SuStainable Development unit n latin ameRiCa anD tHe CaRibbean 70121 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes Ecuador ECUADOR COUNTRIES AT HIGH ECONOMIC RISK FROM MULTIPLE HAZARDS (Top 33 based on GDP with 3 or more hazards)a 1. Taiwan, China 2. Dominican Republic 3. Jamaica 4. El Salvador 5. Guatemala 8 . Costa Rica 10. Colombia 12. Chile 15. Barbados 18. eCUADoR 20. Peru 21. St. Kitts and Nevis 24. Honduras 27. Mexico 32. Bolivia a Dilley et al. (2005). Table 7.2. According to the World Bank’s Natural Disaster Hotspot study, ecuador ranks 18th among countries with the highest economic risk exposure to three or more hazards. Quito, Ecuador Costa Rica ECUADOR 400,000 Natural Disasters from 1980 - 2008b 350,000 Affected People 300,000 Economic Damages 2% 68% 250,000 Disaster Date Affected (Number of People) Disaster Date Cost (US$ x 1,000) 200,000 Flood 1982 700,000 Earthquake* 1987 1,500,000 Volcano 2006 300,013 150,000 mov. wet 1993 Mass 500,000 30% Flood 2008 289,122 Major Disaster Impact (2000) Flood 100,000 1997 271,000 Flood 1992 205,000 100.00 Flood 50,000 1982 232,100 Flood 1983 200,000 Volcano 2006 150,000 0 Earthquake* 1987 150,000 Storm Flood Earthquake Flood 2008 45,000 Drought Earthquake* Flood Storm Volcano 2002 128,150 Lack of Resilience (2007) Flood 1992 Local20,000 (2006-8) Events 50.00 Epidemic 2000 100,000 Flood 1989 15,000 Mass mov. wet 1993 75,020 Flood 2002 13,000 Flood 2006 57,670 Volcano 2001 10,975 0.00 Statistics by Disaster Type b Ecuador Socio-economic Fragility (2007) Population Affected by Disaster Type Risk Management Index (2008) Economic Damages / Disaster Type (1000s US$) 2,000,000 LCR 17 Average Exposure & Physical Susceptibility 1,500,000 Costa Rica 3% 63% (2007) 1,000,000 20% 500,000 7% 1% 5% 0 Earthquake* Flood Mass mov. wet Volcano Flood Epidemic Earthquake Drought Volcano Mass mov. wet Relative Vulnerability and Risk Indicatorsc Major Disaster Impact (2000) 100.00 Guatemala Lack of Resilience (2007) 50.00 Local Events (2006-8) 2,000,000 2% 58% 0.00 1,500,000 1,000,000 18% Socio-economic Fragility (2007) Risk Management Index (2008) 15% 500,000 3% 3% 0 LCR 17 Average Storm Flood Epidemic Exposure & Physical Susceptibility Drought Flood Storm (2007) Ecuador Earthquake Drought Volcano b UN (2009). http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/?cid=53. Source data from EM-DAT. Data displayed does not imply national endorsement. c Relative Vulnerability and risk Indicators are adapted from IADB-IDEA-ERN (2009). Values are normalized on scale of 0 – 100 and presented against the average for 17 LCR countries. Major disaster Impact taken from disaster deficit Index: the ratio of economic losses which a country could suffer during Antigua and Barbuda a Maximum Considered event and its economic resilience. Local events taken from Local disaster Index: the propensity of a country to experience recur- rent, small-scale disasters and their cumulative impact on local development. risk Management Index is presented as the negative (i.e. 0 = optimal, 100 = incipient) of IADB’s risk Management Index: measures a country’s risk management capability in (i) risk identification, (ii) risk reduction, (iii) disaster 600,000 management, and (iv) financial protection. resilience, Fragility and exposure are taken from the component indices of Prevalent Vulnerability Index. Date for local event data depends on information available for each country. Data,500,000 respective LCR 17 average, from 2000 is used for Dominican Re- and the 53% public, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica and Nicaragua. Data, and the respective LCR 17 average, from 2006-08 is used for Bolivia, Colombia, Costa 400,000 Rica, Ecuador, Panama and Peru. All LCR 17 averages are calculated based on available data. 300,000 59 200,000 47% Major Disaster Impact (2000) 100,000 100 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes DISASTeR RISk pRoFIle continental fault system which crosses the country in the northeast direction and in the foothills of the According to the World Bank’s Natural Disaster Cordillera Real has caused strong earthquakes Hotspot study2, ecuador ranks 18th among (1541, 1987). The largest cities in the country (on the countries with the highest economic risk coast and in the mountains) are located in areas with exposure to three or more hazards. 66% of high seismic risk (See Figure 1). Quito, the capital, is the population lives in urban areas and 96% of this also in a high-risk area. population lives in the coastal and mountainous regions, exposed to seismic, volcanic, flood, landslide, ecuador is home to the greater part of the and El Niño hazards. The volcano Tungurahua Northern Volcanic Zone of the Andes range. 