was estimated at 80% in 2016. 33 The level of poverty is reflected in health and education as well, with high levels of stunting and low levels of access to hygiene enabling facilities. 34 Economic growth is estimated to have slowed down in 2018 as negative effects of foreign currency and fuel shortages and weaker agriculture weighed on domestic demand and exports. These effects are likely to be more pronounced in 2019 when the GDP is projected to decline. Prospects f or donors’ re-engagement are hinged on credible political and economic reforms. Poverty levels are likely to in-crease due to weak economic growth and high inflationary pressures.35 Human Development. Zimbabwe's Human Development Index value for 2017 is 0.535— which put the country in the low human development category—positioning it at 156 out of 189 countries and territories. Between 1990 and 2017, Zimbabwe's HDI value increased from 0.491 to 0.535, an increase of 8.9 percent. Between 1990 and 2017, Zimbabwe’s life expectancy at birth increased by 3.8 years, mean years of schooling increased by 3.6 years and 29 UNDP 2019, p. 69-70 30 This section will be further updated, based on the findings for the planned Social Assessment (TOR currently under development). 31 Africa Economic Outlook 2019, accessed at: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/2019AEO/AEO_2019- EN.pdf 32 UNDP 2019, p. 13 33 UNDP Rapid Assessment 2019, p.15 34 UNDP Rapid Assessment 2019, p.16 35 World Bank, Zimbabwe, Poverty & Equity and Macroeconomics, Trade &Investment Global Practices, accessed at: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/750841492188177908/mpo-zwe.pdf 28 expected years of schooling increased by 0.5years. Zimbabwe’s GNI per capita decreased by about 29.3percent between 1990and 2017.36 Zimbabwe has amongst the highest HIV prevalence and maternal mortality rates in the region. The country’s high mortality and morbidity rates are a result of an under-resourced health delivery system, which is overstretched by the high burden of HIV, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and maternal and childhood illnesses. A decade of worsening economic conditions and rising costs have eroded a once vibrant health system, which now functions largely due to donor assistance. The health sector has produced notable results in the areas of HIV; TB; malaria; maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH); and family planning/reproductive health (FP/RH). The national response to the HIV epidemic has scaled up prevention and treatment interventions, resulting in an estimated 290,000 lives saved through antiretroviral treatment (ART) since 2009 and a 50 percent decrease in the number of new HIV infections over the last ten years. The TB treatment success rate increased from 67 percent in 2006 to 80 percent in 2015, which meets the National TB program objective and World Health Organization recommendations. Malaria incidence declined by 79 percent, from 136/1,000 in 2000 to 29/1,000 in 2015. Although the maternal mortality rate declined significantly from 960 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2010/11 to 614 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2014, this rate remains too high by regional standards. The contraceptive prevalence rate increased from 60 percent in 2006 to 67 percent in 2014. These are noteworthy gains given the general economic decline and political context and speak to the technical and financial support provided by the donor community. Sustaining these gains will require both continued donor engagement and collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Child Care (MOHCC) to improve the systems and implementation of policies that surround the delivery of health services. The cyclone has had a series of other impacts in addition to contributing further to economic decline. Where livelihoods were lost, and assets damaged, people are further impoverished, suffer from food insecurity, lack of education, or they are subjected to health challenges. Women and girls are put in a more vulnerable situation, exposing them to greater risks of sexual exploitation or other SGBV incidents. Psychosocial and health-related issues have grown in the affected communities as impacts of the disaster. Local Governance. What is mostly intact and has been functioning throughout the period of the crisis are the formal and quasi-formal governance institutions, which are partly geared to establish social protection, and to respond to emergencies. Generally, in an emergency, the National Civil Protection Unit (CPU) structure responds. The CPU is located in the Ministry of Local Government, and the line Ministries are fitted into this structure. The structure is repeated at the Provincial level, where again the line Ministries are represented in the CPU, which is led by the Provincial Administrator (Ministry of LG). 22 thematic sub-committees feed into main provincial CPU committee. At the district level, the District Administrator (Ministry of Local Government) chairs the District-level CPU, which also integrates the different line Ministries (which lead the thematic sub-committees). The same structure is replicated at the Ward level, in the Ward Civil Protection Unit, next to the Ward Development Committee. The Ward Councilor, however, who chairs the Ward CPU, is an elected political position. At the village level (ca. 100 households), the smallest unit within administrative structures, the Village Civil Protection Unit and the Village Development Committee is led by one of the traditional chiefs in the area. The Village Heads are not elected, they often draw their legitimacy from their family history. Their main tasks comprise the allocation of land, administration of village courts, and brokering development programs. They work with senior kinsmen in conflict resolution activities. While they are the main address in the village, they are at times accused of bias and abuse of power.37 36 World Bank, Zimbabwe, Human Development Indices and Indicators, 2018 Statistical Update, accessed at: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ZWE.pdf 37 Kate Baldwin, Shylock Muyengwa and Eric Mvukiyehe, Reforming Village-Level Governance via Horizontal Pressure. Evidence from an Experiment in Zimbabwe, Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank, 7941, 2017, p. 10 29 The Ward is led by a Councilor, who is politically elected. The Chiefs and Village Heads originate from the traditional authority structure. The Village Development Committee, led by chiefs and village heads, is embedded in the informal traditional structures. Humanitarian actors have formed a parallel structure, through which emergency responses are coordinated by humanitarian actors, UN agencies, civil society, and donor agencies. All agencies coordinate in the inter-agency clusters (sector-specific, e.g. food security, WASH etc.) at the national level. The same structure is replicated at the province and district level. At the District level, it inks with CPU structures. Given Zimbabwe’s legacy of poor governance, inadequate capacity and corruption, humanitarian aid partners, consisting of INGO’s, UN agencies, donors and civil society, have created a parallel structure through which emergency assistance is provided and coordinated. Emergency coordination is undertaken at the national level in inter-agency sector-specific clusters (e.g. food security, WASH, etc.) with similar structures replicated at the provincial and district levels although at the district level, they also align with CPU structures. Social Structure. Societies in the three Provinces are largely members of the Shona ethnic group, with a few members of the Ndebele and Shangani ethnic groups. The Shona language is part of the Bantu language family, and is divided into several dialects. The Shona ethnic group consists of five major clans. Ain subsistence is agriculture-based, with sorghum, maize, yams, beans and bananas as main crops. The Shona also cattle and goats, and have historically also been transhumant herders. The Ndebele speakers constitute about 16% of Zimbabwe’s population. Ndebele is also part of the Bantu language family. Traditional subsistence of the Ndebele speakers was more cattle-centered. The Shangani are also a Bantu speaking group. There are some migrant workers in the Project area, which have been attracted by commercial mining, farming, and commercial forestry. However, it is not clear how many ‘miners’ are arriving from outside, and how many are recruited from the Districts and Provinces that contain the mines. The initial project assessment has shown that not many persons displaced by the cyclone have sought refuge in camps. Most of them appear to reside with other residents. Social protection has declined through the cyclone in the affected areas. Declining incomes, economic opportunities high costs to rebuild properties have devastating effects on the population. Children have been orphaned, and heading their households after they have lost a parent. In Chimanimani, 9.6% of households indicated they had children orphaned as a direct consequence of the cyclone. 38 Main livelihoods. The three provinces have a significantly large rural population and according to a 2012 census, Manicaland had a 72,809 HH in urban areas and 341345 HH in rural areas; Masvingo had 37,364 HH in urban areas and 293,692 HH in rural areas. Mashonaland East had 45,763 HH in urban areas and 277,871 HH in rural areas 39 The Eastern Highlands are generally a high potential zone for crops production (fruit, vegetables, flowers, tea and coffee), as well as timber. This accounts for important labor opportunities through commercial farms and sawmills. 40 The Eastern Highlands’ high potential mountain zone is intensively farmed through small plots or mixed foods and cash crops. While Maize is primary, cereals, root crops, fruits, tea/coffee are also produced. Poor farmers can find deployment in commercial agriculture and forestry. 38 UNDP 2019, p. 65-66 39 ZIMStat, Zimbabwe Smallholder Agricultural Productivity. Survey 2017 Report, March 2019, p. 13 40 UNDP 2017, p. 40 30 The area covers three main livelihood zones (as defined by the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee, ZIMVAC): In the Eastern Highlands commercial farming and prime communal farming, and in Manicaland smallholder farming is predominant.41 Generally, livelihood activities in the country are centered on agriculture (crop production, livestock and fisheries). Parts of Mashonaland provinces and Manicaland have the highest incomes, as they also have the highest concentration of commercial farms and resettlement communities. In Masvingo, crop production is low and livestock is more important.42 Masvingo and Manicaland are mostly based on cereal agriculture and cash crops (groundnuts, round nuts and cotton), but also include animal husbandry and migratory labor remittances. Poor farmers also sell wild fruits or are involved in gold mining or panning activities, as well as fishing. 43 The Eastern Highlands high potential mountain zone is intensively farmed through small plots or mixed foods and cash crops. While maize growing is the primary agricultural activity, cereals, root crops, fruit, tea/coffee are also produced. Poor farmers often find additional employment in the commercial agriculture and forestry sectors. The most affected districts, Chimanimani and Chipinge produce several export crops, including tea, coffee, pineapple, macadamia nuts, and others. While tea and coffee remain largely unaffected, the wind, rain, and floods damaged other crops. Agricultural commodity exports are therefore expected to drop.44 An early UNDP Rapid Assessment indicates that the post-disaster outlook is not favorable: the GDP may reduce by 0.6% and a further 0.2% in 2020. 45 The cyclone has had significant impact on food security, and therefore on household nutrition, mostly among women and children. Since crops were destroyed and irrigation infrastructure destroyed, most subsistence farmers in the region will face significant food insecurity. Poor households will face challenges recovering their assets or restocking lost goods during the destruction of their homes. A post-disaster survey administered by UNDP shows a 30% decline in the consumption of regular dietary components. 46 Health. Under the ESMF, post-disaster health issues consisting mainly of cyclone-related injuries will be of particular focus to ensure community health. To date, there are no reports of waterborne diseases, such as cholera or typhoid. However, since these two diseases have been reported in the cyclone-affected areas in neighboring Mozambique, a heightened risk for the three Provinces in Zimbabwe should be considered. Cholera vaccination campaigns have commenced in Chimanimani and Chipinge and UNDP reports that the Ministry of Health and Child Care in Manicaland Province has effectively managed disease control thus preventing an outbreak of water-borne diseases.47 Rivers and streams have become the main source of domestic water, with UNDP reporting that 32.2% of the population in the affected areas utilizing these sources. However, river and stream water is not safe and the MoH through it health surveillance system diseases, has determined that Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), malaria, dysentery and diarrheal diseases have been reported at health facilities. Health education has included cholera prevention messages, information on diarrheal diseases, HIV and AIDS, STIs, and malaria. 48 41 UNDP 2017, p. 38 42 UNDP 2017, p. 40 43 UNDP 2017, p. 40 44 UNDP 2019, p. 41 45 UNDP 2019, p. 41: 46 UNDP 2019, p. 47: 47 UNDP 2019, p. 47 48 UNDP 2019, p.47 31 Business. The cyclone has affected businesses significantly with an estimated 87% of businesses affected by the cyclone.49 The decline in assets through the cyclone was significant. According to the UNDP survey, an average 45% decline in asset ownership was registered and included decline in ownership of sanitation facilities, which is likely to have health implications.50 The cyclone has had a series of other impacts in addition to contributing further to economic decline. Where livelihoods were lost, and assets damaged, people have become further impoverished, suffer from food insecurity, lack education, or subjected to further health challenges. Women and girls suffer from heightened vulnerability, being further exposed to greater risks of sexual exploitation and SGBV. In general, psycho-social and health related challenges have increased in the affected communities. Labor and Employment. With regards to labor and employment, it is estimated that of 7 million economically active persons, approximately 11.3% are broadly unemployed. The largest labor force at 52.3%, are ‘own account’ workers, being communal, peri-urban and resettlement farmers, working in agro-based businesses.51 Crime and Violence. While crime, violence and conflict have not been predominant issues in the affected areas in the past, the lack of livelihoods, increased poverty and insecurity in general could potentially contribute to a rise in crime, violence and conflict. The unraveling of social fabric, as people are exposed to different stresses, can have ample effects on the traditional social protection systems. Where members of households have died or been injured, family-based protection systems may not be functioning anymore; or support through extended families may not be granted anymore, as many households have lost their livelihoods and assets. Many of these ‘new’ vulnerabilities and stresses have not been assessed yet. The Project hopes to gain further insights into these issues through a dedicated vulnerability assessment during the commencement phase of the Project. Coping strategies. Zimbabwe scored 5.7 on the Coping Capacity Index, indicating ‘lack of coping capacity’. 52 Reasons cited for this are infrastructure and institutional challenges, including limited physical connectivity, access to health care, and communication. In addition, corruption, government ineffectiveness and poor governance exacerbate the already fragile situation where socio-economic challenges are linked to multi-dimensional poverty, deprivation and inequality. 53 In the cyclone affected areas, social protection has also been adversely affected where declining incomes, lack of economic opportunities and high reconstruction costs have devastated the population. Children have been orphaned, and are often forced to head households after the loss of one or both parents. In Chimanimani, 9.6% of households indicated they had children orphaned as a direct consequence of the cyclone. 54 The un-managed mining has also led to a disintegration of social fabric with increasing levels of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, declining livestock due to lack of grazing land, and relocation of communities without due diligence to the socio-economic implications.55 Remittances. As Zimbabwe has a large Diaspora, remittances are a significant source of income in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has received $ 1.85 billion from its Diaspora 2016-2018.56 The average household in Zimbabwe receives 49 UNDP 2019, p. 60 50 UNDP 2019, p. 59 51 UNDP 2017, p. 28 52 UNDP 2017, p 21: 53 UNDP 2017, p. 21: 54 UNDP 2019, p. 65-66: 55 UNDP 2019, p. 69-70 56 In: New Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. Diaspora Remittances Stagnant at US$ 1.85 bln – World Bank, accessed at: https://allafrica.com/stories/201812200007.html 32 2,000 USD per year from overseas. However, it is difficult to determine the exact amounts, as there are informal systems through which money is transmitted. 57 And while through remittances, livelihood security is increased, it is differential.58 These issues will be critical in the selection of beneficiary households for the ZIRP. Land Issues. Land issues in Zimbabwe are complex and based on a long history, which includes Government- sanctioned land restoration and a lack of enforcement of land planning. This lack of enforcement has enabled environmental degradation, for example through streambank farming and productive uses of land that is under conservation. Disadvantaged / Vulnerable Individuals and Groups. Since the Project considers all communities in the cyclone- affected 9 districts as ‘affected parties’, a lot will rely on the identification and selection of the most disadvantaged and vulnerable individuals, households and other groups as beneficiaries. A Vulnerability Assessment in the early implementation phase of the project will deliver more insights into what constitutes vulnerability, as well as the tools applied by different implementing partners to identify disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and beneficiaries. Furthermore, approaches from Technical Leads to the identification of vulnerable individuals or groups will be taken into account. The SEP will be updated accordingly General categories of vulnerable groups in the two Provinces include 59: Disadvantaged / Vulnerable Group Remarks Women Women may be mostly affected through the destruction of agricultural and water-related infrastructure, since they are very involved in agricultural productivity. Furthermore, as main caretakers of family members and given their reproductive health needs, women have particular needs in agricultural, water management, as well as access to health. However, women can often be excluded from political life and from communal decision-making processes, due to the patrilineal socio- political structures. Youth Zimbabwe has 62%60 of the population under the age of 25, which is a significantly high percentage. However, young community members are often excluded from decision-making processes under traditional authority structures, in which power is often based on factors such as age. The youth unemployment rate in Zimbabwe was 5.16% in 2017. 61 Since young people are particularly capable in conducting work activities and are crucial in the rebuilding of their communities and infrastructure, they need to be included in decision-making processes through forums that particularly include the young population. Women-Headed Households While female-headed households existed prior to the cyclone (in 2015, 41 percent of all households in Zimbabwe are female headed) 62, their 57 Zimbabwe: Diaspora Remittances Stagnant at US$ 1.85 bln – World Bank, All Africa, accessed at: https://allafrica.com/stories/201812200007.html 58 Ncube, G and G.M. Gomez, Remittances in rural Zimbabwe: From Consumption to Investment, In: International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Volume 4.2, p.181-195. 59 This section will be updated based on the findings from the planned Social Assessment. 60 UNFPA, Young People, accessed at: https://zimbabwe.unfpa.org/en/topics/young-people-2 61 Trading Economics, Zimbabwe unemployment rate, accessed at: https://tradingeconomics.com/zimbabwe/unemployment-rate 62 GOZ 2016 33 number may have increased following the disaster and they need specific support. Children Children are often detrimentally affected in disasters, including through the recent destruction of schools and health systems. Children-Headed Households In 2015, 17 percent of children in rural areas were orphans. In Manicaland alone, only 38.3 of children percent lived with both parents, 27.7 did not live with a biological parent, and 18.1 percent of kids reported either one or both parents dead. The recent disaster is likely to have increased the numbers of orphans and children-headed households.63 Minority Ethnic Groups The large majority of residents in the affected Districts are Shona speakers, albeit different dialects. However, there may be members of some ethnic minorities residing in the project area, such as Ndebele and Shangani. However, while these groups may be excluded on a structural basis from decision-making and from selection process for beneficiary selection, they are not distinct social groups in accordance with ESS7. It will need to be assessed whether these groups, if they exist, have specific language needs Disabled Persons The disaster may have caused the number of disabled community members to rise. Disabled persons may face difficulties in participating in rebuilding activities, but may also face difficulties in physically accessing meetings for reconstruction and decision-making at the community level. Furthermore, infrastructure to be rebuild should take their special needs into account, for example in view of access (e.g. to water sources). Furthermore, disabled persons may not be able to participate in works activities Relocated Persons The majority of persons and households that have been relocated as a result of the cyclone do live in private households and in camps. Initial consultations led to an estimate that there are only very few people in camps. 63 Ibid 34 5 Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Based on initial scoping activities, the potential environmental risks and impacts of the Project are anticipated to be moderate, given that most of the interventions are rehabilitation of existing community infrastructure. No new habitats or new ecosystems will be covered by community infrastructure rehabilitation. The purpose of the ESMF is to set out the action plan of environmental and social management measures to be implemented by the technical leads and contractors. These will be partly based on site-specific ESIAs and ESMP that will be carried out (see below). These measures aim to achieve the avoidance, minimization or mitigation, including offset or compensation, of adverse environmental and social impacts of the Project and to ensure compliance with the ESSs. Risks and impacts, as well as mitigation measures will be refined once site-specific environmental and social assessments have been conducted. 5.1 Beneficial Impacts Component 1: Providing Immediate Support for Cyclone Recovery: This component will provide immediate and integrated livelihoods and healthcare solutions to cyclone-affected people, including: (a) restoring livelihoods through conditional cash transfers to provide food assistance, and through unconditional cash transfers for most vulnerable groups; (b) restoring agricultural crop and livestock production, including distribution of agricultural inputs for small farmer households, and the re-stocking and treatment of livestock and poultry, and; (c) accelerating the revitalization of basic health services, including the provision of a basic package of health services and referral pathways related to Gender-Based Violence (GBV)/Sexual Exploitation and Assault (SEA), and child protection measures. All activities under this component will specifically target women and female-headed households. This component will also finance project management and overheads costs for the above activities, such as needs and beneficiary assessments, preparation of technical designs and technical quality control, etc. Component 2: Enabling Medium-term Cyclone Recovery and Resilience-building: This component will support the rehabilitation of critical community infrastructure, such as water and sanitation systems, irrigation networks, community schools, and community roads, as well as community level structural mitigation efforts for risk reduction, such as slope protection and environmental rehabilitation. This component will also finance project management and overheads costs for the above activities, such as needs and beneficiary assessments, preparation of technical designs and technical quality control, etc. Direct beneficiaries of the Project are the people affected by Cyclone Idai in Zimbabwe’s nine districts. The Project generally attempts to target a majority of the 270,000 people affected directly or indirectly due to the cyclone. Project beneficiaries are in the following districts: Chimanimani, Chipinge, Buhera, Mutare urban, Mutare rural, Bikita, Gutu, Mutasa, and Chikomba. ZIRP seeks to exclusively benefit highly vulnerable groups, as the cyclone has had a disproportionate impact on women, girls, children, the elderly, and disabled people. Consultations will be carried out with vulnerable groups to identify and address their unique needs, including the use of sex-disaggregated surveys and focus groups, and vulnerability-based selection criteria to prioritize their inclusion as project beneficiaries. Therefore, project investments are anticipated to provide higher benefits to vulnerable groups (e.g., cash-for-work, food inputs, etc.) in most if not all proposed activities. The Project will seek to benefit women,64 as the cyclone has had a disproportionate impact on vulnerable groups on them. While female-headed households existed prior to the cyclone, their number has increased following the disaster. Through Component 1, immediate and integrated livelihoods and healthcare solutions will be provided to vulnerable communities and more specifically to women and female-headed households affected by the cyclone. 64 Actions relevant to addressing the gender gap are discussed in each relevant interventions of the PAD but are summarized in this section. 35 These activities include: (a) restoring their livelihoods through conditional cash transfers to provide food assistance, and through unconditional cash transfers; (b) restoring agricultural crop and livestock production, including distribution of agricultural inputs for small farmer households, and the re-stocking and treatment of livestock and poultry; and (c) accelerating the revitalization of basic health services, including the provision of a basic package of health services and referral pathways related to GBV/ SEA and child protection measures. 5.2 Adverse Impacts The proposed project is expected to have moderate impacts on the biophysical and socio-economic environment specifically during the construction phase. This is because the Project is not complex and/or large, does not involve activities that have a high potential for harming people or the environment. As such, the potential risks and impacts and issues are likely to have the following characteristics: (i) predictable and expected to be temporary and/or reversible; (ii) low in magnitude; (iii) site-specific, without likelihood of impacts beyond the actual footprint of the Project; and (iv) low probability of serious adverse effects to human health and/or the environment. The Project’s risks and impacts can be easily mitigated in a predictable manner. 5.2.1 Air Quality Construction activities using motorized equipment including materials delivery, excavation, concrete works will generate air emissions and dust. Vehicular traffic emissions will bring about air pollution by increasing the fossil fuel emissions into the atmosphere. However, the construction activities are mainly going to be through manual labour and use of hand-held equipment with limited use of mechanized machines whenever necessary. Activities in Sub Component 1.1, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, as shown below are likely to lead to air quality impacts. • Rehabilitation of feeder roads, light upstream watershed rehabilitation through slope protection • Rehabilitation and creation of check-dams, stone bunds, biological measures (trees and grasses), terracing • Rehabilitation of community health posts • New water points • Rehabilitation of boreholes, springs and deep- water wells • Revitalize design and operations of irrigation schemes • Reconstruction of conservation structures (storm drains, contours, terraces, waterways and water diversion structures • Reclamation of gullies by constructing gabions and supporting structures • Desilting of weirs • Revitalization of irrigated land • Rehabilitation of school facilities • Vegetation clearing and grass cutting along roads • Clearing side drains and culvert inlets/outlets • Excavation of new drainage paths • Earth filling of embankment and pavement repairs • Earthworks such as irrigation canal excavations Mitigation:  Use personal protective clothing like dust masks on construction crew.  Construction sites to be water-sprayed on regularly up to three times a day, especially if these sites are in sensitive receptors, such as residential areas or institutions (hospitals, schools etc.).  All the vehicles and construction machinery should be operated in compliance with relevant vehicle emission standards and manufacturer’s specification to minimize air pollution.  Use non-mechanised (motorised) equipment as much as possible 36 5.2.2 Noise and Vibration Noise and vibration will be generated during construction especially when using motorised equipment. In order to create employment, the project will use manual forms of labour and equipment hence the impacts associated with noise and vibration is expected to be low in nature. Generally, construction noise exceeding a noise level of 70 decibels (dB) has significant impacts on surrounding sensitive receptors within 50m of the construction site. Activities in sub component 1.1, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, as shown below are likely to lead to noise quality impacts due to the use of construction equipment like excavators, trucks, generators etc. • Rehabilitation of feeder roads, light upstream watershed rehabilitation through slope protection • Rehabilitation and creation of check-dams, stone bunds, biological measures (trees and grasses), terracing • Rehabilitation of community health posts • New water points • Rehabilitation of boreholes, springs and deep- water wells • Revitalize design and operations of irrigation schemes • Reconstruction of conservation structures (storm drains, contours, terraces, waterways and water diversion structures • Reclamation of gullies by constructing gabions and supporting structures • Desilting of weirs • Revitalization of irrigated land • Rehabilitation of school facilities • Vegetation clearing and grass cutting along roads • Clearing side drains and culvert inlets/outlets • Excavation of new drainage paths • Earth filling of embankment and pavement repairs • Earthworks such as irrigation canal excavations Mitigation:  Avoid night time construction when noise is loudest. Avoid night-time construction using heavy machinery, from 22:00 to 6:00 near residential areas.  No discretionary use of noisy machinery within 50m of residential areas and near institutions, manual labour can be used at this point.  Good maintenance and proper operation of construction machinery to minimize noise generation.  Where possible, ensure non-mechanized construction to reduce the use of machinery  Undertake regular maintenance of generator 5.2.3 Impacts on Flora and Fauna Removal of vegetation during excavation works is likely to lead to loss of plants and animal habitats. The biodiversity that may be affected includes insects, small mammals, reptiles and birds. This impact is expected to be insignificant in view of the fact that most of the proposed activities are rehabilitation works and not new works and therefore the project sites are unlikely to be pristine or having ecological sensitive flora and fauna. Activities in sub component 1.1, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, as shown below are likely to lead to flora and fauna impacts through disturbance and clearings due to the use of construction equipment like excavators, trucks, generators etc. • Rehabilitation of feeder roads, light upstream watershed rehabilitation through slope protection • Rehabilitation and creation of check-dams, stone bunds, biological measures (trees and grasses), terracing • Rehabilitation of community health posts 37 • New water points • Rehabilitation of boreholes, springs and deep- water wells • Revitalize design and operations of irrigation scheme • Reconstruction of conservation structures (storm drains, contours, terraces, waterways and water diversion structures • Reclamation of gullies by constructing gabions and supporting structures • Desilting of weirs • Revitalization of irrigated land • Rehabilitation of school facilities • Vegetation clearing and grass cutting along roads • Clearing side drains and culvert inlets/outlets • Excavation of new drainage paths • Earth filling of embankment and pavement repairs • Earthworks such as irrigation canal excavations Mitigation:  Re-plant vegetation as much as possible once work is completed.  Spare the vegetation that must not necessarily be removed such as or replace the trees.  Minimize the amount of destruction caused by machinery by promoting non-mechanized methods of construction.  The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks from oil storage tanks e.g. using dispersants or adding biological agents to speed up the oil breakdown for the construction machinery though induction and safety training (the contractor will propose a method of clean-up which will be subject to approval);  Provide a waste management plan  Provision of dustbin and sanitation facilities to prevent seepage into the natural environment. 5.2.4 Site Related Oil Spills During construction and specifically where motorized equipment (excavators, trucks etc.) may be used, oil spills may result from construction site equipment and storage, which may affect the flora, fauna, soils, and water ways in the area. Activities in sub component 1.1, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, as shown below are likely to lead to flora and fauna impacts through disturbance and clearings due to the use of construction equipment like excavators, trucks, generators etc. • Rehabilitation of feeder roads, light upstream watershed rehabilitation through slope protection • Rehabilitation and creation of check-dams, stone bunds, biological measures (trees and grasses), terracing • Rehabilitation of community health posts • New water points • Rehabilitation of boreholes, springs and deep- water wells • Revitalize design and operations of irrigation scheme • Reconstruction of conservation structures (storm drains, contours, terraces, waterways and water diversion structures • Reclamation of gullies by constructing gabions and supporting structures • Desilting of weirs • Revitalization of irrigated land • Rehabilitation of school facilities • Vegetation clearing and grass cutting along roads 38 • Clearing side drains and culvert inlets/outlets • Excavation of new drainage paths • Earth filling of embankment and pavement repairs • Earthworks such as irrigation canal excavations Mitigation Measures  The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks from oil storage tanks e.g. using dispersants or adding biological agents to speed up the oil breakdown for the construction machinery though induction and safety training.  Ensure limited used of motorised equipment during the construction with construction work mainly through manual hand-held equipment.  In case of spillage the Contractor should isolate the source of oil spill and contain the spillage to the source of leakage before it makes it leaves the affected area, using sandbags, sawdust, absorbent material and/or other materials;  All vehicles and equipment should be kept in good working order, serviced regularly in accordance to the manufacturers specifications and stored in an area approved by the Resident Engineer; 5.2.5 Soil Erosion Construction activities using motorized equipment (septic tanks) including materials delivery, excavation, concrete works are likely to lead to soil erosion. Specifically, activities related to the following may exacerbate soil run off during construction. • Rehabilitation of feeder roads, light upstream watershed rehabilitation through slope protection • Rehabilitation and creation of check-dams, stone bunds, biological measures (trees and grasses), terracing • Rehabilitation of community health posts • Removal of debris, desilting of weirs/dams, light reinforcement of river banks • Construction of new water points • Rehabilitation of boreholes, springs and deep- water wells • Revitalize design and operations of irrigation scheme • Reconstruction of conservation structures (storm drains, contours, terraces, waterways and water diversion structures • Reclamation of gullies by constructing gabions and supporting structures • Desilting of weirs • Revitalization of irrigated land • Rehabilitation of school facilities • Vegetation clearing and grass cutting along roads • Clearing side drains and culvert inlets/outlets • Excavation of new drainage paths • Earth filling of embankment and pavement repairs • Earthworks such as irrigation canal excavations 5.2.6 General Construction Waste Impacts During construction phases of the different projects under the sub components mentioned below, general construction wastes will be generated including among others cement bags, used wrapping materials, wood, glass etc. If improperly disposed, general wastes could result in pollution of water bodies, soil and impact on flora and fauna. 