Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate substantially exceeded China's population growth, which averaged 1.4 percent annually between 1978 and 2009, and real GDP per capita accordingly grew at 8.6 percent annually during this period.
... Exibir mais + China's urban population resides primarily in city districts (shiqu) and town districts (zhenqu), which constitute the urban core of larger administrative units called cities (shi) and respectively towns (zhen). Cities and towns in China are expansive regions, with administrative territories much larger than in the rest of the world (Chan 2007). Cities are conceptually equivalent to counties in the U.S. and thus the whole of China's territory is basically covered by 287 prefecture and provincial level municipalities, which within their area include 654 city districts - the cities proper in the conventional sense of this word - and 19,322 towns. Each town in turn includes a town district - an urban core that occupies a fraction of the town's area but accounts for most of the town's urban population. While cities and towns as a whole overlap in their administrative boundaries, with multiple towns nested within each city, city districts and town districts are disjoint structures, being urban embryos within the administrative boundaries of territorially larger cities and towns. The main purpose of this study is to examine the development and features of town districts (zhenqu) - the urbanized core of China's towns.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 70495 APR 01, 2012
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate substantially exceeded China's population growth, which averaged 1.4 percent annually between 1978 and 2009, and real GDP per capita accordingly grew at 8.6 percent annually during this period.
... Exibir mais + China's urban population resides primarily in city districts (shiqu) and town districts (zhenqu), which constitute the urban core of larger administrative units called cities (shi) and respectively towns (zhen). Cities and towns in China are expansive regions, with administrative territories much larger than in the rest of the world (Chan 2007). Cities are conceptually equivalent to counties in the U.S. and thus the whole of China's territory is basically covered by 287 prefecture and provincial level municipalities, which within their area include 654 city districts - the cities proper in the conventional sense of this word - and 19,322 towns. Each town in turn includes a town district - an urban core that occupies a fraction of the town's area but accounts for most of the town's urban population. While cities and towns as a whole overlap in their administrative boundaries, with multiple towns nested within each city, city districts and town districts are disjoint structures, being urban embryos within the administrative boundaries of territorially larger cities and towns. The main purpose of this study is to examine the development and features of town districts (zhenqu) - the urbanized core of China's towns.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 70495 APR 01, 2012
This report is the output of a technical assistance and dialogue mission financed by the Private Participation in Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) at the request of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania.
... Exibir mais + The primary objective of the mission and the report is to support the review of infrastructure privatization in Tanzania. This program was highly ambitious. Despite the fact that it followed the international drive towards privatization at the time, it was unprecedented in the Tanzanian context. All the same, the degree of consensus around the concept of privatization in Tanzania was and is remarkable, and testifies to the degree of dilapidation in the State Owned Enterprises (SOE) sector prior to privatization. There was a scarcity of goods in many sectors-beer being perhaps the most startling example-and a generally very low level of services in many key sectors, particularly in infrastructure-meaning the public service commodities; i.e., electricity, water, telecommunications and transport. The program has been a solid success. It has made a significant contribution to Tanzania's strong macroeconomic performance in the last decade, partly by severely limiting the flow of subsidies to loss making enterprises, and in their place obtaining tax revenues from privatized ones.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 68869 JUN 01, 2011
The Chinese approach towards planning and implementing involuntary resettlement is unique, containing some distinct characteristics that are the consequential responses to the evolution of its land policies and institutional systems in the past few decades.
... Exibir mais + There are two key sets of factors underpinning this approach. The first relates to its land tenure system and the second its institutional organizations in rural areas. As China moves along its modernization agenda, these two sets of factors have been evolving continuously and rapidly in its fast changing social and economic landscape. These factors have constantly called for corresponding changes or adjustment to its approach in planning and implementing involuntary resettlement programs. This note covers linear infrastructure projects other than reservoirs and focuses on land policies and resettlement applicable to rural areas. It aims to provide an overview of these changing factors that underpin the Chinese approach and characteristics in involuntary resettlement planning and implementation for linear infrastructure, at both policy and ground practice levels. It also analyzes how the latest development of the land tenure system and rural social organizations challenges the current planning practice of involuntary resettlement.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 69175 MAY 14, 2011
The worldwide carbon market is a reality. It has contributed to the implementation of projects that aim to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in many different sectors and it has turned GHGs, represented by carbon, into economic assets that are no longer mere environmental liabilities.
