Land use initiatives that distribute result-based payments for emission reductions need to define transparent and equitable benefit-sharing plans for how these incentives flow to a diverse range of stakeholders.
... Exibir mais + This study synthesizes good practices for benefit sharing in jurisdictional land use programs that make results-based payments for emission reductions. The report draws lessons from large-scale programs and other relevant initiatives that involve benefit sharing focused on forests, land use, natural resources, and climate change. The analysis is designed to support government and program staff in developing and implementing benefit-sharing arrangements for jurisdictional level results-based land use programs, including participant countries of the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL).
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Land use initiatives that distribute result-based payments for emission reductions need to define transparent and equitable benefit-sharing plans for how these incentives flow to a diverse range of stakeholders.
... Exibir mais + This study synthesizes good practices for benefit sharing in jurisdictional land use programs that make results-based payments for emission reductions. The report draws lessons from large-scale programs and other relevant initiatives that involve benefit sharing focused on forests, land use, natural resources, and climate change. The analysis is designed to support government and program staff in developing and implementing benefit-sharing arrangements for jurisdictional level results-based land use programs, including participant countries of the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL).
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Improving access to quality education has been the backbone of several development strategies around the world and considerable public resources have been dedicated to achieving this goal.
... Exibir mais + However, one could wonder whether increasing public education expenditure would drive better access to quality education despite the inefficiencies plaguing public sectors in general. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency with which public education spending is translated into increased access to quality education in the light of the learning-adjusted years of schooling. The results show that education expenditure per school-age individual is positively associated with an increased number of years of quality schooling. However, it is estimated that, on average, 16 percent of the public financial resources dedicated to education in developing countries are wasted because of inefficiencies. Although efficiency greatly varies across countries, low-income countries are overall facing a double issue of low levels of education expenditure and weak efficiency of public expenditure on education. Factors related to governance, labor market conditions, and the type of education aid seem to matter for efficiency.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS9077 DEC 10, 2019
This paper surveys the economic theory behind regulatory and other solutions to the stark ambient water pollution problems that exist in many developing countries, and what is known from the empirical economics literature about the effectiveness of these solutions.
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Salinity in surface waters is on the rise throughout much of the world. Many factors contribute to this change including increased water extraction, poor irrigation management, and sea-level rise.
... Exibir mais + To date no study has attempted to quantify impacts on global food production. In this paper we develop a plausibly causal model to test the sensitivity of global and regional agricultural productivity to changes in water salinity. To do so, we utilize several local and global datasets on water quality and agricultural productivity and a model which isolates the impact of exogenous changes in water salinity on yields. We then train a machine learning model to predict salinity globally in order to simulate average global food losses from 2000-2013. These losses are found to be high, in the range of the equivalent of 124 trillion kilocalories, or enough to feed over 170 million people every day, each year. Global maps building on these results show that pockets of high losses occur on all continents but can be expected to be particularly problematic in regions already experiencing malnutrition challenges.
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The fallout of nitrogen pollution is considered one of the largest global externalities facing the world, impacting air, water soil and human health.
... Exibir mais + This paper presents new evidence that nitrogen pollution in water is an important determinant of variations in human capital. Data from the Demographic and Health Survey dataset across India, Vietnam, and 33 African countries are combined to analyze the causal links between pollution exposure experienced during the very earliest stages of life and later-life health. Results show that pollution exposure experienced in the critical years of development from the period of birth up until year three – is associated with decreased height as an adult, a well-known indicator of overall health and productivity, and is robust to several statistical checks. Because adult height is related to education, labor productivity, and income, this also implies a loss of earning potential. Results are consistent and show that early-life exposure to nitrogen pollution in water can lower height-for-age scores during childhood in Vietnam and during infancy in Africa. These findings add to the evidence on the enduring consequences of water pollution and identify a critical area for policy intervention.
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Declining water quality can impact the economy in various ways. Impacts can be found in the health sector, where labor productivity can be affected, in agriculture, where the quality and quantity of food produced can be reduced, and in tourism, real estate, aquaculture/fisheries and other sectors which rely on environmental quality and ecosystem services.
... Exibir mais + Despite these well-known impacts, finding economy-wide affects of water quality on economic activity can be elusive. In this paper we attempt to fill this gap by using a conventional empirical approach in contemporary environmental economics and new data on economic activity and water quality for nineteen countries from 1990-2014. The authors find that when rivers become very heavily polluted, regions downstream see reductions in economic growth, losing between 0.8 and 2.0 percent of economic growth. These losses imply that in many places, the costs of environmental degradation are severely under-estimated and well above efficient levels.
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The purpose of this background paper to "Quality Unknown: The Invisible Water Crisis" is to review current literature on chemical contamination of drinking water to identify the main chemical contaminants, their sources and the associated health impacts.
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Many households in developing countries lack formal financial histories, making it difficult for firms to extend credit, and for potential borrowers to receive it.
... Exibir mais + However, many of these households have mobile phones, which generate rich data about behavior. This article shows that behavioral signatures in mobile phone data predict default, using call records matched to repayment outcomes for credit extended by a South American telecom. On a sample of individuals with (thin) financial histories, our method actually outperforms models using credit bureau information, both within time and when tested on a different time period. But our method also attains similar performance on those without financial histories, who cannot be scored using traditional methods. Individuals in the highest quintile of risk by our measure are 2.8 times more likely to default than those in the lowest quintile. The method forms the basis for new forms of credit that reach the unbanked.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS9074 DEC 06, 2019
The IDA18 replenishment arrangements provide that IDA country allocations be madeavailable for information to IDA’s Executive Directors and disclosed on IDA’s external websiteat the end of each fiscal year of the IDA18 implementation period.
... Exibir mais + This note responds to thesedisclosure commitments by providing: (i) the FY19 IDA country allocations; and (ii) the keyinput data on which the FY19 country allocations were based. In addition, the note providesinformation on notional IDA allocations under the following windows: (i) the Regional Program; (ii) the Refugee Sub-Window (RSW); (iii) the Crisis Response Window (CRW); and (iv) the Scale-up facility (SUF). The note does not discuss IDA18 transitional support, IDA18 Private Sector Window (PSW), and set-aside resources for potential arrears clearance during IDA18.
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Relatório da Diretoria Executiva 144295 DEC 06, 2019
