Despite progress over the last two decades, girls still have on average lower levels of educational attainment than boys in many African countries, especially at the secondary and tertiary levels.
... Exibir mais + Girls dropping out of school are more likely to marry or have children early, before they may be physically and emotionally ready to become wives and mothers. This may affect their own health. It may also affect that of their children since children of mothers younger than 18 face higher risks of dying by age five and being malnourished. They may also do poorly in school. Other risks for girls and women associated with a lack of education as well as child marriage include intimate partner violence and a lack of decision-making ability in the household. Through lower expected earnings in adulthood and higher fertility over their lifetime, a lack of education for girls as well as child marriage lead to higher rates of poverty for households. This is due to both losses in incomes and higher basic needs from larger household sizes. Low educational attainment for girls may also weaken solidarity in communities and reduce women’s participation in society. Lack of education is associated with a lower proclivity to altruistic behaviors, and it curtails women’s voice and agency in the household, at work and in institutions. This report documents the negative impacts of low educational attainment for girls, child marriage, and early childbearing for girls in Africa and some of their associated economic costs. The message is clear: educating girls is not only the right thing to do. It also makes economic and strategic sense for countries to fulfill their development potential.
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Despite progress over the last two decades, girls still have on average lower levels of educational attainment than boys in many African countries, especially at the secondary and tertiary levels.
... Exibir mais + Girls dropping out of school are more likely to marry or have children early, before they may be physically and emotionally ready to become wives and mothers. This may affect their own health. It may also affect that of their children since children of mothers younger than 18 face higher risks of dying by age five and being malnourished. They may also do poorly in school. Other risks for girls and women associated with a lack of education as well as child marriage include intimate partner violence and a lack of decision-making ability in the household. Through lower expected earnings in adulthood and higher fertility over their lifetime, a lack of education for girls as well as child marriage lead to higher rates of poverty for households. This is due to both losses in incomes and higher basic needs from larger household sizes. Low educational attainment for girls may also weaken solidarity in communities and reduce women’s participation in society. Lack of education is associated with a lower proclivity to altruistic behaviors, and it curtails women’s voice and agency in the household, at work and in institutions. This report documents the negative impacts of low educational attainment for girls, child marriage, and early childbearing for girls in Africa and some of their associated economic costs. The message is clear: educating girls is not only the right thing to do. It also makes economic and strategic sense for countries to fulfill their development potential.
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This paper reviews the evidence on the importance of human capital for macro-economic development. Through the lens of a simple aggregate production function, human capital might increase output per capita by directly entering in the production process, incentivising the accumulation of complementary inputs and facilitating the adoption of new technologies.
... Exibir mais + The paper discusses the advantages and limitations of three methodological approaches that have been used to evaluate the importance of these channels: cross-country regressions, development accounting and quantitative models. The key findings in the literature are reviewed, and some of them are replicated using updated data. The bulk of the evidence suggests that human capital is an important determinant of cross-country income gaps, especially when its measurement is broadened to go beyond simple proxies of educational attainment. The paper concludes by highlighting promising avenues for future work.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS8650 NOV 19, 2018
This paper studies the evolution of three macroeconomic variables (namely current fiscal expenditures, public debt, and consumer-price inflation) around the time of the onset of armed conflicts during 1950-2016.
... Exibir mais + The authors compare the performance of these variables in conflict-afflicted economies with economies that did not experience social conflict. The analyses cover episodes of conflict from around the world and study the evolution of these variables during the five years prior to and five years after the onset of conflicts. Further, four alternative definitions of social conflict are used to ascertain the robustness of the econometric results. The evidence suggests that current fiscal expenditures and public debt (both as a share of gross domestic product) in conflict-afflicted economies tend to be higher than in non-conflict economies prior to the onset of conflict, begin to rise further prior to the date of the onset of conflict, and stay relatively high after the onset of conflict. In contrast, there is little evidence that inflation is higher in conflict-afflicted economies, prior to or after the onset of conflict. These differential trends between conflict-afflicted and non-conflict economies shed new light on the existing literature on macroeconomic populism, and on key macroeconomic aspects of the economics of post-conflict reconstruction.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS8647 NOV 15, 2018
This paper investigates the impact of World Bank development policy operations on the quality of economic policy during the period 1998-2015. A new theoretical framework distinguishes among three effects that have been conflated hitherto: (a) marginal impacts of additional policy actions within the current year; (b) length of the policy engagement with client countries, and (c) changes over time in the marginal impact of policy actions.
... Exibir mais + The analysis focuses on policy actions that are particularly relevant for the quality of economic management. Consistent with past research, robust panel estimations indicate that development policy financing has a positive effect on the quality of government economic policy. The econometric work suggests that the nature of the policy dialogue and quality of the engagement with government matter more than the sheer number of policy actions adopted. There is also tentative evidence that although the positive impact is sustained over time, the initial years of an engagement are the most productive for improvement in government economic policy. This may be linked to the fact that over time the reform program changes from 'first-generation' to more complex 'second-generation' policy actions.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS8645 NOV 13, 2018
This year’s edition of International Debt Statistics, successor to Global Development Finance and World Debt Tables, is designed to respond to user demand for timely, comprehensive data on trends in external debt in low- and middle-income countries.
... Exibir mais + The World Bank’s Debtor Reporting System (DRS), from which the aggregate and country tables presented in this report are drawn, was established in 1951. World Debt Tables, the first publication that included DRS external debt data, appeared in 1973 and gained increased attention during the debt crisis of the 1980s. Since then, the publication and data have undergone numerous revisions and iterations to address the challenges and demands posed by the global economic conditions. Presentation of and access to data have been refined to improve the user experience. The online edition of International Debt Statistics 2019 now provides a summary overview and a select set of indicators, while an expanded dataset is available online (datatopics.worldbank.org /debt/ids).
