Since the introduction of the KiwiSaver scheme in New Zealand in 2006, several countries have implemented, or are in the process of implementing, voluntary funded pension systems with automatic enrollment features.
... Exibir mais + Since most of the literature has focused on countries with the common law tradition, including the United Kingdom and the United States, this note analyzes cases of countries with the civil code tradition, including Turkey, Poland, the Russian Federation, Chile, Brazil, and the Province of Quebec in Canada. This sample includes mostly emerging economies, with reforms at different stages, from those that have already been completed to those that are about to start discussions in their parliaments. Although they are not a substitute for necessary parametric reforms, automatic enrollment schemes offer the possibility of improvements in future retirement income for a significant part of the labor force. This note stresses that the paternalistic approach of automatic enrollment schemes imposes a great degree of responsibility on governments and requires careful consideration of the design of the system, including the industrial organization of the pension fund industry and default investment strategies. Sufficient time and resources for preparing communication and educational campaigns has played a key role in achieving high rates of participation.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS8726 FEB 05, 2019
Do service providers respond to pecuniary incentives to serve the poor? Service delivery to the poor is complicated by the extra effort required to deliver services to them and the intrinsic incentives of service providers to exert this effort.
... Exibir mais + Incentive schemes typically fail to account for these complications. A lab-in-the-field experiment with nearly 400 health workers in rural Burkina Faso provides strong evidence that the interaction of effort costs, ability, and intrinsic and extrinsic incentives significantly influences service delivery to the poor. Health workers reviewed video vignettes of medical cases involving poor and nonpoor patients under a variety of bonus schemes. Bonuses to serve the poor have less impact on effort than bonuses to serve the nonpoor; health workers who receive equal bonuses to serve poor and nonpoor patients see fewer poor patients than workers who receive only a flat salary; and bonuses operate largely through their influence on the behavior of pro-poor workers. The paper also presents novel evidence on the selection effects of contract type: pro-poor workers prefer the flat salary contract to the variable salary contract.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS8666 DEC 06, 2018
Banuri,Sheheryar; De Walque,Damien B. C. M.; Keefer,Philip E.; Robyn,Paul JacobDisclosed
China is aging at an unprecedented rate. Improvements in life expectancy and the consequences of the decades-old family planning policy have led to a rapid increase in the elderly population.
... Exibir mais + According to the United Nations’ World Population Prospects, the proportion of older people age 65 and over will more than double from 2010 to 2030, and the elderly will account for over one quarterof the total population by 2050. Population aging will not only pose challenges for elder care but also have an impact on the economy and all aspects of society.
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Tobacco use is a significant hurdle to development gains worldwide. It is the leading cause of preventable death. Smoking-related illness costs billions of dollars each year, imposing a heavy economic toll on countries, both in terms of direct medical care for adults and lost productivity.In spite of these achievements, much more needs to be done to control this health scourge.
... Exibir mais + Raising tobacco taxes to make these deadly products unaffordable is the most cost-effective measure to reduce tobacco use or to prevent its initiation among youth. The benefits of higher tobacco taxes and prices are obvious, as there are good health outcomes both for individuals and entire communities that result from reduced consumption of tobacco products.This fiscal measure also helps expand a country’s tax base to mobilize additional revenue to fund vital health programmes and other essential public services.Looking ahead, increased tobacco taxation could represent an important revenue stream for helping finance the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) across the world.Tobacco control is fully aligned with the World Bank Group’s twin goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030, and boosting shared prosperity by increasing the income of the bottom 40 percent of the world’s population. It makes solid economic sense,given the high costs of tobacco-related ill health and premature death and disability of adults in their most productive years. Tobacco use also disproportionately affects the poorest people. More than 80 percent of the world’s smokers live in low- and middle income countries, harming health, incomes, earning potential, labour productivity, and undermining human capital accumulation– a critical factor for sustainable economic growth and social development.The World Bank’s Economics of Tobacco Toolkit helps researchers analyse the economics of tobacco policies in their countries, while other reports on the challenge posed by noncommunicable diseases in numerous regions and countries highlight the importance of tobacco control as a priority public policy intervention. World Bank teams, working with in country,regional and global partners, have provided technical assistance to design and implement tobacco taxation reforms intended to reduce tobacco use by raising prices for these products.The World Bank is committed to support the implementation of the global tobacco control effort outlined in this report,particularly tobacco taxation. Effective tobacco tax regimens that make tobacco products unaffordable represent a 21st century intervention to tackle the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases.