39 Activities in sub component 1.1, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, as shown below are likely to lead to the generation of construction wastes and associated impacts. • Rehabilitation of feeder roads, light upstream watershed rehabilitation through slope protection • Rehabilitation and creation of check-dams, stone bunds, biological measures (trees and grasses), terracing • Rehabilitation of community health posts • New water points • Rehabilitation of boreholes, springs and deep- water wells • Revitalize design and operations of irrigation scheme • Reconstruction of conservation structures (storm drains, contours, terraces, waterways and water diversion structures • Reclamation of gullies by constructing gabions and supporting structures • Desilting of weirs • Revitalization of irrigated land • Rehabilitation of school facilities • Vegetation clearing and grass cutting along roads • Clearing side drains and culvert inlets/outlets • Excavation of new drainage paths • Earth filling of embankment and pavement repairs • Earthworks such as irrigation canal excavations Mitigation Measures  Develop waste management plan for construction wastes  Provide waste disposal receptors on site (bins)  Provide training and orientation to workers on waste management.  Reduce-Re-use and Recycle wastes whenever possible 5.2.7 Hazardous Health Care Waste Impacts Sub component 1.3 entails accelerating the revitalization of basic health services and will including provision of essential medicine, establishment of mobile clinics and rehabilitation of community health posts. These facilities will once operational generate health care wastes, which may impact on the environment through contamination of soils, water bodies as well as flora and fauna if inadequately disposed. Health care wastes may also lead to occupational risks (workers) and community health and safety if improperly disposed. Mitigation Measures  Develop health care waste management plan for disposal of health care wastes  Provide PPE to workers within the health facilities  Provide waste disposal receptors on site (bins)  Provide training and orientation to workers on health care waste management  Provide health care waste management facilities (incinerators, sharp boxes) etc 5.2.8 Veterinary Hazardous Health Care Waste Impacts Sub component 1.2 includes activities that will entail restoration of livestock production by undertaking vaccination and deworming of livestock. This will lead to the generation of veterinary related health care wastes including used syringes, vials, swabs, containers which may impact on the environment through contamination of soils, water bodies as well as flora and fauna if inadequately disposed due to their hazardous nature. Veterinary health care wastes may also lead to occupational risks (workers) and community health and safety if improperly disposed. 40 Mitigation Measures  Develop veterinary health care waste management plan for disposal of health care wastes  Provide PPE to workers undertaking vaccinations and deworming  Provide waste disposal receptors  Provide training and orientation to workers on veterinary health care waste management  Provide veterinary health care waste management facilities (incinerators, sharp boxes) etc 5.2.9 Electronic Wastes Impacts The provision of solar driers and maize shellers to the local communities will over time lead to the accumulation of electronic wastes especially when the solar driers get spoilt or when battery shelf life is reached. Electronic wastes improperly disposed may impact on the environment through contamination of soils, water bodies as well as flora and fauna due to their hazardous nature. Mitigation Measures  Develop electronic waste management plan for disposal of the e-wastes 5.2.10 Pesticide Contamination The restoration of communal irrigation schemes in support of agrarian livelihoods under sub component 2.2. may entail application of pesticides and fertilisers. In the absence of an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) to guide use (judicious) of pesticides, contamination of water bodies, soils, flora and fauna may be experienced. The improper use and application of pesticides is likely to lead to workers health and safety risks as well as community health and safety risks through exposure. Mitigation Measures  Develop Integrated Pest Management Plan to guide pesticide application  Provide training to farmers on pesticide application  Provide PPE to farmers for use during pesticide application 5.2.11 Invasive Tree Species Under sub component 1.1, tree nurseries will be established by the project as part of livelihood restorations and providing food and cash assistance for the most vulnerable. Inadequate selection of tree species for the nurseries could lead to proliferation of invasive tree species which could have adverse impacts on the environment. Mitigation Measures  Ensure trees selected for the nurseries are local species approved by Forestry Department 5.2.12 Community Health and Safety Risks Construction workers and the general public will be exposed to safety hazards arising from construction activities with respect to the various construction activities under the sub components .1, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4. The construction works will expose workers to occupational risks due to handling of machinery, construction noise and manual handling, etc. Construction activities of vegetation clearing, excavation, materials delivery may generate dust that will pollute the air and this may affect the respiratory system. Construction sites may be a source of both liquid and solid wastes. Similarly, the construction activities may lead to community health and safety risks. Mitigation: 41  Contractor to risk asses the project activities, develop and implement relevant C-ESMP which will include but not limited to: o An Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan o Management and Safety of Hazardous Materials o Traffic and Road Safety Plan o Labour influx strategy o GBV and Child Protection Action Plan o Employment plans o GRM; o Stakeholders engagement and communication plan; o Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan  Ensure through routine training and induction to all workers and the community on the project risk and the controls developed to manage them;  Ensure that all construction machines and equipment are in good working conditions and to manufacturer’s specifications to prevent occupational hazards.  Cordon off working areas with a reflective tape to ensure safety of pedestrians and provide crossing areas for access to cut off businesses and structures.  Appointing experienced and trained occupational health and safety staff, first aiders and fire marshal on-site for the duration of the construction work. (both supervising engineer and contractor)  Provide workers with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).  Provide a waste management plan  Fence off the site with security to avoid unauthorized access to the project site (s) and hence potential injuries.  Provide clean toilets for workers 5.2.13 Odour from Communal WASH Facilities The establishment of sanitation system and infrastructure in schools will be mostly beneficial to the local community and the design of these facilities should consider disability inclusion and must provide separate facilities for girls and boys (female and male) where required. However, the following impacts associated with such facilities may be experienced including: The pit latrines and septic tanks if not well sited and maintained will be a source of foul smell that will affect those within the area. Mitigation:  Ensure proper siting of septic tanks and pit latrines in accordance with the Zimbabwe’s MOH guidelines for siting and construction of pit latrines  Ensure proper maintenance of sanitation facilities including cleaning and hygiene training  Provide hand washing facilities and water in all the sanitation infrastructures  Consider disability inclusion and provide separate facilities for girls and boys where required 5.2.14 Water Contamination from Communal WASH Facilities Faecal matter may lead to underground water contamination if the water table is high or in the case of pit latrines, when there is an overflow due to heavy rains. Contamination of water may lead to outbreak of diseases e.g. cholera, dysentery, typhoid, diarrhoea etc. Mitigation:  Ensure proper siting of septic tanks and pit latrines in accordance with the Zimbabwe’s MOH guidelines for siting and construction of pit latrines 42  Ensure proper maintenance of sanitation facilities including cleaning and hygiene training.  Provide hand washing facilities and water in all the sanitation infrastructures 5.2.15 Disease Spread from Communal WASH Facilities The area above the slab (i.e., pedestal for sitting or squatting slab) and the pit may contain substantial amounts of pathogens, which vary based on the toilet use, geographical location, and incidence of infectivity. Within the pit, the highest number of pathogens are often found in the top section of the accumulated sludge because it has the most recently delivered excrement; however, pathogens may migrate downwards in the pit or percolate with urine and thus lower parts should not be considered risk-free. Pit latrines can also be breeding grounds for flies and mosquitoes which are disease vectors. Emptying and transportation of faecal matter when pit latrines are full could also lead to pathogen exposure. Mitigation:  Ensure proper siting of septic tanks and pit latrines in accordance with the Zimbabwe’s MOH guidelines for siting and construction of pit latrines  Ensure proper maintenance of sanitation facilities including cleaning and hygiene training.  Provide hand washing facilities and water in all the sanitation infrastructures  Ensure super structures are well constructed and lead to privacy so as to ensure use by family members. Super structures poorly constructed can lead to embarrassment and non-use. 5.2.16 Hazards Super structures if poorly constructed and designed could lead to hazards including falling into the pit if the super structure floor/slab gives ways. This can lead to injury or loss of life. Mitigation:  Ensure super structures are well constructed including the slab with the required strength 5.2.17 Pest Outbreak Common pests attracted to dirty environment are rats, cockroaches, flies. These animals are also disease vectors. They transport germs from the toilet to nearby human settlement. When they come into contact with human food they cause food spoilage and spread of diseases. Dirty environment also offer a perfect breeding ground for these pests to multiply. Mitigation:  Ensure proper cleaning of toilets  Ensure and provide training on cleaning of toilets  Use biopesticides to manage pests 5.2.18 Labour Influx The Project is expected to stimulate minimal in-migration. Several features of the Project could prompt in-migration. Construction works are also likely to act as a magnet for people and are likely to attract some in-migrants. The following restorative measures are agreed upon. • Preparation of Influx Management Plan by contractor • Preparation of Labour and Recruitment Plan by contractor • Preparation of a “code of conduct for workers. 43 5.2.19 HIV & AIDS Impacts In migration of people from different regions may lead to behavioural influences which may increase the spread of diseases such as Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Mitigation:  Sensitize workers and the surrounding communities on awareness, prevention and management of HIV/AIDS through staff training, awareness campaigns, multimedia and workshops or during community barazas. Provide information, education and communication about safe uses of drinking water.  Provide an on-site clinic to provide Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) services to construction crew 5.2.20 Gender Equity, Sexual Harassment The construction of the septic tanks will be in schools and the risk of sexual harassment by workers on the school going children is likely to be high. Construction workers are predominantly younger males. Those who are away from home on the construction job are typically separated from their family and act outside their normal sphere of social control. This can lead to inappropriate and criminal behavior, such as sexual harassment of women and girls, exploitative sexual relations, and illicit sexual relations with minors from the local community. Influx of male labor may also lead to an increase in exploitative sexual relationships and human trafficking whereby women and girls are forced into sex work. Mitigation:  Ensure all workers sign code of conduct  Training on GBV  Implementation of GBV Action Plan (see annex 6 for TOR) 44 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) MITIGATION MEASURES AND ESTIMATED COSTS Type of activity E&S Risks and Impact Mitigation Measures Costs in USD (as part of the Responsible Lead Technical Leads’ budget)65 Sub-Component1.1: Restoring Livelihoods and Providing food and cash assistance for the most vulnerable Providing cash Delayed payment leading to complaints Timely payment; Communication / awareness 0 WFP assistance and conflict campaign of payment mechanisms (planning); Submission of reports to Money Transfer Agent, Implementing Agency and World Bank Utilization of money earned from the Implement GBV Action Plan (see Annex 6 for TOR) 20,000 project, time women may spend outside of HH away from their usual duties can lead to domestic conflict Removal of debris, Removal of debris affects new location Implement and monitor waste management 30,000 desilting of aesthetically, or poses a safety risk for the procedures based on World Bank Group weirs/dams, light community at the new location. Environmental, Health, and Safety General reinforcement of Guidelines66 river banks Soil Erosion during desilting of weirs/dams Implement soil control measures as described in See above and reinforcement of river banks mitigation measures above. Noise Pollution during desilting of Implement noise control measures as described in See above weirs/dams and reinforcement of river mitigation measures above. banks See above 65 These costs have been calculated based on estimates of costs of trainings or awareness raising sessions (travel, hire of experts, provision of location), costs of materials required (safety equipment, awareness and information materials, etc…). The detailed budget for the ESMP implementation will be provided in the site specific ESMPs. 66 World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines, April 30, 2007, accessed at: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B- %2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES 45 Air Pollution during desilting of weirs/dams Implement air pollution control measures as and reinforcement of river banks described in mitigation measures above. 20,000 Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers Occupational Health and Safety risks during desilting of weirs/dams and reinforcement See above of river banks Implement water pollution control measures as described in mitigation measures above. Water contamination from oil spills during desilting of weirs/dams and reinforcement of river banks. Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community 20,000 and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Rehabilitation of Soil Erosion during construction of feeder Implement soil control measures as described in See above feeder roads, light roads and upstream watershed mitigation measures above. upstream rehabilitation watershed rehabilitation Noise Pollution during construction of Implement noise control measures as described in See above through slope feeder roads and upstream watershed mitigation measures above protection rehabilitation Air Pollution during construction of feeder Implement air pollution control measures as See above roads and upstream watershed described in mitigation measures above rehabilitation Occupational Health and Safety during Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above construction of feeder roads and upstream watershed rehabilitation Water contamination from oil spills during Implement water pollution control measures as See above construction of feeder roads and upstream described in mitigation measures above watershed rehabilitation Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during construction of feeder disturbance of flora and fauna as described in mitigation measures above 46 roads and upstream watershed rehabilitation Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety e.g. Sensitization of communities: Cordoning 0 construction traffic accidents; dust construction sites; implementing traffic pollution; noise pollution etc. management plan Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion during construction and Implement soil control measures as described in See above creation of check- rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds mitigation measures above. dams, stone bunds, and terraces biological measures (trees and grasses), Noise Pollution during construction and Implement noise control measures as described in See above terracing rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds mitigation measures above and terraces Air Pollution during construction and Implement air pollution control measures as See above rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds described in mitigation measures above and terraces Occupational Health and Safety during Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above construction and rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds and terraces Water contamination from oil during Implement water pollution control measures as See above construction and rehabilitation of check described in mitigation measures above dams, stone bunds and terraces Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) during construction and 47 rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds Implement measures to protect against and terraces disturbance of flora and fauna as described in mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Community Health and Safety e.g. Sensitization of communities: Cordoning 10,000 construction traffic accidents; dust construction sites; implementing traffic pollution; noise pollution etc. management plan Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Dry fencing and live Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above fencing for community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community controlled grazing and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all and relevant area occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards closures Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) See above measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Grievances over communal or private land Identify required land readjustment through use community processes; 0 Implement process for voluntary land agreements 0 (see ANNEX 2 and 3); Refer to general GRM Tree nurseries Invasive species problem/proliferation Ensure selection of local/native species only 0 During asset design, ensure proper choice of Increased water demand depending on species and avoid invasive species. Use native species chosen species only. 48 Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) See above measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Grievances over communal or private land Identify required land readjustment through 0 use community processes; Implement process for voluntary land agreements 0 (see ANNEX 2 and 3); Refer to general GRM) Sub-Component 1.2: Restoring Agricultural Crop and Livestock Production Supporting farmers Improper use of crop chemicals leading to Conduct trainings on safe use of chemicals 20,000 FAO with crop inputs environmental contamination. including pesticide risk reduction and Integrated (maize, sorghum Pest Management (IPM) and cowpeas); Use of pesticides and Chemical use poses health risks to both Awareness raising and training of farmers on See above fertilizers users and consumers due to non- importance of following withdrawal periods observance of withdrawal periods Indiscriminate storage of fertilizers, Training of farmers on safe and proper storage of See above chemicals and food fertilizers, chemicals and food Establishment of Disharmony arising from disruption of Train farmers on livestock husbandry and conflict 20,000 community social fabric due to some farmers getting a resolution for community leadership gardens piece of land in the community gardens Implement proper community participatory consultation process before selection of beneficiaries Restocking poultry, Deforestation due to timber poles Train farmers on Sustainable Forest Management 20,000 sheep and goats extraction to construct pens and harvesting 49 Train farmers on establishment of woodlots and agroforestry for multi-purpose trees Distribution of Poor storage and handling of stock feed Training of farmers and awareness raising on 20,000 stock feed might result in stack burn likely cause fire proper handling of stock feed hazards Vaccination and Increased concentration of livestock Train farmers in conservation measures around 20,000 deworming of numbers at handling sites (e.g. dip tanks) handling sites to avoid excessive livestock may lead to excessive land/soil/vegetation land/soil/vegetation disturbances disturbances Public health concerns from meat products Train farmers and veterinary attendants and raise See above if farmers ignore recommended withdrawal awareness on veterinary drug procedures periods after administering veterinary drugs Potential occupational hazards to the Train farmers and technicians and raise awareness See above farmers and technicians handling the on safe handling of drugs and animals veterinary drugs and animals Impacts associated with veterinary health Develop and implement veterinary health care See above care waste management and disposal waste management plan (water pollution, soil pollution, impacts on faunal species) etc. Rehabilitation of Negative effect of acaricides to the Train farmers in use of recommended eco-friendly See above dip-tanks ecosystem (e.g. beneficial insects) acaricides Sub-Component 1.3: Accelerating the revitalization of basic health service provision Mobile clinics Health Care Waste risks leading to Implement and monitor health care waste 30,000 WHO contamination through medical waste that management procedures based on WBG is not properly disposed (infections, Environmental, Health, and Safety General pollution/contamination of the Guidelines, including training of health care environment – air, land, water physical workers and auxiliary staff on how to safely injuries, effect on domestic animals) handle health care waste. 50 Provide adequate and appropriate protective clothing; use appropriate types of polythene bags and containers for waste; appropriate storage of health care waste until end of day; treat health care waste appropriately at central, provincial hospitals, etc.…). Rehabilitation of Soil Erosion during Implement soil control measures as described in See above community health construction/rehabilitation of health posts mitigation measures above. posts (provision of power supply, Noise Pollution during Implement noise control measures as described in See above provision of water construction/rehabilitation of health posts mitigation measures above supply including borehole drilling, expansion of Air Pollution during Implement air pollution control measures as See above mother’s waiting construction/rehabilitation of health posts described in mitigation measures above homes, provision of energy sources). Occupational Health and Safety during Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above construction/rehabilitation of health posts Health Care Waste risks leading to Implement and monitor health care waste See above contamination through medical waste that management procedures based on WBG is not properly disposed (infections, Environmental, Health, and Safety General pollution/contamination of the Guidelines, including training of health care environment – air, land, water physical workers and auxiliary staff on how to safely injuries, effect on domestic animals) handle health care waste. Provide adequate and appropriate protective See above clothing; use appropriate types of polythene bags and containers for waste; appropriate storage of health care waste until end of day; treat health care waste appropriately at central, provincial hospitals, etc.…). 51 Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 UNOPS (Mutare community don’t comply with WB and (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community Office) Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Component 2.1: Rehabilitating communal WASH services New water points Soil Erosion during construction of piped Implement soil control measures as described in 30,000 UNICEF (piped water water schemes mitigation measures above. schemes including solar pumps) Noise Pollution during construction of Implement noise control measures as described in See above piped water schemes mitigation measures above Air Pollution during construction of piped Implement air pollution control measures as See above water schemes described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks - Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during construction of piped water schemes Implement water pollution control measures as See above Water contamination from oil during described in mitigation measures above construction and rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds and terraces Implement measures to protect against See above Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial disturbance of flora and fauna as described in and aquatic) during construction of piped mitigation measures above water schemes Develop and implement electronic waste See above Electronic wastes from solar pumps (panels management plan for solar pumps and batteries) 52 Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers and contractual workers, including initial – including occupational health and safety training for all community and contracted risks workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Community Health and Safety e.g. spread Sensitization on preventing common diseases 0 of diseases, including SGBV in relation to (planning) like cholera worker influx into communities Implementation of GBV Action Plan Rehabilitation of Soil Erosion during rehabilitation of Implement soil control measures as described in See above boreholes, springs boreholes, springs and deep -water wells mitigation measures above. and deep-water wells Noise Pollution during rehabilitation of Implement noise control measures as described in See above boreholes, springs and deep -water wells mitigation measures above Air Pollution during rehabilitation of Implement air pollution control measures as See above boreholes, springs and deep -water wells described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks - Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during rehabilitation of boreholes, springs and deep -water wells Water contamination from oil spills during Implement water pollution control measures as See above rehabilitation of boreholes, springs and described in mitigation measures above deep -water wells Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during rehabilitation of disturbance of flora and fauna as described in boreholes, springs and deep -water wells mitigation measures above 53 Develop and implement electronic waste See above management plan for solar pumps Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers and contractual workers, including initial – including occupational health and safety training for all community and contracted risks workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response 0 Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 10,000 Community Health and Safety e.g. spread Sensitization on preventing common diseases of diseases, including SGBV in relation to (planning) like cholera worker influx into communities Implementation of GBV Action Plan Construction of Soil Erosion during construction of toilets, Implement soil control measures as described in See above toilets, latrines and latrines and handwashing facilities mitigation measures above. hand-washing facilities Noise Pollution during construction of Implement noise control measures as described in See above toilets, latrines and handwashing facilities mitigation measures above Air Pollution during construction of toilets, Implement air pollution control measures as See above latrines and handwashing facilities described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks - Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during construction of toilets, latrines and handwashing facilities Water contamination from oil spills during Implement water pollution control measures as See above construction of toilets, latrines and described in mitigation measures above handwashing facilities 54 Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial) Implement measures to protect against See above during construction of toilets, latrines and disturbance of flora and fauna as described in handwashing facilities mitigation measures above The pit latrines and septic tanks if not well Ensure proper siting of septic tanks and pit See above sited and maintained will be a source of foul latrines in accordance with the MOH guidelines smell that will affect those within the area. for siting and construction of pit latrines Faecal matter may lead to underground Ensure proper maintenance of sanitation facilities See above water contamination if the water table is including cleaning and hygiene training high or in the case of pit latrines, when Provide hand washing facilities and water in all there is an overflow due to heavy rains. the sanitation infrastructures Contamination of water may lead to outbreak of diseases e.g. cholera, Ensure super structures are well constructed See above dysentery, typhoid, diarrhoea etc. including the slab with the required strength Pit latrines can also be breeding grounds for See above flies and mosquitoes which are disease vectors. Super structures if poorly constructed and designed could lead to hazards including Ensure proper cleaning of toilets See above falling into the pit if the super structure floor/slab gives ways. This can lead to injury or loss of life. Common pests attracted to dirty environment are rats, cockroaches, flies. Ensure and provide training on cleaning of toilets See above These animals are also disease vectors. Use biopesticides to manage pests They transport germs from the toilet to nearby human settlement. Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers and contractual workers, including initial – including occupational health and safety training for all community and contracted risks workers on LMPs, H&S standards 55 Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety e.g. spread Sensitization on preventing common diseases See above of diseases, including SGBV in relation to (planning) like cholera worker influx into communities Implementation of GBV Action Plan Component 2.2.: Restoring communal irrigation schemes in support of agrarian livelihoods: Reconstruction of Soil Erosion during reconstruction of storm Implement soil control measures as described in 30,000 FAO storm drains drains mitigation measures above. Noise Pollution during reconstruction of Implement noise control measures as described in See above storm drains mitigation measures above Air Pollution during reconstruction of storm Implement air pollution control measures as See above drains described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks - Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during reconstruction of storm drains Water contamination from oil spills during Implement water pollution control measures as See above reconstruction of storm drains described in mitigation measures above Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during reconstruction of storm disturbance of flora and fauna as described in drains. mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers occupational health and safety risks 56 Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards 0 Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Contours, Terraces Soil Erosion during establishment of Implement soil control measures as described in See above contours and terraces mitigation measures above. Occupational Health and Safety risks - during establishment of contours and Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above terraces Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) during establishment of Implement measures to protect against See above contours and terraces disturbance of flora and fauna as described in mitigation measures above. Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers – including occupational health and safety risks Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 57 Waterways and Soil Erosion during construction of water Implement soil control measures as described in See above water diversion ways and water diversion structures mitigation measures above. structures Noise Pollution during construction of Implement noise control measures as described in See above water ways and water diversion structures mitigation measures above Air Pollution during construction of water Implement air pollution control measures as See above ways and water diversion structures described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks – Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during construction of water ways and water diversion structures Water contamination from oil spills during Implement water pollution control measures as See above construction of water ways and water described in mitigation measures above diversion structures Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during construction of water disturbance of flora and fauna as described in ways and water diversion structures mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers – including occupational health and safety risks Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards 58 Reclamation of Soil Erosion during construction of gabions Implement soil control measures as described in See above gullies by mitigation measures above. constructing Occupational Health and Safety risks – gabions during construction of gabions Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above Water contamination during construction Implement water pollution control measures as See above of gabions described in mitigation measures above Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during construction of gabions disturbance of flora and fauna as described in mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers – including occupational health and safety risks Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Desilting of weirs Soil Erosion during desilting of weirs Implement soil control measures as described in 30,000 UNOPS Mutare Field mitigation measures above. Office Noise Pollution during desilting of weirs Implement noise control measures as described in See above Air Pollution during desilting of weirs mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks – Implement air pollution control measures as See above during desilting of weirs described in mitigation measures above Water contamination from oil spills during Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above desilting of weirs Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement water pollution control measures as See above and aquatic) during desilting of weirs described in mitigation measures above 59 Implement measures to protect against See above disturbance of flora and fauna as described in mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers occupational health and safety risks Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Revitalization of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above irrigated land community and don’t comply with WB and (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community Zimbabwe legislation – including workers occupational health and safety risks Implement Health and Safety Management Plan, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Soil Erosion during revitalization of irrigated Implement soil control measures as described in See above land mitigation measures above. Occupational Health and Safety risks – Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during revitalization of irrigated land Water contamination during revitalization Implement water pollution control measures as See above of irrigated land described in mitigation measures above Disturbance of flora and fauna (terrestrial Implement measures to protect against See above and aquatic) during revitalization of disturbance of flora and fauna as described in irrigated land. mitigation measures above See above 60 Water and soil contamination from use of Prepare and implement Integrated Pest pesticides during revitalization of irrigated Management Plan 0 land Sub-Component 2.3: Rehabilitating damaged community schools Rehabilitation of Soil erosion during Implement soil control measures as described in See above UNOPS Mutare Field facilities construction/rehabilitation of schools mitigation measures above. Office Noise pollution during Implement noise control measures as described in See above construction/rehabilitation of schools mitigation measures above Air during construction/rehabilitation of Implement air pollution control measures as See above schools described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety risks – Develop and implement OHS Plan for workers See above during construction/rehabilitation of schools Implement water pollution control measures as See above Water contamination from oil spills during described in mitigation measures above construction of during construction/rehabilitation of schools Implement measures to protect against See above Disturbance of flora and fauna during disturbance of flora and fauna as described in construction/rehabilitation of schools mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community and contracted workers don’t (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community comply with WB and Zimbabwe legislation workers and contractual workers, including initial – including occupational health and safety training for all community and contracted risks workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response 61 Community Health and Safety, e.g. spread Sensitization on preventing common diseases 10,000 of diseases, including SGBV in relation to (planning) like cholera worker influx into communities Implement GBV Action Plan (See Annex 6 for TOR) 0 Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) Sub-Component 2.4: Rehabilitating communal infrastructure and providing community risk mitigation solutions Labor intensive work to support early recovery – community infrastructure (community workers, heavy equipment may be required to supplement work) Vegetation Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) 20,000 UNOPS Mutare Field clearing and grass community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community Office and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all cutting along occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards roads Overall Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) Responsibility: measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, UNOPS PIU and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Clearing side Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) drains and culvert community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community See above inlets/outlets and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Excavation of new Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above drainage paths community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, 62 and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Earth filling of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above embankment and community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community pavement repairs and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Earthworks such Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above as irrigation canal community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community excavations and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Installation of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above cross drainage community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community structures, lining and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards of side drains Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response 63 Earthworks Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Protection works Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Construction of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above retaining walls and community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community gabion baskets and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Concrete works Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures (LMP) See above and building community workers don’t comply with WB (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for community repairs and Zimbabwe legislation – including workers, including initial training for all occupational health and safety risks community workers on LMPs, H&S standards 64 Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural heritage Implement chance find procedure (see ANNEX 1) 0 Grievances over communal or private land Identify required land readjustment through use community processes; Implement process for voluntary land agreements (see ANNEX 2 and 3); Refer to general GRM Community Health and Safety, e.g. spread Sensitization on preventing common diseases of diseases, including SGBV in relation to (planning) like cholera worker influx into communities Implement GBV Action Plan (See Annex 6 for TOR) 65 6 REVIEW, COORDINATION & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 6.1 Screening Process and Impact Assessments UNOPS will provide oversight of all Technical Leads on relevant screening processes. The Technical Leads will be responsible for the screening of all their respective activities. The screening will be based on a site- or project-specific Social and Environmental Screening Process and Report (based on UNOPS Form EM03 Social and Environmental Screening Report (see ANNEX 12)) or on other appropriate tools by Technical Leads, if they are compatible with the UNOPS Form EM03. In such cases, UNOPS will assess the tool prior to the screening process and determine its reliance. The outcome of the screening will determine whether a) the activity is high risk and will be screened out (see below for a negative activity list), b) site-specific ESMPs are required (based on partial site-specific ESIAs – see ANNEX 17 for generic ESIA TOR). The Screening report will further help to determine which ESF standards are applicable and which steps need to be taken and which provisions or procedures apply, as laid out in the ESMF. The Technical Leads will report the screening outcomes to the Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist in the PIU for quality control, monitoring and reporting purposes. According to the UNOPS screening tool, minimal or no adverse environmental or social risk and/or impact is expected from activities that include communication and translation, small training and workshops, management of funds and grant, and management of social protection activities. Moderate adverse environmental or social risks and / or impacts are expected from projects that include small and medium scaled infrastructure (e.g. rural roads, schools, hospitals, housing, buildings, etc.…), energy for small -scale development, water supply and sanitation, waste management, agriculture and irrigation, support and advice. Any activities that would be categorized as High Risk will not be considered as eligible for funding under the project). The Technical Lead is responsible for the implementation of the appropriate steps: If the activity is classified as ‘moderate’, an activity-specific ESMP has to be prepared. In the event that an ESMP is developed without an ESIA, the baseline and impact sections of the ESMP have to be stronger than in an ESMP typically included in an ESIA (for site-specific ESMPs see UNOPS form EM 01, available in ANNEX 11). The PIU will exert quality control in compliance with World Bank ESSs. It will review environmental and social instruments proposed and applied by Technical Leads to ensure that these instruments are in compliance with the applicable ESSs objectives and requirements. The ESMPs67 will summarize the context, interested parties, compliance requirements, checks for compliance, risks and opportunities, activity-specific environmental and social objectives and specific targets, training plans, inspections, peer reviews and other monitoring actions and incidents. They will inform the actions expected from Technical Leads and other implementing partners and the monitoring of their performance through the PIU, as well as the performance of UNOPS. In the event that Technical Leads need to implement full or partial site- or activity-specific ESIAs and develop site- specific ESMPs, the costs are budgeted for in the budgets of the respective Technical Leads. The results of the assessment shall be reported in the UNOPS Environmental and Social Risks and Opportunities form EM 04 (see ANNEX 10) or in similar formats (which have been assessed as appropriate by UNOPS). The results of the assessments could change the assumptions made in this ESMF, and thus also the justifications for some of the interventions as having moderate impact. 67 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is an instrument that details (a) the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and (b) the actions needed to implement these measures: (ESS1) 66 The Technical Lead is further responsible for the public disclosure of site-specific ESIAs and ESMPs, as defined in the SEP. At this point, known activities and likely screening results are as follows (based on UNOPS Environmental and Social Screening Process). No activities with high adverse environmental or social risks and impacts are anticipated. The screening tool will be updated to reflect any aspects of ESS5. In the case of UNOPS-led sub-component activities, the UNOPS Office in Mutare will develop and implement screening processes, ESIAs and ESMPs. They will thereby be able to draw on UNOPS’ in-house expertise at the Health, Safety and Environmental Unit at HQ, and will be able to draw on support for the hiring of consultant experts to avoid bottlenecks. 6.2 Zimbabwe’s ESIA Process The Environmental Management Act defines an Environmental Impact assessment as ‘an evaluation of a project to determine its impact on the environment and human health and to set out the required environmental monitoring and management procedures and plans’. The EIA is thus a tool that enhances sustainable development where environmental, economic and social pillars are mainstreamed in the project in a balanced manner. Purpose of an Environmental Impact Assessment • To determine the potential and known effects of proposed projects on the cultural, social, economic and ecological health of an area affected and put in place measures to avoid negative impacts while enhancing the positive ones. • To ensure that adequate environmental information is available to decision makers, • Identification of cultural, social, economic and ecological monitoring and management requirements during construction, operation and decommissioning, • To improve public participation in government decisions by involving the public at all stages of the EIA. In Zimbabwe, the projects that need Environmental Impact Assessments are listed in the first Schedule of the Environmental Management Act (Cap 20:27) and they include mining, quarrying, housing developments and ore processing, among others. The EIA is based on the “precautionary principle� a process which directs project studies and addresses environmental impacts before they occur. EIA is a tool to achieve the desired balance between development and environmental protection. EMA plays a facilitative role in the EIA process. All the sub projects that require preparation of EIA in accordance with the EMA for Zimbabwe, will be subjected to the full EIA process and such projects will not be implemented until approval is given by EMA. This will be for projects listed in the first schedule. 67 Anticipated Screening Results Type of Activity Description of Likely screening Next Steps Responsible activity result – risks and partner impacts Sub-component 1.1: Restoring livelihoods and providing food and cash assistance 68 for the most vulnerable Providing cash assistance Selection of Low risk O WFP beneficiaries, modalities of payment Removal of debris, Moderate risk Additional WFP desilting of weirs/dams, assessment light reinforcement of river necessary banks Rehabilitation of feeder Moderate risk Additional WFP roads, light upstream assessment watershed rehabilitation necessary through slope protection Rehabilitation and creation Moderate risk Additional WFP of check-dams, stone assessment bunds, biological measures necessary (trees and grasses), terracing Dry fencing and live fencing Moderate risk Additional WFP for controlled grazing and assessment relevant area closures necessary Tree nurseries Moderate risk Additional WFP assessment necessary Provision of solar driers, Moderate risk Additional WFP maize shellers and assessment installing model granary for necessary smallholder farmers Capacity building for Low risk 0 WFP maintenance of community assets 68WFP defines food assistance as either in-kind or cash transfers to cover the cost of a minimum food basket (determined as per the market functionality assessment). Best practice indicates that in-kind food transfers should only be utilized where markets are not functional, otherwise they could risk suppressing demand for local agricultural production and trade. 68 Sub-component 1.2: Restoring agricultural crop and livestock production Supporting of farmers with Procurement of Moderate risk Additional FAO crop inputs crops, sensitization of assessment stakeholders, necessary implementation through NGOs, training of targeted farmers on agronomic aspects of maize, sorghum and cowpeas, pest management and post-harvest management Establishment of Sensitize Moderate risk FAO community gardens beneficiaries, procure and distribute vegetable seeds and garden tools, Distribution of stock feed Procurement and Moderate risk FAO distribution of stock feed, training of farmers on appropriate feed for cattle Vaccination and Rehabilitation of dip Moderate risk Additional FAO deworming of livestock tanks, procurement assessment and rehabilitation of sip- of drugs and necessary tanks chemicals, livestock vaccination campaign Sub-component 1.3: Accelerating the revitalization of basic health services Essential medication, Procurement and Low risk 0 UNICEF nutrition commodities and distribution consumables Mobile clinics Recruitment of Moderate risk Additional WHO doctors, nurses, assessment environmental health necessary technicians, laboratory technicians, drivers, provision of fuel, vehicles 69 Recruitment of Village Recruitment of Low risk 0 UNICEF Health Workers volunteers, provision of bicycles and allowances, Strengthening surveillance WHO system and response for Integrated disease Low risk 0 early and timely detection surveillance response of epidemic prone diseases training, procurement of devices to strengthen surveillance system Strengthening of health Establishment of Low risk 0 WHO information systems electronic health record system, recruitment of epidemiologist Rehabilitation of Rehabilitation of Moderate risk Additional UNOPS community health posts posts, water and assessment power supply, energy required sources, expansion of mothers’ waiting homes Sub-component 2.1: Rehabilitating communal WASH services New water points Rehabilitate or Moderate risk Additional UNICEF construct piped assessment water schemes, required including solar pumps Rehabilitation of Moderate risk Additional UNICEF boreholes, springs and assessment deep-water wells required Education on hygiene Training and Low risk 0 UNICEF practices establishment of community health clubs Toilets, latrines, hand- Construction of Moderate risk Additional UNICEF washing facilities facilities, subsidy for assessment latrine construction required material that cannot be sourced locally Water safety plans Development of Low risk 0 UNICEF plans, strengthen community water 70 point committees, sanitation action groups etc.. Sub-component 2.2: Restoring communal irrigation schemes in support of agrarian livelihoods Revitalize design and Assessment Moderate risk FAO and UNOPS operations of irrigation schemes Reconstruction of Moderate risk Additional FAO conservation structures assessment (storm drains, contours, required terraces, waterways and water diversion structures) Reclamation of gullies by FAO to organize Moderate risk Additional FAO constructing gabions and farmers to carry out assessment supporting structures work, training and required capacity building of farmers to ensure sustainability of work Environmental awareness Low risk o FAO education for communities, facilitation of market linkages for farmers Desilting of weirs Moderate or Additional UNOPS unknown assessment required Revitalization of irrigated Moderate or Additional UNOPS land unknown assessment required Sub-component 2.3: Rehabilitating damaged community schools Teaching and learning Procurement and Low risk 0 UNICEF materials restocking of materials Rehabilitation of school Moderate risk Additional UNOPS facilities assessment required Sub-component 2.4: Rehabilitating damaged community infrastructure and providing risk mitigation solutions Labor intensive work to support early recovery – community infrastructure= 71 Vegetation clearing and Community workers, Moderate risk Additional UNOPS grass cutting along roads based on direct assessment assessment and required priorities reports Clearing side drains and Use of heavy Moderate risk Additional UNOPS culvert inlets/outlets equipment may be assessment required to required supplement the work Excavation of new drainage Moderate risk Additional UNOPS paths assessment required Earth filling of Moderate risk Additional UNOPS embankment and assessment pavement repairs required Earthworks such as Moderate risk Additional UNOPS irrigation canal excavations assessment required Drainage and improvements works Installation of cross Moderate risk Additional UNOPS drainage structures, lining assessment of side drains required Earthworks Moderate risk Additional UNOPS assessment required Protection works Moderate risk Additional UNOPS assessment required Construction of retaining Moderate risk Additional UNOPS walls and gabion baskets assessment required Concrete works and Moderate risk Additional UNOPS building repairs assessment required Works requiring engineering inputs Rehabilitation and Moderate risk Additional UNOPS improvement works to Work is to be carried assessment improve accessibility, out with local required climate resilience and construction support local livelihoods contractors and/or 72 Work on DDF and RDC plant hire contractors Moderate risk Additional UNOPS roads, and using low skilled assessment labour from the required communities. irrigation schemes Moderate risk Additional UNOPS assessment required protection works Moderate risk Additional UNOPS assessment required 6.3 Activities to be Screened Out There are restrictions to financing high and substantial risk sub-component activities. Following is a negative list of activities that will not be funded under the Project, and that will be screened out. ➢ Activities leading to involuntary resettlement, land acquisition and restrictions to land use ➢ Large infrastructure projects ➢ Dams ➢ Power stations ➢ Industrial installations (refineries, chemical installations) ➢ Long distance roads, rail, transmission lines (water, power) ➢ Waste treatment and disposal installations ➢ Large water and wastewater treatment plants ➢ River basin or land development ➢ Large-scale irrigation ➢ Activities involving significant quantities of hazardous substances 6.4 World Bank Approval of ESMPs The ESIA/ESMPs prepared and submitted to the EMA for approval will also be submitted to the Bank for review and clearance. 6.5 ESMF Disclosure The World Bank disclosure standards require that ESMF report for the project is made available to project affected groups, local NGOs, and the public at large. Public disclosure of ESIA/ESMP document is also a requirement of EMA’s environmental procedures. ZIRP/PIU will make available copies of the ESMF and ESIA/ESMPs on strategic locations and offices of the ministries, according to the SEP. 73 7 Monitoring Plan 7.1. Regular Monitoring and Inspection for Compliance Adequate institutional arrangements, systems and resources will be put in place to monitor the ESMF. The goals of monitoring will be to measure the success rate of the activities, determine whether interventions have handled negative impacts, and whether further interventions are required or monitoring is to be extended in some areas. The goal of inspection activities is to ensure that sub-component activities comply with the plans and procedures laid out in the ESMF. The main monitoring responsibilities and inspection activities will be with the PIU, which will administer the overall project-related environmental and social monitoring and implementation as laid out in this ESMF, as well as the SEP and general GRM. The PIU Team Leader/Fund Manager will be overall responsible for the implementation of the environmental and social mitigation measures, as well as for monitoring and inspections for compliance. The Environmental Specialist and the Social Specialist in the PIU will be handling the day-to-day tasks in regards to the implementation of the ESMF. The ESMF is the overall document that guides the development of site specific ESMPs. While the ESMF, laying out expectation from Technical Leads – Technical Leads will be responsible for their own site/activity specific screening, impact assessments, development of site/activity-specific ESMPs, monitoring of impacts, and administration of mitigation measures in regards to their respective sub-component activities. These activities may follow the internal processes of the Technical Leads, where applicable. They further commit to integrate stakeholder inputs into their regular monitoring and reporting activities. The Technical Leads are committed to report all screening result (based on UNOPS Form EM03 Social and Environmental Screening Report - see ANNEX 9), results of impact assessments (based on UNOPS Environmental and Social Risks and Opportunities form EM 04 - see ANNEX 10), site/activity-specific ESMPs (activity-specific Environmental and Social Management Plan, UNOPS form EM 01 - see ANNEX 11), to the PIU Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist. The PIU Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist will assess the compliance of Technical Leads’ activities against the ESMF and their subsequent ESMPs, and will report possible non-compliance to the PIU Team Leader/Fund Manager. Indicators are identified in both documents, and used as a baseline for assessing progress on implementation. The PIU will also independently conduct its own monitoring, verification and inspection of the activities of Technical Leads to ensure they are in compliance with this ESMF. Monitoring indicators will depend on specific activity contexts. Independent Verification Agent (IVA) will be engaged by UNOPS on a competitive basis to provide independent operational review of project implementation, as well as verification of all project results. This will include assessing adherence at all implementation levels to the procedures set out in the Project Operations Manual and other relevant project documents, and in verifying outputs of all project activities. It will serve as a management tool to provide UNOPS with timely third-party information on weaknesses in implementation that require corrective actions to keep the Project on track. The scope and methodology of the IVA will be agreed with the World Bank, and quarterly monitoring reports will be shared by UNOPS. The World Bank will equally supervise and assess the environmental and social performance through review of the quarterly monitoring reports and through regular69 site visits. 69 Frequency will be determined by the need but expected to be more frequent at early stages of project implementation 74 The GRM will further help track complaints and effectiveness of interventions, including those with environmental and social impacts. Upon completion of the Project, UNOPS shall undertake an assessment of the success of the ESMF and include relevant information in the Implementation Completion Report (ICR). This ICR will be followed by the Bank’s own ICR. If either of these assessments reveals that any key objectives of the ESMF were not achieved, follow-up measures shall be developed to remedy the situation. This is also applicable for site-specific ESMPs 75 76 Environmental and Social Management Plan and Monitoring Plan Type of activity E&S Risks and Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators Frequency of Responsibility Monitoring for Monitoring High-level LMP has been observed and UNOPS PIU implemented by all relevant actors, Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines have been observed and implemented by all relevant actors All complaints filed through the GRM have been addressed in a timely manner Sub-Component1.1: Restoring Livelihoods and Providing food and cash assistance for the most vulnerable Providing cash Delayed payment leading to Timely payment; Communication / Tbd, based on GBV Action Plan WFP: monthly monitoring WFP assistance complaints and conflict awareness campaign of payment through Technical Lead mechanisms (planning); Submission of throughout the activity Overall: UNOPS reports to Money Transfer Agent, period PIU Implementing Agency and World Bank PIU: Quarterly Monitoring Utilization of money earned from Implement GBV Action Plan (see Annex 6 Number of grievances reported through PIU the project, time women may for TOR) related to delayed payments spend outside of HH away from their usual duties can lead to domestic conflict Removal of debris, Removal of debris affects new Implement and monitor waste management Number of community workers trained WFP: monthly monitoring desilting of weirs/dams, location aesthetically, or poses a procedures based on World Bank Group in waste management procedures through Technical Lead light reinforcement of safety risk for the community at Environmental, Health, and Safety General throughout the activity river banks the new location Guidelines70 period Soil Erosion during desilting of Implement soil control measures as tbd weirs/dams and reinforcement of described in mitigation measures above. PIU: Quarterly Monitoring river banks through PIU 70 World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines, April 30, 2007, accessed at: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B- %2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES 77 Noise Pollution during desilting of Implement noise control measures as tbd weirs/dams and reinforcement of described in mitigation measures above. river banks Air Pollution during desilting of Implement air pollution control measures as tbd weirs/dams and reinforcement of described in mitigation measures above. river banks Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd risks during desilting of workers weirs/dams and reinforcement of river banks Water contamination from oil Implement water pollution control tbd spills during desilting of measures as described in mitigation weirs/dams and reinforcement of measures above river banks. Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers community workers don’t comply (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP with WB and Zimbabwe community workers, including initial legislation – including training for all community workers on Number of community workers occupational health and safety LMPs, H&S standards trained in LMP risks Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Number of trainings for community Environmental, Health, and Safety General workers held in OHS Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures Rehabilitation of feeder Soil Erosion during construction of Implement soil control measures as tbd WFP: monthly monitoring roads, light upstream feeder roads and upstream described in mitigation measures above. through Technical Lead watershed watershed rehabilitation throughout the activity rehabilitation through period slope protection Noise Pollution during Implement noise control measures as tbd PIU: Quarterly Monitoring construction of feeder roads and described in mitigation measures above through PIU upstream watershed rehabilitation 78 Air Pollution during construction Implement air pollution control measures as tbd of feeder roads and upstream described in mitigation measures above watershed rehabilitation Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd during construction of feeder workers roads and upstream watershed rehabilitation Water contamination from oil Implement water pollution control tbd spills during construction of measures as described in mitigation feeder roads and upstream measures above watershed rehabilitation Disturbance of flora and fauna Implement measures to protect against tbd (terrestrial and aquatic) during disturbance of flora and fauna as described construction of feeder roads and in mitigation measures above upstream watershed rehabilitation Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers Labor and working conditions of (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP community workers don’t comply community workers, including initial with WB and Zimbabwe training for all community workers on Number of community workers legislation – including LMPs, H&S standards trained in LMP occupational health and safety risks Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Number of trainings for community Environmental, Health, and Safety General workers held in OHS Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases diseases (planning) like cholera communities Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion during construction Implement soil control measures as WFP: monthly monitoring creation of check-dams, and rehabilitation of check dams, described in mitigation measures above. through Technical Lead stone bunds, biological stone bunds and terraces throughout the activity period 79 measures (trees and Implement noise control measures as tbd grasses), terracing Noise Pollution during described in mitigation measures above PIU: Quarterly Monitoring construction and rehabilitation of through PIU check dams, stone bunds and terraces Air Pollution during construction Implement air pollution control measures as tbd and rehabilitation of check dams, described in mitigation measures above stone bunds and terraces Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd during construction and workers rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds and terraces Implement water pollution control tbd Water contamination from oil measures as described in mitigation during construction and measures above rehabilitation of check dams, stone bunds and terraces Disturbance of flora and fauna Implement measures to protect against tbd (terrestrial and aquatic) during disturbance of flora and fauna as described construction and rehabilitation of in mitigation measures above check dams, stone bunds and terraces Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers community workers don’t comply (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP with WB and Zimbabwe community workers, including initial legislation – including training for all community workers on Number of community workers occupational health and safety LMPs, H&S standards trained in LMP risks Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Number of trainings for community Environmental, Health, and Safety General workers held in OHS Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases diseases (planning) like cholera communities 80 Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures Dry fencing and live Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers WFP: monthly monitoring fencing for controlled community workers don’t comply (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP through Technical Lead grazing and relevant with WB and Zimbabwe community workers, including initial throughout the activity area closures legislation – including training for all community workers on Number of community workers period occupational health and safety LMPs, H&S standards trained in LMP risks PIU: Quarterly Monitoring Implement occupational, health and safety through PIU (OHS) measures, based on WBG Number of trainings for community Environmental, Health, and Safety General workers held in OHS Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases diseases (planning) like cholera communities Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures Grievances over communal or Identify required land readjustment Number of land grievances reported private land use through community processes; to GRM Implement process for voluntary land agreements (see ANNEX 2 and 3); Refer to general GRM Tree nurseries Invasive species Ensure selection of local/native species only Percentage of species chosen that is WFP: monthly monitoring problem/proliferation During asset design, ensure proper choice not invasive and have no high water- through Technical Lead of species and avoid invasive species. Use demand throughout the activity Increased water demand native species only. period depending on species chosen Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers PIU: Quarterly Monitoring community workers don’t comply (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP through PIU with WB and Zimbabwe community workers, including initial legislation – including training for all community workers on Number of community workers occupational health and safety LMPs, H&S standards trained in LMP risks Implement occupational, health and safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG 81 Environmental, Health, and Safety General Number of trainings for community Guidelines including measures on workers held in OHS emergency preparedness and response Grievances over communal or Identify required land readjustment Number of land grievances reported private land use through community processes; to GRM Implement process for voluntary land agreements (see ANNEX 2 and 3); Refer to general GRM Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures Sub-Component 1.2: Restoring Agricultural Crop and Livestock Production Supporting farmers with Improper use of crop chemicals Conduct trainings on safe use of chemicals Number of farmers trained in FAO: monthly monitoring FAO crop inputs (maize, leading to environmental including pesticide risk reduction and pesticide risk reduction and IPM through Technical Lead sorghum and cowpeas) contamination Integrated Pest Management (IPM) throughout the activity Overall: UNOPS period PIU Chemical use poses health risks Awareness raising and training of farmers Number of farmers trained in the FAO to both users and consumers due on importance of following withdrawal importance of following withdrawal PIU: Quarterly Monitoring to non-observance of withdrawal periods periods through PIU periods Indiscriminate storage of Training of farmers on safe and proper Number of farmers trained in safe and fertilizers, chemicals and food storage of fertilizers, chemicals and food proper storage of fertilizers, chemicals and food Establishment of Disharmony arising from Train farmers on livestock husbandry and Number of farmers trained in livestock FAO: monthly monitoring community gardens disruption of social fabric due to conflict resolution for community husbandry and conflict resolution for through Technical Lead some farmers getting a piece of leadership community leadership throughout the activity land in the community gardens period Implement proper community participatory Percentage of beneficiary selection consultation process before selection of processes that were based on PIU: Quarterly Monitoring beneficiaries participatory process through PIU Restocking poultry, Deforestation due to timber Train farmers on Sustainable Forest Number of farmers trained on FAO: monthly monitoring sheep and goats poles extraction to construct Management and harvesting Sustainable Forest Management and through Technical Lead pens harvesting 82 Train farmers on establishment of woodlots throughout the activity and agroforestry for multi-purpose trees Number of farmers trained on the period establishment of woodlots and agroforestry for multi-purpose trees PIU: Quarterly Monitoring through PIU Distribution of stock Poor storage and handling of Training of farmers and awareness raising Number of farmers trained on proper FAO: monthly monitoring feed stock feed might result in stack on proper handling of stock feed handling of stock feed through Technical Lead burn likely cause fire hazards throughout the activity period PIU: Quarterly Monitoring through PIU Vaccination and Increased concentration of Train farmers in conservation measures Number of farmers trained in FAO: monthly monitoring deworming of livestock livestock numbers at handling around handling sites to avoid excessive conservation measures around through Technical Lead sites (e.g. dip tanks) may lead to land/soil/vegetation disturbances handling sites to avoid excessive throughout the activity excessive land/soil/vegetation land/soil/vegetation disturbance period disturbances Public health concerns from meat Train farmers and veterinary attendants Number of farmers and veterinary PIU: Quarterly Monitoring products if farmers ignore and raise awareness on veterinary drug attendants trained on veterinary drug through PIU recommended withdrawal procedures procedures periods after administering veterinary drugs Potential occupational hazards to Train farmers and technicians and raise Number of farmers and technicians the farmers and technicians awareness on safe handling of drugs and trained on safe handling of drugs and handling the veterinary drugs and animals animals animals Impacts associated with Develop and implement veterinary health tbd veterinary health care waste care waste management plan management and disposal (water pollution, soil pollution, impacts on faunal species) etc. Rehabilitation of dip- Negative effect of acaricides to Train farmers in use of recommended eco- Number of farmers trained in FAO: monthly monitoring tanks the ecosystem (e.g. beneficial friendly acaricides recommended eco-friendly acaricides through Technical Lead insects) throughout the activity period 83 PIU: Quarterly Monitoring through PIU Sub-Component 1.3: Accelerating the revitalization of basic health service provision Mobile clinics Health Care Waste risks leading to Implement and monitor waste Number of health care workers WHO: monthly monitoring WHO contamination through medical management procedures based on WBG trained in universal precaution through Technical Lead waste that is not properly Environmental, Health, and Safety General throughout the activity Overall disposed (infections, Guidelines, including training of health care period responsibility: pollution/contamination of the workers and auxiliary staff on how to safely UNOPS PIU environment – air, land, water handle health care waste. PIU: Quarterly Monitoring physical injuries, effect on through PIU domestic animals) Provide adequate and appropriate Number of pieces of adequate protective clothing; use appropriate types clothing provided of polythene bags and containers for waste; appropriate storage of health care waste until end of day; treat health care waste appropriately at central, provincial hospitals, etc…). Rehabilitation of Soil Erosion during Implement soil control measures as tbd UNOPS Mutare Office UNOPS(Mutare community health posts construction/rehabilitation of described in mitigation measures above. monthly monitoring Office) (provision of power health posts through Technical Lead supply, provision of throughout the activity Overall water supply incl. period Responsibility: borehole drilling, Noise Pollution during Implement noise control measures as tbd UNOPS PIU expansion of mother’s construction/rehabilitation of described in mitigation measures above PIU: Quarterly Monitoring waiting homes, health posts through PIU provision of energy Air Pollution during Implement air pollution control measures as tbd sources) construction/rehabilitation of described in mitigation measures above health posts Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd during workers construction/rehabilitation of health posts 84 Health Care Waste risks leading to Implement and monitor health care waste contamination through medical management procedures based on WBG waste that is not properly Environmental, Health, and Safety General disposed (infections, Guidelines, including training of health care pollution/contamination of the workers and auxiliary staff on how to safely environment – air, land, water handle health care waste. physical injuries, effect on domestic animals Provide adequate and appropriate protective clothing; use appropriate types of polythene bags and containers for waste; appropriate storage of health care waste until end of day; treat health care waste appropriately at central, provincial hospitals, etc.…). Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers community don’t comply with (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP WB and Zimbabwe legislation – community workers, including initial including occupational health and training for all community workers on Number of community workers safety risks LMPs, H&S standards trained in LMP Implement occupational, health and safety Number of trainings for community (OHS) measures, based on WBG workers held in OHS Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Component 2.1: Rehabilitating communal WASH services New water points Soil Erosion during construction of Implement soil control measures as tbd UNICEF: monthly UNICEF (piped water schemes piped water schemes described in mitigation measures above. monitoring through including solar pumps) Technical Lead throughout Overall Noise Pollution during Implement noise control measures as tbd the activity period Responsibility: construction of piped water described in mitigation measures above UNOPS PIU schemes PIU: Quarterly Monitoring through PIU Air Pollution during construction Implement air pollution control measures as tbd of piped water schemes described in mitigation measures above 85 Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd risks -during construction of piped workers water schemes Water contamination from oil Implement water pollution control tbd during construction and measures as described in mitigation rehabilitation of check dams, measures above stone bunds and terraces Disturbance of flora and fauna Implement measures to protect against tbd (terrestrial and aquatic) during disturbance of flora and fauna as described construction of piped water in mitigation measures above schemes Electronic wastes from solar Develop and implement electronic waste tbd pumps (panels and batteries) management plan for solar pumps Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community and community and contracted (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for contractual workers that have workers don’t comply with WB community workers and contractual received a copy of the LMP and Zimbabwe legislation – workers, including initial training for all including occupational health and community and contracted workers on Number of community and safety risks LMPs, H&S standards contractual workers trained in LMP Implement occupational, health and safety Number of trainings for community (OHS) measures, based on World Bank and contractual workers held in OHS Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures Community Health and Safety Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases, including diseases (planning) like cholera communities SGBV in relation to worker influx into communities Implementation of GBV Action Plan Tbd, GBV Action Plan Rehabilitation of Soil Erosion during rehabilitation Implement soil control measures as tbd UNICEF: monthly boreholes, springs of boreholes, springs and deep - described in mitigation measures above. monitoring through and deep water wells water wells Technical Lead throughout the activity period 86 Noise Pollution during Implement noise control measures as tbd rehabilitation of boreholes, described in mitigation measures above PIU: Quarterly Monitoring springs and deep -water wells through PIU Air Pollution during rehabilitation Implement air pollution control measures as tbd of boreholes, springs and deep - described in mitigation measures above water wells Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd risks - during rehabilitation of workers boreholes, springs and deep - water well Water contamination from oil Implement water pollution control tbd spills during rehabilitation of measures as described in mitigation boreholes, springs and deep - measures above water wells Disturbance of flora and fauna Implement measures to protect against tbd (terrestrial and aquatic) during disturbance of flora and fauna as described rehabilitation of boreholes, in mitigation measures above springs and deep -water wells Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community and community and contracted (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for contractual workers that have workers don’t comply with WB community workers and contractual received a copy of the LMP and Zimbabwe legislation – workers, including initial training for all including occupational health and community and contracted workers on Number of community and safety risks LMPs, H&S standards contractual workers trained in LMP Implement occupational, health and safety Number of trainings for community (OHS) measures, based on World Bank and contractual workers held in OHS Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures 87 Community Health and Safety Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases, including diseases (planning) like cholera communities SGBV in relation to worker influx into communities Implementation of GBV Action Plan Tbd, GBV Action Plan Construction of toilets, Soil Erosion during construction of Implement soil control measures as tbd UNICEF: monthly latrines and hand- toilets, latrines and handwashing described in mitigation measures above. monitoring through washing facilities facilities Technical Lead throughout Noise Pollution during Implement noise control measures as tbd the activity period construction of toilets, latrines described in mitigation measures above and handwashing facilities PIU: Quarterly Monitoring through PIU Air Pollution during construction Implement air pollution control measures as tbd of toilets, latrines and described in mitigation measures above handwashing facilities Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd risks - during construction of workers toilets, latrines and handwashing facilities Water contamination from oil Implement water pollution control tbd spills during construction of measures as described in mitigation toilets, latrines and handwashing measures above facilities Implement measures to protect against tbd Disturbance of flora and fauna disturbance of flora and fauna as described (terrestrial) during construction of in mitigation measures above toilets, latrines and handwashing facilities The pit latrines and septic tanks if Ensure proper siting of septic tanks and pit tbd not well sited and maintained will latrines in accordance with the MOH be a source of foul smell that will guidelines for siting and construction of pit affect those within the area latrines Faecal matter may lead to tbd underground water contamination if the water table is high or in the case of pit latrines, 88 when there is an overflow due to Ensure proper maintenance of sanitation heavy rains. Contamination of facilities including cleaning and hygiene water may lead to outbreak of training diseases e.g. cholera, dysentery, Provide hand washing facilities and water in typhoid, diarrhoea etc. all the sanitation infrastructures Pit latrines can also be breeding Ensure proper cleaning of toilets tbd grounds for flies and mosquitoes which are disease vectors. Super structures if poorly Ensure super structures are well constructed tbd constructed and designed could including the slab with the required strength lead to hazards including falling into the pit if the super structure floor/slab gives ways. This can lead to injury or loss of life. Common pests attracted to dirty Ensure and provide training on cleaning of tbd environment are rats, toilets cockroaches, flies. These animals are also disease vectors. They Use biopesticides to manage pests transport germs from the toilet to nearby human settlement Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community and community and contracted (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for contractual workers that have workers don’t comply with WB community workers and contractual received a copy of the LMP and Zimbabwe legislation – workers, including initial training for all including occupational health and community and contracted workers on Number of community and safety risks LMPs, H&S standards contractual workers trained in LMP Implement occupational, health and safety Number of trainings for community (OHS) measures, based on World Bank and contractual workers held in OHS Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases, including diseases (planning) like cholera communities 89 SGBV in relation to worker influx into communities Implementation of GBV Action Plan Tbd, GBV Action Plan Component 2.2.: Restoring communal irrigation schemes in support of agrarian livelihoods: Reconstruction of storm Soil Erosion during reconstruction Implement soil control measures as tbd FAO: monthly monitoring FAO drains of storm drains described in mitigation measures above. through Technical Lead throughout the activity Overall: UNOPS Noise Pollution during Implement noise control measures as tbd period PIU reconstruction of storm drains described in mitigation measures above FAO PIU: Quarterly Monitoring Air Pollution during Implement air pollution control measures as tbd through PIU reconstruction of storm drains described in mitigation measures above Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd risks - during reconstruction of workers storm drains Water contamination from oil Implement water pollution control tbd spills during reconstruction of measures as described in mitigation storm drains measures above Disturbance of flora and fauna Implement measures to protect against tbd (terrestrial and aquatic) during disturbance of flora and fauna as described reconstruction of storm drains in mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers community workers don’t comply (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP with WB and Zimbabwe community workers legislation – including occupational health and safety Implement Health and Safety Management Number of community workers risks Plan, based on World Bank Group trained in LMP Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on Number of trainings for community LMPs, H&S standards workers held in OHS 90 Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures Contours, Terraces Soil Erosion during establishment Implement soil control measures as tbd FAO: monthly monitoring of contours and terraces described in mitigation measures above. through Technical Lead throughout the activity Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd period risks - during establishment of workers contours and terraces PIU: Quarterly Monitoring through PIU Disturbance of flora and fauna Implement measures to protect against tbd (terrestrial and aquatic) during disturbance of flora and fauna as described establishment of contours and in mitigation measures above. terraces Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers community and contracted (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP workers don’t comply with WB community workers and Zimbabwe legislation – including occupational health and Implement Health and Safety Management Number of community workers safety risks Plan, based on World Bank Group trained in LMP Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on Number of trainings for community LMPs, H&S standards workers held in OHS Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures Waterways and water Soil Erosion during construction of Implement soil control measures as tbd FAO: monthly monitoring diversion structures water ways and water diversion described in mitigation measures above. through Technical Lead structures throughout the activity Noise Pollution during Implement noise control measures as tbd period construction of water ways and described in mitigation measures above water diversion structures PIU: Quarterly Monitoring through PIU 91 Air Pollution during construction Implement air pollution control measures tbd of water ways and water diversion as described in mitigation measures above structures Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd risks – during construction of workers water ways and water diversion structures Water contamination from oil Implement water pollution control tbd spills during construction of water measures as described in mitigation ways and water diversion measures above structures Disturbance of flora and fauna tbd (terrestrial and aquatic) during construction of water ways and water diversion structures Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers community and contracted (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP workers don’t comply with WB community workers and Zimbabwe legislation – including occupational health and Implement Health and Safety Management Number of community workers safety risks Plan, based on World Bank Group trained in LMP Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on Number of trainings for community LMPs, H&S standards workers held in OHS Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures Reclamation of gullies Soil Erosion during construction of Implement soil control measures as tbd FAO: monthly monitoring by constructing gabions gabions described in mitigation measures above. through Technical Lead throughout the activity period 92 Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd risks – during construction of workers PIU: Quarterly Monitoring gabions through PIU Water contamination during Implement water pollution control tbd construction of gabions measures as described in mitigation measures above Disturbance of flora and fauna Implement measures to protect against tbd (terrestrial and aquatic) during disturbance of flora and fauna as described construction of gabions in mitigation measures above. Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers community and contracted (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP workers don’t comply with WB community workers and Zimbabwe legislation – including occupational health and Implement Health and Safety Management Number of community workers safety risks Plan, based on World Bank Group trained in LMP Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on Number of trainings for community LMPs, H&S standards workers held in OHS Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds that were not heritage ANNEX 1) processed through the Chance Find Procedures Desilting of weirs Soil Erosion during desilting of Implement soil control measures as tbd UNOPS Mutare Office: UNOPS Mutare weirs described in mitigation measures above. monthly monitoring Field Office Noise Pollution during desilting of Implement noise control measures as tbd throughout the activity weirs described in mitigation measures above period Overall Responsibility: Air Pollution during desilting of Implement air pollution control measures as tbd PIU: Quarterly Monitoring UNOPS PIU weirs described in mitigation measures above through PIU Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd risks – during desilting of weirs workers Water contamination from oil Implement water pollution control tbd spills during desilting of weirs measures as described in mitigation measures above 93 Disturbance of flora and fauna Implement measures to protect against tbd (terrestrial and aquatic) during disturbance of flora and fauna as described desilting of weirs in mitigation measures above Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers community workers don’t comply (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP with WB and Zimbabwe community workers legislation – including occupational health and safety Implement Health and Safety Management Number of community workers risks Plan, based on World Bank Group trained in LMP Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on Number of trainings for community LMPs, H&S standards workers held in OHS Revitalization of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community workers UNOPS Mutare Office: UNOPS Mutare irrigated land community and don’t comply (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for that have received a copy of the LMP monthly monitoring Field Office with WB and Zimbabwe community workers throughout the activity legislation – including period Overall occupational health and safety Implement Health and Safety Management Number of community workers Responsibility: risks Plan, based on World Bank Group trained in LMP PIU: Quarterly Monitoring UNOPS PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General through PIU Guidelines Initial training for all community workers on Number of trainings for community LMPs, H&S standards workers held in OHS Soil Erosion during revitalization Implement soil control measures as tbd of irrigated land described in mitigation measures above. Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd risks – during revitalization of workers irrigated land Water contamination during Implement water pollution control tbd revitalization of irrigated land measures as described in mitigation measures above Disturbance of flora and fauna Implement measures to protect against tbd (terrestrial and aquatic) during disturbance of flora and fauna as described revitalization of irrigated land. in mitigation measures above 94 Water and soil contamination Prepare and implement Integrated Pest Percentage of beneficiaries trained in from use of pesticides during Management Plan communities revitalization of irrigated land Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied Sub-Component 2.3: Rehabilitating damaged community schools Rehabilitation of Soil erosion during Implement soil control measures as UNOPS Mutare Office: UNOPS Mutare facilities construction/rehabilitation of described in mitigation measures above. tbd monthly monitoring Field Office schools throughout the activity Noise pollution during Implement noise control measures as tbd period Overall construction/rehabilitation of described in mitigation measures above Responsibility: schools PIU: Quarterly Monitoring UNOPS PIU through PIU Air during Implement air pollution control measures tbd construction/rehabilitation of as described in mitigation measures above schools Occupational Health and Safety Develop and implement OHS Plan for tbd risks – during workers construction/rehabilitation of schools Water contamination from oil Implement water pollution control tbd spills during construction of measures as described in mitigation during measures above construction/rehabilitation of schools Disturbance of flora and fauna Implement measures to protect against tbd during disturbance of flora and fauna as described construction/rehabilitation of in mitigation measures above. schools Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Procedures Percentage of community and community and contracted (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), including GRM for contractual workers that have workers don’t comply with WB community workers and contractual received a copy of the LMP and Zimbabwe legislation – workers, including initial training for all including occupational health and community and contracted workers on Number of community and safety risks LMPs, H&S standards contractual workers trained in LMP 95 Implement occupational, health and safety Number of trainings for community (OHS) measures, based on World Bank and contractual workers held in OHS Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety, Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases, including diseases (planning) like cholera communities SGBV in relation to worker influx into communities Implement GBV Action Plan (See Annex 6 Tbd, GBV Action Plan for TOR) Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied Sub-Component 2.4: Rehabilitating communal infrastructure and providing community risk mitigation solutions Labor intensive work to support early recovery – community infrastructure (community workers, heavy equipment may be required to supplement work) Vegetation clearing Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare UNOPS Mutare Field and grass cutting community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly Office with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring along roads legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the Overall Responsibility: occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period UNOPS PIU risks standards Number of trainings for community PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and workers held in OHS Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Clearing side drains Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare and culvert community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly inlets/outlets with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the LMP activity period 96 occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S risks standards Number of trainings for community PIU: Quarterly workers held in OHS Monitoring through Implement occupational, health and PIU safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Excavation of new Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare drainage paths community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period risks standards Number of trainings for community PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and workers held in OHS Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied Earth filling of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare embankment and community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly pavement repairs with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period risks standards Number of trainings for community PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and workers held in OHS Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures 97 on emergency preparedness and response Earthworks such as Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare irrigation canal community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly excavations with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period risks standards PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and Number of trainings for community Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG workers held in OHS PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied Drainage and improvements works Installation of cross Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare UNOPS Mutare Field drainage structures, community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly Office lining of side drains with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the Overall Responsibility: occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period UNOPS PIU risks standards PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and Number of trainings for community Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG workers held in OHS PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Earthworks Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period risks standards 98 PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and Number of trainings for community Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG workers held in OHS PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied Protection works Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management UNOPS Mutare community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), Percentage of community workers that Office: monthly with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community have received a copy of the LMP monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S Number of community workers trained in activity period risks standards LMP PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG Number of trainings for community PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety workers held in OHS General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Construction of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare retaining walls and community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly gabion baskets with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period risks standards PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and Number of trainings for community Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG workers held in OHS PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Concrete works and Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare building repairs community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly 99 with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period risks standards PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and Number of trainings for community Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG workers held in OHS PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Works requiring engineering inputs (carried out with local construction contractors, plant hire contractors and low skilled labor from community Rehabilitation and Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community and contractual UNOPS Mutare UNOPS Mutare Field improvement works community and contracted Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), workers that have received a copy of the Office: monthly Office to improve workers don’t comply with WB including GRM for community workers LMP monitoring and Zimbabwe legislation – and contractual workers, including throughout the Overall Responsibility: accessibility, climate including occupational health and initial training for all community and Number of community and contractual activity period UNOPS PIU resilience and support safety risks contracted workers on LMPs, H&S workers trained in LMP local livelihoods standards Number of trainings for community and Implement occupational, health and contractual workers held in OHS safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety, Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases, including diseases (planning) like cholera communities SGBV in relation to worker influx into communities Implement GBV Action Plan (See Tbd, GBV Action Plan Annex 6 for TOR) Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied Work on DDF and RDC Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community and contractual UNOPS Mutare roads community and contracted Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), workers that have received a copy of the Office: monthly workers don’t comply with WB including GRM for community workers LMP monitoring and Zimbabwe legislation – and contractual workers, including throughout the initial training for all community and activity period 100 including occupational health and contracted workers on LMPs, H&S Number of community and contractual safety risks standards workers trained in LMP PIU: Quarterly Monitoring through Implement occupational, health and Number of trainings for community and PIU safety (OHS) measures, based on contractual workers held in OHS World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety, Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases, including diseases (planning) like cholera communities SGBV in relation to worker influx into communities Implement GBV Action Plan (See Tbd, GBV Action Plan Annex 6 for TOR) Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied Grievances over communal or Identify required land readjustment Number of land grievances reported to private land use through community processes; GRM Implement process for voluntary land agreements (see ANNEX 2 and 3); Refer to general GRM irrigation schemes Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community and contractual UNOPS Mutare community and contracted Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), workers that have received a copy of the Office: monthly workers don’t comply with WB including GRM for community workers LMP monitoring and Zimbabwe legislation – and contractual workers, including throughout the including occupational health and initial training for all community and Number of community and contractual activity period safety risks contracted workers on LMPs, H&S workers trained in LMP standards PIU: Quarterly Number of trainings for community and Monitoring through Implement occupational, health and contractual workers held in OHS PIU safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response 101 Community Health and Safety, Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases, including diseases (planning) like cholera communities SGBV in relation to worker influx into communities Implement GBV Action Plan (See Tbd, GBV Action Plan Annex 6 for TOR) Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied Grievances over communal or Identify required land readjustment Number of land grievances reported to private land use through community processes; GRM Implement process for voluntary land agreements (see ANNEX 2 and 3); Refer to general GRM protection works Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community and contractual UNOPS Mutare community and contracted Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), workers that have received a copy of the Office: monthly workers don’t comply with WB including GRM for community workers LMP monitoring and Zimbabwe legislation – and contractual workers, including throughout the including occupational health and initial training for all community and Number of community and contractual activity period safety risks contracted workers on LMPs, H&S workers trained in LMP standards PIU: Quarterly Number of trainings for community and Monitoring through Implement occupational, health and contractual workers held in OHS PIU safety (OHS) measures, based on World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Community Health and Safety, Sensitization on preventing common Percentage of beneficiaries trained in e.g. spread of diseases, including diseases (planning) like cholera communities SGBV in relation to worker influx into communities Implement GBV Action Plan (See Tbd, GBV Action Plan Annex 6 for TOR) Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied 102 Clearing side drains Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare and culvert community workers don’t Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly inlets/outlets comply with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S in LMP activity period risks standards Number of trainings for community PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and workers held in OHS Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on PIU WBG Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Excavation of new Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare drainage paths community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period risks standards Number of trainings for community PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and workers held in OHS Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied Earth filling of Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare embankment and community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly pavement repairs with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period risks standards 103 Number of trainings for community PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and workers held in OHS Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Earthworks such as Labor and working conditions of Implement Labor Management Percentage of community workers that UNOPS Mutare irrigation canal community workers don’t comply Procedures (LMP) (See ANNEX 8), have received a copy of the LMP Office: monthly excavations with WB and Zimbabwe including GRM for community monitoring legislation – including workers, including initial training for Number of community workers trained in throughout the occupational health and safety all community workers on LMPs, H&S LMP activity period risks standards PIU: Quarterly Implement occupational, health and Number of trainings for community Monitoring through safety (OHS) measures, based on WBG workers held in OHS PIU Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines including measures on emergency preparedness and response Damage or loss of cultural Implement chance find procedure (see Number of chance finds in which heritage ANNEX 1) procedures were not applied 104 7.2. Quarterly Monitoring and Reporting Technical Leads will report the results of their screening processes, site/activity-specific ESMPs, activity impacts, monitoring results, and GRM outcomes where applicable, to the PIU on a monthly basis. The PIU will digest all reporting by Technical Leads, and its own findings, and produce an overall environment and social progress report, which will be provided to the World Bank. The Project will follow a quarterly reporting cycle. These quarterly reports will further be shared with all stakeholders, as defined in the SEP. Quarterly reports provide brief updates on environmental and social issue activities, identified in screening; mitigation actions undertaken; capacity building implemented; stakeholders engaged; results of site/activity-specific ESIAs and ESMPs; non- compliance with ESMPs or ESMF; and they will flag possible challenges and allow for immediate adjustments and assistance in the implementation of the ESMF, including the GRM. Furthermore, the PIU will provide an annual review of ESMF implementation, (see ANNEX 12 for reporting template) with the aim to: (a) assess the project performance in complying with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future performance; and (b) assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to project-funded activities. In addition, data from the GRM will be analyzed and presented. These reports will be the main source of information for the World Bank supervision missions, UNOPS and national authorities, as needed. 7.3. Emergency Reporting For all environmental or social incidences, ZIRP PIU staff will report within 24 hours to the country office after which the country office will do the same to the Regional Office and Head Office. In case of any serious environmental or social incident (Class 1 Incidents, 71), UNOPS will report within 48 hours to the World Bank, followed by a root cause analyses and related corrective actions after that. Generally, incident reports will be captured in UNOPS’ Form HSE09 - Incident Report Form (see ANNEX 13). Any material incident will be reported to the World Bank. Technical Agencies will report to the PIU within 24 hours and the PIU will report to the World Bank within 48 hours. The below steps and procedures for incident management and reporting will be employed for all types of incidents. Steps and procedures for incident management and reporting 71 Class one incidents are major incidents which are fatal, may result to lost time or major environmental issues will class two are those which may cause minor damage e.g. reportable social, minor environmental and or minor injuries. 105 7.4. Roles and Responsibilities UNOPS is the borrower, project implementer and a Technical Lead for several sub-components. It will staff the PIU and implement project management activities. The PIU will be based in Harare. As a Technical Lead, UNOPS will also maintain an Office in Mutare, staffed to implement the respective sub-components under UNOPS’ technical lead (see above Project Organizational Structure), under the lead of a Project Manager for Infrastructure. Given the overall responsibility of the PIU for the ZIRP, the Environmental Specialist and the Social Specialist, embedded in the PIU, oversee the monitoring of the ESMF. Both operate under the responsibility of the PIU Fund Manager. Their main task is the monitoring of this ESMF, including the monitoring of the implementation of the SEP, LMP, Gender Action Plan, and the implementation of the GRM project-wide. To ensure a smooth and effective implementation of the GRM, as well as the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), the PIU Environmental and Social staff will work closely with the three Community Liaison Officers, which are embedded in the UNOPS Infrastructure Management Office in Mutare. The PIU Environmental and Social staff will oversee the implementation of the monitoring plan. They will receive monthly updates from Technical Leads and the UNOPS Mutare Office. They will further conduct field supervision visits to Technical Leads’ implementation sites as well as the sites of UNOPS sub -component activities at least every two weeks. Site-specific ESIAs and ESMPs will be developed and implemented by the UNOPS Mutare Office. The Office will thereby engage support from internally in UNOPS to draw on expertise from UNOPS’ Health, Safety and Environmental Team at HQ, or hire external consultants to avoid bottlenecks. The PIU team will receive all screening results of site-specific activities and ESMPs, will check them with compliance against this ESMF, and will approve them prior to the commencement of activities by Technical Leads. It will then monitor the implementation of the ESMPs by Technical Leads. Other Technical Leads will be responsible for direct implementation of their sub-components, including all screening activities, development and implementation of ESMPs, ensuring compliance to the approved ESMPs and the ESMF. Technical leads will develop the relevant instruments and the PIU will provide quality assurance. The Health & Safety, Environmental and Social Officer at the UNOPS Infrastructure Management Office in Mutare, and the respective personnel embedded in the Technical Leads (UNICEF, FAO, WHO and WFP) carry the responsibility to monitor all environmental and social issues in their respective sub-component activities on a daily basis and according to the above monitoring plan. They will report all ESMF-related activities and monitoring results to the PIU Environmental and Social Specialist on a monthly basis, as well as in an overall report on a quarterly basis. The PIU Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist are responsible for the detection of correctional activities required, on the basis of monitoring activities. They will report such to the PIU Fund Manager and will, in an appropriate timely manner, send a request for correction to the Technical Lead’s Manager and Environmental and Social staff. Requests for corrections will then be added by the PIU staff to the monitoring schedule. 