Doing Business 2019 Belgium Economy Profile Belgium Page 1 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Economy Profile of Belgium Doing Business 2019 Indicators (in order of appearance in the document) Starting a business Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company Dealing with construction permits Procedures, time and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse and the quality control and safety mechanisms in the construction permitting system Getting electricity Procedures, time and cost to get connected to the electrical grid, and the reliability of the electricity supply and the transparency of tariffs Registering property Procedures, time and cost to transfer a property and the quality of the land administration system Getting credit Movable collateral laws and credit information systems Protecting minority investors Minority shareholders’ rights in related-party transactions and in corporate governance Paying taxes Payments, time, total tax and contribution rate for a firm to comply with all tax regulations as well as post-filing processes Trading across borders Time and cost to export the product of comparative advantage and import auto parts Enforcing contracts Time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute and the quality of judicial processes Resolving insolvency Time, cost, outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the legal framework for insolvency Labor market regulation Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality Page 2 Doing Business 2019 Belgium About Doing Business The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected cities at the subnational and regional level. The Doing Business project, launched in 2002, looks at domestic small and medium-size companies and measures the regulations applying to them through their life cycle. Doing Business captures several important dimensions of the regulatory environment as it applies to local firms. It provides quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation. Although Doing Business does not present rankings of economies on the labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate ease of doing business score or ranking on the ease of doing business, it does present the data for these indicators. By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to compare business regulation environments across economies and over time, Doing Business encourages economies to compete towards more efficient regulation; offers measurable benchmarks for reform; and serves as a resource for academics, journalists, private sector researchers and others interested in the business climate of each economy. In addition, Doing Business offers detailed subnational reports, which exhaustively cover business regulation and reform in different cities and regions within a nation. These reports provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to improve performance in each of the indicator areas. Selected cities can compare their business regulations with other cities in the economy or region and with the 190 economies that Doing Business has ranked. The first Doing Business report, published in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets and 133 economies. This year’s report covers 11 indicator sets and 190 economies. Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of each economy, except for 11 economies that have a population of more than 100 million as of 2013 (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and the United States) where Doing Business also collected data for the second largest business city. The data for these 11 economies are a population-weighted average for the 2 largest business cities. The project has benefited from feedback from governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers. The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving the regulatory environment for business around the world. More about Doing Business (PDF, 5MB) Page 3 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Ease of Doing Business in Region OECD high income DB 2019 Rank 190 1 Belgium Income Category High income 45 DB 2019 Ease of doing business score Population 11,372,068 0 100 City Covered Brussels 73.95 DB 2019 Ease of Doing Business Score 0 100 82.65: United Kingdom (Rank: 9) 78.90: Germany (Rank: 24) 77.80: Regional Average (OECD high income) 77.29: France (Rank: 32) 76.04: Netherlands (Rank: 36) 73.95: Belgium (Rank: 45) Note: The ease of doing business score captures the gap of each economy from the best regulatory performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s ease of doing business score is reflected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest and 100 represents the best performance. The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190. Rankings on Doing Business topics - Belgium 1 1 8 28 33 38 57 54 55 60 60 82 Rank 112 109 136 143 163 190 Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Investors Borders Permits Ease of Doing Business Score on Doing Business topics - Belgium 100.00 100 93.03 83.88 80 75.42 77.48 67.31 65.00 64.25 61.67 Score 60 51.41 40 20 0 Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Investors Borders Permits Page 4 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Starting a Business This topic measures the number of procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital requirement for a small- to medium-sized limited liability company to start up and formally operate in each economy’s largest business city. To make the data comparable across 190 economies, Doing Business uses a standardized business that is 100% domestically owned, has start-up capital equivalent to 10 times the income per capita, engages in general industrial or commercial activities and employs between 10 and 50 people one month after the commencement of operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. Starting a Business considers two types of local limited liability companies that are identical in all aspects, except that one company is owned by 5 married women and the other by 5 married men. The ranking of economies on the ease of starting a business is determined by sorting their scores for starting a business. These scores are the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in May 2018. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally start and formally operate To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the a company (number) business and the procedures are used. It is assumed that any required information is readily available and that the entrepreneur will pay no bribes. • Preregistration (for example, name verification or reservation, notarization) The business: • Registration in the economy’s largest business - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). If there is more than one type city of limited liability company in the economy, the most common among domestic firms • Postregistration (for example, social security is chosen. Information on the most common form is obtained from incorporation registration, company seal) lawyers or the statistical office. - Operates in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are • Obtaining approval from spouse to start a also collected for the second largest business city. business or to leave the home to register the - The entire office space is approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet). company - Is 100% domestically owned and has five owners, none of whom is a legal entity; • Obtaining any gender specific document for has a start-up capital of 10 times income per capita and has a turnover of at least company registration and operation or national 100 times income per capita. identification card - Performs general industrial or commercial activities, such as the production or sale of goods or services to the public. The business does not perform foreign trade Time required to complete each procedure activities and does not handle products subject to a special tax regime, for example, (calendar days) liquor or tobacco. It does not use heavily polluting production processes. • Does not include time spent gathering - Leases the commercial plant or offices and is not a proprietor of real estate and the information amount of the annual lease for the office space is equivalent to the income per capita. • Each procedure starts on a separate day (2 - Does not qualify for investment incentives or any special benefits. procedures cannot start on the same day) - Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees one month after the commencement of • Procedures fully completed online are recorded operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. as ½ day - Has a company deed that is 10 pages long. • Procedure is considered completed once final The owners: document is received - Have reached the legal age of majority. If there is no legal age of majority, they are • No prior contact with officials assumed to be 30 years old. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Are sane, competent, in good health and have no criminal record. income per capita) - Are married and the marriage is monogamous and registered with the authorities. - Where the answer differs according to the legal system applicable to the woman or • Official costs only, no bribes man in question (as may be the case in economies where there is legal plurality), the • No professional fees unless services required by answer used will be the one that applies to the majority of the population. law or commonly used in practice Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) • Funds deposited in a bank or with third party before registration or up to 3 months after incorporation Page 5 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Starting a Business - Belgium Standardized Company Legal form Société privée à responsabilité limité/besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid (SPRL/BVBA) Paid-in minimum capital requirement EUR 6,200 City Covered Brussels Indicator Belgium OECD high Best Regulatory income Performance Procedure – Men (number) 4 4.9 1 (New Zealand) Time – Men (days) 4 9.3 0.5 (New Zealand) Cost – Men (% of income per capita) 5.4 3.1 0.0 (Slovenia) Procedure – Women (number) 4 4.9 1 (New Zealand) Time – Women (days) 4 9.3 0.5 (New Zealand) Cost – Women (% of income per capita) 5.4 3.1 0.0 (Slovenia) Paid-in min. capital (% of income per capita) 16.0 8.6 0.0 (117 Economies) Figure – Starting a Business in Belgium and comparator economies – Ranking and Score DB 2019 Starting a Business Score 0 100 94.58: United Kingdom (Rank: 19) 94.31: Netherlands (Rank: 22) 93.27: France (Rank: 30) 93.03: Belgium (Rank: 33) 91.19: Regional Average (OECD high income) 83.58: Germany (Rank: 114) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of starting a business is determined by sorting their scores for starting a business. These scores are the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators. Page 6 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Figure – Starting a Business in Belgium – Procedure, Time and Cost Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita) 4 6 3.5 Cost (% of income per capita) 5 3 4 Time (days) 2.5 2 3 1.5 2 1 1 0.5 0 0 1 2 3 *4 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below. Page 7 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Starting a Business in Belgium – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Deposit at least 20% of the initial capital with a Belgian credit institution 1 day Free of charge and obtain a standard certification confirming that the amount is held in a blocked “capital” account Agency : Commercial Bank The full amount of capital must be fully and unconditionally subscribed, but it does not have to be immediately paid in unless the capital contribution is fully in kind. However, by law, a fifth of the total capital paid-in cash must be paid in. For those private limited liability companies incorporated by only one shareholder, the amount of the capital to be paid in is EUR 12,400. In some cases, the paid-in and minimum capital can be reduced to EUR 1. Indeed, the Belgian legislation allows, when certain conditions are present, to set-up a limited liability company (called SPRL Starter /BVBA Starter) without the minimum capital and paid-in capital of the SPRL/BVBA (article 214, §2 BCC). However, this does not apply to the case study. 2 Deposit a financial plan with the notary, sign the deed of incorporation and 1 day Fixed registration the by-laws in the presence of a notary, who authenticates the documents duty of EUR 50 + and registers the deed of incorporation Registration duty on Agency : Notary Office written documents of The incorporation deed (which includes the initial version of the bylaws) must be EUR 95 + publication drawn up in French or Dutch if done within Brussels. The required content is outlined in Articles 69 and 226 of the Company Code. The incorporation deed will cost of EUR 222.76 then be signed by the founders and the notary. When the deed is signed it can (electronic filing) or only be done in person. EUR 275.56 (paper filing) + Notary fees The requirements are: around EUR 1,060 + 1) Evidence of the deposit of initial capital, notary's various costs 2) Financial plan. The financial plan describes and justifies the amount of initial (including file and capital. The plan must show that the initial capital will cover company operations administrative costs) for at least the first 2 years. The founders sign the plan and deposit it in the notary public’s custody before incorporation. of about EUR 500 + 3) Personal information from founders. VAT Companies later have the option of filing and completing registration online with the notary or in person at the One Stop Shop. If the company has opted for the "online” procedure, then notary will proceed to electronically file the documents through the online site (www.e-notariat.be), which is only accessible to notaries. The e-notariat system (e-depot project) allows notaries to electronically file the deed of incorporation with the various data banks and to obtain the enterprise number of the company. Even though the company is able to obtain the enterprise company number this way it must still visit the OSS in order to activate the number. For the notary fees, the following formula shall apply: - For the range of capital EUR 0 - 37,000 [= max EUR 37,000], the rate is 0.570% - For the range of capital EUR 37,001 – 99,000 [= max EUR 62,000], the rate is 0.399% - For the range of capital EUR 99,001 – 224,000 [= max EUR 125,000], the rate is 0.285% - For the range of capital EUR 224,001 – 534,000 [= max EUR 310,000], the rate is 0.171% - For the range of capital EUR 534,001 – 1,784,000 [= max EUR 1,250,000], the rate is 0.057% - For the range of capital EUR 1,784,001 – 3,333,500 [= max EUR 1,549,500], the rate is 0.0228% For the surplus, the rate is 0.0114%. Page 8 Doing Business 2019 Belgium 3 Register with the Register of Legal Entities and VAT at a centralized 2 days EUR 87 (registration company docket (guichet-entreprises / ondernemingsloket) and obtain a fee) + EUR 55 (VAT company number registration) Agency : One-Stop Shop Register After the filing of the deed of incorporation, the clerk's office will automatically register the company with the Register of Legal Entities, which is part of the Crossroads Bank for Enterprises. The company will be given a single identification number, the enterprise number (numéro d'entreprise, or ondernemingsnummer), which can be activated only by using a recognized one- stop shop (guichets d'entreprises or ondernemingsloketten). Based on the number of employees, the projected annual turnover, and the shareholder class (private individuals), the company will qualify as a small- or medium-size enterprise (SME) according to the meaning of the Promotion of Independent Enterprise (General Provisions) Act of February 10, 1998. For a small or medium-size enterprise, activation of the company's registration with the Crossroads Bank for Enterprises (as referred to above) will be possible only once a certificate of competence has been obtained. The person in charge of daily company management must evidence his knowledge of business management with documentary proof of education (diplomas, etc.) or practical experience. The company may request the VAT registration number either directly from the local VAT administration or through the centralized company docket, which can apply for the VAT registration number electronically (but in both cases, the VAT registration number will be granted by the VAT administration). The VAT registration and social security registration are done through a single enterprise number. The company therefore only needs to request the activation of the enterprise number as VAT registration number, if necessary for its activities. This activation can be done by the one-stop shop or directly by the VAT administration. The fee for registering a company is EUR 87 for the main business entity and EUR 87 for every additional business unit to be registered with the Crossroads Bank for Enterprises. VAT registration is (a) free of charge if done directly through the local VAT office and (b) EUR 55 (VAT excluded) if done through a one-stop shop (company docket). 