This policy note was prepared in parallel to the report Pakistan at hundred – Shaping the Future. The report Pakistan at hundred discusses options to accelerate and sustain growth in Pakistan so that the country becomes an upper middle-income country when it turns hundred years old in 2047.
... Exibir mais + This policy note discusses inequality of opportunities women face in Pakistan. Excluding women from the labor force means that a large share of Pakistan’s greatest asset, its population, is being wasted.
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Fair Progress? Economic Mobility across Generations around the World looks at an issue that has gotten much attention in the developed world, but with, for the first time, new data and analysis covering most of the world, including developing economies.
... Exibir mais + The analysis examines whether those born in poverty or in prosperity are destined to remain in the same economic circumstances into which they were born and looks back over a half a century at whether children’s lives are better or worse than their parents’ in different parts of the world. It suggests local, national, and global actions and policies that can help break the cycle of poverty, paving the way for the next generation to realize their potential and improve their lives.
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Publicação 126847 MAY 30, 2018
Narayan,Ambar; Van Der Weide,Roy; Cojocaru,Alexandru; Lakner,Christoph; Redaelli,Silvia; Mahler,Daniel Gerszon; Nichanametla Ramasubbaiah,Rakesh Gupta; Thewissen,Stefan HubertDisclosed
A severe slow-down in Afghanistan's economic growth characterized the period between 2012 and 2014, the so called Transition period leading to the 2014 election and handover of security responsibility to Afghan forces.
... Exibir mais + Afghanistan's economic malaise during this time can be attributed to the combined effects of the drawdown of international military forces and a sharp fall in associated international spending, reduction of aid, and increasing conflict and political instability. While aid fueled strong growth during the pre-transition period between 2007-2008 and 2011-2012, worrisome socio-economic dynamics already present intensified during the transition. Notably, the transition crisis magnified once again the many inequalities-between regions, cities and rural areas, rich and poor Afghans, and between men and women and girls and boys-that fracture Afghan society. The poorest and most vulnerable segments of the population benefited least from pre-transition growth, and the same groups suffered the most once the economy and the security condition deteriorated. This new edition of the Poverty Status Update series documents the evolution of poverty and socio-economic inclusion during the transition. It examines determinants of poverty and, with an eye beyond 2014, suggests policies to reduce vulnerability and inequalities.
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A severe slow-down in Afghanistan's economic growth characterized the period between 2012 and 2014, the so called Transition period leading to the 2014 election and handover of security responsibility to Afghan forces.
... Exibir mais + Afghanistan's economic malaise during this time can be attributed to the combined effects of the drawdown of international military forces and a sharp fall in associated international spending, reduction of aid, and increasing conflict and political instability. While aid fueled strong growth during the pre-transition period between 2007-2008 and 2011-2012, worrisome socio-economic dynamics already present intensified during the transition. Notably, the transition crisis magnified once again the many inequalities-between regions, cities and rural areas, rich and poor Afghans, and between men and women and girls and boys-that fracture Afghan society. The poorest and most vulnerable segments of the population benefited least from pre-transition growth, and the same groups suffered the most once the economy and the security condition deteriorated. This new edition of the Poverty Status Update series documents the evolution of poverty and socio-economic inclusion during the transition. It examines determinants of poverty and, with an eye beyond 2014, suggests policies to reduce vulnerability and inequalities.
Exibir menos -
A severe slow-down in Afghanistan's economic growth characterized the period between 2012 and 2014, the so called Transition period leading to the 2014 election and handover of security responsibility to Afghan forces.
... Exibir mais + Afghanistan's economic malaise during this time can be attributed to the combined effects of the drawdown of international military forces and a sharp fall in associated international spending, reduction of aid, and increasing conflict and political instability. While aid fueled strong growth during the pre-transition period between 2007-2008 and 2011-2012, worrisome socio-economic dynamics already present intensified during the transition. Notably, the transition crisis magnified once again the many inequalities-between regions, cities and rural areas, rich and poor Afghans, and between men and women and girls and boys-that fracture Afghan society. The poorest and most vulnerable segments of the population benefited least from pre-transition growth, and the same groups suffered the most once the economy and the security condition deteriorated. This new edition of the Poverty Status Update series documents the evolution of poverty and socio-economic inclusion during the transition. It examines determinants of poverty and, with an eye beyond 2014, suggests policies to reduce vulnerability and inequalities.