106 8 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) This section lays out the contours of a Project GRM. A framework for the GRM has been included as part of the SEP and been disclosed on 4 June and updated on 17 June. However, detailed GRM mechanisms will be developed through an assessment of existing systems, including in a joint meeting with all Technical Leads prior to commencement of activities. In this meeting, all Technical Leads will lay out their existing GRM, and assess the functionality of their systems. Jointly the Team will assess how to synthesize the different systems and link them to an overall Project GRM. The GRM will be updated accordingly in the SEP and the ESMF.72 These GRM will be finalized and ready for implementation prior to effectiveness. UNOPS will implement a dedicated GRM as part of the ZIRP. The GRM will take into account and build on the different existing GRMs, which are currently already implemented by most of the Technical Leads, and they will fill gaps where no GRM exists, or where people wish to report grievances vis-à-vis UNOPS or one of the Technical Leads bypassing the GRM of the respective Technical Lead. Furthermore, a GBV-related grievance redress structure will be developed, which will mostly be based on existing mechanisms by Technical Leads, as well as a dedicated ZIRP GBV Action Plan (see ANNEX 6). A workers’ GRM will be set up as part of the LMP, and will be open for labor-specific issues of community and contract workers (see LMP, ANNEX 8). The general GRM mechanisms will be administered by the PIU, including a coverage of all sub-components implemented by the other Technical Leads. The latter, however, are encouraged to implement their own GRM as well, and share analysis of the reported cases and other insights with the PIU. The PIU Fund Manager will have overall responsibility of the Project GRM. The GRM will be overseen and implemented by the PIU’s Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist, with help of the field-based Community Liaison Officers, and the Health&Safety and Environmental and Social Officer. The general Project GRM mechanism follows a basic set-up: 8.1 Assess and Clarify Through social media channels and information centers, sufficient information about the Project and its sub- component activities – as implemented by UNOPS and the Technical Leads - will be provided. The main channels for information are defined in the SEP. The type of information disclosed includes details about the Project structure, activities, budgets, consultation and information disclosure plans (SEP), ESCP, ESMF, and other documentation. Based on the information made available, aggrieved parties can decide whether they have a case to report or whether the available information clarifies their concern. The information disclosed will also include a detailed description of the GRM, contact points, hotline numbers, instruments and general processes. This will allow the aggrieved party or person to decide on the appropriate next step in order to report a grievance, comment, or provide feedback to the Project. 8.2 Report Suggestion boxes, letters or oral reports to local ZIRP help desks or appeals committees at local information centers will be the main means of reporting. These will be set up in all project sites, including at the ward and district levels. They will be mainly run by the PIU and UNOPS Infrastructure field personnel. Where Technical Leads have similar points of contacts in place, and where they are the main implementers in a specific community or ward, the GRM 72Detailed GRM for direct project workers, including contracted and community workers will be developed as part of the LMP. They will be operational prior to engaging project workers. 107 instruments of the Technical Lead will apply. In these cases, the UNOP/PIU will only maintain a local information center and a suggestion box at the District level, in case an aggrieved party wishes to report directly to UNOPS, circumventing the Technical Lead for grievance-related purposes. If the aggrieved individual or group decides on direct reporting, the Community Liaison Officers and the Health & Safety Environmental and Social Officer will receive their reports through the Ward and District level information offices or suggestion boxes. These Officers are based in the UNOPS Mutare Office, and visit Districts, wards and villages on a regular basis, at least bi-weekly. These Officers will administer the suggestions boxes and receive letters or oral reports. However, other reporting channels will be provided, in order to allow different social groups to report adequately. For example, reporting through hotlines will allow those that are physically not able to report in person to report their grievance. While most Technical Leads have hotlines in place, the PIU will install a ZIRP-specific hotline through which reporting directly to the PIU Office in Harare will be made possible. This allows for grievance reports to bypass the staff in the Mutare Office, or the staff of Technical Leads. This can be important in cases where those individuals are implicated in the grievance, or where the grievance is directed against a Technical Lead or the UNOPS Project Management Office in Mutare. Other channels are provided by Technical Leads directly. For example, WFP provides community feedback mechanisms, through which feedback or concerns regarding WFP programmes can be reported. This can be done through direct interface, suggestion boxes and tollfree helplines. The help desk is constituted by WFP, cooperating partners, chiefs/headmen, ward councillors, district drought relief members and 3 ex-officio members (co-opted members) of which 2 should be women or members of minority groups. The help desk is chaired by the chief or his appointee (headman or senior village head). The help desk committee is available at every registration/distribution point and they sit at a designated spot/table and are responsible for receiving and recording complaints and feedback from members of the community. WFP describes suggestion box as a free and easy way to collect real experiences and honest suggestions from anyone. The suggestion box is located at a strategic, secluded and convenient place so that people are not afraid to use it. It is lockable, and the keys are kept with the cooperating partner M&E focal person for the district. The box is opened in the presence of the district project coordinator or at the end of distributions/registrations by the help desk team. All feedback is documented and categorized for reporting and/ or follow-up if necessary. The tollfree hotline is accessible throughout the country. People can call or text their suggestions and complaints related to WFP assistance. The hotline number is shared at the distribution point during registrations/distributions. WFP also ensures that they visibly display banners with hotline through use of posters. The number is also available on WFP SCOPE cards. The management of the toll-free is done by a third party, an accounting firm. All calls that come in are documented and categorized and transmitted to WFP. Immediate response can be given depending on the type of feedback/complaint. 8.3 Acknowledge and Follow-Up If reports are provided to the UNOPS Community Liaison Officers at the local helpdesks, these will be the first decision-makers on how to follow up on a grievance. They will be able to decide whether the grievance can be solved locally, with local authorities or implementers, or whether it should be passed on to the PIU. Community Liaison Officers will have in-depth knowledge of communal socio- political structures and will therefore be able to address the appropriate individuals for assistance, if the case can be solved at the local level. In any case, the Community Liaison Officer need to file the case and report it to the PIU. The PIU will file all cases in the MIS. Case management systems should include the name of the person providing feedback, their village, ward, district, potential implementing partner, programme, and the nature of the feedback. Where grievances are directly 108 reported to the PIU, the Environmental Specialist or the Social Specialist will acknowledge the case and decide on the follow-up. Cases reported through the GRM of Technical Leads will be filed by the responsible staff in the Technical Lead’s Office. For example, WFP captures its GRM data in an excel spreadsheet. 8.4 Verify, Investigate and Act The Community Liaison Officers and / or the Environmental Specialist or Social Specialist will verify the claims, investigate and decide over the actions that will lead to solving the grievance. Most importantly, they will provide feedback on the case within one week, if the case was not filed anonymously. If a case requires investigations, an Incident Management Protocol is followed, which will be developed by the PIU. After deciding a case, the PIU has to provide an appeals mechanism to the aggrieved party through the PIU Team Leader/Fund Manager. Incidents of urgent nature, as defined in the Incident Management Protocol, will be reported to the PIU Fund Manager within 24 hours. 8.5 Monitor and Evaluate and Feedback The PIU or the Community Liaison Officers are further responsible to provide direct feedback to the complainant on decisions within one week. Most importantly, all cases filed need to be logged and monitored in the MIS. While Technical Leads will not need to provide reports on every case that has been filed with their GRM, urgent or grave cases, as will be defined in the Incident Management Protocol will have to be brought to the attention of the PIU. Otherwise, Technical Leads are expected to provide monthly reports and analysis of the cases and feedback that has been filed in their specific GRMs to the UNOPS PIU. The Environmental Specialist or Social Specialist will be compiling those reports and how they were addressed and produce a general analysis. These reports will be analyzed and shared on a quarterly basis with the PIU Fund Manager, with Technical Leads and with the World Bank. They will feed into monitoring mechanisms of the Project. 8.6 Information Disclosure and Consultations ESS 10 makes it essential to identify and consult Project stakeholders and to disclose all relevant information to stakeholders and the public. Direct and indirect Project stakeholders have been identified in the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), which was disclosed in Mutare on 3 June 2019, and on the UNOPS website on 4 June 2019. Comments and inputs were gathered from the disclosure meeting in Mutare and were integrated into the Plan. The SEP will be continuously updated, specifically in accordance to the identified needs of each Technical Lead and their respective sub-component. All relevant information needs to be made available to stakeholders in a timely manner, including about planned sub-components of the Project, management measures and monitoring activities. This EMSF will be disclosed on UNOPS’ website on 13 July 2019, and the public will be invited for comments. 8.7 GBV and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) Cases of GBV or SEA can be reported through the general Project GM but mainly through other avenues such as available toll-free numbers and counseling services available in the project area, as laid out in the GBV Action Plan. The GRM officers and all relevant staff will be trained on how to handle such sensitive cases and on the referral pathway.73 In such cases, the officer receiving such reports has to report the case within 24 hours to the PIU Fund Manager and Environmental Specialist or Social Specialist. However, GBV and SEA reporting mechanisms go beyond the Project grievance mechanisms. Most Technical Leads have dedicated reporting mechanisms for such cases in place, which should be applied in their project locations and beyond. UNOPS will build on these reporting mechanisms and will add a UNOPS-specific mechanism, which will be defined in the GBV/SEA Action Plan. The Environmental Specialist or Social Specialist will hereby act as the dedicated GBV/SEA focal point. Any staff of UNOPS 73 In addition to the GBV Action Plan, the existing referral pathway will be assessed and recommendations for improvement will form part of the project design. 109 or a Technical Lead who observes or has any concerns or reasonable suspicions that a colleagues or counterpart is involved in any act of SEA, has a duty to report any concerns or reasonable suspicions regarding SEA to the UNOPS PIU Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist, the PIU Funds Manager or the UNOPS Kenya Multi Country Director. Other Technical Leads are rolling out training on SEA. For example, WFP is training partners and counterpart organizations on a rolling basis. These are held as part of inception training workshops or dedicated training sessions for WFP staff, NGO partners and Government counterparts. Plans that are more detailed are laid out in the GBV Action Plan. 8.8 WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS) Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a World Bank supported project may submit complaints to existing project-level grievance redress mechanisms or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed in order to address project-related concerns. Project affected communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the WB’s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, as a result of WB non-compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the World Bank's attention, and Bank Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS), please visit http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/products-and-services/grievance-redress-service. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank Inspection Panel, please visit www.inspectionpanel.org. 110 9 Capacity Development and Training Schedule This schedule will be updated once site-specific ESMPs have been developed. Capacity Building and Training Plan Objectives Issues for engagement Method of Stakeholders/Target Responsible person Time frame engagement population and area ESMF Training of all Technical Leads in the Training ZIRP Technical Leads / relevant UNOPS PIU Prior to ESMF staff responsible for the commencement of implementation of E&S activities instruments. GBV Action Plan Training of all Technical Leads in the Training ZIRP Technical Leads / relevant UNOPS PIU Prior to ESMF staff responsible for the commencement of implementation of E&S activities instruments. Project GRM Consultation on different GRMS Consultations ZIRP Technical Leads / relevant UNOPS PIU Prior to mechanisms in place, development of and Training staff responsible for the commencement of overall GRM, and Training with all implementation of E&S activities Technical Leads instruments. GBV Procedures for Reporting Training and monitoring during project Training, Community members / Coordinated with Prior to and Prevention implementation to prevent GBV and monitoring, vulnerable groups UNFPA (Lead of GBV commencement of support reporting of cases sub cluster) activities Mitigate impact of workers on Implement training of contracted Training Contracted workers and all Technical leads Prior to deployment local communities (LMP and Project Workers designed to heighten community workers in Project GBV Action Plan) awareness of risks and to mitigate locations impacts on local communities and on their rights H&S standards H&S Standards for workers Training Contracted workers and Technical leads Prior to deployment community workers in Project locations 111 Create awareness of LMP and LMP and H&S Standards Training Community workers in Project Technical leads Prior to deployment H&S Standards for community locations workers Support Emergency Response Communication of Emergency Information, Communities in Project areas PMU Prior to Measures Response Measure (ERM) to training commencement of communities activities Community Health & Safety Road Safety Awareness Training Communities in Project areas, PIU and Technical Leads Prior to with particular focus on commencement of vulnerable communities activities Community Health & Safety Sensitization on preventing common Training, All Communities in Project areas PIU and Technical Leads Prior to diseases (planning) like cholera information commencement of disclosure activities Community Health & Safety Communicable diseases/HIV-AIDS/STI Training Communities in Project areas PIU and technical leads Prior to awareness and prevention commencement of activities Community Health & Safety GBV, as per Action Plan Training and All Communities in Project areas PIU and technical leads Prior to awareness commencement of raising activities GRM Project GRM as described in the SEP Information Communities in Project areas, PIU and Technical Leads Prior to disclosure and with particular focus on commencement of training vulnerable communities activities Waste management Waste Management Procedures – Training Nurses and village health Technical Leads (WHO) Prior to procedures (IWorld Bank Hazardous Waste workers Technical Leads (FAO) commencement of Group Environmental, Health, activities and Safety General Guidelines) Veterinary attendant in the community Agriculture Raise awareness on veterinary drug Training Farmers FAO Prior to disposal commencement of activities 112 Agriculture Raise awareness on proper handling of Training Farmers FAO Prior to stock feed commencement of activities Agriculture Safe use of chemicals including Training farmers FAO Prior to pesticide risk reduction and integrated commencement of pest management activities Animal husbandry Awareness on veterinary drugs Training Vet assistants, farmers FAO Prior to procedures commencement of activities Animal husbandry Awareness on safe handling of drugs trainings Vet assistants, farmers FAO Prior to and animals commencement of activities agriculture Awareness on importance of following trainings farmers FAO Prior to withdrawal periods commencement of activities Agriculture Safe and proper storage of fertilizers training farmers FAO Prior to and chemicals commencement of activities Health care Handling of health care waste Trainings Care workers and auxiliary staff WHO Prior to commencement of activities GBV Response to domestic issues in a non- Training Local leaders (as detailed in the UNOPS, UNICEF Prior to gender biased manner GBV Action Plan) commencement of activities 113 10 Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates Management measure Overall phase of project Timing, duration, frequency Budget and source of implementation funding (initial and recurring) – in USD Training of Technical Leads on ESMF Preparation Once, prior to commencement of activities 5.000 Project budget / PIU Workshop with Technical Leads on GRM Early Implementation Once, during project launch workshop 5.000 Project Budget / PIU GBV/Social Protection Assessment Task 1 Preparation Once, Prior to effectiveness 10.000 Project Budget / PIU GBV/Social Protection Assessment Task 2 Early implementation phase Once, finalized by 30 September 50.000 Project Budget / PIU Training of Technical Leads on GBV Action Plan Preparation Once, prior to commencement of activities 5.000 Project budget / PIU Implementation of GBV Action Plan Implementation Throughout Project Cycle 100.000 Project Budget / PIU Vulnerability Assessment – update of SEP (jointly Early implementation Once, finalized by 30 September 50.000 with targeting strategies) Project Budget / PIU Technical Leads Monitoring of sub-components Implementation continuous See above cost estimates in Monitoring of mitigation measures – costs included in budgets of respective technical leads PIU monitoring of sub-component E&S indicators Implementation Monthly See above Project budget / PIU PIU supervision of Technical Leads’ Implementation Every two weeks 40.000 (travel, staff costs implementation of ESMF not included) Project budget / PIU Detailed activity E&S report from Technical Leads Implementation Monthly (last working day of every month) costs included in budgets to PIU of respective technical leads 114 Comprehensive monitoring E&S report from Implementation Quarterly (last working day of each quarter) costs included in budgets Technical Leads to PIU of respective technical leads Comprehensive E&S report from PIU to World Implementation Quarterly No costs (staff time not Bank included Annual overview E&S report from PIU to World Implementation Annual No costs (staff time not Bank included Emergency reporting Implementation Any time No cost 115 11 References Africa Economic Outlook 2019, accessed at: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/2019AEO/AEO_2019-EN.pdf Baldwin, Kate and Shylock Muyengwa and Eric Mvukiyehe, Reforming Village-Level Governance via Horizontal Pressure. Evidence from an Experiment in Zimbabwe, Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank, 7941, 2017 Government of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, November 2016, accessed at: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR322/FR322.pdf Government of Zimbabwe, ZimVAC, Rural Livelihoods Assessment, 2018 Government of Zimbabwe, ZIMSTATS, Zimbabwe Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey Report (PICES), 2017 Government of Zimbabwe, ZIMSTATS, Zimbabwe Smallholder Agricultural Productivity. Survey 2017 Report, March 2019 KEW, IIAM, Fundacao Micaia, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Arex, Chimanimani Mountains: Botany and Conservation, 2016 Maplecroft, Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2018, accessed at https://www.maplecroft.com/solutions/environment-climate-change/ Ncube, G and G.M. Gomez, Remittances in rural Zimbabwe: From Consumption to Investment, In: International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Volume 4.2, p.181-195Trading Economics, Zimbabwe unemployment rate, accessed at: https://tradingeconomics.com/zimbabwe/unemployment-rate New Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. Diaspora Remittances Stagnant at US$ 1.85 bln – World Bank, accessed at: https://allafrica.com/stories/201812200007.html UN Environment Management Group (EMG), Moving towards a Common Approach to Environmental and Social Standards for UN Programming, Draft 30 October 2018. UNDP, Rapid Assessment of the Socio-Economic Impact of Cyclone Idai on Zimbabwe, Draft Report, April 2019. UNDP, Zimbabwe Human Development Report, Climate Change and Human Development: Towards Building a Climate Resilient Nation, 2017 UNFPA, Young People, accessed at: https://zimbabwe.unfpa.org/en/topics/young-people-2 World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines, April 30, 2007, accessed at: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B- %2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES 116 World Bank, Environmental and Social Framework. Setting Environmental and Social Standards for Investment Project Financing, August 2016. World Bank, Zimbabwe, Poverty & Equity and Macroeconomics, Trade &Investment Global Practices, accessed at: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/750841492188177908/mpo-zwe.pdf World Bank, Zimbabwe, Human Development Indices and Indicators, 2018 Statistical Update, accessed at: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ZWE.pdf 117 Annex 1. Archaeological Chance Find Procedure This procedure is included as a standard provision in the implementation of ZIRP Public Works contracts to ensure the protection of cultural heritage (Archaeological and Historical Sites). All Technical Leads and contractors will be required to observe this procedure as documented hereafter. Where historical remains, antiquity or any other object of cultural or archaeological importance are unexpectedly discovered during construction in an area not previously known for its archaeological interest, the following procedures should be applied: ➢ Stop construction activities; ➢ Delineate the discovered site area; ➢ Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In case of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a full-time guard should be present until the responsible authority takes over; ➢ Notify the responsible foreman/archaeologist, who in turn should notify the responsible authorities, the concerned; ➢ Responsible authorities will be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out; ➢ An evaluation of the finding will be performed by the concerned officers. The significance and importance of the findings will be assessed according to various criteria relevant to cultural heritage including aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values; ➢ Decision on how to handle the finding will be reached based on the above assessment and could include changes in the project layout (in case of finding an irrevocable remain of cultural or archaeological importance), conservation, preservation, restoration or salvage; ➢ Implementation of the authority decision concerning the management of the finding; ➢ Construction work could resume only when permission is given from the concerned officers from the Ministry of Youth, Culture & Sports after the decision concerning management of environmental and social risks and impacts related to heritage are fully executed; ➢ In case of delay incurred in direct relation to archaeological findings not stipulated in the contract (and affecting the overall schedule of works), the contractor may apply for an extension of time. However, the contractor will not be entitled for any kind of compensation or claim other than what is directly related to the execution of the archaeological findings works and protections. 118 Annex 2. Voluntary Land Readjustment Guidelines • Land to be exchanged (for alternative livelihoods/developments) must be identified by the community through a public, participatory process. Local traditional and formal leaders and community members should be well informed about principles, approaches, and documentation requirements to ensure that the land which is exchanged is not reused by other community members during or subsequent to the project; • EMA establishes that the land to be donated is free of encumbrances or encroachment. This includes land which will host the new garden activities that must be screening for resettlement and livelihood impact following the Project’s ESMF screening template; • There shall be no loss of income when people transferred to other land; • The impacts of and extent of the proposed activities must be fully explained to the land custodian; • For family lands, family members (including spouses) must be aware of the land readjustment, in order to minimize the risks of cross-generational conflicts; • The public participation further seeks to establish that the land custodian is: � the legitimate holder/user of such land; � fully informed of the purpose of the land readjustment; � aware that refusal is an option, and that right of refusal is specific in the donation document the land custodian will sign � aware of the implication of exchanging the land and does so without coercion, manipulation or any form of threat of retribution. • Readjustment of land cannot occur if it requires any physical household relocation; • Verification must be obtained from each person readjusting land and confirmation by witnesses; • Any readjusted land that is not used for its agreed purpose by the project is returned to the donor; • All people involved should have easy access to information and complaint mechanism; • All people who transfer to other land shall agree to not go back to the land they were prior to the transfer; • The land readjustment can only occur with the consent of individuals using or occupying the land. For verification, each land custodian involved in the project must sign the agreement provided in Appendix x • No relocation is required Voluntary land readjustments should only be authorized for activities if they can clearly document (a) Informed Consent and (b) Power of Choice. Any land readjustment has to be approved by the World Bank. Each instance of voluntary land readjustment in the Project must be documented. This requires written notification indicating the location and amount of land that is sought and its intended use for the activity, and requires a formal statement of readjustment, establishing informed consent and signed by each owner or user involved. Taxes to be paid by the land donator for registration of the land transfer, if applicable, should be covered in full by the implementation agency. The implementation agency maintains a record with documentation for each instance of land readjustment. The documentation is made available for review in any grievance that may arise, and is provided to the World Bank upon request. The project must specify means by which land donors (and, potentially, persons whose use or occupancy was not recognized in the transfer of land) may raise grievances, and measures to ensure consideration of, and timely response to, grievances raised. The grievance process includes participation of reviewers not directly affiliated with 119 the project implementing agency. Grievances may be referred to customary conflict mediation arrangements where they are not directly affiliated with traditional leaders who are a party to the donation process. Alternatively, grievances may be referred to the GRM of the Project. The grievance process imposes no cost upon those raising grievances, and participation in the grievance process does not preclude pursuit of legal remedies under the laws of Zimbabwe. All family members (including spouses) must be aware of the readjustment, in order to minimize the risks of women users of the land to be readjusted being passed over in decision-making on land readjustment and the risks of cross- generational conflicts. Individuals using or occupying community or collective lands must also be aware of the readjustment to minimize risks of settlers or migrants being passed over in decision-making on land readjustment. The prior assessment of an activity shall also take into consideration temporary users of lands and/or eventual access issues for them, including to water sources and in such cases ensure agreement on the activity with such groups. 120 Annex 3. Land Readjustment Consent Form / Land Use Agreement The following form will be translated into local languages, so that a dual-language form will be used. The following agreement has been made on ……...... day of ……...... between Mr./Ms. .………………………..…., aged ......, resident of ………….. zone, district …..……………… (the land custodian being transferred) and ……………………………… (the Village Head). 1. That the land under village head………… is a part of …………, is surrounded from eastern side by…………, western side by………………, northern side by …………., and southern side by…………….. 2. That the custodian holds the transferable rights of land ……...... (area in square meters), in………v illage, at the above location (include a copy of the certified map, if available). 3. That the land the custodian is being transferred to is free of squatters, no people with customary rights or no legal title are using it, no household relocation will be needed and that there is no dispute on ownership or any other encumbrances in regards to the land. 4. That the custodian maintains or increases his/her land size with only a maximum of a 10% reduction being allowed to maintain the farmer’s livelihood at current levels. 5. That the custodian has been appropriately informed and consulted about the project and the choices available (including refusal) as well as possible ways to address grievances. 6. That the custodian, Mr/Mrs/Miss…………………………(name of farmer) agrees to be transferred from current horticultural land in……………………..village to……………………..village to comply with the Environmental Management Act (CAP 20:27) as read with SI7 of 2007 which prohibits stream bank cultivation. 7. That the custodian will continue with farming activities on the new piece of land without any obstruction. 8. That the village head ……………………………(name of village head) agrees to accept this transfer with and observes the conditions laid above. Name and Signature of the custodian Name and Signature of Village Head ……………………………………….. ……………………………………….. (Signature, name and village) (Signature, name and village) Name and Signature of Witnesses 1: Name and Signature of Witnesses 2: …………………………………… …………………………………… Signature, name and village) (Signature, name and village) Approved by Paramount Chief ………………………………………………………………. (Signature, name and village) 121 Annex 4. Previous Stakeholder Engagement Activities A joint World Bank and UNOPS team went to a field visit to the Province of Mutare, specifically Chimanimani and Chipinge districts from 17 May – 19 May 2019. The team consisted of 14 World Bank members and 5 UNOPS members. The team undertook consultations with a variety of stakeholders. It consulted with cluster coordinators and different humanitarian partners, Government representatives, members of the Civil Protection Unit (CPU) at different levels, and relevant CPU committee chairpersons and members, as well as with members of the business community. It further undertook site visits into affected sites and communities. The team further undertook consultations in Harare with the relevant government offices and Ministries, as well as all potential implementing UN partners, international NGOs, and bilateral donors. Engagements have been conducted with some of the UN technical leads, including OCHA, WFP and UNICEF. These meetings will be continued until the 31st of May 2019. The mission visit to Mutare Provincial CPC and to Chimanimani and Chipinge district CPCs had the objective to appraise the stakeholders at the different levels about the proposed ZIRP as well as provide an opportunity for the WB and UNOPS mission team to visit the two most affected districts to appreciate the situation on the ground as well as the impact of the cyclone. The meetings started by giving the stakeholders the details of the proposed project, timelines, budget, parameters of implementation including restrictions, collaboration mechanisms and possible interventions among other things. After that opportunity was given to the committees at the different levels to appraise the mission team on the status of the responses already taking place, as well as the gaps in each sector. Feedback from the meetings and visits included: • In the cluster meeting it was revealed that there is significant need for coordination and collaboration so as not to duplicate efforts and hence have value for money; • The CPCs at the different levels appraised the mission of the gaps in responses and the resulting plans of the government. • It was indicated that not much had been done in terms of assistance to the affected communities, except for assessments, and that there was still significant need. • The stakeholders also indicated the need for housing and support to the CPC structures, but the team explained that this would not be possible since the grant will only support community infrastructure. From the meetings and field visits the key outcomes were: • Full understanding of the modalities of the proposed project by the stakeholders • Improved understanding of the status of the different responses and gaps, based on the presentations, which were done by the different CPC sub committees and the bilateral meetings, which were done with the different sub committees. • Improved appreciation of the mission team on the impact of the cyclone as well as actors who are on the ground, and understanding of what was exactly being done, gaps etc. • Key contacts with the stakeholders at the different levels were established and this led to continued engagement and consultations, part of which was there disclosure of the ESCP and SEP on the 4 th of June 2019 122 Annex 5. Permits, Consents and authorizations from relevant authorities Each Technical Leads and the UNOPS Infrastructure Management Office in Mutare will be responsible for the following: - Obtain or assist in obtaining, as appropriate, the permits, consents and authorizations that are applicable to the Project from relevant national authorities. - Comply or cause to comply, as appropriate, with the conditions established in these permits, consents and authorizations throughout Project implementation. - This will be handled specific as per component, and according to the Zimbabwe EMA Act - Obtain Environmental Compliance Certificate from EMA in line with the Zimbabwe Environmental Management Act. 123 Annex 6. TOR Gender-Based Violence, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, and Child Protection Assessment 1. Introduction Emergency and post-emergency operations are implemented in a context of exacerbated risk for gender-based violence (GBV), sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and decreasing rights for children. Activities linked to development projects may compound the broader contextual risks present at community level. Project-related risks include the size and scale of a project, the scale of labor influx, the extent to which a community has capacity to absorb labor influx or requires separate camp facilities, and the geographic location of project activities (e.g., whether project activities occur in urban environments or in isolated rural areas where mechanisms for prevention and redress may be less available). Income in the hands of migrant workers can also create or worsen existing power imbalances between workers and members of the community, in particular for women and children. Identifying and understanding project-related risk factors as they interact with contextual risk factors is critical for development of appropriate prevention measures in project design. 