4 File the "Dimona In" statements and register employees with Social Less than a day Free of charge Security (online procedure) Agency : Social Security agency Whenever a new employee is hired, employers have to file DIMONA IN declaration (Déclaration Immédiate/ Onmiddellijke Aangifte) before the emloyee starts working to notify this information the Social Security Agency. This information, together with declarations about employees leaving the company (DIMONA OUT) is used by different governmental agencies to attribute social benefits to employees. It can be done online at no cost. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Page 9 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Dealing with Construction Permits This topic tracks the procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse—including obtaining necessary the licenses and permits, submitting all required notifications, requesting and receiving all necessary inspections and obtaining utility connections. In addition, the Dealing with Construction Permits indicator measures the building quality control index, evaluating the quality of building regulations, the strength of quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional certification requirements. The most recent round of data collection was completed in May 2018. See the methodology for more information What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally build a warehouse To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the (number) construction company, the warehouse project and the utility connections are used. • Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining The construction company (BuildCo): all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and certificates - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second • Submitting all required notifications and receiving largest business city. all necessary inspections - Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has five owners, none of whom is a • Obtaining utility connections for water and legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both registered with sewerage the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is not assumed to have any other employees who are technical or licensed experts, such as geological or • Registering and selling the warehouse after its topographical experts. completion - Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse Time required to complete each procedure upon its completion. (calendar days) The warehouse: • Does not include time spent gathering - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or stationery. information - Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of • Each procedure starts on a separate day— approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each floor will be 3 though procedures that can be fully completed meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be located on a land plot of approximately online are an exception to this rule 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo, and the • Procedure is considered completed once final warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita. document is received - Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a licensed architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as obtaining further • No prior contact with officials documentation or getting prior approvals from external agencies, these are counted as procedures. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative and income per capita) regulatory requirements). • Official costs only, no bribes The water and sewerage connections: Building quality control index (0-15) - Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing water source and sewer tap. If there • Quality of building regulations (0-2) is no water delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole will be dug. If there is no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be • Quality control before construction (0-1) installed or built. • Quality control during construction (0-3) - Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an average • Quality control after construction (0-3) wastewater flow of 568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak water use of 1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and a peak wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300 • Liability and insurance regimes (0-2) gallons) a day. • Professional certifications (0-4) - Will have a constant level of water demand and wastewater flow throughout the year; will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage connection. Page 10 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Dealing with Construction Permits - Belgium Standardized Warehouse Estimated value of warehouse EUR 1,938,528.60 City Covered Brussels Indicator Belgium OECD high Best Regulatory income Performance Procedures (number) 10 12.7 None in 2017/18 Time (days) 212 153.1 None in 2017/18 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 1.5 None in 2017/18 Building quality control index (0-15) 12.0 11.5 15.0 (3 Economies) Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Belgium and comparator economies – Ranking and Score DB 2019 Dealing with Construction Permits Score 0 100 80.29: United Kingdom (Rank: 17) 79.30: France (Rank: 19) 78.16: Germany (Rank: 24) 75.42: Belgium (Rank: 38) 75.41: Regional Average (OECD high income) 69.36: Netherlands (Rank: 84) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with construction permits is determined by sorting their scores for dealing with construction permits. These scores are the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Belgium – Procedure, Time and Cost Time (days) Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 200 0.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 150 0.6 Time (days) 0.5 100 0.4 0.3 50 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 *8 9 10 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below. Page 11 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Belgium and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 15 14.0 12.0 11.5 Index score 9.5 10.0 10 9.0 5 0 Belgium France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom OECD high income Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Belgium – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Obtain a recent proof of land ownership 7 days EUR 75 Agency : Bureau de l’Enregistrement The administration must check two items: 1. That the person requesting the building permit has the right to do so. He might not necessarily be the owner of the land, but acting on behalf of the owner. 2. The applicant must submit a recent list of neighboring plots. In case of inquiry they should be able to consult the neighbors. Therefore, the cadastral extract must be recent. Although the town has access to cadastral plans, the applicant must still obtain a recent cadastral extract. It costs around 50-100 Euros and it takes a maximum of 15 days to obtain it. 2 Obtain clearance from the Fire Department 14 days EUR 880 Agency : Fire Department Some municipalities request a fire department report on the owner’s behalf. The cost to obtain this report is set in the official fee schedule published in the law: December 18, 2003 Arrêté du Gouvernement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale fixant les redevances à percevoir en contrepartie des prestations effectuées pour des missions de prévention par le Service d’Incendie et d’Aide médicale urgente de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. 3 Request building permit from the Municipality 110 days EUR 780 Agency : Municipality The building permit request must be filed with the Municipality along with drawings. In Brussels, an environmental impact report is not required for a warehouse construction similar to that in the Doing Business case study. Moreover, the building permit expires after 2 years from the date of issuance, if construction has not started within that period. The Urbanism Department has 30 days to inform the applicant that the application is not complete. After that period, the administration has another 3 months, depending on the type of construction to deliver the "permis d'urbanism." Other clearances are required such as obtaining clearance from VIVAQUA for sewage, obtaining information regarding the sewage and the depth at which the sewage pipes are located. This can take another 30 days. Contacting VIVAQUA is done by the Urbanism Department and is part of the permit request process. 4 Inform Municipality of commencement of work 1 day no charge Agency : Municipality The builder must inform the Municipality of the commencement of work by writing a certified letter 8 days prior to the start of construction. According to Art. 194/2 of the CoBAT, it is mandatory that the permit be posted on the construction site before the start of construction and throughout its entire duration. 5 Receive on-site inspection from Fire Department after construction 1 day no charge Agency : Fire Department 6 Inform Municipality of the completion of construction 1 day no charge Agency : Municipality 7 File application and receive an inspection by the Cadastre upon completion 1 day no charge of construction Agency : Administration du Cadastre Within 30 days after the warehouse is in use, BuildCo must file an application at the Cadastre for "Le Revenu Cadastral." The request is made by completing and submitting the form. An agent will visit the building and determine its value. BuildCo does not need to be present at the inspection. They inform BuildCo of the new property tax by certified mail. The value of the property is revised on an annual basis. 8 Apply for water and sewage connection 1 day no charge Agency : Hydrobru Page 12 Doing Business 2019 Belgium 9 Receive inspection for water and sewage on construction site 1 day no charge Agency : Hydrobru The site inspection occurs in about a week from the request (EUR 50.00 per site visit, which is paid when the connection is established, procedure 12). 10 Obtain water and sewage connection 75 days EUR 16,602 Agency : Hydrobru The sewage connection is assumed to be a standard connection of high-density polyethylene, 200 millimeters (7.8 inch) by 3 meters deep. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Page 13 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Belgium – Measure of Quality Answer Score Building quality control index (0-15) 12.0 Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 2.0 How accessible are building laws and regulations in your economy? (0-1) Available online; 1.0 Free of charge. Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly specified in the building List of required 1.0 regulations or on any accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) documents; Fees to be paid; Required preapprovals. Quality control before construction index (0-1) 1.0 Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in Licensed 1.0 compliance with existing building regulations? (0-1) architect; Licensed engineer. Quality control during construction index (0-3) 2.0 What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be carried out during construction? Inspections by in- 1.0 (0-2) house engineer. Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during construction? (0-1) Mandatory 1.0 inspections are always done in practice; Inspections are not mandated by law but commonly occur in practice during construction. Quality control after construction index (0-3) 3.0 Is there a final inspection required by law to verify that the building was built in accordance Yes, in-house 2.0 with the approved plans and regulations? (0-2) engineer submits report for final inspection. Do legally mandated final inspections occur in practice? (0-1) Final inspection 1.0 always occurs in practice. Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) 2.0 Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural flaws or problems in the building Architect or 1.0 once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0-1) engineer; Construction company. Which parties (if any) are required by law to obtain an insurance policy to cover possible Architect or 1.0 structural flaws or problems in the building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability Insurance engineer; or Decennial Insurance)? (0-1) Insurance is commonly taken in practice. Professional certifications index (0-4) 2.0 What are the qualification requirements for the professional responsible for verifying that the University degree 1.0 architectural plans or drawings are in compliance with existing building regulations? (0-2) in architecture or engineering; Being a registered architect or engineer. Page 14 Doing Business 2019 Belgium What are the qualification requirements for the professional who supervises the construction University degree 1.0 on the ground? (0-2) in engineering, construction or construction management; Being a registered architect or engineer. Page 15 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Getting Electricity This topic measures the procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse. Additionally, the reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index measures reliability of supply, transparency of tariffs and the price of electricity. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in May 2018. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to obtain an electricity connection To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the (number) warehouse, the electricity connection and the monthly consumption are used. • Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining The warehouse: all necessary clearances and permits - Is owned by a local entrepreneur and is used for storage of goods. • Completing all required notifications and - Is located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are receiving all necessary inspections also collected for the second largest business city. • Obtaining external installation works and possibly - Is located in an area where similar warehouses are typically located and is in an purchasing material for these works area with no physical constraints. For example, the property is not near a railway. - Is a new construction and is being connected to electricity for the first time. • Concluding any necessary supply contract and - Has two stories with a total surface area of approximately 1,300.6 square meters obtaining final supply (14,000 square feet). The plot of land on which it is built is 929 square meters Time required to complete each procedure (10,000 square feet). (calendar days) The electricity connection: • Is at least 1 calendar day - Is a permanent one with a three-phase, four-wire Y connection with a subscribed • Each procedure starts on a separate day capacity of 140-kilo-volt-ampere (kVA) with a power factor of 1, when 1 kVA = 1 kilowatt (kW). • Does not include time spent gathering information - Has a length of 150 meters. The connection is to either the low- or medium-voltage distribution network and is either overhead or underground, whichever is more • Reflects the time spent in practice, with little common in the area where the warehouse is located and requires works that involve follow-up and no prior contact with officials the crossing of a 10-meter road (such as by excavation or overhead lines) but are all carried out on public land. There is no crossing of other owners’ private property Cost required to complete each procedure (% of because the warehouse has access to a road. income per capita) - Does not require work to install the internal wiring of the warehouse. This has • Official costs only, no bribes already been completed up to and including the customer’s service panel or switchboard and the meter base. • Value added tax excluded The monthly consumption: The reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0-8) - It is assumed that the warehouse operates 30 days a month from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 • Duration and frequency of power outages (0–3) p.m. (8 hours a day), with equipment utilized at 80% of capacity on average and that there are no electricity cuts (assumed for simplicity reasons) and the monthly energy • Tools to monitor power outages (0–1) consumption is 26,880 kilowatt-hours (kWh); hourly consumption is 112 kWh. • Tools to restore power supply (0–1) - If multiple electricity suppliers exist, the warehouse is served by the cheapest supplier. • Regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance (0–1) - Tariffs effective in January of the current year are used for calculation of the price of electricity for the warehouse. Although January has 31 days, for calculation • Financial deterrents limiting outages (0–1) purposes only 30 days are used. • Transparency and accessibility of tariffs (0–1) Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour)* • Price based on monthly bill for commercial warehouse in case study *Note: Doing Business measures the price of electricity, but it is not included in the ease of doing business score nor the ranking on the ease of getting electricity. Page 16 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Getting Electricity - Belgium Standardized Connection Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) 15.8 Name of utility Sibelga City Covered Brussels Indicator Belgium OECD high Best Regulatory income Performance Procedures (number) 6 4.5 3 (25 Economies) Time (days) 201 77.2 18 (3 Economies) Cost (% of income per capita) 96.1 64.2 0.0 (3 Economies) Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8) 8 7.5 8.0 (27 Economies) Figure – Getting Electricity in Belgium and comparator economies – Ranking and Score DB 2019 Getting Electricity Score 0 100 98.79: Germany (Rank: 5) 96.45: United Kingdom (Rank: 7) 92.01: France (Rank: 14) 85.47: Regional Average (OECD high income) 81.58: Netherlands (Rank: 56) 67.31: Belgium (Rank: 112) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting electricity is determined by sorting their scores for getting electricity. These scores are the simple average of the scores for all the component indicators except the price of electricity. Page 17 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Figure – Getting Electricity in Belgium – Procedure, Time and Cost Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita) 200 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 50 150 40 Time (days) 100 30 20 50 10 0 0 1 *2 *3 4 *5 *6 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below. Figure – Getting Electricity in Belgium and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 8 8 8 8 8 8 7.5 7 6 Index score 5 4 3 2 1 0 Belgium France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom OECD high income Page 18 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Getting Electricity in Belgium – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Submit application to Sibelga and await estimate 21 calendar days EUR 648 Agency : Sibelga An application for a new electricity connection can be submitted online, by courier or by written request through postal service. An unofficial map/sketch indicating the building and public streets needs to be provided with the application. The document does not need notarization. An estimate is sent to the customer after submission of the application. 2 Conclude contract with electricity supplier 2 calendar days EUR 0 Agency : Electricity supplier The customer has to conclude a contract with a supplier. Most of the suppliers offer contracting by website (online) or by phone, and the electricity supply contract is usually concluded directly. The supplier has to register the contract in the national register for access to the network, which is done within 24 hours. 3 Receive internal wiring inspection by approved agency 1 calendar day EUR 217.39 Agency : Approved agency There is no external inspection. However, before the external connection works and the turn-on of the meter, the internal wiring of the warehouse must be inspected by an approved agency such as Vincotte or BTV. The customer has to make that request. The customer or a representative has to be present for the inspection. The certificate of compliance is obtained immediately after the inspection. 4 Accept estimate and await completion of external works by Sibelga 180 calendar days EUR 16,389 Agency : Sibelga The payment of the estimate can be done by wire transfer to a bank. The planning and execution of the external connection works can only begin after the estimate has been paid as this serves as approval of the offer. The installation of the meter is done by Sibelga and the final connections works is done by a different team within the same department. The electricity starts flowing immediately after the connection has been done if the contract between the supplier and the customer has been registered and the report of the internal inspection has been provided. 5 Purchase and install transformer 14 calendar days EUR 20,000 Agency : Electrical Contractor The electrician of the client purchases a transformer and installs it on the ground of the warehouse to be connected with the network of the utility. 6 Obtain certification of works by specialized agency 1 calendar day EUR 0 Agency : Authorized agency A representative of a specialized agency comes to the warehouse to approve the installation works of the transformer. The price of the certification is included in the price of installation of the transformer. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Page 19 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Getting Electricity in Belgium – Measure of Quality Answer Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8) 8 Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) 3 System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) 0.7 System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) 0.6 What is the minimum outage time (in minutes) that the utility considers for the calculation of SAIDI/SAIFI 3.0 Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 1 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages? Yes Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 1 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service? Yes Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 1 Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor the utility’s performance on reliability of Yes supply? Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) 1 Does the utility either pay compensation to customers or face fines by the regulator (or both) if outages Yes exceed a certain cap? Communication of tariffs and tariff changes (0-1) 1 Are effective tariffs available online? Yes Link to the website, if available online https://entreprises.m esfournisseurs.be/en ergie/gaz-electricite Are customers notified of a change in tariff ahead of the billing cycle? Yes Note: If the duration and frequency of outages is 100 or less, the economy is eligible to score on the Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index. If the duration and frequency of outages is not available, or is over 100, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. If the minimum outage time considered for SAIDI/SAIFI is over 5 minutes, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. Page 20 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Registering Property This topic examines the steps, time and cost involved in registering property, assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to purchase land and a building that is already registered and free of title dispute. In addition, the topic also measures the quality of the land administration system in each economy. The quality of land administration index has five dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in May 2018. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally transfer title on To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the immovable property (number) parties to the transaction, the property and the procedures are used. • Preregistration procedures (for example, The parties (buyer and seller): checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement, paying property transfer taxes) - Are limited liability companies (or the legal equivalent). - Are located in the periurban area of the economy’s largest business city. For 11 • Registration procedures in the economy's largest economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. business city. - Are 100% domestically and privately owned. • Postregistration procedures (for example, filling - Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals. title with municipality) - Perform general commercial activities. Time required to complete each procedure The property (fully owned by the seller): (calendar days) - Has a value of 50 times income per capita, which equals the sale price. • Does not include time spent gathering - Is fully owned by the seller. information - Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past 10 years. • Each procedure starts on a separate day - - Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes. though procedures that can be fully completed online are an exception to this rule - Is located in a periurban commercial zone, and no rezoning is required. - Consists of land and a building. The land area is 557.4 square meters (6,000 • Procedure is considered completed once final square feet). A two-story warehouse of 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) is document is received located on the land. The warehouse is 10 years old, is in good condition, has no • No prior contact with officials heating system and complies with all safety standards, building codes and legal requirements. The property, consisting of land and building, will be transferred in its Cost required to complete each procedure (% of entirety. property value) - Will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase. - Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of • Official costs only (such as administrative fees, any kind. duties and taxes). - Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits, such as for • Value Added Tax, Capital Gains Tax and illicit residential use, industrial plants, waste storage or certain types of agricultural payments are excluded activities, are required. - Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Quality of land administration index (0-30) • Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) • Transparency of information index (0–6) • Geographic coverage index (0–8) • Land dispute resolution index (0–8) • Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) Page 21 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Registering Property - Belgium Indicator Belgium OECD high Best Regulatory income Performance Procedures (number) 8 4.7 1 (4 Economies) Time (days) 56 20.1 1 (New Zealand) Cost (% of property value) 12.7 4.2 0.0 (Saudi Arabia) Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 22.5 23.0 None in 2017/18 Figure – Registering Property in Belgium and comparator economies – Ranking and Score DB 2019 Registering Property Score 0 100 80.05: Netherlands (Rank: 31) 77.17: Regional Average (OECD high income) 75.34: United Kingdom (Rank: 42) 65.70: Germany (Rank: 78) 63.33: France (Rank: 96) 51.41: Belgium (Rank: 143) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of registering property is determined by sorting their scores for registering property. These scores are the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Registering Property in Belgium – Procedure, Time and Cost Time (days) Cost (% of property value) 14 50 12 Cost (% of property value) 40 10 Time (days) 8 30 6 20 4 10 2 0 0 1 2 *3 *4 *5 *6 7 8 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below. Page 22 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Figure – Registering Property in Belgium and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 30 28.5 25.5 25 24.0 23.0 22.5 22.0 Index score 20 15 10 5 0 Belgium France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom OECD high income Details – Registering Property in Belgium – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Parties give initial sale agreement to notary 1 day Included in Procedure Agency : Notary 8 The transfer of ownership can be done by an agreement between seller and buyer. However, in order to validate the transfer of ownership vis-à-vis third parties, the initial agreement ("compromis de vente" or "verkoopsovereenkomst") needs to be notarized and registered with the mortgage register by a notary. The notary will draw up a deed and obtain all necessary documentation (see following Procedures). The notary also checks, for companies, the copy of the publication of the names of the directors in the Belgian Official Gazette. The documentation shall include: • Initial sale agreement • Proper proof of identification, or, in the case of a company, the memorandum of association/articles of incorporation/by-laws 2 Notary obtains zoning certificates from the municipality 30 days EUR 120 (included in Agency : Municipality Procedure 8) The notary obtains zoning certificate. In the Brussels-Capital Region, every request needs to be sent by registered letter to the municipality in question. The municipality is required to answer within 30 days. 3 Notary obtains excerpt from the mortgage register to verify whether certain 23 days EUR 85 (excerpt, third party rights were granted over the property and copies of the transfer included in Procedure deeds over a 30-year period 8) + EUR 50 (copies Agency : Mortgage Office (Mortgage register) of deeds, included in The notary obtains an excerpt from the mortgage register in order to verify Procedure 8) whether certain third party rights were granted over the property, e.g. through mortgages, rights to construct ("opstalrecht / droit de superficie"). A 30-year title search will be included in the documents. The notary might request a full transcription, an inscription extract or a notification extract ("kantmelding / mention marginale") of transfer deeds over a 30-year period affecting the property object to the transaction. The mortgage registry provides (i) "full transcription" of the title or of the judgment attributing the title: the date of acquisition of the full ownership or other right over the property (such as usufruct -right to use the property-, superficies-right to construct), the terms and conditions of the acquisition including the purchase price, the existence of lease contracts exceeding 9 years and information on the rights of third parties such as judgments, servitudes/easements and seizures affecting the property in question for the past 30 years and (ii) by "inscription" whether the right over the property is encumbered by a mortgage or a legal lien (beneficiary, amount, costs, term). 