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Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1252-1 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1253-8 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1252-1 Cover design: Corporate Visions. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested. Over the past two years, 65 economies carried out 87 reforms increasing women’s economic opportunities. TABLE OF CONTENTS ii FOREWORD 1 KEY FINDINGS 23 ABOUT WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 28 WOMEN’S FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND THE LAW 36 SUMMARIES OF WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW REFORMS 42 DATA NOTES 58 ECONOMY TABLES 154 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOREWORD No economy can grow to its full potential unless both women and men participate fully. As half the world’s population, women have an equal role in driving economic growth. Women, Business and the Law 2018 is the fifth edition in a series of biennial reports measuring the legal obstacles to women who engage in economic activity around the world. Since the World Bank started this study a decade ago, our understanding has increased about how laws influence women’s decisions to start and run businesses or get jobs. The analysis draws on newly-collected data across seven indicators: accessing institutions, using property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, going to court, building credit, and protecting women from violence. The study expands coverage to 189 economies around the world. The data show the challenge many women face in the quest for economic opportunity. One hundred and four economies still prevent women from working in certain jobs, simply because they are women. In 59 economies there are no laws on sexual harassment in the workplace. And in 18 economies, husbands can legally prevent their wives from working. Social media movements such as China’s #౯犖ฎ; Latin America’s #YoTambien; the Middle East’s ; and the United States’ #MeToo have highlighted the prevalence of sexual harassment and violence in the workplace. But in many places, women still have no legal recourse. And every day we learn about industries that pay women less than men for doing the same work. What actions can be taken to increase economic opportunity for women? How can governments improve labor market participation by their female citizens? Hard data helps answer these questions. By informing politicians about the legal obstacles to women’s economic opportunities, Women, Business and the Law makes a contribution towards promoting gender equality. The study celebrates the progress that has been made while emphasizing the work that remains to ensure equality of opportunity. Kristalina Georgieva Chief Executive Officer The World Bank Washington, DC KEY FINDINGS Women, Business and the Law 2018 is the fifth in a series of bien- nial reports measuring gender differences in legal treatment. Since this research started, the realization of the importance of women’s entre- preneurship and employment has increased significantly, as has our understanding of the relationship between legal gender equality and Globally, over women’s economic outcomes. 2.7 billion women are legally restricted While understanding that women’s access to employment and entrepreneurial activi- her case to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination from having the same choice ties is related to many factors, the data in against Women. The Committee found of jobs as men. this report illustrate how laws and regula- that she had been discriminated against tions limit women’s economic participation. because of her gender.2 Consider the case of a girl who grows up After this decision, and five years after aspiring to be a ship’s captain. She excels her case began, Medvedeva once again at school in the hopes of getting her dream went before a Russian district court. In job. Maybe she is even hired to do it, but September 2017 the court found that she then she is fired simply because of her had indeed been discriminated against. gender. What does this do to her aspira- However the court did not order the com- tions and the aspirations of every girl who pany to hire her and the ban on women comes after? ship navigators is still in place.3 Now consider the case of Svetlana Meanwhile other economies are mak- Medvedeva, who studied navigation in col- ing progress on the issue of gender legal lege and graduated as a navigation officer in parity. In 2016 the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. She applied to work Colombia struck down as discriminatory the as a ship’s helmsman and was selected. labor code’s prohibitions on women’s work Later she was told she could not have that in mining and in jobs deemed hazardous job as Regulation No. 162 lists helmsman as and arduous.4 Bulgaria, Kiribati and Poland one of the 456 jobs deemed too arduous, also eliminated all restrictions on women’s harmful or dangerous for women.1 employment. Medvedeva took the company to court From the outset, the purpose of the based on the Russian Constitution’s equal- Women, Business and the Law report ity provisions. Her case was dismissed has been to inform research and policy because the court held that the purpose discussions on how laws and regulations of the regulation was to protect women’s influence women’s economic activity. This reproductive health. She appealed and has largely occurred. From comprehending her appeal was dismissed. She further ap- the importance of family law to women’s pealed to the court of cassation. That ap- economic decision-making to recognizing peal was also dismissed. She then brought the effect of violence against women on KEY FINDINGS 1 their employment opportunities, Women, economic opportunities and outcomes. influence women’s demand for financial Business and the Law has contributed to The scored questions are based on two services. a better understanding of why legal gen- criteria: their relevance to women’s hu- der equality matters. man rights as set out in the internation- The Women, Business and the Law indi- al women’s rights framework, including cators complement other gender indexes But not enough has been done to reach the Convention on the Elimination of all that are constructed using outcome legal gender equality. Many laws prevent Forms of Discrimination Against Women variables and, in some cases, qualita- women from working or running a busi- (CEDAW), and research demonstrating tive assessments (figure 1.2). Although ness. For example, 104 economies still their importance for women’s economic Women, Business and the Law focuses have laws preventing women from work- empowerment (table 1.1). on key legal and regulatory areas that ing in specific jobs, 59 economies have no are directly controlled by policymakers, laws on sexual harassment in the work- Women’s international human rights, as there are many other factors that influ- place, and in 18 economies, husbands set out in CEDAW, serve as the underly- ence women’s economic opportunities— can legally prevent their wives from work- ing justification for each scored ques- including educational levels and social and ing. What effect do laws like these have tion. For areas covering violence against cultural norms—that are not captured. on women’s economic choices? women, reference to international treaty law has been supplemented by Other indexes take varying approaches to More research and evidence are needed the UN Declaration on the Elimination of developing gender indicators and present to understand the effects of laws and Violence against Women and the CEDAW different views of women’s societal po- regulations on women’s entrepreneurship Committee’s General Recommendations. sition. Women, Business and the Law is and employment so that policymakers Questions on maternity leave use the one of the only global datasets that uses can better understand which policies to International Labour Organization’s quantitative, objective data to measure promote. Women, Business and the Law Maternity Protection Convention of 2000 legal gender gaps in policies. The "About builds on a growing body of research as a benchmark (figure 1.1). Women, Business and the Law" chapter that stresses the importance of laws in provides information on what is mea- shaping women’s economic opportunities Fifty questions are scored within the sured and what is not. and improving gender equality. Research seven indicators (box 1.1). The scored has called into question the notion that questions fall into three categories: Women, Business and the Law scor- economic growth alone increases gender those with explicit gender-based differ- ing is correlated with the Global Gender equality. Rather, continuous policy com- ences affecting women’s entrepreneur- Gap, Social Institutions and Gender, mitments to gender equality are required ship or employment (such as gender- Gender Inequality and Gender-related to achieve it.5 based job restrictions), those reflecting Development indexes (figure 1.3). the absence of laws protecting women Showing that the policy variables mea- (such as the lack of legislation on sexual sured by Women, Business and the Law harassment), and those examining in- are associated with outcomes tells us What is new in this edition? stitutions or processes that are likely to that the law influences what happens on help women (such as anti-discrimination the ground in areas such as empower- To understand where laws facilitate or commissions). Details on the methodol- ment, participation in the labor market hinder gender equality and women’s eco- ogy and scoring of each question are and command over economic resources. nomic participation, Women, Business and available in the Data Notes chapter. As a result, one way to influence out- the Law 2018 is providing scores for the comes for women may be to reform laws first time for each of its seven indicators: This report covers data for 189 economies and regulations that make it more diffi- accessing institutions, using property, get- including 16 that were not covered in the cult for women to participate in business ting a job, providing incentives to work, go- previous report: Cabo Verde; the Central and employment. ing to court, building credit and protecting African Republic; the Comoros; Cyprus; women from violence. The indicator scores Eritrea; The Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; are a number between 0 and 100, with 100 Kiribati; Libya; the Marshall Islands; the being the best. The scores are obtained by Federated States of Micronesia; Palau; calculating the unweighted average of the Samoa; San Marino; the Solomon Islands; scored questions within that indicator, and and Vanuatu. scaling the result to 100. Women, Business and the Law 2018 The indicator scores facilitate research also presents a case study on women’s and policy discussions on how varying financial inclusion and the law examining legal environments influence women’s how legal and regulatory environments 2 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 BOX 1.1 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW SCORED QUESTIONS Accessing institutions 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension 1. Are married women required by law to obey their husbands? benefits equal? 2. Can a woman legally apply for a passport in the same way as a man? 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial 3. Can a woman legally apply for a national ID card in the same way pension benefits equal? as a man? 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? 4. Can a woman legally travel outside the country in the same way Providing incentives to work as a man? 5. Can a woman legally travel outside her home in the same way 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? as a man? 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? 6. Can a woman legally get a job or pursue a trade or profession in the 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? same way as a man? 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? 7. Can a woman legally sign a contract in the same way as a man? 37. Are there specific tax deductions or tax credits that are only 8. Can a woman legally register a business in the same way as a man? applicable to men? 9. Can a woman legally open a bank account in the same way Going to court as a man? 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in 10. Can a woman legally choose where to live in the same way court as a man’s? as a man? 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? 11. Can a woman legally be “head of household” or “head of family” 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil and family matters? in the same way as a man? 41. Is there a small claims court or a fast-track procedure for small claims? Using property Building credit 12. Who legally administers marital property? 42. Do retailers provide information to private credit bureaus or public 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? credit registries? 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable 43. Do utility companies provide information to private credit bureaus or property? public credit registries? 15. Do sons and daughters have equal rights to inherit assets from 44. Does the law prohibit discrimination by creditors on the basis of sex their parents? or gender in access to credit? 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal rights to 45. Does the law prohibit discrimination by creditors on the basis of inherit assets?  marital status in access to credit? Getting a job Protecting women from violence 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes committed against a or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? spouse or family member? 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? the government? 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? relative to leave reserved for women, as a function of who pays? 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? 21. Is there paid parental leave? 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? 25. Can parents work flexibly? 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? KEY FINDINGS 3 TABLE 1.1 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDICATORS AND RELATED RESEARCH Indicator Research Accessing institutions A 2000 reform of Ethiopia’s Family Code eliminated a husband’s ability to stop his wife from working, among other things. Although the reform has now been implemented throughout Ethiopia, it was first introduced in three regions and two cities. In these areas, women’s labor force participation and work outside the home increased. Women were also more likely to work full-time and in higher-skilled jobs.a Freedom of movement is a significant indicator of empowerment. It has been linked with women’s economic independence as well as their expanded voice and agency.b Using property The gender asset gap can undermine women’s bargaining power and capacity to engage in economic activities.c Giving women greater access to assets through inheritance can change outcomes for children, particularly girls. In 1994, two states in India reformed the Hindu Succession Act to allow women and men the same ability to inherit joint family property. This altered control over assets within families and increased parental investments in daughters. Mothers who benefited from the reform spent twice as much on their daughters’ education, and women were more likely to have bank accounts and sanitary latrines where the reform occurred. The reform has now taken place across India.d Getting a job Policies such as paid parental leave are associated with increases in women’s employment; however, extended durations of parental leave lead to reductions in women’s relative wages.e Meanwhile, restrictions on women’s work limit their ability to get the jobs they want and maximize their earning potential. Russia had a high gender earnings differential during its transition to a market economy, largely because of legal restrictions on the jobs women could perform.f Differences in wages and job tenure can largely explain the pension gap between women and men.g Providing incentives to work Support for mothers—such as tax credits and the availability of childcare for young children—can increase women’s participation in the labor force.h Evidence suggests that spending on early education and childcare can increase women’s labor force participation and reduce gender gaps.i Going to court Gender inequality can adversely affect women’s ability to use the legal system. Access to legal aid and other services can improve women’s access to justice.j Evidence shows that access to civil legal aid can reduce the need for social welfare programs, the time children spend in foster care and instances of domestic violence.k Building credit Prior to the passage of the 1974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act in the United States, banks often had explicit policies treating women differently from men. When the Act prohibited sex-based classifications and income discounting, the change seems to have had a dramatic effect on banking policies toward women. For example, the legislation had a favorable impact on women’s ability to obtain mortgage funds.l Protecting women from violence In economies where husbands can prohibit their wives from working or where there is a high prevalence of violence against women, women are less likely to have formal accounts, savings or credit.m Meanwhile, sexual harassment at work undermines authority, reinforces gender stereotypes, and reduces women to sexual objects. A study of women who experienced sexual harassment at work in a United States community found that sexual harassment increases financial stress and can significantly alter a woman’s career trajectory.n a k Hallward-Driemeier and Gajigo 2013. f Ogloblin 1999. Abel and Vignola 2010. b l Nagaraja 2013. g Johnson 1999. Ladd 1982. c m Deere and León 2003. h Averett, Peters and Waldman 2006. Demirguc-Kunt, Klapper and Singer 2013. d n Deininger et al. 2014. i Olivetti and Petrongolo 2017. McLaughlin, Uggen and Blackstone 2017. e Ruhm 1998. j Australia Law Reform Commission 1994. 4 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 FIGURE 1.1 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDICATORS AND WOMEN’S PRINCIPAL CORRESPONDING HUMAN RIGHTS • Equality before the law and legal capacity identical to that of men (CEDAW, Art. 15(1)-(2)) • Equality with regard to the law relating to the movement of persons and freedom to choose one’s residence and domicile (CEDAW, Art. 15(4)) Accessing • Equality in all matters relating to marriage and family relations (CEDAW, Art. 16), including the right to choose a profession and an occupation institutions (CEDAW, Art. 16(1)(g)) • Appropriate measures to be adopted by States to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of […] practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women (CEDAW, Art. 5(a)) • Equal rights to conclude contracts and administer property (CEDAW, Art. 15(2)) Using property • Equal rights in all matters relating to marriage and family relations (CEDAW, Art. 16(1)), including same rights for both spouses in respect of ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property (CEDAW, Art. 16(1)(h)) • Freedom from discrimination on grounds of marriage or maternity, prohibition of dismissal on the grounds of pregnancy, and paid maternity leave (CEDAW, Art. 11(2) and ILO Maternity Protection Convention N. 183, Arts. 8 and 9) • Right to a period of maternity leave of not less than 14 weeks (ILO Maternity Protection Convention N. 183, Art. 4(1)) • Right to cash benefits, in accordance with national law, of not less than two-thirds of the woman’s previous earnings (ILO Maternity Protection Convention N. 183, Art. 6(3)) Getting a job • Cash benefits to be provided through compulsory social insurance or public funds, with exceptions (ILO Maternity Protection Convention N. 183, Art. 6(8)) • Freedom from discrimination in the field of employment (CEDAW, Art. 11); Right to work (CEDAW, Art. 11(1)(a)); Same employment opportunities, including the application of the same criteria for selection in matters of employment (CEDAW, Art. 11(1)(b)); Free choice of profession and employment (CEDAW, Art. 11(1)(c)); Equal remuneration and equal treatment for work of equal value (CEDAW, Art. 11(1)(d)); Equal social security, retirement, leave, and other paid benefits (CEDAW, Art. 11(1)(e)) • Paid maternity leave or comparable social benefits without loss of former employment, seniority or social allowances (CEDAW, Art. 11(2)(b)) • Provision of supporting social services to enable parents to combine family obligations with work responsibilities and participation in public life, Providing incentives such as child-care facilities (CEDAW, Art. 11(2)(c)) to work • Freedom from discrimination and equality in economic life (CEDAW, Art. 13) • Right to education (CEDAW, Art. 10) • Freedom from discrimination on the basis of sex (CEDAW, Art. 2) • Legal protection of rights of women and effective protection of women against any act of discrimination through competent national tribunals (CEDAW, Art. 2(c)) Going to court • Exercise and enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms on basis of equality with men (CEDAW, Art. 3) • Equality before the law and in all stages of procedure in courts and tribunals (CEDAW, Art. 15(1)-(2)) • The CEDAW Committee recommends States to ensure that women have recourse to affordable, accessible and timely remedies, with legal aid and assistance as necessary, to be determined in a fair hearing by a competent and independent court or tribunal (CEDAW GR N. 28 Par. 34) • Freedom from discrimination in economic life and access to bank loans, mortgages and other forms of financial credit on equal basis with men Building credit (CEDAW, Art. 13(b)) • Access to agricultural credit and loans for rural women (CEDAW, Art. 14(2)(g)) • Violence against women includes sexual harassment. States should punish violence against women in accordance with national legislation (DEVAW, Arts. 2(b) and 4(c-d)) Protecting women • The CEDAW Committee recommends States to include information on legislative and other measures against sexual harassment in their periodic from violence reports (CEDAW GR N. 12 and 19 Par. 24( j) and (t)) • Violence against women encompasses physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family. States should investigate and punish violence against women in accordance with national legislation (DEVAW, Arts. 2(a) and 4(c)) KEY FINDINGS 5 FIGURE 1.2 OTHER GLOBAL GENDER INDEXES Global Gender Social Institutions and Gender Inequality Gender-related Gap Index Gender Index Index Development Index The World Economic Forum’s Global The OECD’s Social Institutions and The UN’s Gender Inequality Index The UN’s Gender-related Gender Gap Index quantifies Gender Index scores 160 economies provides a composite measure Development Index examines the magnitude of gender disparities on discrimination in social reflecting inequality of achievement gender differences in development and tracks progress over time across institutions. The composite measure between women and men in 159 outcomes in health, education and 144 economies and four is an unweighted average of five economies. The index covers five equitable command over economic thematic areas: Economic Participation sub-indices: discriminatory family indicators in three dimensions: resources. Covering 160 economies, and Opportunity, Educational code, restricted physical integrity, reproductive health, empowerment the indicators are based on outcome Attainment, Health and Survival and son bias, restricted resources and (as measured by educational variables and measure the gender Political Empowerment. It uses mainly assets and restricted civil liberties. attainment and parliamentary gap by showing the female human quantitative outcome variables, such The data are both quantitative representation) and the labor development index as a percentage as the ratio of female to male labor and qualitative. market. The indicators are based on of the male. force participation. quantitative outcome variables. Sources: World Economic Forum, OECD Development Center, and United Nations Development Program databases. FIGURE 1.3 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW SCORED INDICATORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER GENDER INDEXES .9 1 Gender Development Index Global Gender Gap Index .8 .9 .7 .8 .6 .7 .5 .6 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 WBL measure of gender legal equality WBL measure of gender legal equality .8 .6 Social Institutions and Gender Index Gender Inequality Index .6 .4 .4 .2 .2 0 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 WBL measure of gender legal equality WBL measure of gender legal equality Sources: Women, Business and the Law, World Economic Forum, OECD Development Center, and the United Nations Development Program databases. Note: The WBL measure of gender legal equality is calculated as the average of the seven scored WBL indicators. Higher values mean greater gender equality in the Global Gender Gap Index (2016) and the Gender Development Index (2015); higher values mean worse gender equality in the Gender Inequality Index (2015) and the Social Institutions and Gender Index (2014). 6 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 Why do legal gender The evidence indicates that laws can in- Where are laws better or fluence women’s economic participation. differences matter for In the United States, for example, more worse for women? women’s economic women started getting patents in the participation? 19th century after some states passed The seven indicator scores make it easier laws granting women property rights in to identify economies in which women their own name as well as granting the can participate in specific economic Gender gaps in entrepreneurship are as- ability for women to act as sole traders activity by region as well as to identify sociated with decreased income and ag- and retain their own earnings.9 This same economies in which there is room for gregate productivity. Research estimates set of legal changes led to families invest- improvement. While no economy gets a that gender gaps cause an average ing more in their daughters’ secondary perfect score in all 7 indicators, econo- income loss of 15% in OECD economies, education.10 mies that score in the top 20 across each 40% of which is due to entrepreneur- indicator include the United Kingdom, ship gaps. Losses are estimated to be Equality of opportunity allows women to New Zealand and Spain. significantly higher in developing coun- make the choices that are best for them, tries.6 Additionally, legal gender differ- their families and their communities. OECD high-income economies tend to ences are estimated to decrease female However, equal opportunities in getting have the highest average scores across labor force participation and undermine a job or starting a business do not exist most indicators. Economies in the Middle GDP growth.7 Research estimates that where legal gender differences are preva- East and North Africa tend to have the for some economies, a large fraction of lent. Legal restrictions constrain women’s lowest average scores across most indi- country differences in output per capita ability to make economic decisions and cators (figure 1.5). can be attributed to gender inequality, can have far-reaching consequences. For and many countries can increase output example, women may decide not to work Over a third of the economies examined per capita by discouraging gender barri- or start businesses in economies where have at least one constraint on women’s ers in the labor market.8 the law makes it more difficult for them legal capacity as measured by accessing to do so (figure 1.4). institutions. Similarly close to 40% of FIGURE 1.4 WITH LESS GENDER LEGAL EQUALITY IN AN ECONOMY, FEWER WOMEN WORK OR OWN BUSINESSES 1.2 60 Labor force participation rate, female-to-male ratio 1 Firms with majority female ownership (%) 40 .8 .6 20 .4 .2 0 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 WBL measure of gender legal equality WBL measure of gender legal equality Sources: Women, Business and the Law, Enterprise Surveys and World Development Indicators databases. Note: The WBL measure of gender legal equality is calculated as the average of the seven scored WBL indicators. The positive relationships between the WBL measure of gender legal equality and the ratio of female-to-male labor force participation rate (2016), and the WBL measure of gender legal equality and the percentage of firms with majority female ownership are statistically significant at least at the 5% level after controlling for the log of GNI per capita (2015), the ratio of female-to-male years (mean) of education (age 25+) (2015), the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (2016), and the rule of law (2016). Sources for the control variables include the World Development Indicators and Barro-Lee Educational Attainment databases. Regression analyses are based on 164 and 93 economies for which data are available, respectively. These statistical relationships should not be interpreted as causal. KEY FINDINGS 7 FIGURE 1.5 ON AVERAGE, OECD HIGH-INCOME ECONOMIES PERFORM BEST ACROSS MOST INDICATORS 75 59 61 99 100 98 44 46 86 85 79 83 76 77 86 58 24 49 55 43 74 67 45 91 65 66 59 77 68 75 59 41 61 39 52 33 41 19 19 46 9 20 100 99 97 95 87 90 66 OECD high income Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Middle East & North Africa Accessing institutions score Building credit score Getting a job score Going to court score Providing incentives to work score Using property score Protecting women from violence score Source: Women, Business and the Law database. economies have at least one constraint Which economies improved Of the five economies implementing the on women’s property rights as measured most reforms, four are in Sub-Saharan by the using property indicator. the most over the past two Africa: the Democratic Republic of Congo, years? Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. One, Iraq, Twenty-one economies from across 5 is in the Middle East and North Africa. regions receive a score of 0 in the pro- Women, Business and the Law captured Each of these economies reformed in tecting women from violence indicator. 87 changes toward legal gender equality three or more Women, Business and the In the Middle East and North Africa, across 65 economies, among the scored Law indicators. 35% of the economies score 0 in this in- questions, over the last two years. dicator, as do 19% of economies in Sub- Saharan Africa. Economies from other regions which score 0 include Haiti, FIGURE 1.6 HIGH-INCOME ECONOMIES PERFORM BEST ACROSS the Federated States of Micronesia, INDICATORS Myanmar, Russia and Uzbekistan. 62 While the global average in getting a job 57 90 45 is 67, South Asian economies have an 87 51 average score of 39, the lowest across 77 77 70 75 all regions. 74 60 53 68 64 78 66 For the building credit indicator, there 67 58 42 58 is much room for improvement globally; 31 27 8 42% of economies score 0 on this indi- 93 93 90 86 cator. Four regions—East Asia and the High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income Pacific, the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa—each Accessing institutions score Going to court score Using property score have an average score of 20 or below. Building credit score Providing incentives to work score Protecting women from violence score The average score for low income econo- Getting a job score mies is 8 (figure 1.6). Source: Women, Business and the Law database. 8 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 The Democratic Republic of Congo re- Tanzania made primary education both discrimination based on gender in various formed its family code to allow married free and compulsory and its new Legal aspects of employment including hiring women to sign contracts, get jobs, open Aid Act allows for legal aid in civil pro- and dismissal. However, the labor code bank accounts and register businesses ceedings. Additionality, Tanzania im- also allows employers to terminate em- in the same way as married men. The proved access to credit information by ployees’ contracts when they reach the economy also removed the obligation for distributing data from retailers. retirement age, which is unequal for men a married woman to obey her husband and women. and has allowed spouses to mutually Zambia’s Gender Equity and Equality choose the marital home. Additionally, Act now prohibits gender discrimination While Sub-Saharan Africa had the most the Democratic Republic of Congo lifted in various aspects of employment and reforms, South Asia had the highest per- restrictions on women’s ability to work mandates equal remuneration for work centage of reforming economies. Half of at night in public or private industrial es- of equal value. Zambia also established the economies in South Asia had at least tablishments. Further, the economy also the Gender Equality Commission and one reform followed by Sub-Saharan now mandates nondiscrimination based prohibits discrimination based on gender Africa (45%), Europe and Central Asia on gender in various aspects of employ- and marital status in access to credit. (44%), and East Asia and the Pacific ment including hiring and promotions. Finally, Zambia established civil remedies (40%) (figure 1.7). Finally, the Democratic Republic of Congo for sexual harassment in employment. now prohibits gender discrimination by The lowest percentage of reforming creditors in financial transactions. Iraq enacted a new law that introduced economies are OECD high-income econo- electronic passports. The application mies (16%). However OECD high-income Kenya has enacted its first domestic process is now the same for men and economies also have the best average violence law, which protects family mem- women and no longer requires women scores across indicators. bers, spouses, former spouses and part- to bring a guardian. Iraq also criminal- ners from physical, sexual, psychological ized sexual harassment in employment. The indicator with the most reforms was and economic abuse. Kenya also now Iraq now guarantees workers returning getting a job (28 economies) followed by provides legal aid in civil matters and has from maternity leave the same position building credit (24 economies). The least improved access to credit information by or a similar position with the same wage. movement occurred in using property distributing data from two utility com- Iraq also increased the length of paid with only Ecuador demonstrating positive panies that report positive and negative maternity leave from 72 to 98 days. The reform (figure 1.8). However, reforms af- payment information. country’s new labor code now prohibits fecting property are the slowest to occur. FIGURE 1.7 SOUTH ASIA HAS THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF ECONOMIES THAT IMPROVED 50% Percentage of economies 45% 44% 40% 30% 25% 16% South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific Middle East & Latin America & OECD high income North Africa Caribbean Source: Women, Business and the Law database. KEY FINDINGS 9 FIGURE 1.8 THE MOST IMPROVEMENTS OCCURRED IN GETTING A JOB Getting a job 28 Building credit 24 Protecting women from violence 13 Going to court 10 Providing incentives to work 7 Accessing institutions 4 Using property 1 Number of reforms Source: Women, Business and the Law database. The chapter on Reform Summaries pro- permission, weakens decision-making married women to open bank accounts vides a description of all reforms. ability. Additionally, when women cannot without their husbands’ permissions. independently decide where they want to The following sections provide an over- go, travel or live, they may face difficulty Constraints on women’s agency and view of the main results by indicator. getting to work or conducting business freedom of movement also persist (table transactions. Such restrictions may stem 1.2). For example, in 18 economies wom- from women’s role in traditional societ- en cannot get a job or pursue a trade or ies, which was often limited by a fathers’ profession without permission. An excep- Accessing institutions or husbands’ guardianship. tion to this is the Democratic Republic of Congo, which recently reformed a family The ability to make effective choices and Today, this trend has largely been re- code that was introduced by Belgium and transform them into economic outcomes versed among former colonial powers. In adopted from the Code Napoléon. The is dependent on a supportive regula- 1938 and 1975 respectively, France and reform allows married women to sign tory framework. Women, Business and Spain recognized a married woman’s abil- contracts, open bank accounts, register the Law’s accessing institutions indica- ity to contract in her own name. Many of businesses, and get jobs without written tor examines laws governing women’s their former colonies, however, continue permission from their husbands. interactions with public authorities and to use old legal codes and have not ad- the private sector to determine where opted similar reforms. Reforms increasing women’s access to women’s agency and economic activities institutions may contribute to women may be limited. There are several spheres In economies such as Equatorial Guinea, holding greater positions of authority. in which women may face constraints for instance, the 1960 Spanish Civil Code Women, Business and the Law analysis on their legal capacity to act or ability to is still in force. Equatorial Guinea is now shows that women are more likely to conduct transactions. the only economy examined where a hold leadership positions in public life woman needs her husband’s permis- when they have increased legal decision- For example, limitations on married sion to sign a contract. Similarly, Chad, making abilities (figure 1.9). women’s legal capacity, including the Guinea-Bissau and Niger still rely on colo- ability to work without their husbands’ nial versions of civil laws that do not allow 10 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 TABLE 1.2 OVER ONE-THIRD OF ECONOMIES STILL RESTRICT WOMEN’S AGENCY AND FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT Action that women cannot legally Number of perform in the same way as men Economies economies Apply for a passport Afghanistan; Algeria; Bahrain; Barbados; Belize; Benin; Botswana; Cameroon; Congo, Rep.; Cyprus; Dominica; Egypt, 37 Arab Rep.; Fiji; Gabon; Grenada; Guyana; Haiti; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Jordan; Malawi; Mali; Myanmar; Nigeria; Oman; Pakistan; Philippines; Samoa; Saudi Arabia; Seychelles; Solomon Islands; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Sudan; Trinidad and Tobago; Uganda; United Arab Emirates; Yemen, Rep.; Zambia Choose where to live Afghanistan; Bahrain; Benin; Brunei Darussalam; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; 31 Congo, Rep.; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Malaysia; Mali; Niger; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Sudan; Syrian Arab Republic; United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza; Yemen, Rep. Be head of household Bahrain; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Chile; Comoros; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Congo, Rep.; Djibouti; 31 Gabon; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Iraq; Jordan; Libya; Madagascar; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; Oman; San Marino; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Sudan; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; Yemen, Rep. Get a job without permission Bahrain; Cameroon; Chad; Comoros; Gabon; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Jordan; Kuwait; Mauritania; 18 Niger; Qatar; Sudan; Syrian Arab Republic; United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza; Yemen, Rep. Travel outside the home Afghanistan; Bahrain; Brunei Darussalam; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Malaysia; Oman; 17 Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Syrian Arab Republic; United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza; Yemen, Rep. Apply for a national identity card Afghanistan; Algeria; Benin; Cameroon; Congo, Rep.; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Mauritius; Namibia; Oman; Pakistan; 11 Saudi Arabia Travel outside the country Iran, Islamic Rep.; Iraq; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Syrian Arab Republic 6 Register a business Bhutan; Guinea-Bissau; Pakistan; Suriname 4 Open a bank account Chad; Guinea-Bissau; Niger 3 Sign a contract Equatorial Guinea 1 Source: Women, Business and the Law database. Using property FIGURE 1.9 WOMEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO HOLD LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN PUBLIC LIFE WHEN THEY HAVE Strong property rights can allow women GREATER DECISION-MAKING ABILITY to leverage assets for economic gain. The using property indicator examines Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) women’s ability to acquire, access, man- 24% age and control property as a function of inheritance and marital property regimes. 17% Access to property through these means can both increase women’s financial se- curity and provide them with the neces- sary collateral to start businesses. Women, Business and the Law finds that women’s property rights are positively associated with their leadership positions Accessing institutions score 100 Accessing institutions score < 100 in the private sector. Women are less (110 economies) (62 economies) likely to have leadership positions in busi- ness in economies where their property Sources: Women, Business and the Law and World Development Indicators databases. rights are constrained (figure 1.10). Note: The difference in the percentages illustrated is statistically significant at the 1% level after controlling for the log of GNI per capita (2015), the ratio of female-to-male (mean) years of education (age 25+) (2015), and the rule of law (2016). Sources for the control variables include the World Development Indicators and Barro-Lee Educational Attainment databases. Regression Systems of property ownership for analysis is based on 172 economies for which data are available. This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. spouses provide for the management of KEY FINDINGS 11 of certain property regimes for women’s FIGURE 1.10 WOMEN ARE LESS LIKELY TO HOLD LEADERSHIP property rights. For example, a com- POSITIONS IN BUSINESS WHEN THEY LACK parative study of Ecuador, Ghana and the PROPERTY RIGHTS Indian state of Karnataka found that in separate property regimes, gender gaps Firms with a female top manager (%) in assets and wealth tend to be larger. 21% In contrast, these asset and wealth gaps are smaller under community property regimes. The results show that in Ghana 14% and Karnataka, women constitute just 38% and 20% of landowners, respec- tively. Both economies have a default separation of property regime. However, in Ecuador, where the default marital re- gime is community of property, women Using property score 100 Using property score < 100 make up 51% of agricultural landowners. (74 economies) (47 economies) Having strong property rights, includ- Sources: Women, Business and the Law and Enterprise Surveys databases. ing through marital property regimes, is Note: The difference in the percentages illustrated is statistically significant at the 10% level after controlling for the log of GNI per capita (2015), the ratio of female-to-male (mean) years of education (age 25+) (2015), the proportion of seats held by women a critical component of land ownership. in national parliaments (2016), and the rule of law (2016). Sources for the control variables include the World Development Control of land or housing can provide Indicators and Barro-Lee Educational Attainment databases. Regression analysis is based on 121 economies for which data are direct economic benefits to women en- available. This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. trepreneurs (box 1.2). Because women are more likely to per- marital estates during and after marriage. and community property. While separate form unpaid activities that benefit the In most economies this system is set by property regimes allow each spouse to household such as child or elder care, default. Called a marital property regime, retain ownership and control over their they typically have fewer monetized it determines the allocation of assets be- own property with full administrative contributions than men and therefore tween spouses and automatically applies rights, community property regimes treat acquire fewer assets during marriage. to spouses that do not opt out. the property of either spouse as joint Recognition of these nonmonetary property regardless of who paid for it. contributions is important upon the Of the marital property regimes covered dissolution of marriage as it can grant by Women, Business and the Law, the Studies arising from the Gender Asset women access to a share of marital most common are separate property Gap Project emphasize the importance property. Though these contributions are BOX 1.2 JOINT TITLING AND LAND REGISTRATION HELP EMPOWER WOMEN Strong property rights and titling schemes encourage asset-based lending, or loans secured by collateral. Having titled property is particularly important for women in low-income economies, where entrepreneurship offers a chance to overcome poverty. Titled property provides proof of ownership, which facilitates its use as collateral. Government policies promoting joint titling, in which more than one person has ownership rights, can expand the pool of property women can use as collateral for bank financing. For some women, this may mean the chance to access credit and start a business. Women, Business and the Law finds that some economies legally establish joint titling for married couples through marital property regimes or land laws. For example, Lesotho’s Land Act establishes that property titles are held jointly for spouses whose marital regime is community property. In the Philippines, every title certificate belonging to a married couple is in the name of both spouses, as mandated by Presidential Decree 1529. Vietnam’s Land Law also establishes joint titling when land use rights and houses are joint property. Some other economies with joint titling include Albania; Brazil; Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Kosovo; Lithuania; the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; Namibia; Paraguay; Rwanda; Slovenia; South Africa and Spain. Additionally, some economies have introduced innovative laws to further promote women’s land registration. For example, Nepal’s 2017 Finance Act has discounted fees to register property jointly by spouses or under a woman’s name. Serbia applies similar discounts. Finally, rural women and women heads of household in Colombia have preferential access to rural land formalization programs through Decree No. 902. Sources: De Soto 2001; Giovarelli and Girma 2013; Ali, Deininger and Goldstein 2014. 