LIVELIHOODS & LANDSCAPES Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique LIVELIHOODS & LANDSCAPES Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique ©2021 International Bank for Reconstruction information shown on any map in this work do not and Development / The World Bank imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank 1818 H Street NW concerning the legal status of any territory or the Washington DC 20433 endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. +1 202-473-1000 www.worldbank.org Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with Because The World Bank encourages dissemination external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of long as full attribution to this work is given. Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the Unless stated otherwise, all photos are accuracy of the data included in this work. copyright World Bank, Andrea Borgarello, The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other and The Government of Mozambique. Foreword We are pleased to present this publication Working with the existing connections highlighting the World Bank’s dynamic between natural resources, protected areas, Integrated Landscape Management (ILM) communities and the national economy, all Portfolio in Mozambique, and the important Portfolio projects and activities are managed role it plays in the country’s shift towards collectively and benefit from shared knowledge, sustainable rural development. data and resources. The Government of Mozambique has taken This innovative approach fosters cross- bold actions to preserve and valorize its collaboration within the World Bank Group, renewable natural resources, including forests, helping to deliver improved results on the wildlife, fisheries, and land. Encouraged by this ground, and accelerating the achievement commitment, the World Bank is harnessing the of the Bank’s twin goals of ending extreme momentum and working with the Government poverty and promoting shared prosperity. to restore degraded landscapes and bring The interventions are crucial to Mozambique’s economic prosperity to the country’s rural sustainable development and are also timely in population. contributing to international processes such as the implementation of the World Bank’s Forest The Bank continues to support the Government Action Plan, the World Bank Africa Climate in mobilizing financing at both national and Business Plan, the Sustainable Development community levels to reduce deforestation, Goals as well as the building of capacity to meet wildlife poaching, and unsustainable fishing; priorities under the African Forest Landscape while protecting forest landscapes, increasing Restoration Initiative and the Bonn Challenge. agricultural productivity, enhancing food security, and strengthening land rights and As we embark on a defining moment for land use planning. This aligns directly with the Mozambique’s renewable natural resources, goals of the World Bank’s Country Partnership we take pride in being a key partner. We will Framework for Mozambique (FY17-21), continue to support the country’s leadership in which places emphasis on natural resource testing promising and innovative approaches management and rural development though that can be scaled up and duplicated in other three pillars: promoting diversified growth and areas. The time to make significant progress on enhancing productivity; investing in human sustainable natural resource management, is capital; and enhancing sustainability. now. As demonstrated in this publication, the successes and growth of the ILM Portfolio are thanks in large part to its integrated nature — combining technical assistance, on-the-ground investments, innovative financing mechanisms, and analytical work. 1 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique welcome to rural A NATION OF mozambique... OPPORTUNITY Located on the southeastern coast of Africa, Mozambique boasts the longest stretch of Indian A female farmer near Ocean coastline on the continent, as well as rich Quirimbas National Park natural forests, grasslands, and biodiversity. Ecosystem services—such as fertile soils, extensive waterways, and diverse fauna—support communities, contribute to the national economy, and provide global benefits in terms of climate regulation and biodiversity habitat. These natural resources provide a largely untapped potential for Mozambique to sustainably expand the agriculture, forestry and tourism sectors while supporting its people and reducing widespread poverty. The country, however, faces many challenges. Increasing rates of deforestation and the overexploitation of fisheries, forestry and wildlife are underpinned by low management and planning capacity, limited knowledge and research, far reaching rural poverty and isolation, and ongoing civil unrest. Given the heavy dependence of rural Mozambique on subsistence agriculture and natural resources, there is great potential to lift millions of people out of poverty. Effective and sustainable natural resource management— including conservation agriculture, fisheries co–management, alternative livelihood sources such as nature–based tourism, and results- based payments for conservation efforts— can increase and diversify incomes while also rehabilitating and protecting ecosystems. Addressing these challenges and seizing the opportunities is paramount to a healthy future. Whether Mozambique will be able to harness its considerable resource wealth to reduce poverty and spur sustainable development will depend upon strategic choices and actions taken now. A Nation of Opportunity 2 Aerial view on a coastal village and fishing boats 3 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique * * *It is common for people to be formally or informally employed in both the artisinal fisheries and agricultural sectors A Nation of Opportunity 4 introducing... MOZAMBIQUE’S INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PORTFOLIO Enhancing living conditions in rural communities and promoting the sustainable management of natural resources The World Bank’s Integrated Landscape of Mozambique’s (GoM) environmental, coastal, Management Portfolio combines technical and rural development priorities and the Portfolio assistance, on-the-ground investments, results- coordinates with government counterparts—as based finance, and analytical work to enhance well as communities, private sector, civil society, the living conditions of rural communities and and development partners—across planning, promote the sustainable management of natural implementation and institutional support. resources across Mozambique. Recognizing the inextricable links between natural resources, Taking advantage of the Bank’s extensive protected areas, communities, and the national network of knowledge and initiatives, the economy, all ILM Portfolio initiatives are managed Portfolio partners with other World Bank Global collectively and benefit from knowledge, data, Practices and works closely with international and resources shared across projects and programs in the Bank such as PROBLUE1, activities. PROFOR2, and the FCPF3. While the majority of Portfolio projects are managed under the The Portfolio has grown considerably since it’s Bank’s Environment, Natural Resources and Blue conception in 2014 and is expected to continue