Exibir menos -
A severe slow-down in Afghanistan's economic growth characterized the period between 2012 and 2014, the so called Transition period leading to the 2014 election and handover of security responsibility to Afghan forces.
... Exibir mais + Afghanistan's economic malaise during this time can be attributed to the combined effects of the drawdown of international military forces and a sharp fall in associated international spending, reduction of aid, and increasing conflict and political instability. While aid fueled strong growth during the pre-transition period between 2007-2008 and 2011-2012, worrisome socio-economic dynamics already present intensified during the transition. Notably, the transition crisis magnified once again the many inequalities-between regions, cities and rural areas, rich and poor Afghans, and between men and women and girls and boys-that fracture Afghan society. The poorest and most vulnerable segments of the population benefited least from pre-transition growth, and the same groups suffered the most once the economy and the security condition deteriorated. This new edition of the Poverty Status Update series documents the evolution of poverty and socio-economic inclusion during the transition. It examines determinants of poverty and, with an eye beyond 2014, suggests policies to reduce vulnerability and inequalities.
Exibir menos -
A severe slow-down in Afghanistan's economic growth characterized the period between 2012 and 2014, the so called Transition period leading to the 2014 election and handover of security responsibility to Afghan forces.
... Exibir mais + Afghanistan's economic malaise during this time can be attributed to the combined effects of the drawdown of international military forces and a sharp fall in associated international spending, reduction of aid, and increasing conflict and political instability. While aid fueled strong growth during the pre-transition period between 2007-2008 and 2011-2012, worrisome socio-economic dynamics already present intensified during the transition. Notably, the transition crisis magnified once again the many inequalities-between regions, cities and rural areas, rich and poor Afghans, and between men and women and girls and boys-that fracture Afghan society. The poorest and most vulnerable segments of the population benefited least from pre-transition growth, and the same groups suffered the most once the economy and the security condition deteriorated. This new edition of the Poverty Status Update series documents the evolution of poverty and socio-economic inclusion during the transition. It examines determinants of poverty and, with an eye beyond 2014, suggests policies to reduce vulnerability and inequalities.
Exibir menos -
A severe slow-down in Afghanistan's economic growth characterized the period between 2012 and 2014, the so called Transition period leading to the 2014 election and handover of security responsibility to Afghan forces.
... Exibir mais + Afghanistan's economic malaise during this time can be attributed to the combined effects of the drawdown of international military forces and a sharp fall in associated international spending, reduction of aid, and increasing conflict and political instability. While aid fueled strong growth during the pre-transition period between 2007-2008 and 2011-2012, worrisome socio-economic dynamics already present intensified during the transition. Notably, the transition crisis magnified once again the many inequalities-between regions, cities and rural areas, rich and poor Afghans, and between men and women and girls and boys-that fracture Afghan society. The poorest and most vulnerable segments of the population benefited least from pre-transition growth, and the same groups suffered the most once the economy and the security condition deteriorated. This new edition of the Poverty Status Update series documents the evolution of poverty and socio-economic inclusion during the transition. It examines determinants of poverty and, with an eye beyond 2014, suggests policies to reduce vulnerability and inequalities.
Exibir menos -
More frequent incidences of violence in Afghanistan, as well as delays in the elections process and cabinet formation, continued to fuel uncertainty and affected investor confidence in 2014 and the first half of 2015.