2. Objectives The objectives of the GBV Action Plan (Action Plan) are to: 1. Develop operational project mitigation activities for GBV, gender equality, and child protection in the Project area, including detailed procedures for grievances related to abuse. 2. Based on the existing referral pathways that provide protection to victims of abuse, develop recommendations for project interventions that can sustainably enhance the existing pathways. Task 1: Operational project mitigation activities Assess the existing GBV risk management systems in place by UN technical leads under the project as well as activities developed by the GBV sub-cluster and child protection cluster. Assess the adequacy of existing procedures and develop gap-filling measures to adhere to World Bank standards. This should result in a detailed operational work plan to enhance social inclusion and gender quality, as well as mitigate GBV, SEA and promote child protective measures. The measures should strengthen the operations/sectors overall ability to manage cases of abuse. The work plan activities should, as a minimum: • Consultations. Assess the need for a set of additional consultations with women, children and other vulnerable groups to take place during upcoming implementation support missions, in order to understand potential risks and the best ways to make project benefits accessible. • Worker Code of Conduct and associated training. Support the development or adaptation of Codes of Conduct (CoC)/training modules for workers based on good practice, as well as an implementation plan/ToRs for staff at the level of contractor or PIU to oversee SEA/GBV and child protective prevention or responses. Support the PIU in rolling out the CoC, including training PIUs or workers as needed, and document the process of implementation including challenges and lessons learned. • Grievance. Identify all currently functioning channels available to lodge GBV or child protective complaints and whether they provide services that are confidential and free of risks of stigmatization and reprisal (e.g. staffed by suitably trained female staff; available for 24 hours; operators equipped with information on GBV service providers to make timely referrals to these services, as needed etc.). Assess the feasibility of other response options, such as mobile response teams or contracting with a GBV specialist service provider. Convene discussion with potential stakeholders to estimate the number of cases that may be reported within the project areas, to determine the feasibility and likely cost of putting in place such a response system and support the project in putting it in place. Develop or adapt the existing Standard Operating Procedures for a Grievance Mechanism (GM) based on good practices in 124 order to effectively collect information on instances of GBV/SEA and child protection in coordination with the project PIU. Support the PIU in rolling out the GM, including training PIUs or workers as needed, and document the process of implementation including challenges and lessons learned. • Community awareness. Provide recommendations and costing for the implementation of community awareness raising activities that include the risk of SEA related to the project, the code of conduct for workers, the GM and the ways in which the community members can safely report concerns. • Staff training. Provide recommendations and support for training of PIU and technical lead staff on GBV, on developing ToRs for a GBV expert to be hired by the PIU (if relevant) and on promoting the inclusion of women, girls, children or other vulnerable groups in the project. • Schools. Assess feasibility, mechanism and costing for integrating a GBV prevention and child protective interventions in schools focusing on changing social norms using a whole of community approach • Health posts. Assess feasibility, mechanism and costing for integrating a GBV prevention and child protective interventions via community health workers focusing on changing social norms using a whole of community approach Task 2: Sustainable project investments in referral pathway Conduct a quality assessment of the current GBV and child protective referral pathway service providers make available in the project-affected communities using good practice standards of care. Assess their capabilities to provide quality services. Assess if currently available GBV and child protective referral system, if any, is functional meeting the following key elements: at least one service provider for health, psychosocial, safety and protection and, as appropriate and feasible, legal and other support, in a given geographical area; services are delivered in a manner consistent with the GBV guiding principles; GBV service providers understand how and to whom to refer survivors for additional services; GBV service providers demonstrate a coordinated approach to case management, including confidential information sharing and participation in regular case management meetings to ensure that survivors have access to multi-sector services; GBV data collection, including standardized intake and referral forms, is undertaken in a safe and ethical manner; referral pathways identify all available services and are documented, disseminated and regularly updated, in a format that can be easily understood. The assessment should seek the following questions: what services exist? Are they safe, accessible and adequately staffed? Are minimum standards of GBV or child protective service delivery met or is further capacity building required? Identify already existing directories of service providers to create a fuller picture of all relevant stakeholders on the ground. Based on the assessment, develop recommendations for project interventions that can sustainably enhance the existing pathways. The assessment should, as a minimum: • Shelters. Identify all currently functioning, accessible shelters for the GBV or child abuse survivors and assess their quality, availability and accessibility; identify basic services they provide; their staffing; define their eligibility criteria for admission; identify how long they have been in service; number of residents being served; type of the facilities and their sources and sustainability of funding. As with all other activities, collect only secondary data from the management of shelters so as not to increase distress to the survivors and to protect their privacy - in line with the ethical recommendations of the WHO regarding research on violence against women and children. • Health providers. Pay special attention to health care providers since high quality, confidential and integrated healthcare service is a critical component of a multi-sector response to GBV and child abuse, including psycho–social support. Map if and which healthcare providers provide quality health care that ensures implementation of the Minimum Initial Services Package for reproductive health (including post rape treatment supplies and other relevant clinical supplies). Also, assess if services are age-sensitive, e.g. for boys and for girls. Assess if health care providers offer services that are appropriate to male survivors of GBV. 125 • Barriers. Identify barriers to survivors accessing multi-sector services: e.g. transport, language, literacy; fear of discrimination; knowledge of services, etc. Particularly focus on the barriers faced by minorities, e.g. displaced women or children, women or children living in particularly difficult to reach areas, transgender, etc. Reflect these barriers into the design of the referral pathway and complaints channels. 3. Methodology a. Desk review and analysis of relevant project documents • Project documents, ESF instruments • Systems put in place by the relevant operations. This will include Incident Reporting Procedures; Terms of Reference or existing Codes of Conduct for Contractors, Supervising Engineer; monitoring reports by contractors, GM manual and reports as well as fact finding reports on any previous allegations of GBV/SEA or child abuse. This could include examining processes for implementing and monitoring COCs, collecting and analyzing information on actual/potential risk factors for vulnerability to sexual exploitation and abuse and elaborating measures to address them. • Analyze the systems currently in place against the four-pillar framework on Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA) on developed in 2008 by the UN/NGO PSEA Task Force. This was the framework used for a similar assessment carried out in Tanzania for the Southern African Trade and Transport Facilitation Project in July 2017. • Good practices for accountability measures, including CoCs, GMs and GBV/SEA risk, child abuse mitigation and prevention measures relevant to the project. b. Key informant interviews • Semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (Government Counterparts/implementing/technical leads, NGO staff, relevant WB Program Leaders, Task Teams and Social specialists, other WB staff providing oversight in terms of GBV/SEA prevention/response). The primary purpose of these interviews is to fully understand the set of measures put in place to address GBV/SEA or child abuse in key sectors and the extent to which they meet global best practice requirements, as well as to understand the feasibility of initially proposed retrofitting recommendations. • Meet with the technical leads in order to review prevention and response processes, including staff training and monitoring, existence of complaints mechanisms, including community awareness raising such as making a complaint, and availability/provision of survivor-centered services for an alleged survivor. • Assess comprehensiveness of clear and confidential protocols to be followed if cases of GBV/SEA or child abuse are reported (linking survivors to services and avoiding re-victimization). If gaps are identified make recommendation to, i) strengthen the reporting response framework outlining procedures and guidelines targeting government partners and contracting firms associated with the project; ii) develop recommendations to strengthen the referral pathway for survivors that should be implemented as soon as a case is reported, verified or not. 4. Deliverable and Timeline Gap assessment of GBV/SEA/Child Protection risks and impacts and a Prior to Project effectiveness (20 resulting Action Plan July 2019) An assessment of the current GBV and child protective referral 30 August 2019 pathway service providers available in the project-affected communities and quality of care using good practice standards of 126 care. Code of Conduct and Standard Operating Procedures for GRM 30 August 2019 focusing on complaints regarding SEA/GBV, including trainings Required Expertise • Minimum of 5 years of relevant experience on gender, with a particular focus on gender-based violence. • Proven skills and demonstrated expertise with qualitative design, methods, and data analysis. • Proven experience with social assessments or other participatory research methodologies. • Excellent knowledge of guiding principles and best practices pertaining the collection of information related to GBV, including the WHO 2007 Guidelines • Expertise in the development of technical papers and report as well as programmatic guidance related to violence against women and children, in particular sexual violence, gender and child protection • Experience at country/regional level • Good understanding of the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework and/or UN Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment strategies 127 Annex 7. Procedures for Managing Contractors Bidders receive key documentation outlining the requirements of the ESMF and relevant ESMPs, as well as UNOPS Health & Safety requirements (see UNOPS Health & Safety Management Plan). The selected contractor shall comply with all UNOPS Social & Environmental as well as Health & Safety requirements for the duration of the contract. These requirements equally apply to sub-contractors. It is the contractor’s responsibility to ensure that subcontractors comply and to demonstrate such compliance in submittals and during verification processes by UNOPS. If pre-bid meetings, site visits and / or contract commencement meetings are carried out, the Social & Environmental and Health & Safety requirements and submittals should be discussed, both for day-to-day work and for Social and Environmentally critical stages or activities. In the event that security personnel is used for the sub-projects, the contractor shall develop and implement measures and actions to assess and manage the risks to human security of project-affected communities and project workers that could arise from the use of security personnel. ➢ Codes of conduct are required of contractors and subcontractors and their workers; ➢ Preparation of a detailed contractor ESMP (C-ESMP) that is costed, with sufficient budget to mitigate E&S risks ➢ Monitor contractor commitment and compliance ➢ Ensure contractors provide details on contractor’s oversight on environmental, social, health and safety (ESHS) performance ➢ Contractor to develop a grievance mechanism to handle concerns of their employees ➢ Contractor shall prepare a Labor Management Plan (LMP) 128 Annex 8. Labor Management Procedures - Outline The Labor Management Procedures will be completed prior to effectiveness of the Project. Overview of Labor Use on the Project Number of Project Workers: An estimate of xx Project workers will be deployed in the duration of the Project. Project workers will consist of contracted workers and community workers. Characteristics of Project Workers: Workers will be mostly recruited from local communities, including contracted workers, who will be recruited by local contractors. Workers will be male and female and will not be under the minimum age. Timing of Labor Requirements: Labor requirements will be all throughout Project implementation. Exact numbers and timing are unknown at this point. Types of jobs and skills required are listed below. Contracted Workers: It is not known yet how many numbers and types of contractors/subcontractors and likely project workers will be employed or engaged by each contractor/subcontractor. Only UNOPS will be deploying contractors. WHO and UNICEF will employ community workers. Assessment of Key Potential Labor Risks Project activities: Project activities will be implemented across three Provinces (Manicaland, Masvingo, and Mashonaland East), and nine following districts: Chimanimani, Chipinge, Buhera, Mutare urban, Mutare rural, Bikita, Gutu, Mutasa, Chikomba. The main activities for community workers will be: debris removal, replanting vegetation, collecting debris for reconstruction, setting up of tree nurseries, rehabilitation of community health posts, toilets, latrines, boreholes, small piped schemes fed by boreholes or springs, ancillary infrastructure, solid waste facilities (landfill, dump sites, pubic bins, composting) The main types of activities for contracted workers will be: reconstruction of storm drains , contours, terraces, waterways and water diversion structures; reclamation of gullies by constructing gabions; desilting of weirs; revitalization of irrigated land; rehabilitation of facilities; removal of debris and damaged trees; rehabilitation of simple infrastructure; more complicated civil works (heavy equipment), stabilize solid and large boulders; rationalize and formalize river beds; rehabilitate retaining walls, culverts, gullies, buffer zones, embankments, small reservoirs, storm-water drainage, and other; solid retaining and drainage structures; debris removal. Key Labor Risks: The key labor risks that may be associated with the project (see, for example, those identified in ESS2 and the GN). These could include, for example: Since the labor mostly concerns rehabilitation of community infrastructure, no heavy machinery, work in heights, or any other potential risks associated with heavy construction activities are anticipated. The following moderate risks have been identified: • Risks of labor influx or gender based violence • Risk of domestic violence due to money-influx • Possible accidents or emergencies, with reference to the sector or locality 129 • General understanding and implementation of occupational health and safety requirements Brief Overview of Labor Legislation: Terms and Conditions This section sets out the key aspects of national labor legislation with regards to term and conditions of work, and how national legislation applies to different categories of workers identified in Section 1. The overview focuses on legislation that relates to the items set out in ESS2, paragraph 11 (i.e. wages, deductions and benefits). Brief Overview of Labor Legislation: Occupational Health and Safety This section sets out the key aspects of the national labor legislation with regards to occupational health and safety, and how national legislation applies to the different categories of workers identified in Section 1. The overview focuses on legislation that relates to the items set out in ESS2, paragraphs 24 to 30. Responsible Staff This section identifies the functions and/or individuals within the project responsible for (as relevant): o engagement and management of project workers o engagement and management of contractors/subcontractors o occupational health and safety (OHS) o training of workers o addressing worker grievances In some cases, this section will identify functions and/or individuals from contractors or subcontractors, particularly in projects where project workers are employed by third parties. Policies and procedures This section sets out information on OHS, reporting and monitoring and other general project policies. Where relevant, it identifies applicable national legislation. Where significant safety risks have been identified as part of Section 2, this section outlines how these will be addressed. Where the risk of forced labor has been identified, this section outlines how these will be addressed (see ESS2, paragraph 20 and related GNs). Where risks of child labor have been identified, these are addressed in Section 7. Where the Borrower has stand-alone policies or procedures, these can be referenced or annexed to the LMP, together with any other supporting documentation. Age of Employment This section sets out details regarding: • The minimum age for employment on the project • The process that will be followed to verify the age of project workers • The procedure that will be followed if underage workers are found working on the project • The procedure for conducting risk assessments for workers aged between the minimum age and 18 See ESS2, paragraphs 17 to 19 and related GNs. Terms and Conditions This section sets out details regarding: • Specific wages, hours and other provisions that apply to the project 130 • Maximum number of hours that can be worked on the project • Any collective agreements that apply to the project. When relevant, provide a list of agreements and describe key features and provisions • Other specific terms and conditions Grievance Mechanisms This section sets out details of the grievance mechanism that will be provided for direct and contracted workers and describes the way in which these workers will be made aware of the mechanism. Where community workers are engaged in the project, details of the grievance mechanism for these workers is set out in Section 11. Contractor Management This section sets out details regarding: • The selection process for contractors, as discussed in ESS2, paragraph 31 and GN 31.1. • The contractual provisions that will put in place relating to contractors for the management of labor issues, including occupational health and safety, as discussed in ESS2, paragraph 32 and GN 32.1 • The procedure for managing and monitoring the performance of contractors, as discussed in ESS2, paragraph 32 and GN 32.1 Community Workers Where community workers will be involved in the project, this section sets out details of the terms and conditions of work, and identifies measures to check that community labor is provided on a voluntary basis. It also provides details of the type of agreements that are required and how they will be documented. See GN 34.4. This section sets out details of the grievance mechanism for community workers and the roles and responsibilities for monitoring such workers. See ESS2, paragraphs 36 and 37. Primary Supply Workers Where a significant risk of child or forced labor or serious safety issues in relation to primary suppliers has been identified, this section sets out the procedure for monitoring and reporting on primary supply workers. 131 Annex 9. UNOPS Form EM03 Social and Environmental Screening Report The existing tools will be updated to be aligned with the requirements of the WB ESF. 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 Annex 10. UNOPS Environmental and Social Risks and Opportunities form EM 04 139 Annex 11. Environmental and Social Management Plan (UNOPS form EM 01) Introduction Intro and scope of the Project S&E Management Plan UNOPS recognizes its responsibility to protecting the environment and to promoting positive societal outcomes in the communities in which we work. This Project Social and Environmental (S&E) Management Plan (hereafter “the Plan�) describes how UNOPS intends to manage environmental and social issues under the sphere of influence of this project. It identifies the procedures to be followed by all personnel working in the project. [DELETE PRIOR TO USE - Consideration needs to be taken as to whether UNOPS is delivering a typical management- based project (assurance role) or direct implementation project. Roles and responsibilities may vary accordingly and must be defined at the inception of the Plan. Please note that the Project Manager holds the overall responsibility for the environmental and social management in the project.] [DELETE PRIOR TO USE – UNOPS operates with 3 Levels of performance in its Social and Environmental Management standards. The Project Manager should refer to 3 Levels system guidance to ensure that the applicable processes and performance levels are complied with.] This Plan is a live document that will be reviewed on the regular basis and updated if necessary. Project description and key dates Table 1 – Project details Project Title Project Location UNOPS Project No. Project Duration Project Social and Environmental [Indicate if this is a Level 1 project (minimum requirements apply), Management Level Level 2 (recommended) or Level 3 (externally certified country office)] Project Overall Risk Score, and sub- [Refer to design manual risk assessment] scores for elements 2 and 3 UNOPS Project Manager UNOPS Project S&E Manager/ Coordinator Roles and responsibilities While the Project Manager holds the overall responsibility for Social and Environmental Management in the Project, other roles may hold accountability, or need to be consulted and informed of various work packages (e.g. the Contractor, the Office Director, the Programme Manager, the Project Design Manager). Table 2 below outlines Roles and responsibilities for Infrastructure projects in the assurance set-up. [If any responsibilities deviate from the table below, indicate it here.] Table 2 - RACI Table 140 Manager /Programme Director MANAGER PROJECT UNOPS Engineer* Project Manager* Project Design Contractor* ACTIVITY Ensure that the Environmental and Social screening has A R been performed Ensure that the Environmental/Social Review and the A R ESIA have been performed (if applicable) Ensure that the risks and opportunities for the project A R over its life-cycle have been identified Draft the S&E Plan A R Eliminate foreseeable environmental and social risks A R R* through engineering design solutions Transmit to procurement function the environmental/social requirements for contractors and A R suppliers Ensure regular liaison between parties on site on Environmental and Social matters (including regular A R C meetings) Ensure Consultation with the workforce, visitors and A R C affected stakeholders Ensure that Contractor(s) employ effective S&E A R C Management techniques Ensure arrangements are in place for Site induction, A R I R* training and briefings Ensure that Waste Management is performed according A R I R* to plans Ensure that other environmental and social activities are A R I R* performed according to plans Conduct site inspections according to stated frequency A R C Compile quarterly reports of performance and report to A R C HQ Ensure reporting of environmental accidents, incidents R C I R* and high potential near-misses Review and update the Plan at the indicated frequency A R or when circumstances change A - Accountable (overall responsibility) C - Consulted (supports, has the information or capability required) I - Informed (notified but not consulted) R - Responsible (gets the work done) R* - refers to Work Package Responsibility 141 Local laws, regulations and other compliance requirements Environmental and social legislation and other relevant requirements in [Insert name of country] are described in the [Local Office] legal register using form HSE03. This should also include the relevant requirements of interested parties that have been identified by the local office using form HSE02. A check for legal compliance has been performed to ensure that this project is compliant with legal and other requirements, using form HSE04. A copy of the legal register is available [in the Annex, or other location]. UNOPS Project Manager will review these laws and regulations every [12 months] to make sure that there are no changes that may affect this plan. Operational planning (for multiple sites, detail all site-specific information) Social and environmental screening report At the pre-engagement stage of the project, the project developer completed the Environmental and Social screening report (form EM03); this document is attached to this Plan as [Annex x]. [DELETE PRIOR TO USE: All risk areas identified in the Report should be further discussed and analyzed in the Register of social and environmental risks and opportunities, form EM04.] Identified social and environmental risks and opportunities The main environmental and social aspects of the activities, products and services that are under the project’s control and influence are identified and detailed using form EM04. [DELETE PRIOR TO USE: When completing this form, the Project Manager may make reference to the corporate register of environmental and social risks and opportunities. In addition, the Project Manager should consider impacts relevant at the locality of the project, considering a life cycle perspective. If an Environmental and Social Review, or a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment have been performed, this should be included in the Annexes and used to inform this document.] The full Analysis of environmental and social aspects for the project is attached to this Plan as [Annex x]. Objectives and targets The project will have the following Environmental and Social objectives and targets: [DELETE PRIOR TO USE: These should be informed by the major risks and opportunities identified for the projects; and should also be aligned with UNOPS corporate Environmental and Social management targets.] 142 Table 3 - Objectives and Targets Objective Target (measurable where Action/Program/Resources Responsible Target # practicable) Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [DELETE PRIOR TO USE – Project Environmental and Social objectives and targets shall be set at the beginning of the project then reviewed every six months to ensure that UNOPS meets both local and corporate commitments.] Management of contractors and sub-contractors Bidders receive key documentation outlining the requirements of UNOPS Environmental and Social Management Systems during the tender phase. The selected contractor shall comply with all UNOPS S&E requirements for the whole duration of the contract. These requirements equally apply to any subcontractors hired by the contractor. It is the contractor’s responsibility to ensure that subcontractors comply and to demonstrate such compliance in submittals and during verification processes by UNOPS. If pre-bid meetings, site visits and/or contract commencement meetings are carried out, S&E requirements and submittals should be discussed, both for day-to-day work and for S&E critical stages/activities. [Include any other requirements for suppliers and sub-suppliers under this project as relevant] 143 Environmental and social management at project site [DELETE PRIOR TO USE – In cases where the Contractor(s) capacity limits their ability to perform the required S&E activities at site, the UNOPS team should take the lead so that the project can fulfil UNOPS S&E requirements. The Contractor(s) should be involved in a capacity building process to build their capacity to implement S&E in the future.] Waste Management A Waste management plan for the project has been developed using form EM06, and is available [in the annex, or other location]. [Briefly describe waste management practices, including main waste streams that the project is separating and the waste disposal strategy]. The plan shall be monitored and updated [Insert frequency]. Gender mainstreaming The project has considered gender mainstreaming in its activities: [DELETE PRIOR TO USE – Add a paragraph describing what actions the projects has planned to take to mainstream gender considerations. It is highly recommended to make use of the Gender Action Plan template and include it as an Annex to this Plan. Where applicable to the project activities, the relevant Gender in Infrastructure Checklist should also be used.] Other key topics [DELETE PRIOR TO USE – Add a paragraph if the project has identified any additional Environmental and/or Social aspect on which is planning to take significant action. Examples of activities within the project’s sphere of influence (including activities over which it has a formal control and also those where it has no formal authority but the ability to affect behaviors) that may be included in the Plan are: Human rights due diligence; Preventing discrimination towards vulnerable groups; Supporting and respecting fundamental rights at work; Promoting improvement of conditions of work and social protection; Promoting social responsibility in the value chain; Conflict sensitivity; Community involvement and development.] Site inspections UNOPS plans to implement [insert frequency, e.g. weekly, depending on risk level] environmental and social inspection on this project. Inspection will be carried out by UNOPS site representatives and Contractor(s) Project and Environmental/Social managers. When carrying out the site weekly inspection, all aspects contained in the Health, Safety, Social and Environmental inspection site report (form HSE05) should be reviewed. Site induction and training Site induction, training and briefings will be given in accordance with this training matrix: Table 4 - Training 144 Planned Training Nominated Staff Frequency The HSE training matrix (form HSE18) can be used to keep detailed records of site inductions, toolbox talks and training. [Include additional details on training as relevant] Emergency and evacuation procedures Emergency information details including the site location, neighbors, emergency contact details, location of the spill kits, high priority flora/fauna, culturally sensitive sites are provided within the Site emergency and evacuation plan. Emergency Plan and procedures including the emergency contact numbers will be available on all notice and information boards all over the project work areas and site offices; also the emergency procedures will be incorporated in the project site inductions briefing. These documents are available in [Annex xx]. Emergency and evacuation procedures will be tested through appropriate drills that will be held every [Specify frequency, according to contractor’s plan] and, where possible, may involve relevant interested parties [UNOPS, Contractor’s Personnel, and specify others]. [DELETE PRIOR TO USE – Environmental emergency drills can be planned in conjunction or alternatively to other drills, and follow the same procedures. If emergency plans already exist, it is sufficient to reference them here.] Emergency procedures should be periodically reviewed to ensure continued relevance. Communication and information sharing Internal communication Internal communication for the Project will include as a minimum: S&E [weekly or other recurrence] meetings. They may be dedicated to S&E or S&E may be one part of the agenda. Additional S&E meetings will be organized when needed. Meeting minutes will be distributed to UNOPS, Contractor’s team and sub-contractors. [Weekly or other recurrence]inspections (form HSE05); including Environmental and Social items will be performed jointly by UNOPS team and the Contractor(s) team; the report will be prepared by UNOPS S&E Manager/Coordinator and shared with the Contractor(s) for necessary actions. Site HSE quarterly report (form HSE12); the HSE quarterly report is a summary of the site weekly inspection report findings and corrective action. It is prepared by UNOPS site HSE Manager/Coordinator to be shared with the Contractor(s) and with UNOPS Senior Management in the country as well as with UNOPS HQ. Toolbox talks Information and guidance signage will be present at site in [language, preferable local language as well]. The Site Notice Board will be used to convey daily updates and information. 