The objective of the Third Regional Development Project for Georgia is to improve infrastructure services and institutional capacity to support increased contribution of tourism in the local economy of the Samtskhe-Javakheti and Mtskheta-Mtianeti regions.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts are includes : (i) disruption of construction works due to sanctions from regulatory bodies against construction contractor resulting from the absence of required documents; (ii)inconvenience to local community from unexpected presence and activity of construction contractor; (iii) poor environmental and social performance of construction contractor occurrence of work-site trauma and other health damage due to poor understanding of health and safety rules by personnel; (iv) deterioration of ambient air; (v) propagation of noise and vibration; (vi)pollution of environment by solid and liquid wastes; (vii) conflicts with local population or other affects people; (viii) pollution of environment with solid waste and waste water; Some of the mitigation measures are includes : (i) permits for production of such construction materials that belongs to the activity subject to ecological examination; (ii) notify local community and other interested parties about the scope and timing of the upcoming works; (iii)all vehicles shall be maintained so that their emissions do not cause nuisance to workers or local people. All vehicles shall be checked and repaired in case of need to eliminate increased level of noise due to damaged parts; (iv) during demolition works destruction dust shall be suppressed by ongoing water spraying and/or installing dust screen enclosures at site; (v) regular maintenance of diesel engines shall be undertaken to ensure that emissions are minimized, for example by cleaning fuel injectors; (vi) proper technical control and maintenance practices of the machinery shall be applied; (vii) provision of staff with toilets and bathrooms, and centralized discharge of generated wastewater in the sewer systems if possible or install temporary structures; (viii)ensuring that construction materials are appropriately stockpiled and stored in the specially designated and temporarily constructed storage facilities; (ix) different types of waste (construction, hazardous, household) shall be collected separately; special sites shall be designated for waste accumulation and pollution prevention measures shall be applied there; (x) adjustment of working hours to local traffic patterns, e.g. avoiding major transport activities during rush hours or times of livestock movement; (xi) ensuring that required personal protection equipment (e.g. helmets, gloves, etc.) is supplied and used by workers as appropriate;
See Less -
The objective of the Second Regional and Municipal Infrastructure Development Project for Georgia is to improve access to and quality of municipal services and infrastructure.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: revision of vehicles will be required to ensure that there is no leakage of fuel and lubricating materials. All machinery will be maintained and operated such that all leaks and spills of materials will be minimized. Daily plant checks (vehicle maintenance procedure) will be undertaken to ensure no leaks or other problems are apparent. Vehicle maintenance, cleaning, degreasing etc. will be undertaken in designated areas, of hard-standing, not over made ground. Maintenance points will not be located within 50m of any watercourse; lubricants, fuel and solvents should be stored and used for servicing machinery exclusively in the designated sites, with adequate lining of the ground and confinement of possible operation and emergency spills. Spill containment materials (sorbents, sand, sawing, chips etc.) should be available on construction site; waste collection and disposal pathways and sites will be identified for all major waste types expected from construction activities; mineral construction and demolition wastes will be separated from general refuse, organic, liquid and chemical wastes by on-site sorting and stored in appropriate containers; contractor will be required to submit to the MDF copies of the licenses, permits, written agreements, certificates, etc. to prove that all materials are obtained from licensed providers; and reinstate used sections of quarries and/or borrowing areas as extraction proceeds on or properly close quarries if extraction completed and license expired.
See Less -
In Armenia, the proportion of women among employed workers increased from 45 to 48 percent between 2008 and 2015. This evolution was accompanied by a fall in the gender earnings gap; however, the difference in average wages of men and women is still among the largest in comparison with countries in the Europe and Central Asia region.
... See More + This study documents the gender wage gap in Armenia through stylized facts and further investigates its sources. The paper finds that the gender wage gap in hourly pay is 20 percent on average. Looking at the different percentiles, the disparity in wages in Armenia in 2015 shows an inverted U-shaped form with a larger differential in wages between men and women in the middle of the distribution. Using a reweighted, re-centered influence function decomposition, the analysis estimates the contribution of each covariate on the wage structure and composition effects along the wage distribution. The decomposition shows that the wage gap in Armenia is mostly driven by the wage structure effect (unexplained component), which accounts for almost all the wage gap in the middle part of the distribution (30th to 55th percentiles) and is even greater at the top, but better endowments of women offset it to some extent. In the bottom part of the distribution however, the composition effect is larger, consistent with lower endowments among women, for example, of skills and human capital.
See Less -
Policy Research Working Paper WPS8409 APR 17, 2018