... Exibir mais + Economic growth slowed to 1.3 percent in 2014, down from 3.7 percent a year earlier. Unlike in previous years, agriculture did not contribute much to growth in 2014. Production levels were high for a third year in a row but did not supersede the strong output in 2013. Growth was mainly driven by services and a slight expansion of industries where an increase in construction activities outweighed lower production in manufacturing. Private investment activities showed strong signs of slowdown in 2014, evidenced by a drop of nearly 50 percent in new firm registrations since 2012. The National Unity Government has embarked on an ambitious reform agenda to revitalize the economy, tackle corruption, and improve investment climate. However, it will take time for these reforms to have an impact, and it is yet unclear how much they will mitigate the high risks stemming from the fragile security environment. Growing trends in security and pension and wage spending over the medium term require immediate attention. Afghanistan faces significant financing shortages for both civilian and security spending. Therefore, securing continued high levels of donor financing over the coming years is of critical importance for fiscal stability in the country. The fragile security environment and financing constraints, compounded by weak governance capacity, pose serious challenges to service delivery in Afghanistan. Any setback in reform implementation would further slowdown the pace of human capital accumulation in Afghanistan and reduce future prospects of growth and poverty reduction.
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More frequent incidences of violence in Afghanistan, as well as delays in the elections process and cabinet formation, continued to fuel uncertainty and affected investor confidence in 2014 and the first half of 2015.
... Exibir mais + Economic growth slowed to 1.3 percent in 2014, down from 3.7 percent a year earlier. Unlike in previous years, agriculture did not contribute much to growth in 2014. Production levels were high for a third year in a row but did not supersede the strong output in 2013. Growth was mainly driven by services and a slight expansion of industries where an increase in construction activities outweighed lower production in manufacturing. Private investment activities showed strong signs of slowdown in 2014, evidenced by a drop of nearly 50 percent in new firm registrations since 2012. The National Unity Government has embarked on an ambitious reform agenda to revitalize the economy, tackle corruption, and improve investment climate. However, it will take time for these reforms to have an impact, and it is yet unclear how much they will mitigate the high risks stemming from the fragile security environment. Growing trends in security and pension and wage spending over the medium term require immediate attention. Afghanistan faces significant financing shortages for both civilian and security spending. Therefore, securing continued high levels of donor financing over the coming years is of critical importance for fiscal stability in the country. The fragile security environment and financing constraints, compounded by weak governance capacity, pose serious challenges to service delivery in Afghanistan. Any setback in reform implementation would further slowdown the pace of human capital accumulation in Afghanistan and reduce future prospects of growth and poverty reduction.
Exibir menos -
More frequent incidences of violence in Afghanistan, as well as delays in the elections process and cabinet formation, continued to fuel uncertainty and affected investor confidence in 2014 and the first half of 2015.
... Exibir mais + Economic growth slowed to 1.3 percent in 2014, down from 3.7 percent a year earlier. Unlike in previous years, agriculture did not contribute much to growth in 2014. Production levels were high for a third year in a row but did not supersede the strong output in 2013. Growth was mainly driven by services and a slight expansion of industries where an increase in construction activities outweighed lower production in manufacturing. Private investment activities showed strong signs of slowdown in 2014, evidenced by a drop of nearly 50 percent in new firm registrations since 2012. The National Unity Government has embarked on an ambitious reform agenda to revitalize the economy, tackle corruption, and improve investment climate. However, it will take time for these reforms to have an impact, and it is yet unclear how much they will mitigate the high risks stemming from the fragile security environment. Growing trends in security and pension and wage spending over the medium term require immediate attention. Afghanistan faces significant financing shortages for both civilian and security spending. Therefore, securing continued high levels of donor financing over the coming years is of critical importance for fiscal stability in the country. The fragile security environment and financing constraints, compounded by weak governance capacity, pose serious challenges to service delivery in Afghanistan. Any setback in reform implementation would further slowdown the pace of human capital accumulation in Afghanistan and reduce future prospects of growth and poverty reduction.
Exibir menos -
In the first quarter of 2014, Afghanistan finds itself locked in a difficult political, security, and economic transition with outcomes uncertain.