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Governments of developing countries typically spend between 20 and 30 percent of gross domestic product. Hence, small changes in the efficiency of public spending could have a major impact on aggregate productivity growth and gross domestic product levels.
... Exibir mais + Therefore, measuring efficiency and comparing input-output combinations of different decision-making units becomes a central challenge. This paper gauges efficiency as the distance between observed input-output combinations and an efficiency frontier estimated by means of the Free Disposal Hull and Data Envelopment Analysis techniques. Input-inefficiency (excess input consumption to achieve a level of output) and output-inefficiency (output shortfall for a given level of inputs) are scored in a sample of 175 countries using data from 2006-16 on education, health, and infrastructure. The paper verifies empirical regularities of the cross-country variation in efficiency, showing a negative association between efficiency and spending levels and the ratio of public-to-private financing of the service provision. Other variables, such as inequality, urbanization, and aid dependency, show mixed results. The efficiency of capital spending is correlated with the quality of governance indicators, especially regulatory quality (positively) and perception of corruption (negatively). Although no causality may be inferred from this exercise, it points at different factors to understand why some countries might need more resources than others to achieve similar education, health, and infrastructure outcomes.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS8586 SEP 13, 2018
This note provides an update of recent poverty and shared prosperity dynamics, and some of the underlying drivers, as well as introducing the new international poverty thresholds that are currently in use.
... Exibir mais + The purpose of the update is to take advantage of the release of Household Budget Survey (HBS) data for the 2016 survey round. The previous poverty and shared prosperity update, release in 2017, updated poverty and shared prosperity trends up to 2015. The first section discusses the overall progress poverty reduction and shared prosperity up to 2016 – the latest available household budget survey data. Notably, the poverty dynamics are presented, for the first time, using PPP values based on the 2011 ICP exercise, and using the newly adopted Income Class poverty thresholds of $3.3/day and $5.5/day. For the purposes of this note, we focus on the $5.5/day threshold, but the section also presents a comparative analysis of poverty dynamics based on old and new thresholds. Because this is the first time when internationally-comparable poverty and shared prosperity statistics for Moldova are presented based on the ICP 2011 PPP conversion factors, and relying on newly defined income-group based thresholds, the introduction has a brief discussion of the reasons behind the change in the World Bank’s poverty methodology used for global poverty monitoring, and the implications of this change for poverty trends over time and for the absolute levels of poverty reported in Moldova. Section 2 discussed the major drivers of shared prosperity during the 2011-2016 period. Section 3 examines the profile of poor and vulnerable populations, their asset endowments, and changes in this profile in recent years.
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The development objective of the Anhui Aged Care System Demonstration Project for China is to support the government of Anhui in developing and managing a diversified, three-tiered aged care service delivery system for the elderly, particularly those with limited functional ability.It has four components.
... Exibir mais + First component, supporting the development of government stewardship capacity will support development of a unified information system to facilitate both the development and management of the aged care service system; design and pilot an assessment of functional ability and needs to improve the effectiveness and quality of care services; establish a set of quality standards for aged care services; and support training and building a professional workforce (managers and administrators) for aged care services; Second component, strengthening community-based and home-based care services will strengthen the delivery and management of community-based and home-based care services in two project cities. The funds will be used to finance civil works, goods, consulting services and capacity-building activities and will contribute to the services improvements envisaged by the authorities; Third component, strengthening the delivery and management of nursing care will strengthen the delivery and management of urban skilled nursing facilities in two project cities; increase the capacity of government-run urban welfare homes in one project city; and strengthen the delivery and management capacity of government-run rural welfare homes, including developing options for public-private partnership in one district and four counties of one project municipality; Fourth component, project management, monitoring, and evaluation will support project management and build capacity in general management and planning to ensure an effective and efficient project implementation; provide technical guidance through a project expert panel (PEP) to support project implementation; and support the monitoring of the implementation of project activities and the achievements of the intended results.
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Documento de avaliação do projeto: PAD1655 MAY 29, 2018
The Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 is a visual guide to the trends, challenges and measurement issues related to each of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
... Exibir mais + The Atlas features maps and data visualizations, primarily drawn from World Development Indicators (WDI) - the World Bank’s compilation of internationally comparable statistics about global development and the quality of people’s lives. Given the breadth and scope of the SDGs, the editors have been selective, emphasizing issues considered important by experts in the World Bank’s Global Practices and Cross Cutting Solution Areas. Nevertheless, The Atlas aims to reflect the breadth of the Goals themselves and presents national and regional trends and snapshots of progress towards the UN’s seventeen Sustainable Development Goals related to: poverty, hunger, health, education, gender, water, energy, jobs, infrastructure, inequalities, cities, consumption, climate, oceans, the environment, peace, institutions, and partnerships.