41 is currently active. Floods and landslides occur main volcanoes are distributed in four alignments: frequently and affect the population as well as the the Eastern Range (10), the Inter-Andean Valley (15 productive sectors. volcano junctions), the Cordillera Real (12), and the East (4). An eruption of the Cotopaxi volcano is the most complex volcanic risk scenario for Quito, the geological Hazards capital city. The volcanoes Tungurahua, Pichincha, and El Reventador have all been active within the past ecuador is a highly seismically active territory. decade. Tungurahua is currently (2010) active as The subduction zone of the Nazca and the South well. Due to these events over the past 10 years, the American plates has been the source of the major country has had to deal with population resettlement earthquakes of Esmeraldas (1906, 1958, and and very important economic losses, mainly in the 1979) and Caraquez Bay (1998). Likewise, the agricultural and livestock sectors. Figure 1. Seismic and volcanic hazards in Ecuador (taken from the Instituto Geofísico de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional IG-EPN). 2 Dilley et al. (2005). Table 7.2. 60 eCuADoR Hydrometeorological Hazards typical of the Andean region, the hydrological regime in the three natural regions (the mountains, the coast, ecuador is highly vulnerable to the el Niño and the jungle) has particular conditions which favor the phenomenon due to the concentration of the occurrence of floods. In Ecuador, the major floods have development and the population on the coast been associated with the El Niño phenomenon (1982- and in the mountains. This alteration of the ocean- 1983 and 1997-1998), affecting especially the coastal atmospheric system develops mainly in the Equatorial region and causing major human and economic losses. Pacific. The El Niño of 1997-1998 caused damages Periods of intense rains also cause significant floods, in the order of US$280 million, equivalent to almost the most recent along the coastline in 2008. 15% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the year 1997.3 This phenomenon especially increases The concentration of development in the the frequency and intensity of floods on the coast, mountains leads to the fact that landslides form, a and of landslides and storm surges in the mountains. phenomenon that frequently affects urban areas According to the historical records of events4, the most affected sectors in the central and the and infrastructure. After floods, landslides are the eastern regions of the country are health, education, second most frequent hazard phenomena. In the last two agriculture, and road infrastructure. decades, they have caused several river blockages with important losses (Pisque River, 1990; Paute River, 1993; The floods are very frequent and have caused Chanchán River, 1999; Guasuntos River, 2000)5. The major emergencies in the past few years. As is road infrastructure is also often affected. Figure 2. Landslide and flood hazards in Ecuador (taken from the Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología – INAMHI). 3 “Las lecciones de El Niño 97-98 Ecuador�, Corporación Andina de Fomento. 4 http://www.desinventar.net. 5 Rivera Magno. Consecuencias de los deslizamientos en el Ecuador. IV Jornadas en Ciencias de la Tierra. 61 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes Main determinants of vulnerability to environmental deterioration of the river basins natural events and the expansion and intensity of farmland use have entailed an increase in the frequency The concentration and growth of the population and intensity of phenomena like landslides in the urban areas increases the level of and floods. The main causes of degradation of exposure to adverse natural events. The city hydrographic basins, which results in changes in the populations have continued to grow over the past ten water cycle (behavior of surface and underground years. In 2001, 61.2% of the inhabitants were living currents) and the equilibrium in the surface processes in urban areas (approximately 7.6 million), and it is of erosion, meteorization, and landslides are as estimated that in 2009 the number could be around follows: the accelerated loss of biological diversity 66% of the population (around 9 million).6 96% of (2,180 species endangered due to the destruction the urban population is distributed in the coastal of their habitats)7, deforestation (238,000-340,000 and mountainous regions, where most of the natural hectares annually) 8, expansion of the agricultural hazards are concentrated. frontier9, and environmental deterioration due to hydrological contamination and inadequate disposal of Weaknesses in the policies and land use industrial and residential waste. planning instruments, in combination with migration towards the urban areas, result in There are a number of weaknesses in the inadequate localization of