2015/41 Supported by k nKonw A A weldegdeg e ol n oNtoet e s eSrei r e ise s f ofro r p r&a c t hteh e nEenregryg y Etx itcrea c t i v e s G l o b a l P r a c t i c e The bottom line Thirsty Energy: Understanding the Linkages between Energy and Water Population growth and economic development, aggravated by climate change, will increase pressure on energy and water resources. Why is this issue important? Do power plants need all that much water? Integrated planning can make Water and energy are equally vital and inextricably Thermal power plants need water for cooling, the most of these two essential linked, and integrated planning is needed to but efficient plants and the right cooling system and scarce resources. Thirsty maximize both save water Energy, a World Bank initiative, helps countries address these Both water and energy are essential for economic activity and to Largely because of their cooling needs, thermoelectric power plants issues and ensure sustainable sustain life. And both are scarce. Some 780 million of the world’s account for about 40 percent of the freshwater withdrawn each year development of both resources. people lack access to improved water, while 2.5 billion, more than a in the United States and Europe—as much as the agriculture sector third of the world’s population, do not have basic sanitation. Another (USGS 2005; Rubbelke and Vogele 2011). third (2.8 billion people) lives in areas of high water stress (WWAP About 80 percent of the world’s electricity is generated in 2012). On the energy side, more than 1.3 billion people around the thermal power plants (IEA 2013). Most thermal power plants heat world have no access to electricity, and 1.2 billion have unreliable water to produce steam to drive the turbines to produce electricity.1 access (IEA 2012). The water is heated using various energy sources (coal, oil, natural Population growth and economic development, aggravated gas, uranium, solar energy, biomass, geothermal energy) depending by climate change, will increase pressure on energy and water on the type of power plant, but the principle is the same. After resources. Integrated planning can make the most of these two passing through the turbine, the steam is cooled, usually with water essential and scarce resources. Energy (mainly electricity) is needed drawn from a river, lake, or ocean and condensed to start the cycle Anna Delgado is a to pump, treat, transport, and desalinate water. Conversely, significant again (figure 1). technical specialist in amounts of water are needed in almost all energy generation pro- Because most of the water needed in thermal power plants is water and energy in the cesses. Water is used to generate electricity in hydropower plants, of used for cooling,2 the amount of water withdrawn and consumed by World Bank’s Global course, but many people are unaware that almost all thermal power Water Practice. plants (coal, nuclear, solar-thermal, geothermal, biomass, and natural Diego J. Rodriguez is a gas combined-cycle) require large amounts of water, especially for senior economist in the 1 Open-cycle power plants (mainly used as peak power plants) do not use the steam cycle cooling purposes. Water is also needed to extract, process, and to turn turbines and thus do not require water for cooling. in the Global Water 2 Practice. generate fuels. The other processes for which water is required include the steam cycle, ash handling, and flue-gas desulfurization, among others. Although these processes consume relatively little This note focuses on the water needs of the power sector. water, their effluents contain pollutants and should be treated before being returned to the Antonia A. Sohns is a water source. From a plant-level economic standpoint, therefore, such processes can incur very water and energy significant costs related to wastewater treatment. analyst in the Global Water Practice. 2 T h i r s t y E n e r g y : U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e L i n k a g e s betwee n E n e r g y a n d W a te r Figure 1. The steam cycle in a thermal power plant “Largely because of their cooling needs, thermoelectric power plants account for about 40 percent of the freshwater withdrawn each year in the United States and Europe—as much as the agriculture sector.” Source: Authors. the power plant depends chiefly on the type of cooling system used • Closed-loop systems are characterized by cooling towers (Rodriguez and others 2013). that often are mistaken for nuclear power plants. Closed-loop Once-through cooling, the simplest and cheapest system, systems withdraw much less water but consume most of it requires large amounts of water but consumes a small fraction of it. through evaporation. These cooling systems are more complex The water is withdrawn from the water source and run once through and expensive than once-through systems, but since they the power plant (hence the name) to cool steam. The water is then withdraw less water, they have fewer environmental effects and discharged back into the source a few degrees warmer, which can are less susceptible to drought. cause thermal pollution. The withdrawal of large quantities of water • Dry cooling systems use air instead of water to cool steam. can be harmful to fish and other aquatic organisms. Once-through Their high cost and negative impact on plant efficiency limit cooling systems are more susceptible than others to drought or their use. extreme heat (van Vliet and others 2012). • Hybrid cooling systems combine wet and dry cooling approaches. 