to Economy Global Practice, three of the projects do so for the foreseeable future (see page 41 for are jointly managed with the Agriculture Global further financing details). Practice. At its core, the ILM Portfolio currently consists of nine key projects and programs4. All activities are aligned with the Government consists of nine key projects and programs4. WHAT IS INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT? An integrated approach to landscape increasing vegetation; it involves, among other management acknowledges and works with things, policy reform, community livelihood the connections between natural resources, development and protected area management. protected areas, communities and the national In practice, this means that the Portfolio economy. ILM Portfolio focus areas (such manages all projects/activities together so that as deforestation and resource exploitation) they work collaboratively and benefit from a rarely occur in isolation and an integrated wider range of knowledge, data and resources. approach allows the Portfolio to tackle these An integrated approach has been proven to issues from a variety of angles. For example, increase project effectiveness and extend their decreasing land degradation isn’t just about impact beyond the initial project cycle. 1  The Blue Economy Program (PROBLUE)is a multi-donor trust fund, housed at the World Bank, that supports the development of integrated, sustainable and healthy marine and coastal resources. 5 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique 2  The Program on Forests (PROFOR) is multi-donor partnership on forests and poverty reduction led by the World Bank 3  The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) is a global PROVIDING TECHNICAL SUPPORT AND ADVICE A large part of the ILM Portfolio’s work is These services are developed in partnership providing advisory services and analytics and often at the request of government to help the GoM design strong policies and counterparts and are critical in achieving lasting reach its development goals. This technical success and impact. One example is a new advice and analysis are part of all Portfolio technical support project to assist the GoM projects and can take many forms, such as in identifying and creating opportunities for knowledge-sharing workshops, trainings, private sector investment in the cashew value action plan development, and policy notes and chain to increase rural jobs while also expanding recommendations. forest–friendly, low–carbon initiatives. partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, the sustainable management of forests, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. FCPF is housed at the World Bank. 4  The Carbon Fund is managed by the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, which is Introducing the ILM Portfolio 6 managed by the World Bank and supported by donor governments. MOZAMBIQUE FOREST INVESTMENT PROJECT MozFIP improves forest governance and sustainable land management by supporting activities that reduce deforestation and promote rural development. Key activities include the establishment of a commercial plantation scheme that engages small enterprises and communities, increasing access to markets in rural areas, and providing technical support to transition towards more environmentally sustainable land use practices. ZAMBÉZIA EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS PAYMENT PROJECT The FCPF Carbon Fund4 will pay Mozambique up to US$ 50 million for reducing carbon emissions by minimizing forest loss in the province of Zambézia. At the national level, the Portfolio worked extensively with the GoM to develop: a REDD+ Strategy; a Safeguard Information System; and a legal framework for selling carbon credits. The Portfolio is providing ongoing support for monitoring, reporting, and verifying emissions levels. MOZAMBIQUE DEDICATED GRANT MECHANISM MozDGM is a community-led project that provides small grants to communities and civil society organizations to increase their participation in sustainable forest and land management practices. Activities focus on building capacity and engaging communities in activities that increase livelihoods while also reducing land degradation. MOZAMBIQUE BLUE ECONOMY PROJECT MozAzul is assisting Mozambique to develop its blue economy and address marine litter pollution. Key activities include: an investment trend assessment to help the GoM prioritize sustainable growth in the fisheries sector; recommendations on blue economy financing and analysis; and raising awareness on marine litter by working with the public to find solutions for reducing and reusing plastic. MOZAMBIQUE LAND ADMINISTRATION PROJECT MozLand improves land tenure and the efficiency of land administration services, to help the GoM maintain monitoring systems and improve service delivery to remote communities. Key activities include the revision of the National Land Policy, strengthening land tenure security, and increasing community outreach and public information on land rights. 5  In 2020, MozBio received additional financing from the Global Environment Facility’s Sustainable Drylands Impact Program to improve land restoration and reduce degradation and deforestation of miombo drylands. 7 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique MOZAMBIQUE CONSERVATION AREAS FOR BIODIVERSITY AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM MozBio is a series of projects (MozBio1 & MozBio2) that supports national parks and reserves by strengthening management capacity and promoting livelihood activities that focus on conservation and biodiversity. Activities include improving park infrastructure and management, facilitating co-management agreements between the GoM and private organizations, and increasing local involvement in conservation area management, livelihood activities, and nature-based tourism5. AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES LANDSCAPE PROGRAM Sustenta encourages sustainable agriculture in rural households and connects them with profitable forest-based value chains (such as conservation agriculture and community plantations). Key activities include improving land tenure and management, building rural infrastructure (bridges and roads), and enhancing agricultural productivity, economic markets, and employment through matching grants and financing options. SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN FISHERIES GOVERNANCE AND SHARED GROWTH PROJECT SWIOFish (Phase 1) is part of a regional collaboration to reduce marine resource degradation, strengthen fisheries management and governance, and increase the economic benefits from marine and coastal resources. Activities in Mozambique include supporting fisheries monitoring and data collection, increasing community- led fisheries management, and investing in infrastructure such as fish markets. SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE AND MARKET ACCESS PROJECT IRRIGA increases irrigated agriculture and improves market access among rural smallholder farmers, so they are able to provide immediate supplies in case of a national or regional crisis. Specific activities include financing irrigation construction, and investing funds and resources into smallholder farms to improve their market competitiveness. 