the population. reduction of the existing vulnerabilities and in the Despite the fact that the Metropolitan District of planning of new development in the productive Quito and a few other cities have made advances in sectors. There is an accumulated delay in the their urban regulation strategies, the country’s land evaluation of vulnerability of constructed infrastructure use planning in general has not had the legal and with respect to seismic and volcanic risk in particular. institutional framework needed for the consolidation The hydrocarbon sector, which represents between of sustainable development policy and practice. The 10-14% of GDP, has an important part of its facilities available regulatory instruments are insufficient and do in the province of Esmeraldas, which is an area with not adequately incorporate risk reduction criteria. The high seismic hazard. However, the facilities were built peripheral urban areas of low value expand because decades ago according to seismically resistant design of unregulated informal and unplanned settlements, parameters inferior to those currently defined in recent which have great weaknesses in terms of their location studies specific to the region. and safe construction. DISASTeR RISk MANAgeMeNT Ecuador’s current institutional and FRAMeWoRk policy situation is very favorable for structural changes in the area ecuador’s current institutional and policy situation of disaster risk management. is very favorable for structural changes in the area of disaster risk management. The new Constitution includes specific aspects of disaster risk management, 6 National Institute of Statistics and the Census ( Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, INEC). 7 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in its Red List of Threatened Species (2006). 8 Ministry of Environment et al. (2001). 9 Modernization Program of Agricultural Services (2001). 62 eCuADoR creating the Technical Secretariat of Risk Management ACTIVITIeS UNDeR THe Hyogo (La Secretaria Técnica de Gestión del Riesgo), which FRAMeWoRk FoR ACTIoN replaces the Civil Defense (Defensa Civil), and initiating the organization of the new Decentralized National System of Risk Management (Sistema Nacional Descentralizado de Gestión del Riesgo, SNDGR). The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) results achieved through this process over the upcoming Priority #1: policy, institutional capacity years will be decisive in establishing the long-term and consensus building for disaster risk disaster risk management conditions in the country. management However, ecuador faces very important The new constitution of ecuador has set the challenges to reduce its seismic and volcanic foundation for consolidating disaster risk vulnerability. These two phenomena constitute reduction as a policy integrated into the the highest risks of the country and the vulnerability country’s overall development. The Constitution accumulated over the course of decades is very of September 2008 includes specific aspects for risk high. The reduction and management of these risks management related to planning, environmental rights, will require important changes in urban regulation, land use planning, decentralization, participation, and building codes and regulations, critical investments in security.10 Unlike those of all other Latin American structural reinforcements, and land use planning in the countries, this new Constitution offers the legal and areas exposed to the volcanic phenomenon. political foundations for the development of a new system that will incorporate the lessons learned from The revision and strengthening of the land the past and make use of the modern approaches to use planning system in ecuador is essential to risk management from the development perspective. effectively reduce underlying hazards and related The upcoming years will determine the development risks. The land use planning system in Ecuador of the institutional organization, the complementary requires the integration of disaster risk reduction standards, and the financial instruments necessary to criteria into the policies, strategies, mechanisms and make the said constitutional regulations a reality. instruments of the planning institutions. Improved technical capacity, information generation, and The Technical Secretariat of Risk Management is development of methodological instruments are critical the key governmental institution for heading the elements to facilitate this process. new approach and vision of risk management. In the new institutional organization, this secretariat Capacity building of local governments is a replaces the former Civil Defense and assumes necessary condition for consolidating and the management and coordination of SNDGR.11 effectively implementing ecuador’s disaster risk It is responsible for creating policies, strategies management system. Because of the decentralized and regulations to promote capacities oriented at nature of the new ‘Decentralized’ National System of identification, analysis, prevention, and mitigation of Risk Management, the provinces, districts, and parishes risks with the goal of facing and managing disaster should assume the responsibilities for management and events, as well as of recovery and reconstruction control of risks in their respective territories. 