3 T h i r s t y E n e r g y : U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e L i n k a g e s betwee n E n e r g y a n d W a te r Figure 2. Tradeoffs between different types of cooling systems “The system employed by the power plant affects power plant efficiency, capital and operating costs, water consumption, water withdrawal, and environmental impacts. Tradeoffs must be evaluated case by case, taking into consideration regional and ambient conditions and existing regulations.” Source: Authors. Figure 3. Correlation between water use and efficiency in The system employed by the power plant affects power plant thermal power plants efficiency, capital and operating costs, water consumption, water 6,000 withdrawal, and environmental impacts. Figure 2 illustrates the tradeoffs between various systems. Those tradeoffs must be eval- 5,000 PC FGD uated case by case, taking into consideration regional and ambient PC without FGD 4,000 PC CCS conditions and existing regulations. 3,000 NGCC Among plants with the same type of cooling system, the amount NGCC CCS of cooling water withdrawn and consumed is determined largely by 2,000 IGCC IGCC CCS the plants’ efficiency (Delgado 2012). Figure 3 illustrates the correlation 1,000 between power plants’ water use and their efficiency (“heat rate”). 0 Because a new solar thermal power plant equipped with a 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 given cooling system is still less efficient today than a new coal Heat rate (kJ/kWh) power plant equipped with the same system, it will require more Source: Delgado 2012. water. However, it will require significantly less water than an old PC = pulverized coal; FGD = flue-gas desulfurization; CCS = carbon capture and storage; NGCC and inefficient coal power plant. This is because as power plants = natural gas combined cycle; IGCC = integrated gasification combined cycle. 4 T h i r s t y E n e r g y : U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e L i n k a g e s betwee n E n e r g y a n d W a te r Figure 4. Heat balance of a thermal power plant losses near zero. (However, unlike dammed hydropower, a run- of-the-river site cannot be used to generate peak loads or during Flue gas dry seasons when the flow of the river drops.) Except for losses to evaporation, the water that passes through hydropower plants can Other heat losses be used downstream for other purposes, such as irrigation and urban water supply. Hydropower dams can even increase water “To compare power availability for downstream users when that water is needed the plants in terms of their most, as during periods of drought. Heat to water needs without cooling In a world of severe energy shortages and increasing water specifying the type of Heat variability, hydropower dams and their multipurpose water infra- input structure will play an expanding role in providing clean energy and in cooling system they use allocating scarce water resources. The careful planning and equitable and their efficiency is very Electricity use of sustainable power and water infrastructure in river basins will misleading, but this has be critical in meeting the challenge posed by the linkages between not stopped the media Source: Authors. energy and water. from reporting, for Wind turbines require no water for their operation. Solar PV systems require minimal quantities of water for washing the solar example, that coal power become more efficient, less “waste heat” remains to be dissipated panels (to maintain efficiency), but because most such systems are plants require more water after driving the turbines. This means that the cooling requirements located in arid places, the water required could be scarce. than nuclear plants and per unit of electricity produced diminish. In figure 4, the yellow arrow Hydropower, wind, and solar energy plants will not replace ther- becomes bigger and the blue arrow smaller. mal plants in the near future. Hydropower is location-specific—that less than solar thermal To compare power plants in terms of their water needs without is, only certain areas of the world have substantial potential. Wind plants.” specifying the type of cooling system they use and their efficiency is and solar energy are intermittent and present challenges of integra- very misleading, but this has not stopped the media from reporting, tion into the grid. Until electricity storage becomes practical on a grid for example, that coal power plants require more water than nuclear scale, thermal power plants will be needed to generate dispatchable plants and less than solar thermal plants. power (except in some cases where hydropower is plentiful). What about other types of plants? What are the challenges? Other power generation technologies— Water–energy risks will grow over time, hydropower, wind energy, and solar but the impacts are already being felt photovoltaic (PV)—vary in their water needs The private energy sector has already recognized the inherent Because hydropower plants use the energy of moving water to turn tension between energy