... Exibir mais + In this context, Brazil currently ranks third in the world in terms of the number of projects on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Brazil pioneered the development of the first large scale methodology and registration for the first project in the history of the CDM. Despite Brazil's significant qualitative and quantitative participation in such projects, there is still great potential for the development of other types of CDM project activities. Given the new methodologies for CDM projects approved over the last few years and the programmatic CDM, which intends to reduce bureaucracy and accelerate the registration process for closely related projects, there exists an even greater potential for CDM projects in several sectors in Brazil. The main objective of this study was to identify the existing technical potential for low carbon projects as described above as well as to stimulate the implementation of low carbon projects in Brazil, thus contributing towards reducing and avoiding Brazil's current and projected emissions and inserting Brazil into the new low carbon economy. Generally speaking, the study focused on sectors where there is still a potential for the application of conventional techniques or technologies to reduce or avoid GHG emissions.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 69580 NOV 01, 2010
The worldwide carbon market is a reality. It has contributed to the implementation of projects that aim to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in many different sectors and it has turned GHGs, represented by carbon, into economic assets that are no longer mere environmental liabilities.
... Exibir mais + In this context, Brazil currently ranks third in the world in terms of the number of projects on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Brazil pioneered the development of the first large scale methodology and registration for the first project in the history of the CDM. Despite Brazil's significant qualitative and quantitative participation in such projects, there is still great potential for the development of other types of CDM project activities. Given the new methodologies for CDM projects approved over the last few years and the programmatic CDM, which intends to reduce bureaucracy and accelerate the registration process for closely related projects, there exists an even greater potential for CDM projects in several sectors in Brazil. The main objective of this study was to identify the existing technical potential for low carbon projects as described above as well as to stimulate the implementation of low carbon projects in Brazil, thus contributing towards reducing and avoiding Brazil's current and projected emissions and inserting Brazil into the new low carbon economy. Generally speaking, the study focused on sectors where there is still a potential for the application of conventional techniques or technologies to reduce or avoid GHG emissions.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 69580 NOV 01, 2010
The worldwide carbon market is a reality. It has contributed to the implementation of projects that aim to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in many different sectors and it has turned GHGs, represented by carbon, into economic assets that are no longer mere environmental liabilities.
... Exibir mais + In this context, Brazil currently ranks third in the world in terms of the number of projects on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Brazil pioneered the development of the first large scale methodology and registration for the first project in the history of the CDM. Despite Brazil's significant qualitative and quantitative participation in such projects, there is still great potential for the development of other types of CDM project activities. Given the new methodologies for CDM projects approved over the last few years and the programmatic CDM, which intends to reduce bureaucracy and accelerate the registration process for closely related projects, there exists an even greater potential for CDM projects in several sectors in Brazil. The main objective of this study was to identify the existing technical potential for low carbon projects as described above as well as to stimulate the implementation of low carbon projects in Brazil, thus contributing towards reducing and avoiding Brazil's current and projected emissions and inserting Brazil into the new low carbon economy. Generally speaking, the study focused on sectors where there is still a potential for the application of conventional techniques or technologies to reduce or avoid GHG emissions.
Exibir menos -
Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 69580 NOV 01, 2010
The worldwide carbon market is a reality. It has contributed to the implementation of projects that aim to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in many different sectors and it has turned GHGs, represented by carbon, into economic assets that are no longer mere environmental liabilities.