10 Constitution of Ecuador. Title VII, System of Well-Being. Chapter I, Inclusion and Equity. Section 9, Risk Management. 11 Constitutional Executive Decree of the President of Ecuador No. 1046, April 26, 2008. 63 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes of social, economic and environmental conditions eruptions of the past ten years. The recent affected by eventual emergencies or disasters. eruptions of the Pichincha, El Reventador and Tungurahua volcanoes required the government, The risk management institutional development, with international cooperation, to make important legal framework, and policies should create investments in the modernization and expansion of capacity for attending to short, medium, and the monitoring equipment network, administrated by long-term needs. One of the main challenges the Geophysical Institute of the National Polytechnic for the government in this process of the political School (Instituto Geofísico de la Escuela Politécnica and administrative reorganization is maintaining Nacional, IG-EPN). The level of current development an adequate balance for capacity building at all of this system in Ecuador is comparable to that levels, which would on the one hand guarantee the results in the long run, and on the other allow for the achieved in developed countries like Japan or the management of short-term needs. Because of the high United States.12 frequency of events such as floods and landslides, the lines of action related to risk mitigation and emergency ecuador has increased the capacity of its response are currently of highest priority. national technical institutions and of some local governments to evaluate disaster risk. The capacity building of the local governments is In the past decade institutions like the IG-EPN, the a necessary condition to consolidate the system. IRD13, the Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e In general, the new Constitution and the political Hidrología (INAMHI), and the National Secretariat of reform promote the decentralization of the functions Planning and Development (Secretaría Nacional de of the State. With respect to risk management, the Planificación y Desarrollo, SENPLADES) have made provincial, district, and parish levels have direct important strides in the evaluation and modeling of responsibility in risk management and consequently hazards, vulnerability, and risks.14 In the same way, the should develop their own institutional organization Quito Metropolitan District has developed specific and technical and operational capacity according to studies on this topic and continues to progress in the national regulations and plans. Thus, significant efforts strengthening of its technical capacity. are necessary in the areas of technical strengthening, information systems, local capacity building, and It is necessary to expand the scope of the communication, among others. monitoring systems and apply advanced technological tools for modeling and evaluation. Despite the advances already achieved, coverage of HFA Priority #2: Disaster risk assessment the seismologic and hydrometeorological network and monitoring still needs to be amplified, and hazard, vulnerability and risk studies need to be expanded, especially with The monitoring system of volcanic activity has regard to seismic vulnerability of essential buildings been strengthened to confront the volcanic and the infrastructure of the productive sector. 12 http://igepn.edu.ec. 13 A French public institution of science and technology research with presence in Ecuador since 1974. 14 See Informe Nacional para la conferencia mundial sobre la reducción de desastres (National report for the world conference on disaster reduction in Kobe-Hyogo, Japan, January 18-22, 2005). 