and water resources. In 2012, General turbines and generate electricity, hydropower planners have been Electric’s director of global strategy and planning stated that water aware of the linkages between energy and water for a long time. In scarcity could rule out expansion of coal power plants in China and hydropower plants, water loss is due to evaporation from dammed India (Pearson 2012). A 2013 report on the water risks facing the water upstream from the plant. Evaporation losses vary greatly private sector found that, of the companies surveyed, 82 percent of depending on site location, design, and operation. So-called run- energy and 73 percent of power utility companies believe that water of-river hydropower plants, which store no water, have evaporative presents a substantial risk to business operations. Moreover, 59 5 T h i r s t y E n e r g y : U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e L i n k a g e s betwee n E n e r g y a n d W a te r percent and 67 percent, respectively, had experienced water-related energy interdependencies. In January 2014 the World Bank launched business impacts in the past five years (CDP 2013). The 2012 UN the Thirsty Energy initiative, the aim of which is to help countries Water Report, which surveyed more than 125 countries, found that address their water and energy challenges by: nearly half said that the importance of water for energy was high • Identifying synergies and quantifying trade-offs between energy or very high, compared with 9 percent that said that it was not a development and water use problem. The World Economic Forum has listed water scarcity as one “In a world of severe • Piloting cross-sectoral planning to ensure sustainability of energy of the three global systemic risks of highest concern (WEF 2014). energy shortages and and water investments Given the growth of many developing countries we can antici- increasing water variability, pate that problems at the nexus of water and energy will increase • Designing assessment tools and management frameworks as population, economic growth, and climate change intensify to help governments coordinate decision-making and to hydropower dams and competition for water resources. In the United States, France, and mainstream water requirements into energy planning. their multipurpose water India, power plants have down owing to the unavailability of water infrastructure will play More information on the initiative can be found at: for cooling or to its high temperature (U.S. Department of Energy an expanding role in 2013; Kanter 2007; NDTV 2013). Projects to build thermal power www.worldbank.org/thirstyenergy. providing clean energy and plants have been called into question because of their impact on in allocating scarce water water resources (Woody 2009). More frequent and longer droughts are challenging the hydropower capacity of some countries (Sirilal References resources.” and Aneez 2012; Stanway 2011; Stauffer 2013). CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project). 2013. “ Moving beyond business as usual: A need for a step change in water risk management—CDP What are our options? Global Water Report 2013.” London. https://www.cdp.net/ CDPResults/CDP-Global-Water-Report-2013.pdf. The interdependencies of water and energy Delgado, A. 2012. “Water Footprint of Electric Power Generation: must be better understood and translated into Modeling its use and analyzing options for a water-scarce future.” policies and plans MS thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, There are ways to reduce the water requirements of the power MA, USA. https://sequestration.mit.edu/pdf/AnnaDelgado_ sector—among them fostering the use of alternative cooling systems Thesis_June2012.pdf. such as dry cooling (Maulbetsch 2004); expanding the role of wind IEA (International Energy Agency). 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012. and solar PV energy, which require little or no water for their opera- Paris. tion; using alternative water sources for cooling, such as municipal ———. 2013. World Energy Outlook 2013. Paris. waste water (U.S. Department of Energy 2009); exploring the use of Kanter, J. 2007. “Climate change puts nuclear energy into hot water.” multipurpose dams; improving power plant efficiency; and reusing New York Times, May 20. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/ waste heat (for example, to heat buildings or homes). health/20iht-nuke.1.5788480.html?pagewanted=all. At a regional level, there is much to be gained by bringing Maulbetsch, J. 2004. “Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies together two sectors that traditionally have been planned and for U.S. Power Plants: Economic, Environmental, and Other managed separately, understanding the trade-offs they present, and Tradeoffs.” Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA. seeking integrated and efficient solutions consistent with sustainable NDTV. 2013. “Maharashtra: Parli power plant shuts down after severe development. water crisis.” February 17. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ To make informed decisions and avoid irreversible conse- maharashtra-parli-power-plant-shuts-down-after-severe-water- quences, it will be crucial to improve our understanding of water and crisis-331952. 