12 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 implicitly recognized in community prop- a crucial component of economic secu- potential, career growth and ability to erty regimes, separate property regimes rity after the death of a spouse. However, balance work and family. can penalize a spouse that does not earn in 36 of the 189 economies covered, an income during marriage. This income widows are not granted the same in- In the economies that score well under penalty can be mitigated in divorce by heritance rights as widowers. Further, 39 the getting a job indicator, more women explicitly recognizing nonmonetary con- economies prevent daughters from in- tend to work relative to men. In these tributions to a household. heriting the same proportion of assets as economies women also earn more money sons. Differences such as these can limit relative to men which demonstrates that Of the 189 economies examined by a woman’s economic prospects during a labor market laws can both encourage Women, Business and the Law, 134 vulnerable phase of life. women to enter the formal labor force recognize nonmonetary contributions. and increase their earning potential These economies include all with default (figure 1.11). community property regimes and 28 of the 75 economies with separate prop- Getting a job Job restrictions erty regimes. The getting a job indicator examines laws Economies grow faster when more and regulations affecting the millions of women work.11 Although current good Another reason for gaps between wom- women working in formal employment practice calls for gender equality in en’s and men’s ownership of assets may globally. Starting from when a woman work opportunities, this has not always be inheritance rights. Often inheritance applies for a job through to when she been the case historically. For example, offers an opportunity for both men and retires, this indicator explores the poli- the ILO’s Underground Work (Women) women to own land or housing. For wid- cies that affect a woman’s ability to work Convention of 1935 and its 1919, 1934 ows inheritance may be the only way to including her job prospects, earning and 1948 conventions on women’s night acquire ownership over assets and can be FIGURE 1.11 GENDER EQUALITY IN LABOR LAW IS ASSOCIATED WITH MORE WOMEN WORKING AND EARNING MORE RELATIVE TO MEN 1.2 1 1 Labor force participation rate, female-to-male ratio Estimated earned income, female-to-male ratio .8 .8 .6 .6 .4 .4 .2 .2 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 Getting a job score Getting a job score Sources: Women, Business and the Law and World Development Indicators databases; World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Report 2016 (Table C3, p.47). Note: The positive relationships between the getting a job score and the ratio of female-to-male labor force participation rate (2016), and the getting a job score and the ratio of female-to-male estimated earned income (2016) are statistically significant at the 1% level after controlling for the log of GNI per capita (2015), the ratio of female-to-male years (mean) of education (age 25+) (2015), the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (2016), and the rule of law (2016). Sources for the control variables include the World Development Indicators and Barro-Lee Educational Attainment databases. Regression analyses are based on 164 and 138 economies for which data are available, respectively. These statistical relationships should not be interpreted as causal. KEY FINDINGS 13 work called on states to prohibit wom- en’s employment in underground mines BOX 1.3 THE LASTING EFFECTS OF LEGACY LEGISLATION and night work in industrial undertak- ings. Similarly, in the years following the Certain job restrictions are largely due to legacy legislation reflecting outdated safety standards. Industrial Revolution, several economies Restrictions on women’s work in mining in many Commonwealth economies, for example, can banned women from certain jobs to be traced back to the United Kingdom’s Mines and Collieries Act of 1842. Currently, almost half protect them from unsafe working condi- of Commonwealth economies place limits on the jobs women can do. In the Commonwealth of tions (box 1.3). Independent States (CIS), most economies have a lengthy list of job restrictions for women, a remnant of a 1932 Soviet Union Law. Of the nine CIS economies covered, only Armenia does Though conditions have improved for not have such restrictions. Similar trends exist in Francophone Africa, Lusophone Africa and the both men and women over time, many Spanish-speaking world. gender-based restrictions remain. Seventy-five percent of economies in Francophone Africa have regulations restricting women’s Industry restrictions, such as those on employment, with many mirroring a 1954 ordinance from the former federation of French mining, are particularly common. Sixty- West Africa. Among these economies are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African five economies restrict women from Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, working in mining. Women also face job Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal. restrictions in industries such as manu- facturing (47 economies), construction Portuguese and Spanish legacy legislation has also left a mark in many former colonies. (37 economies), energy (29 economies), Portugal first introduced a series of decrees restricting women’s work in the 1890s. These agriculture (27 economies), water (26 decrees were not fully repealed until the early 2000s. Currently, almost every country in economies) and transportation (21 Lusophone Africa and Brazil has at least one restriction on women’s work. Spain enacted economies). a decree in 1957 prohibiting women from a variety of jobs, including in mining, certain construction jobs and electricity. This decree was repealed only in 1995. Currently, 12 Additionally, in 29 of the 189 economies economies in the Spanish-speaking world place legal restrictions on women’s work: Argentina, covered, women cannot work the same Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, night hours as men. Night work restric- Nicaragua, Panama and Uruguay. tions exist in every region except in OECD high-income economies. The restrictions are most common in South Asia and respectively. In total 104 economies con- estimates that eliminating barriers that the Middle East and North Africa, where tinue to place restrictions on women’s prevent women from working in certain women cannot work the same night hours employment (figure 1.12). Research sectors or occupations could increase as men in 63% and 55% of economies, FIGURE 1.12 RESTRICTIONS ON WOMEN’S EMPLOYMENT EXIST IN ALL REGIONS Percentage of economies 65% 63% 63% 55% 55% 56% 50% 51% 43% 36% 32% 20% 19% 16% 9% 8% 8% 9% 6% 6% 0% Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific OECD high income Jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate Industries Night hours Source: Women, Business and the Law database. 14 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 labor productivity by as much as 25% days (14 weeks) of paid maternity leave. leave may be taken as shared, paid pa- in some economies simply by increasing Wage replacement is set at a minimum rental leave. Of the 42 economies with women’s labor force participation.12 of 67% (2/3) of earnings ideally provided paid parental leave, almost 90% pro- through compulsory social insurance or vide it in addition to maternity leave. public funds. Paid parental leave is most commonly Workplace protections found in high and upper-middle-income Workplace protections, however, can Globally the median length of paid ma- economies. facilitate women’s ability to secure and ternity leave matches the ILO standard of sustain employment. For example le- 14 weeks with corresponding wage re- Parental leave is normally available to gal protections such as gender-based placement varying from 25% to 100% of both parents. However, women tend to nondiscrimination in employment can earnings. Only 7 economies have no paid use it more than men. Although longer encourage the entry of women into the leave available to mothers. These econo- and higher paid leave for mothers has workforce. Similarly guaranteeing equal mies include the Marshall Islands, the significant benefits, too much time out remuneration for work of equal value Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, of the labor force may negatively af- can ensure that women are not discrimi- Papua New Guinea, Suriname, Tonga and fect a woman’s career progression and nated against when receiving wages the United States. earnings.13 The key to designing leave and benefits. policies that do not exacerbate gender The cost of hiring women of childbearing inequality may be in promoting fathers’ Although almost 80% of the studied age is higher for employers in economies uptake of leave (table 1.3). economies prohibit gender discrimina- in which laws mandate that employ- tion in employment, only 40% mandate ers pay for leave benefits and in which A recent report examining more than 100 equal remuneration for work of equal the length of leave available to mothers leading studies related to infant and child value. This standard originates from the significantly exceeds the length of leave health and well-being, maternal health, ILO’s Equal Remuneration Convention available to fathers. The median length of gender equality and economic impact and provides a broader framework than paid paternity leave is only 5 days in the concluded that the optimal length of paid equal pay for equal work as it allows a 91 economies that mandate it meaning leave to ensure optimal infant and child comparison between not only the same maternity leave is a full 93 days longer health and well-being is one year split or similar jobs, but also between different on average. equally between parents.14 jobs of equal value. In India, for example, employers may When maternity, paternity and parental Most OECD high-income economies and view the recent increase of maternity leave end, working parents continue to economies in Europe and Central Asia leave from 84 to 182 days as a disincen- have family responsibilities that may mandate equal remuneration for work of tive to hiring women because employers affect their jobs. Laws that promote equal value. Forty percent of the econo- bear the full cost. Employers have no flexible work arrangements can reduce mies in Sub-Saharan Africa also do so, legal obligation to provide paid paternity work-family conflicts. Moreover the abil- while only 25% or fewer of the econo- leave. The disparity between the cost ity to work reduced hours, to work vari- mies in Latin America and the Caribbean, of hiring women compared to men may able hours (flextime), to telework or to the Middle East and North Africa, East also lead employers to reduce women’s have working-time autonomy can ben- Asia and the Pacific and South Asia man- salaries to compensate for paying women efit both businesses and employees by date equal remuneration. higher leave benefits. reducing operational costs and turnover expenses and by improving productivity Leave benefits However if the cost of maternity leave is and work-life balance.15 Of the econo- The regulatory environment also plays a paid for by the government, firms do not mies covered by Women, Business and significant role in shaping women’s ability necessarily face higher costs for hiring the Law, just 33 economies explicitly to both get jobs and remain in the labor women. Governments pay 100% of leave grant parents the right to request or ob- force after starting a family. Maternity, benefits for mothers in 96 economies. In tain flexible work arrangements by law. paternity and parental leave schemes can 53 economies employers pay 100% of help recognize and redistribute unpaid leave benefits. In 27 economies, govern- Retirement care work. Ensuring job-protected leave ments pay 50% or more of such benefits. When it comes to leaving the workforce, of adequate length and pay for both par- statutory retirement ages set career ents is critical for a variety of health, eco- Some economies are shifting away from expectations and durations for working nomic and social development outcomes. maternity and paternity leave in favor of men and women. Laws that establish The International Labour Organization’s parental leave. For example, in 2015 the earlier retirement ages for women can (ILO) 2000 Maternity Protection United Kingdom reformed its leave poli- negatively affect their lifetime earnings, Convention establishes a minimum of 98 cies so that 37 weeks of paid maternity KEY FINDINGS 15 a mother works outside the home. TABLE 1.3 POLICIES TO PROMOTE FATHERS’ UPTAKE OF Because women are often the primary PARENTAL LEAVE caregivers for children, public assistance Economy Examples for childcare can create opportunities for women to enter the workforce. For Austria Parents each receive an additional bonus cash payment if they share their leave equally or at example one study found that among least 60:40. OECD economies the availability of France Parents receive higher payments if they both take some leave. public childcare for children below the Italy Parents receive an additional month of leave if the father takes at least 3 of the initial 10 months. age of 5 years is strongly correlated with employment rates of mothers with Germany Parents receive pay for an additional 2 months of leave if they each take at least 2 of the initial 12 months. young children.17 Japan Parents receive an additional 2 months of paid leave if they share the initial 12 months. Over two-thirds of the economies cov- Korea, Rep. The second parent to take parental leave (typically the father) receives 100% of his wages up ered by Women, Business and the Law to a ceiling for 3 months. The first parent receives 40%. directly provide childcare services or Norway Seventy days of the total postnatal parental leave period are reserved for each parent. subsidize private childcare services. In Portugal Parents who share the initial 120 days of parental leave receive an additional 30 days. Finland, for instance, municipal early childhood education is available from Romania The parent who did not initially request parental leave (typically the father) is obliged to take when the maternity and parental allow- 1 of the 24 months of leave. ance periods finish until the child goes Sweden Ninety of the 480 days of paid parental leave are reserved for each parent. to primary school. As an alternative par- Source: Women, Business and the Law database. ents can choose to use private day care centers whose fees will be covered by the Social Insurance Institution through pension benefits and retirement savings men. These economies include Albania, the Private Daycare Allowance. In other as well as their career growth prospects. Algeria, Bahrain, Brazil, Bulgaria, Costa economies such as Ghana, Brazil and When women are required to retire at an Rica, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Costa Rica, preschool is free and com- earlier age than men, they end their work- Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan, Panama, pulsory starting at age four. Policies ing lives with fewer years of employment. Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates such as these can make childcare more Conversely, if women enjoy the same and the Republic of Yemen. In econo- affordable and enable parents to work. statutory retirement age as men, years of mies with such differences, women may employment are equalized and labor force forgo promotions and raises through Personal income tax deductions for participation can be encouraged. early retirement. Women also contrib- childcare fees can also reduce the ute less to their pensions and savings in burden of childcare costs for parents. Gender-differentiated retirement ages these circumstances, which can lead to Though less common than publicly pro- exist in every region of the world with financial hardship in retirement.16 vided or subsidized childcare, this type the highest percentages in economies in of tax deduction can influence a par- the Middle East and North Africa (58%) ent’s decision to return to or enter the and Europe and Central Asia (40%). Retirement is mandatory in almost a Providing incentives to work workforce. quarter of economies with gender- Governments can also facilitate bal- In 33 of the economies covered child- differentiated retirement ages. ancing work and family by supporting care payments are tax deductible. All and incentivizing mothers’ ability to the economies that provide for tax de- In 41 of the 189 economies measured, return to the workforce after childbirth. ductible childcare payments are upper- women can retire with full benefits Income tax regulations and support for middle and high-income, except Bhutan 1 to 10 years earlier than men. Most age-appropriate childcare and educa- and El Salvador. Bhutan is also the only economies with gender-differentiated tion can affect a woman’s decision to economy in South Asia to provide this retirement ages have a 5-year gap be- enter and remain in the workforce. The incentive, and only one economy in the tween women’s and men’s retirement providing incentives to work indicator Middle East and North Africa region— ages. The largest gap is in China where analyzes such benefits and the ways in Malta—provides the benefit. women can retire at age 50, 10 years before men. which they can influence women’s deci- sions to work. Women, Business and the Law finds that the enrollment of children in preprimary In 13 economies laws allow women to The ease, cost and availability of care education is higher in economies that retire with partial benefits earlier than for young children can affect whether provide deductions for childcare fees 16 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 than in economies without such deduc- In Guinea for example, a male taxpayer is Going to court tions (figure 1.13). entitled to a deduction for each depen- dent child and each wife. Minor children By strengthening the rule of law and nar- A woman’s decision to participate in of married taxpayers are considered rowing inequality, access to justice allows formal employment may be affected in dependents of the husband. The wife people to use the legal system to advo- economies where there are gender differ- receives tax benefits only if the husband cate for their interests and ensures en- ences in personal income tax regulations. is absent or incapacitated. In Iraq women forcement of the law. The going to court Some economies grant tax deductions receive tax deductions only if they are indicator assesses women’s access to or credits to male taxpayers by default, unmarried, divorced or widowed. In justice by examining justice institutions reducing their taxable income and in- Malaysia a male taxpayer receives tax and procedures enhancing access to the creasing take home pay. In some cases, deductions for his dependent wife. legal system. this may mean that women pay dis- proportionately higher taxes than men. In limited circumstances women may be Unequal treatment in court can under- Without access to the same deductions able to receive the same deductions or mine women’s legal capacities. The pro- or credits, women end up paying more in credits that men receive, but not by de- vision of testimony plays a key role in the taxes which reduces their take home pay fault. For example in cases of joint filing outcome of any case and is a witness’s and provides a disincentive to entering in Togo, tax credits for dependents are opportunity to present an accurate ren- the formal labor market. provided to the male head of household. dering of facts. Testimony can affect the The wife can also receive this head of distribution of resources among women Of the 189 economies covered, 15— household tax credit, but only if specific and men particularly in cases where eco- Benin, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, criteria are met. nomic rights are at issue. the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Guinea, Indonesia, Similarly, in Tunisia the male head of Women, Business and the Law examines Iraq, the Lao People’s Democratic household receives tax deductions for where women’s testimony does not carry Republic, Libya, Malaysia, Morocco, the dependent parents and children. The the same evidentiary weight in court as Philippines, Togo and Tunisia—grant tax wife can receive these same deductions men’s. In 16 economies the law differen- deductions or credits to male taxpayers if she is considered the head of house- tiates between the evidentiary value of by default. hold. However this happens only if the women’s and men’s testimony. Twelve of husband has no income or if the wife re- these economies are in the Middle East marries and has custody of the children. and North Africa (Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the FIGURE 1.13 ENROLLMENT IN PREPRIMARY SCHOOL IS HIGHER Syrian Arab Republic, West Bank and WHERE CHILDCARE FEES ARE TAX DEDUCTIBLE Gaza and the Republic of Yemen), two School enrollment, preprimary (% gross) are in Sub-Saharan Africa (Mauritania and Sudan), one is in East Asia and the Pacific 87% (Brunei Darussalam) and one is in South Asia (Pakistan). 59% Institutions that are not courts can also play an important role in ensuring wom- en’s access to justice. Anti-discrimination commissions are independent from the justice system and responsible for pro- tecting, monitoring and promoting fun- damental rights. Women, Business and YES NO the Law examines anti-discrimination Are childcare payments tax deductible? commissions that are mandated to re- ceive complaints of gender discrimination Sources: Women, Business and the Law and World Development Indicators databases. by both public and private actors. Note: The difference in the percentages illustrated is statistically significant at the 10% level after controlling for the log of GNI per capita (2015), the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (2016), and the rule of law (2016). Source for the control variables is the World Development Indicators database. Regression analysis is based on 127 economies for which data Commissions can advise governments are available. This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. on policy issues such as occupational segregation, the gender wage gap and KEY FINDINGS 17 women’s labor force participation. For For women who cannot afford legal rep- Women, Business and the Law data show example New Zealand’s Human Rights resentation, the provision of legal aid can that 120 economies mandate legal aid in Commission examined equal employment improve access to courts. A recent study civil or family matters. For example, in opportunities in the female-dominated in the United States shows that the fund- 2016 Ethiopia passed legislation mandat- elderly care sector. Based on its recom- ing of legal services can return as much as ing legal aid services for indigent women mendations regarding pay, working 11 times the amount invested. For exam- in civil actions. Tanzania’s Legal Aid Act conditions and workforce training, the ple a woman who suffers domestic abuse of 2017 also authorized legal aid in civil Employment Court found that a care and uses legal aid to get a restraining or- and criminal proceedings. workers’ low pay was a breach of the der loses fewer days of work. Similarly a Equal Pay Act.18 mother who can secure spousal and child Legal formalities and the cost of litiga- support with the assistance of civil legal tion, both direct and indirect, can further Of the 189 economies covered by aid may not require public benefits.19 This discourage women and poor people from Women, Business and the Law, 93 was the case in Ecuador where three accessing justice. Relaxed rules of proce- have established commissions that re- legal aid clinics were established to as- dure could enhance courts’ responsive- ceive complaints from victims of gender sist poor women and children. Because ness to demands for the enforcement of discrimination (map 1.1). Europe and of the support provided by these clinics social and economic rights.21 One way to Central Asia has the highest percentage there was a 17% reduction in the prob- achieve this is through the establishment of economies with such institutions at ability that women would suffer domestic of small claims courts which hear civil 72%. In contrast, only 20% of the econo- violence following a divorce. Inversely, cases involving relatively small amounts mies in the Middle East and North Africa the probability that female clients would of money. Procedures in these courts are have established them. receive child support increased by 10%.20 simplified with reduced cost and faster MAP 1.1 DOES THE LAW ESTABLISH AN ANTI-DISCRIMINATION COMMISSION? This map was produced by the Cartography Unit of the World Bank Group. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. IBRD 43544 | MARCH 2018 YES NO NO DATA Source: Women, Business and the Law database. 18 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 judgment time. Small claims courts are puts a duty on providers to offer financial function more freely in societies and the ideal for small businesses, many of which services without discrimination based on business world when not faced with the are owned by women. gender or marital status. In Europe and threat of violence. The protecting women Central Asia gender equality acts often from violence indicator examines the Women, Business and the Law finds that prohibit discrimination. For example existence and scope of legislation on vio- 131 economies worldwide have small Albania’s Gender Equality Act prohibits lence against women including domestic claims courts. Among these are Côte discrimination in banking services, includ- violence and sexual harassment. d’Ivoire and Indonesia, which each intro- ing loans, deposits and financing. duced small claims courts in 2015. Other Domestic violence is gender-specific vio- economies, however, have elected to Women, Business and the Law data show lence perpetrated by family members or abolish small claims courts. New codes of that more women have formal accounts intimate partners and can encompass dif- civil procedure in Ecuador and Hungary at financial institutions and debit cards ferent types of abuse. Worldwide nearly recently eliminated small claims in favor in their own names in economies where 1 in 3 women have experienced physical of resolution by arbitration or mediation. the law prohibits discrimination based on or sexual violence from an intimate part- gender in access to credit (figure 1.14). ner. Intimate partners commit as many as 38% of all murders of women.22 Domestic violence legislation is a key first step to- Building credit wards ensuring women’s protection. Protecting women from A strong institutional environment is violence Of the 189 economies examined, 45 key to expanding access to finance for do not have laws on domestic violence. women-owned businesses. If effec- Protection against violence is also im- However, 9 of these 45 economies— tive, it should recognize the constraints portant to ensuring women’s economic Belgium, Canada, Chad, Djibouti, women face when accessing credit in- empowerment. Violence against women Estonia, Libya, Madagascar, Morocco cluding the effects of discrimination and undermines economic empowerment by and Tunisia—have aggravated penalties women’s limited credit history compared preventing employment and blocking ac- for specific types of abuse committed to men’s. The building credit indicator cess to financial resources. Women can between spouses or family members assesses women’s access to finance and the strength of credit reporting systems. Establishing a good credit history may help women who lack access to property FIGURE 1.14 MORE WOMEN HAVE ACCOUNTS AT FINANCIAL build reputation collateral for loans. INSTITUTIONS AND DEBIT CARDS WHERE THE LAW PROHIBITS GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION The ability to build such a history, how- IN ACCESS TO CREDIT ever, could be affected by discriminatory Account at a financial institution, female (% age 15+) Debit card in own name, female (% age 15+) lenders. Policy interventions can encour- age women’s entrepreneurship by pro- hibiting discrimination by creditors based 65% on gender and marital status. 50% Legislation prohibiting gender-based 39% discrimination in financial services exists in 72 of the 189 economies examined. 22% Thirty-six of these economies also pro- hibit discrimination in financial services based on marital status. Such provisions can be found in a variety of legislation YES NO YES NO ranging from nondiscrimination and Does the law prohibit discrimination Does the law prohibit discrimination gender equality laws to credit acts and based on gender in access to credit? based on gender in access to credit? consumer protection ordinances. Sources: Women, Business and the Law and Global Findex (2014) databases. Note: The differences in the percentages illustrated are statistically significant at least at the 10% level after controlling for the In Latin America and the Caribbean such log of GNI per capita (2015), the ratio of female-to-male (mean) years of education (age 25+) (2015), the proportion of seats provisions are particularly common in held by women in national parliaments (2016), and the rule of law (2016). Sources for the control variables include the World consumer protection laws. For example Development Indicators and Barro-Lee Educational Attainment databases. Regression analyses are based on 133 economies for Nicaragua’s consumer protection law which data are available. These statistical relationships should not be interpreted as causal. KEY FINDINGS 19 rather than domestic violence laws. This addresses the issue by intensifying penal-  HERE THERE ARE LAWS ON SEXUAL HARASSMENT     FIGURE 1.15    W ties for intrahousehold violence. AT WORK, MORE WOMEN ARE LIKELY TO OWN FIRMS Firms with majority female ownership (%) Of the remaining 36 economies with no 15% domestic violence laws or aggravated penalties for violence at home, 19 are in Sub-Saharan Africa and 10 are 10% in the Middle East and North Africa. Economies in other regions are also missing such laws. These economies include Afghanistan, Armenia, Haiti, the Federated States of Micronesia, Myanmar, Russia and Uzbekistan. Although women are statistically at YES NO greater risk of violence from an intimate Is there legislation addressing sexual harassment in employment? partner, other forms of violence are also common. In the workplace and other are- Sources: Women, Business and the Law and Enterprise Surveys databases. Note: The difference in the percentages illustrated is significant at the 5% level after controlling for the log of GNI per capita nas, for example, women may face sexual (2015), the ratio of female-to-male (mean) years of education (ages 25+) (2015), the proportion of seats held by women harassment. Sexual harassment involves in national parliaments (2016), and the rule of law (2016). Sources for the control variables include the World Development the abuse of a position of hierarchy or a Indicators and Barro-Lee Educational Attainment databases. Regression analysis is based on 93 economies for which data are significant power disparity. available. This statistical relationship should not be interpreted as causal. Traditionally sexual harassment has been Central Asia approximately a quarter of Law 2018 provides a rich body of data linked to employment. However sexual economies lack workplace harassment across its seven indicators that can be harassment may occur in other spheres laws. Japan is the only OECD high-income used to generate policy action and to including education. Economies have economy that does not legally protect lay a roadmap for further research. begun addressing sexual harassment women from sexual harassment at work. through various types of legislation in- cluding anti-discrimination statutes and However, some economies have recently criminal law.23 reformed in this area. One economy, Notes Cameroon, adopted a new criminal code Women, Business and the Law finds that covering sexual harassment in employ- 1 United Nations Committee on the women are more likely to have majority ment and education. Elimination of Discrimination Against ownership in firms in economies where Women (CEDAW Committee). 2016. workplace sexual harassment laws exist Without such protections in place sexual “Communication No. 60/2013: Views (figure 1.15). harassment at work can undermine ca- Adopted by the Committee at its Sixty- reers, the ability to work and the employ- Third Session (February 15-March 4, Of the 189 economies covered by ment climate. 2016).” CEDAW/C/63/D/60/2013, United Women, Business and the Law, 130, Nations, New York. including every economy in South Asia, have laws prohibiting sexual harassment 2 Id. in employment. However, 59 economies From inform to reform 3 Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, still do not have such laws. Decision No. 46-KG 17-24, July 24, 2017, http://www.supcourt.ru/stor_pdf By scoring these seven spheres of work- In the Middle East and North Africa, for .php?id=1566432. ing women’s lives, Women, Business example, 70% of the examined econo- and the Law hopes to highlight leg- 4 Constitutional Court of the Republic of mies do not have legislation protecting islation affecting women’s prospects Colombia, Decision C-586/16, October women from sexual harassment at work. as employees and entrepreneurs and 26, 2016, http://www In East Asia and the Pacific approximately to identify potential areas for reform. .corteconstitucional.gov.co half of the examined economies do not There is growing evidence linking /RELATORIA/2016/C-586-16.htm. have such laws. In Latin American and women’s legal rights and economic op- 5 Duflo 2012. the Caribbean approximately one-third portunities. Women, Business and the of economies do not. In Europe and 6 Cuberes and Teignier 2016. 20 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 7 Gonzales et al. 2015. Australia Law Reform Commission. 1994. Geddes, Rick, Dean Lueck and Sharon “Equality before the Law: Justice for Tennyson. 2012. “Human Capital 8 Cavalcanti and Tavares 2016. Women.” Government of Australia: Report Accumulation and the Expansion of 9 Khan 1996. No. 69, Part 1. Women’s Economic Rights.” Journal of 10 Geddes, Lueck and Tennyson 2012. Law and Economics 55 (4): 839–67. Averett, Susan L., H. Elizabeth Peters and 11 Aguirre 2012. Donald M. Waldman. 2006. “Tax Credits, Giovarelli, Renée and Hirut Girma. 2013. Labor Supply, and Child Care.” Review of “Gender Implications of Joint Land 12 World Bank 2011. Economics and Statistics 79 (1): 125–35. Titles in Ethiopia (Brief).” LANDESA. 13 Kahn, Garcia-Manglano and Bianchi 2014. Buckwalter-Poza, Rebecca. 2016. Making Gloppen, Siri and Fidelis Edge Kanyongolo. 14 Schulte et al. 2017. Justice Equal. Center for American 2007. “Courts and the Poor in Malawi: 15 Shepard, Clifton and Kruse 1996; Halpern Progress. Economic Marginalization, Vulnerability, 2005; Lister 2010. and the Law.” International Journal of Cavalcanti, Tiago V. de V., and José 16 Chłoń-Domińczak 2017. Constitutional Law 5 (2): 258–93. Tavares. 2016. “The Output Cost of 17 OECD 2001. Gender Discrimination: A Model-Based Gonzales, Christian, Sonali Jain-Chandra, Kalpana Macroeconomics Estimate.” Economic Kochhar and Monique Newiak. 2015. “Fair 18 APF and GANHRI 2017. Journal 126 (590): 109–34. Play: More Equal Laws Boost Female Labor 19 Buckwalter-Poza 2016. Force Participation.” IMF Staff Discussion Chłoń-Domińczak, Agnieszka. 2017. “Gender 20 Owen and Portillo 2003. 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Policies Can Reduce Stress, Improve Capital.” Finance and Development 38 (1). “Economic and Other Benefits Associated Health, and Save Money.” Stress and with the Provision of Civil Legal Aid.” Deere, Carmen Diana, and Magdalena León. Health 21: 157–68. Seattle Journal for Social Justice 9 (1): 2003. “The Gender Asset Gap: Land in Johnson, Richard W. 1999. “The Gender Gap 139–68. Latin America.” World Development 31 in Pension Wealth: Is Women’s Progress (6): 925–47. Aguirre, DeAnne, Leila Hoteit, Christine Rupp in the Labor Market Equalizing Benefits?” and Karim Sabbagh. 2012. “Empowering Deininger, Klaus, Hari Nagarajan, Fang Xia The Retirement Project, Brief Series 1, the Third Billion: Women and the World of and Songqing Jin. 2014. “Inheritance Urban Institute, Washington, DC. Work in 2012.” Booz and Company. Law Reform, Empowerment, and Human Kahn, Joan R., Javier García-Manglano Capital Accumulation: Second-Generation Ali, Daniel Ayalew, Klaus Deininger and and Suzanne M. 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Ruhm, Christopher J. 1998. “The Economic Consequences of Parental Leave Mandates: Lessons from Europe.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 113 (1): 285–317. Schulte, Brigid, Alieza Durana, Brian Stout and Jonathan Moyer. 2017. Paid Family Leave: How Much Time Is Enough? Washington, DC: New America. 22 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 ABOUT WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW Major differences in legal gender parity persist around the world. Many laws continue to prevent women from improving their own well-being and that of their families by working or running a business. How can governments improve women’s matter the most for women’s entrepreneur- access to entrepreneurial and employment ship and employment, as well as encourage In its fifth edition, activities? Answering this question requires economies to follow good practices and to Women, Business and understanding many factors—from access reform. the Law expands to to education and health care, to social and 189 economies. cultural norms and many things beyond. One important factor is how laws, regula- tions and institutions differentiate between By gathering and analyzing quantitative data to compare gender legal differences across economies and over time, Women, women and men in ways that affect wom- Business and the Law offers objective en’s incentives or capacity to work or set benchmarks for assessing where reforms up and run a business. have occurred that are helpful in measuring global progress toward gender legal equal- Since its inception in 2009, Women, ity (box 2.1). Business and the Law has collected data on laws and regulations constraining women’s Women, Business and the Law 2018, entrepreneurship and employment. The the fifth in a series, provides data on data set illuminates how government poli- legal and regulatory barriers to women’s cies limit women’s economic participation entrepreneurship and employment in 189 through unequal laws and a business envi- economies, up from 173 covered in the ronment that does not adequately support 2016 edition (table 2.1). This expansion women’s employment. enhances the global data on laws and regulations affecting women’s prospects This edition of Women, Business and as entrepreneurs and employees while the Law introduces an innovation by allowing broader comparison. scoring questions at the indicator level. The indicator-level scoring is meant to promote discussion and analysis on which laws ABOUT WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 23 BOX 2.