4 Notary obtains tax certificates relating to the seller's tax position from tax 15 days EUR 24.8 (included in administration (Inland Revenue) Procedure 8) Agency : Inland Revenue The notary obtains tax certificates relating to the seller's tax position from the Inland Revenue, the VAT authorities and the municipal tax collector relating to the seller's tax position. A request for this information can be submitted online, but the response will arrive 15 days later. If there is no answer within 12 working days, the notary can process the deed anyway, therefore assuming there are no tax issues. The only tax information which still needs to be asked by registered letter is the municipal or provincial tax information. Since April 2007, the request could be submitted online but the response would still arrive within 15 days. In addition, since April 2007 notaries have to verify at the same time the seller's social security position. The notary has to verify with every social security fund (there are +/- 15 of them). However, this process is done electronically, simultaneously with the verification of the tax position. The Procedure is integrated in the existing Procedure related to the tax position of the seller. The time needed for this verification is 15 days as well. It takes place fully electronically, just as getting the tax certificates. Page 23 Doing Business 2019 Belgium 5 Obtain a clean-soil certificate IBGE/BIM 20 days EUR 36; (EUR 36) Agency : Brussels Institute for Environmental Management (IBGE/BIM) Brussels legislation on soil clean-up (ordonnance du 5 mars 2009 relative à la gestion et à l'assainissement des sols pollués et l'arrêté du 16 fevrier 2017 du gouvernement de la région de Bruxelles-Capitale relatif à l'attestation du sol) state that a soil certificate is now required for every transfer of land. Furthermore, according to the terms of the ordonnance du 5 mars 2009 relative à la gestion et à l'assainissement des sols pollués, a soil survey must also be performed where soil pollution is suspected. The time limit is 20 days from receipt of the (valid) request to obtain a soil certificate. The seller of an immoveable good has to ask the Brussels environmental authorities (BIM) for a soil certificate (attestation du sol/bodemattest) which he has to transmit to the buyer before the conclusion of the private sale agreement (compromis de vente). For some type of lands, an expert must examine the land to check whether the soil is polluted ("reconnaissance du sol /verkennend bodemonderzoek"). On basis of the results of this survey, BIM decides whether the transfer can take place without any further measure or whether the condition of the soil requires additional measures to be taken (e.g. clean-up). If additional measures have to be taken, the transfer can nevertheless take place before the clean-up if some conditions are fulfilled. This new Act is a transposition of European legislation (article 17§2 of the Ordinance of 5 March 2009). Standard procedure usually takes 20 days, urgent procedure would take 5 days. 6 Notary obtains excerpt and plan from land register ("kadaster / cadastre") Less than one day, EUR 20 (EUR 3.15 indicating the exact land register references online per online request + Agency : Land register ("kadaster / cadastre") EUR 5.5 excerpt of Notary obtains excerpt and plan from land register ("kadaster / cadastre") the cadastral matrix indicating the exact land register references, and (i) the detailed address/location (212 AM) + EUR 11 of the property or, if the address/location is not available, (ii) the identity and address of the (assumed) owner. The transfer deed must contain the latest excerpt of the cadastral information about the property to be transferred. Notaries can now cadastral plan) verify the most updated cadastral information on that property online and print Included in Procedure the information to complete the transaction. The notary can obtain the excerpt 8 from the land register ("Matrice cadastrale") directly from the land register's database by electronic means. The official document ("Extrait cadastral") has to be requested by e-mail but is sent to the notary via regular mail. The "matrice cadastrale" provides basically the same information as the "extrait cadastral". Page 24 Doing Business 2019 Belgium 7 The notary draws up the deed based on the agreement between the parties 2 days Included in Procedure Agency : Notary 8 On the basis of the agreement between the parties, the notary will draw up a deed after obtaining the required documents. Normally, the seller and buying company enter into a private agreement (“onderhandse overeenkomst / le compromis”) in which the main contractual provisions (price, subject matter, obligations of both parties, etc) are listed. Subject to fulfillment of certain conditions precedent, if any, such agreement will transfer title to the buyer. Vis-à-vis third parties, title will pass upon registration of the deed with the mortgage register (“hypotheekkantoor / registre des hypothèques” ) referred to in the following procedure. Common conditions precedent are: waiver of pre-emption rights over the property and obtaining of consents from local authorities. Transfer of title between parties can be made subject to the registration of the deed with the mortgage registry. The documentation shall include*: Before execution of the deed, the notary will normally have obtained the following documents: Excerpt and plan from the land register (“kadaster / cadastre”) indicating the exact land register references (obtained in Procedure 2) Copies of all transfer deed over a 30-year period (obtained in Procedure 3) Zoning certificates; (obtained in Procedure 4) Tax certificates from the Inland Revenue, the VAT authorities and the municipal tax collector relating to the seller’s tax position (the same certificates will be requested with regard to the buyer company if it finances the acquisition through a mortgage backed facility agreement); (obtained in Procedure 5) Obtaining waivers of pre-emption rights and consents from local authorities, if any; Excerpt from the mortgage register in order to verify whether certain third party rights were granted over the property, e.g. mortgages, rights to construct (“opstalrecht / droit de superficie”), etc; (obtained in Procedure 3) and A 30-year title search (if the acquisition is financed through a mortgage backed facility agreement) (obtained in Procedure 3). The notary’s fees are determined by law (Arrete Royal) and the payment of the registration duties and notary fees takes place after the signature of the deed. * The new Brussels legislation on soil clean-up obliges a seller of real estate to conduct a soil survey for lands where pollution is suspected, if clean-up is deemed necessary by the Brussels environmental authorities (BIM), to perform clean-up measures prior to transferring the polluted site. Contrary to the Flemish Region (where property rights may be transferred as soon as sufficient financial guarantees are in place), the Brussels statute on soil clean-up does not allow to proceed with the transfer before the actual clean-up works have been completed. * The pre-emption rights exist in some predetermined areas of the Flemish and Brussels Region. The seller or the notary notifies the competent administration (GRONDREGIE / REGIE FONCIERE ) as soon as he receives the "compromis". These administrations then have 2 months to decide whether to exercise their pre-emption right. Some pre-emption rights also exist in the Walloon Region. The areas in Brussels where needed to obtain a waiver for preemption are specified in the website: http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/fr/citoyens/home/logement/acheter_vendre/perime tre_de_preemption.shtml The notary must register the deed at the latest four (4) months after the effective date of the initial (private) sale agreement. Since only notarial deeds can be registered, this results de facto in the obligation to draw up the deed within this time period. In case of late registration, a fine can be imposed. Page 25 Doing Business 2019 Belgium 8 The notary applies for registration with the local Registration Office (Tax 23 days EUR 246,247.48; Office) and also with the Mortgage Office (12.5% of transaction Agency : Mortgage Office (Mortgage register) price (registration fee) The notary is required to present the original deed itself to his local Registration + EUR 220 for the Office (Tax office) within 15 days after the date of execution for payment of the transcription of an stamp duties. The notary is also required to present an authentic copy of the deed to the Mortgage office for transcription within 15 days from the date of the extract of the deed at deed (this guarantees publicity vis-à-vis third parties). The mortgage register will the Mortgage Office + verify all documentation and complete the transfer in its records and send a notary fees + all due certified copy of the deed. diligence Notary fees are calculated according to the following declining and successive scale: EUR 7,500 at 4,56% EUR 10,000 at 2,85% EUR 12,500 at 2,28% EUR 15,495 at 1,71% EUR 18,600 at 1,14% EUR 186,000 at 0,57% Excess of all amounts above charged at 0,057%) Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Page 26 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Registering Property in Belgium – Measure of Quality Answer Score Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 5.0 What is the institution in charge of immovable property registration? Conservation des hypothèques In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the largest business city—in a Computer/Scann 1.0 paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? ed Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, restrictions No 0.0 and the like)? Institution in charge of the plans showing legal boundaries in the largest business city: The Cadastre at the general Administration of patrimonial Documentation (Administration générale de la Documentation patrimoniale) In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the largest business city—in a Computer/Fully 2.0 paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? digital Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing Yes 1.0 cadastral information (geographic information system)? Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the cadastral Separate 0.0 or mapping agency kept in a single database, in different but linked databases or in separate databases databases? Do the immovable property registration agency and cadastral or mapping agency use the Yes 1.0 same identification number for properties? Transparency of information index (0–6) 3.5 Who is able to obtain information on land ownership at the agency in charge of immovable Anyone who 1.0 property registration in the largest business city? pays the official fee Is the list of documents that are required to complete any type of property transaction made No 0.0 publicly available–and if so, how? Link for online access: Is the applicable fee schedule for any property transaction at the agency in charge of Yes, online 0.5 immovable property registration in the largest business city made publicly available–and if so, how? Link for online access: http://finances.bel gium.be/fr/particu liers/habitation/ac heter_vendre/ach eter_et_vendre_a vec_droits_d_enr egistrement/#q17 https://www.notai re.be/calcul-de- frais Does the agency in charge of immovable property registration commit to delivering a legally No 0.0 binding document that proves property ownership within a specific time frame–and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? Link for online access: Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that Yes 1.0 occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration? Page 27 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Contact information: http://finances.bel gium.be/fr/Conta ct/service_gestio n_des_plaintes/ Section "Documentation patrimoniale" Are there publicly available official statistics tracking the number of transactions at the No 0.0 immovable property registration agency? Number of property transfers in the largest business city in 2017: Who is able to consult maps of land plots in the largest business city? Freely accessible 0.5 by anyone Is the applicable fee schedule for accessing maps of land plots made publicly available— Yes, online 0.5 and if so, how? Link for online access: http://www.cadast re.be/Belgique/Br uxelles_Capitale/ Bruxelles Does the cadastral or mapping agency commit to delivering an updated map within a No 0.0 specific time frame—and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? Link for online access: Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that No 0.0 occurred at the cadastral or mapping agency? Contact information: Geographic coverage index (0–8) 8.0 Are all privately held land plots in the economy formally registered at the immovable property Yes 2.0 registry? Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city formally registered at the Yes 2.0 immovable property registry? Are all privately held land plots in the economy mapped? Yes 2.0 Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city mapped? Yes 2.0 Land dispute resolution index (0–8) 6.0 Does the law require that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable Yes 1.5 property registry to make them opposable to third parties? Is the system of immovable property registration subject to a state or private guarantee? Yes 0.5 Is there a specific compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties who No 0.0 engaged in good faith in a property transaction based on erroneous information certified by the immovable property registry? Does the legal system require a control of legality of the documents necessary for a property Yes 0.5 transaction (e.g., checking the compliance of contracts with requirements of the law)? If yes, who is responsible for checking the legality of the documents? Registrar; Notary; Does the legal system require verification of the identity of the parties to a property Yes 0.5 transaction? If yes, who is responsible for verifying the identity of the parties? Registrar; Notary; Is there a national database to verify the accuracy of identity documents? Yes 1.0 For a standard land dispute between two local businesses over tenure rights of a property Commercial worth 50 times gross national income (GNI) per capita and located in the largest business Court (ex article city, what court would be in charge of the case in the first instance? 