6 T h i r s t y E n e r g y : U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e L i n k a g e s betwee n E n e r g y a n d W a te r Pearson, Natalie Obiko. 2012. “Asia Risks Water Scarcity U.S. Department of Energy. 2009. “Use of Non-Traditional Water Amid Coal-Fired Power Embrace.” Bloomberg Business. for Power Plant Applications: An Overview of DOE/NETL R&D Make further http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-09-09/ Efforts.” http://www.netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/ connections asian-water-scarcity-risked-as-coal-fired-power-embraced. Coal/ewr/water/Use-of-Nontraditional-Water-for-Power- Rodriguez, Diego J., Anna Delgado, Pat DeLaquil, and Antonia Sohns. Plant-Applications.pdf. Live Wire 2014/18. 2013. “Thirsty Energy.” World Bank, Washington DC. ———. 2013. “U.S. Energy Sector Vulnerabilities to Climate Change “Exploiting Market-Based https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16536. and Extreme Weather.” http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/07/ Mechanisms to Meet Utilities’ Rubbelke, D., and S. Vogele. 2011. “Impacts of climate change on f2/20130710-Energy-Sector-Vulnerabilities-Report.pdf. Energy Efficiency Obligations,” European critical infrastructures: The case of the power sector.” USGS (United States Geological Survey). 2005. “Estimated Use of by Jonathan Sinton and Joeri Environmental Science Policy 14: 53–63. Water in the United States in 2005.” http://pubs.usgs.gov/ de Wit. Sirilal, R., and Shihar Aneez. 2012. “Sri Lanka extends circ/1344/pdf/c1344.pdf. Live Wire 2014/26. “Doubling daily power cut as Chinese plant fails again.” Reuters, van Vliet, M., J. Yearsley, F. Ludwig, S. Vögele, D. Lettenmaier, and P. the Share of Renewable August 13. http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/08/13/ Kabat. 2012. “Vulnerability of US and European electricity supply Energy in the Global Energy srilanka-power-idINDEE87C0AC20120813. to climate change,” Nature Climate Change 9: 676–681. Mix,” by Gabriela Elizondo Stanway, D. 2011. Reuters, “ China power crunch to Woody, T. 2009. “Alternative Energy Projects Stumble on a Need for Azuela and Irina Bushueva. worsen as drought slashes hydro.” Reuters, May Water.” New York Times, September 29. http://www.nytimes. 25. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/25/ com/2009/09/30/business/energy-environment/30water. Live Wire 2014/36. us-china-drought-hydropower-idUSTRE74O1BK20110525. html?pagewanted=1&_r=2. “Supporting Hydropower Stauffer, C. 2013. “Worst drought in decades hits Brazil’s Northeast.” WWAP (World Water Assessment Program). 2012. “The United in the Developing World: Reuters, January 4. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/04/ Nations World Water Development Report 4.” UNESCO, Paris. An Overview of World Bank us-brazil-drought-idUSBRE9030HM20130104. WEF (World Economic Forum). 2014. “Global Risks 2014. Ninth Group Engagement,” by UN Water. 2012. “Status Report on The Application of Integrated Edition.” http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalRisks_ William Rex, Julia Bucknall, Approaches to Water Resources Management.” http://www. Report_2014.pdf. Vivien Foster, Rikard Liden, un.org/waterforlifedecade/pdf/un_water_status_report_2012.pdf. and Kimberly Lyon. The authors thank Rikard Liden, senior hydropower specialist in the World Bank Group, for his contributions to the hydropower section. Live Wire 2015/38. “Integrating Variable Renewable Energy into Power System Operations,” by Thomas Nikolakakis and Debabrata Chatopadhyay. Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. For World Bank employees: and outside the Bank. 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Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. Please visit our Live Wire web page for updates: http://www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific 2014/29 and cenTral asia energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E ENERGY & EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured T E S E R I E S F O R T H EIn declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for energy decreased overall A KNO W L E D G E N Oand 2010, though by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy energy intensity levels are high to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). stand policy measures will be required where does the region setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. is based share of renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The note version energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to Why is this important ? spirit of the work initiative. (World Bank Because2014). countries differ greatly in has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of trends is critical to monitoring to pursue thetheGTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress GTF uses to Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional othersindicators primary will excel and data sources that elsewhere, depending on their the while the population has access le Energy for All in one areaThe goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress pointstowardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. access. Accessthat they modern to are able to energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum forthe the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular World Bank’s Energy the global rate of improvemen and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization in the energy intensity levels have come and to double the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). based on energy. of renewable The sharepractical, rigorous—yet energy given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances to the period 1990–2010 global reporting, Renewable down rapidly. The big questions in energy efficiency relative setting by the percentage of total final energy consumption published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries individual mix is measured Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, economist in with the overall from renewable energy when every resources. person on the planet has access Nations. picks up a way energy that is consistent 1 The universal derived that isaccess goal will be achieved balances published when energy demand in from energy their own national targets through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, rates the Bank’s Energy and countries differ greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global rapid progress and energy for Energy Agency and the United liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural will make more by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including is pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity some t of those of efficiency energy and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as to pursue the three objectives, Practice. depending on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with Energy efficiency. The rate stoves exhibiting of overall improvemen emissions rates at or near other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). will excel elsewhere, rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). annual growth as well as on approximated by the compound and comparative advantages is the ratio of total primary energy respective starting points marshal. where energy intensity that they are able to intensity, measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross calculate energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire, but have an idea for a topic, or case we should cover, let us know! 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ERGY PRACTICE work (World Bank 2014). E G E N O T E S E R I E S F O R T H E E N to electricity, and 93 percent of A K N O W L g regiona l trends is critical monitoring the GTF in 2015. data sources that the GTF uses to Trackin The primary indicator s and the population has access s of the Sustain able Energy for All the three SE4ALL goals are summari zed below. the progres track progress toward Understanding CO Emissions from the Global Energy Sector nonsolid fuel for cooking. is measured to modern energy services THE BOTTOM LINE to Your Name Here t (SE4ALL) initiativ e Energy access. Access connection despite relatively abundan 2 population with an electricity ional Year of Sustainab le Energy for by the percentage of the access to nonsolid fuels. 2 hydropower, the share the energy sector contributes In declaring 2012 the “Internat objectives percenta ge of the population with establish ed three global and the and reported about 40 percent of global of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly using household surveys Why is this issue important? access to modern These data are collected 2030: to ensure universal and the World Become an author has remained emissions of CO2. three- consumption to be accomplished by of renewable energy in in the World Bank’s Global Electrification Database high energy knowledge the share of the 2010 . energy requires very relatively low. Mitigating climate change services, to 1 double ld Energy Database quarters of those emissions rate of improvement Organization’s Househo CO2 intensity levels have come and to double the global Figure 1. CO2 emissions Health Figure 2. energy-related The share of renewable energy in the energy come from six major the global energy mix, sources of CO question s2 emissions to the period 1990–201 0 (SE4ALL 2012). by sector Renewab le energy. emissions by country consumption down rapidly. The big economies. although coal-fired in energy efficiency relative countries setting percenta ge of total final energy mix is measured by the of Live Wire and global, with individual LICs evolve les will opportunities to cut emissions of greenhouse aregases used to plants account for just are how renewab Identifying The SE4ALL objectives le energy resources. Data 0.5% picks upunderstanding of the main sources ofin those a way that is consistent with emis- the overall that is derived from renewab energy balances published 40 percent of world energy when energy demand requires a clear their own national targets in their ability are obtained from calculate this indicator Other Carbonrates for more than 80 percent of differ greatly countries Residential production, they were again and whethersions.recent dioxide (CO2) accounts spirit of the initiative. Because 6% sectors progress Other MICs nal Energy Agency and the United Nations. will make more rapid 15% intensity