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATOR 5.1.1 On September 25, 2015, member states of the United Nations adopted a set of goals aimed at ending poverty, protecting the planet and ensuring prosperity for all. This new sustainable development agenda consists of 17 “Global Goals,” each with specific targets to be achieved in the next 15 years. Realizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a collective effort between governments, the private sector and civil society. SDG Goal 5 strives to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. To accomplish this, economies must focus their efforts on tackling the systemic barriers restricting women’s rights and opportunities. The objective of Target 5.1 is to end all forms of discrimination against women and girls everywhere. This requires a framework of indicators and statistical data to monitor developments, inform policy decisions and ensure stakeholder accountability. Creating an enabling environment for women and men to enjoy equal rights and opportunities is enshrined in Indicator 5.1.1, which aims to measure whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and nondiscrimination on the basis of sex. Although there has been progress in reforming laws, unequal constitutional and legislative provisions in family, personal, penal and other laws persist. Indicator 5.1.1 is crucial to accelerating legal reform in these areas by tracking the removal of discriminatory provisions as well as the adoption of laws and implemen- tation mechanisms that promote gender equality. UN Women, the OECD Development Centre’s Social Institutions and Gender Index and the World Bank Group’s Women, Business and the Law are jointly working to develop, measure and track progress on Indicator 5.1.1. It is hoped that this collaboration will significantly contribute to efforts to achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment by 2030. Source: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, 2015. TABLE 2.1 EXPANDED GEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE Economies added Total number Region Economies previously in the report to the report of economies East Asia & Pacific Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Fiji; Hong Kong SAR, China; Indonesia; Lao PDR; Malaysia; Kiribati; Marshall Islands; 25 Mongolia; Myanmar; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Singapore; Taiwan, China; Thailand; Timor- Micronesia, Fed. Sts.; Leste; Tonga; Vietnam Palau; Samoa; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu Europe & Central Asia Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Georgia; Cyprus; San Marino 25 Kazakhstan; Kosovo; Kyrgyz Republic; Latvia; Lithuania; Macedonia, FYR; Moldova; Montenegro; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Tajikistan; Turkey; Ukraine; Uzbekistan OECD high income Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Chile; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; 32 Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea, Rep.; Luxembourg; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; United States Latin America & Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Bahamas, The; Barbados; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa 32 Caribbean Rica; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Grenada; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Puerto Rico (U.S.); St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay; Venezuela, RB Middle East & North Algeria; Bahrain; Djibouti; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Malta; Libya 20 Africa Morocco; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza; Yemen, Rep. South Asia Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka 8 Sub-Saharan Africa Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Chad; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Congo, Cabo Verde; Central 47 Rep.; Côte d’Ivoire; Ethiopia; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; African Republic; Comoros; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Eritrea; Gambia, The; São Tomé and Príncipe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Guinea-Bissau Swaziland; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe 24 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 What does Women, in access to credit based on gender that make it more difficult for women and marital status. to transition from the informal to the Business and the Law formal economy. • Protecting women from violence measure? considers laws on domestic violence While focusing on written legislation, the and sexual harassment in education Women, Business and the Law 2018 pro- report recognizes the often-large gaps and employment. vides quantitative measures of laws and between the laws on the books and ac- regulations affecting women’s economic In addition, a case study is included tual practice: women do not always have opportunities in seven areas: accessing examining how discriminatory laws can access to the equality that formal laws institutions, using property, getting a affect women’s demand for financial ser- establish. One reason for this may be poor job, providing incentives to work, going vices. For example, limited access to and implementation of legislation due to weak to court, building credit and protecting control over property constrain women’s enforcement or design or low capacity. women from violence. ability to provide collateral for loans. Similarly, gender differences in getting Identifying legal differences is one step • Accessing institutions explores toward better understanding where women’s ability to interact with pub- identification can make it more difficult for women to open bank accounts, espe- women’s economic rights may be re- lic authorities and the private sector stricted in practice. Of the countries in the same ways as men, through cially where there are stringent identifica- tion requirements. covered by the report, only the Islamic examining constraints on women’s Republic of Iran, Palau, Sudan, Tonga legal capacity. and the United States are not par- • Using property analyzes women’s ties to the United Nations Convention ability to access and use property What does Women, on the Elimination of All Forms of based on their ability to own, manage, Business and the Law Discrimination against Women.1 Thus, control and inherit it. It also exam- most women in the economies covered not measure? ines whether legislation accounts for should have access to formal equality. nonmonetary contributions, such as But, as the report shows, that is not the Equal opportunities for women in busi- case in many economies. unpaid care for children or the elderly, ness and the workplace depend on the in distributing assets upon the dissolu- interplay of economic, social and cultural tion of marriage. factors. For example, unless women have • Getting a job assesses restrictions opportunities to get an education or build Methodological strengths on women’s ability to work, such as their skills, equalizing laws affecting entre- and limitations prohibitions on working at night or preneurship and employment mean little. in certain industries. It also covers Other factors, such as infrastructure— The Women, Business and the Law laws on maternity, paternity and for example, safe transportation—might methodology was designed to be an eas- parental leave, retirement ages, equal also affect women’s ability and desire to ily replicable way to benchmark the legal remuneration for work of equal work in certain locations or at night. And and regulatory environment for women value, nondiscrimination at work and social and cultural norms may prevent as entrepreneurs and employees. This flexible work options. women from running businesses or work- approach has advantages and limitations ing outside the home. • Providing incentives to work exam- (table 2.2). ines childcare and tax support, through While recognizing that many issues af- assessing tax deductions and credits, A key consideration for the project is fect women’s economic opportunities, childcare and primary education. that the indicators are comparable across Women, Business and the Law focuses economies. The indicators are based on • Going to court explores women’s on the formal legal and regulatory en- standardized assumptions. One example ability to access justice by examining vironment determining whether women of a standardized assumption used for the evidentiary weight of women’s can open their own businesses or work. maternity leave is that the woman in testimony, the existence of justice Not everything of importance is cov- question is having one child. While ma- institutions such as anti-discrimination ered. Rather the report is concerned ternity leave rules often differ for twins, commissions and small claims courts with the laws governing the formal only data for individual births is captured and mandates for legal aid. economy. Although most women in by the question. developing economies start businesses • Building credit examines credit bu- or work in the informal economy, a reaus and registries that collect infor- Another assumption is the location of goal of this project is to define some mation from retailers and utility com- the woman in question is in the largest of the features of the legal framework panies. It also covers nondiscrimination business city of the economy. However, ABOUT WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 25 research on how specific regulations TABLE 2.2 METHODOLOGICAL STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS affect women’s incentives to participate in economic activity. Moreover, the data Feature Strengths Limitations set is updated every two years, making it Use of standardized Makes data comparable across Reduces scope of data; only regulatory possible to analyze variations over time. assumptions economies and methodology reforms in the areas measured can be transparent systematically tracked Focus on largest Makes data collection manageable Reduces representativeness of data for an How are the data collected? business city (cost effective) and data comparable economy if there are significant differences across locations The Women, Business and the Law Focus on the most Makes data comparable across Restrictions that apply only to minority data are based on domestic laws and populous group economies, especially where there populations may be missed are parallel legal systems prescribing regulations. The data cover small different rights for different groups economies and some of the poorest of women economies, for which little or no data Focus on the formal Keeps attention on formal sector— Unable to reflect reality for women in the are available in other data sets. The sector where regulations are relevant informal sector—which may be a significant new areas of coverage are based on number of women in many economies consultations across the World Bank Focus on the law Makes indicators “actionable” because Where systematic compliance with the law Group and with external experts, in- the law is what policymakers can is lacking, regulatory changes alone will not cluding international organizations, change achieve the desired results civil society organizations, academics and private sector actors. legislation may differ within federal they set out to change the incentives The report’s indicators were construct- economies, where laws affecting women that govern women’s economic lives. ed based on responses from practitio- can vary by state. Even in nonfederal Women, Business and the Law not only ners with expertise in family, labor and economies, women in rural areas and shows where gender differences exist criminal law, including lawyers, judges, small towns may face more restrictive in the law, but it also points to specific academics and members of civil soci- local legislation. laws that may lend themselves to re- ety organizations working on gender form. Its quantitative measures support In addition, where several sets of per- sonal law2 prescribe different rights and obligations for different groups of wom- FIGURE 2.1 HOW WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW DATA ARE en, the data focus on the most populous COLLECTED group, which may mean that restrictions that apply only to minority populations The team consults with gender are missed. A detailed explanation of The updated data set is experts, academics, civil society released and the report is organizations, and colleagues in the report’s methodology—including all published and disseminated the World Bank Group on which through a series of events new areas should be covered the questions asked and assumptions made—is provided in the data notes. Women, Business and the Law recog- nizes the limitations of standardized as- sumptions, but while such assumptions The team analyzes the data The team develops come at the expense of specificity, they and writes the report. questionnaires and sends Comments on the data and the them to private sector also ensure data comparability. report are received from across practitioners, civil society the World Bank Group through organizations and government an internal review process officials, such as judges The data set does not include qualita- tive assessments. Outcome variables, such as female labor force participation The team analyzes rates, also are not part of the data set, the relevant laws and regulations although they are used in the analysis for along with the this report. information in the questionnaires Rules and regulations are directly con- trolled by policy makers—and they are often where policy makers start when 26 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 issues. The data were collected through Notes several rounds of interaction with these respondents—through responses to 1 Palau and the United States have signed questionnaires, conference calls, writ- but not ratified the Convention. ten correspondence and visits by the team (figure 2.1). The data in this report 2 Personal law refers to non-customary are current as of June 1, 2017. legal systems that stem from tradition or doctrinal texts, which are sometimes In addition to filling out written ques- uncodified. tionnaires, Women, Business and the Law respondents provide references to the relevant laws and regulations. The Women, Business and the Law team col- lects the relevant texts and checks the questionnaire responses for accuracy. All questionnaire responses are verified against codified sources of national law, including laws, statutes, rules, regula- tions and procedures, in areas such as labor, social security, civil procedure, tax, violence against women, marriage and family, inheritance and others. Doing Business 2018 surveys were also used to develop some questions in the building credit indicator. Women, Business and the Law requires each legal data point to have a citable legal source, and sources for every data point are posted on the project website (http://wbl.worldbank.org) to ensure that the data are transparent. More de- tailed data on each economy, including links to the legal sources, are also pro- vided on the Women, Business and the Law website. Feedback is welcome and can be offered through the website. What’s next? During the two-year period between the publication of this report and the Women, Business and the Law 2020 report, the team will carry out a robust consultative process with a variety of stakeholders on the optimal design and construction of a gender equality index through which women’s entrepreneurship and employ- ment can be examined. The indicator- level scoring presented in this report is the first step in this process. ABOUT WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 27 WOMEN’S FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND THE LAW In 2014 Madame Ngetsi wanted to formalize a small business that she was running in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo. To do so, she would need to register her company and open a bank account. Along the way, she might need a loan to grow her business. But legally, Madame Ngetsi needed her husband’s permission to do any of these Discriminatory laws activities under the family code that existed at the time. can affect women’s This is just one example of how women’s decision making is limited by laws interfer- of which more than half are women. When it comes to women’s financial inclusion, a demand ing with their economic activities. Such laws large gender gap in access to and usage of for financial can affect women’s ability to save, borrow, financial services persists.1 services and pay or insure themselves against risk. impede their ability to save, Discriminatory laws can affect women’s demand for financial services. For example, Identification matters for borrow, pay limited access to and control over property financial inclusion or insure constrain women’s ability to provide collat- themselves eral for loans. Similarly, gender differences Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements against risk. in getting identification can make it more oblige financial institutions to verify a difficult for women to open bank accounts, customer’s identity by checking and con- especially where there are stringent identi- firming identification. Such rules are an fication requirements to do so. important part of anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism Financial inclusion involves access to and regimes, and help preserve the integrity of usage of various financial services, such financial markets. However, they can some- as savings, payments, credit and insurance times exclude segments of the population from formal service providers. Basic finan- who are more likely to lack identification— cial inclusion can entail a simple deposit such as low-income populations or women. account at a bank or a transaction on a A survey conducted by the Alliance for mobile money service account. It can also Financial Inclusion reports that 25% of the encompass loans from formal financial in- respondents perceived KYC requirements stitutions or insurance products that allow as a barrier to women.2 people to manage their financial risks. Gender inequality can play a role in making The World Bank Group’s 2014 Global access to identification more burdensome Findex database revealed that although for women, as some laws and regulations almost all OECD high-income economies make it more difficult for women to obtain have universal access to financial services, a national identity (ID) card or passport or only slightly more than half of develop- register the birth of a child in the same way ing economies do. Globally 61% of adults as men (box 3.1). Women, Business and have an account at a financial institution. the Law data show there are at least 48 However, 2 billion people remain unbanked, legal differences for women compared with 28 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 men when applying for an ID or passport husband’s name. Consequently, a wife knowledge of the customer’s identity in the economies examined. no longer must provide supporting docu- (customer identification and verifica- mentation to establish her husband’s tion) and the ability to track transac- Specifically, married women cannot get name, and procedures are now the same tions are often sufficient. an ID card in the same way as married for men and women. men in 11 economies (concentrated in Under this framework, more relaxed, South Asia, the Middle East and North Tiered KYC requirements are a promis- small-value accounts are the ideal Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa). In ing solution to help women with limited tool to allow access to financial ser- Pakistan, for example, a married woman proof of identity and other necessary vices to new (low-income) customers. must provide her marriage contract and documentation, such as proof of ad- Several economies, including Ghana her husband’s ID card or an electronic dress and source of income, open basic and Tanzania, have implemented a tier- confirmation by her husband when re- savings and payment accounts. Tiered based approach for KYC rules. newing her national ID card. KYC regimes use a risk-based approach where the requirements are less strin- The use of innovative and secure means However, change is occurring. In 2016, gent for low-value or simplified bank of identification, such as biometric IDs, Senegal reformed regulations imposing accounts that can have a balance cap yield specific benefits for women, al- additional requirements on married or carry transaction and access restric- lowing them to overcome distribution women when applying for ID cards. The tions. A high level of due diligence is not barriers for national IDs and facilitating new regulations no longer require mar- necessarily appropriate and economic the delivery of digital financial services. A ried women’s ID cards to include their for these small accounts.3 Instead, biometric ID is an identity card containing BOX 3.1 REGISTERING A BIRTH Having a birth certificate—and the registration that precedes it—is foundational. Birth certificates are the first step toward a legal identity and are required to obtain passports, ID cards, marriage certificates and driver’s licenses. Birth certificates may also be needed to obtain family allowances, social security and insurance, enroll children in school and access credit and pensions. However, in some economies, mothers cannot register the birth of a child in the same way as fathers. In Greece, the father is legally obligated to register the child; the mother needs a special mandate by a notary attorney to do so. In Barbados, Fiji and Namibia, a mother can legally register the newborn only when the father is dead, absent or incapable. And in The Gambia, the father is legally required to register children born within a marriage, and the mother has this legal responsibility for children born outside marriage. Most economies require a parent to show notification of a live birth, issued by the hospital, and some form of personal identification. Economies without robust civil identification systems often allow proof of identity through witnesses, such as village elders, teachers or religious leaders. In El Salvador and Senegal, for example, two witnesses with an identity document can attest for the registration when the parents lack documentation. By contrast, Morocco requires extensive documentation, including a copy of the mother’s birth certificate, family book and records of the child’s first vaccinations. Unmarried parents must overcome significant hurdles where the system does not recognize children born outside marriage—as is the case in Bahrain and Nepal—or requires additional procedures for registering their birth, as in Iraq, Jordan and Morocco, where an unmarried parent must obtain a court order to register their child. Birth registration and birth certificates should be free, to encourage parents to register their children and get a certificate. However, some economies, such as Lebanon, Pakistan and Tajikistan, charge for registering births. Other economies do not charge for registering births, but do charge for the birth certificates, including Australia, Barbados, Côte d’Ivoire, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Malawi, the Philippines, Rwanda, Senegal and Togo. Although many economies are moving toward eliminating costs for birth registration within the required timeframe (which can range from 10 days to 1 year), some still charge for late registration. For example, in Kenya, birth registration is free if done within 6 months, but a fee is charged after that. The aim is to encourage early registration. However, the fee can deter parents from registering births at all. Other economies that charge for birth registration after the required timeframe include Angola, El Salvador, Ghana, Jamaica, Lesotho, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan and Vietnam. No additional documentation should be necessary to register a child after the required timeframe. But in Burkina Faso a judgment is needed to register a child after the time limit of 2 months and in Lebanon, after 1 year. Meanwhile, in 2013 Indonesia’s Constitutional Court removed a requirement that the General Courts must provide a statement to get a birth certificate for a child over age 1. Sources: Women, Business and the Law database; Sumner 2015. WOMEN’S FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND THE LAW 29 biometric information, such as finger- activities. This can constrain women’s Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza and prints and facial patterns, which can be financial inclusion. Women, Business and the Republic of Yemen). Where this is easily and quickly verified online. the Law data show that in 31 economies, the case, women may have difficulties the husband is legally considered head of traveling to banks or other service pro- In India, until recently, banks had to household, which can have implications viders and may not be able to earn an perform KYC processes each time a ranging from government land allocation independent income or live in a place financial interaction occurred, even to who receives government benefits that offers the opportunity to work or if the same customer wanted to open within a household. access services. two accounts at the same bank. Now, a photograph and fingerprint or signa- At a more basic level, Chad, Guinea- Laws restricting women’s economic in- ture are sufficient documentation to Bissau and Niger are now the only dependence also restrict their access and open a restricted bank account, if the economies where married women still usage of financial services. For example, holder applies within a year for Aadhar, need permission to open a bank account. where married women are prohibited a unique registration number issued by In Equatorial Guinea, a wife still needs her from working, women are less likely to the national ID program. This number is husband’s permission to sign a contract. have accounts, formal credit or savings. replacing the myriad identification cards Where women can be head of household that were utilized earlier for different Legal restrictions can limit women’s or women are not required by law to obey purposes. Banks and other institutions mobility and decision making. In 31 their husbands, women are more likely to can easily access the Aadhar database economies, married women cannot use formal financial products.5 for their KYC procedures.4 choose where to live in the same way as married men. In 18 economies, they Where married women cannot choose cannot work outside the home in the where to live in the same way as men, same way as a married man. And in gender gaps in financial inclusion are Laws restricting women’s 17 economies, married women cannot higher for women’s access to bank ac- agency and mobility can travel outside the home in the same way counts and their capacity to borrow from hinder their financial inclusion as married men (Afghanistan, Bahrain, a financial institution (figure 3.1). Brunei Darussalam, the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Laws can limit women’s legal capacity Jordan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar, through requiring permission—usually Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, the United from a husband—to carry out everyday FIGURE 3.1 GENDER GAPS IN ACCOUNT OWNERSHIP AND CAPACITY TO BORROW FROM A FINANCIAL INSTITUTION ARE HIGHER WHERE WOMEN’S MOBILITY IS CONSTRAINED Account at a financial institution (% age 15+) Borrowed from a financial institution (% age 15+) 60% 56% 25% 17% 15% 12% 7% 4% Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male YES NO YES NO Can a married woman choose where to live Can a married woman choose where to live in the same way as a married man? in the same way as a married man? Sources: Women, Business and the Law and Global Findex (2014) databases. Note: The differences in the percentages illustrated for females (% age 15+) are statistically significant at the 1% level after accounting for the log of GNI per capita (2015), domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP), financial system deposits to GDP (%), and the rule of law (2016). Sources for the control variables include the World Development Indicators and the Gallup country databases. Regression analyses are based on 126 economies for which data are available. These statistical relationships should not be interpreted as causal. 30 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 Barriers to women’s access property regimes or separate property country’s partial community property re- regimes. In full community property gime, where most assets are owned jointly and control over property regimes, the property of either spouse by wives and husbands. Married women’s can affect their financial acquired before and during marriage smaller share of couples’ wealth in Ghana inclusion is treated as joint property regardless and Karnataka was largely explained by of who paid for it. In partial community their separation of property regimes, property regimes assets acquired before where assets are not jointly owned.8 Evidence suggests that gender differenc- marriage are regarded as the separate es in asset ownership are an influential property of the acquiring spouse and as- Although separate property regimes factor affecting women’s ability to access sets acquired after marriage are regarded are gender neutral, they can penalize credit. Limited access to assets is also a as the couple’s joint property. In separate women who do not build up an income major reason why women are rejected property regimes, each spouse retains during marriage. This effect can be miti- for loans, as banks can be reluctant to ownership and control over property gated in divorce by the legal recognition lend to customers who lack traditional they paid for. Women, Business and the of nonmonetary contributions such as collateral.6 Law data shows that 6 economies have unpaid care. The recognition of non- a default full community property regime; monetary contributions within separate Family, inheritance and land laws are 77 economies have a default partial com- property regimes may also make a dif- important in allocating assets between munity property regime; and 75 have a ference to women’s financial inclusion. men and women. These laws come into default separate property regime. Gender gaps in women having a debit play at different stages of a woman’s life- card and using it are larger in separate cycle, determining what a daughter will A study on gender asset and wealth gaps property regimes that do not recognize inherit from her parents and what assets in Ecuador, Ghana and the Indian state of nonmonetary contributions than in a woman can access during her marriage Karnataka used household asset surveys those that do (figure 3.2). and as a divorcee or widow. Where these to estimate married women’s share of laws are favorable, women have greater couples’ wealth. It found that in Ecuador In Morocco and Tunisia, the default mari- economic independence.7 married women owned 44% of couples’ tal property regime is separation of prop- wealth; in Ghana they owned 19%; and in erty. Both economies have introduced Most economies establish a default marital Karnataka they owned 9%. The much larg- an option of partial community property property regime determining the alloca- er share of couples’ wealth held by married in reforms to the family law—Morocco tion of assets between spouses. Common women in Ecuador was explained by the in 2004 and Tunisia in 1998. However, options are full or partial community FIGURE 3.2 GAPS ARE SMALLER IN ACCESS TO AND USE OF DEBIT CARDS WHERE WOMEN’S NONMONETARY CONTRIBUTIONS ARE RECOGNIZED IN SEPARATE PROPERTY REGIMES Debit card in own name (% age 15+) Debit card used in the past year (% age 15+) 54% 56% 42% 43% 17% 10% 10% 5% Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male YES NO YES NO Does the law recognize nonmonetary contributions Does the law recognize nonmonetary contributions in separate property regimes? in separate property regimes? Sources: Women, Business and the Law and Global Findex (2014) databases. Note: The differences in the percentages illustrated for females (% age 15+) are statistically significant at least at the 5% level after accounting for the log of GNI per capita (2015), domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP), financial system deposits to GDP (%), and the rule of law (2016). Sources for the control variables include the World Development Indicators and the Gallup country databases. Regression analyses are based on 44 economies for which data are available. These statistical relationships should not be interpreted as causal. WOMEN’S FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND THE LAW 31 uptake has been low partly due to lack Improving women’s inheritance rights present letters of administration.13 If no of awareness, social norms and complex can lead to better outcomes. One study one claims the money within two years, it procedures.9 The World Bank’s World in India found improved inheritance is transferred to the Unclaimed Financial Development Report 2015 highlights how rights led to a greater likelihood of wom- Assets Authority, a government institu- changing a default option can change en having bank accounts.12 Women are tion. In 2015, Safaricom handed over norms, such as those around employ- also more likely to have housing finance $4.8 million to the Unclaimed Financial ees’ adoption of pension plans. Making where inheritance rights are equal for Assets Authority.14 enrollment in a pension plan the default widows and daughters (figure 3.3). One option—so that employees must choose possible explanation for this is women Allowing a husband to name his wife as a to opt out—is a way to ensure that may have fewer assets to use as collater- beneficiary at the time the account is es- most employees end up being covered.10 al where inheritance rights are unequal. tablished can sidestep these procedures Similarly, making a partial community and make a difference for widows. property regime the default option could It is also important to look at how ac- increase uptake. counts transfer when the account holder dies. In Kenya, for example, it is difficult for Likewise, the recognition of women’s widows to get access to their deceased Lack of credit histories can unpaid work—through recognizing non- husband’s bank account. Safaricom’s hinder women’s access to monetary contributions—should be a policy on M-Pesa and M-Shwari accounts finance default setting, whether through a joint provides that account balances stay in property regime or by adding specific the deceased’s account until they are Access to formal credit relies heavily laws on nonmonetary contributions to claimed. But wives cannot automatically on asset-based lending, but where separate property regimes. claim their husband’s account money. women have limited access to property The policy requires that when an M-Pesa they are less likely to use it as collateral. Removing the husband’s sole control subscriber dies with a will, the next of Information-sharing institutions, such as over property is also critical. The reform kin must present copies of the death credit bureaus and registries, are impor- of the family code in Ethiopia, which did certificate, ID and grant of probate to tant determinants of private credit devel- away with the husband’s sole control Safaricom. If an M-Pesa subscriber dies opment.15 Where they collect the types over marital property and the need for without a will, the next of kin must also his permission to work outside the home, was linked to more women working in full-time jobs outside the home and in FIGURE 3.3 GENDER GAPS ARE SMALLER IN HAVING A MORTGAGE more productive sectors.11 WHERE INHERITANCE RIGHTS ARE EQUAL FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS Outstanding mortgage (% age 15+) Unequal inheritance 16% rights are also a barrier to 14% women’s financial inclusion 10% Access to assets through inheritance is also important for women and girls. 6% Widows may depend on inheritance for financial security, and daughters may become more economically independent and have greater educational opportuni- ties if they are allowed equal inheritance Female Male Female Male rights with sons. YES NO Does the law provide for equal inheritance rights for women and girls? In 36 of the 189 economies covered by Women, Business and the Law, widows Sources: Women, Business and the Law and Global Findex (2014) databases. do not have the same inheritance rights Note: The difference in the percentages illustrated for females (% age 15+) is statistically significant at the 10% level after as widowers. And 39 of the 189 econo- accounting for the log of GNI per capita (2015), domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP), financial system deposits to GDP (%), and the rule of law (2016). Sources for the control variables include the World Development Indicators and the Gallup mies measured prevent daughters from country databases. Regression analysis is based on 120 economies for which data are available. This statistical relationship should inheriting in the same way as sons. not be interpreted as causal. 32 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 of reputation collateral that women are more likely to have, such as a record of FIGURE 3.4 ECONOMIES WHERE NON-BANK INSTITUTIONS REPORT successful repayments to microfinance POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CREDIT INFORMATION institutions or retailers, this may help women build their credit histories and Number of economies ultimately access finance. 83 75 But in many developing economies, credit bureaus and registries are uncom- 57 60 mon. Where they do exist, they may limit themselves to covering high loan 43 41 amounts that preclude the vast number of female borrowers who have smaller loans. Among the 189 economies cov- ered by Women, Business and the Law, 50 do not have a public credit registry or private credit bureau that covers more Microfinance institutions Retailers Utility companies than 5% of the adult population. Positive data Negative data Women, Business and the Law data Source: Women, Business and the Law database. show that microfinance repayment data are collected and distributed by credit are especially linked to the presence of level has remained constant since 2003. bureaus and registries in 83 economies, women in leadership roles.16 Studies Comparable findings emerge from a 2017 with 75 of these sharing positive credit on female leadership in other decision- study analyzing central bank boards, with information such as on-time payments making bodies have shown impacts on a broader sample of 112 countries from and the amounts of loans—allowing issues affecting women. For example, different income groups.20 Women rep- microfinance borrowers to leverage suc- female representation in national parlia- resent only 15% of the board members cessful repayment histories to build repu- ments at levels of 25% and above makes in these countries. Thirty percent have tation collateral (figure 3.4). it more likely for discriminatory property no female board members, and 48% laws to be reformed in the next 5 years have less than 10%. Another 2017 study Bureaus and registries in 57 econo- compared with 15 years before such shows that since 1950, only 56 women mies share retail payment data, with levels of representation.17 have chaired a central bank.21 In 2015 43 sharing positive credit information. only 16 women (8.7%) chaired a central For utility repayment data, the total is When it comes to corporate boards, some bank, of a total of 184 worldwide. 60 economies, of which 41 require the research links gender diversity to better provision of positive credit information. company performance, including in areas Women are also underrepresented at In a minority of economies, 23 of the such as greater returns on sales and as- senior levels in the financial sector over- 189, all three institutions (microfinance sets.18 Women, Business and the Law all. Recent data gathered from 50 of the institutions, retailers and utility compa- data show that 11 economies have legal largest banks, insurers, asset managers nies) provide positive credit repayment quotas for women on corporate boards and professional services firms show that data to credit agencies. (Belgium, France, Germany, Iceland, only 25% of top executives are female.22 India, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and Spain), with the most recent Women’s leadership is addition being the United Arab Emirates The way forward limited in the banking sector which introduced a quota of 20% for publicly listed companies in 2016. and decision-making bodies It is important to make the links between A 2016 study across 26 OECD countries women’s financial inclusion and the Recent studies show how female par- shows the evolution in the number of fe- legal environment as early as possible. ticipation in the banking sector and male board members of central banks.19 Consider the example of Madame Ngetsi decision-making bodies can have a As of January 2016, women represented in the Democratic Republic of Congo. positive impact on financial inclusion. only 14% of board members. Forty-two The good news is she can now open a For example, access to the internet and percent of the central banks covered bank account, get a loan, sign a contract, mobile phones and financial inclusion had no women on their board. This register her business and register land WOMEN’S FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND THE LAW 33 without any need for her husband’s per- Notes References mission, following reforms to the family code in 2016. 1 Demirgüç-Kunt et al. 2015. AFI (Alliance for Financial Inclusion). 2015. National Financial Inclusion Strategies. But there is still work to be done. Husbands 2 AFI 2017a. Current State of Practice. AFI, Kuala still control marital property and they 3 Gelb 2016. Lumpur. are still legally the head of household. 4 Anderson et al. 2016; Gelb 2016. Prevailing social norms did not allow for a ———. 2017a. “Integrating Gender and complete overhaul of barriers to women’s 5 Demirgüç-Kunt, Klapper and Singer 2013. Women’s Financial Inclusion into National financial inclusion, but rather incremental 6 Stupnytska et al. 2014. Strategies.” Guideline Note 27, AFI, Kuala steps. This is often the pattern of legal Lumpur. 7 Thomas, Contreras and Frankenberg reform, even in high-income economies. ———. 2017b. “Sex-Disaggregated 2002. Married women in France gained equal Data Toolkit: How to Leverage Sex- rights to work outside the home in 1965, 8 Deere et al. 2013. Disaggregated Financial Inclusion Data to become head of household in 1970, and 9 World Bank 2015. Accelerate Women’s Financial Inclusion.” administer property in 1985. Guideline Note 26, AFI, Kuala Lumpur. 10 World Bank Group 2015. 11 Hallward-Driemeier and Gajigo 2013. Anderson, C. Leigh, Pierre Biscaye, Sarah Legal reform is a crucial element that Coney, Eugenia Ho, Brian Hutchinson, needs to be embedded in broader strate- 12 Deininger et al. 2014. Mia Neidhardt and Travis Reynolds. gies to advance women’s financial inclu- 13 “M-PESA Next of Kin Claim,” Safaricom, 2016. ITU-T Focus Group Digital sion. According to surveyed members of last accessed March 5, 2018, https:// Financial Services: Review of National the Alliance for Financial Inclusion, the www.safaricom.co.ke/personal/m-pesa Identity Programs. Geneva: International main barriers identified for women are /m-pesa-legal/m-pesa-next-of-kin-claim. Telecommunication Union. financial literacy (75%), collateral require- ments (66%) and the sociocultural envi- 14 “Ksh500m Unclaimed M-Pesa Deposits,” Charlety, Patricia, Davide Romelli and Estefania ronment.23 Regulatory requirements can Business Today, February 4, 2015, Santacreu-Vasut. 2017. “Appointments prevent women from accessing financial https://businesstoday.co.ke/ksh500m to Central Bank Boards: Does Gender services. Consequently, some economies, -unclaimed-m-pesa-deposits. Matter?” Economics Letters 155: 59−61. such as Paraguay, have chosen to include 15 Djankov, McLiesh and Shleifer 2007. Deere, Carmen Diana, Abena D. Oduro, an assessment of the legal and regula- Hema Swaminathan and Cheryl Doss. 16 Woetzel et al. 2015. tory framework in their national financial 2013. “Property Rights and the Gender inclusion strategy.24 17 Hallward-Driemeier, Hasan and Bodgdana Distribution of Wealth in Ecuador, Ghana Rusu 2013. and India.” The Journal of Economic More research is needed on many re- 18 Isidro and Sobral 2015. Inequality 11 (2): 249-65. lated issues, such as how labor laws, the 19 Charlety, Romelli and Santacreu-Vasut Deininger, Klaus, Hari Nagarajan, Fang Xia gender wage gap or childcare can affect 2017. and Songqing Jin. 2014. “Inheritance women’s access to and use of financial 20 Romelli, Masciandaro and Profeta 2017. Law Reform, Empowerment, and Human services. 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WOMEN’S FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND THE LAW 35 SUMMARIES OF WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW REFORMS In the two-year period from May 1, 2015 Algeria Bhutan through June 1, 2017, Women, Business and the Law recorded 87 regulatory  Protecting women from violence  Providing incentives to work reforms towards gender equality in em- Algeria criminalized domestic vio- Bhutan increased the maximum ployment and entrepreneurial activity in lence, including physical, psychologi- amount of educational expenses that scored areas, with 65 economies imple- cal and economic violence. can be deducted from income taxes. menting at least one reform moving to-  Building credit wards gender equality. Angola Bhutan improved access to credit information by distributing positive  Getting a job and negative payment data from util-  Reform increasing gender parity Angola increased the number of legal ity companies. O Reform neutral to gender parity restrictions on women’s work.  Reform decreasing gender parity  Building credit Bolivia Additionally, Angola now prohibits discrimination by creditors in financial  Building credit transactions based on gender. Bolivia enhanced access to credit Afghanistan information by starting to report data from utility companies.  Protecting women from violence Azerbaijan Afghanistan now prohibits sexual  Getting a job harassment in employment and Bosnia and Herzegovina Azerbaijan is gradually increasing and education. It also established criminal equalizing the ages at which men and  Getting a job penalties and civil remedies for sexual women can retire and receive pension Bosnia and Herzegovina eliminated harassment in employment. benefits. several restrictions on women’s em- ployment, including in jobs deemed Albania arduous, jobs deemed hazardous Bahrain and underwater work. It also elimi-  Getting a job nated the possibility for men and  Protecting women from violence Albania introduced 3 days of paid women to retire early and receive Bahrain introduced its first domestic paternity leave. The new labor code partial pension benefits, which was violence law, which protects spouses also mandates equal remuneration previously unequal. and family members and covers for men and women who do work of physical, sexual, psychological and  Going to court equal value. economic violence. Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted  Providing incentives to work the Law on Free Legal Aid in 2016 Albania’s new labor code also guar- to provide legal assistance in antees that after maternity leave, Bangladesh civil procedures. employees can return to their job or  Getting a job to an equivalent job on terms that Bangladesh now prohibits women are no less favorable than before from carrying, lifting or removing the leave. weighty goods and instruments. It also establishes different weight- lifting thresholds for men and women. 36 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 Botswana China Côte d’Ivoire  Building credit  Getting a job  Providing incentives to work Botswana improved access to credit China introduced 3 days of paid Côte d’Ivoire made primary school information by beginning to distribute paternity leave. It also now entitles compulsory for all children ages data from utility companies, including all women—regardless of age—to 6–16 years. positive and negative data. 128 days of paid maternity leave.  Going to court Previously, women younger than age 25 were entitled to 98 days of mater- Côte d’Ivoire also established a small Brunei Darussalam nity leave, whereas women older than claims procedure in 2015, and raised age 25 were entitled to 128 days. the maximum amount for small claims  Building credit in 2017. Brunei Darussalam improved access  Building credit to credit information by distributing China improved access to credit data from two utility companies. information by reporting payment Dominican Republic histories from utility companies,  Getting a job including positive and negative data. Bulgaria The Dominican Republic increased the length of paid maternity leave   Getting a job from 84 to 98 days. Bulgaria removed all restrictions Colombia on women’s employment. It is also  Getting a job gradually increasing and equalizing Colombia increased paid maternity Ecuador the ages at which men and women leave from 98 to 126 days. It also  Using property can retire with full pension benefits. removed restrictions on women’s em- Ecuador equalized men’s and However, the ages at which men and ployment in mining and jobs deemed women’s property rights by repeal- women can retire with partial pension hazardous and arduous. ing the provision favoring husbands’ benefits are now unequal. decisions in cases of disagreement Congo, Dem. Rep. between spouses when administering assets during marriage. Burundi  Accessing institutions  Going to court  Protecting women from violence The Democratic Republic of Congo reformed its family code to allow A new code of civil procedure Burundi introduced civil remedies for married women to sign a contract, eliminated small claims procedures in sexual harassment in employment. get a job, open a bank account and Ecuador. register a business in the same way Cameroon as married men. It also removed the El Salvador obligation for a married woman to  Protecting women from violence obey her husband and allows spouses  Getting a job Cameroon adopted a new criminal to choose the marital home mutually. El Salvador increased the length code that covers sexual harassment of paid maternity leave from 84 to in employment and education, and  Getting a job 112 days. established criminal penalties for The Democratic Republic of Congo sexual harassment. lifted restrictions on women’s ability to work at night in public or private Ethiopia industrial establishments. It also Chad now mandates nondiscrimination  Going to court based on gender in various aspects Ethiopia now requires the Attorney  Protecting women from violence of employment, including hiring and General to provide free legal aid ser- Chad adopted a new criminal code promotions. vices to women and others who lack that aggravates penalties for domes- the financial capacity to institute civil tic violence and criminalizes sexual  Building credit actions in federal court. harassment in employment. The Democratic Republic of Congo now prohibits discrimination based on gender in access to credit. SUMMARIES OF WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW REFORMS 37  Protecting women from violence Fiji India Iraq enacted a new labor code that  Building credit   Getting a job specifically addresses and criminalizes The credit bureau in Fiji suspended India increased the length of paid sexual harassment in employment. operations and no longer reports data maternity leave from 84 to 182 days. from utilities and retailers, therefore But as employers pay the full cost Ireland decreasing access to credit. of maternity leave, the cost of hiring women of childbearing age  Getting a job Guinea has increased from the employer’s Ireland introduced 10 days of paid perspective. paternity leave.  Building credit Guinea prohibited discrimination based on gender and marital status Indonesia Israel when accessing goods and services,  Going to court  Getting a job including financial services. Indonesia established a small claims Israel increased the length of paid  Protecting women from violence procedure in 2015. maternity leave from 98 to 105 Guinea criminalized sexual harass- days, and now allows the mother to ment, including in the workplace. transfer one week of maternity leave Iran, Islamic Rep. to the father.  Building credit Guyana The Islamic Republic of Iran improved Italy  Building credit access to credit information by re- Guyana improved access to credit porting data on credit payments from  Getting a job information by expanding the credit an automobile retailer. Italy increased paid paternity leave bureau’s coverage so that it now cov- from 1 to 2 days. ers more than 5% of the population. Iraq It reports data from utility companies Kenya and retailers.  Accessing institutions Iraq enacted a new passport law  Going to court in 2015 that introduces electronic Kenya’s new Legal Aid Act provides Honduras passports. The application process is legal aid services in civil matters. O Using property now the same for men and women  Building credit Partial community is now the default and does not require women to bring a guardian. Kenya improved access to credit infor- marital property regime in Honduras. mation by distributing data from two Both spouses must agree when ad-   Getting a job utility companies that report positive ministering property during marriage. Iraq increased the length of paid and negative payment information. maternity leave from 72 to 98 days.  