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The background country briefs were prepared by the WBG Global Tobacco Control Program team, over 2016-2018, to assist World Bank Group country teams in policy dialogue and technical support to government teams at Ministries of Finance and Ministries of Health in the countries of: Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Ecuador, Ethiopia, El Salvador, Gabon,Guatemala, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Mexico, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Uruguay, Uzbekistan.
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The World Bank Group-LinkedIn partnership pilots the use of private company data for generating insights on development trends. This partnership is a three-year effort between the WBG and LinkedIn to investigate the extent to which LinkedIn's data can inform policy.
... Exibir mais + The first phase of the partnership evaluates LinkedIn data covering 100+ countries with at least 100,000 LinkedIn members, distributed across 148 industries and 50,000 skills categories. The second and third phase focus on automating and scaling insights, and expanding joint research. This methodology report describes the construction and validation of metrics on skills, industry employment, and talent migration in over 100 countries. This report has three objectives: (1) document the characteristics and coverage of LinkedIn data; (2) report the methods used to develop new metrics; and (3) showcase examples of policy questions that can be answered with this non-traditional data. Because this is the first time that LinkedIn has shared a non-traditional dataset with a third-party organization globally as a public good (strictly unremunerated), it is important that we make these methodology and validation results available so that researchers and policy-makers can build on this initial effort by the WBG and LinkedIn.
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Documento de Trabalho 132009 NOV 13, 2018
Zhu,Tingting Juni; Fritzler,Alan; Orlowski,Jan Alexander KazimierzDisclosed
The World Bank Group-LinkedIn partnership pilots the use of private company data for generating insights on development trends. This partnership is a three-year effort between the WBG and LinkedIn to investigate the extent to which LinkedIn's data can inform policy.
... Exibir mais + The first phase of the partnership evaluates LinkedIn data covering 100+ countries with at least 100,000 LinkedIn members, distributed across 148 industries and 50,000 skills categories. The second and third phase focus on automating and scaling insights, and expanding joint research. This methodology report describes the construction and validation of metrics on skills, industry employment, and talent migration in over 100 countries. This report has three objectives: (1) document the characteristics and coverage of LinkedIn data; (2) report the methods used to develop new metrics; and (3) showcase examples of policy questions that can be answered with this non-traditional data. Because this is the first time that LinkedIn has shared a non-traditional dataset with a third-party organization globally as a public good (strictly unremunerated), it is important that we make these methodology and validation results available so that researchers and policy-makers can build on this initial effort by the WBG and LinkedIn.
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Documento de Trabalho 132009 NOV 13, 2018
Zhu,Tingting Juni; Fritzler,Alan; Orlowski,Jan Alexander KazimierzDisclosed
Enhancing the effectiveness of development spending is a priority for those engaged in addressing global poverty. This priority has intensified in recent years, driven by ongoing budget pressures, concerns with business-as-usual practices, and the growing attention to achieving measurable results, especially in the context of reaching the Sustainable Development Goals.
... Exibir mais + Results-based financing (RBF) is an approach for driving development effectiveness that responds to this context and which development practitioners are increasingly embracing. In the last decade, at least 25 billion US dollars of development spending has been tied to results, an increase from just a few billion the decade before. This surge reflects the growing use of RBF by organizations like the World Bank Group, bilateral aid agencies, and many national governments. The diagnostic tool presented in this report responds to this need. It provides a set of structured questions and frameworks to guide practitioners interested in using RBF to meet their development objectives. The approach outlined in this report draws on lessons from the global experience with RBF and includes insights from the work of Instiglio and the Global Partnership on Output Based Aid (GPOBA) on these issues.
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How do high-growth firms affect the rest of the economy? This paper explores this question using Hungarian administrative microdata. It finds evidence of stronger productivity growth for firms supplying and operating in industries with more high-growth firms.
... Exibir mais + The surge of high-growth firms' demand for intermediate inputs could explain this positive vertical spillover. Firms with intermediate productivity levels seem most likely to benefit from this effect. The results hold irrespective of the level of spatial aggregation.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS8642 NOV 09, 2018
De Nicola,Francesca; Murakozy,Balazs; Tan,Shawn WeimingDisclosed
The forthcoming World Development Report (WDR) 2019: The Changing Nature of Work studies how the nature of work is changing as a result of advances in technology today.
... Exibir mais + Fears that robots will take away jobs from people have dominated the discussion over the future of work, but the World Development Report 2019 finds that on balance this appears to be unfounded. Work is constantly reshaped by technological progress. Firms adopt new ways of production, markets expand, and societies evolve. Overall, technology brings opportunity, paving the way to create new jobs, increase productivity, and deliver effective public services. Firms can grow rapidly thanks to digital transformation, expanding their boundaries and reshaping traditional production patterns. The rise of the digital platform firm means that technological effects reach more people faster than ever before. Technology is changing the skills that employers seek. Workers need to be better at complex problem-solving, teamwork and adaptability. Digital technology is also changing how people work and the terms on which they work. Even in advanced economies, short-term work, often found through online platforms, is posing similar challenges to those faced by the world's informal workers. The Report analyzes these changes and considers how governments can best respond. Investing in human capital must be a priority for governments in order for workers to build the skills in demand in the labor market. In addition, governments need to enhance social protection and extend it to all people in society, irrespective of the terms on which they work. To fund these investments in human capital and social protection, the Report offers some suggestions as to how governments can mobilize additional revenues by increasing the tax base.
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Relatório de Desenvolvimento Mundial 130189 NOV 07, 2018