6  As Zambézia Province has successfully managed to reduce emissions from deforestation, the monitoring and payment process is now underway. Introducing the ILM Portfolio 8 where do we work? ILM PORTFOLIO LANDSCAPES OCEAN AND COASTLINE Mozambique’s 2,700km coastline teems nature-based tourism. Significant challenges, with rich marine life and harbors abundant however, are restricting the sustainable and diverse fisheries. Supporting livelihoods growth and management of these valuable in more than 600 coastal communities, the marine resources, including: vulnerable fishing socio-economic value of the ocean—and the communities; a weak business climate with artisanal fisheries sector in particular—is low access to investment capital; limited significant. There is great potential to expand management and ecosystem knowledge; and Mozambique’s blue economy, especically in overfishing and habitat degradation. certifiably sustainable fishery products and Increasing Incomes with Matching Grants Maria Costa sells fresh fish in her village of Larde in Nampula Province. She recently received a Mais Peixe Sustentável matching grant to help her buy a motorbike and small cooler. “With a motorbike and cooler I will be able to travel around the area selling fresh fish in the neighboring communities” she explains. With access to better transportation and cooling facilities, local people like Maria are able to expand their market and increase profits. Maria’s story is an example of how this Portfolio– supported grant program is helping people access basic resources and rapidly increase their livelihoods, thus reducing overexploitation of natural resources. 9 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique The ILM Portfolio is addressing these issues by: • Strengthening governance and management by providing technical support to assist the GoM in developing legislation and national plans—such as the National Marine Spatial Plan—that manage trade–offs and resource use across different sectors (fisheries, conservation, tourism, resource extraction etc.). At a local level, this support includes involving communities in local decision making and licensing of artisanal fishing. • Improving data collection and analysis through resources and training at local and national levels so that decision makers have access to the knowledge and information they need to make informed and transparent management plans. • Investing in infrastructure, such as housing for fisheries agents and new fish markets, to provide the resources communities need to increase the value and productivity of the local fishing industry, and participate in the management of local resources. • Increasing financing to individuals and enterprises through matching grants that spur investment in resources (coolers, transport) to increase fishing profits, and savings and credit clubs that offer savings programs and loans. Along with these programs, the Portfolio supports programs to improve financial literacy and assist with developing business plans. • Reducing marine debris by supporting litter and plastic hotspot assessments and contributing to the development of the GoM’s National Action Plan to Combat Marine Litter. The Portfolio is also working Fishermen on the beach in with stakeholders to increase plastic northern Mozambique pollution awareness and seek innovative, community–driven solutions to address it. ILM Portfolio Landscapes 10 “Using recycling and innovation, we can transform old fishing nets into reusable bags, giving waste a new life and providing an alternative to the disposable plastic bag.” – Lutea Magaia Co-Founder of Mentes Sustentáveis, a Mozambique–based company producing sustainable and recycled products 11 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique The ILM Portfolio is working with entrepreneurs, artisans, and the public to explore how plastic waste can be re-purposed into new products. Marketed as MozAzul Inovação, the program offers masterclasses, innovation challenges, and digital platforms— encouraging new ideas, techniques and partnerships among stakeholders and exploring how circularity, or eliminating plastic waste, can be introduced in the plastics value chain. ILM Portfolio Landscapes 12 FORESTS Mozambique is one of the few sub-Saharan • Tackling illegal logging and overexploitation countries with significant forest cover. Native through law enforcement actions such as: forests and woodlands cover 43% of the country, capacity building; suspending old–growth harboring high biodiversity, unique landscapes logging licenses; forest operator compliance and extensive socio-economic benefits. Forest and audit; and a log export ban to increase local land degradation and deforestation, however, are timber production. threatening ecosystems and rural livelihoods. The ILM Portfolio is working to increase the economic • Increasing rural livelihoods by implementing potential and conservation of native forests, agroforestry systems and community forestry develop a planted forest strategy, and support the concessions that promote land conservation. GoM in restoring degraded areas by: Support to farmers include trainings on more productive agricultural techniques, market and • Strengthening institutional capacity and business principals, and how to connect with policy by revising regulations; studying commercial suppliers. deforestation and degradation; piloting forest concessions; developing information • Supporting commercial forestry to reduce systems; and publishing the National Forest deforestation of native woodlands, encourage Program and Vision 2035 for conservation and replanting of trees, and create new jobs economic development in the forest sector. in the plantation sector. Support includes performance–based financing that also • Supporting payments for emissions provides knowledge and resources during reductions by helping the GoM successfully the plantation establishment phase, on the prepare and implement a carbon emissions condition that the farmer also invests in reduction program that curbs deforestation restoring degraded land. and restores degraded land in Zambézia Province6. This includes: the development of • Reducing logging for charcoal production by a REDD+ Strategy and Decree7; significant supporting multi-use plantations that meet assistance in measuring, reporting and timber and charcoal demands while also verifying forest cover (and emissions); restoring ecological services and supporting implementing a safeguards information food supply. Support includes promoting new system; and the development of a kilns that produce high efficiency charcoal stakeholder-approved benefit sharing plan. from timber waste. 