Protecting women from violence Hungary Further, its new labor code prohibits discrimination based on gender in Kenya enacted its first domestic  Going to court various aspects of employment, violence law, which protects fam- Hungary eliminated small claims including hiring and dismissal. ily members, spouses and former courts and procedures; ordinary spouses and partners (including However, the new labor code allows non-cohabiting partners) from procedures now apply in the employers to terminate employees’ physical, sexual, psychological and lowest courts. contracts when they reach the retire- economic abuse. ment age, which is unequal for men Iceland and women.  Building credit  Providing incentives to work Iceland enhanced access to credit Iraq now guarantees workers return- information by starting to report data ing from maternity leave the same from utility companies. It also prohib- position or a similar position with the ited discrimination based on gender same wage. when accessing goods and services, including financial services. 38 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 Kiribati Liberia Maldives  Getting a job  Getting a job  Building credit Kiribati’s new labor code lifted all Liberia increased the length of paid Maldives prohibited discrimination restrictions on women’s employment, maternity leave from 90 to 98 days. based on gender and marital status including restrictions on working at Further, the new labor code mandates when accessing financial services. night and in mining. equal remuneration for work of equal value, as well as prohibits discrimi-  Providing incentives to work Marshall Islands nation based on gender in various It also guarantees employees return- aspects of employment, including ing from maternity leave the same or  Going to court hiring, promotions and dismissal. an equivalent position. Established in 2015, the Human Rights  Providing incentives to work Committee of the Marshall Islands Liberia’s new labor code also guaran- receives complaints of discrimination Kosovo tees employees returning from ma- based on gender.  Going to court ternity leave an equivalent position. Kosovo established an anti- Mauritius discrimination commission that Lithuania allows women to submit complaints  Getting a job of discrimination to an Ombudsperson.  Protecting women from violence Mauritius increased the length of Lithuania prohibited sexual harass- maternity leave from 84 to 98 days.  Building credit ment in education and established Kosovo also enacted a new nondis- civil remedies for sexual harassment crimination law in 2015, which intro- Moldova in the workplace. duced marital status as a category  Getting a job protected from discrimination when Moldova introduced 10 days of paid accessing credit. Luxembourg paternity leave. It is also gradually  Getting a job increasing and equalizing the ages at Latvia Luxembourg increased the percent- which men and women can retire and age of wages received during parental receive full pension benefits.  Building credit leave from 77% to 100%. Latvia improved access to credit information by launching a Mongolia private credit bureau. It reports Macedonia, FYR  Getting a job payment data from utility companies  Building credit Mongolia is gradually increasing and and retailers. The former Yugoslav Republic of equalizing the ages at which men Macedonia improved access to credit and women can retire and receive Lesotho information by beginning to distribute pension benefits. data from retailers, including positive  Building credit and negative data. Lesotho expanded the credit bureau’s Namibia coverage to include more than 5% of  Building credit the population. The bureau reports Malawi Namibia enhanced access to credit data from both utility companies  Building credit information by starting to report data and retailers. Malawi improved access to credit from utility companies. information by establishing a new credit bureau that reports data col- New Zealand lected from utility companies.  Getting a job New Zealand replaced maternity leave Malaysia with parental leave and increased it  Protecting women from violence from 112 to 126 days. Malaysia now allows victims of sexual harassment to seek civil remedies. SUMMARIES OF WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW REFORMS 39 Nigeria Rwanda South Africa  Building credit  Accessing institutions  Getting a job Nigeria improved access to credit Rwanda granted both spouses South Africa increased the percent- information by beginning to distribute equal rights to choose the marital age of wages received during mater- data from utility companies, including home. It also removed the provision nity leave from 60% to 66%. positive and negative data. designating the husband as “head of household.” Spain Panama  Getting a job Rwanda increased the percentage  Getting a job  Getting a job of wages received during maternity Spain increased the length of paid Panama introduced 3 days of paid leave from 60% to 100%. Additionally, paternity leave from 15 to 30 days. paternity leave. the employer and government now share the cost of maternity benefits, St. Vincent and the Grenadines whereas previously the employer was Paraguay solely responsible.   Getting a job  Getting a job St. Vincent and the Grenadines Paraguay increased the length of increased the percentage of wages paid maternity leave from 63 to 98 Senegal received during maternity leave from days and the percentage of wages  Accessing institutions 75% to 87%. received during maternity leave from Senegal enacted a new national But as employers pay for maternity 50% to 75%. It also increased the identity card law in 2016, introduc- leave, the cost of hiring women of length of paid paternity leave from 2 ing biometric cards. The applica- childbearing age has increased from to 10 days. tion process is now equal for men the employer’s perspective. and women. Peru Sweden  Getting a job Seychelles  Getting a job Peru increased the length of paid  Getting a job Sweden increased the allocation maternity leave from 90 to 98 days. The Seychelles introduced 5 days of of parental leave for mothers and paid paternity leave. fathers from 60 to 90 days. Poland   Getting a job Singapore Taiwan, China Poland replaced 42 days of paid ma-  Getting a job  Providing incentives to work ternity leave with paid parental leave. Singapore increased the length of Taiwan, China’s legislation on early It also eliminated all restrictions on paid paternity leave from 5 to 10 days. childhood education now applies women’s employment. to children ages two and older. However, it reversed a 2012 law that Previously, children ages four and was gradually increasing and equal- Slovak Republic older were covered. izing the retirement ages for men and  Getting a job  Building credit women. Now, the retirement age is The Slovak Republic increased the set to be lowered back to 60 years for Taiwan, China enhanced access to percentage of wages received during women and 65 for men. credit information by starting to maternity leave from 65% to 75%. report data from retailers, including positive and negative data. Portugal Slovenia  Getting a job  Protecting women from violence Tajikistan Portugal increased the length of paid Slovenia prohibited sexual harass-  Getting a job paternity leave from 20 to 25 days. ment in education. Tajikistan abolished the general re- striction on women’s ability to work at night. 40 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 Tanzania Vietnam  Providing incentives to work  Getting a job Tanzania made primary education Vietnam introduced 5 days of paid free and compulsory. paternity leave provided by the government.  Going to court The Legal Aid Act of 2017 mandates legal aid for indigent persons in civil West Bank and Gaza proceedings in Tanzania.  Getting a job  Building credit West Bank and Gaza introduced a Tanzania improved access to social security system that provides credit information by distributing data maternity benefits and increased the from retailers. length of paid maternity leave from 70 to 84 days. Timor-Leste  Providing incentives to work In 2017, West Bank and Gaza passed  Getting a job a new education law mandating the Timor-Leste introduced a social government to provide one year of security system that provides mater- free and compulsory public preschool. nity benefits. Zambia Tunisia  Getting a job  Building credit Zambia’s Gender Equity and Tunisia strengthened credit reporting Equality Act now prohibits gender by distributing payment information discrimination in various aspects of from a telecommunications company. employment. It also mandates equal remuneration for work of equal value. Turkey  Going to court  Getting a job The Gender Equity and Equality Act also established the Gender Equality Turkey introduced part-time work Commission in Zambia. options for parents until their child’s compulsory schooling begins. It also  Building credit prohibited discrimination based on Zambia now prohibits discrimination gender in several aspects of employ- based on gender and marital status in ment, such as promotions. access to credit.  Going to court  Protecting women from violence Turkey’s 2016 law establishing the Zambia established civil remedies for Human Rights and Equality Institution sexual harassment in employment. allows victims to submit complaints about gender discrimination. SUMMARIES OF WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW REFORMS 41 DATA NOTES Women, Business and the Law monitors laws and regulations affect- ing women’s ability to be entrepreneurs and employees. Legislation in various areas of the law can directly and indirectly affect women’s economic potential. Accordingly, Women, Business and the authorities and the private sector in the For the first time, Law captures laws that directly differenti- same ways as men, through examining Women, Business ate between men and women, as well as constraints on women’s legal capacity. and the Law laws that indirectly have a greater impact includes a • Using property analyzes women’s abil- on women’s ability to earn an income, start ity to access and use property based on 50 scoring of a business or get a job. Women, Business their ability to own, manage, control and and the Law worked with local experts inherit it. It also examines whether legis- in each of the 189 covered economies to questions. determine the sources of gender differ- lation accounts for nonmonetary contri- butions, such as unpaid care for children entiation in the law. The information that or the elderly, in distributing assets upon local experts provided was checked for the dissolution of marriage. accuracy through a rigorous review pro- cess. Each answer was cross-verified with • Getting a job assesses restrictions primary legal sources, resulting in revision on women’s ability to work, such as or expansion of the information collected. prohibitions on working at night or in The data in this report are current as of certain industries. It also covers laws on June 1, 2017. maternity, paternity and parental leave, retirement ages, equal remuneration for With regard to women’s rights, different work of equal value, nondiscrimination economies reflect different cultural norms at work and flexible work options. and values in their legislation. Although • Providing incentives to work examines progress has been made toward gender childcare and tax support, through as- parity, restrictions that limit women’s eco- sessing tax deductions and credits, nomic prospects remain. This report pro- childcare and primary education. vides objective, easily comparable data to inform dialogue about women’s economic • Going to court explores women’s ability rights and opportunities. The methodology to access justice through examining the was designed to benchmark the legal and evidentiary weight of women’s testimo- regulatory environment for women as en- ny, the existence of justice institutions trepreneurs and employees. such as anti-discrimination commissions and small claims courts and mandates Women, Business and the Law provides for legal aid. comparable data across 189 economies, • Building credit examines credit bureaus covering the following seven indicators: and registries that collect information • Accessing institutions explores from retailers and utility companies. It women’s ability to interact with public also covers nondiscrimination in access 42 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 to credit based on gender and marital status. BOX 5.1 ECONOMY CHARACTERISTICS • Protecting women from violence Gross national income per capita considers laws on domestic violence Women, Business and the Law 2018 reports 2016 incomes per capita as published in the World and sexual harassment in education Bank’s World Development Indicators 2017. For cost indicators expressed as a percentage and employment. of incomes per capita, 2016 gross national income (GNI) Atlas method in current U.S. dollars is used as denominator. GNI data based on the Atlas method were not available for Bahrain; Brunei Darussalam; Djibouti; Eritrea; the Islamic Republic of Iran; Kuwait; Libya; Myanmar; Oman; Economy characteristics Papua New Guinea; Puerto Rico (U.S.); Qatar; San Marino; South Sudan; the Syrian Arab Republic; and coverage Taiwan, China; Timor-Leste; Vanuatu; and República Bolivariana de Venezuela. In these cases, gross domestic product or gross national product per capita data and growth rates from other sources, such as the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook database and the Economist The economies covered in this report are Intelligence Unit, were used. listed in table 5.1. Box 5.1 explains the economy characteristics such as regions Region and income group and income groups. Women, Business and the Law uses the World Bank regional and income group classifications, available at http://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519. Although the Women, Business and the Law uses for- World Bank does not assign regional classifications to high-income economies, the regional mal laws as a starting point for analysis averages presented in the figures and tables in the Women, Business and the Law report include and the report’s indicators were con- economies from all income groups (low, lower middle, upper middle and high income), although structed using responses from expert high-income OECD economies are assigned the “regional” classification of OECD high income. country practitioners in family law, labor law and criminal law, including lawyers, Female population and labor force participation judges, academics and members of civil Women, Business and the Law 2018 reports midyear 2016 female population data as society organizations working on gender published in the World Bank’s World Development Indicators 2017. The publication was also issues. The data were collected through used to obtain data on the female labor force as a percentage of the total labor force aged 15+. several rounds of interaction with these TABLE 5.1 ECONOMIES COVERED BY WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW Total number Region of economies Economies covered East Asia & Pacific 25 Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Fiji; Hong Kong SAR, China; Indonesia; Kiribati; Lao PDR; Malaysia; Marshall Islands; Micronesia, Fed. Sts.; Mongolia; Myanmar; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Samoa; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Taiwan, China; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Tonga; Vanuatu; Vietnam Europe & Central Asia 25 Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Georgia; Kazakhstan; Kosovo; Kyrgyz Republic; Latvia; Lithuania; Macedonia, FYR; Moldova; Montenegro; Romania; Russian Federation; San Marino; Serbia; Tajikistan; Turkey; Ukraine; Uzbekistan OECD high income 32 Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Chile; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea, Rep.; Luxembourg; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; United States Latin America & 32 Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Bahamas, The; Barbados; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Dominica; Dominican Caribbean Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Grenada; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Puerto Rico; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay; Venezuela, RB Middle East & North 20 Algeria; Bahrain; Djibouti; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Malta; Morocco; Oman; Africa Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza; Yemen, Rep. South Asia 8 Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka Sub-Saharan Africa 47 Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Congo, Rep.; Côte d’Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia, The; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; São Tomé and Príncipe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe DATA NOTES 43 respondents—through responses to • The data identify potential obstacles not in and of themselves, denote a good standardized questionnaires, conference to women in business and legislation practice. For example, questions on the calls, written correspondence and visits that can be changed because of this nature of the marital property regimes. by the team. new information. Detailed information on all unscored questions is available on the project web- In addition to filling out written ques- Although Women, Business and the Law site at http://wbl.worldbank.org. tionnaires, Women, Business and the focuses on written legislation, there is Law respondents provided references often a large gap between laws on the The following section focuses on the 50 to relevant laws and regulations. The books and actual practices. Women do scored questions, which are grouped by Women, Business and the Law team not always have access to the equality indicator. Each question is followed by collects the texts of relevant laws and they are legally entitled to. This project information on how the answers were regulations and checks questionnaire attempts to identify areas in which formal standardized and made comparable responses for accuracy. Questionnaire legal differentiation still exists and then across all economies, as well as on how responses are verified against codified clarify the impacts of these legal differ- the questions are scored. Assumptions, sources of national law, including consti- ences on women. where used, are also listed. The indica- tutions, marriage and family codes, labor tor scores (a number between 0 and 100, laws, passport procedures, inheritance In Women, Business and the Law 2018, 100 being the best) are obtained by cal- statutes, tax regulations, gender equal- three new scored questions were added culating the unweighted average of the ity laws, civil procedure rules, social se- across two of the seven indicators. The scored questions in that indicator, and curity codes, criminal laws and laws on new questions are footnoted throughout scaling the result to 100. violence against women. Additionally, the text. Any methodological changes Doing Business 2018 surveys were used made are described in the summary of to develop some of the questions for the methodology changes section of the building credit and providing incentives to Data Notes. For more information about Accessing institutions work indicators. the full set of data collected this cycle, please visit our website at http://wbl. Assumptions Women, Business and the Law requires worldbank.org. It is assumed that the woman each legal data point to have a specific citable legal source; the legal source is The sections below provide detailed ex- • Resides in the main business city of provided for every data point on the proj- planations of the methodology used to the economy being examined. ect website (http://wbl.worldbank.org) answer the 50 scored questions asked • Has reached the legal age of majority to ensure transparency of the data. More across 189 economies for a total of 9,450 and is capable of making decisions detailed data on each economy, including data points. as an adult; if there is no legal age of links to the legal sources used, are also majority, the woman is assumed to be provided on the project website. The project has data available for an 30 years old. additional 116 questions which are not The report team welcomes feedback on scored, for a total of 21,924 data points. • Is sane, competent, in good health the methodology and construction of this Unscored questions fall into three cat- and has no criminal record. set of indicators. We look forward to im- egories. First, some questions constitute • Is a lawful citizen of the economy proving its coverage and scope. Feedback component parts of scored questions. examined. is welcome on all aspects of the report For example, to understand if there is and can be offered through the Women, paid leave available to women of at least • Where the question assumes the Business and the Law website. 14 weeks, Women, Business and the Law woman or man is married, the mar- must first understand if the law mandates riage is monogamous and registered The Women, Business and the Law maternity leave or parental leave. And with the authorities. methodology has several useful then it must understand how many days • Where the question assumes the characteristics: such maternity leave or parental leave woman or man is unmarried, she or he is paid for. Second, some questions do • It is transparent and uses informa- has never been married. not directly relate to women’s entrepre- tion derived directly from laws and neurship or employment, although they • Where the answer differs according regulations. are important for gender equality. For to the legal system applicable to the • Because standard assumptions are example, the series of questions on pro- woman in question (as may be the used when collecting the data, com- tection orders fall into this category. And case in economies where there is legal parisons are valid across economies. third, some questions are important to plurality), the answer used will be the understand the legal framework, but do 44 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 one that applies to the majority of the husband, father, other male universally accepted based on an population. relative or guardian to apply for implemented national registra- a passport; or tion system that issues national Answers to the questions are based on ID cards. • the passport application of an codified law and not how that law is ap- adult woman requires a refer- • Scoring Yes = 1; No = 0; N/A (no plied in practice. Therefore, customary ence to her husband or father’s national ID) = not scored. law is not taken into account unless it has name, any other male relative been codified. Questions on the status or guardian; 4. Can a woman legally travel outside of customary law within the legal system refer to its existence and position within • documentation is required from the country in the same way as a the hierarchy of legislation, but do not a woman that is not required man? assess its content. Reciprocal restrictions from a man, e.g., a marriage • The answer is “Yes” if there are no that govern the conduct of both spouses certificate. restrictions on a woman traveling are not covered; this indicator measures • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. alone internationally. only restrictions that govern the conduct of the wife, not the husband. • The answer is “No” if permission, 3. Can a woman legally apply for a na- additional documentation or the This topic addresses whether a woman tional ID card in the same way as a presence of a guardian is required can engage in certain legal transactions man? for a woman to leave the country; in the same way as a man. Differences however, this permission must be • The answer is “Yes” if there are related to property transactions are different from what is required to no inequalities in the process for taken into account only for the using get a passport, which is covered in obtaining a national identity card. property indicator. Accessing institutions a separate question. If married men must provide a mar- does not count this type of difference. riage certificate or birth certificate • The answer is also “No” if the law as proof of name, whereas married requires a married woman to ac- 1. Are married women required by law women must provide a marriage company her husband out of the to obey their husbands? certificate, the answer is still “Yes.” country if he so wishes. • The answer is “Yes” if • The answer is “No” if • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. • there is an explicit provision • a married woman must provide stating that a married woman 5. Can a woman legally travel outside a marriage certificate, but a must obey her husband; or her home in the same way as a married man need not; or man? • a provision states that disobedi- • a woman requires additional ence toward her husband has • The answer is “Yes” if there are no signatures, such as those of legal ramifications for the wife, restrictions on a woman traveling her husband, father, other male such as loss of maintenance. alone domestically. relative or guardian, which are • The answer is “No” if there is no not required for a man; or • The answer is “No” if provision that a married woman • a married woman must indicate • permission, additional docu- must obey her husband. the name of her spouse, but a mentation or the presence of • Scoring: Yes = 0; No = 1. married man is not so required; or her husband or a guardian is required for a woman to travel • a woman must indicate the domestically; or 2. Can a woman legally apply for a name of her father, other male passport in the same way as a man? relative or guardian, but a man • a woman must justify her rea- is not required to do so; or sons to her husband, father or • The answer is “Yes” if, upon reach- guardian for leaving the home; ing the legal age of majority, all • the identity card of a married civil legal acts can be completed woman displays the name of her • leaving the home without a valid and there are no differences in spouse, but the identity card of reason is considered disobedi- the way a woman or man obtains a married man does not; ence with consequences under a passport. the law, for example, loss of her • identity cards are optional for right to financial maintenance. • The answer is “No” if women, but required for men. • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. • an adult woman needs the • The answer is “N/A” if there is permission or signature of her no national identity card that is DATA NOTES 45 6. Can a woman legally get a job or 8. Can a woman legally register a busi- account in her own name (be- pursue a trade or profession in the ness in the same way as a man? cause that implies that a woman same way as a man? without a separate income • The answer is “Yes” if a woman ob- stream may not); or • The answer is “Yes” if tains full legal capacity upon reach- ing the age of majority and there • any other required permissions • no permission is needed for a are no restrictions on a woman or additional documentation. woman to get a job or practice registering a business. • Only provisions from the body of a trade or profession; or • The answer is “No” if family law in the economy are sys- • there is no restriction in family tematically reviewed. or civil law on a woman’s ability • a woman has limited legal ca- to work. pacity to register a business; • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. this includes situations where • The answer is “No” if she needs her husband’s or a 10. Can a woman legally choose where • a husband can prevent his wife guardian’s permission, signature to live in the same way as a man? from getting or keeping a job or or consent to register a busi- pursuing a trade or profession; or ness; or • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman choosing • permission or additional docu- • the registration process at any where to live. mentation is required, or if a stage requires additional infor- husband or guardian can pre- mation or documentation for • The answer is “No” if there are vent a woman from getting or women not required of men. explicit restrictions on a woman keeping job or pursuing a trade choosing where to live or if the • The answer is also “No” for husband chooses the family resi- or profession; or member states of regional bod- dence or marital home or has more • it is considered a form of dis- ies, such as the Organization for weight in determining where the obedience with legal ramifica- the Harmonization of Corporate family will live. tions for a wife to engage in Law in Africa (OHADA) for which employment contrary to her supranational law applies (e.g., • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. husband’s wishes or the inter- OHADA Uniform Act on General ests of the family. Commercial Law) when domestic 11. Can a woman legally be “head of • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. law contravenes these suprana- household” or “head of family” in tional rules and limits the legal the same way as a man? capacity of women. 7. Can a woman legally sign a contract • The answer is “Yes” if the definition in the same way as a man? • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. of head of household is codified and there are no explicit restric- • The answer is “Yes” if full legal ca- 9. Can a woman legally open a bank tions on a woman becoming “head pacity is obtained upon the age of account in the same way as a man? of household” or “head of family.” majority and there are no restric- tions on a woman signing legally • The answer is “Yes” if • The answer is “No” if binding contracts. • there is an explicit restriction • there are no restrictions on a • The answer is “No” if a woman woman opening a bank account; on a woman becoming “head has limited legal capacity to sign of household” or “head of fam- • the law explicitly states that ily,” e.g., a provision stating that a binding contract or needs the a married woman may open only men or husbands can be so signature, consent or permission of a bank account, or that both designated or that men “lead” her husband to legally bind herself. spouses may open bank ac- or “represent the family;” • This question does not concern re- counts in their own names. strictions on married women sign- • a male is designated as the ing contracts specifically related to • The answer is “No” if default family member who re- marital property governed by the ceives the family book or equiv- • specific provisions limit the abil- default marital property regime; alent document that is neces- ity of a woman to open a bank these are covered under the using sary for access to services. account, such as those stating property indicator. • The answer is “N/A” if the defini- that a married woman who • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. is separately employed from tion of head of household is not her husband may open a bank codified. 46 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 • This question does not assess The answers to these questions are based Partial community property. Assets ac- gender inequalities in the tax code, on the law as codified in the main busi- quired before the marriage are regarded which are captured by the provid- ness city and not the practice of that law. as the separate property of the acquiring ing incentives to work indicator. Therefore, customary law is not taken spouse, and assets and income acquired into account unless it has been codified. after the marriage, with a few exceptions • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. Unwritten, social or cultural norms are specified by law, are regarded as joint also not taken into account. property of the couple. This regime also applies to cases where assets acquired Using property The questions for the using property in- before the marriage and assets acquired dicator are designed to determine what during the marriage are regarded as management and control of property the separate property of the acquiring Assumptions look like under the default marital prop- spouse, but the accrued value of the It is assumed that the woman erty regime in each economy covered. property acquired by any of the spouses For all questions relating to the ability is considered joint property. At the time • Resides in the economy’s main busi- of married women to carry out activities of dissolution of the marriage by divorce ness city. independently of their husbands, the key or death, the joint property or its accrued • Has reached the legal age of majority concern is reciprocity. Unequal treatment value is divided equally between the and is capable of making decisions is counted only where a married man can spouses. as an adult; if there is no legal age of carry out the activity and his wife is not majority, the woman is assumed to be able to do so equally. Full community property. All assets 30 years old. and income, whether brought into The main areas of differentiation between the marriage or acquired during the • Is sane, competent, in good health women and men in exercising property marriage—with a few exceptions speci- and has no criminal record. rights lie in the rights granted under vari- fied by law—become the joint property of • Is a lawful citizen of the economy be- ous marital property regimes. Some of the couple. If the marriage is dissolved, all ing examined. these grant spouses equal treatment in joint property is divided equally between property ownership. Other regimes grant the spouses. • Where the question assumes that the husbands administrative control over woman or man is unmarried, she or he jointly owned marital property. Still oth- Deferred full or partial community has never been married. ers grant husbands administrative control property. The rules of full or partial com- • Where the question assumes that the over their wives’ property. The marital munity of property apply at the time the woman or man is married, the mar- property regime also determines prop- marriage is dissolved; until then, separa- riage is monogamous and registered erty ownership and administrative rights tion of property applies. with the authorities. De facto mar- when a marriage is dissolved. riages or customary unions are not Other. The default marital property re- measured. The default marital property regime is gime does not fit any of the above four the set of rules that apply to the own- descriptions. This is also the case when • Where the question assumes that the ership and management of property the rules concerning the default marital woman or man is married, the marital within marriage and when the marriage property regime are not regulated by property regime under which she or he ends, when there is no prenuptial codified law, but are governed by unwrit- is married is assumed to be the default agreement. Women, Business and the ten customs. marital property regime, and it is also Law classifies default marital property assumed that the marital property re- regimes as follows: There is no default marital property gime will not change during the course regime. The law requires the spouses of the marriage. In economies where Separation of property. All assets and to opt in to the marital property regime there is no default marital property income acquired by the spouses before of their choice—with legal alternatives regime, it is assumed that the couple they marry and during the marriage provided—before or at the time of the is married under the most common remain the separate property of the ac- marriage. In economies where there is no regime for that jurisdiction. quiring spouse. At the time of divorce or default marital property regime, the most the death of one of the spouses, each • Where the answer differs according common regime is used when answering spouse retains ownership of all assets to the legal system that applies to the the subsequent questions. and income brought to the marriage or woman—as may occur in economies acquired during the marriage by that where legal plurality exists—the an- person and any value that has accrued to swer used will be the one that applies that property. to the majority of the population. DATA NOTES 47 12. Who legally administers marital scheme does not fit into any of the both spouses regardless of who property? previous categories. It includes, for purchased the property or holds example, cases in which in principle title to it. • For this question, marital prop- the law provides for both spouses erty refers to all property owned • The answer is “No” where to administer marital property, by either spouse and both spouses • the default marital property re- but if they disagree, the husband during the marriage. The answer gime is separation of property is given the power to ultimately to this question assumes that the or other, and there is no explicit decide or other members of the default marital property regime ap- legal provision providing for family have a say in how the prop- plies and is classified as follows: equal or equitable division of erty is administered. Where there • Original owner. Each spouse re- is disagreement on how to admin- property based on nonmonetary tains administrative power over ister marital property, a court may contributions. the assets she or he brings into or decide. This alternative also applies • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. acquires during the marriage and when the default marital prop- their accrued value. No consent is erty regime is based on unwritten 14. Do men and women have equal needed from the other spouse for custom. ownership rights to immovable transactions in separate property. • Scoring: “Husband” = 0; all other property? This administrative scheme is usu- answers = 1. ally found in separation of property • The answer is “Yes” when regimes and can also be found in 13. Does the law provide for valuation • there is no specific legal restric- deferred full or partial community of nonmonetary contributions? tion related to property applied regimes. It does not cover special to women or men based on provisions concerning the marital • This question is designed to mea- gender; or home. sure if, at the time a marriage is • aspects related to property dur- • Separate with spousal consent. dissolved, the division of property ing marriage fall under a mix of Each spouse administers her or his benefits both spouses. The process custom, law and judicial pre- separate property, but for major of dividing property upon divorce is cedent and no sources, including transactions, such as selling or examined to identify whether car- Convention on the Elimination pledging the property as collateral, ing for minor children, taking care of All Forms of Discrimination spousal consent is needed. This of the family home or any other Against Women (CEDAW) re- administrative scheme is mostly nonmonetized contribution from ports, reveal the existence of found in separation of property the stay-at-home spouse, usually inequality. regimes, but can also be found in the wife, is taken into consider- deferred full or partial community ation. It does not consider regular • The answer is “No” when and partial community regimes. payment obligations in the form of • legal restrictions on property maintenance or alimony. • Both must agree. Both spouses ownership are applied to wom- have equal rights in the admin- • The answer is “Yes” en or men based on gender; or istration and transaction of joint • where an explicit legal recogni- • there are gender differences in property; they perform all acts of tion of such contributions is the legal treatment of spousal administration together and, if one found and the law provides for property (e.g., if husbands are of the spouses has been delegated equal or equitable division of granted administrative control administrative rights by the other, the property or the transfer of over marital property). spousal consent is implied. This a lump sum to the stay-at-home administrative scheme is mostly • The answer is “..” where aspects spouse based on the nonmon- seen in full and partial community related to property during marriage etary contributions; or property regimes. fall under unwritten custom or ju- • when the default marital prop- dicial discretion in the absence of a • Husband. The husband has admin- erty regime is full community, legal framework. istrative rights over all property, partial community or deferred including any separate property of • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0; full or partial community, be- the wife. This scheme is found only “..” = not scored. cause these regimes implic- in partial community regimes. itly recognize nonmonetary • Other. This alternative applies contributions at the time of wherever the administrative property division and benefit 48 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 15. Do sons and daughters have equal under a mix of custom, law and • Is working as a cashier in the food re- rights to inherit assets from their judicial precedent and secondary tail sector in a supermarket or grocery parents? sources, including CEDAW reports, store that has 60 employees. do not reveal the existence of • This question examines whether It is assumed that the man inequality. there are gender-based differences in the rules of intestate succession • The answer is “No” where there • Resides in the economy’s main busi- for transfer of property from par- are gender-based differences in ness city. ents to children. inheritance. • Has reached the legal age of majority • The answer is “Yes” when the law • The answer is also “No” when and is capable of making decisions as recognizes children as heirs to aspects related to inheritance fall an adult. property without any restrictions under custom and sources confirm • Is a lawful citizen of the economy based on gender. that the customary system is influ- being examined. enced by unequal personal law. • The answer is also “Yes” when • For purposes of determining parental aspects related to inheritance fall • The answer is “..” where aspects benefits, is in a legally recognized under a mix of custom, law and related to inheritance fall under marriage with the other parent of judicial precedent and all sources, unwritten custom. the child. including CEDAW reports, do not • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0; reveal the existence of inequality. “..” = not scored. • For purposes of determining paternity leave or parental leave, has a first child • The answer is “No” when there are who was born on June 1, 2017, with- gender-based differences in the out complications, was 30 years old recognition of children as heirs to Getting a job when his child was born and the child property. is in good health. • The answer is also “No” when Assumptions • Is sane, competent, in good health aspects related to inheritance fall under custom and sources con- It is assumed that the woman and has no criminal record. firm that the customary system • Resides in the economy’s main busi- • Has been working long enough to is influenced by unequal personal ness city. accrue any paternity and parental law. benefits. • Has reached the legal age of majority • The answer is “..” where aspects and is capable of making decisions as • Is working as a cashier in the food re- related to inheritance fall under an adult. tail sector in a supermarket or grocery unwritten custom. store that has 60 employees. • Is a lawful citizen of the economy be- • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0; ing examined. The topic contains questions on leave “..” = not scored. • For purposes of determining parental benefits for expectant and new par- benefits, is in a legally recognized ents, workplace protections for women 16. Do female and male surviving marriage with the other parent of the and parents, restrictions on women’s spouses have equal rights to inherit child. employment, and retirement ages. In assets? general, the answers to the questions in • For purposes of determining maternity the getting a job indicator are based on • For this question, it is assumed or parental leave, that she gave birth written law and not collective bargain- that the deceased spouse left no to her first child without complications ing agreements; however, the latter are children or any other heirs, other on June 1, 2017, at age 30, and her taken into account when two conditions than the surviving spouse. child is in good health. are met: • This question examines whether both spouses have equal rank and • Is sane, competent, in good health • They cover more than 50% of the rights to inherit assets when there and has no criminal record. workforce in the food retail sector. is no will. • Has been working long enough to • They apply to individuals who were • The answer is “Yes” when surviving accrue any maternity and parental not party to the original collective bar- spouses of either gender have the benefits. gaining agreement. same legal rights. • Will be nursing until the child is • The answer is also “Yes” when the 1 year old. aspects related to inheritance fall DATA NOTES 49 17. Is there paid leave available to 19. What is the percentage of ma- • Scoring: The question is calculated women of at least 14 weeks? ternity leave benefits paid by the and scored as government? • The answer is “Yes” if the law es- • ((paid maternity leave + any tablishes at least 14 weeks of paid • This question examines the per- mother quota in parental leave) leave that is available to women for centage of maternity leave benefits - (paid paternity leave + any the birth of a child, either through that are administered by the gov- father quota in parental leave)) maternity or parental leave. ernment. “Government” refers to / (paid maternity leave + any social insurance or public funds. mother quota in parental leave) • The answer is “No” if the law does * percentage of leave paid by not establish paid leave for expect- • Where paid maternity leave does the government; ant and new mothers, or if the not exist but there is paid parental length of paid leave is less than 14 leave, the question examines the • if the government pays 100%, weeks. percentage of parental leave ben- the score is 1; efits paid by the government. • if there is no paid maternity • Scoring: Yes = 1; No (because no paid leave) = 0; No (because paid • Employer contributions to govern- leave this question is not scored. leave < 14 weeks) = calculated as ment funds (such as social secu- the distance to frontier where the rity) that pay leave benefits are not 21. Is there paid parental leave? frontier is 14 weeks. considered employer payment of maternity benefits. • The answer is “Yes” if the law ex- plicitly mandates the right to some 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of • The answer is 0% if the employer form of paid parental leave either their wages for the first 14 weeks is solely liable for paying leave shared between mother and father or the duration of the leave if it benefits. or as an individual entitlement. is shorter? • The answer is N/A if there is no • The answer is “No” if the law does • The answer is “Yes” if paid leave available to expectant not explicitly mandate the right to and new mothers. some form of paid parental leave • women receive at least 2/3 of their wages during the first 14 • Scoring: proportion of maternity either shared between mother weeks of their leave (if their leave leave benefits paid by the govern- and father or as an individual is longer than 14 weeks); or ment (i.e., if government pays all, entitlement. answer is 100%, if employer pays • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. • women receive at least 2/3 of all, answer is 0%). If N/A (there is their wages during the duration no paid maternity leave) this ques- of their leave (if their leave is 22. Does the law mandate equal remu- tion is not scored. shorter than 14 weeks). neration for work of equal value? • The answer is “No” if • This question captures whether 20. What is the difference between • the law does not establish any leave reserved for women and employers are legally obliged to paid leave for expectant and men relative to leave reserved for pay equal remuneration to male new mothers; women, as a function of who pays? and female employees who per- form work of equal value. • women receive less than 2/3 of • This question covers the difference their wages during their leave between leave reserved for women • “Remuneration” refers to the or- (or the first 14 weeks of their and leave reserved for men relative dinary, basic or minimum wage or leave if the total leave is longer to leave reserved to women as a salary and any additional emolu- than 14 weeks). function of who pays to recog- ments payable directly or indirectly, nize the possible burden of hiring whether in cash or in kind, by the • Scoring: Yes = 1; No (because women placed on employers. employer to the worker and arising no paid leave) = 0; No (because from the worker’s employment. women receive less than 2/3 of • Leave reserved for women includes their wages) = calculated as the paid maternity leave and days of • “Work of equal value” refers not only distance to frontier where the paid parental leave allotted to the to the same or similar jobs, but also frontier is 2/3 (67%). mother. Leave reserved for men to different jobs of the same value. includes paid paternity leave and • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. days of paid parental leave allotted to the father. 