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The Social Pension for Indigent Senior Citizens (Socpen) was set up by the Department of Social Welfare and Development in 2010 to extend additional financial assistance to poor elderly Filipinos and help fulfill the objectives of Republic Act No. 9994 or the "Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010."
... Exibir mais + In 6 years of the program, Socpen was able to more than double the coverage of Philippine pension system from 15.3 percent coverage of SSS and GSIS in 2010 to 36 percent with Socpen in 2016. By providing a monthly assistance of Php500 to seniors from lower income groups, many of whom are in the Listahanan—the Government's database of poor—the program introduces a poverty focus into the Philippine pension system. However, Socpen's poverty mitigating impact may diminish over time if program benefit levels do not keep pace with increasing prices, delays in releasing grants continue, and beneficiary selection using the Listahanan is not maintained or remain without consistent and clear standards. The program will benefit from a more consistent implementation by establishing and maintaining standardized operational procedures and including processes for regular program monitoring and evaluation. The Government needs to explore more efficient and less costly payment modes for Socpen. Given low benefit levels the Socpen provides, the Government can explore increasing benefits for the elderly through other complementary programs. Harmonizing social protection programs within DSWD and across the government is important in ensuring greater coherence in building risk resilience among poor and vulnerable sectors, including the elderly indigents.
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This paper reviews the factors that should guide the design of private funded pensions to create a complete pension system alongside a notional defined contribution -- or public -- component.
... Exibir mais + It argues that a mix of public and private pensions is the most effective option to deliver the best combination of pension outcomes. Pension design should start with a vision for five core outcomes: coverage, adequacy, sustainability, efficiency, and security. Thinking through these outcomes helps guide choices for market structure, benefit type, contributions, investment strategy, and other factors. As well as technical design, the governance, scale, and expertise of pension funds are critical for good investment and other outcomes. Regulators and supervisors should also focus on these outcomes and then work out how best to mitigate the risks to achieving them over time. These issues are relevant in relation to any public pillar, but notional defined contribution (NDC) systems bring clarity and transparency to policy makers in the benefit formula. The NDC payout formula can offer insights for how to improve the payout options in funded pillars. The clarity on the NDC formula also means that the joint distribution of public and private pensions can be modeled. This is important because the precise NDC formula may have implications for optimal investment strategies for private pensions, given, for example, the negative correlation between real per capita GDP growth and equity market returns over long periods.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS8420 APR 30, 2018
This is a statement by H.E. Ahmed Bin Mohammed al-Khalifa, Minister of Finance, Kingdom of Bahrain at the ninety seventh meeting of the Development Committee held on April 21, 2018.
... Exibir mais + He discusses on capital package; systematic approach to creating markets; implementation of International Development Association (IDA) 18; World Bank's increased operations in disaster risk management (DRM); and implementation of the World Bank Group’s (WBG’s) gender strategy.
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Relatório da Diretoria Executiva 125719 APR 21, 2018
Afghanistan has made strong gains in health outcomes, health service coverage andhealth systems performance since 2003, with a particular impact on women andchildren's health.
... Exibir mais + All told, Afghanistan has made notable progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets for improving maternal (MDG5) and child health (MDG4). According to United Nations estimates, maternal mortality rates (MMR) declined from 1,100 to 396 deaths per 100,000 live births from 2000 to 2015 (Alkema and others 2016), and under-5 child mortality rates (U5MR) fell 34 percent (from 137 to 91 deaths per 1,000 live births). Newborn mortality rates (NMR) dropped 32 percent (from 53 to 36 deaths per 1,000 live births) (You and others 2016). Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that in absolute terms there is considerable room for progress.
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Ratings for the Health Sector Development Support Project for Burundi were as follows: outcome was satisfactory, Bank performance was satisfactory, and monitoring and evaluation quality was substantial.