145 [Additional communication channels envisaged by the project] External communication Queries on environmental and social management from local communities, journalists, business community, neighbors, local representatives, and any other external parties will be handled according to the following protocol: [DELETE PRIOR TO USE: Briefly outline how external communication will be handled, who is the focal point for incoming communication (the Project Manager or other), what type of information will be issued about the project activities, etc. If Public Consultation / Good neighbor consultation is required, outline how it will be undertaken.] Consultation with the workforce Arrangements for consulting and coordinating with the workers at site will be as follows: An employee representative will participate in the regular and extraordinary meetings between UNOPS and the Contractor(s) All Contractor’s and sub-contractor’s employees will be encouraged to raise any suggestions and concerns on environmental and social management of the project on an ongoing basis and during meetings, briefings, toolbox talks, etc. [Add any other planned measures for facilitating consultation with the workforce] Accident and incident reporting and investigation All significant accidents or incidents and high potential near misses shall be reported to UNOPS HQ using form HSE09. They should be thoroughly investigated and action taken to prevent recurrence. For Class 1 incidents, the outcomes of the review shall be reported to UNOPS HQ using form HSE10. Lessons learned should be captured using HSE11. UNOPS and Contractor’s personnel have an obligation to report all incidents and near misses to the UNOPS Project Manager/ESM coordinator, and will receive proper induction in this sense. Main incidents and near misses should be recorded in Table 5: Table 5 – Incidents/near misses Incident/near miss description Date Corrective action taken Audit and monitoring Project files and records UNOPS environmental and social management electronic files will form the archived component of the records for this project, in line with UNOPS Record Retention Policy and to facilitate internal and external audit and review. As a minimum they will consist of: A copy of [Local Office] legal register The Project Social and Environmental management plan with its Annexes 146 Waste management plan and records S&E meetings minutes Weekly site inspection reports Quarterly HSE site reports Incidents investigation reports and near misses Emergency drill records Record of training and toolbox talks A copy of any S&E related correspondence in the project including any nonconformities notification for the Contractor(s) Internal and External Audits records Copy of the latest UNOPS HQ Management Review records The UNOPS S&E system shall be formally documented to allow for control and accountability. Audit and monitoring Environmental and social performance at site will be regularly monitored through: Standard Monitoring plan, including Activity E&S Risks and Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Frequ Indicators Moni Weekly site inspections Ad hoc site inspections Internal peer reviews if requested by UNOPS HQ External audit visit if requested by UNOPS HQ [Other, for instance audit requirements from Donor or local authorities] Revisions of the Plan Table 6 - Revisions Revision Name and title Description of main changes date 147 Table of references to Templates and Guidance documents Table 7 - References TOPICS TEMPLATES GUIDANCE HSE02 Register of interested parties Legal review HSE03 Legal register HSE04 Check for legal compliance Social and environmental EM03 Environmental and social screening screening report Social and environmental EM05 Environmental review report assessment TOR for EIA Analysis of environmental EM04 Register of environmental and and social risks and GEM01 Generic REI social risks and opportunities opportunities EM06 Waste management plan – site GEM02 Waste management Waste management EM07 Waste management plan – office GEM07 Hazardous waste Gender mainstreaming Gender Action Plan template Gender checklists GEM03 Protection of water Other environmental GEM04 Wastewater management topics management GEM05 Borrow pit management Other social GEM06 Historical management topics HSE07 Site induction register Site induction and HSE08 Visitor induction register See catalogue of Toolbox talks training HSE18 Training matrix Site weekly inspections HSE05 HSE inspection report – site Management of See guidance for Contractors contractors and sub- working with UNOPS contractors 148 Site emergency and evacuation plan Emergency and HS03 Emergency contact numbers evacuation procedures HS04 Emergency drill record HSE08 Incident report form Accident/incident HSE10 Incident review form reporting HSE11 Incident highlight form Communication and HSE12 Quarterly HSE report – site reporting Audit and monitoring HSE16 Internal review (audit) = UNOPS responsibility (usual set-up in assurance position) = Contractor responsibility (usual set-up in assurance position) 149 Annex 12. Quarterly and Annual Reporting Template Summary of Key E&S Aspects during the Reporting Period Project Status, E&S Incidents, E&S Changes, E&S Initiatives Project Status - Provide a brief description of any new developments in relation to concessionaire’s operations and facilities over the reporting period. - If there are assets added onto Concessionaires portfolio since the last reporting period, please list them here. E&S Incidents - Please provide a summary of all the notifiable E&S incidents, per CTA definitions. Please expand or collapse the table where needed. Date Incident description Class Reports sent to Corrective actions / lenders Remedial plan E&S Changes - Please provide a summary of all the notifiable E&S changes. - Please expand or collapse the table where needed. Date Change description Reports sent to lenders Implementation status Improvements/initiatives regarding E&S performance - Briefly describe improvements/initiatives implemented during the reporting period on management of E&S aspects (e.g. energy/water savings, sustainability reports, waste minimization, etc.) 150 ESS1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts E&S Impact / Risk Assessment - Have any supplemental environmental, social, health and safety impact/risk studies been conducted during the reporting period? (Please provide copies) E&S Regulatory Reporting, Permits and Supervision - Please list any environmental reports submitted to Zimbabwe authorities. � Copies attached with this AMR � Copies available upon request - Please summarize Zimbabwer authority monitoring and inspections. Management of Technical Leads - Please illustrate with a chart or table on the Technical Leads’ (TL) organizational structure to manage environment, health and safety, labor and social aspects during the reporting period. Please name the individuals in the TLs who hold responsibility for environmental, social, health and safety, human resources, security performance and give their contact information Compliance with Environmental and Social Management Plans - The status of the ESMP implementation should be described and any issues that remain outstanding should be detailed. Include IVA reports. ESS2. Labor and Working Conditions - This section will be verified against the LMP prior to effectiveness Human Resources Management - Have the Technical Leads and contractors changed/updated their Human Resource (HR) policy and procedures, HR manual, and Health & Safety (H&S) procedures, during the reporting period? � Yes � No If yes, please provide details. - Provide the following information regarding the workforce: 151 # community # direct # Female direct Turnover # Contracted workers workers workers workers74 Previous year Reporting year - List the worker-related court cases and describe their status. Occupational Health and Safety - Describe the main changes implemented in terms of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) during the reporting period, e.g. revision of the OHS management procedures, action plans for technical improvements, leading/lagging indicators used/introduced, identification of hazards, new controls, etc. - Please attach Health & Safety audit reports available for the reporting period. � Copies attached with this AMR � Copies available upon request �Not Available Accident Statistics Monitoring Report This reporting period Last reporting period (not cumulative)75 TOTAL Community Direct Contracted Community Direct workers Contracted numbers for workers workers workers workers workers each parameter Total number of workers Total man- hours worked - annual Total number of lost time occupational injuries76 Total number of lost workdays77 due to 74 See ESS2 definitions. 75 To be provided after the project has been operational for at least two consecutive years. 76 A lost-time injury (LTIs) is the incapacity to work for at least one full workday beyond the day on which the accident or illness occurred. 77 Lost workdays are the number of workdays (consecutive or not) beyond the date of injury or onset of illness that the employee was away from work or limited to restricted work activity because of an occupational injury or illness. 152 injuries Lost time injury frequency78 Fatalities Vehicle collisions79 - Provide details for the non-fatal lost time injuries during this reporting period. Company or concessionaire/ Total Description of Cause of Corrective measures to contractor/ Subcontractor workdays injury accident prevent reoccurrence employees? lost - Provide details for fatal accidents during this reporting period, if any, (and provide copies of accident investigation and respective corrective plan). Date of Accident Type of Accident Description of # of Preventive measures taken Accident Fatalities after the incident OHS Training - Describe Health and Safety training programs carried out in the reporting period. Date Type of audience Description of training (and duration) Number of attendees Workplace Monitoring - Please provide copy of any Workplace Monitoring reports developed for the reporting period. ESS3. Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention Environmental Monitoring 78 The number of lost time injuries (LTIs) recorded for Project workers per million man-hours worked by them. LTI Frequency Rate = injuries per million hours worked = # of lost time accidents x 1,000,000 hours / total man-hours worked). 79 Vehicle Collision: When a vehicle (device used to transport people or things) collides (comes together with violent force) with another vehicle or inanimate or animate object(s) and results in injury (other than the need for First Aid) or death. 153 - Provide copy of environmental monitoring data reports for this reporting period, collected consistent with the ESMP’s for the sub-projects. - Briefly describe environmental mitigation measures implemented during the reporting period to comply with E&S requirements. Resources Efficiency: Energy and Water - Provide data on energy and water consumption during the reporting period. If the data requested are available in another format, they can be submitted instead. - Describe the Concessionaires’ resources efficiency measures/efforts being implemented to minimize fuel, energy, and water consumption. Hazardous and non-Hazardous Waste80 - Erosion Control, Slope Stability and Reinstatement - Please describe status and actions implemented in terms of erosion control, slope stability, and reinstatement within the project’s footprint and area of influence. ESS4 Community Health, Safety and Security Community Health and Safety - Please list and describe any initiatives implemented in relation to community health and safety during the reporting period. - Please provide the list and description of the actions, the expected or actual dates of implementation, progress/status, results obtained. You can use a tabular format (as below) or provide the information as an attachment of the AMR. Issues Mitigation Measures Expected or Actual Date of Results/Current Status Implementation - During the reporting period, have any emergency drills been conducted with participation of the local authorities, public emergency organizations, local communities? Are the communities aware of the emergency response plans? Accident Reporting 80 Waste types include but are not limited to: chemical containers, chemical sludge, containers/pallets, dewatered sludge, domestic waste, ferrous and non-ferrous scrap, hospital waste, laboratory waste, liquids, off-specification raw materials, paint waste, sludge, solids, truck and auto tires, waste fuel hydrocarbons, waste hydraulic fluids, waste lubricating hydrocarbons, waste solvents, waste treatment sludge, contaminated soil, creosote sleepers, etc. 154 - Provide details for the non-fatal casualties, involving third parties, during this reporting period. Date of Accident Type of Accident Description of # of Preventive measures taken Accident People after the incident Injured - Provide details for fatal accidents during this reporting period (and provide copies of accident investigation and respective corrective plan). Date of Accident Type of Accident Description of # of Preventive measures taken Accident Fatalities after the incident GBV/SEA Action Plan - Please provide an update on the status and progress of the actions as defined in the GBV Action Plan. You may attach relevant monitoring reports. ESS5 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement - Report any activities that have been screened out as a result of potential displacement impacts - Report any activities that are using voluntary land donations and assess compliance with the protocol ESS6 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources Biodiversity Management - Please report on the mitigation measures included in the ESMF and ESMPs - As needed, using the table below describe any new activities or expansions that have increased the project footprint into new areas of habitat during the reporting period. New activity/expansion Total area covered Habitat type 155 ESS8 Cultural Heritage - Report if chance find procedures have been applied if not, please indicate Not Relevant. ESS 10 Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure Stakeholder Engagement, Public Consultation and Disclosure - List any stakeholder engagement events, including public hearing, consultation and disclosure, liaison with non-governmental organizations, civil society, local communities on E&S. Date Participant(s) Formats of Issues UNOPS response/ Actions Taken Interaction Discussed Agreement reached (attach (if any)/ minutes if any) Remarks Grievance Mechanism and Court Cases - Report the number and type of requests and/or grievances received from project affected people / local communities / local organizations - How many have been resolved and how many are pending? (Please attach a log of the grievance redress registry. - Report the number and type of court cases on E&S grounds, if any (Please attach a log of all court cases and their status) 156 ANNEX 13: UNOPS’ Form HSE09 - Incident Report Form. 157 158 ANNEX 14: Pest Management Framework Given that certain community livelihoods activities undertaken by the ZIRP, replanting of vegetation and setting up of tree nurseries, this ESMF includes a brief discussion on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as decision-making process for the selection, implementation, and evaluation of pest management practices. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) refers to a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. It involves (a) managing pests (keeping them below economically damaging levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them; (b) relying, to the extent possible, on non-chemical measures to keep pest populations low; and (c) selecting and applying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimises adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment. IPM techniques can be separated into two major groups: i) Relatively straightforward replacements for chemicals, and ii) Supporting measures. Chemical replacement includes: ➢ Biological control: the introduction of insects, mites, micro-organisms that prey on or parasitize harmful species. ➢ Bio-pesticides: these have a pathogenic micro-organism as the active ingredient, for example a bacterium, fungus or a virus. ➢ Botanicals: botanical pesticides contain plant extracts that have biocidal properties (i.e. Neem). ➢ Semi-chemicals: chemicals (especially pheromones) are used to stimulate particular behaviours or interactions between individual insects so as to control pests. Choosing appropriate measures is not straightforward and requires significant understanding of the interactions between environment, crop, pest, and predator. The scientific basis for farmer decision-making in biological control depends on detailed knowledge of the life histories of pests and their natural enemies, crop ecology, and interactions within the agro-ecosystem. Supporting measures include traditional methods of pest control as used in subsistence farming systems: cultural control (e.g., intercropping), habitat manipulation (e.g., creating diversity), mechanical and physical control, natural biological systems and host plant resistance. Farmer participation and learning are therefore essential in ensuring proper pest management practices. The basic requirements for implementing IPM in the ZIRP sites include understanding the biology and economics of the pest and the system in which the pest exists, monitoring the pests and natural controls, and establishing their economic or aesthetic injury thresholds. IPM can be achieved by selecting an appropriate strategy of cultural, mechanical, biological, and/or chemical prevention or control techniques, as briefly described below: Cultural Practices: These include habitat modification and adapting operating procedures so that pest damage is reduced and natural control is enhanced. It involves sanitation or cleaning of sources of pest infestation, choosing plant varieties that are resistant to pest injury, adjusting planting time, fertilization, tillage, and harvesting operations to have the most beneficial effect for the pest management situation. Biological Controls: These are predators, parasites, and diseases that attack pests. Measures should be taken to conserve naturally occurring populations of these biological controls. In some situations where naturally occurring biological controls are not effective, they can be introduced from outside sources. Chemical Control: This involves selecting a pesticide with the lowest toxicity to humans and non-target organisms (including biological controls) and using it in such a way to prevent or minimize undesirable environmental effects. The lowest effective amount of pesticide is applied, using appropriate and carefully calibrated equipment. In many cases, use of pesticides cannot be entirely eliminated. However, use of pesticides must be controlled so as to reduce or 159 eliminate social and environmental impacts. A comprehensive IPM should support a pesticide management plan that is designed to ensure that pesticides are procured, handled, stored, applied and disposed in such a manner that protects life and the environment. The plan shall consider the entire life cycle of the pesticides. Hence the SNSDP activities and operations must observe the following: a) All pesticides must be purchased from registered pesticides dealers. b) Pesticides must be purchased strictly according to the requirements to avoid over-stocking. A follow up system for the procurement, transportation, receipt and custody of pesticides must be established. c) Movement or transportation of pesticides from suppliers must conform to FAO guidelines: Pesticides must not be mixed up with other items, particularly food items. They should be in well confined containers. d) Pesticides shall be stored in a dedicated and centralized warehouse or storage facility, separately from agricultural produce and other items. All pesticides must always be under lock and key and under the custody of a very responsible person. Storage of pesticides in farmers' houses must be prohibited. Warehouses must be protected from sources of fire. Access to the warehouses must be restricted to responsible and authorized persons. IPM strategies will comprise of soil pests, weeds, field and post- harvest pests, and pest diseases management. Use of certified seeds or seed dressing will protect crop from soil borne pests. Weed control could either be manual or use of appropriate herbicides, for example, pre- and post-germination herbicides. However, extreme care is needed in the use of herbicides, as wrong or uninformed use is likely to cause total loss of crops or pollution of water and soil. As a rule, beneficiaries should observe strict surveillance of their crop and observe high levels of crop hygiene as a first step to manage the pests and diseases in the field, as appropriate. These include removal and destruction of affected plants and then preventive control of the identified problem. Post- harvest pests are managed even before harvesting by cleaning the stores and destroying the residues from previous harvest. Use of recommended pesticides on the harvested crop before storage contributes immensely to the preservation of the harvested crop against attacks by pests. 160 ANNEX 15: Key Issues to be considered in TOR for site-specific ESIAs (Solid Water and Sanitation, Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage, Solid Waste) Site-specific activities under the ZIRP likely only require partial Environmental Assessments. The following is a menu of options that should be considered when designing concrete TOR for site-specific assessments.\ TOR - Key Issues and Outputs - Solid Waste Management Required Expertise • General EA experience; • Environmental specialists; And expertise in the following areas: • solid waste management environmental issues including collection, transport, recycling, disposal and composting; • landfill leachate and groundwater pollution control and management; • facility siting and traffic issues; • air pollution control; • noise specialists; and • social specialists’ social assessment and public participation. Key Issues Key EA issues for solid waste management projects typically include the following: • solid waste management facilities require land for access roads, waste handling, disposal and associated facilities and operating efficiency is enhanced when the disposal site is proximal to the source of waste • proximity to city centre is often a key siting factor to minimize haul time, transfer stations, and potential traffic impacts • hydrogeological conditions are often a key siting factor to minimize potential for groundwater contamination from leachate infiltration • suitable land is often a limited resource, but activities requiring resettlement will be screened out by the ZIRP • potential effects on local property values. • potential impacts of landfill traffic on local communities. • potential impacts on existing waste recycling/rag-picking community • uncontrolled mingling of clinical or hazardous waste with municipal waste stream • worker risks of exposure to clinical or hazardous waste • public risks of exposure to clinical or hazardous wastes • local community health impacts from airborne pathogens or animal vectors • potential explosion from unmanaged methane gas production. • noise during construction and operation • traffic noises 161 • potential for groundwater (aquifer) contamination from waste leachate • potential for surface water contamination • dust during construction and operation from on-site vehicle movements and placement of waste materials • vehicle exhaust emissions • smoke from fires • methane gas emission (methane is a major greenhouse gas); waste to energy options • public consultations held • gender and communication issues must be carefully considered and incorporated in the design of public consultation exercises and in the dissemination of project information. EA Study and Report Consultants are required to carry out an EA study and prepare an EA report according to the World Bank standards. The report should include the following sections: • Executive summary; • Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework; • Project Objectives and Description; • Baseline Data; • Environmental Impacts (includes mitigation measures); • Analysis of Alternatives; • Environmental Management Plan; and • Appendices. Key Output for EA of Solid Waste Management Activity Policy, Legal, Tables should be used to list applicable standards and note which authorities are responsible for their and application. Where there are no relevant local standards, World Bank Group Environment, Health and Administrative Safety Guidelines may be used. Where relevant local legislation and standards exist, these should be Framework described. The section should include: • national laws and local ordinances which delineate the solid waste management responsibility and authority delegated to local government; national laws and guidelines which define the design and operating standards which local governments are to meet in the conduct of their responsibilities; a description of any environmental standards which are to be met, any requirements for submission of environmental monitoring data or environmental impact assessment statements by local government to the national government; local ordinances which govern citizen responsibility to participate in and co-operate with the solid waste system. Discuss the extent to which the local government uses education, inspection and enforcement to assure compliance with the available regulations. Describe the technical assistance, environmental monitoring, and regulatory enforcement activities provided by national and provincial government as a support to local government operations and actions Project This section should describe the need for and target consumers of solid waste management in the context Objectives and of the local and national waste management strategy. The effect on economic and social development Description: goals of the locality, country and region should be described. If the project is an element of an overall waste management development program in the area, then a description of the other program elements must be presented. A physical and engineering description of the project should be provided including at least the following: (a) For project improvements to solid waste collection, include: • physical layout of the neighbourhoods to receive improved collection; 162 • social, cultural and economic conditions of the neighbourhoods to receive improved collection; • description of the project elements, including proposed collection method; pilot tests to confirm the proposed collection method as appropriate; pre-implementation activities of public education and involvement; cost recovery systems; equipment specifications and procurement plans; implementation plans; operation and maintenance procedures; and responsible parties for each aspect of the system. (b) For project improvements to solid waste transfer and disposal, include: • physical layout of the overall urban area to be served by transfer and/or disposal facilities, including mapping of all major roads; • strategic siting of the facilities, including economic justification for the overall strategic plan of collection service areas, direct haul routes, transfer stations, transfer routes and disposal locations; • physical, ecological and demographic setting of facilities, including surrounding land use characteristics, proximity to residential neighbourhoods, location of public water supply sources and private wells, direction of ground water flow, uses of surface water, prevailing wind direction; • description of the site-specific activities, including layout of proposed facilities (e.g., fencing, buildings, weighbridges, roads, ramps, drainage, gas and leachate control systems, monitoring wells); construction schedule, operating plans, closure plans, long-term monitoring plans, and responsible parties Baseline Data The key categories of data needed for a waste collection and disposal systems include the following: (a) For project improvements to collection systems: Physical Environment • Neighbourhood layout, showing locations for communal containers, stops for truck during block collection, or streets served by curb-side collection • Conditions of road or walkway access for collection equipment; • Climate and meteorology, as it affects refuse containment and frequency of collection. Socio-cultural Environment • Population density and demographic level by neighbourhood • Community structure of local leader and traditional public involvement process • Employment and other activities indicating patterns of movement to and from neighbourhood • Education level with regard to sanitation and public health • Customs and attitudes relative to co-operation with collection system (a) For project improvements to transfer and disposal facilities: Physical Environment • Location of proposed facilities with regard to nature of surrounding land uses and proximity to homes and other establishments • Existing road and traffic conditions in the area of proposed facilities, versus proposed road and traffic conditions • Existing topography and proposed changes, including area which will be affected by any visible aesthetic impacts • Soils and geology • Surface and ground water hydrology, and hydraulic connections between the proposed sites and receiving waters down gradient of the sites • Existing and proposed uses of receiving water, including location of private and public water supply wells and intakes • Climate and meteorology, including prevailing wind direction Biological Environment • Flora and fauna 163 • Sensitive habitats • Rare, endangered, or commercially important species Socio-cultural Environment • past uses of sites and consideration of historic significance • land use and demographic character of surrounding neighbourhoods • planned development activities • education, awareness, and sensitivity of public to propose siting of facilities; and public concerns over traffic insects, noise, dust, odour, smoke or aesthetic issues. Where more detailed information is required (if significant effects on an important natural or cultural resource are anticipated, for example) there may be studies on local areas done by international agencies. There may also be unpublished information in government departments, universities, PhD theses, or voluntary groups. These should be investigated and used where relevant, provided that the sources, and any assumptions or uncertainties in the data are documented Environmental A prediction of the changes in the environment resulting from project construction and operation are to Impacts: be considered, and an assessment of the effect on the surrounding physical, biological, and human systems, should be presented. For solid waste activities, there are numerous potential impacts to be reviewed as a part of design. For the most part, well-conceived designs will minimize adverse impacts. Also, altering operating practices can minimize many potential impacts. There are some potential impacts whose consequences would be environmentally significant over the long term. Specifically, prior to design of a land disposal site, groundwater monitoring wells should be installed both on-site and off-site to assess the character of soils, geology and groundwater quality and flow dynamics. Data from these brings coupled with precipitation and infiltration data should be used to develop a conceptual model of the landfill and estimate the quantity of leachate which could be generated and released from the land disposal site and its potential effect on the nearest receiving water. Analysis of This section should provide a brief description of possible alternatives to the project/project design Alternatives (including the ‘no action’ alternative). For various aspects of a solid waste management activity, there are appropriate alternative technologies or operating methods, as listed below. The reasons why the various alternatives considered were rejected should be documented Disposal Systems • source reduction of wastes • managed landfill • sanitary landfill (i.e., designed refuse cell construction) • sanitary landfill with gas and leachate control • separate disposal zone in sanitary landfill or separate disposal site for construction/demolition debris, bulky wastes and tires • composting • incineration Collection Systems • source reduction of wastes • self-reliant systems of on-site waste management • equipment includes: pushcart, animal cart, tractor, and truck • communal stationary container systems • communal portable container systems • curb-side collection systems from liftable containers • block collection systems with resident co-operation • separate collection for potentially hazardous materials • separate disposal for potentially hazardous materials 164 • hold and bleed pumped sewage into wastewater treatment facilities where available, or provide separate disposal • separate incineration for medical wastes • Recycling Systems • increase product durability • source segregation of recyclables • manual or mechanized sorting of recyclables at transfer stations and disposal facilities • financial incentives to private sector recycling initiatives • refurbishment and re-manufacturing of durable products • modify procurement specifications to increase opportunities for products made from recycled materials Environmental The EMP should include details of the management initiatives to be implemented during both the Management construction (for landfill sites) and operational phase of the project. The EMP will need to account for Plan monitoring of environmental parameters and the influence of mitigation measures on environmental impacts. It should include the following basic components. Institutional Component • Institutional responsibilities for management of the solid waste sector • Responsibilities for monitoring, reporting and enforcement • Identification of any needs for capacity building, training or equipment Environmental Mitigation Plan Table 1.6.1 presents the key aspects of a mitigation plan for a new solid waste management facility. Environmental Monitoring Plan Monitoring should address both emission and ambient levels of pollutants where these may be detrimental to human health. Table 1.6.2 below presents a typical monitoring program for a solid waste management facility. For solid waste projects which include a land disposal facility, monitoring will include: • gas and ground water monitoring wells • regular schedule of monitoring for key indicators of contamination (for specific parameters see the World Bank Group’s General Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines, which would apply to projects of this type.. • If the land disposal site has a gas collection and ventilation system, periodic monitoring will need to address: ▪ The composition of gas being discharged from the vents Ambient oxygen and combustible gas levels on- and off-site (using a portable meter). 165 Example Mitigation Plan for new solid waste management facility Issue Mitigating Measure Responsibility Time or Cost Requirements . Land Use and Siting Permanent loss of Purchase of replacement land or tbd To be determined productive land compensation Reduction in local property Compensation tbd To be determined values Landfill traffic through Restrict traffic to work day initially Collection Contractor To be determined existing communities Investigate construction of new access To be determined road avoiding community Socio-economic Loss of livelihood for rag- Incorporate series of dumping bays in Landfill Design To be determined picking community design where rag-pickers can access Contractors waste prior to disposal Public Health Control of clinical and Segregate incoming waste stream tbd To be determined. Management and supervision hazardous waste disposal through education program, collection estimate 2 men full time system and strict enforcement Noise Construction noise effects Restrict construction to day light period Landfill Construction NA on nearest community Contractors Implement agreed mitigation measures To be determined Operations noise effects including: creation of perimeter berm Landfill Operating on nearest community and planting of tree buffer around Company and landfill boundary, restrict landfill Collection operation and collection traffic to work Contractors day. Ground and Surface Water Quality Implement agreed baseline monitoring tbd $80,000 estimate for 2-year monitoring program No existing baseline for program prior to and during including analyses ambient (pre-landfill) construction; samples to be analysed in tbd conditions local laboratory with semi-annual Annual reporting by samples exported for corroboration Landfill Operating Company; review by Environment Ministry to be determined Potential contamination Implement monthly monitoring of ground and surface program of perimeter wells and surface water during future effluents operations Component of annual operations Discharge of treated Must meet effluent discharge standards leachate (local standards and World Bank guidelines) Air Quality 166 Dust during construction Implement agreed dust control Landfill Construction To be determined measures such as wetting dirt roads, Contractors truck washing for trucks exiting site, and monitoring dust emissions Dust during operations Implement agreed mitigation measures Landfill Operating To be determined including paving haul roads and Company offloading facilities and rapidly covering refuse with soil. Exhaust from landfill Upgrade collection fleet Collection Contractor $750,000 collection traffic Odors during operation Implement sanitary landfill Landfill Operating NA management practices including daily Company soil covering General Monitoring program for new solid waste management facility Item Monitoring Sampling Frequency: Monitoring Locations: Parameters: Baseline A baseline monitoring program may be required if existing data is insufficient for decision making; such a program may be more rigorous than the construction and operation monitoring programs. Construction Phase Air Quality Dust (particulate Passive – 2/4 weeks 4 locations minimum: at nearest residences and matter) site boundary Noise Decibels (dB) Weekly 6 locations minimum: at nearest residences Water Quality oil and grease Daily At all discharges including run-off Total Suspended Solids Daily At all discharges including run-off and waste water BOD discharges Total and fecal coliform Weekly At waste water discharges Weekly At waste water discharges Operations Phase Noise Decibels (dB) Monthly 6 locations at residences nearest facility Ground Water Quality pH Monthly Monitoring wells Alkalinity “ “ Total Chlorides “ “ BOD “ “ COD “ “ Metals “ “ 167 Treated pH All weekly At point of discharge Leachate Alkalinity Effluent Quality1 BOD COD Temperature Oil and grease Total chlorides Total Suspended Solids Metals Air Quality Dust Weekly 2 stations: 500 meters upwind and 500 meters Fine particulate matter downwind Odour 168 TOR: Key Issues and Outputs - Water Supply and Sanitation Required Expertise • General EA experience; • Environmental specialists; Further expertise may be required in: • hydrology; • environmental engineering; • water quality modelling; • ecology (terrestrial, aquatic, and possibly marine depending on receiving environment); • water quality; • soil science (for land application of sludge); • wastewater utility management; and • social assessment and public participation. Other specialties that may be needed, depending on the nature of the project, are public health, agronomy, land use planning, oceanography and resource economics. Key Issues ZIRP activities will be on the smaller scale, which will result in a smaller scope of the below issues. Key issues for an EA in this sector are: • Water treatment and wastewater treatment plants facilities require tracts of land for treatment facilities, storage, offices and laboratories, and access roads. • Smaller dispersed plots may be required for peripheral pumping stations. • Elevation relative to the municipality is often a key siting factor to optimize gravity flow and reduce or minimize reliance on pumps. • Potential impacts of wastewater treatment plant on local communities including odour and reduction in property values. • The population of the region is growing rapidly, and the primary sources of water in this arid and semi-arid region are non-renewable fossil aquifers. • Allocation: exploitation of an aquifer for municipal supply may necessitate use restrictions on other users. • It is essential to control and prevent further contamination of freshwater water resources (ground and surface water) through discharge of untreated or inadequately treated domestic, municipal and industrial wastewater. • Equally important is the conservation of scarce water resources through demand side management and efficient allocation and use of water. • Pollution of coastal waters by domestic, municipal and industrial wastewater is also a serious problem. • Water re-use for agriculture (the reader is recommended to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) publication Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 778, 1989). • Demand side management of water supplies will typically involve pricing increases, and willingness/ability to pay for the poorer segments of society will likely be an issue. • The poorer segments of the populace prefer to continue using contaminated water to avoid the costs of associated with treated water. • Similarly, cost recovery for wastewater treatment services may adversely impact the poorer segments of the society 169 • Contamination of potable water by domestic and industrial effluent is common place in many countries of the region. • Municipal wastewater contamination causes high incidences of illness and death from water borne diseases including dysentery and cholera. • Agricultural sources contribute fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. • Sludge management and disposal. • Public consultation held • Gender and communication issues must be carefully considered and incorporated in the design of public consultation exercises and in the dissemination of project information. The EA Study and Report Consultants are required to carry out an EA study and prepare an EA report according to the World Bank standards. The