50 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 23. Does the law mandate nondis- • The answer is “No” if only women 27. Can women work in jobs deemed crimination based on gender in are entitled to flexible work. hazardous, arduous or morally inap- employment?1 propriate in the same way as men? • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. • This question is designed to de- • The answer is “Yes” if there are termine whether the law generally 26. Can women work the same night no laws that prohibit women from prevents or penalizes gender-based hours as men? working in a broad and subjective discrimination in employment. category of jobs deemed hazard- • This question is designed to de- ous, arduous, or morally or socially • Laws that mandate equal treat- termine whether nonpregnant and inappropriate. ment or equality between women nonnursing women are prohibited and men in employment are also from working at night or cannot • The answer is “No” if counted for this question. work the same night hours as men. • the employer can determine • Where the law mandates nondis- Night-hour restrictions on women whether particular jobs are too crimination in multiple aspects in specified industries are captured hazardous for women but not of employment (such as in job in later questions. for men. In such cases, the law advertisements, hiring and dis- • The answer is “Yes” if there are explicitly uses the term “hazard- missal) on the basis of gender, the no restrictions on women work- ous” or its synonyms to describe answer is “Yes.” ing at night. If the law conditions a broad category of jobs that women’s ability to work at night on women — but not men — are • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. employer compliance with safety prohibited from doing. Work of measures (such as providing trans- a hazardous nature includes, for 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers example, jobs that could have a portation to and from work), the prohibited? harmful effect on or increased answer is also “Yes.” • This question is designed to deter- risk to women’s lives or health, • The answer is “No” if the law given women’s psycho-physical mine whether pregnancy can serve broadly prohibits women from qualities, or jobs not deemed as grounds for dismissal. working at night or limits the hours to have a harmful effect on or • The answer is “Yes” if the law ex- women can work. increased risk to men’s life or plicitly prohibits or penalizes the • The answer is also “No” if the health, given men’s psycho- dismissal of pregnant women or if law only allows women to work physical qualities; termination of contract based on at night in certain circumstances, • the employer can determine pregnancy is considered a form of such as in cases of force majeure whether particular jobs are unlawful termination, unfair dis- or if the woman works for her fam- morally inappropriate or so- missal or wrongful discharge. ily’s business. cially harmful for women but • The answer is “No” if the law only • If various sectors of the economy not for men. In such cases, prohibits the dismissal of preg- are regulated separately (i.e., no the law explicitly uses the term nant workers during maternity central labor law), it is assumed “morally inappropriate” or its leave or for a limited period of that the woman is employed as synonyms to describe a broad the pregnancy. a cashier in a grocery store or category of jobs that women— • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. supermarket. but not men—are prohibited from doing. Work that is mor- • Where the law indicates that a ally inappropriate includes, for 25. Can parents work flexibly? given ministry or minister may example, employment that is • The answer is “Yes” if the law promulgate regulations restricting considered not in accordance explicitly permits flexible work ar- women’s work at night, this is con- with the “moral development” rangements for employees who sidered a restriction even if no such only of women; have minor children, such as part- regulation has been issued. • the employer can determine time work, reduced hours, flextime • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. whether particular jobs are too work and teleworking. This includes arduous for women but not for the right to request flexible work men. In such cases, the law ex- and the right to obtain flexible plicitly uses the term “arduous” work. It does not include parental or its synonyms to describe leave that can be taken flexibly. a broad category of jobs that women—but not men—are DATA NOTES 51 prohibited from doing. Work of • there are full or partial restric- 31. Are the ages at which men and an arduous nature includes jobs tions on women working in women can retire with partial pen- that involve particularly hard metal work; sion benefits equal? manual labor or jobs that are • there are full or partial restric- • This question examines the relative considered to exceed women’s tions on women engaging in ages at which men and women can capabilities; jobs that require lifting weights retire with partial but not with full • the law indicates that a given above a certain threshold; pension benefits, because he or minister or ministry may pro- she did not accumulate enough • women cannot perform work mulgate regulations restricting work experience or contributions, requiring heavy lifting, for women’s work in hazardous, has not reached the age that would example, if the law prohibits arduous, or morally or socially qualify him or her for a full pension women from working in jobs inappropriate jobs, even if no or continues to work part-time that involve the loading and un- such regulation has been issued. upon reaching the retirement age. loading of goods; • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. • The answer is “Yes” if the ages at • there are restrictions on women doing particular jobs—such as which men and women can receive 28. Are women able to work in the working with certain chemicals partial pension benefits are the same industries as men? or substances—but not on men same. doing them; or • The answer is “No” if there is no • The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on women working in • women are prohibited from difference in the age at which a mining, construction, manufactur- working in certain settings in man and a woman can receive par- ing, energy, water, agriculture and which men are allowed to work. tial pension benefits. transportation sectors. • The answer is “N/A” if • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. • The answer is “No” if there are full • the law does not establish an or partial restrictions on women The following assumptions are specific age at which men and women working in mining, construction, to the following questions on retirement can receive partial benefits; or manufacturing, energy, water, ag- benefits: • there is no national law on pen- riculture or transportation sectors. • The individual was born in 1977. sion benefits. • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. • The individual has been continuously • Scoring: Yes = 1; No (because employed since age 25. women retire earlier) = calculated 29. Are women able to perform the as distance to frontier where the • The answers are rounded to the near- same tasks at work as men? frontier is 10 years; N/A = not est year. • The answer is “Yes” if scored. • there are no restrictions on 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages women working in metal work; benefits equal? for men and women equal? • there are no restrictions on women engaging in jobs with a • The answer is “Yes” if the ages at • This question examines the relative minimum weightlifting require- which men and a women can retire ages at which men and women ment, or if there are no differ- with full pension benefits is the must cease employment or can be ences between the amount of same. terminated by their employer. Even weight men and women can lift; if the law allows employers and • The answer is “No” if there is a dif- employees to contract for work • there are no other restrictions ference in the age at which a man beyond that age, retirement is still on women’s employment (not and a woman can retire with full considered mandatory because the including jobs in mining, con- pension benefits. employer can legally oblige the em- struction, factories, agriculture, • The answer is “N/A” if there is no ployee to retire. transport, energy, water sector, national law on pension benefits. which are captured in separate • The answer is “Yes” if the age at • Scoring: Yes = 1; No (because which a man or woman must retire questions). women retire earlier) = calculated is the same. • The answer is “No” if as distance to frontier where the frontier is 10 years; N/A = not scored. 52 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 • The answer is “No” if the ages at • In economies that also have paren- • The answer is “No” if which men or women must retire tal leave and the law guarantees • government childcare service is are different. return after the leave to the same provided to a group of people or an equivalent position paid • The answer is “N/A” if there is no qualified by something other at the same rate but is silent on mandatory retirement age for men than income level; or guaranteeing the same position and women. after maternity leave, the answer • the service is 100% run by non- • Scoring: Yes = 1; No (because is “Yes.” state institutions; or women retire earlier) = calculated • In economies that only have paren- • private, stand-alone childcare as distance to frontier where tal leave and the law guarantees centers do not receive any non- the frontier is 6 years; N/A = not return after the leave to the same tax benefits; or scored. or an equivalent position paid at • private childcare centers re- the same rate, the answer is “Yes.” ceive nontax benefits only if Providing incentives to work • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. they meet certain extraordi- nary requirements, such as a budget deficit. Assumptions 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. It is assumed that both parents • This question captures public child- • Have reached the legal age of majority 35. Are payments for childcare tax care services that are completely and are capable of making decisions deductible? funded by the government or as adults. If there is no legal age of government-funded with co-pay • The answer is “Yes” if childcare or majority, parents are assumed to be by parents. It also covers public education expenses are deductible 30 years old. childcare centers that are available in the personal income tax law; for • Are in a legally recognized marriage. universally to all families regardless this question, childcare expenses of their income level. cover various options: kindergar- • Are sane, competent, in good health, have no criminal record, and are • Government support or nontax tens or crèches, day care centers, lawful citizens. benefits include funding and/or after-school centers, in-home care nonmonetary support. and child-minding arrangements. • Reside in the economy’s main busi- • The answer is “Yes” if • The answer is “No” if childcare ness city. or education payments are not • Are employed in a private sector • the government provides, es- deductible in the personal income company. tablishes or mandates childcare tax law. services; or • Share one child. • The answer is “No” if childcare • childcare is available universally or education tax deductions are but there are priority criteria 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equiva- only applied to childcare allow- for admission when there is lent position after maternity leave? ances granted by the government not enough space for all chil- (tax exemptions on government • The question captures whether the dren; or allowances). employer has a legal obligation to • private, stand-alone childcare • The answer is “No” if employees reinstate an employee returning centers receive nontax benefits receive tax benefits on payments from maternity leave to an equiva- from the government in the for the use of employer-provided lent or better position than the form of financial or nonmon- childcare centers only. employee had pre-leave. etary support, such as providing building and school equipment • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. • Where the maternity leave regime explicitly states that the employee as well as start-up grants; or may not be indefinitely replaced, • private, stand-alone childcare 36. Is primary education free and the answer is assumed to be “Yes.” centers receive nontax benefits compulsory? • Where the maternity leave regime only if they meet certain ordi- • The answer is “Yes” if primary explicitly establishes a suspension nary requirements, such as the education is compulsory, fully pub- of the employee’s contract, the number of children enrolled in licly funded and provided by the answer is assumed to be “Yes.” the childcare center or the loca- tion of the childcare center. DATA NOTES 53 government universally, regardless • Is sane, competent, in good health complaints of gender discrimina- of the families’ income level. and has no criminal record. tion by public and private actors. • The answer is “No” if either of the • Where the answer differs according • The answer is “No” if there is no above elements are not met. to the legal system that applies to the such commission, or if the body woman (e.g. where different laws gov- in question does not receive com- • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. ern different groups of people within plaints of gender discrimination by an economy), the answer used is the public and private actors. 37. Are there specific tax deductions or one that applies to the majority of • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. tax credits that are only applicable the population. to men? 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in • This question is designed to deter- 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry civil and family matters?3 mine whether the personal income the same evidentiary weight in tax law differentiates between court as a man’s? • The answer is “Yes” if the constitu- men and women on deductions tion or another law establishes the and credits and includes instances • This question covers the weight right to legal aid or assistance in where tax-specific deductions and of women’s evidentiary testi- most civil and/or family matters. credits can only be granted to male mony in all court cases, and does not include differences in testi- • The answer is “No” if the consti- heads of household. mony when executing contracts tution or another law provides • The answer is “Yes” if the personal (i.e., marriage). for legal aid and assistance, but income tax law grants tax deduc- civil and/or family matters are not tions or credits that apply only to • The answer is “Yes” if the law eligible. male taxpayers. does not differentiate between the evidentiary value of women’s and • The answer is “No” if the consti- • The answer is “Yes” if the personal men’s testimony. tution or another law establishes income tax law grants tax deduc- only the right to counsel or the tions or credits that can only be • The answer is “No” if the law ex- mandatory presence of an attor- granted to the head of household plicitly differentiates between the ney in civil matters. and the tax law defines the head of evidentiary value of women’s and men’s testimony. • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. household as the male by default. • The answer is “No” if the personal • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. 41. Is there a small claims court or a fast- income tax law does not differenti- track procedure for small claims? ate between men and women in 39. Does the law establish an anti- terms of tax benefits. discrimination commission?2 • Small claims courts hear civil cases between private litigants involving • The answer is “..” where there is no • This question looks at institutions relatively small amounts of money. information available on tax deduc- that have been established in ad- Although the names of such courts tions or tax credits. dition to courts, but are state vary by jurisdiction, common fea- • Scoring: Yes = 0; No = 1; bodies with a constitutional and/ tures include relaxed rules of civil “..” = not scored. or legislative mandate to protect procedure, the appearance of ad- and promote principles of equal- versaries without legal representa- ity. Although they are part of the tion, the use of plain language and state apparatus and funded by the informal evidentiary rules. Fast- Going to court state, they operate and function in- track procedural rules for small dependently from the government. claims operate similarly; however, Assumptions • Commissions are specialized, in- cases are tried in courts of more It is assumed that the woman dependent bodies tasked with general jurisdiction. receiving complaints of gender dis- • The answer is “Yes” if • Resides in the economy’s main busi- crimination. The bodies considered ness city. may take such forms as women’s • there is a small claims court commissions, ombudspersons or or a fast-track procedure for • Has reached the legal age of majority national human rights institutions. civil claims of small value and a and is capable of making decisions as maximum value for cases that an adult. • The answer is “Yes” if the com- may be heard; and mission is mandated to receive 54 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 • the small claims court or fast- 43. Do utility companies provide infor- 45. Does the law prohibit discrimination track procedure has jurisdic- mation to private credit bureaus or by creditors on the basis of marital tion to hear at least general public credit registries? status in access to credit? civil cases. • For the answer to this question to • The answer is “Yes” if • The answer is “No” if be “Yes,” it is sufficient that any • the law specifically prohibits • there is a small claims court private credit bureau or public discrimination on the basis of or fast-track procedure, but credit registry in the economy in marital status or provides for it is competent only to hear question collects information from equal access irrespective of commercial claims, not all civil a utility company. marital status when conducting claims; or • The answer is “No” if utility compa- financial transactions, such as • few types of civil disputes are nies do not provide information to applying for credit or loans; or within the jurisdiction of the credit bureaus or registries. • the law prohibits discrimination small claims court (e.g., rent • The answer is “N/A” if there is no on the basis of marital status disputes only). credit bureau or registry in the when conducting entrepreneur- • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. economy or if their coverage ex- ial activities or receiving finan- tends to less than 5% of the adult cial assistance; or population. • the law prohibits discrimination Building credit • Scoring: Yes =1; No = 0; N/A = 0. on the basis of marital status when accessing goods and ser- 44. Does the law prohibit discrimination vices, and the definition of ser- The background information for the by creditors on the basis of sex or vices in law, regulation or legal questions on credit registries and bu- gender in access to credit? interpretation covers financial reaus comes from the depth of credit in- services. formation index that is part of the Doing • The answer is “Yes” if Business 2018 getting credit indicator. • The answer is “No” if the law does That index covers rules affecting the • the law prohibits discrimination not prohibit such discrimination. scope, accessibility and quality of credit on the basis of sex or gender, • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. information available through private or provides for equal access for credit bureaus and public credit regis- both sexes when conducting tries. Credit bureaus and registries are financial transactions, such as only considered if their coverage extends applying for credit or loans; or Protecting women from to at least 5% of the adult population • the law prohibits discrimination violence within an economy. on the basis of sex or gender when conducting entrepreneur- Assumptions 42. Do retailers provide information ial activities or receiving finan- to private credit bureaus or public cial assistance; or It is assumed that the woman credit registries? • Resides in the main business city of • the law prohibits discrimination • For the answer to this question to on the basis of sex or gender or the economy being examined. be “Yes,” it is sufficient that any prescribes equality of the sexes • Is a lawful citizen of the economy private credit bureau or public when accessing goods and ser- where she resides. credit registry in the economy in vices, and the definition of ser- question collects information from vices in law, regulation or legal The answers to the questions in this top- any retailer. interpretation covers financial ic are based on statutory or codified law services. for civil law systems, and on case law, • The answer is “No” if retailers do i.e., law established by judicial decision not provide information to credit • The answer is “No” if the law does in cases as binding precedent for com- bureaus or registries. not prohibit such discrimination. mon law systems. Therefore, customary • The answer is “N/A” if there is no • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. law is not taken into account, unless it credit bureau or registry in the has been codified or upheld by case law, economy or if their coverage ex- and the answers are based solely on the tends to less than 5% of the adult population. • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0; N/A = 0. DATA NOTES 55 letter of the law and not the implementa- specific motives (e.g., violence law includes the use of force or tion or practice thereof. against a person while per- violence or the threat of force or forming a professional or civil violence, which is understood to 46. Is there legislation specifically ad- duty); and constitute a crime, e.g., sexual dressing domestic violence? If not, assault or abuse; or • there are no aggravated pen- are there aggravated penalties for alties for crimes committed • the conduct covered by legisla- crimes committed against a spouse against a spouse, family mem- tion is not directed at a specific or family member? ber or intimate partner. individual; or • The answer is “Yes” if • Scoring: Yes = 1; No, but aggra- • the law only allows an em- • there is legislation addressing vated penalties exist = 0.5; No = 0. ployee to terminate employ- domestic violence, i.e., violence ment based on sexual harass- between spouses, within the 47. Is there legislation on sexual harass- ment but provides for no other family or members of the same ment in employment? protection or form of redress; household or in interpersonal however, a provision allowing relationships, including intimate • The question covers provisions on the employer to terminate an partner violence that includes sexual harassment in the workplace employee’s contract for com- criminal sanctions or provides or in employment, whether or not mitting sexual harassment will for protection orders for domes- sanctions apply. be considered; or tic violence; or • The answer is “Yes” if • the law or provision covers only • the legislation addresses “ha- • there is a law or provision that public or only private sector em- rassment” that clearly affects specifically protects against ployees, but not both; or physical and/or mental health, sexual harassment in employ- • the law or provision protects such that damage is implied, ment, including unwelcome only a specific category of wom- as within the scope of domestic sexual advances, requests for en or those in a specific area violence. sexual favors, verbal or physi- or sector of employment, e.g., • The answer is “No, but aggravated cal conduct or gestures of a protection from sexual harass- penalties exist” if there is no do- sexual nature, annoyance if ment in political functions, or mestic violence legislation but understood to include harass- applicable only to government penalties in the criminal code are ment with sexual content, or or state-owned enterprises; or increased for offenses committed any other behavior of a sexual • the law accounts only for sexual by a spouse, family member or inti- nature that might reasonably acts, including intercourse or mate partner. be expected or be perceived to copulation, as clearly involving cause offense or humiliation to • The answer is “No” if contact of or with genital or- another in connection with em- gans; or • there is no legislation address- ployment, including provisions ing domestic violence or the on inducing indecent or lewd • the law or provision states only law only refers to or prohibits behavior coupled with financial that the employer has a duty to domestic violence but does not or official dependence or au- prevent sexual harassment, but provide for sanctions or protec- thority, abuse of position or au- no provisions exist to prohibit or tion orders; or thority, or language that can be provide sanctions or other form clearly interpreted to mean such of redress for sexual harass- • the law enables women to dependence or abuse; or sexual ment; or obtain a protection order only harassment is considered a form if the husband has been con- • the law addresses harassment of discrimination in employment victed of the offense or she has in general but makes no refer- and the law protects against ceased to reside in the common ence to acts of a sexual nature discrimination. home; or or contact. • The answer is “No” if • the law protects only a specific • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. category of women (e.g., preg- • there is no legislation specifically nant), a specific member of the addressing sexual harassment in 48. Is there legislation on sexual harass- family (e.g., children), but not employment; or ment in education? all family members, or defines • the behavior or gesture of a the offense in connection with • The question covers provisions sexual nature addressed in the addressing sexual harassment in 56 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 education, education facilities, should apply discretionary Getting a job. It is now assumed that a schools or where the offender is in sanctions. woman or man earns the minimum wage the role of educator, professor or in rather than the average value added per • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. charge of the education of the vic- worker for calculating maternity, paterni- tim, whether or not there are sanc- ty and parental benefits. Answers to the tions associated with the provision. 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual questions on parental benefits now re- harassment in employment? flect the applicable leave policies in force • The answer is “Yes” if the law spe- • The answer is “Yes” if as of June 1, 2017. The length of pater- cifically covers sexual harassment nity leave is now counted in work days in education or contains language • the law provides for civil reme- when it is less than 30 days. The question that can clearly be interpreted as dies or compensation for victims on flexible work no longer requires easier sexual harassment in education. of sexual harassment in employ- access to flexible work to be provided to • The answer is “No” if ment or the workplace, such as parents than to non-parents. The ques- recovery of monetary damages • the law does not specifically tion on whether women can work the for loss of employment opportu- cover sexual harassment in edu- same night hours as men now captures nities and wages, expenses and cation; or laws that restrict women from working at compensation for emotional night in the food retail sector in addition • the law covers only education damages; or to broad restrictions on women’s night within the scope of work, such • the provision on sexual harass- work. The questions on the ages at which as vocational training in the ment in employment or the men and women can retire with partial workplace, but not education workplace in the criminal code benefits are now answered as “N/A” generally; or provides for reparation of dam- where the law does not establish an • the law covers sexual harass- ages for offenses covered by age at which partial benefits can be col- ment only in public or only in the code. lected. It is also no longer assumed that a private education, but not in woman has raised one child for purposes • The answer is “No” if the law does both; or of calculating the age at which she can not provide for civil remedies retire and receive pension benefits. • the law or provision only covers or compensation for victims of students up to a certain age sexual harassment in employment Providing incentives to work. The defini- (e.g., 18 years). or the workplace. tion of childcare has been revised to cov- • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. • Scoring: Yes = 1; No = 0. er services provided to children between the ages of 1 and 5. Previously, childcare 49. Are there criminal penalties for covered services provided to children age sexual harassment in employment? Summary of methodology 6 and below. The question on whether childcare expenses are tax deductible • The answer is “Yes” if changes now covers education expenses in addi- • the law establishes criminal tion to childcare expenses (where there is sanctions, such as fines and im- There were some changes in the meth- an explicit reference to childcare). prisonment, for sexual harass- odology between Women, Business and ment in employment. the Law 2016 and Women, Business Going to court. Explicit restrictions on and the Law 2018. For that reason, the women’s testimony relative to men’s • The answer is “No” if data for previous cycles—which can across all civil and criminal cases are • There are no criminal sanctions be found on the Women, Business and taken into account, except when dif- for sexual harassment in em- the Law website—were recomputed to ferences exist in the execution of mar- ployment; or match the new methodology. Four of riage contracts. the topics had changes in methodology, • the law on sexual harassment in as described below: employment refers to penalties for more serious offenses in the Notes Accessing institutions. The methodology criminal code, such as for sexual for the questions on whether a woman assault; or can legally be designated “head of house- 1 This is a new question. • the law only prohibits sexual hold” in the same way as a man will no 2 This is a new question. harassment in employment and longer reflect inequalities in the tax code, sets forth that the employer as these are captured by the providing 3 This is a new question. incentives to work indicator. DATA NOTES 57 ECONOMY TABLES AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA REGION South Asia Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Low income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 16,782,979 1,451,769 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 17% 42% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 55 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? No Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? No Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 29 Score: 79 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.11 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? N/A No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A No 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 59 ALGERIA ANGOLA REGION Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 20,179,815 14,512,041 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 18% 50% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 82 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? No Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 51 Score: 71 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? No N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? No N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 60 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ARGENTINA REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 52,690 22,389,459 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) .. 41% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Separate with spousal consent 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 70 Score: 63 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 77% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.77 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 40 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 61 ARMENIA AUSTRALIA REGION Europe & Central Asia High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 1,580,790 12,074,743 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 46% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 86 Score: 100 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 100 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 62 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 AUSTRIA AZERBAIJAN REGION High income: OECD Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 4,447,318 4,901,191 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 100 Score: 57 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 100 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 63 BAHAMAS, THE BAHRAIN REGION Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 199,663 542,483 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 21% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 45 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes No 6. Get a job? Yes No 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 75 Score: 41 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 67% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.67 0.02 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes No 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes No 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 64 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 BANGLADESH BARBADOS REGION South Asia Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 80,706,124 148,498 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 29% 50% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original Owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 29 Score: 66 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 65 BELARUS BELGIUM REGION Europe & Central Asia High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Upper middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 5,088,808 5,756,184 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 50% 46% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 68 Score: 93 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 50 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No, but aggravated penalties exist committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 66 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 BELIZE BENIN REGION Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 184,144 5,448,067 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 40% 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 90 Score: 73 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No No 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A No 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 80 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 64 Score: 60 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 50% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.52 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No Yes GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 67 BHUTAN BOLIVIA REGION South Asia Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 369,452 5,436,260 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 40% 41% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? No Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Other Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 59 Score: 60 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.09 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? N/A No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 25 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 100 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 68 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA REGION Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,766,644 1,125,991 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 39% 47% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 60 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original Owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 79 Score: 47 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No No 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 20 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 100 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 69 BRAZIL BRUNEI DARUSSALAM REGION Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Upper middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 105,581,634 205,281 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 43% 43% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 73 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes No 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 60 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 64 Score: 55 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 40% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.4 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? No N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? No N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 20 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No Yes GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes No 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 70 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 BULGARIA BURKINA FASO REGION Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 3,666,246 9,389,543 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 46% 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 91 Score: 57 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? No N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No Yes GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 40 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 71 BURUNDI CABO VERDE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Low income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 5,322,148 273,205 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 52% 41% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? .. Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? .. Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 73 Score: 71 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 50% 90% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.52 0.9 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 72 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 CAMBODIA CAMEROON REGION East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 8,072,646 11,718,078 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 50% 47% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 55 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes No 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes No 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 60 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Husband 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes No 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 62 Score: 53 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 73 CANADA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC REGION High income: OECD Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP High income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 18,286,037 2,329,740 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 82 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 92 Score: 45 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No No 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 100 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 70 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No, but aggravated penalties exist Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 74 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 CHAD CHILE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Low income High income FEMALE POPULATION 7,215,991 9,072,243 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 46% 41% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 64 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? No Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? No Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No No USING PROPERTY Score: 60 Score: 60 12. Who legally administers marital property? Husband Husband 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? No No 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 65 Score: 75 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 50 Score: 40 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No, but aggravated penalties exist Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 75 CHINA COLOMBIA REGION East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 668,260,013 24,708,199 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 44% 43% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 50 Score: 68 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 76 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 COMOROS CONGO, DEM. REP. REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Low income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 394,276 39,460,508 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 42% 50% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 73 Score: 90 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? No Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No No USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 60 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Husband 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes No 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 69 Score: 54 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 0.02 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? N/A No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No Yes GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 40 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 77 CONGO, REP. COSTA RICA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 2,561,678 2,427,479 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 49% 38% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 64 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? No Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 60 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Husband Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? No Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 40 Score: 59 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 50% 50% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.5 0.5 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A No 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? Yes No GOING TO COURT Score: 25 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 0 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 78 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 CÔTE D’IVOIRE CROATIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 11,652,737 2,158,502 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 41% 46% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 60 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Husband Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? No Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 80 Score: 93 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 40 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 79 CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC REGION Europe & Central Asia High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 573,265 5,371,530 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 46% 44% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 80 Score: 93 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 80 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 DENMARK DJIBOUTI REGION High income: OECD Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 2,886,115 469,198 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 42% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 82 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 91 Score: 75 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 50% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.52 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 75 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 10 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No, but aggravated penalties exist committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 81 DOMINICA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION .. 