13 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique 7  The ILM Portfolio’s REDD+ Readiness Project (2014–2018) helped to prepare Mozambique to receive payments for reducing emissions from deforestation UNDERSTANDING EMISSION REDUCTION PAYMENTS The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) 2024). In other words, FCPF will pay local people Carbon Fund will pay Mozambique up to $50 and supporting government and private sector million USD for the continued reduction of actors if they contribute to climate mitigation carbon emissions in Zambézia Province (until by reducing forest loss. ILM Portfolio Landscapes 14 and forest degradation (REDD+) by supporting the development, revision and implementation of forest policies and regulations, as well as significant capacity building at a national and regional level. “By using the waste produced in our sawmill to make charcoal and other wood products, we are reducing deforestation and increasing our profits.” – Geraldo Sotomane owner of the Industrias e Construções Sotomane Company in Zambézia Province 15 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique The ILM Portfolio organized a training for forestry operators to minimize waste and increase sustainability in the charcoal industry. Part of this training is the use of new (highly efficient) kilns that use waste from sawmills to produce charcoal. This system is not only an efficient waste disposal system, but it also adds economic value through the sale of the charcoal. ILM Portfolio Landscapes 16 AGRICULTURE Mozambique’s healthy soils and waterways hold able to participate economically in the high agricultural potential. Although almost agricultural sector. Many rural communities 80% of the workforce is employed in agricultural are small and remote, making it challenging activities, very few farmers use high quality to access vegetable markets, connect seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation, making them with suppliers, or understand the market extremely susceptible to harvest loss. Moreover, value of their products. Support includes slash and burn agriculture—the process of infrastructure (such as roads), the provision frequently clearing land through cutting and of agricultural resources not available in burning vegetation—is responsible for around rural areas, and educational programs to 65% of the country’s total deforestation. improve market knowledge. The ILM Portfolio is working to expand the • Improving land tenure by encouraging agriculture sector, making it more economically land registration and land-use planning so productive and environmentally sustainable, by: that communities and authorities are able to develop land–use plans. Without clear • Promoting conservation agriculture knowledge of ownership and development practices as an alternative to slash and rights, communities are unlikely to invest burn. By providing farmers with the training in long term planning and will often revert and supplies to grow a combination of locally to unsustainable agricultural methods suited crops and trees, the Portfolio helps that supply quick results but with high farmers maintain healthy soil (increasing crop environmental costs. Moreover, clear tenure yields) and create ecosystems that prevent rights are critical for private investment degradation. This reduces the need to clear and business expansion. land and enables communities to grow food to eat, meet timber/fuel demands, and produce • Investing in infrastructure such as irrigation valuable cash crops and other products. and roads to boost agricultural productivity and improve transportation of crops and • Increasing market access in rural agricultural products between remote communities so that local people are better districts and agricultural market centers. FINANCING RURAL AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION The absence of affordable financial services and regulatory constraints present further and banks across much of rural Mozambique is challenges. preventing communities, emerging commercial To address this, the ILM Portfolio is working with farmers, and small scale forest operators from the GoM to improve access to capital through investing in sustainable land and agricultural financing, matching grants and risk sharing practices. The lack of suitable infrastructure facilities that combine funding with technical and relevant information regarding potential assistance and capacity building (see page 29). investments, as well as organizational, legal, 17 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique Connecting Farmers with Markets The Gilé National Reserve in Zambézia Through the program, Curasse receives market Province is a remote area with limited information, training and seedlings to expand infrastructure. The ILM Portfolio is working his cashew farm while also producing food with the international NGO Nitidae to promote for his family. “We are now receiving market sustainable agroforestry and connect remote updates by SMS and technical advice on how farmers with forest and agricultural value to combine crops such as cashew and sesame” chains. explains Curasse. This information is vital in helping farmers like Curasse expand their Antonio Curasse, a cashew producer in the agricultural knowledge and establish profitable community of Malema near Gilé, is one of the agroforestry farms, making them less reliant 1,200 local farmers enrolled in the Kohiwa on forest resources and less likely to resort to program (meaning “I am aware of” in Lomwe). destructive agricultural methods. Cashew farmers and other stakeholders near Gilé National Reserve ILM Portfolio Landscapes 18 “Now I have food to eat and products to sell. I work less, make more money and know that my land remains healthy, so I am happy.” – Fátima Samuel Farmer and mother from Mulevala District, Zambézia 19 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique ILM Portfolio agricultural projects are helping farmers increase crop productivity. New fences are being built around fields that allow communities and individuals to farm designated plots of land for their own profit and protect crops from wildlife. With training on sustainable farming methods and additional support—such as high yielding seeds, farming equipment, and water bores—farmers are now seeing their incomes grow while ensuring their land remains profitable and healthy. ILM Portfolio Landscapes 20 CONSERVATION AREAS Conservation Areas (CA) cover approximately degradation and low management capacity, 25% of Mozambique, helping to protect diverse however, are threatening the viability of these ecosystems and generate income for the areas and preventing them from reaching their national economy and local communities. Land full potential as valuable national assets. INVESTMENT AND CO–MANAGEMENT IN CONSERVATION Private organizations and non-profits can to GoM in doing so) and has facilitated offer knowledge and resources lacking in public several partnerships between the GoM and sector agencies for the rehabilitation and long- organizations with proven successes in park term management of protected areas. As management, natural resource management such, the ILM Portfolio is actively encouraging and/or nature based tourism (see Annex 1). co-management opportunities (and assisting Promoting Nature Based Tourism In 2018, the ILM Portfolio supported the Total expected investments is over US$ 600 GoM in hosting the International Conference on million — providing support to the tourism Nature Based Tourism. Bringing together experts, sector, helping to protect the country’s unique investors and stakeholders from around the landscapes, and increasing local jobs and region, the conference resulted in the signing of community–based tourism enterprises in and eight public-private partnership agreements. around CAs. A herd of impala in Maputo Special Reserve 21 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique The ILM Portfolio is working to restore the tourist entrance fees; and