64 eCuADoR HFA Priority #3: Use of knowledge, degraded areas. One of the most notable projects was innovation, and education to build a carried out by the Quito Metropolitan District through culture of safety and resilience at all levels the Quito Metropolitan Sewerage and Drinking Water Company (Empresa Metropolitana de Alcantarillado y There is some experience with education Agua Potable de Quito, EMAAP-Q) on the slopes of projects in emergency response. The country Pichincha (34 recovered streams) with financing from lacked official plans and programs for the inclusion the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). At the of risk management in school curricula until shortly national level, projects to highlight include the coastal before the current reform. However, through Civil resource management program and the protection Defense, and especially with international cooperation, of the water systems in Chimborazo and Tungurahua numerous pilot projects were carried out which form from ash fall, among others. an important precedent for the design of a new policy in this sector. The emphasis of these training efforts The majority of risk reduction projects have was on emergency plans and the Ministry of Education had local and community focus. Over the last is currently designing specific content for the curricula. decade, numerous risk reduction projects have been implemented at the parish and district levels through establishing a culture of prevention and international cooperation. Especially notable were preparedness for disaster risk is one of the the projects promoted by the Ecuador Association of priorities of the new agenda. The National Strategy Municipalities (Asociación de Municipios del Ecuador, for Risk and Disaster Reduction being formulated AME) for development and land use planning, and by the Technical Secretariat for Risk Management for environmental management. The results of these defines the promotion of risk prevention in civil projects yielded important lessons learned, which can society through communication strategies, education, be very useful in the current planning process. citizen supervision mechanisms, and information dissemination, as one of its most important policies. In the current process of institutional This policy will be supported by the implementation of reorganization, it is crucial to incorporate risk an Information System to support these objectives. management into the new policies, strategies and instruments of the Development plan and land use planning, and to build local capacity for its implementation. The government’s task to design HFA Priority #4: Reduction of the and implement the new planning systems, and to underlying risk factors (reduction of include effective disaster risk reduction mechanisms, exposure and vulnerability and increase of is significant. Some of these instruments include resilience) updating and adopting building codes and regulations, generating baseline information for the regions15, projects on environmental management zoning of hazard and/or risk areas and definition and recovery of hydrographic basins have of specific regulation of land use and occupation, contributed to a reduction of disaster risk. The development of methodological guidelines and training principal investments for landslide and flood risk for formulation and implementation of development mitigation were made through projects of hydraulic plans, territorial/land use plans, and implementation of recovery of basins and environmental recovery of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. 15 Physical, economic, and population information. 65 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes © Noamfein | Dreamstime.com Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador Seismic vulnerability reduction of the International cooperation has invested the most in this infrastructure in the hydrocarbon sector and of topic in support of Ecuador’s Civil Defense. European the essential buildings in the main cities is a Commission’s humanitarian aid department (ECHO), priority. Because of the direct or indirect impact which through its program for Disaster Preparedness can be generated by any of these systems on social (DIPECHO), along with its partners, has implemented and economic stability in the country, it is imperative to more than 20 projects since 2000. The Red Cross press forward in the process of determining the current of Ecuador, the PREDECAN project16, the Swiss, seismic vulnerability of key buildings and of the different Spanish, and US partners, and the US’ Comando Sur components of the hydrocarbon production, and to have been other partners in important projects. The take on the necessary vulnerability reduction measures. United Nations system has offered support for the Because of the level of investment required for this, it strengthening of Ministries of Education and Health, is necessary to carry out a cost-benefit analysis and to and for SEMPLADES, through the Pan-American prioritize such interventions. Health Organization, UNDP and UNICEF. Even though there are no consolidated numbers available, it is estimated that at least the local populations and HFA Priority #5: Disaster preparedness, institutions in more than 60 districts have participated recovery and reconstruction at national, in disaster preparedness projects, benefiting at least regional, and local levels 600,000 people. The provinces that benefited most from these projects are Esmeraldas, Manabí, Los Ríos, International cooperation has supported El Oro, Tungurahua, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Pichincha, projects in this area over several years. Zamora, Loja, and Bolívar. 