5,344,459 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) .. 41% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 90 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 46 Score: 73 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 80% 50% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.8 0.51 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 75 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 82 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 ECUADOR EGYPT, ARAB REP. REGION Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 8,194,817 47,330,802 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 41% 23% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 64 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes No 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes No 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 74 Score: 59 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 75% 75% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.78 0.75 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 83 EL SALVADOR EQUATORIAL GUINEA REGION Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 3,370,548 595,644 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 42% 39% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 73 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes No 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 60 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Husband 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes No 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 75 Score: 78 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 75 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 84 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 ERITREA ESTONIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Low income High income FEMALE POPULATION 3,073,210 699,671 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) .. 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 59 Score: 93 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 25 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 75 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 70 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No No, but aggravated penalties exist committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 85 ETHIOPIA FIJI REGION Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Low income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 51,291,704 442,142 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 35% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 90 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 46 Score: 56 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 20 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No No 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 86 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 FINLAND FRANCE REGION High income: OECD High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 2,788,613 34,331,313 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 48% 47% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 97 Score: 88 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 70% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.86 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 87 GABON GAMBIA, THE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 978,377 1,029,463 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 40% 44% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 55 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? No Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 60 Score: 60 12. Who legally administers marital property? Husband Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? No Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 73 Score: 67 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.06 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 0 Score: 40 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 88 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 GEORGIA GERMANY REGION Europe & Central Asia High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 1,943,709 42,021,652 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 46% 46% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Separate with spousal consent 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 75 Score: 85 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 25% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.53 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 75 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 40 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 89 GHANA GREECE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 14,162,745 5,506,477 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 50% 44% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? Yes N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 59 Score: 93 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 90 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 GRENADA GUATEMALA REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 53,452 8,470,056 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) .. 34% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 90 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 81 Score: 70 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 74% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.74 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 91 GUINEA GUINEA-BISSAU REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Low income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 6,178,592 914,413 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 49% 47% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 73 Score: 55 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? No No 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes No 9. Open a bank account? Yes No 10. Choose where to live? No No 11. Be "head of household"? No No USING PROPERTY Score: 60 Score: 60 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Husband 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes No 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 64 Score: 43 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 50% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.5 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 20 Score: 0 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No No 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? Yes ... GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 40 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 92 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 GUYANA HAITI REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 384,262 5,482,774 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 35% 48% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 82 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 80 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Other 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes No 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 78 Score: 63 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 100 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 93 HONDURAS HONG KONG SAR, CHINA REGION Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 4,558,443 3,896,413 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 38% 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 62 Score: 65 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 67% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.67 0.04 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 75 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 94 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 HUNGARY ICELAND REGION High income: OECD High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 5,142,381 166,842 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 46% 47% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 87 Score: 100 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 75 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 95 INDIA INDONESIA REGION South Asia East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 637,908,142 129,677,167 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 25% 38% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 60 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 40 Score: 64 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 0.02 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 20 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No Yes GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 96 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRAQ REGION Middle East & North Africa Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 39,869,885 18,367,257 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 19% 20% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 36 Score: 55 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? No No 5. Travel outside her home? No No 6. Get a job? No Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No No 11. Be "head of household"? No No USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No No GETTING A JOB Score: 43 Score: 38 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? No N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A No PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No Yes GOING TO COURT Score: 0 Score: 0 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? No No 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 0 Score: 40 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 97 IRELAND ISRAEL REGION High income: OECD High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 2,390,143 4,305,618 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 45% 47% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 85 Score: 72 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 98 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 ITALY JAMAICA REGION High income: OECD Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 31,130,010 1,446,431 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 42% 43% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 100 Score: 47 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 99 JAPAN JORDAN REGION High income: OECD Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 65,250,540 4,616,022 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 43% 18% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 45 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes No 6. Get a job? Yes No 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? Yes No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 87 Score: 41 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes No 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 100 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 KAZAKHSTAN KENYA REGION Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 9,200,746 24,243,511 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 49% 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 80 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 71 Score: 74 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.11 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 101 KIRIBATI KOREA, REP. REGION East Asia & Pacific High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 57,987 25,779,815 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) .. 42% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 75 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Other Original Owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? .. Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 68 Score: 71 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 33% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 0.35 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 102 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 KOSOVO KUWAIT REGION Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 871,078 1,775,530 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) .. 28% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 73 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes No 6. Get a job? Yes No 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 77 Score: 13 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 24% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.25 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes No 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 103 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC LAO PDR REGION Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 3,071,083 3,392,922 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 40% 50% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 59 Score: 75 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 92% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.92 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? No N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 20 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No Yes GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 104 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 LATVIA LEBANON REGION Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP High income: OECD Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,060,201 2,992,712 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 50% 24% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 100 Score: 54 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 75 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 105 LESOTHO LIBERIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 1,111,505 2,287,478 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 48% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 80 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 56 Score: 73 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 106 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 LIBYA LITHUANIA REGION Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Upper middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 3,134,355 1,550,375 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 25% 51% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 64 Score: 100 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? No N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? Yes No GOING TO COURT Score: 25 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? No Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 75 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 10 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No, but aggravated penalties exist Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 107 LUXEMBOURG MACEDONIA, FYR REGION High income: OECD Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 290,127 1,045,328 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 45% 39% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 93 Score: 72 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 100 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 108 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 MADAGASCAR MALAWI REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Low income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 12,481,298 9,056,940 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 49% 48% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 90 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 53 Score: 68 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 50% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.5 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 70 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No, but aggravated penalties exist Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 109 MALAYSIA MALDIVES REGION East Asia & Pacific South Asia INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 14,679,700 208,132 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 38% 27% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 73 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? No Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 60 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No No GETTING A JOB Score: 37 Score: 62 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 0.05 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? Yes No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 110 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 MALI MALTA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Low income High income FEMALE POPULATION 8,907,055 219,260 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 43% 39% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 64 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No Yes USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 47 Score: 72 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 22% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.23 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 0 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 111 MARSHALL ISLANDS MAURITANIA REGION East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION .. 2,136,387 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) .. 31% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 73 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes No 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 50 Score: 20 12. Who legally administers marital property? Other Other 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? .. No 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? .. No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? .. No GETTING A JOB Score: 46 Score: 57 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? N/A 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a N/A 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes No 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 112 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 MAURITIUS MEXICO REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 639,906 64,096,833 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 39% 36% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? No N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Other 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 75 Score: 78 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.05 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 100 Score: 100 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 113 MICRONESIA, FED. STS. MOLDOVA REGION East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 51,157 1,845,430 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) .. 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 75 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Other Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? .. Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 46 Score: 71 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? N/A 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a N/A 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 25 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 0 Score: 40 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 114 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 MONGOLIA MONTENEGRO REGION East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,529,574 314,988 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 45% 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Other Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 73 Score: 73 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 75 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 115 MOROCCO MOZAMBIQUE REGION Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 17,828,919 14,733,138 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 26% 55% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 67 Score: 62 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes No PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? Yes No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 70 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No, but aggravated penalties exist Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 116 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 MYANMAR NAMIBIA REGION East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 27,040,191 1,271,887 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 41% 50% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes No 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Other Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 54 Score: 85 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 0 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 117 NEPAL NETHERLANDS REGION South Asia High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Low income High income FEMALE POPULATION 14,936,536 8,567,739 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 52% 46% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? Yes N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 60 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 32 Score: 93 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 20 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 75 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 118 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 NEW ZEALAND NICARAGUA REGION High income: OECD Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 2,400,044 3,118,126 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 39% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 93 Score: 65 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 60% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.62 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 100 Score: 100 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 119 NIGER NIGERIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Low income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 10,251,649 91,244,915 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 43% 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 64 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? No Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? No Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 50 Score: 80 12. Who legally administers marital property? Other Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? .. Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? .. Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? .. Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 57 Score: 40 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes No 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 50% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.51 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 40 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 120 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 NORWAY OMAN REGION High income: OECD Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 2,595,280 1,484,086 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 13% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 55 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A No 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes No 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 100 Score: 50 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes No 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 40 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 121 PAKISTAN PALAU REGION South Asia East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 93,957,227 .. FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 22% .. ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 73 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? No N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? No Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 50 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Other 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes .. 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No .. 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No .. GETTING A JOB Score: 26 Score: 46 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes No 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% N/A 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 N/A function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? No Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? No Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 122 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 PANAMA PAPUA NEW GUINEA REGION Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 2,012,452 3,960,661 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 40% 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 80 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 67 Score: 42 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes No 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% N/A 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 N/A function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? No N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 20 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 123 PARAGUAY PERU REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 3,313,112 15,903,171 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 40% 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 87 Score: 87 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 75 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 124 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 PHILIPPINES POLAND REGION East Asia & Pacific High income: OECD INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 51,215,335 19,598,040 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 40% 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 90 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? Yes N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Other Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? No Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 84 Score: 82 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? Yes No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 125 PORTUGAL PUERTO RICO (U.S.) REGION High income: OECD Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 5,441,042 1,771,259 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 49% 42% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 100 Score: 64 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 100 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 126 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 QATAR ROMANIA REGION Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 714,493 10,164,461 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 14% 43% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 55 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? No Yes 5. Travel outside her home? No Yes 6. Get a job? No Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 40 Score: 90 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A No PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 25 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? No Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 0 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 127 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RWANDA REGION Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 77,274,683 6,206,417 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 49% 52% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A Yes USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 68 Score: 63 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 50% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.52 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 0 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 128 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 SAMOA SAN MARINO REGION East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Upper middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 94,498 .. FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 36% .. ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 90 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Other Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 68 Score: 87 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.18 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 40 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 129 SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE SAUDI ARABIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 100,377 14,037,495 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 36% 16% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 36 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes No 4. Travel outside the country? Yes No 5. Travel outside her home? Yes No 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 50 Score: 16 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.04 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A No PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 25 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes No 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 130 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 SENEGAL SERBIA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP Low income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 7,839,987 3,613,798 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 41% 44% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 82 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 50 Score: 93 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 131 SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP High income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 46,807 3,734,967 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) .. 50% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 80 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 77 Score: 46 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 132 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 SINGAPORE SLOVAK REPUBLIC REGION East Asia & Pacific High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 2,840,579 2,797,436 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 45% 45% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 67 Score: 100 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 50% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.55 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 133 SLOVENIA SOLOMON ISLANDS REGION High income: OECD East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,041,173 295,031 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 44% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 90 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 93 Score: 30 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes No 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 20 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 134 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH SUDAN REGION Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 28,396,315 6,104,255 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 45% 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 67 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Other 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes .. 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes .. GETTING A JOB Score: 85 Score: 20 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 100 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 40 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 135 SPAIN SRI LANKA REGION High income: OECD South Asia INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 23,675,226 11,000,805 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 46% 34% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 80 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 93 Score: 38 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 75 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 136 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 ST. KITTS AND NEVIS ST. LUCIA REGION Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP High income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION .. 90,706 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) .. 46% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 71 Score: 86 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No No 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 137 ST. VINCENT AND THE SUDAN GRENADINES REGION Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 54,334 19,709,905 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 42% 26% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 36 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes No 5. Travel outside her home? Yes No 6. Get a job? Yes No 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 63 Score: 35 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 75% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.75 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes No 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A N/A 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 138 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 SURINAME SWAZILAND REGION Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 278,688 678,197 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 39% 41% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? No Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 75 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes .. GETTING A JOB Score: 42 Score: 51 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? N/A 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a N/A 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 139 SWEDEN SWITZERLAND REGION High income: OECD High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 4,952,147 4,223,477 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 48% 47% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 100 Score: 85 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes No 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes No PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 140 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC TAIWAN, CHINA REGION Middle East & North Africa East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 9,110,598 11,820,546 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 14% .. ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 64 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? No Yes 5. Travel outside her home? No Yes 6. Get a job? No Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? Yes N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 33 Score: 88 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 0.09 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No Yes 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes Yes PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 25 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? No Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 0 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 141 TAJIKISTAN TANZANIA REGION Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 4,311,855 27,945,843 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 39% 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A Yes USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 60 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 75 Score: 86 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 25 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 142 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 THAILAND TIMOR-LESTE REGION East Asia & Pacific East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 34,938,030 624,533 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 46% 32% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A Yes USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 57 Score: 76 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 50% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.5 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 40 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 143 TOGO TONGA REGION Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific INCOME GROUP Low income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 3,845,982 53,391 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 49% 38% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 80 Score: 20 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes No 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 80 Score: 42 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes No 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 50% N/A 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.51 N/A function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes N/A 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes No 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? Yes No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 20 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 144 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TUNISIA REGION Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 691,993 5,769,754 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 42% 26% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 91 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 64 Score: 52 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 33% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.33 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No Yes GOING TO COURT Score: 100 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 75 Score: 25 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 10 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No, but aggravated penalties exist committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 145 TURKEY UGANDA REGION Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Upper middle income Low income FEMALE POPULATION 40,420,720 20,752,889 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 32% 48% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 70 Score: 73 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0.05 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 60 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 146 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 UKRAINE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES REGION Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income High income FEMALE POPULATION 24,153,211 2,513,544 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 12% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 45 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes No 6. Get a job? Yes No 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? N/A No USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 60 Score: 20 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes No 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No No 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes No 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 50 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 147 UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES REGION High income: OECD High income: OECD INCOME GROUP High income High income FEMALE POPULATION 33,266,827 162,932,617 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 47% 46% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 99 Score: 62 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes No 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 92% N/A 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0.94 N/A function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? Yes No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? Yes No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 100 Score: 100 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes Yes 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 75 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 100 Score: 100 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? Yes Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 100 Score: 80 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 148 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 URUGUAY UZBEKISTAN REGION Latin America & Caribbean Europe & Central Asia INCOME GROUP High income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 1,780,968 16,185,637 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 45% 42% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes N/A 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Both must agree 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 73 Score: 51 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No Yes 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A No PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? Yes No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes No BUILDING CREDIT Score: 50 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 80 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? Yes No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 149 VANUATU VENEZUELA, RB REGION East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Upper middle income FEMALE POPULATION 133,488 15,859,592 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 44% 40% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? N/A Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes Yes 6. Get a job? Yes Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 75 Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Other Separate with spousal consent 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? .. Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 52 Score: 70 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? No Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 67% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 0.69 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? No Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes No 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? Yes N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 80 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 75 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 0 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No No 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No No 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 20 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 150 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 VIETNAM WEST BANK AND GAZA REGION East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 46,834,625 2,244,170 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 48% 21% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 Score: 64 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Yes Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes No 6. Get a job? Yes No 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes No 11. Be "head of household"? Yes N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 Score: 40 12. Who legally administers marital property? Both must agree Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes No 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes No GETTING A JOB Score: 64 Score: 49 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 100% 100% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 1 1 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes No 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes No 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? No No 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? No No 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? No N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 80 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? Yes Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 50 Score: 25 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes No 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No No 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes No 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 25 Score: 50 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? No Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes No 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 Score: 0 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes No committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes No 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes No Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 151 YEMEN, REP. ZAMBIA REGION Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Lower middle income Lower middle income FEMALE POPULATION 13,653,577 8,308,472 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 8% 48% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 45 Score: 91 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? Yes No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? No No 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes Yes 5. Travel outside her home? No Yes 6. Get a job? No Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes Yes 8. Register a business? Yes Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes Yes 10. Choose where to live? No Yes 11. Be "head of household"? No N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 40 Score: 80 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? No No 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? No Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? No Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 43 Score: 72 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? No No 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Yes 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? No Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? No Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? No Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? No Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? No Yes 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? Yes N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 Score: 60 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? No No 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No Yes 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? Yes Yes 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No No GOING TO COURT Score: 0 Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? No Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? No Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? No Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? No Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 0 Score: 100 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? N/A Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? No Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No Yes PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 0 Score: 100 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes No Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No Yes 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? No Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. 