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  • Energy Prices, Energy Intensity, and Firm Performance (English)

    This paper estimates the effect of electricity prices on firm performance, focusing on firm productivity, sales, and employment. Using the World Bank Business Pulse Survey data for a sample of 24 emerging...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11069 Document Date: February 19, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Reyes Aterido,Mariana Iootty,Martin Melecky

  • Dynamic Effects of Fiscal Rules : Do Initial Conditions Matter ? (English)

    Fiscal rules have been shown to support fiscal discipline by improving government budget balances and restraining the growth of debt. However, questions remain about what enhances their effectiveness and...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11066 Document Date: February 18, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Antonio Fatas,Bram Gootjes,Joseph Mawejje


  • Decarbonization in MENA Countries : An Empirical Analysis of Policy Impacts (English)

    This paper empirically examines the multiple impacts of alternative, major fiscal instruments on decarbonization in countries in the Middle East and North Africa. It also examines the effects of decarbonization...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11064 Document Date: February 13, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Hamid Mohtadi,Zeljko Bogetic

  • The Elusive Impact of Corporate Tax Incentives (English)

    Despite the large fiscal footprint of corporate tax incentives, limited causal evidence exists on their impact on economic outcomes. This paper helps fill this gap by exploiting the phasing out of a large...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11061 Document Date: February 10, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Giorgio Presidente,Massimiliano Cali,Thiago De Gouvea Scot de Arruda

  • Lying to the Taxman or Accepting a Helping Hand ? Evidence from a Novel Experiment on SMEs in Tanzania (English)

    This paper presents the results from a novel field experiment that examined the impact of in- creasing the presence of revenue authority officers on tax compliance and tax morale among small and medium-size...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11062 Document Date: February 10, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Christopher Alexander Hoy,Fimbo,Massaga,Jonathan George Karver,Mdee,Ephraim,Revocatus Washington Paul,Zain Chaudhry

  • Dynamic, High-Resolution Wealth Measurement in Data-Scarce Environments (English)

    Accurate and comprehensive measurement of household livelihoods is critical for monitoring progress toward poverty alleviation and targeting social assistance programs for those who most need it. However...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11058 Document Date: February 6, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Burke,Marshall,David Newhouse,Ermon,Stefano,Lee,Richard,Lobell,David B.,Talip Kilic,Wu,Timothy,Zheng,Zhuo


  • Exploring the Gender Divide in Real Estate Ownership and Property Tax Compliance (English)

    This paper investigates gender disparities in residential property ownership and tax compliance in a large Argentine municipality using detailed tax administrative data. While ownership is evenly distributed...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11060 Document Date: February 6, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Bermúdez,Jose Carlo,Cruces,Guillermo,Dario Tortarolo,Juan Luis Schiavoni,Tatiana Flores,Thiago De Gouvea Scot de Arruda



  • Technology Sophistication across Establishments (English)

    This paper examines technology sophistication in establishments. To comprehensively measure technology sophistication, a grid is created that covers key business functions and the technologies used to...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11051 Document Date: January 28, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Comin,Diego A.,Xavier Cirera,Marcio Cruz

  • Growing Vulnerability: What Happened to Europe’s Middle Class in the Course of a Decade ? (English)

    This paper uses a vulnerability-based approach to analyze the evolution of the middle class in Europe between 2005–08 and 2015–18. The analysis reveals that, on average, the income level needed to ensure...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11047 Document Date: January 27, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Maurizio Bussolo,Jonathan George Karver,Michael M. Lokshin,Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva,Ivan Torre

  • Determinants of Bank Interest Spreads in Tajikistan (English)

    Despite far-reaching banking sector reforms over the past few years, financial intermediation in Tajikistan continues to lag behind structural peers and the Caucasus and Central Asia region. At the same...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11044 Document Date: January 24, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Pietro Calice

  • The Gendered Impact of Social Norms on Financial Access and Capital Misallocation (English)

    This paper provides evidence on the nature of financial constraints faced by women entrepreneurs, especially in contexts of stringent social norms. Using micro-data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11041 Document Date: January 21, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Arti Grover,Viollaz,Mariana

  • Working for Yourself or for Your Kids ? Childcare Expansion Policy in Uzbekistan (English)

    In developed countries, public childcare programs have increased maternal employment by easing time constraints. However, their impact in lower-middle-income settings with multigenerational households...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11038 Document Date: January 15, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Abdurazzakova,Dilnovoz,Chiyu Niu,Avralt-Od Purevjav




  • Predicting Income Distributions from Almost Nothing (English)

    This paper develops a method to predict comparable income and consumption distributions for all countries in the world from a simple regression with a handful of country-level variables. To fit the model...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11034 Document Date: January 13, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Daniel Gerszon Mahler,Marta Schoch,Christoph Lakner,Minh Nguyen Nguyet Do