16 Prevention of Disasters in the Andean Region. 66 eCuADoR The response to a 2008 flood disaster System of Risk Management requires a great demonstrated new possibilities and capacities effort both institutionally and from the local in the current institutional context. In 2008, the governments. Despite the advances achieved in the unexpected increase in rainfall produced the most past years by the Civil Defense, it is now necessary extensive floods registered in the last few decades to design an emergency response capacity-building along the Ecuador coastline. 13 of the 24 provinces strategy adjusted to the new institutional structure of the region and 275,000 inhabitants were affected and organization, and integrate the functions and and 170,000 hectares of crops were lost, among responsibilities at territorial levels. Because of the many other impacts.17 The response to this disaster decentralized character of the risk management system, was carried out in the transition of the new Technical the capacity development at subnational levels requires Secretariat of Risk Management and the new Ministry adequate resources and should remain a priority. of the Coast. The latter assumes the leadership and coordination of emergency response and recovery. It is necessary to develop a comprehensive The final result was a successful process which financial strategy to attend to post-disaster demonstrated a great capacity for response in a region situations. Risk transfer is one of the main that generally has had inadequate conditions for timely propositions for the SNDGR. Similar to other aspects organization and coordination.18 analyzed, it is important to promote the design of a financial protection strategy on the basis of the The implementation of the capacity building results of risk analyses and models and the fiscal strategy of the Decentralized National considerations of the Government of Ecuador. key DoNoR eNgAgeMeNTS Allocated existing projects with Donors and Funding Agency / Budget and HFA Activity International Financial Institutions International partners period (US$) Area(s) Emergency grant for Tungurahua and Litoral IADB 400,000 5 2008 Strengthening of the Technical Secretariat of Risk IADB 6.25 million 1,4 Management (US$5 million IADB loan and US$1.25 2006-2011 million counterpart financing) Humanitarian assistance for Tungurahua and Litoral UN (FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, IOM, 3.76 million 5 OPS) 2008 Emergency preparedness and response European Commission’s Humanitarian 2.6 million 5 Aid Department (ECHO) 2007-2008 Andean program PREDECAN 16.12 million 1, 3, 4 2005-2009 Quito community safety project World Bank (GFDRR) 980,000 1, 3, 4 UNDP 2009-2012 Protection of slopes in Quito South III (Loan for the IADB 42 million 4 Environmental Sanitation Program III) 2008-2013 South-South Cooperation for City Collaboration: World Bank (GFDRR) 400,000 1, 3, 5 Kathmandu, Makati and Quito 2009-2012 17 Ministry of the Coast, “Ecuador 2008, response to the coastline floods�, with the support from Pan-American Health Organization and UNDP. 18 Ministry of the Coast, “Compilation of protocols, operative proceedings, and functional structures used for response to the effects of the Ecuador coastline floods of 2008.� 67 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes © Michael Zysman | Dreamstime.com Banos, Ecuador gloBAl FACIlITy FoR DISASTeR reorganization. The design and implementation of a probabilistic risk assessment initiative19 would offer an ReDUCTIoN AND ReCoVeRy exceptional opportunity towards this objective. It would (gFDRR): ACTIoN plAN help the country to better understand, communicate and support disaster risk management. given ecuador’s disaster risk profile and its existing framework for disaster risk ecuador has a very high deficit in the management, the key priority in ecuador is programs of seismic vulnerability reduction to continue to build institutional capacity and in key buildings and the infrastructure of ensure long-term vulnerability reduction at the hydrocarbon sector. The advances in the local levels. Strategic actions are needed in the assessment and design of medium- and long-term following areas to enhance disaster risk management programs which could be achieved with support from in Ecuador: (i) identification and monitoring of risks, GFDRR funds will have a very high impact. (ii) reduction of vulnerabilities