573 of the Code judiciaire, 10 octobre 1967) How long does it take on average to obtain a decision from the first-instance court for such a Between 1 and 2 2.0 case (without appeal)? years Are there any statistics on the number of land disputes in the first instance? No 0.0 Page 28 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Number of land disputes in the largest business city in 2017: Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) 0.0 Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0.0 Page 29 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Getting Credit This topic explores two sets of issues—the strength of credit reporting systems and the effectiveness of collateral and bankruptcy laws in facilitating lending. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in May 2018. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit information and the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions through 2 sets of • Rights of borrowers and lenders through indicators. The depth of credit information index measures rules and practices collateral laws (0-10) affecting the coverage, scope and accessibility of credit information available • Protection of secured creditors’ rights through through a credit registry or a credit bureau. The strength of legal rights index bankruptcy laws (0-2) measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. For each economy it is first Depth of credit information index (0–8) determined whether a unitary secured transactions system exists. Then two case • Scope and accessibility of credit information scenarios, case A and case B, are used to determine how a nonpossessory security distributed by credit bureaus and credit registries interest is created, publicized and enforced according to the law. Special emphasis (0-8) is given to how the collateral registry operates (if registration of security interests is possible). The case scenarios involve a secured borrower, company ABC, and a Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) secured lender, BizBank. • Number of individuals and firms listed in largest In some economies the legal framework for secured transactions will allow only case credit bureau as a percentage of adult population A or case B (not both) to apply. Both cases examine the same set of legal provisions relating to the use of movable collateral. Credit registry coverage (% of adults) • Number of individuals and firms listed in credit Several assumptions about the secured borrower (ABC) and lender (BizBank) registry as a percentage of adult population are used: - ABC is a domestic limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). - ABC has up to 50 employees. - ABC has its headquarters and only base of operations in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. - Both ABC and BizBank are 100% domestically owned. The case scenarios also involve assumptions. In case A, as collateral for the loan, ABC grants BizBank a nonpossessory security interest in one category of movable assets, for example, its machinery or its inventory. ABC wants to keep both possession and ownership of the collateral. In economies where the law does not allow nonpossessory security interests in movable property, ABC and BizBank use a fiduciary transfer-of-title arrangement (or a similar substitute for nonpossessory security interests). In case B, ABC grants BizBank a business charge, enterprise charge, floating charge or any charge that gives BizBank a security interest over ABC’s combined movable assets (or as much of ABC’s movable assets as possible). ABC keeps ownership and possession of the assets. Page 30 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Getting Credit - Belgium Indicator Belgium OECD high Best Regulatory income Performance Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 8 6.1 12 (5 Economies) Depth of credit information index (0-8) 5 6.7 8 (42 Economies) Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 95.7 21.8 100.0 (4 Economies) Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0 65.3 100.0 (25 Economies) Figure – Getting Credit in Belgium and comparator economies – Ranking and Score DB 2019 Getting Credit Score 0 100 75.00: United Kingdom (Rank: 32) 70.00: Germany (Rank: 44) 65.00: Belgium (Rank: 60) 64.12: Regional Average (OECD high income) 50.00: France (Rank: 99) 45.00: Netherlands (Rank: 112) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting credit is determined by sorting their scores for getting credit. These scores are the sum of the scores for the strength of legal rights index and the depth of credit information index. Figure – Legal Rights in Belgium and comparator economies 8 8 7 7 6 6.1 6 Index Score 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 0 Belgium France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom OECD high income Page 31 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Legal Rights in Belgium Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 8 Does an integrated or unified legal framework for secured transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and No enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in movable assets exist in the economy? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of movable assets, without No requiring a specific description of collateral? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in substantially all of its assets, without requiring a Yes specific description of collateral? May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets, and does it extend automatically to the products, proceeds and Yes replacements of the original assets? Is a general description of debts and obligations permitted in collateral agreements; can all types of debts and obligations be Yes secured between parties; and can the collateral agreement include a maximum amount for which the assets are encumbered? Is a collateral registry in operation for both incorporated and non-incorporated entities, that is unified geographically and by Yes asset type, with an electronic database indexed by debtor's name? Does a notice-based collateral registry exist in which all functional equivalents can be registered? No Does a modern collateral registry exist in which registrations, amendments, cancellations and searches can be performed Yes online by any interested third party? Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a debtor defaults outside an insolvency Yes procedure? Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a business is liquidated? Yes Are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement when a debtor enters a court-supervised reorganization No procedure? Does the law protect secured creditors’ rights by providing clear grounds for relief from the stay and sets a time limit for it? Does the law allow parties to agree on out of court enforcement at the time a security interest is created? Does the law allow Yes the secured creditor to sell the collateral through public auction or private tender, as well as, for the secured creditor to keep the asset in satisfaction of the debt? Figure – Credit Information in Belgium and comparator economies 8 8 8 7 7 6.7 6 6 Index Score 5 5 4 3 2 1 0 Belgium France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom OECD high income Page 32 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Credit Information in Belgium Depth of credit information index (0-8) Credit Credit Score bureau registry Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? No Yes 1 Are both positive and negative credit data distributed? No No 0 Are data from retailers or utility companies - in addition to data from banks and No Yes 1 financial institutions - distributed? Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed? (Credit bureaus and registries No No 0 that distribute more than 10 years of negative data or erase data on defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0 for this component.) Are data on loan amounts below 1% of income per capita distributed? No Yes 1 By law, do borrowers have the right to access their data in the credit bureau or No Yes 1 credit registry? Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers’ credit information online No Yes 1 (for example, through an online platform, a system-to-system connection or both)? Are bureau or registry credit scores offered as a value-added service to help No No 0 banks and financial institutions assess the creditworthiness of borrowers? Total Score ("yes" to either public bureau or private registry) 5 Note: An economy receives a score of 1 if there is a "yes" to either bureau or registry. If the credit bureau or registry is not operational or covers less than 5% of the adult population, the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0. Coverage Credit bureau Credit registry Number of individuals 0 6,619,749 Number of firms 0 380,601 Total 0 7,000,350 Percentage of adult population 0 95.7 Page 33 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Protecting Minority Investors This topic measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against misuse of corporate assets by directors for their personal gain as well as shareholder rights, governance safeguards and corporate transparency requirements that reduce the risk of abuse. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in May 2018. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions • Extent of disclosure index (0–10): Review and To make the data comparable across economies, a case study uses several approval requirements for related-party assumptions about the business and the transaction. transactions; Disclosure requirements for related- party transactions The business (Buyer): • Extent of director liability index (0–10): Ability - Is a publicly traded corporation listed on the economy’s most important stock of minority shareholders to sue and hold exchange. If there are fewer than ten listed companies or if there is no stock interested directors liable for prejudicial related- exchange in the economy, it is assumed that Buyer is a large private company with party transactions; Available legal remedies multiple shareholders. (damages, disgorgement of profits, fines, - Has a board of directors and a chief executive officer (CEO) who may legally act on imprisonment, rescission of the transaction) behalf of Buyer where permitted, even if this is not specifically required by law. • Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10): - Has a supervisory board in economies with a two-tier board system on which Mr. Access to internal corporate documents; James appointed 60% of the shareholder-elected members. Evidence obtainable during trial and allocation of - Has not adopted bylaws or articles of association that go beyond the minimum legal expenses requirements. Does not follow codes, principles, recommendations or guidelines that are not mandatory. • Extent of conflict of interest regulation index - Is a manufacturing company with its own distribution network. (0–10): Simple average of the extent of disclosure, extent of director liability and ease of The transaction involves the following details: shareholder indices - Mr. James owns 60% of Buyer, sits on Buyer’s board of directors and elected two • Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10): directors to Buyer’s five-member board. Shareholders’ rights and role in major corporate - Mr. James also owns 90% of Seller, a company that operates a chain of retail decisions hardware stores. Seller recently closed a large number of its stores. - Mr. James proposes that Buyer purchase Seller’s unused fleet of trucks to expand • Extent of ownership and control index (0-10): Buyer’s distribution of its food products, a proposal to which Buyer agrees. The price Governance safeguards protecting shareholders is equal to 10% of Buyer’s assets and is higher than the market value. from undue board control and entrenchment - The proposed transaction is part of the company’s principal activity and is not • Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10): outside the authority of the company. Corporate transparency on ownership stakes, - Buyer enters into the transaction. All required approvals are obtained, and all compensation, audits and financial prospects required disclosures made—that is, the transaction was not entered into fraudulently. • Extent of shareholder governance index (0– - The transaction causes damages to Buyer. Shareholders sue Mr. James and the 10): Simple average of the extent of shareholders executives and directors that approved the transaction. rights, extent of ownership and control and extent of corporate transparency indices • Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10): Simple average of the extent of conflict of interest regulation and extent of shareholder governance indices Page 34 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Protecting Minority Investors - Belgium Indicator Belgium OECD high Best Regulatory income Performance Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8.0 6.5 10 (13 Economies) Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6.0 5.3 10 (Cambodia) Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7.0 7.3 10 (Djibouti) Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10) 5.0 6.4 10 (Kazakhstan) Extent of ownership and control index (0-10) 4.0 5.4 None in 2017/18 Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10) 7.0 7.6 10 (6 Economies) Figure – Protecting Minority Investors in Belgium and comparator economies – Ranking and Score DB 2019 Protecting Minority Investors Score 0 100 75.00: United Kingdom (Rank: 15) 66.67: France (Rank: 38) 64.21: Regional Average (OECD high income) 61.67: Belgium (Rank: 57) 58.33: Germany (Rank: 72) 58.33: Netherlands (Rank: 72) Note: The ranking of economies on the strength of minority investor protections is determined by sorting their scores for protecting minority investors. These scores are the simple average of the scores for the extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index. Figure – Protecting Minority Investors in Belgium and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Belgium 7 6 8 4 5 7 France 10 3 8 8 5 6 Germany 7 5 5 6 7 5 Netherlands 8 4 4 7 6 6 United Kingdom 8 7 10 5 7 8 OECD high income 7.4 5.5 6.5 5.2 6.3 7.