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  • Road Investment and Violence in DRC : Perishable Peace Dividends (English)

    This paper explores the effect of road rehabilitation on violent conflict using a novel, rich dataset of road rehabilitation projects in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The country received massive external...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11071 Document Date: February 20, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Mathilde Lebrand,Mueller,Hannes,Schouten,Peer,Jevgenijs Steinbuks

  • Energy Prices, Energy Intensity, and Firm Performance (English)

    This paper estimates the effect of electricity prices on firm performance, focusing on firm productivity, sales, and employment. Using the World Bank Business Pulse Survey data for a sample of 24 emerging...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11069 Document Date: February 19, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Reyes Aterido,Mariana Iootty,Martin Melecky

  • Technology and Corporate Ethical Standards (English)

    Using data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys from 2006 to 2023, this paper studies the corporate ethical standards of technological digital oriented firms. The findings indicate that technology and...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11068 Document Date: February 19, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Carboni,Marika,Degl’Innocenti,Marta,Fiordelisi,Franco,Davide Salvatore Mare


  • Deciding Not to Decide : When Is There Power in Not Deciding ? (English)

    Agency—the ability to define one’s own goals and make choices to achieve them—is often measured through questions that capture an individual’s direct involvement in decision-making. Yet not participating...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11065 Document Date: February 18, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Hillesland,Marya,Doss,Cheryl R.,Masino,Serena,Querejeta,Martina,Aletheia Amalia Donald,Seymour,Greg,Clingain,Clare

  • Dynamic Effects of Fiscal Rules : Do Initial Conditions Matter ? (English)

    Fiscal rules have been shown to support fiscal discipline by improving government budget balances and restraining the growth of debt. However, questions remain about what enhances their effectiveness and...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11066 Document Date: February 18, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Antonio Fatas,Bram Gootjes,Joseph Mawejje


  • Decarbonization in MENA Countries : An Empirical Analysis of Policy Impacts (English)

    This paper empirically examines the multiple impacts of alternative, major fiscal instruments on decarbonization in countries in the Middle East and North Africa. It also examines the effects of decarbonization...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11064 Document Date: February 13, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Hamid Mohtadi,Zeljko Bogetic

  • Does Free Sound Too Cheap ? The Adverse Effect of a Randomized Text Message Campaign on Program Take-up (English)

    This study conducted a randomized experiment to improve participation in a youth employment program in Côte d'Ivoire by testing text message outreach methods. Sending text messages highlighting that the...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11063 Document Date: February 11, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Annan,Jeannie,Clara Delavallade,Evans,David,Josephine Tassy,Lea Marie Rouanet,Mousson Estelle Jamel Koussoube

  • The Elusive Impact of Corporate Tax Incentives (English)

    Despite the large fiscal footprint of corporate tax incentives, limited causal evidence exists on their impact on economic outcomes. This paper helps fill this gap by exploiting the phasing out of a large...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11061 Document Date: February 10, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Giorgio Presidente,Massimiliano Cali,Thiago De Gouvea Scot de Arruda

  • Lying to the Taxman or Accepting a Helping Hand ? Evidence from a Novel Experiment on SMEs in Tanzania (English)

    This paper presents the results from a novel field experiment that examined the impact of in- creasing the presence of revenue authority officers on tax compliance and tax morale among small and medium-size...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11062 Document Date: February 10, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Christopher Alexander Hoy,Fimbo,Massaga,Jonathan George Karver,Mdee,Ephraim,Revocatus Washington Paul,Zain Chaudhry

  • Dynamic, High-Resolution Wealth Measurement in Data-Scarce Environments (English)

    Accurate and comprehensive measurement of household livelihoods is critical for monitoring progress toward poverty alleviation and targeting social assistance programs for those who most need it. However...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11058 Document Date: February 6, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Burke,Marshall,David Newhouse,Ermon,Stefano,Lee,Richard,Lobell,David B.,Talip Kilic,Wu,Timothy,Zheng,Zhuo

  • Exploring the Gender Divide in Real Estate Ownership and Property Tax Compliance (English)

    This paper investigates gender disparities in residential property ownership and tax compliance in a large Argentine municipality using detailed tax administrative data. While ownership is evenly distributed...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11060 Document Date: February 6, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Bermúdez,Jose Carlo,Cruces,Guillermo,Dario Tortarolo,Juan Luis Schiavoni,Tatiana Flores,Thiago De Gouvea Scot de Arruda



  • The Exposure of Workers to Artificial Intelligence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (English)

    Research on the labor market implications of artificial intelligence has focused principally on high-income countries. This paper analyzes this issue using microdata from a large set of low- and middle-income...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11057 Document Date: February 5, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Jorg Gero Langbein,Michael Weber,Gabriel Demombynes

  • Displaced Learners : Early Integration of Ukrainian Refugee Students into Italy’s Schools (English)

    The paper examines the early integration of Ukrainian refugee students into Italy's education system following the Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Using administrative and survey data, the study...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11055 Document Date: February 4, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Carlana,Michela,Pauline Castaing,Mauro Testaverde,Marco Tiberti


  • How Do Migrants Fare in Africa’s Urban Labor Markets ? (English)

    Africa’s urban population is on the rise, and it is often feared that migrants are a direct source of urban underdevelopment under the premise that they are poorly integrated into urban labor markets...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11052 Document Date: January 30, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Luc Christiaensen,Keenan,Michael

  • Decentralized Markets for Electricity in Low-Income Countries (English)

    Governments in low-income countries are increasingly integrating off-grid electricity provision into national electrification strategies, creating novel, decentralized markets for electricity. This paper...

    Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper Report No.: WPS11053 Document Date: January 30, 2025 Disclosure Status: Disclosed Author: Megan Elizabeth Lang