gas emissions globally, 1 primarily from the burning s, some 10% by the Internatio China improvement of energy efficiency is contribute to your responsible for more than of decline in energytotal greenhouse to pursue the three objective on their Other HICs . The rate of energy sector—defined include toexcel elsewhere, depending Energy efficiency 30% growth rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. of fossil fuels (IFCC 2007). The will 8% in one area while others by the compound annual Energy 70 percent of energy-sector as well as on 41% approxim and heat generation—contributed and compara tive advantages 41 ated Japan 4% energy the ratio of total primary Industry emissions in 2010. despite fuels consumed for electricity respective starting points 20% Russia energy intensity is that they are able to marshal. in 2010 (figure 1). Energy-related intensity, where USA product (GDP) measured in purchas- improvements in some percent of global CO2 emissions the resources and support 7% gross domestic practice and career! up the bulk of such ent of the SE4ALL Other consump tion to India 19% intensity is an at the point of combustion make for the achievem calculate energy countries, the global CO2 Elisa 2 emissions COPortale To sustain momentum transport Road 7% EU terms. Data used to andinare generated by the burning of fossil is needed. global progress to 2030 6% transport fuels, industrial ing power parity (PPP) the International economist objectives, a means of charting balances published by emissions 11% emission factor for energy energy 16% EnergyandSector nonrenewable municipal waste to generate nal Energy Agency led electricity Internatio a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the thewaste, generation has hardly changed United Nations. ent Assistance venting and leakage to establish the emissions SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the sector at the point and over the last 20 years. and heat. Black carbon and methane Managem tium of 15 international agencies Notes: Energy-related CO2 emissions are CO2 emissions from the energy from the GTF to provide a regional of the for regular This note usesanddata domestic Program (ESMAP) are not included in the analysis presented in this rk note. which provides a system (GTF), of combustion. Other Transport includes international marine aviation bunkers, of SE4ALL for Eastern Extractives Tracking Framewo available Other Sectors rail and pipeline transport; perspect ive on the three include pillars commercial/public World Bank’s Energy and given aviation and navigation, country on rigorous—yet practical, services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat genera- Global Practice. global reporting, based elsewhere; Energy = fuels consumed for electricity and Where do emissions come from? tion, and other emissions not specified as has in the opening paragraph. HIC, MIC, and LIC refer to high-, middle-, access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when on the planet heat generation, every person defined The universal access goal of countries heating fuels, energy economistare Emissions concentrated in 1 in a handful to modern energy services provided through electricity, fuels, clean and low-income clean cooking countries. cooking solutions” to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural The term “modern Source: IEA 2012a. Solid fuels are defined and briquettes), and the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and come primarily from burning and energy coal for productive electricity or gaseous fuels involve (including liquefied petroleum gas), of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed Vivien Foster is sector Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates at or near those other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting or solid/liquid fuels paired emissions closely manager for the Sus- The geographical pattern of energy-related CO Practice. gas 2 (www.sustainableenergy forall.org). liquefied petroleum middle-income countries, and only 0.5 percent by all low-income tainable Energy Depart- mirrors the distribution of energy consumption (figure 2). In 2010, ment at the World Bank countries put together. almost half of all such emissions were associated with the two (vfoster@worldbank.org). Coal is, by far, the largest source of energy-related CO2 emissions largest global energy consumers, and more than three-quarters globally, accounting for more than 70 percent of the total (figure 3). Daron Bedrosyan were associated with the top six emitting countries. Of the remaining works for London This reflects both the widespread use of coal to generate electrical energy-related CO2 emissions, about 8 percent were contributed Economics in Toronto. power, as well as the exceptionally high CO2 intensity of coal-fired by other high-income countries, another 15 percent by other Previously, he was an power (figure 4). Per unit of energy produced, coal emits significantly energy analyst with the more CO emissions than oil and more than twice as much as natural 2 World Bank’s Energy Practice. Gas Inventory 1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Greenhouse 0.php gas. Data—Comparisons By Gas (database). http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/380