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Sub-Indicator Score Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10) Extent of director liability index (0-10) Extent of disclosure index (0-10) Extent of ownership and control index (0-10) Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10) Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) Page 35 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Protecting Minority Investors in Belgium – Measure of Quality Answer Score Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0-10) 7 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8.0 Whose decision is sufficient to approve the Buyer-Seller transaction? (0-3) Board of 2.0 directors excluding interested members Must an external body review the terms of the transaction before it takes place? (0-1) Yes 1.0 Must Mr. James disclose his conflict of interest to the board of directors? (0-2) Full disclosure of 2.0 all material facts Must Buyer disclose the transaction in periodic filings (e.g. annual reports)? (0-2) Disclosure on the 2.0 transaction and on the conflict of interest Must Buyer immediately disclose the transaction to the public? (0-2) Disclosure on the 1.0 transaction only Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6.0 Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital sue for the damage the Yes 1.0 transaction caused to Buyer? (0-1) Can shareholders hold Mr. James liable for the damage the transaction caused to Buyer? (0- Liable if negligent 1.0 2) Can shareholders hold the other directors liable for the damage the transaction caused to Liable if negligent 1.0 Buyer (0-2) Must Mr. James pay damages for the harm caused to Buyer upon a successful claim by Yes 1.0 shareholders? (0-1) Must Mr. James repay profits made from the transaction upon a successful claim by Yes 1.0 shareholders? (0-1) Is Mr. James disqualified upon a successful claim by shareholders? (0-1) No 0.0 Can a court void the transaction upon a successful claim by shareholders? (0-2) Voidable if 1.0 negligently concluded Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7.0 Before suing, can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital inspect the Yes 1.0 transaction documents? (0-1) Can the plaintiff obtain any documents from the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-3) Any relevant 3.0 document Can the plaintiff request categories of documents from the defendant without identifying Yes 1.0 specific ones? (0-1) Can the plaintiff directly question the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-2) No 0.0 Is the level of proof required for civil suits lower than that of criminal cases? (0-1) Yes 1.0 Can shareholder plaintiffs recover their legal expenses from the company? (0-2) Yes if successful 1.0 Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 5.3 Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10) 5.0 Does the sale of 51% of Buyer's assets require shareholder approval? No 0.0 Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital call for a meeting of No 0.0 shareholders? Must Buyer obtain its shareholders’ approval every time it issues new shares? Yes 1.0 Page 36 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Do shareholders automatically receive preemption rights every time Buyer issues new Yes 1.0 shares? Must shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the external auditor? Yes 1.0 Are changes to the rights of a class of shares only possible if the holders of the affected Yes 1.0 shares approve? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, does the sale of 51% of its assets require No 0.0 member approval? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members representing 10% call for a No 0.0 meeting of members? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must all or almost all members consent to add a Yes 1.0 new member? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a member first offer to sell their interest to No 0.0 the existing members before they can sell to non-members? Extent of ownership and control index (0-10) 4.0 Is it forbidden to appoint the same individual as CEO and chairperson of the board of No 0.0 directors? Must the board of directors include independent and nonexecutive board members? No 0.0 Can shareholders remove members of the board of directors without cause before the end Yes 1.0 of their term? Must the board of directors include a separate audit committee exclusively comprising board Yes 1.0 members? Must a potential acquirer make a tender offer to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% of Yes 1.0 Buyer? Must Buyer pay declared dividends within a maximum period set by law? No 0.0 Is a subsidiary prohibited from acquiring shares issued by its parent company? No 0.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer have a mechanism to resolve Yes 1.0 disagreements among members? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a potential acquirer make a tender offer to No 0.0 all shareholders upon acquiring 50% of Buyer? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer distribute profits within a maximum No 0.0 period set by law? Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10) 7.0 Must Buyer disclose direct and indirect beneficial ownership stakes representing 5%? Yes 1.0 Must Buyer disclose information about board members’ primary employment and No 0.0 directorships in other companies? Must Buyer disclose the compensation of individual managers? Yes 1.0 Must a detailed notice of general meeting be sent 21 days before the meeting? Yes 1.0 Can shareholders representing 5% of Buyer’s share capital put items on the general meeting Yes 1.0 agenda? Must Buyer's annual financial statements be audited by an external auditor? Yes 1.0 Must Buyer disclose its audit reports to the public? Yes 1.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must members meet at least once a year? Yes 1.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members representing 5% put items on the No 0.0 meeting agenda? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer's annual financial statements be No 0.0 audited by an external auditor? Page 37 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Paying Taxes This topic records the taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium-size company must pay or withhold in a given year, as well as the administrative burden of paying taxes and contributions and complying with postfiling procedures (VAT refund and tax audit). The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in May 2018 covering for the Paying Taxes indicator calendar year 2017 (January 1, 2017 – December 31, 2017). See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Tax payments for a manufacturing company in Using a case scenario, Doing Business records taxes and mandatory contributions a 2017 (number per year adjusted for electronic medium size company must pay in a year, and measures the administrative burden and joint filing and payment) of paying taxes, contributions and dealing with postfiling processes. Information is also compiled on frequency of filing and payments, time taken to comply with tax • Total number of taxes and contributions paid or laws, time taken to comply with the requirements of postfiling processes and time withheld, including consumption taxes (value waiting. added tax, sales tax or goods and service tax) • Method and frequency of filing and payment To make data comparable across economies, several assumptions are used: - TaxpayerCo is a medium-size business that started operations on January 1, 2016. Time required to comply with 3 major taxes It produces ceramic flowerpots and sells them at retail. All taxes and contributions (hours per year) recorded are paid in the second year of operation (calendar year 2017). Taxes and mandatory contributions are measured at all levels of government. • Collecting information, computing tax payable • Preparing separate tax accounting books, if The VAT refund process: required - In June 2017, TaxpayerCo. makes a large capital purchase: the value of the • Completing tax return, filing with agencies machine is 65 times income per capita of the economy. Sales are equally spread per month (1,050 times income per capita divided by 12) and cost of goods sold are • Arranging payment or withholding equally expensed per month (875 times income per capita divided by 12). The machinery seller is registered for VAT and excess input VAT incurred in June will be Total tax and contribution rate (% of commercial fully recovered after four consecutive months if the VAT rate is the same for inputs, profits) sales and the machine and the tax reporting period is every month. Input VAT will • Profit or corporate income tax exceed Output VAT in June 2017. • Social contributions, labor taxes paid by The corporate income tax audit process: employer - An error in calculation of income tax liability (for example, use of incorrect tax • Property and property transfer taxes depreciation rates, or incorrectly treating an expense as tax deductible) leads to an incorrect income tax return and a corporate income tax underpayment. TaxpayerCo. • Dividend, capital gains, financial transactions discovered the error and voluntarily notified the tax authority. The value of the taxes underpaid income tax liability is 5% of the corporate income tax liability • Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes due. TaxpayerCo. submits corrected information after the deadline for submitting the annual tax return, but within the tax assessment period. Postfiling Index • Time to comply with a VAT refund (hours) • Time to obtain a VAT refund (weeks) • Time to comply with a corporate income tax correction (hours) • Time to complete a corporate income tax correction (weeks) Page 38 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Paying Taxes - Belgium Indicator Belgium OECD high Best Regulatory income Performance Payments (number per year) 11 11.2 3 (Hong Kong SAR, China) Time (hours per year) 136 159.4 49 (Singapore) Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 57.7 39.8 26.1% (32 Economies) Postfiling index (0-100) 83.45 84.41 None in 2017/18 Figure – Paying Taxes in Belgium and comparator economies – Ranking and Score DB 2019 Paying Taxes Score 0 100 87.58: Netherlands (Rank: 21) 87.14: United Kingdom (Rank: 23) 83.32: Regional Average (OECD high income) 82.11: Germany (Rank: 43) 79.31: France (Rank: 55) 77.48: Belgium (Rank: 60) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of paying taxes is determined by sorting their scores for paying taxes. These scores are the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators, with a threshold and a nonlinear transformation applied to one of the component indicators, the total tax and contribution rate. The threshold is defined as the total tax and contribution rate at the 15th percentile of the overall distribution for all years included in the analysis up to and including Doing Business 2015, which is 26.1%. All economies with a total tax and contribution rate below this threshold receive the same score as the economy at the threshold. Figure – Paying Taxes in Belgium and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 97.67 100 92.40 91.95 83.45 84.41 80 71.00 Index score 60 40 20 0 Belgium France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom OECD high income Page 39 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Paying Taxes in Belgium Tax or Payments Notes on Time Statutory Tax base Total tax Notes on mandatory (number) Payments (hours) tax rate and TTCR contribution contribution rate (% of profit) Social 1.0 online 40.0 varies gross salaries 46.18 security contributions Corporate 1.0 online 21.0 33.99% taxable profit 10.86 income tax Tax on 0.0 30% interest 0.77 included in interest income other taxes Property tax 1.0 EUR 9,000 fixed fee 0.44 depending on cadastral revenue Transport tax 1.0 EUR 1,500 fixed fee 0.07 Municipal tax 1.0 EUR 750 fixed fee 0.04 Provincial tax 1.0 EUR 750 fixed fee 0.04 Regional tax 1.0 EUR 600 fixed fee 0.03 Stamp duty 1.0 EUR 7.5 per 0.00 small amount page Employee 0.0 13.07% gross salaries 0.00 withheld paid - Social security contributions Employer 1.0 online varies 108% of 0.00 holiday social gross salaries security contributions (workers) Fuel tax 1.0 included in 0.00 small amount the fuel price Value added 1.0 online 75.0 21% value added 0.00 not included tax (VAT) Totals 11 136 57.7 Page 40 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Paying Taxes in Belgium – Tax by Type Taxes by type Answer Profit tax (% of profit) 10.9 Labor tax and contributions (% of profit) 46.2 Other taxes (% of profit) 0.6 Page 41 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Paying Taxes in Belgium – Measure of Quality Answer Score Postfiling index (0-100) 83.45 VAT refunds Does VAT exist? Yes Does a VAT refund process exist per the case study? Yes Restrictions on VAT refund process None Percentage of cases exposed to a VAT audit (%) 50% - 74% Is there a mandatory carry forward period? No Time to comply with VAT refund (hours) 5.0 90 Time to obtain a VAT refund (weeks) 28.5 51.16 Corporate income tax audits Does corporate income tax exist? Yes Percentage of cases exposed to a corporate income tax audit (%) 0% - 24% Time to comply with a corporate income tax correction (hours) 5.5 92.66 Time to complete a corporate income tax correction (weeks) No tax audit per 100 case study scenario Notes: Names of taxes have been standardized. For instance income tax, profit tax, tax on company's income are all named corporate income tax in this table. The hours for VAT include all the VAT and sales taxes applicable. The hours for Social Security include all the hours for labor taxes and mandatory contributions in general. The postfiling index is the average of the scores on time to comply with VAT refund, time to obtain a VAT refund, time to comply with a corporate income tax correction and time to complete a corporate income tax correction. N/A = Not applicable. Page 42 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Trading across Borders Doing Business records the time and cost associated with the logistical process of exporting and importing goods. Doing Business measures the time and cost (excluding tariffs) associated with three sets of procedures—documentary compliance, border compliance and domestic transport—within the overall process of exporting or importing a shipment of goods. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in May 2018. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Documentary compliance To make the data comparable across economies, a few assumptions are made about the traded goods and the transactions: • Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents during transport, clearance, inspections and port Time: Time is measured in hours, and 1 day is 24 hours (for example, 22 days are or border handling in origin economy recorded as 22×24=528 hours). If customs clearance takes 7.5 hours, the data are • Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents recorded as is. Alternatively, suppose documents are submitted to a customs agency required by destination economy and any transit at 8:00a.m., are processed overnight and can be picked up at 8:00a.m. the next day. economies The time for customs clearance would be recorded as 24 hours because the actual procedure took 24 hours. • Covers all documents required by law and in practice, including electronic submissions of Cost: Insurance cost and informal payments for which no receipt is issued are information excluded from the costs recorded. Costs are reported in U.S. dollars. Contributors Border compliance are asked to convert local currency into U.S. dollars based on the exchange rate prevailing on the day they answer the questionnaire. Contributors are private sector • Customs clearance and inspections experts in international trade logistics and are informed about exchange rates. • Inspections by other agencies (if applied to more Assumptions of the case study: than 20% of shipments) - For all 190 economies covered by Doing Business, it is assumed a shipment is in a • Handling and inspections that take place at the warehouse in the largest business city of the exporting economy and travels to a economy’s port or border warehouse in the largest business city of the importing economy. - It is assumed each economy imports 15 metric tons of containerized auto parts (HS Domestic transport 8708) from its natural import partner—the economy from which it imports the largest • Loading or unloading of the shipment at the value (price times quantity) of auto parts. It is assumed each economy exports the warehouse or port/border product of its comparative advantage (defined by the largest export value) to its natural export partner—the economy that is the largest purchaser of this product. • Transport between warehouse and port/border Shipment value is assumed to be $50,000. • Traffic delays and road police checks while - The mode of transport is the one most widely used for the chosen export or import shipment is en route product and the trading partner, as is the seaport or land border crossing. - All