the development of integrity of CAs, and support the communities marketing and communications campaigns that live in and around them, by: that include a consistent branding strategy for CAs. • Supporting high-level institutional change in CA management and the development • Supporting local livelihoods to reduce and implementation of major policies and poverty as well as pressure on CA resources regulations—such the national authority such as forests and wildlife. Through savings for the Convention on International Trade and small-grants programs, the Portfolio in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and helps communities living in and around Fauna (CITES). Support includes extensive CAs to protect and restore the degraded GoM trainings and resources for: the revision ecosystem services that they rely upon— and introduction of operational guidelines such as waterways, fish and bush meat, and and tools; business development and Public timber and non-timber forest products— Private Partnerships in CA management; as well as explore alternative livelihood stakeholder engagement; and study tours opportunities in park management and and knowledge sharing through regional and tourism. The Portfolio has also increased international platforms. vital infrastructure for these communities (such as boreholes). • Providing technical and geospatial support by providing trainings and resources for • Increasing Transfrontier Collaboration to provincial CA administrators who often lack improve the management of habitats and the capacity and facilities to undertake wildlife populations across Mozambique’s essential analyses and mapping projects. international borders. This includes Support includes increasing: transparency facilitating greater international cooperation in community land-rights discussions; between Mozambique, Zimbabwe and biodiversity monitoring; data collection/ South Africa. Activities include joint wildlife analysis; and stakeholder sharing through monitoring, law enforcement collaboration, multi-sectoral CA Management Councils. management planning, and knowledge sharing. • Promoting Nature-Based Tourism to help finance CA operational costs, provide • Inspiring conservation and instilling employment opportunities to local people, attitudes that will last a lifetime by and incentivize wildlife conservation. This supporting the promotion of Environmental includes: facilitating agreements between Education, Girls’ clubs and a scholarship the GoM and private operators; creating program focused on helping selected schools a standard process for signing concession around CAs to increase awareness and agreements (thus improving the business help students realize the importance of climate for private investment); upgrading collectively protecting resources that their the revenue system to collect and track communities rely on. ILM Portfolio Landscapes 22 “Today’s students will become the teachers and leaders of tomorrow. The survival of our communities depends upon leaders who will care for the environment and understand conservation.” – Jecka Linda Benguerra Primary School teacher and Environment Club leader 23 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique The ILM Portfolio is increasing local management and leadership capabilities with a particular emphasis on environmental awareness and education by focusing on environmental clubs in schools around protected areas. ILM Portfolio Landscapes 24 Staff and stakeholders outside park headquarters in Bazaruto National Park 25 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique who do we work with? PARTNERING WITH STAKEHOLDERS COMMUNITIES Local communities are at the heart of the ILM To facilitate community involvement, the ILM Portfolio and ensuring that rural livelihoods Portfolio is working with the GoM to formally benefit either directly or indirectly from Portfolio- integrate Community–Based Natural Resource supported activities is a core goal of all projects Management (CBNRM) into government and programs. Mozambique’s rural communities management plans (see page 35), and are heavily dependent on the country’s natural supporting local leadership and community-led resources, creating a reciprocal relationship activities through funding such as the Dedicated between conservation and livelihoods that can Grant Mechanism and the creation of Credit and only be sustained through the active involvement Savings Groups. of local people in decision-making processes. GOVERNMENT The ILM Portfolio works directly with national, Key counterparts include the Ministry of Land district, and provincial government agencies and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and through the provision of technical and financial Rural Development, Ministry of Sea, Inland support such as trainings, analytical work, policy Waters and Fisheries, the National Administration planning, staff salaries, and infrastructure. All for Conservation Areas, the Integrated Northern Portfolio projects and programs are designed Development Agency, and, most notably, the in close collaboration with (and sometimes at National Sustainable Development Fund (FNDS)— the request of) GoM counterparts to ensure the organization responsible for managing and that priorities and goals align with those of the implementing rural sustainable development government. initiatives in Mozambique. Partnering with Stakeholders 26 27 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique “THE ZAMBÉZIA PLATFORM IS CRITICAL FOR MANAGING DIFFERING VIEWS AND POTENTIAL CONFLICTS BETWEEN STAKEHOLDERS” – Daniel Maula President of the Zambézia Environment and Community Development Network and co-founder of the Zambézia Multi–Stakeholder Platform The ILM Portfolio and GoM created multi-stakeholder platforms in Zambézia, Nampula, and Cabo Delgado as forums for civil society, private sector, academia and government to collectively discuss natural resource management. These Platforms ensure that everyone receives the same information, can share knowledge and opinions, and have equal opportunity to contribute towards land management plans. Partnering with Stakeholders 28 PRIVATE SECTOR The private sector is a key catalyst in diversifying Portfolio is supporting private sector expansion in and strengthening the economy by creating multiple areas such as developing agricultural and employment opportunities, expanding forestry value chains, encouraging partnerships knowledge in specified fields, and bringing between large enterprises and small land-holders, investment into previously under–resourced and facilitating private investment in nature– areas. Recognizing this potential, the ILM based tourism. MATCHING GRANTS FOR SUSTAINABLE VALUE CHAINS The ILM Portfolio supports matching grants production process and the value-addition aspects, that promote growth in rural economic markets such as growing soya for the production of milk. through the sustainable expansion of the Offering several different funding windows, the agriculture, fisheries, forest, and tourism sectors. grants target specific demographics such as rural The grants help to integrate rural producers and communities, women, and youth; they provide communities in productive value chains—engaging access to resources, technical support—such as smallholder farmers in cashew production for business