... Exibir mais + In this context, Brazil currently ranks third in the world in terms of the number of projects on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Brazil pioneered the development of the first large scale methodology and registration for the first project in the history of the CDM. Despite Brazil's significant qualitative and quantitative participation in such projects, there is still great potential for the development of other types of CDM project activities. Given the new methodologies for CDM projects approved over the last few years and the programmatic CDM, which intends to reduce bureaucracy and accelerate the registration process for closely related projects, there exists an even greater potential for CDM projects in several sectors in Brazil. The main objective of this study was to identify the existing technical potential for low carbon projects as described above as well as to stimulate the implementation of low carbon projects in Brazil, thus contributing towards reducing and avoiding Brazil's current and projected emissions and inserting Brazil into the new low carbon economy. Generally speaking, the study focused on sectors where there is still a potential for the application of conventional techniques or technologies to reduce or avoid GHG emissions.
Exibir menos -
Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 69580 NOV 01, 2010
The worldwide carbon market is a reality. It has contributed to the implementation of projects that aim to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in many different sectors and it has turned GHGs, represented by carbon, into economic assets that are no longer mere environmental liabilities.
... Exibir mais + In this context, Brazil currently ranks third in the world in terms of the number of projects on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Brazil pioneered the development of the first large scale methodology and registration for the first project in the history of the CDM. Despite Brazil's significant qualitative and quantitative participation in such projects, there is still great potential for the development of other types of CDM project activities. Given the new methodologies for CDM projects approved over the last few years and the programmatic CDM, which intends to reduce bureaucracy and accelerate the registration process for closely related projects, there exists an even greater potential for CDM projects in several sectors in Brazil. The main objective of this study was to identify the existing technical potential for low carbon projects as described above as well as to stimulate the implementation of low carbon projects in Brazil, thus contributing towards reducing and avoiding Brazil's current and projected emissions and inserting Brazil into the new low carbon economy. Generally speaking, the study focused on sectors where there is still a potential for the application of conventional techniques or technologies to reduce or avoid GHG emissions.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 69580 NOV 01, 2010
The Government of Egypt has recognized broadband as being of strategic importance to the country´s economic and social development and it is developing a new strategy to develop access and use of broadband networks and services.
... Exibir mais + As a specific target of this strategy, the government seeks to increase broadband penetration to 20 connections per 100 inhabitants by 2013. This report is the result of the second part of the existing reimbursable technical assistance on communications by which the World Bank has been providing assistance to the government of Egypt in the development of this broadband strategy. The objective of this particular assignment is to support the policy making process to develop broadband services and infrastructure throughout Egypt and achieve substantial economic impact in the economy including specific intermediary sectors. This assignment builds of the outcomes of the previously delivered study (strategic options for broadband development, 2010) and it uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide specific advisory outputs.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 70414 AUG 01, 2010
The SERENE program, coined as an acronym for South-South Exchange of Research and Education Network Experience, was a series of activities that applied what is called the 'blended learning' approach, using a combined variety of tools such as web based discussions, live multisite videoconferences, and in person study visits and workshops, as a program of the global development learning network.
... Exibir mais + Given the global and collaborative nature of contemporary research and the digitization of knowledge resources, access to internet and to research networks has become a pre-requisite for the provision of quality higher education in a country. Yet in some South Asian countries access to internet is poor and still very expensive, leading to academic isolation, exclusion from global research and low quality of teaching. The objectives of the program were to assist the participants in producing country policy plans for building research networks in their own countries and to encourage the establishment of a regional association of South Asian National Research and Education Networks (NRENs). The eventual outcomes of the program were, on the one hand, a conviction by the participating policy makers that an NREN was essential for the development of their higher education systems, and on the other, a series of policy notes to their respective governments on how to go about establishing and managing such a network.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 68244 JUL 30, 2010
In accordance with the goals of the innovation grant, World Bank staff undertook a study tour to Turkey to observe Turkey's innovative system to deliver farmer-focused weather alerts by cell phone.