... Exibir mais + The objective of this report is to present Afghanistan's growth dynamics and challenges, analyze patterns of social inclusion, and discuss opportunities for sustained and shared growth and prosperity in the post-transition phase. This report is intended to serve as a foundation stone in the preparation of policy notes for the new government that is expected to take office in late spring of 2014. It builds on a large body of work produced by the World Bank country team in Afghanistan over the past couple of years. This report uses all available data sets for household level, fiscal, monetary, and national accounts, drawn from official Afghan sources. Data availability and reliability in these data sets have improved greatly over time which has allowed for much deeper economic analysis, but as with many post-conflict countries, data collection and aggregation is still hampered by many security-related challenges and institutional weaknesses. Whenever possible, the team has cross-tabulated data and made adjustments based on technical judgments. Still, in light of the data challenges, the robustness and accuracy of the findings should be treated with a degree of caution and discretion. Finally, a few topics relevant for growth and development in this report did not receive the in-depth treatment they probably deserve, due mainly to the attempt to keep the report concise and readerfriendly and because a discussion of these issues will require a much larger research effort. The authors highlight the following areas for future analysis and research to complement this report: (i) the magnitude and role of international migration and remittances, (ii) the optimal degree of regional integration beyond infrastructure cooperation, (iii) the role of cities and urban growth, (iv) job-creation in the informal sector, and (iv) deep determinants of governance and state building.
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Avaliação setorial ou temática ACS8228 MAR 01, 2014
In the first quarter of 2014, Afghanistan finds itself locked in a difficult political, security, and economic transition with outcomes uncertain.
... Exibir mais + The objective of this report is to present Afghanistan's growth dynamics and challenges, analyze patterns of social inclusion, and discuss opportunities for sustained and shared growth and prosperity in the post-transition phase. This report is intended to serve as a foundation stone in the preparation of policy notes for the new government that is expected to take office in late spring of 2014. It builds on a large body of work produced by the World Bank country team in Afghanistan over the past couple of years. This report uses all available data sets for household level, fiscal, monetary, and national accounts, drawn from official Afghan sources. Data availability and reliability in these data sets have improved greatly over time which has allowed for much deeper economic analysis, but as with many post-conflict countries, data collection and aggregation is still hampered by many security-related challenges and institutional weaknesses. Whenever possible, the team has cross-tabulated data and made adjustments based on technical judgments. Still, in light of the data challenges, the robustness and accuracy of the findings should be treated with a degree of caution and discretion. Finally, a few topics relevant for growth and development in this report did not receive the in-depth treatment they probably deserve, due mainly to the attempt to keep the report concise and readerfriendly and because a discussion of these issues will require a much larger research effort. The authors highlight the following areas for future analysis and research to complement this report: (i) the magnitude and role of international migration and remittances, (ii) the optimal degree of regional integration beyond infrastructure cooperation, (iii) the role of cities and urban growth, (iv) job-creation in the informal sector, and (iv) deep determinants of governance and state building.
Exibir menos -
Avaliação setorial ou temática ACS8228 MAR 01, 2014
In the first quarter of 2014, Afghanistan finds itself locked in a difficult political, security, and economic transition with outcomes uncertain.
... Exibir mais + The objective of this report is to present Afghanistan's growth dynamics and challenges, analyze patterns of social inclusion, and discuss opportunities for sustained and shared growth and prosperity in the post-transition phase. This report is intended to serve as a foundation stone in the preparation of policy notes for the new government that is expected to take office in late spring of 2014. It builds on a large body of work produced by the World Bank country team in Afghanistan over the past couple of years. This report uses all available data sets for household level, fiscal, monetary, and national accounts, drawn from official Afghan sources. Data availability and reliability in these data sets have improved greatly over time which has allowed for much deeper economic analysis, but as with many post-conflict countries, data collection and aggregation is still hampered by many security-related challenges and institutional weaknesses. Whenever possible, the team has cross-tabulated data and made adjustments based on technical judgments. Still, in light of the data challenges, the robustness and accuracy of the findings should be treated with a degree of caution and discretion. Finally, a few topics relevant for growth and development in this report did not receive the in-depth treatment they probably deserve, due mainly to the attempt to keep the report concise and readerfriendly and because a discussion of these issues will require a much larger research effort. The authors highlight the following areas for future analysis and research to complement this report: (i) the magnitude and role of international migration and remittances, (ii) the optimal degree of regional integration beyond infrastructure cooperation, (iii) the role of cities and urban growth, (iv) job-creation in the informal sector, and (iv) deep determinants of governance and state building.