development training—and commercial example—and strengthen their market linkages financing, often either unavailable in rural areas or with the private sector by focusing on both the with prohibitively high interest rates. Expanding Value Chains Through Small Business For small organizations in rural areas, In Gurue District in northern Zambézia, the a lack of infrastructure, high operational Portfolio, in partnership with the GoM, is costs, and organizational and legal constraints helping Agri-Mel Limitada establish bulk present challenges and limit the presence of honey cultivation and a new processing plant. banks and financial institutions. By combining Working across four sites in the region, honey funding with technical assistance and capacity production will be carried out by community building, the ILM Portfolio is supporting small harvesters, who receive training, beehives, and businesses (particularly agribusinesses) and additional resources and support. By 2024, helping to transform subsistence agriculture Agri-Mel expect to have produced 82,350kg of and forestry into profitable, market orientated honey and trained and equipped almost 400 activities. local people in honey production. 29 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS The ILM Portfolio works with development The ILM Portfolio benefits from the Bank’s partners in Mozambique and the region to extensive experience and expertise in facilitating leverage financing and encourage coordination partnerships and bringing together major donors in supporting the country’s progress towards to pool resources and collectively impact change. sustainable rural development and conservation. BIOFUND The Foundation for the Conservation of by supporting operating costs and helping Biodiversity (BIOFUND) is a private financial to develop internal procedures such as an institution that aims to finance conservation Operational Manual and Strategic Plan. As a and protected areas in Mozambique. BIOFUND result, BIOFUND is now generating revenue is designed to efficiently and transparently and is able to mobilize funds from a variety of channel much needed funds from several international donors . BIOFUND is one example donor and government sources into protected of the Portfolio’s success in uniting development area management. The ILM Portfolio played partners around a common cause and leveraging a foundational role in establishing BIOFUND diverse financing sources. Donor Collaboration for Integrated Landscape Management Created in 2016, the Integrated Mozambique’s rural development, the MDTF Landscape Management Multi-Donor Trust provides funding directly to the GoM (through Fund supports the country’s efforts to reduce FNDS) to implement forest–based activities, deforestation and environmental degradation, as well as to the World Bank (through the strengthen resilience to climate change, and ILM Portfolio) to provide technical assistance, improve rural livelihoods. As a platform to capacity building and analytical work to the collectively channel donor resources towards GoM and partners. “Sweden is very pleased to deepen its collaboration with the Government of Mozambique and the World Bank is a key partner in this process. We hope that the MDTF can become a mechanism to coordinate further donor support in a transformative and efficient manner to better advance Mozambique’s efforts.” - Embassy of Sweden in Mozambique Partnering with Stakeholders 30 CIVIL SOCIETY AND ACADEMIA Non–governmental organizations and academic At a national level, they can provide valuable institutions are highly valued by the ILM Portfolio knowledge, resources, and investment into the rural for their extensive on–ground knowledge, wide development sector. The ILM Portfolio supports networks, and convening power. At a local level, these partners by building the capacity and these organizations are indispensable when engagement of academia and civil society in rural working with and understanding the needs of areas, and facilitating agreements between the local communities. GoM and local and international organizations. A community organization working in collaboration with the MozFIP project in the Alto Molécule District of Zambézia Province. 31 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique Supplying Fuel Efficient Stoves to Rural Communities Working with the Ophevela Association of Nimala stoves to the local population and distributing in Zambézia Province, the ILM Portfolio was able them to all 150 households in the Nimala to support local trainings on the use, sale, and community, as well as 50 additional families in distribution of fuel efficient stoves that reduce neighboring areas. This success not only led to a the need for excessive amounts of charcoal and huge increase in the demand for stoves but has firewood. Provided with the materials necessary also highlighted how important partnerships with to produce 200 stoves, the Ophevela Association local organizations are in connecting with rural were instrumental in introducing these new communities. “In my family of five we used to use one bag of charcoal in two weeks, but with the introduction of the new stove we are now able to make the same amount last an entire month.” – Baptist Inácio, Ophevela Association President Partnerships for Protected Areas and Conservation With technical and financial support the Gorongosa Restoration project - expected from the ILM Portfolio, Mozambique to transition into a long-term Co-management is becoming a leader in the recognition of the Agreement by 2022. An MoU for the co- need for conservation partnerships. In 2017, management of the Chimanimani National the government and African Parks signed Park was also signed between the Government a co-management agreement for Bazaruto and Flora and Fauna International. Archipelago National Park, and 2018 saw a formal agreement between the GoM and Peace These collaborations improve livelihoods Parks Foundation to support the management through activities that combat the over- of the Maputo Special Reserve and Ponta do exploitation of natural resources, promote Ouro Partial Marine Reserve. With support from conservation agriculture and environmental the MozBio project, in 2020, a Memorandum education, and increase tourism benefits by of Understanding (MoU) for co-managing the expanding revenue collection and infrastructure Marromeu National Reserve was established to make sure local people benefit from the between the Government of Mozambique and profits. “Protecting our environment will attract tourists, who are important because they bring money into our communities. It would also be nice to show my children the animals in the future.” – Santos Patriço, Primary School student in Bazaruto Archipelago and member of the local Environment Club Partnering with Stakeholders 32 The ILM Portfolio is providing technical and financial support community groups that help farmers diversify incomes through methods such as Conservation Agriculture and connect them with markets. 