report should include the following sections: • Executive summary • Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework • Project Objectives and Description • Baseline Data • Environmental Impacts • Analysis of Alternatives • Environmental Management Plan Key Output for EA of Water Supply and Sanitation Project Policy, Legal, and Tables should be used to list applicable standards and note which authorities are responsible for Administrative their application. Where there are no relevant local standards, suitable international norms may be Framework: used. The World Bank’s General Environmental Guidelines, which would apply to projects of this type Specifically, the TOR should describe the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality, pollutant discharges to surface waters and land, industrial discharges to public sewers, water reclamation and reuse, agricultural and landscape use of sludge, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species, siting, land use control, etc., at international, national, regional and local levels (The TOR should specify those that are known and require the consultant to investigate for others). Project Objectives This section should describe the need for and target consumer of the water network in the context and Description: of the local and national water supply and sanitation strategy. The effect on economic and social development goals of the locality, country and region should be described. If the project is an element of an overall sanitation program in the area, then a description of the other program elements must be presented. A physical and engineering description of the project should be provided including at least the following: • Location • water supply source • general layout (e.g. distribution and/or collection systems, pumping stations, treatment works, intakes and outfalls) • unit process description and diagram • size in terms of population and population equivalents, present and projected • number and types of connected industries • anticipated influent and effluent characteristics • pre-construction and construction activities • schedule, staffing and support facilities and services 170 • operation and maintenance activities • required off-site investments life span Baseline Data The key categories of data needed for a water supply and sanitation EA include the following: Physical Environment • geology (general description for overall study area and details for land application sites) • topography • soils (general description for overall study area and details for land application sites); • monthly average temperatures, (rainfall) and runoff characteristics description of receiving waters (identity of streams, lakes, or marine waters; annual average discharge or current data by month, chemical quality; existing discharges or withdrawals). Biological Environment • Terrestrial communities in areas affected by construction facility siting land application or disposal; • Aquatic, estuarine or marine communities in affected waters; • Rare or endangered species; • Sensitive habitats, including parks or preserves, significant natural sites; • Species of commercial importance in land application sites and receiving waters. Socio-cultural Environment • Present water and sanitation system • Relevant public health data • Present and projected population; • Present land use; • Planned development activities; • Community structure; • Present and projected employment by industrial category; • Distribution of income, goods and services; • Recreation; • Public health; • Cultural properties, customs, aspirations and attitudes. • Baseline data is often only partially available, though many countries will have a large part of these data and inexpensive field investigations can provide much of the remainder. There may also be unpublished information in government departments, universities, PhD theses, or voluntary groups. These should be investigated and used where relevant, provided that the sources, and any assumptions or uncertainties in the data are documented Environmental A prediction of the changes in the environment resulting from project construction and operation Impacts: are to be considered, and an assessment of the effect on the surrounding physical, biological, and human systems, should be presented. The assessment should pay particular attention to: • the extent to which receiving water quality standards and/or other beneficial use objectives will be achieved with the proposed type and level of treatment. • The length of stream or expanse of lake or marine waters which will be positively or negatively affected by the discharge, and the magnitude of the changes in water quality parameters. • Projected quantitative changes in beneficial uses, such as fisheries (species composition, productivity), recreation and tourism (visitor-days, overnights, expenditures), and waters available for portable supply, irrigation, and industrial use. • Sanitation and public benefits anticipated. Wastewater re-use for agriculture 171 Analysis of This section should provide a brief description of possible alternatives to the project/project design Alternatives: (including the ‘no action’ alternative). The reasons why the various alternatives considered were rejected should be documented. The analysis should investigate the variety of siting and technological alternatives existing for wastewater collection, treatment and disposal, and sludge management. Several will be applicable in every situation. For example: Collection Systems • on-lot treatment • individual holding tanks with truck collection • small-diameter gravity, pressure or vacuum sewers • shallow sewers • flat sewers • simplified sewerage systems • conventional gravity sewers and force mains • regional collection systems Disposal • reuse in agriculture, silviculture, aquaculture, landscaping • reuse for groundwater recharge • rapid infiltration • underground injection • reuse in industrial applications • ocean outfall • surface water discharge • night soil treatment plants Treatment Works • community on-lot systems • oxidation ponds • stabilization pond systems • aerated lagoons • conventional biological treatment • physical-chemical treatment • preliminary or primary treatment (possibly with ocean disposal) • secondary or tertiary treatment Sludge Management • composting • co-composting with municipal refuse • reuse in agriculture or silviculture • reclamation of marginal land for reforestation, cultivation • energy recovery (methane gas) • incineration • landfill • ocean disposal Environmental This section should include details of the management initiatives to be implemented during both Management Plan the construction and operational phases of the project. The EMP will need to account for monitoring of environmental parameters and the influence of mitigation measures on environmental impacts. It should include the following basic components. • Institutional responsibilities for management of the water supply and sanitation sector 172 • Responsibilities for monitoring, reporting and enforcement • Identification of any needs for capacity building, training or equipment Monitoring should ascertain compliance with agreed standards of potable water supply and/or effluent discharge and serve as an analytical support tool for achieving optimal operational performance. The World Bank Group’s General Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines, which would apply to projects of this type. Monitoring parameters and frequencies for an actual situation are dependent on numerous factors including treatment technologies, quality of influent, etc and should be determined on a case by case basis. Monitoring parameters and frequencies for potable water are not provided herein due to similar complexities. The reader is referred to the World Health Organization’s Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (1996) for further information. • In cases where the wastewater is to be re-used for irrigation agriculture, the WHO’s Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture (Technical Report Series No. 778, 1989) are recommended for monitoring parameters and guidelines Example Mitigation Plan for wastewater treatment plant project Issue Mitigating Measure Responsibility Time or Cost Requirements Institutional Cooperation between Capacity building tbd To be determined Environment and Agriculture Ministries for joint monitoring or irrigation water from treatment plant Capacity to monitor Training and procurement of tbd To be determined irrigation water quality required equipment Land Use and Siting Permanent loss of Purchase of replacement land tbd To be determined productive land Reduction in local Monetary compensation tbd To be determined property values Water Resources Potential health and Secondary treatment of tbd To be determined environmental risks wastewater and chlorination of associated with use of final effluent followed by aeration; treated wastewater initial monitoring of irrigation water effluent for irrigation quality in irrigation channels in addition to effluent monitoring at treatment plant outfall Socio-economic Ability to pay of Reconsideration of rate structures tbd To be determined poorer segments of and subsidies population 173 General Monitoring program for a wastewater treatment plant Monitoring Parameter Frequency Monitoring at Effluent Outfall Frequency dependent on characteristics of pH effluent and treatment prior to discharge, as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) well as dilution, dispersion, sensitivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) downstream use of receiving environment (i.e., Oil and grease water or land). Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Heavy metals (total and specific) Ammonia Coliform Cyanide, free Cyanide, total Nitrate Fluoride Chlorine, total residual Phenols Phosphorous Sulphide Temperature, at edge of initial mixing zone Effluent flow, l/second Downstream Monitoring of Receiving Waters (additional parameters for measurement) Dissolved Oxygen (DO2), mg/l 174 TOR: Key Issues and Outputs – Irrigation and Drainage Required Expertise • General EA experience; • Environmental specialists; And expertise in the following areas: • EAs of irrigation and drainage projects or projects with similar issues; • Agricultural and hydrological engineering; • Hydrology and hydrogeology; • Ground and surface water chemistry; • Soil and water conservation management; • Terrestrial and wetland ecology (wildlife, plant and conservation ecology); • Health and water borne and soil disease vectors and parasites; • Social assessment and public participation. Key Issues Irrigation and drainage are often, but not always, combined in a project. In some cases a project may address only drainage to mitigate for the effects of long term irrigation. A brief background is provided below. Drainage projects are typically characterized as positive environmental projects because they can improve water use efficiencies, improve natural processes which enhance soil fertility and promote maximum productivity on existing agricultural lands. However, there can be a number of impacts associated with these projects including concentrations of agricultural chemicals and salts in the drainage and the impacts of the drainage water on the receiving waters, downstream users, and the aquatic ecosystem. Key issues typically associated with irrigation and drainage projects are listed below. • competition for scarce land with sufficient moisture to support vegetation, be it crop land, pasture, or natural habitat, is a reality. Hence, the impacts in terms of socio-economic and ecological effects of conversion of any land from one state to another must be carefully assessed. • irrigation and drainage may lead to significant accumulation of salts in the soil profile which permanently alters the plant community type which can be supported. • effects of drainage include depth to water table, soil surface and profile salinity and sodicity. • Drainage in conjunction with reduced soil salinity generally improves natural soil fertility. Water Resources/Water Quality • Water resources are under great pressure in the region and any proposed increase in water consumption must be carefully evaluated in terms of local and national water use and allocation strategies. • Conservation and re-use options should be thoroughly explored. • The major component of the drainable surplus is irrigation water seepage from earthen canals and fields; hence, better irrigation systems and more efficient use of water can minimize the problem and conserve water resources. • The characteristics of the underlying aquifer (i.e., salinity, depth to water table) in combination with irrigation and crop management practices can have long term impacts on project performance and sustainability. The hydrology of the entire basin, including the groundwater hydrology or hydrogeology, and quality must be assessed, and the potential impacts of the program assessed. 175 • Tubewell pumping is often used as a technique for lowering the water table of waterlogged areas; however, in some situations, tubewell pumping can cause intrusion of saline groundwater into the surface freshwater aquifers which are causing the waterlogging, thereby contaminating an important source of freshwater. • Potential adverse effects of drainage water on the quality of receiving surface waters (drainage water may contain high concentrations of agricultural chemicals and salts). In most cases, the adjacent river is the most efficient receptor for drainage effluent, but the river is also the source of irrigation water downstream. If river quality is degraded by drainage effluent (main issue is salinity), it can no longer be used for downstream irrigation without costly treatment. Various solutions and/or combinations of solutions (i.e., river and sea drainage in combination with evaporation basins) must be investigated to determine the most sustainable approach in terms of present and future water quality requirements. • Management of the salt balance/flux through the drainage and hydrologic systems is necessary for sustainability. This requires detailed knowledge of the water balance and quality of the basin system combined with proactive monitoring and management to avoid loss of land and water resources from salinization. • Discharge of untreated municipal and/or industrial wastewater to the drainage and irrigation system further complicates matters, making management even more difficult. Control and treatment of such sources of wastewater should be pursued in conjunction with an assessment of the assimilative capacity of the receiving waters. This will require the same level of knowledge of the system and ongoing monitoring and management as in the previous item. • The water quality and hydrological impacts of irrigation and drainage projects may adversely impact important fishery resources. • Wetlands and other natural floodplain habitats have been drastically reduced in the river floodplains over history as agricultural lands have expanded and as formerly marginal lands are drained. • Major drainage projects can alter the hydrology of wetlands and other floodplain habitats distant from the project area and have adverse impacts on natural functions and species composition resulting in loss of habitat value. Conversely, irrigation reservoirs, evaporation basins, expansion of irrigation and drainage canals, and creation of waterlogged areas by irrigation create new aquatic and wetland habitats, although poor water quality may limit the value of these artificial habitats. Also, non-mobile species of the affected area are more vulnerable than mobile species. • New drainage works can destroy plant communities and habitats that have developed in former drainage ditch systems, which, although artificial and linear in character, can provide important habitat in some areas. • Drainage water discharge can adversely impact aquatic and wetland habitats in the area of discharge. • Irrigation and drainage projects typically disproportionately benefit landlords over share-croppers and workers. • Increases in productive land area from irrigation and drainage are associated positively with reduced out migration due to direct and indirect increases in employment opportunities. • Waterlogged lands are often productive fallow areas which support natural vegetation and provide vital pasture for nomadic herders; after drainage these areas are converted to cropland, often depriving the herders of a key resource. • Communities dependent on fisheries may be adversely impacted by irrigation and drainage projects which negatively affect this resource. • Positive as well as negative health impacts can arise in conjunction with irrigation and drainage projects, both for people and livestock. Drainage can reduce stagnant areas where mosquitoes and other vectors breed. Conversely, irrigation, waterlogging and drainage canals may result in increased habitat for pests and disease vectors. Lack of sanitation facilities in fields and increased numbers of workers may lead to increases in intestinal borne diseases. • The region is rich in archaeological sites of major local and international importance as well as graveyards and other sites of religious importance. • Water table rise (waterlogging) and salinization can cause severe damage to ancient and modern structures and artefacts, especially metal. 176 • Extensive ditching and related excavations associated with a major drainage project may potentially intersect sites of local or national cultural significance. • Public consultation held • Gender and communication issues must be carefully considered and incorporated in the design of public consultation exercises and in the dissemination of project information. The EA Study and Report Consultants are required to carry out an EA study and prepare an EA report according to the World Bank standards. The report should include the sections: • Executive summary • Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework • Project Objectives and Description • Baseline Data • Environmental Impacts • Analysis of Alternatives • Environmental Management Plan The general requirements for the above are described in the introduction to this chapter (for additional details see the World Bank’s OP/BP/GP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment at the World Bank). Specific aspects under the above components of the EA that should be addressed in an EA of a project combining both irrigation and drainage are described below. Key Output for EA of an Irrigation and Drainage Activity Project Objectives and This section should describe the need for the project in the context of the local and Description: national agricultural strategy. The effect on economic and social development goals of the project area, country, and region when the project influences transboundary rivers, aquifers, coastal zones or other issues. If the project is an element of an overall irrigation and drainage or agricultural sector development program in the area, then a description of the other program elements must be presented. A physical description of project should be provided, including the physical location and area of influence, the schedule of works and implementation program, the source of irrigation water, the disposal strategy for drainage water, and the projected effects including volume and flow rate of irrigation and drainage waters. Baseline Data: The key categories of data needed for an irrigation and drainage project include: • Hydrology and hydrogeology • water quality (chemistry), supply, demand and allocation • soils • existing land use • ecology of the project area, ecologically important or sensitive habitats, including parks or preserves; • social environment • significant natural, cultural or historic sites. There may also be unpublished information in government departments, universities, PhD theses, or voluntary groups. These should be investigated and used where relevant, provided that the sources, and any assumptions or uncertainties in the data are documented 177 Environmental Impacts: A prediction of the changes in the environment resulting from project construction and operation are to be considered, and an assessment of the effect on the surrounding physical, biological, and human systems, should be presented. The engineering design plans should reflect “best practice� in terms of construction management and operations to ensure that potential negative environmental impacts are minimized. • Land and soil resources • Water resources • Water quality • Wetlands and Other Natural Habitats • Socio-economic, Health and Cultural Heritage Issues • Public Consultation Analysis of Alternatives Project alternatives should be clearly presented (including the ‘no action’ alternative). For irrigation projects, alternative sources of water and demand reduction through conservation and re-use and project management and monitoring should be considered. For drainage, alternative methods, overall project concepts and management and monitoring programs should be thoroughly analyzed. Environmental Management This section should include details of the management initiatives to be implemented Plan during both the construction and operational phase of the project (irrigation, drainage or a combination). The EMP will need to account for monitoring of environmental parameters and the influence of mitigation measures on environmental impacts. It should include the following basic components • Institutional responsibilities for management of the irrigation and drainage sector and/or the agricultural sector • Institutional responsibilities for health and socio-economic issues management • Responsibilities for monitoring, reporting and enforcement for water quality, water balance and salt balance and related issue management • Identification of any needs for capacity building, training or equipment Monitoring should address all potential issues listed in Section 1.8.2 and any others which are considered relevant to the project and the location. These may include water resources (water balance): soil and water quality (salinization); disease, parasites and health; and socio-economic effects. For Bank-financed projects the results of the monitoring and analysis including interpretation and recommendations, if any, should be reported to the Bank on a quarterly basis during the construction phase and annually during the operational phase for at least three consecutive years following the completion of construction. It is important to note that these parameters apply in general to such projects and that it may be necessary to include additional parameters for individual projects. The parameters listed do however provide a benchmark for the environmental management plan, which will need to be geared toward the specific project circumstances Example Mitigation Plan for a drainage project Issue Mitigating Measure Responsibility Time or Cost Requirements Land and Soil Resources 178 Issue Mitigating Measure Time or Cost Responsibility Requirements 4 hectares of non- Herders will be allowed access to bunds Irrigation and Minimal except for possible contiguous and intervening non-cropped areas for Drainage periodic inspection to ensure that waterlogged lands grazing; these areas will be allowed to Management Agency herders are granted free access and utilized by nomadic grow up in suitable forage crops occasional conflict resolution herders will be converted to cropland Water Resources/Water Quality Discharge from Tubewell pumping will be discontinuous Irrigation and Dedicated staff of 8 full time for continuous and staggered along the river such that Drainage first three years of project; to be Tubewell pumping the saline discharge will be sufficiently Management Agency re-evaluated at end of study of saline aquifer will diluted. Pumping rates and salinity of period. May require initial support raise salinity levels discharge and the river at strategic of international consultant, cost to in the river to locations will be monitored to verify be determined excessive heights model predictions. The pumping will be according to continuously refined to balance water modelling exercises table reduction with river water quality requirements. Wetlands and Other Habitats Degraded saline Evaporation ponds will exceed wetland Irrigation and No additional cost wetland will be in area and are predicted to develop Drainage lost similar vegetation community within 3 Management Agency years Health Schistosomiasis Parasite monitoring for workers and tbd To be determined and other parasites residents Cultural Heritage Drainage canals will Personnel from the Ministry of Irrigation and To be determined need to cross an Antiquities will monitor the canal Drainage area suspected to excavation work and will have the Management Agency contain significant authority to halt construction if and and Ministry of archaeological when any archaeological resources are Antiquities resources encountered 179 General Monitoring program for a drainage project Item Monitoring Parameters: Sampling Frequency: Monitoring Locations: Baseline A baseline monitoring program may be required if existing data is insufficient for decision making; such a program may be more rigorous than the operations monitoring program. The baseline program should collect water balance data (surface and groundwater flow rates, evapotranspiration rates, infiltration, etc.) and water quality data. Operations Phase Ground PH Monthly Tube wells, tile drain outfalls, and/or monitoring Water Quality Salinity wells Alkalinity Conductivity Ammonia Total nitrates Phosphorous Herbicide and pesticide scans BOD COD Surface Water PH Weekly Above and below project influence and at strategic Quality- Salinity stations above and below drainage outfalls, at Receiving Alkalinity minimum every 500 meters; if the river exceeds 3 Waters1 Conductivity meters depth, samples at all stations should be at Ammonia surface and at 60-80% of depth. Total nitrates Phosphorous Herbicide and pesticide scans BOD COD Coliforms Drainage PH Weekly At point of discharge Quality1 Salinity Alkalinity Conductivity Ammonia Total nitrates Phosphorous Herbicide and pesticide scans BOD COD Coliforms 180 TOR: Key Issues and Output – Agriculture Required Expertise • General EA experience; • Environmental specialists; EAs of agricultural projects, depending on the scope and purpose of the project, may require specific expertise in the following areas: • Irrigation and drainage; • Agricultural engineering; • Soil and water management conservation; • Integrated pest management; • Use and management of pesticides and herbicides; • Rural transport; • Range management; • Point and non-point source water pollution management; • Terrestrial ecology (wildlife, plant and conservation ecology); • Health and water borne and soil disease vectors and parasites; • Social assessment and public participation. Key Issues A listing of the types of agricultural projects which could have adverse impacts is provided below, but this list is for guidance only and is by no means comprehensive or indicative. In many cases, a project may involve more than one of the following: • Crop diversification programs with new farming system components; • Production intensification programs (fertilization); • Pest management programs (pesticides and herbicides); • Livestock programs; • Agro-processing (i.e., development of new or increased capacity); • Land reclamation/expansion programs; • Irrigation and drainage; and • Rural road programs for improved market access. Key issues associated with Irrigation and Drainage and Roads and Highways have been addressed previously, and the reader should refer to those sections for information. Key issues in the other likely aspects of a potential agriculture project may include: Land and Water Resources • Land tenure/property rights – land ownership is often concentrated in the hands of a few, or in other cases ownership is unclear. Cadastre projects are often necessary to clarify land ownership and property rights. • Water resources are under demand in the region, and virtually all agricultural projects in the region are dependent on allocation of water for irrigation. Water allocation and sustainable supply should be carefully considered in light of current and forecasted urban and industrial (including agro-industrial) demand. • Existing and future water quality constraints should also be carefully considered. • Expansion of crop lands or rangelands may replace or otherwise degrade important natural habitats. • Agricultural runoff or effluent may adversely impact aquatic and/or terrestrial ecosystems and habitats. 181 • These industries can produce significant waste streams which must be managed. • Issues may include air emissions, wastewater effluents, and solid wastes. • Pollution prevention/cleaner production and energy and water conservation measures should be considered. • Worker health and safety and possibly labor issues should also be considered. • Pesticides and herbicide use can have serious short and long term impacts on the environment and ultimately human health through degradation of water quality, bio-accumulation, and direct morbidity or mortality of the workers utilizing these products. • Projects may have positive benefits such as employment and reduced out migration. • Water table rise (waterlogging) and salinization can cause severe damage to ancient and modern structures and artefacts, especially metal. • Extensive ditching and related excavations associated with a major drainage project may potentially intersect sites of local or national cultural significance. • Public consultation held • Gender and communication issues must be carefully considered and incorporated in the design of public consultation exercises and in the dissemination of project information. The EA Study and Report Consultants are required to carry out an EA study and prepare an EA report according to the World Bank standards. The report should include the sections: • Executive summary • Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework • Project Objectives and Description • Baseline Data • Environmental Impacts • Analysis of Alternatives • Environmental Management Plan The general requirements for the above are described in the introduction to this chapter (for additional details see the World Bank’s OP/BP/GP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment at the World Bank). Specific aspects under the above components of the EA that should be addressed in an EA of an agricultural project are described below. Key Output for Project Level EA for an Agricultural Project Policy, Legal, and In some countries EA legislation is in the process of development or awaits formal adoption. These Administrative countries may, nevertheless, operate according to a “voluntary� standard procedure, and the Framework: requirements of this should be described, including a brief description of the permitting and licensing procedures. Summaries of the requirements of any co-financing institutions should also be included. If transboundary impacts are likely, relevant international conventions should be described (a listing of International Conventions and country signatories is supplied in Annex V). Tables should be used to list applicable standards and note which authorities are responsible for their application. Where there are no relevant local standards, suitable international norms may be used (see relevant World Bank guidelines and standards Project Objectives The type of project(s) involved will dictate the content of the EA. This section should also describe and Description: the need for the project in the context of the local and national strategy. The effect on economic and social development goals of the project area, country, and region when the project may potentially influence transboundary resources or other issues. Where relevant and applicable, a physical and engineering description of the project should be provided. 182 Baseline Data: This section should include descriptions of the area of influence or study area and the relevant physical, biological and socioeconomic conditions. This should include any topics falling under the Environmental and Social Standards of the World Bank. The data presented should be relevant to decision making regarding project location, design, operation, and mitigation measures for adverse impacts. The source, accuracy and reliability of the data should be clearly stated. Appropriate baseline data is not always readily available. It may be necessary to initiate a monitoring program for collection of baseline data prior to initiating the formal EA study. Many countries will have meteorological data, and, in most cases, relatively inexpensive field investigations can provide much of the remainder. Where more detailed information is required (if significant effects on an important natural or cultural resource are anticipated, for example) there will often be previous studies of local conditions prepared for international agencies. There may also be unpublished information in government departments, universities, PhD theses, or voluntary groups. These should be investigated and used where relevant, provided that the sources, and any assumptions or uncertainties in the data are documented. Environmental A prediction of the changes in the environment resulting from project construction and operation Impacts: are to be considered, and an assessment of the effect on the surrounding physical, biological, and human systems, should be presented. This should include positive as well as negative impacts. Mitigation measures should be identified as well as any negative impacts for which there are no mitigative measures. This section should also identify and estimate the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions, and specific topics that do not require further attention. Analysis of This section should provide a brief description of possible alternatives to the project/project design Alternatives: (including the ‘no action’ alternative). These may include alternative location, site layout, technologies, design options, and management systems. The reasons why the various alternatives considered were rejected should be documented Environmental This section should include details of the management initiatives to be implemented during both Management Plan: the construction and operational phase of the project. The EMP should have three main components: • Institutional capacity issues; • Environmental mitigation implementation program; and • Monitoring program. Responsibilities, implementing agencies or consultants, costs and sources of funds should be specified. Costs for EMP implementation typically range between ½ to 5% of project costs, though in some special cases costs may be higher. Higher costs are typically associated with projects involving large scale resettlement. The standards, guidelines or targets for performance measurement for the monitoring program should be specified as well. This may include social economic measurements in cases where re- settlement is required. Performance standards are typically based on national legislation and the guidelines contained in the World Bank’s Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook (see Annex III for the General Environmental Guidelines). Table 1.9.1 provides some general guidance on how a mitigation plan for an agricultural project may be structured. The exact nature of such a plan would be a function of the specific project’s likely adverse impacts. The structure of an Environmental Monitoring Plan for an agricultural project would also be tailored to the specific project and its likely impacts. Therefore, a typical plan is not included here. The reader should consult previous sections of this chapter for types of monitoring plans for more specific sectors 183 Example Mitigation Plan for potential issues associated with specific aspects of an agricultural activity Project Type/Issue Mitigating Measure Responsibility Time or Cost Requirements Irrigation and Drainage See Irrigation and Drainage Rural Roads See Transport Crop Diversification Programs Farm worker training program tbd 2 months of staff time per year for • Farm workers may be extension agents to work with farm unfamiliar with workers techniques associated with new crops leading to loss of employment Production Intensification Programs • Introduction of new Same as above tbd 2 months of staff time per year for crop strains or varieties extension agents to work with farm • Increased usage of Training/supervision of farm workers chemical fertilizers workers in the judicious use and efficient application of fertilizers Pest Management Programs • Storage, handling and Training/supervision of farm tbd 2-3 months of staff time per year for application of workers in the judicious use and extension agents to work with farm agricultural chemicals efficient application of workers (pesticides and chemicals to protect worker herbicides) health and safety and the 2-3 months of staff time per year for environment Agricultural Ministry extension agents to work with farm with support of workers; costs of international • Application of Training of IPM scouts for early international consultant to be determined Integrated Pest recognition of pest outbreaks consultants Management to and the most environmentally optimize benefits and sound methods to combat minimize excessive outbreaks usage of chemicals Livestock Programs • Overgrazing Development of range Agricultural Ministry 4-6 months of staff time per year for management specialists in with support of extension agents to work with Agricultural Ministry; international herders; costs of international training/supervision of herders consultants consultant to be determined in range management. Agro-processing • Waste and effluent Proper waste management and tbd Will vary with type of waste, production wastewater treatment conditions of existing facilities; must be determined on the basis of the specific project characteristics 184 Project Type/Issue Mitigating Measure Responsibility Time or Cost Requirements Land reclamation/expansion Programs See preceding sections tbd Will vary with project location, May potentially include existing site use/cover, and site most impacts associated resources with land take/land use conversion identified in previous sections, including cultural heritage