... Exibir mais + Some lessons learned included: health reforms such as performance-based financing (PBF) based reforms benefit from a period of piloting well designed and well-implemented schemes at a small scale prior to scaling up, as was done in Rwanda, and in Burundi. Linking PBF reforms to country commitment to finance health through similar methods was successful. The design of the financial agreement between the Government of Burundi (GoB) and the World Bank (WB) for this project can be considered good practice. Linking funds for selective free health care (FHC) for pregnant women and children under five years of age and funds available for PBF based health reforms was also a winning formula. The ownership of the program at the local level supported resilience and rapid recovery after the crisis. Solid third -party counter-verification of internal ex-ante verification mechanisms is required and has been championed by this project. Systematic community client satisfaction surveys, like done in this project, provide good health intelligence and can be made operational to include in the quality index for performance measures. Decentralizing health financing to the frontlines, while enhancing autonomy through well-funded PBF approaches over a significant period, and especially when baselines are very low, can have dramatic positive results on health system performance. Autonomy in the management of human resources and breaking monopolies in the procurement of drugs and medical consumables are crucial preconditions for PBF to work.
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Conclusão da Implementação e Relatórios sobre Resultados ICR4308 FEB 21, 2018
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Belarus has pursued a gradual transition path characterized by slow opening of the economy to the private sector and a limited reform of the governance system of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).
... Exibir mais + This systematic country diagnostic (SCD) demonstrates that there is a window of opportunity to proactively lay down foundations towards a new vision - a competitive, inclusive, and dynamic Belarus. At the core of this new vision is managing a transition to a new growth path that is sustainable and inclusive. The SCD has identified seven key priorities for achieving further progress towards the twin goals in Belarus. The report is structured as follows: chapter one describes trends in poverty reduction and in shared prosperity and examines the conjecture that economic growth was the main determinant of improvements in income distribution. Chapter two analyzes the sustainability of economic growth and income distribution gains. Chapter three sketches a vision of socio-economic development for Belarus in the next decade and formulates three pathways towards the sustainable and inclusive growth of an internationally competitive economy. Chapter four describes priority actions to achieve that vision.
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This paper sets out initial results from a new modeling exercise for Defined Contribution (DC) pensions. It develops a package called penCalc based on the open source software language R, which is popular in the academic and modeling communities.
... Exibir mais + All the coding is made freely available. The tool is illustrated for India's DC National Pension System. The aim is not to present the perfect model for India, but to show how the tool works so that policy makers and regulators can see its potential advantages and develop it for their own uses. It generates scenarios for future assets and income dependent on user-defined and changeable assumptions for asset returns, contributions, wages, years in the labor force, and annuity prices, among other parameters. Assumptions can be tailored to different countries and user determined scenarios. Many extensions could be developed, which will be the subject of future work. The international context is highlighted through similar modeling by regulators and pension funds in other jurisdictions. Some of these are more complex or complete than the results in this paper, but by explaining the initial model and making the coding freely available, the authors provide a powerful yet simple and low-cost tool to be adopted and adapted.
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Documento de trabalho sobre pesquisa de políticas WPS8304 JAN 17, 2018
The development objective of the Anhui Aged Care System Demonstration Project for China is to support establishment and management of diversified aged care service system of Anhui Provincial Government.
... Exibir mais + Some of the negative measures and mitigation measures include : (i) some aged-care institutions worry that the poor geographical location of some sites will be not suitable for living of the aged once the standard community sites are constructed; (ii) the implementation of project may exert impacts on other residents of communities due to the occupation over the areas that they can have activities previously, and the impact will be negative if no corresponding compensations are made; (iii) to provide non-agricultural jobs for female in project area; (iv) to alleviate the household labor burden of women in the project area; (v) recruit and train new employees for Community-based and home-based care service for the aged; (vi) organize and train volunteers for nursing homes; (vii) do well in the transition work during the implementation and strive for the support of staff and the aged at welfare home; and(viii) establish a participation-based monitoring and evaluation mechanism.
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The development objective of the Anhui Aged Care System Demonstration Project for China is to support establishment and management of diversified aged care service system of Anhui Provincial Government.
... Exibir mais + Some of the negative measures and mitigation measures include : (i) some aged-care institutions worry that the poor geographical location of some sites will be not suitable for living of the aged once the standard community sites are constructed; (ii) the implementation of project may exert impacts on other residents of communities due to the occupation over the areas that they can have activities previously, and the impact will be negative if no corresponding compensations are made; (iii) to provide non-agricultural jobs for female in project area; (iv) to alleviate the household labor burden of women in the project area; (v) recruit and train new employees for Community-based and home-based care service for the aged; (vi) organize and train volunteers for nursing homes; (vii) do well in the transition work during the implementation and strive for the support of staff and the aged at welfare home; and(viii) establish a participation-based monitoring and evaluation mechanism.
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