... Exibir mais + The regional priority on climate change adaptation highlights an adaptation mechanism that has emerged with broad support: upgrade and dissemination of spatially-resolved, accurate weather forecasts and robust mechanisms to place this information in the hands of farmers on a timely basis. The objective of this innovation grant-funded activity was to bring Europe and Central Asia (ECA) staff up to date on the emerging good practice in Turkey, providing an opportunity for staff working on the Central Asia portfolio to discuss with Turkish experts and colleagues how the model could be applied in Central Asia. A second phase of the activity will address the issue that, while Turkey generates its own high-resolution weather forecasts, the bank's Central Asian clients do not. The activity therefore set out to identify practical options and methods to adapt the Turkish good practice by using publicly available forecasts from international sources. The applicability of such global forecasts to the purpose of providing weather alerts to farmers in Central Asia will be reviewed and tested in the field.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 68807 JAN 01, 2010
The Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LGD) agreed, as part of the identification of a follow-up project to the on-going Rural Transport Improvement Program (RTIP), to launch an Operational Risk Assessment (ORA) of the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED).
... Exibir mais + The ORA draws on and adapts previous work to develop methodologies to assess and suggest mitigation measures for fiduciary risks, as well as inherent risks linked with road and infrastructure construction and maintenance, administrative control risks, and risks associated with political influence. The Fiduciary and Operational Risk Management Improvement Plan (FORMIP) built on the first report to: (i) assess fiduciary and operational risks in LGED's management of projects, assets and other resources, and in LGD's oversight function, that are likely to be major factors in possible funds leakages, delays and undue interferences and overall inefficient use of public resources; (ii) prioritize options which are realistic and available to effectively minimize (and where possible, eliminate) the major operational risks identified; and (iii) identify options for mechanisms which (drawing on this ORA as a 'baseline') will facilitate efficient future monitoring of operational risks in LGED and the LGD. An important conclusion of the ORA is that most of the recommended actions are within LGED's authority to take, with support from development partners and routine budgetary spending and staffing authorizations from other agencies. However, the action plan proposed in the report will be greatly enhanced if supported by further development of the Government's, Bank's and development partners' programs to improve governance and reduce overall operational risk in Bangladesh. Individual sub-sector reports such as these ORA can only have a limited impact in the absence of wider and widely supported programs.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 68304 OCT 01, 2009
The Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LGD) agreed, as part of the identification of a follow-up project to the on-going Rural Transport Improvement Program (RTIP), to launch an Operational Risk Assessment (ORA) of the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED).
... Exibir mais + The ORA draws on and adapts previous work to develop methodologies to assess and suggest mitigation measures for fiduciary risks, as well as inherent risks linked with road and infrastructure construction and maintenance, administrative control risks, and risks associated with political influence. The Fiduciary and Operational Risk Management Improvement Plan (FORMIP) built on the first report to: (i) assess fiduciary and operational risks in LGED's management of projects, assets and other resources, and in LGD's oversight function, that are likely to be major factors in possible funds leakages, delays and undue interferences and overall inefficient use of public resources; (ii) prioritize options which are realistic and available to effectively minimize (and where possible, eliminate) the major operational risks identified; and (iii) identify options for mechanisms which (drawing on this ORA as a 'baseline') will facilitate efficient future monitoring of operational risks in LGED and the LGD. An important conclusion of the ORA is that most of the recommended actions are within LGED's authority to take, with support from development partners and routine budgetary spending and staffing authorizations from other agencies. However, the action plan proposed in the report will be greatly enhanced if supported by further development of the Government's, Bank's and development partners' programs to improve governance and reduce overall operational risk in Bangladesh. Individual sub-sector reports such as these ORA can only have a limited impact in the absence of wider and widely supported programs.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 68304 OCT 01, 2009
The report presented a detailed assessment of the infrastructure Public Private Partnership (PPP) financing market in Pakistan, including key financing gaps as existent in 2007.
... Exibir mais + This note builds on the report by presenting an update of the state of the Pakistan infrastructure financing market as on date, and in particular, by analyzing the implications of the global financial crisis and the changes in the macroeconomic environment in Pakistan. This note is structured as follows: section two provides background information on the Pakistan economy; section three summarizes the key effects of international financial shocks and domestic political issues on the Pakistan economy; section four summarizes the progress on the infrastructure enabling environment; section five provides a summary update of the demand for infrastructure finance; section six presents recent developments in the supply of infrastructure finance; and section seven sets out the key conclusions.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 68347 MAY 14, 2009
This report presents the results of almost a yearlong study carried out by the World Bank project team on the subject of catastrophe risk transfer to Bulgaria.