33 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique – Mr. Paulino Farmer and member of ANAWAPE Agricultural Association in Zambézia Province “With the money we earn from the market, we can expand into areas such as fish farming and honey production. A more diversified and stable income also means we can invest in training for our organization and its members.” Partnering with Stakeholders 34 how do we work? CROSS–CUTTING VALUES AND APPROACHES The ILM Portfolio works with the GoM to and push for collaborative and well-informed plan and implement all activities. Practically decision making. On-the-ground, this involves speaking, this means providing support in working with development partners and service terms of advisory services, capacity building, providers who implement specific Portfolio and funding for certain resources and facilities. activities. Key themes and priorities that run The Portfolio also uses the Bank’s substantial across all ILM Portfolio projects and initiatives convening power to bring together stakeholders include: COMMUNITY Community–Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) recognizes the pivotal role communities play in conservation BASED NATURAL and rural development. Strengthening community governance RESOURCE systems and legally including them within institutional MANAGEMENT frameworks enables local people to actively participate in—and benefit from—sustainable natural resource management. The ILM Portfolio is working with the GoM to ensure that the CBNRM National Program is formally integrated into the National Rural Development Strategy to guide the multi-stakeholder CBNRM Network. In addition to standardizing CBNRM governance, the Network aims to make natural resource planning and decision- making more equitable and transparent by building the first national CBNRM Information System. DATA COLLECTION Spatial planning (i.e. maps and geospatial information), scientific FOR MONITORING, research, and data collection are critical to understanding Mozambique’s diverse ecosystems and the array of land-uses in REPORTING AND operation around the country. They are also important for robust VERIFICATION Measuring, Reporting and Verification programs that track green- house gas emissions. Such information is vital for decision making and policy design, improving understanding of rural land rights and highlighting potential threats to the country’s natural resources. The ILM Portfolio is supporting the GoM in these areas by expanding the use and publication of this information through the creation of an online spatial planning database—the National Forest Monitoring System—and the development of the Forest Information System and National Spatial Development Plan (see Annex 2). 35 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique KNOWLEDGE The ILM Portfolio strongly supports knowledge sharing and SHARING collaboration as a core strategy for adopting an integrated approach to landscape management. Between countries, knowledge sharing broadens understanding, improves skills, and offers lessons from those with experience in similar fields. As such, the ILM Portfolio has supported several knowledge exchanges between the GoM (and partners) and countries such as South Africa, Iceland and Brazil—the latter being a signee to a Bank-supported Brazil/Mozambique MoU promoting south-south cooperation. At a local level, sharing knowledge and information is critical to creating cohesive and effective strategies for achieving goals and ensuring transparency in decision making. The Portfolio makes ongoing efforts to increase cross-Ministry collaboration and further dialogue between all sectors (whether public, private or community) through more inclusive meetings and events, and by supporting strong outreach and communications strategies. GENDER EQUALITY The ILM Portfolio views gender as an integral part of all activities—from the design of financing mechanisms, to technical assistance provided to the GoM and partners. As part of its goal the mainstream gender into natural resource management in Mozambique, the Portfolio financed the Mozambique Gender Pilot Program, which included a Gender Gap Analysis of the constraints women face in benefiting from natural resource management projects. This Analysis lay the groundwork for FNDS’ Gender Strategy and the Gender Pilot Action Plan, with targeted actions for the ILM Portfolio. Specific actions include the roll-out of the Gender Action Learning System (GALS) in project sites, comprehensive gender trainings for stakeholders and provincial FNDS staff, and targeted communication materials and methods to increase women’s access to matching grant schemes. THE GENDER ACTION LEARNING SYSTEM (GALS) GALS helps households or groups jointly develop plans able to identify barriers and determine collaborative to decide how to use resources and opportunities, solutions. Achievements include: an increase in including those offered by ILM Portfolio activities. In household income, more equitable distribution of the process of working towards jointly established responsibilities, increase in women’s asset ownership, goals—such as building a house—participants are and a decrease in gender based violence. ILM Portfolio Values & Approaches 36 37 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique – Carolina Rafael Leader of the Boa Sorte Credit and Savings Club in the village of Zavora in Inhambane Province. “THE CLUB HAS BEEN LIFE SAVING. WE NOW HAVE MONEY FOR SAVINGS AND TO EXPAND OUR BUSINESSES” To empower women and diversify economic development in rural regions, the ILM Portfolio is supporting the creation and revitalization of Credit and Savings clubs that provide savings programs and a “Fundo Social” which acts as insurance for emergencies such as funerals and medical costs. ILM Portfolio Values & Approaches 38 RESPONDING TO UNFORESEEN CHALLENGES Recent health and environmental emergencies and economic disruptions, and the collapse of the have highlighted the importance of projects that tourism industry. The ILM Portfolio is working can quickly respond and adapt to the needs of with the GoM to help mitigate the medium to local people and landscapes. long term effects of these impacts, by: In March and April 2019, tropical cyclones Idai • Launching the first COVID-19 specific call and Kenneth caused severe human loss and of the Matching Grant Scheme – Sustenta damages in central and northern Mozambique. Bio Emergencia - to provide much needed In Chimanimani National Park, for example, Idai financing for rural enterprises so they are greatly impacted ILM Portfolio beneficiaries and able to retain their workforces and continue destroyed infrastructure built by the MozBio operating, thus also supporting the value– project. The Portfolio responded by providing chains that rely on these businesses. The farming emergency kits, realigning activities grants will provide necessary inputs (such to address immediate needs, and rehabilitating farming kits) and training to support destroyed infrastructure under “building back beneficiaries, particularly if they have to better” principles. expand or diversify into new areas of business. The global and national measures taken to • Support to BIOFUND’s COVID Emergency contain the COVID-19 pandemic continue to have Fund, which is also co-financed by USAID multiple real and potential impacts on natural and BIOFUND’s own revenues, helped finance resource management. While stay-at-home key activities in CAs that are normally orders, boarder closures, face masks, and social financed through tourism revenues, helping distancing are critical public health responses, ensure the