In China, changing demographics, rising incomes and shifting consumer preferences have resulted in an ever-growing demand for food that is more varied, healthier and of higher quality and this demand is set to persist well into the future.
... Exibir mais + According to International Monetary Fund projections (2019), by 2024, Chinese per capita gross domestic product (GDP, in current prices) will increase to dollar 28,450, from dollar 13,130 in 2019, and the population will increase to 1.5 billion people (United Nations, 2019). The projected urbanization rate will reach 67 percent by 2030, compared to 56 percent in 2015 (Goh et al., 2014). The growing number of consumers in China, that are increasingly more affluent and educated, will continue shifting their dietary preferences to include more protein, fruits and vegetables. Central Asian countries are well placed to be more competitive in satisfying fruit import demand in the growing Chinese markets and will reap economic and social development benefits along the way. For centuries, Central Asia has occupied a position of strategic importance in trade between the East and the West. The region’s geographic location, natural resources, untapped yield potential, and the possibility of greater private sector investment through policy reform create the necessary preconditions for the Central Asian countries to increase their agricultural exports to China. As China places an important role on meeting its growing food needs on dynamic agricultural trade and investment cooperation with the Central Asian countries, this results in significant opportunities for the region to increase its presence in the Chinese fruit markets brought by improved infrastructure and higher cross-border investment. For example, according to the recent World Bank report (World Bank, 2019), Belt and Road Initiative transport projects are estimated to increase trade by up to 9.7 percent. Countries that have a comparative advantage in time-sensitive sectors, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, are expected to be the biggest winners.
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Digital technologies have significant potential to improve efficiency, equity, and environmental sustainability in the food system. A range of digital technologies are already leading to: better informed and engaged consumers and producers, smarter farms, and improved public services.
... Exibir mais + Adoption of digital technologies varies significantly across countries, with lower current adoption rates in low-income countries. Increasing adoption will require addressing supply-side factors, such as rural network coverage and availability of digital applications, and demand-side factors, including skills and knowledge, trust, affordability, and complementary investments. While digital technologies have significant potential they also pose several risks that need to be addressed including: an overconcentration of service provider market power; lack of data privacy; exclusion; and cybersecurity breaches. These risks cut across all segments of the economy, including the food system. In addition, digital technologies should not be viewed as a panacea. Other investments are needed to address the multiple constraints farmers face and to realize the potential benefits of digital technologies.
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Like the East Germany's Trabant, the Ukrainian-made Zaporozhets was meant to be the people’s car, and as such it was the most affordable vehicle of the Soviet Union.In Western Ukraine, manufacturers from Japan and Germany stepped up production of auto parts and components, turning the region into an integral part of Europe’s vehicle industry.
... Exibir mais + These companies have formed a wave of new investment in Western Ukraine that primarily involves producing automotive parts for global manufacturers. Today, nearly every car made in Germany is made with parts from Ukraine.Today, Ukraine is at a crossroads: despite impressive success in some sectors, the foundations of the emerging new economy are still fragile, and the old economy is still having a strong negative effect on growth.Many young Ukrainians have opted to emigrate, attracted by higher expected earnings in neighboring countries and elsewhere.Ukraine’s economic transformation has been held back by the legacy of underpriced energy that provided short-term benefits to select sectors, but delayed much needed industrial restructuring toward developing high-value added export-oriented industries.This report argues that achieving high, inclusive and sustainable growth will require higher productivity of the economy at home, more benefits from trade and integration into the global economy, and stronger domestic economic institutions to withstand pressures from vested interests. At the center of these goals, the strength and durability of the transformation will depend critically upon the pace and depth of structural reforms and the long-term commitment by political leaders in the coming years. These will be discussed in length in this study of Ukraine growth—past, present and future. The Ukraine Growth Report focuses on the following questions: 1. What would make a difference going forward?; 2. What has been holding back Ukraine’s prosperity? and 3. How can Ukraine raise its economic growth rate?
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Uzbekistan is a landlocked, Central Asian country that shares borders with Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. In 2004–2016, Uzbekistan’s economic growth was rapid and lifted significant parts of the population out of poverty.
... Exibir mais + The development of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) was the main driver of the job growth, contributing to increased incomes and poverty reduction. Increased exports of copper, gas and gold aided by high commodity prices, generated state budget revenues that financed large increases in investment and salaries to bolster domestic consumption. However, declining global commodity prices in 2013–2016 and the weak economic performance of China and Russia adversely affected Uzbekistan’s exports, as well as state budget revenues and household incomes. Agriculture plays an important role in Uzbekistan’s economy. In 2017, 49 percent of the population, around 16 million people, resided in rural areas and most are employed in agriculture. Agriculture accounts for about 17 percent of Uzbekistan’s GDP and over 30 percent of employment in the country. Agricultural development is, therefore, crucial for ensuring rural livelihoods, jobs, and food security. This report provides an overview of the agricultural trade and trade policies in Uzbekistan with the goal of identifying key areas for further agricultural trade policy reforms. It also identifies several key products and prospective markets for export and assesses their market access potential and requirements.
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Uzbekistan is a landlocked, Central Asian country that shares borders with Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. In 2004–2016, Uzbekistan’s economic growth was rapid and lifted significant parts of the population out of poverty.
... Exibir mais + The development of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) was the main driver of the job growth, contributing to increased incomes and poverty reduction. Increased exports of copper, gas and gold aided by high commodity prices, generated state budget revenues that financed large increases in investment and salaries to bolster domestic consumption. However, declining global commodity prices in 2013–2016 and the weak economic performance of China and Russia adversely affected Uzbekistan’s exports, as well as state budget revenues and household incomes. Agriculture plays an important role in Uzbekistan’s economy. In 2017, 49 percent of the population, around 16 million people, resided in rural areas and most are employed in agriculture. Agriculture accounts for about 17 percent of Uzbekistan’s GDP and over 30 percent of employment in the country. Agricultural development is, therefore, crucial for ensuring rural livelihoods, jobs, and food security. This report provides an overview of the agricultural trade and trade policies in Uzbekistan with the goal of identifying key areas for further agricultural trade policy reforms. It also identifies several key products and prospective markets for export and assesses their market access potential and requirements.
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