152 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 ZIMBABWE REGION Sub-Saharan Africa INCOME GROUP Low income FEMALE POPULATION 8,194,300 FEMALE LABOR FORCE (% OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE) 49% ACCESSING INSTITUTIONS Score: 100 1. Are wives required to obey their husbands? No Can a woman legally do the following in the same way as a man: 2. Apply for a passport? Yes 3. Apply for a national ID card? Yes 4. Travel outside the country? Yes 5. Travel outside her home? Yes 6. Get a job? Yes 7. Sign a contract? Yes 8. Register a business? Yes 9. Open a bank account? Yes 10. Choose where to live? Yes 11. Be "head of household"? N/A USING PROPERTY Score: 100 12. Who legally administers marital property? Original owner 13. Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions? Yes 14. Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property? Yes 15. Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights? Yes 16. Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights? Yes GETTING A JOB Score: 64 17. Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks? Yes 18. Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter? Yes 19. What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government? 0% 20. What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a 0 function of who pays? 21. Is there paid parental leave? No 22. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value? No 23. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment? Yes 24. Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited? Yes 25. Can parents work flexibly? No 26. Can women work the same night hours as men? Yes 27. Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men? Yes 28. Are women able to work in the same industries as men? Yes 29. Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men? Yes 30. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal? Yes 31. Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal? N/A 32. Are the mandatory retirement ages for men and women equal? N/A PROVIDING INCENTIVES TO WORK Score: 40 33. Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave? Yes 34. Does the government support or provide childcare services? No 35. Are payments for childcare tax deductible? No 36. Is primary education free and compulsory? No 37. Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men? No GOING TO COURT Score: 100 38. Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s? Yes 39. Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission? Yes 40. Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters? Yes 41. Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure? Yes BUILDING CREDIT Score: 75 42. Do retailers provide information to credit agencies? Yes 43. Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies? Yes 44. Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit? Yes 45. Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit? No PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE Score: 60 46. Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes Yes committed against a spouse or family member? 47. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment? Yes 48. Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education? No 49. Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment? No 50. Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment? Yes Note: See the data notes for more details on the scoring of each indicator. ECONOMY TABLES 153 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Data collection and analysis for Women, Gergana Tsvetanova Tsvetanova as- is supported by Manas Ranjan Behera, Business and the Law 2018 was conduct- sisted in the months before publication. Varun V. Doiphode, Fengsheng Huang, ed by a team led by Sarah Iqbal (Program Deborah Eskinazi, Cynthia Joyce Marie Manoj Mathew, Flora Rezaei Mood, Arun Manager, Indicator Development), under Raphael Kabore, Julieth Santamaria and Chakravarthi Nageswaran, Kunal H. Patel, the general direction of Rita Ramalho Veronica Trujillo provided assistance on Akash Pradhan, Ana Cristina Santos Felix, (Senior Manager, Global Indicators Group, the case study on Women’s Financial Rajesh Sargunan, Kamalesh Sengaonkar, Development Economics) since March Inclusion and the Law. Geoffrey Shott, Bishal Raj Thakuri, Vinod 2017, and prior to that under Augusto Vasudevan Thottikkatu and Hashim Zia. López-Claros (Director, Global Indicators The team is grateful for valuable com- Group, Development Economics) and ments provided by colleagues in the The Women, Business and the Law Melissa Johns (Adviser, Global Indicators World Bank Group. The team would espe- outreach strategy is managed by Indira Group, Development Economics). Overall cially like to acknowledge the comments Chand working with Mikael Reventar, guidance for the preparation of the and support of Simeon Djankov and Caren Christopher M. Walsh and Ruihua (Rayna) report was provided by Shantayanan Grown. Comments were also received Zhang. The events strategy is supported Devarajan (Senior Director, Development from: Amatalalim Ali Mohamed Al-Soswa, by Sushmitha Narsiah Pidatala. Economics, and Acting Chief Economist). Rabah Arezki, Mark Austin, Ciro Avitabile, The project was managed with the sup- Yasmin Bin-Humam, Helle Buchhave, Support for Women, Business and the port of Tazeen Hasan and Tanya Primiani. Tamoya Christie, Maria Davalos, Bénédicte Law is provided by: The Bill & Melinda de la Brière, Francesca de Nicola, Gabriel Gates Foundation; The William and Members of the core research team Demombynes, Marianne Fay, Achim Flora Hewlett Foundation; the United included Souad Adnane, Maereg Fock, Markus Goldstein, Thu Ha Le, Faris Kingdom Department for International Tewoldebirhan Alemayehu, Gharam Hadad-Zervos, Birgit Hansl, Bingjie Hu, Development (DFID); the United States Alkastalani Dexter, Nayda Almodóvar- Keiko Inoue, Marijana Jasarevic, Daniel Agency for International Development Reteguis, Nisha Arekapudi, Shirin Kirkwood, Andy Kotikula, Gladys Lopez- (USAID); and the Swedish Ministry of Batshon, Julia Constanze Braunmiller, Acevedo, Catherine Martin, Andrew Foreign Affairs. Diana Eugenia Chacon, Claudia Lenny Mason, Shabih Mohib, Lili Mottaghi, Corminales, Maia D’Anna, Marina Rinku Murgai, Stephen N. Ndegwa, This report was made possible by the Elefante, Philippine de Maere, Dimitra Giang Tam Nguyen, Ngan Hong Nguyen, generous contributions of close to 2,000 Christina Heliotis, Juliette Herault, Asif Aristeidis Panou, Elizaveta Perova, Carla lawyers, judges, academics, civil society Islam, Kavell Gianina Joseph, Anna Pittalis, Paul Prettitore, Martin Rama, representatives and public officials in Kalashyan, Viktoria Khaitina, Gloria Eliana Rubiano, Mariam Sherman, Sudhir 189 economies. Contact details for local Daniele Kuoh, Elizabeth Makumbi, Shetty, Rucheta Singh, Cia Sjetnan, partners are available on the Women, Marie Nezam, Alena Sakhonchik, Isabel Victoria Stanley, Emcet Tas, Anne Tully, Business and the Law website at: http:// Santagostino Recavarren, Warner G. Anuja Utz, Patricia Van de Velde, Georgia wbl.worldbank.org. Santiago Acevedo, Camilla Schloss, Wallen, Degi Young, Albert G. Zeufack Katrin Schulz, Aarushi Sinha, Paula and Wenqing Zhang. The names of local partners wishing to be Tavares and Aliaksandra Tyhrytskaya. acknowledged individually are listed. The The core research team was assisted by The report was edited by Chris global and regional contributors listed are Paulina Maribel Flewitt. John Arzinos, Cavanaugh and Sandra Gain, with design firms or organizations that have complet- Vanessa Maria Cervello Ferrando, and graphics by Corporate Visions. The ed multiple questionnaires in their various Joseph Antoine Lemoine, Mirabelle Sirri online Women, Business and the Law offices around the world. Chi Epse Okezie, Etienne Mbala and database (http://wbl.worldbank.org) 154 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 GLOBAL AFGHANISTAN ALGERIA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA CONTRIBUTORS Ahmad Shekib Gran Radia Abdous Sherrie-Ann Bradshaw Advocates for International ACCI Ghellal & Mekerba S. Bradshaw & Associates Development (A4ID) Hadley Rose Kada Afia Alethea Byers African Bar Association Université de la Formation Family and Social Services Sayed Asil Sadiqi Continue Allen & Overy LLP Kalisia Marks Abdul Basir Sarwari Sonia Benbouzid Richards & Company American Bar Association Abdul Basir Sarwari Advocacy Cabinet Tabet Avocats & Company Conseils Kari-Anne Reynolds CARE International Hill & Hill Negina Sultani Yamina Kebir Dechert LLP Legal Oracles Kamilah Roberts Cabinet Kebir Duane Morris LLP Roberts & Co. Durani Waziri Larbaoui Malika Equality Now Lawyer Bouchaib Law Firm Alexandrina Wong Women Against Rape Inc. Freshfields Bruckhaus Lamine Tabet Deringer ALBANIA Cabinet Tabet Avocats & Conseils ARGENTINA Iris Aliaj Global Alliance for Justice Centre for Legal Civic Initiatives Ana Alicia Ariet Guevara Education (GAJE) Poder Judicial Pcia. de Mirela Arqimandriti ANGOLA Global Campaign for Equal Mendoza Gender Alliance for Inês Albuquerque e Castro Nationality Rights Development Center Úrsula Basset FCB Sociedade de Advogados Global Partnership for Universidad Austral and Blerta Balilaj Brovina Sofia Chaves Pontificia Universidad Católica Education Women’s Democracy Network Argentina Hogan Lovells Albania (WDN-Albania) Arão Chimbinja Lourdes Caposso Fernandes & Pablo Belaich International Association of Sokol Elmazaj Associados (LCF) EY - Pistrelli, Henry Martin y Women Judges Boga & Associates Asociados SRL Daniela Cristovão International Bar Association Miranda Harizaj Lourdes Caposso Fernandes & Carlos Casanovas Albanian Financial Supervisory Associados (LCF) EY - Pistrelli, Henry Martin y International Development Authority Asociados SRL Law Organization (IDLO) Bruno Xavier de Pina Adriatik Lapaj Carina Marcela Castrillón International Property Lawyer Lourdes Caposso Fernandes Bulló Abogados Registries Association Lourdes Caposso Fernandes & (IPRA-CINDER) Ines Leskaj Associados (LCF) Esteban de Dobrzynski AWEN-Albanian Women Lawyer Linklaters LLP Empowerment Network Catarina Neto Fernandes Abreu Advogados Graciela De Oto Organization of American Aida Lico Etudio Grispo & Asociados States LLF Legal & Tax Carmen Monclús i Gironès UNICEF Osvaldo Flores Plan International Enkeleda Olldashi EY - Pistrelli, Henry Martin y Faculty of Law, University Ana Leão Asociados SRL Qatar University College of of Tirana Consultant Law Legal Clinic Consuelo García Suela Qoqja Yuma Munana Consuelo García Law Firm Save the Children Lourdes Caposso Fernandes & Elona Saliaj Associados (LCF) Jorge Daniel Grispo The Law Society of England Notary Estudio Grispo & Asociados & Wales Christopher Ngwerume Suela Shundi UNICEF Leticia Andrea Kabusacki Thomson Reuters Foundation Elona Xhepa Harari & Kabusacki Abogados UNDP Gildo Reis Boga & Associates Lourdes Caposso Fernandes & Diego Sebastián Kelly UNICEF Associados (LCF) Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal, Lex Mundi Association of Law Firms UN Women Edila Maria Melo Ribeiro Lawyer Ezequiel Alcides Landry Vital Strategies Estudio Grispo & Asociados World Organisation for Early Sofia Gabriela Nuñez Childhood Education and Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal, Lex Care (OMEP) Mundi Association of Law Firms ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 155 Paola Pecora AUSTRALIA AZERBAIJAN BAHRAIN EY - Pistrelli, Henry Martin y Asociados SRL Libby Abraham Gulnaz Alasgarova Rana Al Alawi Department of Finance, Baku State University Zu’bi & Partners Attorneys & Beatriz Ramos Services & Innovation, Office of Legal Consultants Universidad Católica del the Registrar General Ramil Atayev Uruguay Faten Al Haddad Bryony Binns Khayala Hamzaliyea Al Haddad Law Firm Romina Rodríguez PwC Ramil Iskandarli Registro de las Personas de la Zeenat Al Mansoori Stephen Page Legal Analysis and Research Zeenat Al Mansoori & Provincia de Buenos Aires Public Union Harrington Family Lawyers Associates Enrique Mariano Stile Gunel Ismayilbeyli Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal, Lex Susan Pearson Reem Al Rayes Mundi Association of Law Firms Pearson Emerson Meyer Ummi Jalilova Zeenat Al Mansoori & GRATA International Associates Gustavo Torassa Jane Wright Bulló Abogados Work Dynamic Australia Akif Kazimli Noor Al Taraif Zu’bi & Partners Attorneys & Shabnam Sadigova Legal Consultants ARMENIA AUSTRIA GRATA International Victoria Bazil Ismaeel Elnasri Hayk Abrahamyan Shahla Samedova Inovest Open Society Foundations Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Baku State University Petra Cernochova Nitya Kumar Tsovinar Ananyan Khalisa Shahverdiyeva King Hamad University Hospital Brave Law Firm Attorney-at-Law UNFPA Julia Eichinger Eman Omar Aida Baghdasaryan Konul Soltanova Zu’bi & Partners Attorneys & Ucom LLC Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien Legal Consultants Taleh Zarbali Anahit Chilingaryan Sandra Maria Eichner Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Amr Omran Mehriban Zeynalova Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Mariam Ghulyan Clean World Social Union Ghulyan and Partners Law Firm Marlene Grois Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Rohit Srivastava Royal Bahrain Hospital Ara Khzmalyan BAHAMAS, THE Adwise Business & Legal Birgitt Haller Institute of Conflict Research Tecoyo Bridgewater Sami Tannous Consulting Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer (IKF) Bridgewater Legal Advocates Isabella Merabova Valerie Kramer Vann P. Gaitor Higgs & Johnson BANGLADESH Larisa Minasyan DLA Piper Open Society Foundations Kazi M.U. Ahamed Wieland Anastasios Leopold Katie Jervis Imperidus Law Associates Mariam Mkrtichyan Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer D’Andra Johnson Hovhannisyan & Partners LLC Nasim Akhter Gert-Peter Reissner Lennox Paton Tiruhi Nazaretyan University of Innsbruck Shajib Mahmood Alam Knijah Knowles Tempus NGO Counsels Law Partners Patrick W. Tauber Court of Appeal of The Hasmik Ohnikyan Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Bahamas Monirul Azam Ilex Law Firm University of Chittagong, Shantelle Munroe Department of Law Davit Srapionyan Graham Thompson & Co. Lawyer Junayed Chowdhury Chad D. Roberts Vertex Chambers Argam Stepanyan Callenders & Co. Ministry of Justice Md. Khademul Islam Choyon Bangladesh Lawyers’ and Law Gayane Virabyan Students’ Association K & P Law Firm Rafiqul Islam Arpine Yeghikyan Obiter Dictum Marseral LLC Wahid Sadiq Khan Karen Zadoyan Obiter Dictum Armenian Lawyers’ Association Sifat Jahan Nikita Vertex Chambers Shahana Rahman Shumii Christabel Randolph Supreme Court of Bangladesh 156 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 Muhammad Rashel Siddiqui Natallia Raisanen BELIZE BOLIVIA Obiter Dictum Cierech, Neviadouski and Partners Advocates Bureau Melissa Balderamos Mahler Claudia Acosta Echavarría Tasnima Tabassum Balderamos Arthurs LLP Claudia Acosta Law Firm Katsiaryna Shmatsina Md. Moyeen Uddin American Bar Association Robertha Magnus-Usher Andrea Bollmann Duarte Vital Strategies Section of International Law Robertha Magnus-Usher and Salazar, Salazar & Asociados Associates Soc. Civ. Dzmitryj Shylau BARBADOS Cierech, Neviadouski and Andrea McSweaney McKoy Polina Chtchelok Partners Advocates Bureau McKoyTorres LLP ESPCS Multidisciplinary Christopher Birch Consulting Government of Barbados Leslie Mendez Juri Slepitch Arzinger & Partners Marine Parade Chambers Syntia Villma Cuentas Zeballos Winston Coppin Salazar, Salazar & Asociados Land Registry Department Deshawn Arzu Torres Nikita Tolkanitsa Soc. Civ. CHSH Cerha Hempel Spiegelfeld McKoyTorres LLP Olivia dos Santos Hlawati Claudia López Monterrey Elliott D. Mottley & Co. Ann-Marie Williams ESPCS Multidisciplinary Alena Zhdanovich The National Women’s Consulting Ryan Omari Drakes Law Practice and Family Commission Clarke Gittens Farmer Mediation Julieta Montaño Attorneys-at-Law Oficina Jurídica Para la Mujer BENIN Cadian Drummond BELGIUM Serge Egnon Akpaka Sandra Salinas Harridyal-Sodha & Associates UNICEF C.R. & F. Rojas Abogados (LizaLaw) Mayer Brown International LLP Joy Green Ibrahim Akrouh André Akpinfa Consultant BOSNIA AND Land Adjudication Unit Legisquadra HERZEGOVINA Theo Jones Eleanor Jenifer Coets Agnila Rafikou Alabi Gerc Sumejja Mostar Sjever Emeth Chambers Hôpital Erasme Cabinet Rafikou A. Alabi Potoci Leandre Murrell-Forde Amélie d’Aspremont Albert Djidohokpin Jasmin Cengic Lands and Surveys Department Dechert LLP SOS Children’s Villages Benin Erc Zipo DOO Sarajevo Leisa Perch Marjolein De Backer Joseph Foundohou Selma Demirović-Hamzić Consultant Dechert LLP Direction Générale des Impôts Marić & Co. Law Firm et des Domaines Shakieda Sealy Marie de Fauconval Feđa Dupovac Leslie F. Haynes Q.C. Chambers Université de Namur Christel Akofa Gomez Advokatska Kancelarija Spaho Kepha Consultants Jill St. George Roxane de Giey Vedran Hadžimustafić University of the West Indies White & Case LLP Lionel Camus Lokossou Wolf Theiss Gerald Trotman Pierre-Yves Materne Yacoubou Moutairou Samra Hadžović Legisquadra Réseau Pour l’Intégration des Sade Williams Wolf Theiss Femmes des Organisations Pauline Tart Non Gouvernementales Mervan Miraščija BELARUS White & Case LLP et Associations Africaines (RIFONGA) Adnan Sarajlić Irina Alkhovka Aurélie Terlinden Wolf Theiss International Public Association White & Case LLP Alexandrine Saïzonou-Bedie “Gender Perspectives” Cabinet Saizonou Emir Spaho Ysabelle Vuillard Advokatska Kancelarija Spaho Ahniya Asanovich Dechert LLP Guy-Lambert Yêkpê Cabinet G.L. Yêkpê Mehmed Spaho Alexander Karankevich Karla Vuyts Advokatska Kancelarija Spaho UNICEF Dechert LLP BHUTAN Selma Spaho Sergei Makarchuk Advokatska Kancelarija Spaho CHSH Cerha Hempel Spiegelfeld Karma Chhoden Hlawati Renew Maja Vezmar Andrei Neviadouski Nima Dorji Cierech, Neviadouski and Jigme Singye Wangchuck Partners Advocates Bureau School of Law Anna Pinayeva Kesang Wangmo UNICEF Jigme Singye Wangchuck School of Law ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 157 BOTSWANA Espaço Singular Berçario e BULGARIA Charles Ribgoalinga Educação Infantil Judge Kealeboga Kelly Dambuza Registry Agency Murilo Caldeira Germiniani Souleymane Sawadogo Tatenda Dumba Machado, Meyer, Sendacz e Roza Dimova Judge Armstrongs Attorneys Notaries Opice Advogados Center of Women’s Studies and & Conveyancers Policies Abdoulaye Sedogo Renata Braga Klevenhusen Agence du Partenariat pour le Lesego Gaetwesepe Universidade Federal Kate Dinovska Développement Fluminense Nova Jus Gaofenngwe Kabubi Abdoulaye Soma Natalia Lorena Loscocco Boris Georgiev Centre d’Études et de Mpho Leteane Nova Jus Lawyer Universidad de Buenos Aires, Recherches sur le Droit Facultad de Derecho Dessislava Illieva International et les droits de Refilwe Mogwe l’Homme (CERDIH) Thais Machado Milena Kadieva Julia Dineo Poloko Federal Regional Court of 4th Gender Alternatives Foundation Aimé Gérard Yameogo Civil & National Registration Region GOLD Botswana Tatyana Kmetova Jorge Gonzaga Matsumoto Center of Women’s Studies and Bichara Advogados Policies BURUNDI BRAZIL João Pedro Eyler Póvoa Célestin Bahati Barbosa Müssnich Aragão Tsvetelina Marinova Bichara Advogados Centre for Development and (BMA) Dontchev, Zamfirova, Marinova Enterprise Nickolas Valentin Risovas Law Firm Josycler Arana Machado, Meyer, Sendacz e Pascasie Barampama Universidade Federal Diliana Markova Opice Advogados Association Réseau Femmes Fluminense Animus Association Foundation et Paix Andrea Giamondo Massei Rossi Katerina Partenova José Baltazar Machado, Meyer, Sendacz e Protais Bugabo 3rd Land Registry of Campo Dimov & Tashev Law Firm Opice Advogados Press Ikiriho Grande Tereza Shishkova Mauricio Quadros Soares Jean Marie Hahombuwungutse Letícia Calderaro Batista Lawyer Quadros e Quadros Sociedade Ballon des Avocats du Burundi Calderaro Advocacia de Advogados BURKINA FASO Jean Paul Kagoye Pedro Pimenta Bossi Naomy Christiani Takara Centre for Development and Federal Regional Court of 4th Samirah Dera Enterprise Region Iane Pontes Vieira Pontes Vieira Advogados Lucien Hien Aimable Manirkiza Luiz Calixto Ministère de l’Education Centre for Development and Bichara Advogados Iure Pontes Vieira Nationale et de Enterprise Pontes Vieira Advogados l’Alphabétisation Karen Cárdenas Diomede Miburo Foreign Ministry Safièta Nawalagumba Koanda Ballon des Avocats du Burundi BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Dera Carla Appollinário Castro Salvator Minani Universidade Federal Syarifah Safinatul Najah Bte Mariam Lamizana Alpha Justice Chambers Fluminense Malai Haji Abdul Hamid Voix de Femmes (VdF) Abas Serudin & Partners Paul Muhirwa Ligia Maura Costa Honorine Medah Association de Lutte Contre Ligia Maura Costa, Advocacia Hajah Norajimah Haji Aji GOLD l’Impunité et l’Injustice au Ministry of Home Affairs, Burundi Carolina Candida da Cunha Department of Labor Julie Rose Ouedraogo Vital Strategies Judge Christian Nduwayo Aziimah Hambali Maître Placide Gatoto, Cabinet Tamara de Farias Zico Law Karim Ouedraogo d’Avocats Order of Attorneys of Brazil DGI Norizzah Hazirah Hussin Arcade Nivyintizo Christiana Fontenelle Ministry of Home Affairs, Noraogo Henri Ouedraogo Ntizo SA Bichara Advogados Department of Labor Direction Générale des Impôts Fabien Segatwa Ashley Frederes Nava Palaniandy Victoria Ouedraogo Cabinet Segatwa Fabien & Vital Strategies Ahmad Isa & Partners Judge Associés Karina de Fatima Bonalume Rokiah Swed Emma Ouedraogo Zoma Jean Berchmans Siboniyo Freire Abas Serudin & Partners Projet de Renforcement de AMEBE/Mentorship Club Gouvernance Locale 158 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 CABO VERDE CAMEROON CANADA CHAD Teresa Teixeira B. Amado Adidja Amani Brian Ballantyne Victoire Alnoudji Lawyer Ministère de la Santé Publique Surveyor General Branch Cabinet Thomas du Cameroun Natural Resources Canada Jessica Andre Frédéric Dainonet Jouhinet Abel Epse Piskopani Armelle Jennifer Bernardo Dainonet Consulting & Partner Ilídio Cruz Silvana Baker & McKenzie Ilídio Cruz & Associados, Monde Juridique et Fiscal Masra Djimas Sociedade de Advogados RL (MOJUFISC) Stefanie Di Francesco Société Civile d’Avocats McMillan LLP Toronto Amanda Fernandes Angelina Atabong Lucas Madji Laoro Ilídio Cruz & Associados, Cheryl Elliott Cabinet Abdoulaye Adam Bahar Sociedade de Advogados RL Dieudonné Behlong Baker & McKenzie World Organisation for Early Tar Marie-France Arianna Lopes Childhood Education and Care Caroline Kim Neville de Rougemont & Miller Thomson LLP Guy Emmanuel Ngankam (OMEP) PwC Associados Jean-Marie Vianney Bendégué Anne Levesque Nedson Pimenta Maurício University of Ottawa Bakari Thomas Ronelingaye IG/MINDCAF Lawyer Foba Toukpleye Alain Philippe Binyet Bi Mbog Deepa Mattoo João Medina World Organisation for Early Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Neville de Rougemont & Childhood Education and Care Clinic CHILE Associados (OMEP) Petra Molnar Jorge Álvarez Vásquez Clóvis Santos Chunga Collins Che Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Servicio de Registro Civil e Ilídio Cruz & Associados, Voice of Grace Foundation Clinic Identificación Chile Sociedade de Advogados RL Hyacinthe Fansi Erin Tompkins Constanza Busquets Escuer Arnaldo Silva Ngassam, Fansi & Mouafo Surveyor General Branch Energía Llaima SpA Arnaldo Silva & Associados, Avocats Associés Natural Resources Canada Sociedade de Advogados RL Lidia Casas Samuel Kelodjoue Human Rights Center at Bartolomeu Lopes Varela Demographer CENTRAL AFRICAN Universidad Diego Portales Researcher and Consultant REPUBLIC Cynthia Ndukong Rosita Gaete Edgard Stephane Balegbaya Superintendencia de Educación, Voice of Grace Foundations CAMBODIA Sutter & Pearce RCA Región del Maule The Cambodian Center for Suzanne Ngo Ntamack Aurolle Euphrasie Donon Beatriz Garfias Human Rights World Organisation for Early Bizon Ingénierie Juridique Childhood Education and Care Juan Ignacio Ipinza Mayor Chankoulika Bo (OMEP) Gabin Gracchus Guele Lawyer BNG Legal Primature Bolleri Pym Daniela Juica Anne Breillat Université de Douala Brice Kevin Kakpayen Cabinet Morouba Myriam Oyaneder Sophal Chea Dieudonné Takam Mineduc Better Factories Cambodia Cabinet Takam & Associés Dorothée Malenzapa RESOLEP-FC Lucía Planet Sepúlveda Channeang Chim Oben Besong Takow Defesoría Laboral The Cambodian NGO Voice of Grace Foundation Raymond Ndakala Committee on CEDAW Barreau de Centrafrique Roberto Rodríguez Bergerele Reine Tsafack Darwin (Naryth) Hem Dongmo Adrien Nifasha Selma Simonstein BNG Legal Monde Juridique et Fiscal Avocats Sans Frontières World Organisation for Early (MOJUFISC) Childhood Education and Care Bunthea Keo Kainda Zoungoula (OMEP) Cambodian Human Rights Task Ndonwi Wilfred Lawyer Force Voice of Grace Foundation Ligia Toro Araya Servicio de Registro Civil e Sok Hun Ngov Identificación Chile BNG Legal Luis Andrés Ulloa Martínez Ratana Pen Energía Llaima SpA Heng Sophat Department of Civil Registration Dana Wallack The Cambodian NGO Committee on CEDAW ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 159 CHINA COLOMBIA CONGO, DEM. REP. Angie Gumustas Carvajal Centro Infantil Manitas Dechert LLP Superintendencia de Notariado Justine Masika Bihamba Creativas y Registro Synergie des Femmes pour les Xiaoying Huang Victimes de Violence Sexuelle Anna Karina Jiménez Yingke Law Firm Paola Andrea Álvarez Murillo (SFVS) Arias Secretaría de Paz y Cultura Gloria Li Ciudadana, Alcaldía de Santiago Serge Faray Salumu Ana Priscilla Ortíz Saborío China Top Credit Financial de Cali Batalla Salto Luna Information Service Eve Ingwa María Margarita Bucheli Eraso Laura Oviedo Xiaofei Li Fabien Kadima Arias Yingke Law Firm Marianna Caballero Dentons Upio Kakura Wapol Marianne Pál-Hegedüs Ortega Yawen Liu Emery Mukendi Wafwana & Gómez & Galindo LatamLex Legal Assistant Shadia Dager Associates Abogados Cavelier Abogados Yilin Lu Romaric Kavayita Talyamwayna Daniel Rodríguez Linklaters LLP Diana Sofia Gomez Giraldo Fonds pour les Femmes Arias Secretaría de Paz y Cultura Congolaises Meixin Ou Ciudadana, Alcaldía de Santiago Oscar Rodríguez Sánchez Yingke Law Firm de Cali Noel Luenda Registro Nacional Office of Civil Registration and Xuekai Vincent Qian Juan Camilo Guevara Ortíz Population Dentons Secretaría de Paz y Cultura CÔTE D’IVOIRE Ciudadana, Alcaldía de Santiago Rigobert Nzundu Mawunga Jeffrey Wilson Emery Mukendi Wafwana & Zirignon Constant Delbe Jun He LLP de Cali Associates Ministère de l’Agriculture et du Patricia Hernández Développement Rural Jianlei Xu Roger Mulamba Dentons Cavelier Abogados RMK & Associés Claude-Andrée Groga Adriana Martínez Piedrahita Cabinet Jean-François Anderson Zhang Vanessa Wirth DG&A Abogados Chauveau Dacheng Law Offices UNICEF Dora Sofia Morales-Soto Moumouni Konaté Michael Hongtao Zhang Dunia Zongwe Arrieta, Mantilla y Asociados Konfirm-Advies Dentons University of Namibia Catalina Ortiz-Suarez Koffi Messou Kouassi Zhiwei Zhao Arrieta, Mantilla y Asociados UNICEF Sidley Austin CONGO, REP. Mónica Rodríguez Xavier Edouard N’Cho Yijia Zhu Patrice Bazolo Dentons Ministère de l’Agriculture et du PwC Développement Rural María Tafur Kevin Kodia Registraduría Nacional del Eric-Didier N’dri Cabinet Quenum ONG AVIDE (Africa’s Volunteers Estado Civil Laetitia Nadine Loko for International Development) COMOROS Issan Giska Ntsila Simon-Pierre N’dri-Kouakou Cabinet d’Avocat Ntsila ONG AVIDE (Africa’s Volunteers Djamal El-Dine Bacar for International Development) Barreau de Moroni COSTA RICA Edwige N’Gouan Azad Mze Cabinet Jean-François Cabinet d’Avocats Mze Rocío Amador Hasbun Chauveau Bufete Amador Ibrahim A. Mzimba Patricia N’Guessan Cabinet Mzimba Avocats Larissa Arroyo Navarrete Cabinet Jean-François Asociación Ciudadana ACCEDER Chauveau Faïzat Said Bacar CSI Avocats Carlos Luis Brenes Molina Aimee Zebeyoux Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones Association des Femmes Carolina Flores Bedoya Juristes de Côte d’Ivoire Arias Vanessa Gómez Kinder Sueños y Sonrisas Cristina Guerrini Arias 160 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 CROATIA Demetris Nicolaou DOMINICA ECUADOR Harneys Aristodemou Loizides Ministry of Public Yiolitis LLC Kimala Alfred María Fernanda Aguirre Administration Dominica Legal Aid Clinic Salamea Susana Pavlou Consejo de la Judicatura, Corte Marko Borsky Mediterranean Institute of Jo-Anne Cuffy de Justicia de la Ciudad de Marko Borsky Law Office Gender Studies Cuenca Danielle Edwards Saša Divjak Attorney-at-Law Maria Laura Barrera Divjak, Topić & Bahtijarević Law CZECH REPUBLIC Barrera, Andrade-Cevallos & Firm Noelize Knight Didier Harris, Harris & Didier Abogados Marek Dvorak Sandra Kozić Advokát JUDr. Marek Dvořák María Angélica Campoverde Posavec, Rašica & Liszt Law Tara Leevy Attorney-at-Law Lawyer Firm Milanda Kurtosiova Kocián Šolc Balaštík Dalila Cárdenas Ordóñez Marko Lovrić Eric Mendes Ministry of Justice, Immigration Consejo de la Judicatura, Corte Divjak, Topić & Bahtijarević Law Radek Matouš and National Security de Justicia de la Ciudad de Firm Dvořák Hager & Partners Cuenca Ema Marušić Lenka B. Olejnikova Melissa Morgan Bureau of Gender Affairs Stefania Castro Marko Borsky Law Office Barrera, Andrade-Cevallos & Zuzana Ondrůjová Dominik Musulin Office of the Public Defender Pearl Williams Abogados Divjak, Topić & Bahtijarević Law of Rights Supreme Court Registry Elba Domaccin Firm World Organisation for Early Katerina Ronovska Karlo Novosel Masaryk University DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Childhood Education and Care Law Office Karlo Novosel Junta Central Electoral (OMEP) Sasha Stepanova Zdravka Sadžakov Kocián Šolc Balaštík José Manuel Alburquerque Sarah Espinosa-MoraBowen B.a.B.e. - Be active, Be Prieto Universidad de las Américas emancipated Albuquerque & Albuquerque Quito DENMARK Adrijana Visnjic Jevtic Merielin Almonte Pablo Javier Falconí Castillo Elsebeth Aaes-Jørgensen University of Zagreb, Faculty of Merielin Almonte Estudio Legal Registro de la Propiedad del Norrbom Vindinq Teacher Education Distrito Metropolitano de Quito Hanne Hartoft Isabel Andrickson Miroslav Zadro Pellerano & Herrera Ashley Frederes Aalborg University Vital Strategies Majken Johansen Joan Carolina Arbaje Bergés CYPRUS Distrito Legal Cinthya Game Advokat Majken Johansen Universidad Catòlica de Marios Agrotes Pamela Benzán Arbaje Santiago de Guayaquil Stig G. Lund Researcher Guzmán Ariza & Asociados, BUPL Santo Domingo Monica García Panayiota Chrysochou Hospital Abel Gilbert Pontón Márcia Télya Mesquita Viana Demetris Georgiades Madsen Diógenes Bergés N. Gilbert Tapia Legal SRL Ana Lucía Iñiguez Harneys Aristodemou Loizides Universidad de Cuenca Laust Hvas Mortensen Yiolitis LLC Norvia Fernandez Statistics Denmark Distrito Legal María Dolores Mino Martha Kalana Universidad de las Américas Tina Reissmann Association for the Prevention Aura Celeste Fernández Quito Plesner and Handling of Violence in the Rodríguez Family (SPAVO) Mathilde Worch Jensen Guzmán Ariza & Asociados, Beatriz Orellana Serrano The Danish Institute for Human Santo Domingo Corporación Mujer a Mujer Nadia Kornioti Rights Cyprus Red Cross Society Melissa Gilbert Viviana Lissette Puyol Moscoso Gilbert Tapia Legal SRL Empresa Publica Municipal Mary Koutselini DJIBOUTI Registro de la Propiedad de Nicholas Ktenas Laura Rosario Liberato Guataquil Mohammed Abayazid Andreas Neocleous & Co. Legal Guzmán Ariza & Asociados, Cabinet Avocats Associés Lorena Quintana Consultants Santo Domingo Djibouti Abayazid & World Organisation for Early Abdourahman Andreina Pérez Childhood Education and Care Olga Lambrou-Ioannou Mouaimis & Mouaimis LLC Gilbert Tapia Legal SRL (OMEP) Ali Dini Cabinet d’Avocat Ali Dini Laura Patricia Serrata Asmar Michael Suquilanda Marina Massoura Albuquerque & Albuquerque World Organisation for Early Abdoulkader Hassan Michalis Mouaimis Childhood Education and Care Mouhoumed Mouaimis & Mouaimis LLC (OMEP) Université de Djibouti Panayotis Mouaimis Verónica Tobar Molina Zahra Youssouf Kayad Mouaimis & Mouaimis LLC Registro de la Propiedad del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 161 Cristina Valencia Araujo Ana María Umaña de Jovel ESTONIA FIJI Centro Nacional de Registros Veronica Vargas (CNR) Merle Albrant Shamima Ali Vital Strategies Estonian Human Rights Centre Fiji Women’s Crisis Center Julio César Vargas Solano Germania del Pilar Zapata Vega García & Bodán Triin Antsov Madonna Fong Empresa Publica Municipal Law Office Arvisto & Partners Jamnadas and Associates Registro de la Propiedad de Margarita Velado Guataquil Registro Nacional de las Kelli Eilart Sargam Goundar Personas Naturales Law Firm Sorainen UNICEF Ivole Segundo Zurita Zambrano Empresa Publica Municipal Roberto Vidales Indrek Ergma Radhika Naidu Registro de la Propiedad de FUSADES PwC Sherani & Co. Guataquil Merle Erikson Armish Pal Morena Zavaleta Arias University of Tartu AP Legal EGYPT, ARAB REP. Triinu Hiob Ileana Zepeda Lopez Dalia Abdel Ghany García & Bodán Njord Law Firm FINLAND Sharkawy & Sarhan Rita Aalto-Saari Karin Madisson Nagla Abou-Yousef Law Firm Sorainen Castrén & Snellman Attorneys EQUATORIAL GUINEA Ltd. Rise & Shine Kinder-Care Irene Balaguer Delgado Rando Maisvee Sahar Emam L&S Abogados Advokaadibüroo Eversheds Ots Duin Ghazi Menoufia University & Co. Lisa Grans Javier Iñiguez Rabha Fathy Anne Värvimann Åbo Akademi University Association of Egyptian Female Estela Mercedes Nse Mansogo Law Office Leppik & Partners Centurion Law Group Pia Holm Lawyers Law Office Pia Holm Ltd. Mohamed Hashish Pablo Obama ETHIOPIA Centurion Law Group Johanna Jacobsson Soliman, Hashish & Partners Fikadu Asfaw IE University Saif Allah Kadry Miguel Santos Osa Nkara Fikadu Asfaw and Associates Lawyer Law Office Päivi Kovalainen Soliman, Hashish & Partners UNICEF Alyaa Rabea Selam Gebretsion Beyene ERITREA Tuulikki Mikkola Soliman, Hashish & Partners Bayeh Dessie University of Turku Senai Andemariam Land Registration Expert Janne Murtoniemi EL SALVADOR Biniam F. Ghebremichael Ousman Esleman Esmale The National Land Survey of Lilian Arias Lawyer Ministry of Health Finland Arias Haben Fecadu Lemlem Fiseha Minale Raija-Leena Ojanen Christian Bará Cousin Ministry of Foreign Affairs Dittmar & Indrenius Natnael Fitsum Bara Legal Corporation Ministry of Justice Yodit Gurji Mika Pahlsten María José Benítez Fikadu Asfaw and Associates PwC Henok Gebregzabiher Law Office Daniela Bravo Johanna Pakkanen Aman Habtezghi Abhilasha Joshi Kataria NYTKIS - The Coalition of Helga Cuéllar-Marchelli Public Prosecution Office Finnish Women’s Associations FUSADES Anchinesh Mulu Senay Kuflu Addis Ababa University Xenia Díaz Merhawi W Semere UNDP Dunia Tegegn Public Prosecution Office Lawyer Marcela López Adam Teklehaymanot FUSADES Behailu Weldeyohannes Lawyer Researcher Angel Pineda Isaias Teklia FUSADES Asmara University Aida Carolina Quinteros Wegahta Zere FUSADES Enrique Toruella Arias 162 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 FRANCE GAMBIA, THE GEORGIA GHANA Jérémie Blond Simeon Ateh Abi Sopio Akhaladze Births and Deaths Registry Cabinet Jérémie Blond Judiciary of The Gambia GL Consulting LLC Rahama Abdul-Rahman Julie Boitard Musu Bakoto Sawo Nino Bakakuri Empowering and Transforming ABC Puériculture Think Young Women Supreme Court of Georgia Communities (ETC) Noëlle Buton Haddy Mboge Barrow Tamar Jikia Lom Ahlijah ABC Puériculture Network Against Gender Based Dechert Georgia LLC Violence (NGBV) Valery Atuwo Béatrice Collette Ana Kochiashvili Kimathi & Partners Abdul Aziz Bensouda Dechert Georgia LLC Alexia Delahousse Amie Bensouda & Co. Hilary Gbedemah Dechert LLP Ana Kostava The Law Institute Buba Darboe Dechert Georgia LLC Aude Chloé Froment Mubarik Ibrahim FLA Avocats Elizabeth J.C. Dunn Natia Lapiashvili Northern Girl Initiative Judiciary of The Gambia Dechert Georgia LLC Paul Gallix Nicole-Marie Poku Gallix Avocats Mohamad Edirissa Faal Ekaterine Lobadze Sory @ Law Lawyer Sakhli (Union) - Advice Center Leyla Hamilton for Women Senu Pomevor ABC Puériculture Malick Fafa M’Bai Office of the Administrator of Fajara Chambers Nicola Mariani Stool Lands Vincent Latournerie Dechert Georgia LLC Dechert LLP Oludayo Fagbemi Grace Sackey Institute for Human Rights and Ketevan Shubashvili Marc Payant Development in Africa Public Defender of Georgia Judith Naa Ode Stephens TNDA Cabinet D’Avocats Lamin Fatty Victoria Wincott Virginie J.M. Tassin Lawyer GREECE BHM Penlaw Sheikh Tijan Hydara Ministry of Interior, Directorate Lex Fori Law Chamber of Civil Affairs Véronique Tuffal-Nerson GERMANY TNDA Cabinet D’Avocats Cherno Marenah Moraitis School Ministry of Justice Diclehan Demir Maria Varela Ashurst LLP Korina Batzikosta TNDA Cabinet D’Avocats Satang Nabaneh A. Koudrouglou-Ioannidou and Think Young Women Nancy M. Gage-Lindner Emilie Xio Chi Hu Hessisches Ministerium für Associates Law Firm Dechert LLP Ya Amie Touray Soziales und Integration Emmanuel Kosmas University of The Gambia and Lawyer The Public Utilities Regulatory Silvia Knittl GABON Authority Greg Lourie Kostis Krimizis Delphine Lemboumba WilmerHale Krimlaw Law Offices Sanjally Trawally Casimira Oliveira Heinrich Nemeczek Evangelia Makri Cabinet d’Avocats A. Bikalou Lawyer Lawyer Catherine Teya Heiko Recktenwald Effie Mitsopoulou F.E.A.G. Conseil Kyriakides Georgopoulos Law Nicole Schlatter Firm Bernie Yala-Tchimbakala Kirkland & Ellis International Cabinet d’Avocats A. Bikalou LLP Markella Papadouli Bärbel Schmidt Kalliopi Paschalidou Independent Consultant Paraskevi-Vivianna Paschou Alexander Schumacher Panagiotis Paschos Law Office Ashurst LLP Alexandra Pentaraki Jürgen Streng Brain Matters Institute Mayer Brown International LLP Panagiota Tsinouli Juditha von der Heydt Kyriakides Georgopoulos Law Ashurst LLP Firm Martin Wiesner Ioanna Tzinieri Ashurst LLP Viktoria Zioga Data Protection Office, European Commission ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 163 GRENADA GUINEA HAITI HUNGARY Rosana John Amadou Babahein Camara Mimose Andre Royal Patent Association Hungary Wilkinson, Wilkinson & Cabinet Soumah & Camara Ministère à la Condition Wilkinson (SouCa) Féminine et aux Droits des Schalkház Eva Edit Femmes Schalkház Law Office Tanya K. Lambert Ibrahima Diallo Wilkinson, Wilkinson & P.C.U.D. Francoise Bouzi Bonhomme Szilvi Gyurko Wilkinson Cabinet Dantès P. Colimon Hintalovon Foundation Mohamed Lamine Fofana Jacqueline Lorice Pascal Sylla & Partners Elisabeth Colimon Woolley Mariann Miskovics Grenada National Organisation Cabinet Dantès P. Colimon Petra Ruzsvánszky of Women (GNOW) Frederic Loua Foromo Marie F. Missly Gilles Schmidt Law Office Lisa Taylor Aimé Raphael Haba Lawyer Université pour Développement Réka Török Lisa Taylor & Co. Law Office of Marianna Toth Communautaire de Guinée Daniel Jean Rae Thomas Themis Cabinet d’Avocats Marianna Toth Alpha Toubab Millimono Herricia Willis Ask Me Plus Patrice Laventure Law Office of Marianna Toth H.L. Willis & Associates International Labour Márton Leó Zaccaria Sadou Savané Organization Sylla & Partners University of Debrecen, Faculty GUATEMALA Martine Romain Mégie of Law Pedro Aragón Cabinet Dantès P. Colimon Piroska Zalaba GUINEA-BISSAU Aragón & Aragón Charlotte Marie Tessy Romulus Ministry of Agriculture Humiliano Alves Cardoso Geovani Javier Avendaño Gabinete Advocacia Ministère à la Condition Csató Zoltán Maldonado Féminine et aux Droits des Csató Law Office Adelaida Mesa D’Almeida Femmes (MCFDF) María Elena Barrientos Jurisconta SRL Arias ICELAND João Pedro C. Alves de Campos HONDURAS María Caballeros Ministry of Justice Guðrún Bergsteinsdóttir Alma Coello Local Attorneys Roquita Fuerte Day Care INAM Ismael Mendes de Medina María Mercedes Castro GB Legal - Miranda Alliance Helga Bogadóttir Alejandra Paola Cruz Navas García & Bodán Bufete Casco-Fortín-Cruz & Ólafur Eiríksson Monica Indami Ana Gabriela Contreras García Bissau First Instance Court, Asociados Logos Legal Services Lawyer Commercial Division Shadia García Steinunn Holm Gudbjarsdottir Liz Gordillo Anleu Ana Leão Grupo Terra Law Firm of Holm & Partners Arias Consultant Oscar Anibal Puerto Gómez Hjördís Guðbrandsdóttir Rita María Grajeda Díaz Emílio Ano Mendes OFALAM Aron Freyr Jóhannsson GB Legal - Miranda Alliance Roberto Williams Cruz Logos Legal Services Brenda Amarilis Gramajo González Bufete Casco-Fortín-Cruz & Davíd Sveinbjörnsson Registro Nacional de las GUYANA Asociados Advel Attorneys-at-Law Personas (RENAP) Shaunella Glen Iris Hécica Hernández Galicia Temple Chambers, Ramjattan & HONG KONG SAR, INDIA Registro Nacional de las Associates CHINA Personas (RENAP) Saravanan A Rocky Hanoman Citrine Ho Rajiv Gandhi School of Gabriela Rivera Kirkland & Ellis Sherrie Hewitt Intellectual Property Law, IIT Guyana Sugar Corporation Inc. Camille Leung Kharagpur Squire Patton Boggs Ayana McCalman Saurav Agarwal Lawyer Anna Li India Law LLP Dechert LLP Nirvana Singh Meghna Bal Nga Kit Christy Tang Hammurabi & Solomon Judy Stuart-Adonis Ministry of Legal Affairs and Yang Wang Shweta Bharti Attorney General Chambers Dechert LLP Hammurabi & Solomon Sandy Yeung Benarji Chakka Kirkland & Ellis School of Law, Symbiosis International University David Yun Kirkland & Ellis Sneha Dubey India Law LLP 164 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 Aanchal Kapoor IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. IRAQ ITALY Rajas Kasbekar Camelia Abdolsamad Bushra Al-Aubadi Enrichetta Sandra Bellini Little & Co. Advocates & International Law Office of Dr. University of Baghdad Fornera Solicitors Behrooz Akhlaghi & Associates Business and Professional Ahmed Al Janabi Women International (BPWI) Soumyashree Kulkarni Behrooz Akhlaghi Mena Associates in Association Lawyer International Law Office of Dr. with Amereller Gianluigi Borghero Behrooz Akhlaghi & Associates Lawyer Manoj Kumar Fadhel Alqaseer Hammurabi & Solomon Fatemeh Azizi Yes For Human Rights Luca Calabrese Azizi Law Firm Organization Studio Legale Calabrese & A. J. Mandakini India Law LLP Roza Einifar Adnan Alsakban Marco Calabrese International Law Office of Dr. Accountant and Auditor Bar Studio Legale Calabrese & A. Shiju P.V. Behrooz Akhlaghi & Associates India Law LLP Maha Alsakban Federica Di Mario Shahin Fadakar Women’s Human Rights Center Salonia Associati Studio Legale Suryakanta Sahoo International Law Office of Dr. Legum Amicuss Behrooz Akhlaghi & Associates Muhanad Altubee Andrea Gangemi Together For Human Rights Portolano Cavallo Vrajlal Sapovadia Nasim Gheidi Organization Gheidi & Associates Law Office Giliola Langher Mandavi Singh Dana Asa’ad Business and Professional Kanisshka Tyagi Razieh Heidary Women International (BPWI) Gheidi & Associates Law Office Muhammed Yassin Hamami Kesar Dass B. & Associates Miriam Mangieri Mahsa Kayyal Fatin Nabil Lawyer Eklavya Vasudev Delhi High Court Parya Maleknia Zeyad Saeed Irene Piccolo Attorney-at-Law Iraqi Law Firm A Me Importa Soltanto di INDONESIA Sapere Negin Saberi International Law Office of Dr. IRELAND Federica Re Depaolini Virgo Eresta Jaya Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Behrooz Akhlaghi & Associates Women’s Aid Lawyer Planning Armis Sadri Anna C. Brennan Paola Regina Lany Harijanti Student, American University Washington College of Law Ellen Campbell Serena Spadavecchia Nursyahbani Katjasungkana Khatereh Shahbazi Marilyn Cooney Valentina Turco Indonesian Legal Aid International Law Office of Dr. Dechert LLP Portolano Cavallo Association for Women Behrooz Akhlaghi & Associates Roisin Aine Costello Andreas Kodrat Sahar Sotoodehnia Lambert FitzGerald Consulting JAMAICA Andreas FK & Katjasungkana International Law Office of Dr. Barbara Cronin Kamille Adair Morgan Rusmaini Lenggogeni Behrooz Akhlaghi & Associates Soewito Suhardiman Dechert LLP Deborah Dowding Eddymurthy Kardono Sara Tajdini Louise O’Byrne Nunes, Scholefield, DeLeon Gheidi & Associates Law Office Arthur Cox & Co. Ijechi Nwaozuzu Colman O’Loghlen Brittney Elliott-Williams Niken Prawesti University of the West Indies Griya Group Dechert LLP Gabrielle Elliott-Williams Dhanu Prayogo University of the West Indies Prayogo Advocaten Law Office ISRAEL Gali Atzion Kellye-Rae Fisher Campbell Tanita Dhiyaan Rahmani Book Fusion Limited Soewito Suhardiman Pnina Broder Manor Eddymurthy Kardono Naschitz, Brandes, Amir & Co. Stephanie Forte Attorney-at-Law Achmad Rifai Tali Eisenberg Lawyer Carla-Anne Harris-Roper Kiki Setiawan Kiki Setiawan and Partners Roxanne E. Formey Jennifer Jones Independent Consultant Bhredipta Socarana Irit Gazit Monique Lyn Quee Moien Odeh Registrar General’s Department Odeh and Partners Affette McCaw-Binns University of the West Indies ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 165 Sharon Neil Smith Mahmoud Ktitat KENYA Kaitiro Tebano Tiroam Patterson Mair Hamilton Department of Lands and Ministry of Commerce, Industry Survey Ben Akech and Cooperation (MCIC) Natasha Parkins New Market Lab Inc. Caribbean Accreditation Suad Nabhan Birimaka Tekanene Authority UNFPA Lilian Atieno Oloo Office of the Attorney General World Organisation for Early Mohammad Sawafeen Childhood Education and Care Batilea Tekanito JAPAN Department of Lands and (OMEP) Batilea Tekanito Law Firm Tokyo District Public Survey Peter Gachuhi Moia Tetoa Prosecutors Office Mouen Sayegh Kaplan & Stratton Advocates AMAK (National Council of Kentaro Christophe Furusawa Department of Lands and Women) Survey Asiimwe Fred Johnson Kanagawa International Law Tumusiime, Kabega & Co. Teetua Tewera Offices J. David Thompson Advocates Office of the People’s Lawyer Yasushi Higashizawa Jane Kariuki Reei Tioti Meiji Gakuin University KAZAKHSTAN Civil Registration Services Land Information Department Kenya Kenichi Kojima Tatiana Aderikhina Ushijima & Partners KOREA, REP. UNICEF