electronic information submissions requested by any government agency in connection with the shipment are considered to be documents obtained, prepared and submitted during the export or import process. - A port or border is a place (seaport or land border crossing) where merchandise can enter or leave an economy. - Relevant government agencies include customs, port authorities, road police, border guards, standardization agencies, ministries or departments of agriculture or industry, national security agencies and any other government authorities. Page 43 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Trading across Borders - Belgium Indicator Belgium OECD high Best Regulatory income Performance Time to export: Border compliance (hours) 0 12.5 1 (19 Economies) Cost to export: Border compliance (USD) 0 139.1 0 (19 Economies) Time to export: Documentary compliance (hours) 1 2.4 1 (26 Economies) Cost to export: Documentary compliance (USD) 0 35.2 0 (20 Economies) Time to import: Border compliance (hours) 0 8.5 0 (25 Economies) Cost to import: Border compliance (USD) 0 100.2 0 (28 Economies) Time to import: Documentary compliance (hours) 1 3.4 1 (30 Economies) Cost to import: Documentary compliance (USD) 0 24.9 0 (30 Economies) Figure – Trading across Borders in Belgium and comparator economies – Ranking and Score DB 2019 Trading Across Borders Score 0 100 94.21: Regional Average (OECD high income) 93.76: United Kingdom (Rank: 30) 91.77: Germany (Rank: 40) 100.00: Belgium (Rank: 1) 100.00: France (Rank: 1) 100.00: Netherlands (Rank: 1) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of trading across borders is determined by sorting their scores for trading across borders. These scores are the simple average of the scores for the time and cost for documentary compliance and border compliance to export and import. Figure – Trading across Borders in Belgium – Time and Cost Time (hours) Cost (USD) 1.2 1.2 1 1 1 1 Time (hours) Cost (USD) 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Export Export Import Import - - - - Border Documentary Border Documentary Compliance Compliance Compliance Compliance Page 44 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Trading across Borders in Belgium Characteristics Export Import Product HS 87 : Vehicles other than railway or HS 8708: Parts and accessories of motor tramway rolling-stock, and parts and vehicles accessories thereof Trade partner Germany Germany Border Belgium-Germany border crossing Belgium-Germany border crossing Distance (km) 125 125 Domestic transport time (hours) 2 2 Domestic transport cost (USD) 265 265 Details – Trading across Borders in Belgium – Components of Border Compliance Time to Complete (hours) Associated Costs (USD) Export: Clearance and inspections required 0.0 0.0 by customs authorities Export: Clearance and inspections required 0.0 0.0 by agencies other than customs Export: Port or border handling 0.0 0.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required 0.0 0.0 by customs authorities Import: Clearance and inspections required 0.0 0.0 by agencies other than customs Import: Port or border handling 0.0 0.0 Page 45 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Trading across Borders in Belgium – Trade Documents Export Import Commercial Invoice Commercial Invoice Packing List CMR waybill CMR Waybill Packing list Intrastat Intrastat Page 46 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Enforcing Contracts The enforcing contracts indicator measures the time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local first-instance court, and the quality of judicial processes index, evaluating whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices that promote quality and efficiency in the court system. The most recent round of data collection was completed in May 2018. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to enforce a contract through the The dispute in the case study involves the breach of a sales contract between 2 courts (calendar days) domestic businesses. The case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute. This distinguishes the case from simple debt • Time to file and serve the case enforcement. • Time for trial and to obtain the judgment To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses several • Time to enforce the judgment assumptions about the case: Cost required to enforce a contract through the - The dispute concerns a lawful transaction between two businesses (Seller and courts (% of claim) Buyer), both located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. • Attorney fees - The buyer orders custom-made goods, then fails to pay alleging that the goods are • Court fees not of adequate quality. - The value of the dispute is 200% of the income per capita or the equivalent in local • Enforcement fees currency of USD 5,000, whichever is greater. - The seller sues the buyer before the court with jurisdiction over commercial cases Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) worth 200% of income per capita or $5,000. • Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) - The seller requests the pretrial attachment of the defendant’s movable assets to secure the claim. • Case management (0-6) - The dispute on the quality of the goods requires an expert opinion. • Court automation (0-4) - The judge decides in favor of the seller; there is no appeal. - The seller enforces the judgment through a public sale of the buyer’s movable • Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) assets. Page 47 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Enforcing Contracts - Belgium Standardized Case Claim value EUR 73,703 Court name Brussels Commercial Court City Covered Brussels Indicator Belgium OECD high Best Regulatory income Performance Time (days) 505 582.4 None in 2017/18 Cost (% of claim value) 18.0 21.2 None in 2017/18 Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 8.0 11.5 None in 2017/18 Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Belgium and comparator economies – Ranking and Score DB 2019 Enforcing Contracts Score 0 100 74.89: France (Rank: 12) 70.39: Germany (Rank: 26) 68.69: United Kingdom (Rank: 32) 67.65: Regional Average (OECD high income) 64.25: Belgium (Rank: 54) 59.94: Netherlands (Rank: 74) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of enforcing contracts is determined by sorting their scores for enforcing contracts. These scores are the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Belgium – Time and Cost Time (days) Cost (% of claim value) 700 45.7 50 Cost (% of claim value) 600 582.4 505 499 514 40 500 Time (days) 437 395 30 400 23.9 21.2 300 18.0 17.4 20 14.4 200 10 100 0 0 Belgium France Germany Netherlands OECD United high Kingdom income Page 48 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Belgium and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Belgium 2.5 1 0 4.5 France 2.5 3 2 4.5 Germany 3 1.5 1.5 4.5 Netherlands 1.5 0.5 2 3 United Kingdom 2 5 3.5 4.5 OECD high income 2.5 3.1 2.3 3.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Sub-Indicator Score Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) Case management (0-6) Court automation (0-4) Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) Details – Enforcing Contracts in Belgium Indicator Time (days) 505 Filing and service 15 Trial and judgment 400 Enforcement of judgment 90 Cost (% of claim value) 18.0 Attorney fees 10 Court fees 5 Enforcement fees 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 8.0 Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) 4.5 Case management (0-6) 1.0 Court automation (0-4) 0.0 Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.5 Page 49 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Enforcing Contracts in Belgium – Measure of Quality Answer Score Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 8.0 Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) 4.5 1. Is there a court or division of a court dedicated solely to hearing commercial cases? Yes 1.5 2. Small claims court 1.5 2.a. Is there a small claims court or a fast-track procedure for small claims? Yes 2.b. If yes, is self-representation allowed? Yes 3. Is pretrial attachment available? Yes 1.0 4. Are new cases assigned randomly to judges? Yes, but manual 0.5 5. Does a woman's testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man's? Yes 0.0 Case management (0-6) 1.0 1. Time standards 0.0 1.a. Are there laws setting overall time standards for key court events in a civil Yes case? 1.b. If yes, are the time standards set for at least three court events? No 1.c. Are these time standards respected in more than 50% of cases? Yes 2. Adjournments 0.0 2.a. Does the law regulate the maximum number of adjournments that can be No granted? 2.b. Are adjournments limited to unforeseen and exceptional circumstances? No 2.c. If rules on adjournments exist, are they respected in more than 50% of cases? n.a. 3. Can two of the following four reports be generated about the competent court: (i) time to Yes 1.0 disposition report; (ii) clearance rate report; (iii) age of pending cases report; and (iv) single case progress report? 4. Is a pretrial conference among the case management techniques used before the No 0.0 competent court? 5. Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the competent court for No 0.0 use by judges? 6. Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the competent court for No 0.0 use by lawyers? Court automation (0-4) 0.0 1. Can the initial complaint be filed electronically through a dedicated platform within the no 0.0 competent court? 2. Is it possible to carry out service of process electronically for claims filed before the No 0.0 competent court? 3. Can court fees be paid electronically within the competent court? No 0.0 4. Publication of judgments 0.0 4.a Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at all levels made available to the No general public through publication in official gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? 4.b. Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at the appellate and supreme No court level made available to the general public through publication in official gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.5 1. Arbitration 1.5 Page 50 Doing Business 2019 Belgium 1.a. Is domestic commercial arbitration governed by a consolidated law or Yes consolidated chapter or section of the applicable code of civil procedure encompassing substantially all its aspects? 1.b. Are there any commercial disputes—aside from those that deal with public No order or public policy—that cannot be submitted to arbitration? 1.c. Are valid arbitration clauses or agreements usually enforced by the courts? Yes 2. Mediation/Conciliation 1.0 2.a. Is voluntary mediation or conciliation available? Yes 2.b. Are mediation, conciliation or both governed by a consolidated law or Yes consolidated chapter or section of the applicable code of civil procedure encompassing substantially all their aspects? 2.c. Are there financial incentives for parties to attempt mediation or conciliation No (i.e., if mediation or conciliation is successful, a refund of court filing fees, income tax credits or the like)? Page 51 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Resolving Insolvency Doing Business studies the time, cost and outcome of insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal entities. These variables are used to calculate the recovery rate, which is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. To determine the present value of the amount recovered by creditors, Doing Business uses the lending rates from the International Monetary Fund, supplemented with data from central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit. The most recent round of data collection was completed in May 2018. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to recover debt (years) To make the data on the time, cost and outcome comparable across economies, several assumptions about the business and the case are used: • Measured in calendar years • Appeals and requests for extension are included - A hotel located in the largest city (or cities) has 201 employees and 50 suppliers. The hotel experiences financial difficulties. Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s - The value of the hotel is 100% of the income per capita or the equivalent in local estate) currency of USD 200,000, whichever is greater. - The hotel has a loan from a domestic bank, secured by a mortgage over the hotel’s • Measured as percentage of estate value real estate. The hotel cannot pay back the loan, but makes enough money to • Court fees operate otherwise. • Fees of insolvency administrators In addition, Doing Business evaluates the quality of legal framework applicable to • Lawyers’ fees judicial liquidation and reorganization proceedings and the extent to which best • Assessors’ and auctioneers’ fees insolvency practices have been implemented in each economy covered. • Other related fees Outcome • Whether business continues operating as a going concern or business assets are sold piecemeal Recovery rate for creditors • Measures the cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors • Outcome for the business (survival or not) determines the maximum value that can be recovered • Official costs of the insolvency proceedings are deducted • Depreciation of furniture is taken into account • Present value of debt recovered Strength of insolvency framework index (0- 16) • Sum of the scores of four component indices: • Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) • Management of debtor’s assets index (0-6) • Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) • Creditor participation index (0-4) Page 52 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Resolving Insolvency - Belgium Indicator Belgium OECD high Best Regulatory income Performance Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 89.1 70.5 None in 2017/18 Time (years) 0.9 1.7 0.4 (Ireland) Cost (% of estate) 3.5 9.3 1.0 (Norway) Outcome (0 as piecemeal sale and 1 as going concern) 1 .. .. Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 11.5 11.9 None in 2017/18 Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Belgium and comparator economies – Ranking and Score DB 2019 Resolving Insolvency Score 0 100 90.12: Germany (Rank: 4) 84.28: Netherlands (Rank: 7) 83.88: Belgium (Rank: 8) 80.27: United Kingdom (Rank: 14) 75.21: Regional Average (OECD high income) 74.08: France (Rank: 28) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of resolving insolvency is determined by sorting their scores for resolving insolvency. These scores are the simple average of the scores for the recovery rate and the strength of insolvency framework index. Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Belgium – Time and Cost Time (years) Cost (% of estate) 2 1.9 9.3 10 9.0 1.7 8.0 Cost (% of estate) 8 1.5 Time (years) 1.2 6.0 1.1 6 1.0 1 0.9 3.5 3.5 4 0.5 2 0 0 Belgium France Germany Netherlands OECD United high Kingdom income Page 53 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Belgium and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Belgium 6 2.5 2 1 France 6 3 1 1 Germany 6 3 3 3 Netherlands 6 2.5 2 1 United Kingdom 5 3 2 1 OECD high income 5.3 2.8 2.2 1.9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Sub-Indicator Score Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) Creditor participation index (0-4) Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) Note: Even if the economy’s legal framework includes provisions related to insolvency proceedings (liquidation or reorganization), the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost and outcome indicators are recorded as “no practice.” Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Belgium and comparator economies – Recovery Rate Recovery rate(cents on the dollar) 100 89.1 89.8 85.3 80.4 80 73.8 70.5 60 40 20 0 Belgium France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom OECD high income Page 54 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Resolving Insolvency in Belgium Indicator Answer Score Proceeding reorganization Mirage's management is obligated to commence insolvency proceedings within 1 month from the moment Mirage stops paying its debts (art. 9 of the Bankruptcy Law). Mirage's management will request judicial reorganization, because it wants to keep the company operating. This will allow Mirage's directors to remain in charge of the business during the proceedings and to continue operations and preserve employment. Once request for judicial reorganization is made, all enforcement proceedings will be stayed for 6 months. If necessary, the moratorium period may be extended by court decision to up to 12 months in total. During that time, Mirage will prepare and present a reorganization plan that will then need to be approved by a majority of the creditors representing more than 50% of the outstanding undisputed claims. If approved by the creditors and the Commercial Court, the reorganization plan will be binding on all creditors. The reorganization plan may involve the reduction and/or postponement of the claim of unsecured creditors. With respect to the secured creditor, the reorganization plan cannot provide for a reduction of its claim. However, it can provide for the suspension, without its express consent, of its rights (with regard to the principal amount) for a period of up to 24 months from the filing date of the petition, which period can be extended once for 12 months under certain conditions, without prejudice to the right of these creditors to receive interest on their claims. No other measures can be provided for in the reorganization plan without the secured creditors' express consent. If it is not possible to reach an agreement on the reorganization plan, it is always possible to convert the proceedings into a different reorganization scenario, being the court supervised transfer of the business in going concern. A reorganization with transfer of the business implies that the current owners and managers lose their business unless they are involved in the NewCo acquiring the business. Outcome going concern In case of successful reorganization, the hotel will continue operating. Once the reorganization plan is adopted and confirmed by the Commercial Court, Mirage's management will be able to continue operating the business as long as they satisfy their obligations under the plan. If the hotel is sold within the framework of a transfer of the business, it will continue operating in a new vehicle. Time (in years) 0.9 Mirage's management will file a request for initiation of judicial reorganization. Then a hearing before the Brussels Commercial Court will be held within 14 days of the application being made (article 24 of the Continuity Act). Within 8 days following the first hearing, the Commercial Court will decide on the opening of the reorganization proceedings and the duration of the moratorium period. The initial moratorium period may last maximum for 6 months and can be extended by court decision for another 6 months period. Except for very specific circumstances, it cannot be further extended. During the moratorium period, the debtor will draw up a list of all claims and securities in relation to those claims and submit it to the creditors within 14 days from the date when the moratorium is grated. Creditors review the information and, if there is any disagreement, it must be resolved in court. Within the said moratorium period, the reorganization plan must be approved by the creditors and, subsequently, by the Commercial Court. To be approved, the plan must be accepted by at least 50% of the debtors who, collectively, represent at least 50% of the total undisputed claims (in principal). If it is approved, the Commercial Court will sanction the approval. The moratorium period will lapse and the plan will enter into force. The term of the reorganization plan may not exceed five years as from its ratification by the court. Cost (% of 3.5 Major expenses will include attorneys' fees (1.5%), remuneration of other professionals involved in estate) the proceedings, such as accountants and assessors (1.6%), and court fees (0.4%). Recovery rate 89.1 (cents on the dollar) Page 55 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Details – Resolving Insolvency in Belgium – Measure of Quality Answer Score Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 11.5 Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) 2.5 What procedures are available to a DEBTOR when commencing insolvency proceedings? (a) Debtor may 1.0 file for both liquidation and reorganization Does the insolvency framework allow a CREDITOR to file for insolvency of the debtor? (b) Yes, but a 0.5 creditor may file for liquidation only What basis for commencement of the insolvency proceedings is allowed under the (a) Debtor is 1.0 insolvency framework? generally unable to pay its debts as they mature Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) 6.0 Does the insolvency framework allow the continuation of contracts supplying essential goods Yes 1.0 and services to the debtor? Does the insolvency framework allow the rejection by the debtor of overly burdensome Yes 1.0 contracts? Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of preferential transactions? Yes 1.0 Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of undervalued transactions? Yes 1.0 Does the insolvency framework provide for the possibility of the debtor obtaining credit after Yes 1.0 commencement of insolvency proceedings? Does the insolvency framework assign priority to post-commencement credit? (b) Yes over 1.0 ordinary unsecured creditors but not over secured creditors Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) 1.0 Which creditors vote on the proposed reorganization plan? (b) Only creditors 1.0 whose rights are affected by the proposed plan Does the insolvency framework require that dissenting creditors in reorganization receive at No 0.0 least as much as what they would obtain in a liquidation? Are the creditors divided into classes for the purposes of voting on the reorganization plan, No 0.0 does each class vote separately and are creditors in the same class treated equally? Creditor participation index (0-4) 2.0 Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for selection or No 0.0 appointment of the insolvency representative? Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for sale of substantial No 0.0 assets of the debtor? Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to request information Yes 1.0 from the insolvency representative? Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to object to decisions Yes 1.0 accepting or rejecting creditors' claims? Note: Even if the economy’s legal framework includes provisions related to insolvency proceedings (liquidation or reorganization), the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost and outcome indicators are recorded as “no practice.” Page 56 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Labor Market Regulation Doing Business presents detailed data for the labor market regulation indicators on the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). The report does not present rankings of economies on these indicators or include the topic in the aggregate ease of doing business score or ranking on the ease of doing business. The most recent round of data collection was completed in May 2018. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Hiring To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the (i) whether fixed-term contracts are prohibited for worker and the business are used. permanent tasks; (ii) maximum cumulative duration of fixed-term contracts; (iii) length of the The worker: probationary period; (iv) minimum wage. - Is a cashier in a supermarket or grocery store, age 19, with one year of work experience. Working hours - Is a full-time employee. (i) maximum number of working days allowed per - Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory. week; (ii) premiums for work: at night, on a weekly rest day and overtime; (iii) whether there are The business: restrictions on work at night, work on a weekly rest - Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy). day and for overtime work; (iv) whether - Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy’s largest business city. nonpregnant and nonnursing women can work For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. same night hours as men; (v) length of paid annual - Has 60 employees. leave. - Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if such agreements cover more than 50% of the food retail sector and they apply even to firms that are not party to them. Redundancy rules - Abides by every law and regulation but does not grant workers more benefits than (i) whether redundancy can be basis for terminating those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) collective bargaining workers; (ii) whether employer needs to notify agreements. and/or get approval from third party to terminate 1 redundant worker and a group of 9 redundant workers; (iii) whether law requires employer to reassign or retrain a worker before making worker redundant; (iv) whether priority rules apply for redundancies and reemployment. Redundancy cost (i) notice period for redundancy dismissal; (ii) severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker. Job quality (i) whether law mandates equal remuneration for work of equal value and nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring; (ii) whether law mandates paid or unpaid maternity leave; (iii) length of paid maternity leave; (iv) whether employees on maternity leave receive 100% of wages; (v) availability of five fully paid days of sick leave a year; (vi) eligibility requirements for unemployment protection. Page 57 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Labor Market Regulation - Belgium Details – Labor Market Regulation in Belgium Answer Hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months) No limit Maximum length of fixed-term contracts, including renewals (months) No limit Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study (US$/month) 2186.7 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0.4 Maximum length of probationary period (months) 0.0 Working hours Standard workday 7.6 Maximum number of working days per week 6.0 Premium for night work (% of hourly pay) 0.0 Premium for work on weekly rest day (% of hourly pay) 0.0 Premium for overtime work (% of hourly pay) 50.0 Restrictions on night work? Yes Whether nonpregnant and nonnursing women can work the same night hours as men Yes Restrictions on weekly holiday? Yes Restrictions on overtime work? No Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (working days) 20.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (working days) 20.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure (working days) 20.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in working days) 20.0 Redundancy rules Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Third-party notification if one worker is dismissed? No Third-party approval if one worker is dismissed? No Third-party notification if nine workers are dismissed? No Third-party approval if nine workers are dismissed? No Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies? No Priority rules for reemployment? No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 8.0 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 18.0 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 33.0 Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 19.7 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 0.0 Page 58 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 0.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 0.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 0.0 Job quality Equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Gender nondiscrimination in hiring? Yes Paid or unpaid maternity leave mandated by law? Yes Minimum length of maternity leave (calendar days)? 105.0 Receive 100% of wages on maternity leave? No Five fully paid days of sick leave a year? Yes Unemployment protection after one year of employment? No Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection (months)? 14.4 Page 59 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Business Reforms in Belgium In the past year, Doing Business observed a peaking of reform activity worldwide. From June 2, 2017, to May 1, 2018, 128 economies implemented a record 314 regulatory reforms improving the business climate. Reforms inspired by Doing Business have been implemented by economies in all regions. The following are reforms implemented since Doing Business 2008. = Doing Business reform making it easier to do business. = Change making it more difficult to do business. DB2019 Getting Credit: Belgium strengthened access to credit by implementing a new Pledge Law which allowed security interest to automatically attach to the proceeds of the original asset, and out of court enforcement of the security interest. Belgium also established a unified and modern collateral registry. Resolving Insolvency: Belgium made resolving insolvency easier by streamlining the insolvency framework, expanding the scope of the law and introducing new preventive measures. DB2018 Paying Taxes: Belgium made paying taxes less costly by reducing the social security contributions rates paid by employers. DB2016 Registering Property: Belgium made transferring property easier by introducing electronic property registration. DB2015 Resolving Insolvency: Belgium made resolving insolvency more difficult by establishing additional requirements for commencing reorganization proceedings, including the submission of documents verified by external parties. Labor Market Regulation: Belgium increased the notice period for redundancy dismissals. DB2012 Registering Property: Belgium made property registration quicker for entrepreneurs by setting time limits and implementing its “e- notariat” system. Trading across Borders: Belgium made trading across borders faster by improving its risk-based profiling system for imports. Labor Market Regulation: Belgium increased the severance payment obligation. DB2011 Registering Property: Belgium’s capital city, Brussels, made it more difficult to transfer property by requiring a clean-soil certificate. Resolving Insolvency: Belgium introduced a new law that will promote and facilitate the survival of viable businesses experiencing financial difficulties. DB2010 Registering Property: Belgium made transferring property easier by setting statutory time limits for some procedures. Paying Taxes: Belgium made paying taxes easier for companies by making electronic filing mandatory for medium-size businesses. DB2009 Enforcing Contracts: Belgium improved the process for enforcing contracts by establishing as a standard procedure the setting of binding time limits for the submission of written pleadings and by tightening deadlines for the delivery of expert opinions. DB2008 Starting a Business: Belgium made starting a business easier by making an electronic registration and publication system available to all notaries. This system introduced a single registration number as well as automatic publication in the state gazette of the incorporation notice. Page 60 Doing Business 2019 Belgium Page 61