... Exibir mais + The main objective of this work was to give some sense of the possible direction with regard to potential risk transfer solutions to the country to the Bulgarian government and the domestic insurance industry. The report consists of two main sections and technical annexes. Section first reviews the international experience in catastrophe risk transfer; it then analyses three different design options for the Bulgarian catastrophe insurance pool and offers a detailed vision for organizational, operational and financial organization of the national insurance program. Section two presents a preliminary actuarial pricing products model for earthquake risk in Bulgaria that allows to price different catastrophe insurance products in each of seven cities for the study.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 70068 JUN 18, 2008
The idea of outsourcing road maintenance to micro and small enterprises under performance-based contracts has been successfully implemented in the Latin American region.
... Exibir mais + It has been recognized as an effective approach to rural road maintenance. Furthermore, several of these contracts have been established as performance-based contracts (PBCs). Under the PBCs, payments for the management and/or maintenance of road assets are linked with the contractor successfully meeting or exceeding certain clearly defined minimum performance standards. The practice provides an effective mechanism for keeping the rehabilitated road in good condition and ensuring the continuation of benefits from improved access. In addition to regularly maintaining roads, the practice also generates long-term direct and indirect employment at the community level. This study evaluated the performance of the municipal performance-based road maintenance contracts in Latin America. The report focuses on labor-intensive practices but also covers contracts that require the use of more conventional maintenance practices. The research included (1) a critical literature review of relevant documents and reports, (2) identification of suitable agencies for detailed investigation, (3) a telephone survey of these agencies, and (4) visits to selected agencies in different countries in Central and South America to identify key lessons from failures and successes to be applied to future applications of performance-based road maintenance contracts. The report compares programs in 10 countries and 12 road agencies. The report presents key concepts and analyzes good practices in outsourcing management and maintenance of sub-national-level roads to micro and small enterprises under PBCs. It also identifies common patterns and main stages of enterprise development for the execution of the contracts at sub-national levels in various countries.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 68962 MAR 01, 2007
The Philippines enjoys tremendous endowments of natural, and human resources that provide great potential for economic development and poverty reduction.
... Exibir mais + However, overall development outcomes over the last decades have fallen short of potential. The gap can be largely attributed to weak performance of public institutions in providing services to citizens, which leads to a vicious cycle of weak public services, lack of trust in the government, and unwillingness on the part of citizens to provide adequate resources to the government. The key development challenge, therefore, is to reverse the cycle to one of virtuous development where increased government revenue translates into improved service delivery and greater public trust in the government. Infrastructure plays an important role in this development process. Insufficient infrastructure has been a major constraint to economic growth and poverty reduction in the Philippines. Though the country has relatively high access levels to water, sanitation, and electricity, service levels have failed to keep up with rapid population growth and urbanization. Infrastructure development in the country is hampered by a poor business environment; weaknesses in planning, coordination, and financing; and a decrease in private sector involvement in infrastructure provision. The report presents a road map which will help spur the expansion, and improvement of infrastructure services, and move the country into a virtuous circle of growth and development. It suggests that, in order to ease infrastructure constraints, the Philippines need to achieve a gradual increase in infrastructure investments to at least 5 percent of GDP, and an increase in the efficiency of spending. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested that the way forward for sustained development in infrastructure requires instigating a rigorous fiscal reform program; pursuing continued reforms in key sectors-particularly power, roads, and water-to improve cost recovery, competition, and institutional credibility, and to sharply reduce corruption; improving central oversight of the planning and coordination of investments; and, making a few focused investments through public-private partnerships to address key bottlenecks, and achieve quick gains in service delivery.
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Esquema da Infraestrutura do País 31782 DEC 01, 2005