protection of over 12 million they also present social and environmental hectares of unique biodiversity, representing challenges—such as a rise in waste (particularly 61% of the total protected area network in in the ocean), increased wildlife poaching, market Mozambique. Sunset over Gorongosa National Park in central Mozambique 39 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique • Support to the Environmental Education, Park) such as the provision of protective and Girl’s clubs and scholarships program to help cleaning equipment, reinforced water supply selected schools around three CAs (Maputo (tanks and motor pumps) and collaboration Special Reserve, Marromeu National Reserve with district authorities to provide and Chimanimani National Park) meet the informational and educational messages adequate conditions of safe re-opening. The about COVID-19. ILM Portfolio also helped the CAs to acquire material for distance learning and distribute Engaging communities in rehabilitation to local communities, including community and maintenance work in and around the radios and mentoring sessions. Conservation Areas allow to meet people’s needs during the COVID-19 emergency, curb • Support to the creation of a community the rise of poaching and illegal natural resource green job (Eco-jobs) programs in three exploitation, and uphold the natural assets Conservation Areas (Maputo Special needed for the nature-based tourism to return Reserve, Marromeu National Reserve and and withstand future risks and shocks. Chimanimani National Park) that employs informal workers, especially those who As extreme weather becomes increasingly lost their jobs due to COVID-19 measures, common and the world continues to tackle in remunerated “eco-jobs’ that aim at known and unknown health crises, these protecting and improving natural resources experiences emphasize the need to plan for fast and the environment. and effective action. Going forward, the ILM Portfolio will learn from past actions, plan for • Equipment support to three conservation future responses, and continue to fi nd innovative areas (Maputo Special Reserve, Marromeu solutions that support sustainable development National Reserve and Chimanimani National and increase resilience in rural communities. ILM Portfolio Landscapes 40 As COVID-19 continues to bring global uncertainty and gender differential impacts related to health, education, economic activities and gender-based violence, the ILM Portfolio remains firm in its gender responsiveness. For Maria, this means that they will receive assistance and mentoring along their educational journey, helping them plan for what will come after school. 41 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique where are we going? LOOKING TO THE FUTURE In the coming years, the ILM Portfolio will The Sustainable Rural Economy Project continue to exert its leadership and expertise to (SREP) will support the GoM’s commitment to enhance the living conditions of Mozambique’s accelerate rural economic growth by increasing communities by promoting the sustainable use of livelihoods generated through sustainable land the country’s rich natural resources. Drawing on management practices. The project will focus the Bank’s ability to bring together stakeholders on: increasing public and private investment and donors—from communities to international in the agrarian sector; increasing agricultural investors—the ILM Portfolio will continue to find productivity through climate resilient practices innovative and practical solutions for sustainable that reduce the impact on ecosystems while rural development through existing and enhancing environmental services; and forthcoming initiatives, such as: diversifying the economy to include activities that reduce pressure on natural resources. The North Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Project (MozNorte) will build on existing initiatives With strong partnerships and an integrated in Cabo Delgado, Zambézia, and Nampula. The landscape management approach, Mozambique goal is to increase community resilience to has great potential to continue transforming conflict, climate change, and other shocks by landscape and forest practices for the better, making natural resource management more spurring economic growth and development participatory and expanding community capacity throughout the country. in sustainably managing land and investments. Looking to the Future 42 ILM PORTFOLIO FINANCING As of 2020, the ILM Portfolio is worth a total of USD 485 million. This is expected to grow to almost USD 700 million in the coming years. CUMULATIVE ANNUAL PORTFOLIO VALUE FROM 2014–2021 (USD MILLION) ACTIVE PORTFOLIO PROJECTS (USD MILLION) 43 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique AVERAGE ANNUAL PORTFOLIO DISBURSEMENTS (USD MILLION) ILM Portfolio Financing 44 ANNEXES ANNEX 1: Private sector investments leveraged through tourism concessions and other public-private partnerships Amount Pledged Organization Type of Agreement (US$ million) African Parks Co-management of Bazaruto 12.0 Peace Parks Foundation Co-Management of Banhine 1.0 Peace Parks Foundation Co-management of MSR/Marine Reserve 16.0 Peace Parks Foundation Co-Management of Zinave 20.0 Farquhar Co-Management Pomene 500.0 Banco Internacional de Mocambique Credit Facility 50.0 (BIM) Greg Carr Foundation Co-management Gorongosa 350.0 Far & Wide Joint venture with Thomba Yedyo 0.2 (Zenguelemo Lodge) Total 949.2 45 Integrated Landscape Management in Mozambique ANNEX 2: Resources available through FNDS (supported by the ILM Portfolio) Report Online Database Mozambique https://fnds.gov.mz/mrv/index. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index. National Forest php/documentos/relatorios/26- html#/e765979f73384742bd78878001055302 Inventory inventario-florestal-nacional/file Deforestation https://fnds.gov.mz/mrv/index. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index. Assessment php/documentos/relatorios/25- html?id=1e201cf974584b38ac5dd92b005c99ae desflorestamento-em- mocambique/file Forest Reference https://fnds.gov.mz/mrv/index. Emission Level php/documentos/relatorios/27- nivel-de-referencia-de-emissoes- florestais-de-mocambique/file Zambezia https://fnds.gov.mz/mrv/index. Province php/documentos/relatorios/38- Inventory relatorio-de-inventario-florestal- na-zambezia/file Land Use and https://fnds.gov.mz/mrv/index. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index. Land Cover Report php/documentos/relatorios/39- html?id=1e201cf974584b38ac5dd92b005c99ae relatorio-de-mapa-de-cobertura- florestal-2016-versao-2/file Project Registry https://bit.ly/geoportalmrvfnds System Monitoring https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index. and Evaluation html?appid=6602939f39ad4626a10f87bf6253af1e Projects National Forest https://fnds.gov.mz/mrv/index. Inventory Policy php/documentos/estudos/16- Briefing policy-brief-resultados- de-inventario-florestal- nacional-2018/filet Cyclone Response https://fnds.gov.mz/mrv/index. php/documentos/estudos/3- contribuicao-da-unidade-mrv-no- idai-ciclone-idai-meio-ambiente- terra-e-espacos-rurais/file Deforestation by https://fnds.gov.mz/mrv/index. district php/documentos/estudos Annexes 46 1818 H Street, NW Government of Washington, DC 20433 Mozambique USA ph: +1 202 473 1000 worldbank.org/Mozambique/ilm