at the local level, and (iii) strengthening of institutional capacity for strategic In practice, the incorporation of disaster risk planning and coordination at national and local levels. management into development plans and territorial/land use plans is often limited In light of an agenda as broad as the National by the lack of information and/or practical Strategy for Risk and Disaster Reduction of methodological tools accessible to non-expert ecuador, it is necessary to prioritize and focus technicians. Ecuador has an opportunity to grow in this support on policies and projects with high impact. direction and GFDRR’s support would be very effective. Access to knowledge and advanced Institutional development and risk management technological tools are critical to guarantee the frameworks should create capacity to attend to availability of information for decision-making short-, medium-, and long-term needs. Emergency in the current process of institutional change and and disaster response capacity building is a short-term 19 Similar to the CAPRA initiative in Central America. 68 eCuADoR need which should be guaranteed by the Technical the primary responsibility for risk management to the Secretariat of Risk Management. local level and secondarily to higher levels of government. Capacity building of local governments is The following activities have been identified an essential line of action to ensure that the in consultation with local authorities and decentralized system in ecuador is viable and international donor agencies. These actions effective. As its name suggests, the Decentralized support Ecuador’s disaster risk management program National System of Risk Management (SNDGR) assigns and reflect HFA priority action areas. Indicative program for gFDRR Funding Indicative (projects and engagement areas being Implementing Agency / Budget and HFA Activity considered for gFDRR funding) International partners period (US$) Area(s)1 DRM capacity building of local governments Municipalities 1.3 million 1, 3 in priority areas of the national strategy, e.g. UNDP 2009-2012 technical assistance, training, tools, etc. Development of a Risk Assessment Platform Technical Secretariat of Risk 914,000 2 for Ecuador to advance technological tools and Management, 2010-2011 information systems available for risk evaluation UN ISDR, PREDECAN Technical assistance to incorporate risk Technical Secretariat of Risk 700,000 1, 4 reduction into Ecuador’s new planning system Management, 2009-2012 e.g. updating codes, regulations, generating risk Secretary of Planning, information, training, tools, etc. UNDP, PREDECAN Technical assistance to reduce seismic Technical Secretariat of Risk 1.1 million 4 vulnerability by supporting the design and Management, 2009-2012 prioritization of programs for structural UNDP reinforcement of essential city buildings and infrastructure of the hydrocarbon sector Support the design and formulation of programs Sectoral Ministries 700,000 4 to manage and recover hydrographic basins 2009-2011 Support emergency/disaster response capacity Technical Secretariat of Risk 270,000 5 building activities at territorial and sectoral levels Management, 2009-2010 Sectoral Ministries, UNDP, Disaster Preparedness Programme of the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Department (DIPECHO) Initial Budget proposal: US$4.984 million Additional consideration should be given to financial protection against disasters. Initial discussions with the Government of Ecuador have confirmed interest in technical assistance to study and design necessary mechanisms to ensure comprehensive financial protection in Ecuador. 20 HFA Priority Action Areas: 1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation; 2. Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks—and enhance early warning; 3. Use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels; 4. Reduce the underlying risk factors; 5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. 69 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA Telephone: 202-458-0268 E-mail: drm@worldbank.org Facsimile: 202-522-3227 AUSTRALIA BAngLAdeSh BeLgIUM BRAZIL CAnAdA COLOMBIA denMARK FInLAnd FRAnCe geRMAnY hAITI IndIA IReLAnd ITALY JAPAn LUXeMBOURg MALAWI MeXICO The neTheRLAndS neW ZeALAnd nORWAY SAUdI ARABIA SenegAL SOUTh AFRICA SOUTh KOReA SPAIn SWeden SWITZeRLAnd TURKeY UnITed KIngdOM UnITed STATeS VIeTnAM YeMen Special thanks and appreciation are extended to the partners who support GFDRR’s work to protect livelihood and improve lives: ACP Secretariat, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Haiti, India, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United Nations Development Programme, United States, UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Vietnam, the World Bank, and Yemen.