Catherine Kiama TripleOK Law Advocates LLP Sun-Hee Cha Tetsuya Kondo Yulia Chumachenko Kim & Chang Kanagawa International Law Aequitas Law Firm Mercy Machocho Offices Eun-Jung Chin Dmitriy Chumakov Valentine Njogu Kim & Chang Yuka Nakayama Sayat Zholshy & Partners Law Njogu & Ngugi Advocates Linklaters LLP Firm Bongsoo Jung Angela Waweru Kang Nam Labor Law Firm Fumie Saito Yekaterina Khamidullina Kaplan & Stratton Advocates Interpraxis Aequitas Law Firm Weon-Jung Kim Kim & Chang Shin Ushijima Marina Kolesnikova KIRIBATI Ushijima & Partners GRATA International Hyeji Lee Ministry of Health & Medical Kang Nam Labor Law Firm Makiko Yageta Abylkhair Nakipov Services Ushijima & Partners Signum Law Firm Yong Min Lee Ministry of Health & Medical YM Law Office Aliya Sabitova Services, Gender-Based JORDAN GRATA International Violence Program Kumsung Yu Amer Mohamed Abu-Hassan Kang Nam Labor Law Firm Maya Sattarova Tabotabo Auatabu Abu-Hassan & Associates, Crisis Center for Women and Ministry of Women, Youth and Lawyers & Consultants Children Social Affairs KOSOVO Reem Abu-Ragheb Aida Shadirova Sister Bernadette Eberi Adelina Berisha Book n Brush Dechert LLP Kiribati Law Society Kosovo Women’s Network Randa Adel Artem Timoshenko Tomitiana Eritama Sokol Elmazaj Civil Status Department Unicase Law Firm Ministry of Labour & Human Boga & Associates Resource Development Osama Al Husamie Guldan Tlegenova Zana Govori Osama Sukkari & Associates, Crisis Center for Women and Anne Kautu Attorneys-at-Law Drenushë Januzi Children Ministry of Women, Youth and Kosovo Cadastral Agency Social Affairs Emad Al Khattab Yerzhan Toktarov Besarta Kllokoqi Sayat Zholshy & Partners George Ueantabo Mackenzie Omar Aljazy Boga & Associates Maneaba Ni Maungatabu, Aljazy & Co. (Advocates & Legal Ulzhan Uzimirova Kiribati Parliament Vjollca Krasniqi Consultants) Happy Baby University of Pristina Anieli Fuatino Noa Khaleel Al-Naimat Sergei Vataev Office of the People’s Lawyer Murat Meha Al-Naimat Real Estate Dechert LLP Kosovo Cadastral Agency Mireta Taaiteiti Rana Atwan Larisa Yemelyanova Kiribati Police and Prison Vjosa Pllana Atwan & Partners Attorneys Aequitas Law Firm Services (KPPS) FOL Movement and Legal Kaysar Zaira Sister Rosarin Tataua Ariana Qosaj George Kara’a GRATA International OLSH Crisis Center Kosovo Women’s Network USAID Talar Karakashian Fisnik Salihu USAID Fisnik Salihu & Partners LLC 166 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 Valbona Salihu LAO PDR Ghassan Moghabghab LIBYA Lawyers Association Norma Moghabghab & Associates Law Steve Goddard Firm Majdi Abdou Klit Shala Arion Legal Tumi Law Firm Fisnik Salihu & Partners LLC Tarek Moghabghab Nancy Kim Moghabghab & Associates Law Aimen Almaloul Xhevdet Shala The Asia Foundation Firm Kosovo Cadastral Agency Nisreen Eisse Florence Lo Mohammad Saleh Lawyer Amantina Tolaj Arion Legal Boga & Associates Mostafa Emsek Vadsana Sinthavong LESOTHO The Asia Foundation Bahloul Kelbash KUWAIT Thuto Hlalele Mukhtar, Kelbash & Elgharabli Danyel Thomson Centre for Human Rights Ahmad Abo Al Majd DFDL Najla Mangoush Al-Hamad Legal Group Matsiu Lephaka Lawyer Land Administration Authority Esra Alamiri LATVIA Wracati Rethabile Mathealira-Molapo LITHUANIA Juris Dilba Rana Al-Hamad Marta Resource Centre for Mamohale Matsoso Lina Balkevičienė Al-Hamad Legal Group Women Ministry of Labour and State Enterprise Centre of Employment Registers Ali Matar Taher Alwawan Agnija Granger Ali Alwawan Lawyer Office Granger Law Mpho Matoka Molupe Manvydas Borusas Land Administration Authority Eversheds Saladžius Amr Omran Valerijs Ickevics Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer V. Ickevics, Sworn Mankuebe Moshoeshoe Gerda Diniūtė Attorneys-at-Law Land Administration Authority Eversheds Saladžius Ahmad Saleh Lawyer Jelena Kvjatkovska Mats’eliso Mota Aušra Juknaitė ZAB Rode & Partneri Land Administration Authority Law Firm Foresta Mai Sartawi Al-Hamad Legal Group Ivo Maskalāns Itumeleng Mots’oene Juliana Pavilovska Cobalt Legal Mofilikoane Law Firm Sorainen Sami Tannous Judiciary of Lesotho Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Algirdas Pekšys LEBANON Lipotso Musi Law Firm Sorainen Leila Alem Hammoud UNICEF Vilana Pilinkaitė Sotirovič KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Alem & Associates Law Firm Nthoateng Russel Lithuanian Social Research Elena Bit-Avragim Center Veritas Law Agency Guida Anani Ministry of Energy, Meteorology and Water Affairs Evelina Žurauskaitė Saltanat lmanova Aurore Deeb Vytautas Magnus University Veritas Law Agency Deeb & Co. for Legal Services Itumeleng Shale National University of Lesotho Lenara Mambetalieva Lamia El Hachem Aassaf LUXEMBOURG Promotion of Foreign Investment to Kyrgyzstan Melkar El Khoury LIBERIA Louis Berns International Federation of Lucia D.S. Gbala Arendt & Medernach SA Elvira Maratova Red Cross and Red Crescent Heritage Partners and GRATA International Societies Raphaëlle Carpentier Associates Inc. Linklaters LLP Natalia Molodanova Fatima Hojeij Selma S. Gibson Veritas Law Agency Katia Fettes Sandra Khairallah James N. Jensen Linklaters LLP Aalamgul Osmonalieva The International Group Ziad Maadarani Harry Ghillemyn Jyldyz Tagaeva Ministry of Finance, Directorate of Legal Advocates and Linklaters LLP Kalikova & Associates Law Firm General of Land Registry and Counsultants Cadastre Melinda Perera Meerim Talantbek Kyzy Al King Linklaters LLP Kalikova & Associates Law Firm Georges Maarrawi Primus Law Group Ministry of Finance, Directorate Milton D. Taylor General of Land Registry and Law Offices of Taylor & Cadastre Associates Inc. Nicole Maassab Etty Weah Claire Maassab Nursery Christian Women Peace Chafic Majdalani Initiative Roula Abdallah Law Firm ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 167 MACEDONIA, FYR Hanitra Rasendrasoa MALDIVES MARSHALL ISLANDS Ljupco Cvetkovski Hasimpirenena Hope for Women Micronesian Legal Services Debarliev, Dameski & Kelesoska Rasolomampionona Corporation Attorneys-at-Law Suha Hussain Shah, Hussain & Co. Alison Birchall Vesna Donceva MALAWI Weto in Mour: Violence Against Notary Hisaan Hussein Women and Girls Support Masauko Chamkakala Hisaan, Riffath & Co Service, Women United Jasminka Frishchikj Together Marshall Islands Hendrina Givah Hamza Khaleel Association for Emancipation, (WUTMI) FAWEMA Wisham & Co. LLP Solidarity and Equality of Women Emma Kaliya Shafa Maseeh Eric Iban Malawi Human Rights Resource Office of the Attorney General Marija Gelevska Shuaib Shah Centre Association for Emancipation, Shah, Hussein and Co. Susanne Kayser-Schillegger Solidarity and Equality of Carol Tendai Makoko Women Fathmath Yasmeen Shamaal Marilyn Lakabung KD Freeman & Associates Suood & Anwar LLP Ministry of Internal Affairs Ana Kashirska Burton Mhango Karanović & Nikolić Maryam Manal Shihab Kathryn Relang Mbendera & Nkhono Associates Suood & Anwar LLP Women United Together Emilija Kelesoska Sholjakovska Alinikisa Mphongolo Marshall Islands Debarliev, Dameski & Kelesoska Plan International Mariyam Zulfa Attorneys-at-Law Divine Waiti Wongani Mvula Marsol Lawyers & Consultants Lidija Krstevska Malawi Law Commission MALI Agency for Real Estate Daouda Ba Cadastre Zione Ntaba MAURITANIA Judge Vaughan Avocats Mounina Abdellah Stojan Mishev Moussa Sinayoko Association for Emancipation, Atusaye Nyondo Sidi Ould Sid’Ahmed El Bkaye Community Development Jurifis Consult, Cabinet Solidarity and Equality of d’Avocats Women Practitioner Diego Gaspar de Valenzuela Cheick Oumar Tounkara Cueto Martin Monevski Hera Conseils HADES Consulting Monevski Law Firm MALAYSIA Oum Kalthoum Hamdinou National Council of Women’s Valerjan Monevski MALTA Organisations, Malaysia Monevski Law Firm Romina Bartolo MAURITIUS UNICEF Vojdan Monevski Iuris Malta Advocates Daya Auckloo Monevski Law Firm Suryna Ali Karl Briffa Banymandhub Boolell Veton Qoku Amy Bala GVZH Advocates Chambers Karanović & Nikolić Malaysian Association of Social Angela Bruno Urmila Banymandhub Boolell Workers Banymandhub Boolell Mirjana Stankovic GVZH Advocates Law Office Stankovic and Heng Keng Chiam Chambers Stankovic Early Childhood Care & Christine Calleja Mamo TCV Advocates Sheren Govinden Education Council Bibi Chambers MADAGASCAR Natasha Dandavati Ariana Falzon GVZH Advocates Sanjana Gujadhur Johanne Andria-Manantena Women’s Aid Organisation Etude Guy Rivalland Lawyer (WAO) Annabel Hili GVZH Advocates Pooja Luchmun Raphaël Jakoba Jamie Goh Chambers of A.R.M.A. Peeroo Madagascar Conseil Shearn Delamore & Co. Isotta Rossoni SC Gosk International Irene Leow University of Malta Darshani Devi Parsuramen Nathalie Rajaonarivelo Seri Mawar Child Care & Andrew J. Zammit JWF Legal Development Centre GVZH Advocates Navina Parsuramen Olivia Alberte Rajerison Norsuraya Pinjaman Bhomitrajeet Ramlochund Cabinet Rajerison National Registration Mardemootoo Solicitors Department Hoby Rakotoniary Rajroop Roshan JWF Legal Muhendaran Suppiah Rajroop Chambers Muhendaran Sri Veroniaina Ramananjohany Bhoyroo Shahila Deena Catholic Relief Services Dominic Gan Teck Long Aberystwyth University Dominic Gan & Co. Karyn Teck Yong 168 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 MEXICO MICRONESIA, FED. STS. MONGOLIA MONTENEGRO Fernando Carrasco David C. Angyal O&T Law Firm Bisera Andrijašević Hogan Lovells Ramp & Mida Law Firm BDK Advokati Otgon Altankhuyag María Fernanda Castellanos Erick Divinagracia ELB Partners Attorneys-at-Law Jelena Bogetić Balcázar Ramp & Mida Law Firm BDK Advokati Sánchez Devanny Eseverri SC Oyunzul Amartsengel Maria Donre National Center for Public Jelena Danilović María de la Paloma Ferrer Pohnpei Women’s Council Health Karanović & Nikolić Guerra Consultores Integrales Jane Iwo Delgermaa Anbat Aleksandra Gligorovic Micronesian Legal Services Mongolian Legal Experts LLP Lawyer Irma Garcia Corporation Universidad Nacional Autónoma Erdenechimeg Badrakh Milan Novakov de México (UNAM) Marstella Jack Mongolian Women’s Fund Karanović & Nikolić Law Office of Marstella Jack (MONES) Lila Alejandra Gasca Enríquez Hogan Lovells Lorrie Johnson-Asher Solongo Batsuren MOROCCO Office of the Public Defender AZS & Associates LLP Association Démocratique des Blanca Esther Jimenez Franco Femmes du Maroc Comisión de los Derechos Lululeen Santos Galmandakh Boldbaatar Humanos del Estado de Pohnpei State Social Affairs Administration of Land Mohammed Bentalha Coahuila de Zaragoza Office Management, Geodesy and Faculté de Droit de Marrakech Cartography Carlos López Alona Tate Samirah Bouachraoui Goodrich, Riquelme y Pohnpei State Supreme Court Enkhjargal Davaasuren Asociados National Center Against Samira Bouzid Violence Ministry of Interior Ricardo Mendoza MOLDOVA Comisión Nacional de los Promo-LEX Association Dulguun Erdenebulgan Kira Bromwich Derechos Humanos Penn State Law CDC Foundation University of European Lourdes Rincón Maltos Economic and Political Studies Enkhzul Jargal Hicham Darfouf Lawyer “Constantin Stere” Bayanzurkh District Health CDC Foundation Center María José Ríos Hurtado Andriana Cebotari Moulay El Amine El Hammoumi Secretaria Técnica, Comisión Moldova State University, Ariungoo Khurelbaatar Idrissi de los Derechos Humanos del Faculty of Law Hogan Lovells Hajji & Associés Estado de Coahuila de Zaragoza Ichinnorov Manjaa Abdelilah El Marnissi Eduard Digore Jimena Robles García Lawyer Women’s Leadership CDC Foundation Sánchez Devanny Eseverri SC Foundation Iulia Furtuna Mourad Faouzi Mónica Schiaffino Turcan Cazac Dorjkhand Maravdorj Association Droit et Justice Littler Mexico Lawyer Ecaterina Madan Reda Gzouli Jorge Francisco Valdés King The National Bureau of Motor Chris Melville Gzouli Law Firm Hogan Lovells Insurers of Moldova Hogan Lovells Ali Lachgar Essahili Vladimir Palamarciuc Arvintaria Nordogjav Ali Lachgar Essahili Law Firm Turcan Cazac National Center Against Violence Adil Morsad Alexander Tuceac Cabinet d’Avocats Morsad Turcan Cazac Gerelmaa Surenjav National Center for Public Amal Oummih Health Oummih Law Firm Anthony Woolley Sofia Rais Hogan Lovells Association Droit et Justice Elhabib Stati Lycée Ibn Rochd ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 169 MOZAMBIQUE NAMIBIA NEPAL NETHERLANDS Amina Abdala Anette Bayer Forsingdal Archana Aryal Phinney Disseldorp TTA Sociedade de Advogados Ministry of Home Affairs and UNDP Stibbe Immigration Ancha Abdala Bishnu Bashyal Galatée Fouquet Christiaan Cronjé Women Lawyers of Nepal The Hague University of Anselmo Bila Cronjé & Co. Applied Sciences ABA - Anselmo Bila & Rishi Bhattarai Associados Advogados Willem Eiseb Milestone Law Firm Catherine Garcia van Ministry of Land Reform Hoogstraten Eduardo Calú Shirsak Ghimire The Hague University of Sal & Caldeira Advogados LDA Petrine Hango Dhakal and Ghimire Law Offices Applied Sciences Office of the Pvt. Ltd. Edina Culolo-Kozma Prosecutor-General Wendy Guns UNICEF Janak Raj Joshi Open Universiteit Kennedy Haraseb Ministry of Land Reform Baltazar Domingos Egidio Metcalfe Attorneys Windhoek and Management, Far West Alexander Kostin Lawyer Development Commission The Hague University of Dianne Hubbard Applied Sciences Catherine Flagothier Legal Assistance Centre Prakash Kafle Ana Leão Save the Children Alva Lindahl Razikua Kaviua The Hague University of Consultant Gourish Krishna Kharel Jennilee Kohima Applied Sciences Sofia Vitória Magaia KTO Inc. Du Toit Town Planning Eugenie Nunes Sal & Caldeira Advogados LDA Consultants Prakat Khati Dentons Boekel Gimina Mahumana Kathmandu School of Law Gabriel Francios Kopplinger Marije Ozinga Sal & Caldeira Advogados LDA Kopplinger Boltman Legal Joshi Krishna Datt Dentons Boekel Eunice Sepúlveda Matete Practitioners Jyoti Lamsal Poudel Jaap van Slooten CM&A, Mozambique Zandre la Cock Jyoti Poudel & Associates Stibbe Eugénia Nkutumula Cronjé & Co. Binda Magar Thessa van Zoeren Lawyer Alice Makemba UNDP Diana Ramalho Metcalfe Attorneys Windhoek Jacques Vos Lachhindra Maharjan Cadastre, Land Registry and Sal & Caldeira Advogados LDA Hilleni Tangi Shikongo Save the Children Mapping Agency (Kadaster) Cesar Vamos Ver Office of the Attorney-General Kumari Kaushalya Ojha Sal & Caldeira Advogados LDA Murray Shikongo Law and Lawyer’s Company NEW ZEALAND Office of the Judiciary Surendra Pokharel Tim Bain MYANMAR Salatiel Shinedima NweNwe Aung Women’s Action for Kalyan Pokhrel Ruth Ballantyne Yinthway Foundation Development (WAD) F-Dimensional Legal Services University of Otago and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd. Ommar Kyaw Rauha Shipindo Josie Beverwijk Central Statistical Organization Kopplinger Boltman Legal Manisha Poudel Legal Aid and Consultancy Simon Davies-Colley Myanmar Practitioners WRMK Lawyers Center Nepal U San Lwin Cobus Visser Oliver Hailes JLPW Legal Services Koep & Partners Bishwa Ratna Pun Save the Children Court of Appeal of New Zealand Natalie Matranga Lucy Harris UNDP Tek Tamata UNDP Simpson Grierson Cho Myint Mark Henaghan Interactive Co. Ltd. Kirti Thapa Save the Children University of Otago Khin Zar Naing Tim Marshall UNFPA Tauawhi Men’s Centre Sanda Thant Phillipa Muir Socio Economic and Gender Simpson Grierson Resource Institute (SEGRI) Mary O’Dwyer Aye Lei Tun Enlightened Myanmar Research Nicola Peart Foundation (EMReF) University of Otago Thant Zin Josie Te Rata United Nations Industrial Development Organization Rachel Webster Lawyer 170 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 NICARAGUA NIGERIA Eirin Kogstad Ali Kirmani Arntzen de Besche SZH Law Bertha Arguello Surajudeen Abolade Advokatfirma AS Arias National Bureau of Statistics Nazar Muhammad Leghari Erik A. Øyen María Alejandra Aubert Adedolapo Adesina Advokat Erik A. Øyen MNA Ghulam Abbas Naich Cárcamo Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Abbas García & Bodán Jan-Erik Sverre Agbolade Adeyemi Kvale Advokatfirma DA Zermina Naveed Minerva Adriana Bellorín Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Usmani & Iqbal Rodríguez Thomas Talen Pacheco Coto Edidiong Ajayi Deloitte Advokatfirma AS Farah Nawaz Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Blanca Paola Buitrago Molina Adnan Qureshi García & Bodán Adebola Amao OMAN Qureshi Law Associates Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie María Elena Dominguez Sumaiya Al Balushi Neelam Rahim Centro de Mujeres ISNIN Folasayo Bakare Mohammed Al Ruqaishi Law Shirkat Gah, Women’s Resource Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Firm Centre Miriam del Socorro Espinosa Pacheco Coto Ogochukwu Ebubechukwu Amel Kamel Abdallah Syed Sameer Shah Sultan Qaboos University SZH Law Claraliz Oviedo Maglione Joseph Eimunjeze College of Law Alvarado y Asociados Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Ameena Sohail George Kassimos Qureshi Law Associates Sofía de Carmen Rivas Mary Ekemezie Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Arias Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Aamir Sultan Mosle LLP Ahmed Bashir & Associates Hansel Guillermo Saborío Folake Elias Adebowale Tariq Abdulaziz Mohamed Sadiq González Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Shaiq Usmani Oman Environmental Services García & Bodán Usmani & Iqbal Sylvia Iwejuo Holding Company SAOC Carlos Eduardo Téllez Páramo Lawyer Haya Eman Zahid Alessandra Zingales García & Bodán Lawyer Mojisola Jawando Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Mosle LLP NIGER PALAU Fe Obinali Issouf Baadhio Lawyer PAKISTAN Micronesian Legal Services Cabinet d’Avocats Baadhio Corporation Ozofu Ogiemudia Hanif Afridi Balkissa Ibrahim Aladou Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Kenneth Barden Zulfiqar Ali Shah Attorney-at-Law Anthonia Okolie Sindh Revenue Board Nassirou Lawali Cabinet d’Avocats Baadhio Lawyer Danail Mizinov Muhammad Asif Palau Office of the Public Kelechi Ugbeva Ministry of Planning, P. Kafui Elome Rachel Molley Defender KCU Legal Development and Reform Organisation Nationale d’Appui au Développement (ONAD) Erfaan Hussein Babak Hannibal Uwaifo PANAMA African Bar Association The Awakening Haoua Moussa Dan Malam Programa de Asistencia Legal African Network of Youth Policy Ahmed Bashir Comunitaria de Fundamorgan Experts Niger (AFRINYPE) Ahmed Bashir & Associates NORWAY Yeremi Marina Barria Arenas Moutari Moussa Oumarou Advokatfirmaet Næss, Lærum, Awais Choudhry Dirección Nacional de Registro Cabinet d’Avocats Baadhio Lier & Stende AS Hina Hafeezullah Ishaq Civil del Tribunal Electoral Mai Moussa Moustapha Eivind Arntsen Jalal Hussain Milagros Caballero Souleymane Dalan Advokatfirma DA SZH Law Morgan & Morgan Cabinet d’Avocats Baadhio Marte Bauge Sophia Castillero Bachir Talfi Syed Akbar Hussain SZH Law Suarez, Castillero, Holmes y Faculté des Sciences Maja Berthelsen Lindgren Richa Economiques et Juridiques de Maria Cabrera Stråtveit Sana Iftikhar l’Université Abdou Moumouni Nelly Cedeño de Paredes Dalan Advokatfirma DA Pfizer Pakistan Limited de Niamey Organo Judicial Tron Dalheim Shakeel Imtiaz Idrissa Tchernaka Rocío Abril de Vidal Arntzen de Besche Société Civile Professionnelle Asif Karim Registro Público de Panamá Advokatfirma AS d’Avocats LBTI & Partners Sindh Revenue Board (Sede Central) Lill Egeland Maria Karim Jennifer Delgado Urueta Advokatfirmaet Simonsen Vogt SZH Law Defensoría del Pueblo de la Wiig República de Panamá ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 171 Karyne Mora PARAGUAY Lorenza Beatriz Sarria García POLAND Cedeño & Méndez Registro Nacional de María José Ayala Identificación y Estado Civil Dominika Dörre-Kolasa Jose Antonio Perez Centro de Estudios Ambientales (RENIEC) Sobczyk & Współpracownicy PGS Abogados y Sociales (CEAMSO) Sandra Melita Tagle García Rafał Góralczyk Elvia María Rengifo Rodríguez Patricia Doldán Instituto de Estudios Políticos BNT Neupert Zamorska & Dirección Nacional de Registro Secretaría Nacional de Andinos Partnerzy Civil del Tribunal Electoral la Vivienda y el Hábitat (SENAVITAT) Elena Kachanovich-Shlyk Sharon Michelle Sinclaire Roa PHILIPPINES The Other Space Foundation Dirección Nacional de Registro Marysol Estigarribia (Fundacja Inna Przestrzeń) Civil del Tribunal Electoral Ferrere Abogados Tomas Africa Vital Event Records Certified Monika Kamińska Odalys Troudart Liliana Giménez Inc. University of Warsaw, Faculty Arias Dirección General de los of Law and Administration Registros Públicos Amy Avellano Kamil Kucharski PAPUA NEW GUINEA Lourdes Elizabeth González Janeth Baclao BNT Neupert Zamorska & Pereira Philippines Statistics Authority Partnerzy Deborah Edo Dirección General de los Ashurst LLP Kenneth Chua Anna Masiota Registros Públicos Quisumbing Torres, Member Masiota - Adwokaci i Radcowie Ethel Heagi Firm of Baker & McKenzie Sonia Elizabeth Von Lepel Prawni Ashurst LLP Acosta Sara Francesca De Guzman Adrian Szutkiewicz Wavie Kendino Colegio de Abogados del O.B. Montessori Center Sobczyk & Współpracownicy Dentons Paraguay Leslie Dy Dominika Wagrodzka Desmond Kipa María del Rocío Penayo Zarza SyCip Salazar Hernandez & BNT Neupert Zamorska & Twivey Lawyers Moreno Ruffinelli & Asociados Gatmaitan Partnerzy Lisa Kudada Marizza Grande PERU Monika Wołłk-Łaniewska Dentons Philippines Statistics Authority Warsaw Bar Association Gregory Lay María Fe Álvarez Calderón Campos Maria Cecilia Kristina Africa Anna Wysocka-Bar Judge Vital Event Records Certified Universidad del Pacífico Jagiellonian University Eunice Parua Inc. Leahy Lewin Lowing Sullivan Javier Fernando Quiñones Quiñones & Cia. Marie Hazel Lavitoria PORTUGAL Lawyers SALIGAN Diego Angel Florez Cama José Manuel Pinto Alves Michelle Pint Amelia Lourdes Mendoza Leahy Lewin Lowing Sullivan Instituto de Estudios Politicos Telma Carvalho Lawyers Andinos Carmelita Nuqui Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira Nelson García Development Action for Anthony William Roden-Paru Women Network Daniel Cotrim Morey & Morey Rotalde Portuguese Association for Lucy Sabo-Kelis Abogados SAC Editha Orcilla Victim Support (APAV) Kumul Consolidated Holdings Philippines Statistics Authority Clea Yenipher Guerra Romero Catarina de Oliveira Carvalho Simeon Waia Centro de la Mujer Peruana Henry Pacis Universidade Catolica Yalapan & Associates Flora Tristan Land Management Bureau, Portuguesa, Faculdade de Sherrie Williams Alonso Gurmendi Dunkelberg DENR Direito, Porto Ashurst LLP Universidad del Pacífico Vivien Leigh Rodulfo Ana Helena Farinha Francisco Ibazeta Quisumbing Torres, Member Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira Firm of Baker & McKenzie Fiorella Patricia Morey Rotalde Elisabete Ferreira Morey & Morey Rotalde Karen Mae Sarinas-Baydo Universidade Catolica Abogados SAC Senate of the Philippines Portuguesa, Faculdade de Direito, Porto María José Paredes Vereau Marjorie Villaver Estudio Miranda & Amado Philippines Statistics Authority Inês Cabral Ferreira Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira Diego Alonso Salazar Morales Instituto de Estudios Políticos Sandra Jesus Andinos Caiado Guerreiro - Sociedade de Advogados, SP, RL Carla Santillan Morey & Morey Rotalde Maria da Glória Leitão Abogados SAC Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira 172 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 Ricardo Lopes QATAR RUSSIAN FEDERATION SAMOA Caiado Guerreiro - Sociedade de Advogados, SP, RL The Law Clinic at Qatar Maryana Batalova Treena F. Atoa University College of Law Dechert LLP Atoa Law Firm Lawyers & Paula Luz Notary Public Cartório Notarial de Lisboa Lama Bakroun Svetlana Biryukova Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners National Research University Lina Chang Tânia Pinheiro Higher School of Economics Samoa Victim Support Group Caiado Guerreiro - Sociedade Buthaina Elgahani (SVSG) de Advogados, SP, RL Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Nikita Boenko Dechert LLP Ruby Drake Graça Quintas Sarra Eljaili Drake & Co. Barristers & Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Yulia Erme Solicitors, Notary Public Lawyer Margarida Telo Rasquilha Mohammed Fouad Tuautu Kalepo Caiado Guerreiro - Sociedade Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Evgenia Korotkova Samoa Bureau of Statistics de Advogados, SP, RL Dechert LLP Moonira Mamoon Tima Leavai Mariana Mendonça Saraiva Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Elena Kukushkina Leavai Law Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira Baker & McKenzie Mohamed Y. Mattar Suisala Mele Maualaivao Catarina Vaz Professor of Law Nina Mogutova UN Women Caiado Guerreiro - Sociedade Baker & McKenzie Michael Palmer Tomasi Peni de Advogados, SP, RL Squire Patton Boggs LLP Aliya Prenova International Labour Organization Rita Lobo Xavier UC Berkeley School of Law Shahab Siddiqui Afamasaga Michael Soonalole Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners Nadezhda Smakhtina Police of Samoa PUERTO RICO (U.S.) American University, School of International Service Billy Carrasquillo ROMANIA SAN MARINO Policía de Puerto Rico Silvia Burcea Nadezhda Zamotaeva Regional NGO and Independent Gianna Burgagni Carolene Fontanet Smith Alexandra Columban Charity “Sisters” Studio Legale e Notarile Manuel Martinez-Torres Equality and Human Rights Marialaura Marinozzi Oficina del Gobernador Action Centre (ACTEDO) Studio Legale Marinozzi RWANDA Jaymarie A. Miranda Mendoza Ioana-Maria Dumitru Pamela Abbott Emanuela Montanari Popovici Nițu Stoica & Asociații University of Aberdeen Janice del Rosario Alessia Scarano Rodriguez-Zayas Elena Ghitescu Valentin Akayezu Muhumuza Studio Scarano Lawyer Englishkinder Institute of Legal Practice and Development Alida Tosi Giselle Santana Aquino Ileana Glodeanu Studio Legale Notarile Avv. Wolf Theiss Rucamumihigo Gregoire Alida Tosi Linette Vega Adepe Organization Aon Risk Solutions Adelina Iftime-Blagean Wolf Theiss Pie Habimana SÃO TOMÉ AND Smaranda Mihaela Mandrescu Amicus Jurists PRÍNCIPE Pop & Partners SCA Anne Iragena Weiko Bastos Attorneys-at-Law SoLima & Associados Antoine Kabandana Mircea Milos Sofia Chaves Covasna County Police Désiré Kamanzi Inspectorate ENSafrica Rwanda Bruno Xavier de Pina Mirela Nathanzon Penelope Kwarikunda Edinha Soares Lima Gilescu Valeanu Nathanzon & Lawyer SoLima & Associados Partenerii Pothin Muvara Euclerio Neto Vlad Neacsu Rwanda Land Management and INPG Popovici Nițu Stoica & Asociații Use Authority Ernestina Menezes Neves Diana Şteţiu Grace Nishimwe INPG Wolf Theiss Rwanda Land Management and Joel Teixeira Use Authority Vilhete Teixeira Advogado Patrick Nshimiyimana Mondlane Tome Jean Claude Rwibasira Ministry of Justice and Human Inara Legal Aid Service (INALAS) Rights Yves Sangano Neany Wilfref Rwanda Development Board INPG ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 173 SAUDI ARABIA SERBIA SIERRA LEONE SLOVAK REPUBLIC Aljoharah Albasri Mirjana Antic Francis Kaifala Allen & Overy Bratislava SRO Law Office of Looaye M. Lawyer Kaifala, Conteh & Co. Al-Akkas in Association with Iveta Abelovská Vinson & Elkins LLP Kosana Beker Abdul Karim Koroma Abelovsky & Sulva Legal SRO Lawyer Yada Williams & Associates, Karim Fawaz Barristers and Solicitors Michaela Chladekova Cisco Capital Ivana Bulatović Slovak Bar Association Lawyer Simitie Lavaly Amr Omran AdvocAid Stanislav Durica Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Aleksandar Djordjevic Squire Patton Boggs Aleksandar N. Djordjevic Oredola Valerie Martyn Muhammad El Haggan Attorney at Law G.K. Tholley & Co. Solicitors Matej Jankovic Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Squire Patton Boggs Borko Draškovic Victor Massaquoi Sami Tannous Republic Geodetic Authority Daniela Ježová Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Victor Moinina Lawyer Jovan Grubić Forum for the Development of Amena Yahya Save the Children Young People Zuzana Ocenasova Law Office of Looaye M. Coordination and Methodological Al-Akkas in Association with Aleksandra Ivankovic Mark Ngegba Centre for Prevention of Violence Vinson & Elkins LLP Tamamovic Human Rights Commission of against Women Mental Disability Advocacy Sierra Leone Centre Maroš Terkanič SENEGAL Abelovsky & Sulva Legal SRO Marija Jovanovic SINGAPORE Laetitia Bazzi Veil The Guardianship Authority UNICEF Amelia Chew SLOVENIA Belgrade Boubacar Diakité Limin Chuan Fatur Law Firm Olga Jovic-Prlainovic Géni & Kébé SCP d’Avocats Nithya Devi Ministry of Interior Jelena Kuveljic Dmitric Soukeyna Ndao Diallo Law Offices Zecevic & Lukic Belle Lim Odvetniki Šelih & Partnerji The Girl Generation Association of Women for Vasilije Ljubinkovic Action & Research (AWARE) Waldorfska Šola Ljubljana Mactar Diassi Etude Maître Mactar Dassi Sena Maric Corinna Lim Živa Dragonja Association of Women for Law Firm Miro Senica and Ibrahima Dieng Jovana Tomić Attorneys DOO ALPHADEV Živković Samardžić Law Office Action & Research (AWARE) Ijechi Nwaozuzu Andrej Ekart Alioune Dione Ministère de la Femme de SEYCHELLES Damijan Gregorc Francis Xavier l’Enfance et de l’Entreprenariat Jessica Kerr Rajah & Tann Asia LLP Law Firm Miro Senica and Féminin Judiciary of Seychelles Attorneys DOO Vinna Yip Massamba Diouf Alexander Kukuev Rajah & Tann Asia LLP Suzana Kraljić UNICEF University of Maribor, Faculty Angelique Pouponneau of Law Sokhna Mbaye Thiaw Lawyer Cabinet Me Cheikh FALL Luka Mišič Divino Sabino University of Ljubljana, Faculty Diakhaté Mor Pardiwalla Twomey Lablache of Law ALPHADEV Monica Servina Petra Plevnik Alioune Badara Ndiaye Citizens Engagement Platform Law Firm Miro Senica and Cabinet Me Cheikh FALL Seychelles Attorneys DOO Mame Coumba Ngom Primož Rataj Adia Aïssatou Niang University of Ljubljana, Faculty Direction Générale des Impôts of Law et Domaines Darja Senčur Peček Sokhna Mbaye Thiaw University of Maribor Cabinet Me Cheikh FALL Grega Strban University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Law Spela Veselic Association SOS Help-line for Women and Children Victims of Violence 174 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 SOLOMON ISLANDS Aaron Ramodumo Ana María Delgado García Ramani Muttettuwegama Department of Home Affairs Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Tiruchelvam Associates Kim Abbey Seif Ples Lusanda Raphulu Maria Susana Fernandez Andrea Ranasinghe Bowmans Iglesias Varners Casper Joseph Fa’asala Susana Fdez Abogados National Council on Women Sheena Swemmer Naganathan Selvakkumaran University of the Witwatersrand Marta García Mandaloniz University of Colombo Doreen Fernando Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Oxfam Shashini Vidanapathirana SOUTH SUDAN Maria Josefa García Tamargo Bitibule Kaehuna Norte Abogados John Wilson Rano & Company Rowland Cole John Wilson Partners, UNDP Cristina García-Gil Attorneys-at-Law & Notaries Philip Kanairara Lawyer Public Law Reform Commission Kwany Dau Dan Nurture South Sudan Mireia Llobera Anika Kingmele Universitat de València ST. KITTS AND NEVIS UNICEF Lejukole Gori Noel and Associates Maria Mercedes Lomo Carasa Dane Elliott-Hamilton Rodney Kingmele Ministerio de Justicia de Elliott MacClure Sol-Law Sarah Kindu Jubek State Women Association España, Registro Civil Central Keinya Blake Gordon Kathleen Kohata Nicolás Nogueroles Blake Ferguson Law Office Public Solicitor’s Office Peter Kwaje World Food Programme Colegio de Registradores de Jennifer Harding-Marlin Gemma Pinol Puig la Propiedad y Mercantiles de Mambo Leonard España Angelina Sookoo Olga Rabade Nurture South Sudan UNDP Francisco Javier Pérez Blesa Rohan Walters Zahra Lillian Mokgosi Government of St. Kitts and Koisau Sade World Food Programme Eugenia Revilla Esteve Nevis World Vision Federació de Municipis de Suzan Loro Catalunya Makario Tagini Jubek State Women Union ST. LUCIA Bettina Steible John Taupongi Victor Lowilla Autonomous University of Francis Belle Michael Pitakaka Law Chamber South Sudan Law Society Barcelona The High Court of Saint Lucia Josephine Teakeni Rukaya Mohammed Aura Esther Vilalta Nicuesa Veronica S. P. Cenac Vois Blo Mere UN Women Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Veronica Cenac Law Offices Julieanne Wickham Vicent Museke Daniel E. J. Francis UNDP SRI LANKA Peirre Mondesir & Associates Lynffer Wini-Maltungtung Family Support Centre Judy Wakahiu Wasanthi Adikari Leandra Gabrielle Verneuil UNDP Colombo Municipal Council Jennifer Remy & Associates Katalaini Ziru Solomon Islands Bar Menaca Calyaneratne Association SPAIN ST. VINCENT AND THE Ruwani Dantanarayana GRENADINES Blanca Ballester Casanella John Wilson Partners, SOUTH AFRICA Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Attorneys-at-Law & Notaries Heidi Badenock Public Joseph Delves Chambers Department of Justice and Ramón Barjabad Constitutional Development Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Thuwaraka Ganeshan Marcia Shirlan Barnwell Tiruchelvam Associates Chantelle de Sousa Mario Barros García Moureeze Franklyn The SADC Lawyers’ Association Uría Menéndez Saranee Gunathilaka Baptiste & Co. Law Firm Inc. Richard Hastie Enrichetta Sandra Bellini Anushka Gunawardena Nerissa Gittens Nowitz Attorneys Fornera Lawyer Department of Labour Business and Professional Lupwana Kandala Samurdhi Jayamaha Jeannie Ollivierre Women International (BPWI) University of Johannesburg Ignasi Beltran de Heredia Ruiz Ramani Jayasundere Chantal Kur The Asian Foundation Universitat Oberta de Catalunya The Mediation Clinic and Divorce Mediations Shashini Kulanayaka Nkosi Lolah Menaka Lecamwasam University of Johannesburg Anura Meddegoda Makaziwe Ntuli Varners Deeds Registry Johannesburg ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 175 SUDAN SWAZILAND Rolf Ring Scarlett Tang Raoul Wallenberg Institute Tsar & Tsai Law Firm, Member Fatima Abass University of Swaziland of Human Rights and of Lex Mundi AIH Law Firm Humanitarian Law Marleigh Austin Po-Chen Tsao Mohamed Abdeen Family Life Association of Innolux Corporation Law Office of Mohamed Swaziland SWITZERLAND Abdeen Phumzile Dlamini Marion Binder TAJIKISTAN Mawada Ahmed UNFPA LALIVE AIH Law Firm Mubarakhon Abdulakhitova Olivia Lwabukuna Michael Burkart Sprout Yassir Ali Konrad Adenauer Stiftung AIH Law Firm Franziska Geiser-Bedon Khujanazar Aslamshoev Simangele Mavundla Frauenberatung Sexuelle Gewalt Infrastructure Consulting LLC Mohamed Elmutaz Women and Law in Southern Africa (WLSA) and University Werner Jahnel Zouhal Avzalchoeva Aziza Ismat Hassanien of Venda LALIVE AIH Law Firm Anthony Cameron Nozipho Msibi Valentin Jentsch UNDP Amel Sayed Federation of Swaziland Lawyer Nils Kapferer Obid Islomov Employers and Chamber of Bureau de l’Egalité Kesho Scott Commerce Alisher Khoshimov Grinnell College Emilie Praz Centil Law Firm Sue Tatten SWEDEN Elisabeth Prügl Mumin Kurbonaliev Lawyer National Centre for Knowledge Graduate Institute of International and Development Lola Latypova on Men’s Violence Against UNDP Women (NCK) Studies SURINAME Christelle Rigual Kamoliddin Mukhamedov Yvonne Baal Eva Ärlemalm-Hagsér GRATA International Mälardalens University Graduate Institute of Anton de Kom University of International and Development Suriname Gulbahor Nematova Per Bergling Studies UNDP Arielle Delprado Geraldine R. Bjallerstedt Gaëlle Sauthier Arielle’s Consultancy Kanat Seidaliev Independent Gender Specialist Etat de Vaud GRATA International Seema Doelam Pia Björstrand Daima Vuilleumier Lim A Po Law Firm Jaffarbek Uldashev Advokatbyrån Omnia AB LALIVE Law and Prosperity Justina Eduards Mia Edwall Insulander Lawyer Insulander Lindh Advokatbyrå TAIWAN, CHINA TANZANIA Serena Essed Ingrid Engdahl Jasmine Bai Ben Akech Schurman Advocaten Stockholm University Taipei Women’s Rescue New Market Lab Inc. Foundation Antoon Karg Josefin Gjälby Angela Anatory Lim A Po Law Firm Insulander Lindh Advokatbyrå Shu-Chien Chen Registration Insolvency and Heffels Spiegeler Advocaten Trusteeship Agency Michelle Lau-Kerssenberg Anna Hellron Legal Aid Advocaten Insulander Lindh Advokatbyrå Yu-Shiou (Clarence) Chou Emilian Karugendo Li & Cai International Law Firm National Bureau of Statistics Viktoria Hybbinette Wistrand Law Firm Hsin-Yun Han Jackline Mlay Sanrio Taiwan Co. Ltd. Oxfam Jenny Jilmstad Advokatfirman Cederquist K.B. Hung Hsieh Anthony Mseke Pontis Law Arbogast Mseke Advocates Maria Kosteska Fägerquist Wistrand Law Firm Sophia Hsieh Eve Hawa Sinare Tsar & Tsai Law Firm Dennis Linden Simeon Sungi Lantmäteriet Yen-Jong Lee United States International Themis Attorneys-at-Law University - Africa Eva Löndahl Thurang Jo-Tzu Ma Alexandra Lyckman Formosa Laboratories Inc. Insulander Lindh Advokatbyrå Yen-Fun Shih Llorene Grace Razo-Ompod Via Justice Law Offices 176 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 THAILAND TOGO TONGA TUNISIA Gender and Development Toyi A.M. Abbi ´Akanesi E. Katoa Adel Dhahri Research Institute (GDRI) Direction des Affaires Attorney General’s Office of Impact Foundation for Research Domaniales et Cadastrales Tonga and Development UNHCR (DADC) Aminiasi Kefu Amel El Mejri John Lewis Claude Folly Adama Attorney General’s Office of Faculté des Sciences Juridiques, Anglo-Thai Legal Aquereburu & Partners Tonga Politiques et Sociales de Tunis Premkamon Nakhwan Djifa Emefa Adjalé Suku Lute Takau Béchir Ghachem Pisut and Partners Co. Ltd. GLA Kékéli Edo Agboli Milika Tuita Tunyatorn Nettakul Tribunal de Première Instance United Nations Wael Haffar Natcha Prakaranont de Première Classe de Lomé Lawyer Pisut and Partners Co. Ltd. Aissah Akanti Ouro-Akondo TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Nada Riahi Pisut Rakwong Santé de la Famille en Milieu Chanelle Aching International Development Pisut and Partners Co. Ltd. Rural et Semi-Urbain Wills Mohamed R & CO Organization (IDLO) Krittichai Sumranbumrung Sophie Mawussé Akpama Karinna Alexander Aziz Sammoud Centre de Recherche CAG Law Firm Sita Sumrit d’Information et de Formation Petal Alexander Thailand Institute of Justice pour la Femme (GF2D/CRIFF) Lawyer TURKEY Chayanich (Mint) Têko Seyram Amenyinu Sherna Alexander Benjamin Elif Akyüz Thamparipattra Cabinet d’Avocats Toble Yawo Organization for Abused and Serap Zuvin Law Offices Gagnon Battered Individuals (OABI) Nalanta Tonghom Duygu Alkan Pisut and Partners Co. Ltd. Alexis Coffi Aquereburu Johnathan Bhagan Mavioglu & Alkan Law Office SCP Aquereburu & Partners Organization for Abused and (ADMD) Battered Individuals (OABI) TIMOR-LESTE Souradji Fankeba Ayca Bayburan Lourenço Alvares Préfecture du Golfe Charisse Griffith-Charles Mavioglu & Alkan Law Office Abreu Advogados and C&C University of the West Indies (ADMD) Ehonam Yvette Gamisso Advogados Yévénou Akhail Khan Duygu Beyazo Mariana Baptista Borges SCP Aquereburu & Partners Özyıldırım Law Office Chantal La Roche Eusebio Guterres Mayi Gnofam Serap Erdoğan Programme d’Appui à Debrah Lewis UNIDO Business Regulatory Mamatoto Resource & Birth Association for the Consultant la Femme et à l’Enfance Development of Early Childhood Déshéritée (PAFED) Centre Education in Turkey (Türkiye Gonçalo Neves Lestro Delrene Liverpool-Young Hansa Kapi Okul Öncesi Eğitimini Geliştirme Liliana Coutinho Magalhães Aquereburu & Partners Organization for Abused and Derneği) CRA Law Firm Timor-Leste Battered Individuals (OABI) Rouky Kloutse-Kegbero Roberto Frifrini Elisa Pereira Tribunal de Lomé Geeta Maharaj Human Rights Agenda Abreu Advogados and C&C Lawyer Association Advogados Baltché Lare Préfecture du Golfe Gina Maharaj Ayse Gonullu Atakan Eliana Silva Pereira Organization for Abused and Komlavi Malanbo M’Boma Battered Individuals (OABI) Aybala Kurtuldu Pedro Venâncio Direction de L’Administration Serap Zuvin Law Offices Territoriale et des Frontières Duane Murray Anna Yang Lawyer Afife Nazlıgül Özkan The Asia Foundation, Ending Hada Tchingué Mavioglu & Alkan Law Office Violence Against Women Plan International Umesh Nandalal (ADMD) Program (EVAW) Deloitte & Touche Komla Yovo Tuba Özyıldırım Avocats Yovo Sika Esther Shade Özyıldırım Law Office Antoinette Sydney Nurbanu Parpucu Linton Chambers Association for the Development of Early Childhood Lisa Theodore Education in Turkey (Türkiye Simone Yallery Okul Öncesi Eğitimini Geliştirme Lawyer Derneği) Batuhan Sahmay Bener Law Firm ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 177 Elif Selin Cila UKRAINE Stefania Franchini Evgeniya Rubinina Yeditepe University, Faculty Hamdan Al Kaabi Advocates Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer of Law Anastasiya Bolkhovitinova and Legal Consultants DLA Piper Nivedita S Irmak Seymen Diana Hamade Mavioglu & Alkan Law Office Kateryna Borozdina International Advocate Legal Elizabeth Street-Thompson (ADMD) International Women’s Rights Services Ashurst LLP Center “La Strada-Ukraine” Dilara Tamtürk Alyazia Khalifa Al Marri Jeremy Townend Mavioglu & Alkan Law Office Oleg Gromovyi AK Accounting & Auditing JLWT Consultancy (ADMD) Pro Bono Sara Khoja Serap Zuvin Artem Hrytsak Clyde & Co. UNITED STATES Serap Zuvin Law Offices DLA Piper Sanctuary for Families Donald Moore Kateryna Ilikchiieva Reed Smith LLP Marta Baffy UGANDA Kyiv National Economics Georgetown University Law University Ahmed Zaher Moussa Ben Akech Center Abu Dhabi Judicial Department New Market Lab Inc. Oksana Klymovych Jessica Childress Emory University Amr Omran Brenda Peace Amito The Childress Firm PLLC Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Tulane International (TILLC) Olena Koptieva Areej Faiz International Development Law Sai Pidatala Charles Kalumiya Lawyer Organization (IDLO) Reed Smith LLP Kampala Associated Advocates Elizabeth Hague Olena Kuchynska Zisha Rizvi Nusula Kizito Nassuna Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Kinstellar Ukraine STA Law Firm African Development Bank Jerry Hoffman Roman Mohyla Sheena Shibu Rachel Musoke Dechert LLP Law Offices of Roman Mohyla Axiom Telecom Masembe, Makubuya, Adriko, Katerina Housos Karugaba & Ssekatawa Olga Prosyanyuk George SK Advocates AVER LEX STA Law Firm Olga Helena Joos CDC Foundation Patrick Mwesigye Andriy Tsvyetkov Sami Tannous Uganda Youth and Adolescents Attorneys’ Association Gestors Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Joshi Krishna Datt Health Forum Serhiy Yaroshenko Soumyashree Kulkarni Doreen Nawaali Kinstellar Ukraine UNITED KINGDOM Lawyer Masembe, Makubuya, Adriko, Chloe-Jane Belton Galyna Zagorodniuk Gregory Reith Karugaba & Ssekatawa Dechert LLP DLA Piper Dechert LLP Advocates Melissa Conway Steve Schwartz Emma Ssali Namuli UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer New York City Department of Uganda Christian University Amr Abdel Rehim Stephanie Creese Health and Mental Hygiene Lauben Tushemereirwe Lawyer Linklaters LLP Gillian Teo Child Aid Uganda (CHAU) Raya Abu Gulal Irene Ding Dechert LLP Manaar Legal Consultancy Linklaters LLP Ikram Adnani Chelsea Fish Ibn Zohr University (Agadir, Morocco) Jasmine Fisher Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Amal Afifi Afifi Law Office Daniel Hawthorne Taiba Alsafar James Kemp Al Tamimi & Company Nicolas Kokkinos Fathima Al Sakkaf Pascal Lalande STA Law Firm Her Majesty’s Land Registry Deborah Broyles Jamie Murray-Jones Reed Smith LLP Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Muhammad El Haggan Markella Papadouli Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Kalliopi Paschalidou Sarah Florer Axiom Telecom 178 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018 URUGUAY VANUATU VIETNAM WEST BANK AND GAZA Leticia Barrios Stephen Barlow Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Ashraf Abu Hayyeh Bergstein Abogados Public Solicitor’s Office Al-Haq Do Duc Doi Adriana Boggio Elizabeth Fano Bebe Basem Bushnaq Dirección General de Registro VANWODS Microfinance, Inc. Loc Le Thi del Estado Civil YKVN Mohammed El Nahhal Astrid Boulekone Islamic University of Gaza Noemi Caballero Vanuatu Chamber of Commerce Anh Phuong Nguyen Estudio Bado, Kuster, Zerbino and Industry Researcher Hanna N. Hanania & Rachetti Hanna Hanania Law Office Geoffrey Gee Tien Lap Nguyen Alvaro Carrau Geoffrey Gee & Partners NHQuang & Associates Mohannad Kababji Estudio Bado, Kuster, Zerbino Al-Kababji Law Office and Anita Jowitt Tieu My Nguyen Associate & Rachetti Honor Partnership Law University of the South Pacific Guillermo Duarte Company Limited (HPLaw) Ahmed Mustafa Toutah Bergstein Abogados Bertha Pakoasongi Islamic University of Gaza Vanuatu Law Reform Van Anh Nguyen Geanella Pígola Commission Center for Studies and Applied Pígola-Zeballos & Asociados Sciences in Gender, Family, YEMEN, REP. Gemma Pinol Puig Women and Adolescents Aromaimh Mostafa Abdulgalil Verónica Raffo (CSAGA) Office of Agents Law Firm, Ferrere Abogados Sofia Shah University of the South Pacific Thuy Nguyen Thu Consulting and Legal Agustin Texo Center for Studies and Applied Ameen Abdulraqeb Estudio Bado, Kuster, Zerbino Merilyn Tahi Sciences in Gender, Family, Vanuatu Women’s Center Office of Agents Law Firm, & Rachetti Women and Adolescents Consulting and Legal Christopher Tavoa (CSAGA) Pablo Varela Alshrihy Mohammed State Law Office Anh Phuong Pham Daniel Wildbaum Abdulrazaq Jin Wen Honor Partnership Law Office of Agents Law Firm, Dirección General de Registro Company Limited (HPLaw) del Estado Civil Geoffrey Gee & Partners Consulting and Legal Pham Thi Huong Khaled Al-Buraihi Carla Zeballos YKVN Pígola-Zeballos & Asociados VENEZUELA, RB Khaled Al-Buraihi for Advocacy Gabriela Longo V. Kim Cuong Phung & Legal Services Palacios, Ortega y Asociados Honor Partnership Law Emad Algarash UZBEKISTAN Company Limited (HPLaw) Maria Corina Muskus Yemen Organization for UNICEF Defending Rights and Dang Thi Tuong Vi Nafisa Abdullaeva Liliana Ortega Mendoza RHTLaw Taylor Wessing Democratic Freedoms Lawyer COFAVIC Vietnam Nabil Alshami Kimiya Abdurakhmanova José Manuel Ortega Pérez Thu Trang Vo Thi The Counselor for Legal National Centre of Geodesy and Palacios, Ortega y Asociados Le Nguyen Law Office Services Cartography Luis Esteban Palacios Ahmed Arman Dieu Thao Vu Azamat Fayzullaev Palacios, Ortega y Asociados NHQuang & Associates Lawyer Leges Advokat Barbara Puglisi Fairouz Jaradi Thu Hang Vu Ulughbek Mamadjanov Presidencia de la Asamblea Honor Partnership Law Lawyer Prosecutor General’s Office of Nacional de Venezuela Company Limited (HPLaw) Uzbekistan Pedro Vicente Ramos Benjamin Yap Bobomurod Muminov Rodríguez & Mendoza  RHTLaw Taylor Wessing Ricardo Rojas Gaona Vietnam Alexander Samborsky National Centre of Geodesy and Rojas Gaona & Bandres Cartography Inés Sosa Nargiza Turgunova Karla A. Subero P. GRATA International Lawyer ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 179 ZAMBIA Isaac and Partners Chanda Chungu Mulenga Mundashi Kasonde Legal Practitioners Soi Kaingu Chibesakunda & Co., Member of DLA Piper Makalo Mwaanza Gilbert Mwanza Zambia Law Development Commission Mabvuto Sakala Corpus Legal Practioners Natasha Shamutete Corpus Legal Practioners Wantemwa Simutenda Messrs GDC Chambers Kenneth Tembo Legal Aid Board ZIMBABWE Precious Chakasikwa Kantor and Immerman Aulline Chapisa Slyvia Chirawu-Mugomba Women and Law In Southern Africa (WLSA) Trust Maanda Maungamaanda & Associates Charles Maunga Maungamaanda & Associates Roselyn Mhlanga Kanokanga & Partners Sara Nyaradzo Moyo Honey & Blanckenberg Tatenda Mushanguri Kantor and Immerman 180 WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2018