Exibir menos -
Avaliação setorial ou temática ACS8228 MAR 01, 2014
In the first quarter of 2014, Afghanistan finds itself locked in a difficult political, security, and economic transition with outcomes uncertain.
... Exibir mais + The objective of this report is to present Afghanistan's growth dynamics and challenges, analyze patterns of social inclusion, and discuss opportunities for sustained and shared growth and prosperity in the post-transition phase. This report is intended to serve as a foundation stone in the preparation of policy notes for the new government that is expected to take office in late spring of 2014. It builds on a large body of work produced by the World Bank country team in Afghanistan over the past couple of years. This report uses all available data sets for household level, fiscal, monetary, and national accounts, drawn from official Afghan sources. Data availability and reliability in these data sets have improved greatly over time which has allowed for much deeper economic analysis, but as with many post-conflict countries, data collection and aggregation is still hampered by many security-related challenges and institutional weaknesses. Whenever possible, the team has cross-tabulated data and made adjustments based on technical judgments. Still, in light of the data challenges, the robustness and accuracy of the findings should be treated with a degree of caution and discretion. Finally, a few topics relevant for growth and development in this report did not receive the in-depth treatment they probably deserve, due mainly to the attempt to keep the report concise and readerfriendly and because a discussion of these issues will require a much larger research effort. The authors highlight the following areas for future analysis and research to complement this report: (i) the magnitude and role of international migration and remittances, (ii) the optimal degree of regional integration beyond infrastructure cooperation, (iii) the role of cities and urban growth, (iv) job-creation in the informal sector, and (iv) deep determinants of governance and state building.
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Avaliação setorial ou temática ACS8228 MAR 01, 2014
With the introduction of the universal health insurance scheme Aasandha in January 2012, the Government of Maldives aimed at achieving five key objectives, namely: (i) to enhance affordability of health care and to promote access to health care; (ii) to mitigate health care related financial risk for households and protect the citizens from health care related impoverishment; (iii) to contribute to improving the quality and reliability of health care; (iv) to improve the efficiency of health insurance provision via good governance and effective use of fiscal resources; and (v) to ensure long-term sustainability of health insurance provision through an effective design of the health insurance system, cost containment measures and reforms in the payment mechanisms.
... Exibir mais + The objective of this note is two-fold. First, the note aims at discussing some of the equity issues related to health expenditure and health access in the Maldives. In particular, through the analysis is of the trends in household expenditure on health, the note will provide an empirical benchmark against which to assess Aasandha's strengths and weaknesses. Second, the note will discuss the equity implication of some cost containment measures previously suggested for Government consideration (Nagpal and Redaelli 2013).
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In recent years, Maldives has witnessed several major changes in the way in which health is financed in the country. The latest, and probably the largest, of these changes was the introduction of Aasandha, the country's universal health insurance scheme, which commenced on January 1, 20 12.
... Exibir mais + The quantum of utilization of health services during the first year of Aasandha implementation has been quite high. The reasons for the observed marginal reduction and subsequent stabilization of utilization and cost patterns seem to be correlated with the discontinuation of coverage for services provided by the two private clinics that existed as part of the network until March 2012. The scope of Aasandha benefits is comprehensive; it covers inpatient and outpatient treatment including drugs and diagnostics, though subject to certain specified exclusions and conditions·, within an overall cap of Maldives Rufiyah (MRF) 100,000 per person per year. As of December 31, 2012, a total of 276,033 citizens, or about 84 percent of the population had already used the scheme at least once during the first year of its implementation. Overall, the first year of Aasandha implementation resulted in about 3.6 million transactions in total, yielding an average of 13.2 transactions per patient.
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The authors use an original data set covering more than 400 recent natural disasters to analyze the determinants of international emergency aid.
... Exibir mais + Although humanitarian need is a major determinant of emergency relief payments, the results imply that political and strategic factors play a crucial role in the emergency aid allocation. On average, donor governments favor smaller, geographically closer, and oil exporting countries, and display significant biases in favor of politically less aligned countries as well as toward their former colonies. The authors also test and reject the independence of donors' aid decisions, finding strong evidence for bandwagon effects in humanitarian assistance.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS4839 FEB 01, 2009
